query
stringlengths 15
100
| long_answer
stringlengths 0
440k
| short_answer
stringlengths 0
1.27k
| title
stringlengths 0
135
| bert_title
stringlengths 0
134
| abstract
stringlengths 0
6.05k
| content
stringlengths 317
468k
| url
stringlengths 31
204
| index
int64 0
67.3k
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
describe sir lucan in the day of destiny
|
Knights of the Round Table
|
knights of the round table
|
The Knights of the Round Table were the knightly members of the legendary fellowship of the King Arthur in the literary cycle of the Matter of Britain , in which the first written record of them appears in the Roman de Brut written by the Norman poet Wace in 1155 . In the legend , the Knights are an order in the service of Arthur , tasked with ensuring the peace of the kingdom and sometimes also charged with leading the quest for the Holy Grail . The Round Table at which they met was created to have no head or foot , representing the equality of all the members . Different stories had different numbers of Knights , ranging from only 12 to 150 or more .
|
Contents 1 Major knights 1.1 Aglovale 1.2 Breunor 1.3 Calogrenant 1.4 Claudin 1.5 Dinadan 1.6 Elyan the White 1.7 Erec 1.8 Galeschin 1.9 Gornemant 1.10 Hector de Maris 1.11 Lucan 1.12 Meliant de Lis 1.13 Morholt 1.14 Safir 1.15 Segwarides 1.16 Tor 1.17 Ywain the Bastard 2 Additional knights ( Malory ) 3 See also 4 References 5 Sources 6 External links Major knights ( edit ) Their number ( always symbolic ) and the names vary depending of the text . The first sources state 24 , 36 or 72 . For Robert de Boron , at whom the Round Table is a replica of the table of the Last Supper , they are fifty . In some versions , including Le Morte d'Arthur by Thomas Malory , they are 150 ( `` three times fifty '' is a phrase that is often found in Welsh or Irish texts , which means `` a large number '' or even `` immeasurable '' ) . Bedivere , Gawain and Kay are the oldest characters associated with Arthur . Knights of the Round Table Name Other names Introduction Other medieval works Notes Aglovale Agloval , Sir Aglovale de Galis The Life of Sir Aglovale de Galis King Pellinore 's eldest son Agravain Agravaine Lancelot - Grail , Le Morte d'Arthur Second son of King Lot and Morgause , joins Mordred 's rebellion Arthur Arthur Pendragon Y Gododdin , c. 7th century Many King of the Britons Bagdemagus Lancelot , the Knight of the Cart , 1170s Meleagant 's father and ruler of Gorre Bedivere ( Welsh : Bedwyr , French : Bédoier ) Bedevere Pa Gur yv y Porthaur , c. 10th century Vita Cadoc , Culhwch and Olwen , Stanzas of the Graves , Welsh Triads , Historia Regum Britanniae , Le Morte d'Arthur , numerous others Returns Excalibur to the Lady of the Lake , brother to Sir Lucan Bors the Younger Son of Bors the Elder , father of Elyan the White Breunor le Noir Brunor , La Cote Male Taile ( `` The Badly - shaped goat '' ) Knight who wears his murdered father 's coat , brother of Dinadan and Daniel Cador ( Latin : Cadorius ) Historia Regum Britanniae , The Dream of Rhonabwy Raised Guinevere as his ward , father to Constantine , Described in some works as Arthur 's cousin Calogrenant Colgrevance , Cynan Yvain , the Knight of the Lion , 1170s Le Morte d'Arthur Cousin to Sir Ywain Caradoc ( Latin : Caractacus ) ( Welsh : Caradog Freichfras , meaning Caradoc Strong ( or Stout ) Arm ) ) ( French : Carados Briefbras ) Perceval , the Story of the Grail , the Mabinogion Rebelled against Arthur when he first became king , but later supported him . Sometimes two characters , Caradoc the Elder ( a king ) and Caradoc the Younger ( a knight ) Claudin Lancelot - Grail , Le Morte d'Arthur Virtuous son of the Frankish villain Claudas , eventually becomes one of 12 knights to achieve the Holy Grail Constantine III of Britain Historia Regum Britanniae , c. 1136 Le Morte d'Arthur Arthur 's cousin and successor to his throne , Cador 's son Dagonet Arthur 's court jester Daniel von Blumenthal Daniel von Blumenthal , 1220 Knight found in an early German offshoot of Arthurian legend Dinadan Prose Tristan , 1230s Le Morte d'Arthur Son of Sir Brunor the Senior Ector Hector , Antor , Ectorius Lancelot - Grail , early 13th century Le Morte d'Arthur Raises Arthur according to Merlin 's command , father to Sir Kay Elyan the White ( French : Helyan le Blanc ) Son of Sir Bors and Claire , King Brandegoris ' daughter , helps Lancelot rescue Guinevere and goes into exile with him Erec Unclear ; first literary appearance as Erec in Erec and Enide , c. 1170 See Geraint and Enid Son of King Lac Esclabor Father of Palamedes , Safir , and Segwarides Feirefiz Wolfram von Eschenbach 's Parzival , early 13th century Half - brother to Percival and King Arthur 's nephew Gaheris Le Morte d'Arthur Son of King Lot and Morgause , brother to Gawain , Agravaine , and Gareth , and half - brother to Mordred Galahad Lancelot - Grail , early 13th century Post-Vulgate Cycle , Le Morte d'Arthur Bastard son of Sir Lancelot and Elaine of Corbenic Galehault Galehalt , Galehaut Lancelot - Grail , early 13th century Former enemy of Arthur who becomes close friends with Lancelot Galeschin Galeshin The Vulgate Cycle Son of Elaine of Garlot and King Nentres , nephew of Arthur Gareth Beaumains Le Morte d'Arthur , Idylls of the King Also a son of King Lot and Morgause , in love with Lyonesse Gawain ( Latin : Walwanus , Welsh : Gwalchmai , Irish : Balbhuaidh ) Culhwch and Olwen , c. 11th century Chretien de Troyes ' Conte du Graal , Lancelot - Grail cycle , Prose Tristan , Sir Gawain and the Green Knight , Le Morte d'Arthur and many short Middle English romances Another son of King Lot and Morgause , father of Gingalain Geraint Geraint and Enid Enid 's lover Gingalain Guinglain , Gingalin , Gliglois , Wigalois , etc. , also Le Bel Inconnu , or The Fair Unknown Le Bel Inconnu Gawain 's and Blanchemal 's son Gornemant Gurnemanz Perceval , the Story of the Grail Parzival Mentor to Perceval Green Knight Bercilak , Bertilak , Bernlak , Bredbeddle Sir Gawain and the Green Knight , 1300s The Greene Knight , King Arthur and King Cornwall A knight enchanted by Morgan le Fay in order to test Gawain Griflet Girflet , Jaufre Jaufré The son of Do ( or Don ) , cousin to Sir Lucan and Sir Bedivere Hector de Maris Ector de Maris Quest du Saint Graal ( Vulgate Cycle ) Half - brother of Lancelot , son of King Ban and the Lady de Maris , Sir Bors and Sir Lionel are his cousins Hoel ( Welsh : Howel , Hywel ) The Dream of Rhonabwy , Geraint and Enid Son of King Budic of Brittany , father to St. Tudwal Kay ( Welsh : Cai , Latin : Caius ) Pa Gur yv y porthaur ? 10th century Many Foster brother to Arthur , Sir Ector 's son Lamorak Prose Tristan , c. 1235 Lancelot - Grail Cycle Son of King Pellinore , brother to Tor , Aglovale , Percival , and Dindrane . Lover of Morgause Lancelot Lancelot du Lac , Lancelot of the Lake , Launcelot Erec and Enide , c. 1170 Lancelot , the Knight of the Cart , Lancelot - Grail , many others Son to King Ban and Elaine , most famous for his affair with Queen Guinevere , most prominent Knight of the Round Table Lanval Landevale , Launfal , Lambewell Marie de France 's Lanval , late 12th century Sir Landevale , Sir Launfal , Sir Lambewell A knight of King Arthur 's court who falls in love with a fairy Leodegrance Leondegrance Guinevere 's father , King of Cameliard in what is now southwest England Lionel Lancelot - Grail , early 13th century Son of King Bors of Gaunnes ( or Gaul ) , brother of Bors the Younger Lucan Sir Lucan the Butler Le Morte d'Arthur Servant to King Arthur , Bedivere 's brother , Griflet 's cousin Maleagant Malagant , Meleagant , perhaps Melwas Unclear , a similar character named `` Melwas '' appears in the 12th century Life of Gildas Lancelot - Grail , Post-Vulgate Cycle , Le Morte d'Arthur Abductor of Guinevere Mordred Modred ( Welsh : Medrawd , Latin : Medraut ) Annales Cambriae , c. 970 Many In some literature , Arthur 's illegitimate son through Morgause , kills and is killed by Arthur Morholt Marhalt , Morold , Marhaus Tristan poems of Béroul and Thomas of Britain , 12th century Tristan poems of Eilhart von Oberge , Gottfried von Strassburg , Prose Tristan , Post-Vulgate Cycle , Le Morte d'Arthur Irish knight , rival of Tristan , uncle of Iseult Morien Moriaen Dutch romance Morien , 13th century Half - Moorish son of Aglovale Pelleas Pellias Post-Vulgate Cycle , 1230s Le Morte d'Arthur In love with Ettarre , later lover of Nimue Pellinore Lancelot - Grail , Post-Vulgate Cycle King of Listenoise and friend to Arthur Percival ( Welsh : Peredur ) Perceval , Parzifal As Percival , Erec and Enide , c. 1170 Perceval , the Story of the Grail , Lancelot - Grail , many Achiever of the Holy Grail ; King Pellinore 's son in some tales Safir Thomas Malory 's Le Morte d'Arthur , Prose Tristan Son to Esclabor , brother of Segwarides and Palamedes Sagramore Sagramor Lancelot - Grail , Post-Vulgate Cycle , Prose Tristan , Le Morte d'Arthur Ubiquitous Knight of the Round Table ; various stories and origins are given for him Segwarides Le Morte d'Arthur , Prose Tristan Son of Esclabor , brother of Safir and Palamedes Tor Le Morte d'Arthur Son of King Ars , adopted by Pellinore Tristan ( Latin / Brythonic : Drustanus ; Welsh : Drystan ; Portuguese : Tristão ; Spanish : Tristán ; also known as Tristran , Tristram , etc . ) Beroul 's Roman de Tristan The two Folies Tristans , Marie de France 's Chevrefeuil , Eilhart von Oberge , Gottfried von Strassburg , Post-Vulgate Prose Tristan , Post-Vulgate Cycle , Le Morte d'Arthur Son of Blancheflor and Rivalen ( or Meliodas ) , Iseult 's lover Urien Uriens Historical figure Welsh Triads Father of Ywain ( Owain mab Urien ) , husband of Morgan le Fay Ywain ( Welsh : Owain ) Yvain , Ewain or Uwain Based on the historical figure Owain mab Urien Historia Brittonum , Yvain , the Knight of the Lion King Urien 's son Ywain the Bastard Ywain the Adventurous Urien 's illegitimate son through a seneschal , accidentally killed by Gawain Aglovale ( edit ) Sir Aglovale ( or Agloval ) de Galis is the eldest legitimate son of King Pellinore . Like his brothers Sir Tor , Sir Lamorak , Sir Dornar and Sir Percival , he is a Knight of the Round Table . In chivalric romances , Aglovale never cuts as impressive a figure as his brothers Lamorak and Percival , but his valor is unquestioned . According to the Post Vulgate cycle and Malory 's Le Morte d'Arthur , it is he who first brings Percival to Camelot to be knighted . In the Vulgate Cycle , Aglovale dies accidentally at Gawain 's hand during the Quest for the Holy Grail , however in Malory he and his brother Tor are among the knights charged with defending the execution of Guinevere and are both killed when Lancelot and his men rescue the queen . Aglovale appears prominently in the Dutch romance Morien . In a situation similar to Gahmuret 's begetting of Feirefiz in Wolfram von Eschenbach 's Parzival , Aglovale visits Moorish lands where he meets a beautiful black Christian princess and conceives a child with her . He returns to his own lands , and thirteen years later , his son Morien comes to find him . After a number of adventures , father and son are reunited and both return to Morien 's country to take back their rightful lands . In modern works , Aglovale is the eponymous protagonist of Clemence Housman 's 1905 novel The Life of Sir Aglovale de Galis . T.H. White 's book The Once and Future King gives a particularly endearing portrait of the knight . Breunor ( edit ) This section may be too long and excessively detailed . Please consider summarizing the material while citing sources as needed . The Knight of the Ill - Shapen Coat Chooses His Bride , Helen Stratton 's illustration for King Arthur and His Knights ( 1910 ) Sir Breunor le Noir ( / ˈbruːnor lə nojr / or / ˈbʁœ̃nɔʁ lə nwaʁ / ) ( also spelled Brunor ) , nicknamed La Cote Male Tayle ( Modern French : La Cote Mal Taillée = `` the badly - cut coat '' ) by Sir Kay after his arrival in his murdered father 's mangled armor and surcoat at King Arthur 's court , is a character mentioned in Arthurian legend . He receives his knighthood after saving Guinevere from an escaped lion . His story is told , partially in the Tristram sections of Thomas Malory 's Le Morte d'Arthur and in the Prose Tristan , though it is in effect an independent romance . After Sir Breunor is granted knighthood , a damosel arrives at court bearing a black shield emblazoned with a white hand with a sword , along with a mission . She tells her audience the previous knight who carried the shield died while on the quest , and that she is searching for a knight of similar courage to continue the mission . La Cote Male Tayle decides he would be fit enough to take up the quest and volunteers to go with her . She , disliking that this is to be her chosen knight , continuously taunts him regarding his clothing and appearance , earning her the nickname Maledisant ( `` Ill Speaker '' ) . After the pair leaves the castle , Breunor le Noir encounters Dagonet , the court jester , who has been sent by Arthur to joust with the new knight . Breunor quickly defeats Dagonet , but Maledisant 's taunts increase because the court had sent a fool to challenge Breunor rather than a true knight . Breunor later encounters two other knights , Sir Bleoberis and Sir Palomides . He is challenged by both , and unhorsed by both . They each refuse to fight him on foot and walk away , drawing more criticism from Maledisant . Breunor later travels with Mordred to Castle Orgulous . The knights must fight their way into the castle ; after Mordred is injured by one of two knights guarding the castle gates , Breunor le Noir kills them and continues into the castle on his opponent 's horse . There , he meets a hundred knights in a lady 's chamber . When he gets off his horse to challenge them , the chamber 's owner ties his horse so he can not escape . Breunor somehow wins his way through the knights with the aid of the black shield , mounts his horse , and escapes from the castle . After retelling his tale of escape to Mordred and the Maledisant , she challenges his story and sends a witness to ask what happened in the castle . This proves Maledisant wrong , though Breunor continues to hold his peace and not rebuke her about her disbelief of him . They continue to travel until Mordred leaves and Lancelot du Lake joins the pair . Lancelot , however , ends up leaving them for his own quest after Maledisant redirects her words at him . They come upon the Castle of Pendragon , where one of six knights challenges La Cote Male Tayle to a joust . Breunor successfully wins the joust , but the other five knights attack him in an un-knightly manner , and take him and the damsel into the castle as prisoners . Lancelot ends up rescuing Breunor from the castellan and guards of Castle Pendragon . After their release , Lancelot agrees to ride with them on one condition only : that the damsel stop directing ill words at Breunor and himself . Maledisant then confesses that the only reason for her taunting was that she was testing the knights ' strength ( if they could take a little teasing from her , then they were apt to continue on the mission ) . Later they come upon a fortress with a village , near the border of the country of Sursule . La Cote Male Tayle enters the castle alone and defeats two brothers who challenge him . Then he continues on to another fortress , where he comes face to face with Sir Plenorius . Breunor can not carry on a fight due to the wounds he received in the first joust , so out of pity Plenorius decides not to finish him and instead carries him into the tower as prisoner . When Lancelot hears of this , he challenges Plenorius to a battle that lasts many hours , until Plenorius yields . Breunor remains at the castle in order to recover from his wounds . He recovers quickly and returns with Lancelot and the damosel to King Arthur 's court , the quest accomplished . Lancelot gives Breunor the deed to Castle Pendragon . Breunor is made a Knight of the Round Table the following Pentecost . The tale of La Cote Male Tayle is related thematically to the `` Fair Unknown '' story popular in the Middle Ages , other versions of which appear in the stories of Gingalain , Gareth , and Percival . It most closely resembles that of Gareth , who was also given an insulting name by Kay upon arriving at Camelot and also had to prove his worth to a damsel who constantly insulted and belittled him . Sir Breunor 's adventures first appear embedded in the Prose Tristan , and were popular enough that they were picked up and expanded by later writers including Malory and the authors of the Italian Tavola ritonda . In Thomas Malory 's Morte Darthur , Breunor avenges his father 's death and marries Maledisant , who is later renamed Bienpensant ( `` Well - Thinker '' ) due to her changed attitude . Calogrenant ( edit ) Sir Calogrenant , sometimes known in English as Colgrevance , is a cousin to Sir Ywain , and his courtesy and eloquence were known throughout the kingdom . His character has been derived from of the Welsh mythological hero Cynon ap Clydno , usually the lover of Owain 's sister Morvydd , althrough in Owain , or the Lady of the Fountain Cynon is stated to be the son of Clydno , possibly connected to Clyddno Eiddin . Calogrenant first appears in Chrétien de Troyes ' Yvain , the Knight of the Lion . After a good meal , Calogrenant tells a story to a group of knights and Queen Guinevere about an adventure he had in the forest of Brocéliande . He had heard of a magic spring in those woods which could create a huge storm whenever someone poured its water into a nearby basin . With directions from a local family and a gruesomely depicted giant , Calogrenant reached the spring and summoned the storm . Immediately after the storm , a knight named Esclados attacked him for causing such havoc . The knight soundly defeated Calogrenant , but did not kill him . Calogrenant 's cousin Ywain is upset that Calogrenant never told him of this defeat , and sets out to avenge him , embarking on the adventure that sets up the remainder of events in the romance . Roger Sherman Loomis and others speculated that Calogrenant was used specifically as a foil for Sir Kay in some lost early version of the Yvain story . In Chrétien 's romance he is presented as everything Kay is not : polite , respectful , and well - mannered . By this theory , his name can be deconstructed to `` Cai lo grenant '' , or `` Cai the grumbler '' , which would represent another opposite characteristic of Kay , who was famous for his acid tongue . Calogrenant appears later in the Lancelot - Grail Cycle as an excellent knight , though his kinship to Ywain is not as clear as in Chrétien . He dies during the Grail Quest while trying to keep Sir Lionel from killing his own brother , Bors . Bors had faced a dilemma over whom to rescue between Lionel , who was getting beaten with thorns by two rogue knights , and a maiden who had just been abducted , and chose the maiden over his brother . Lionel was not pleased by this , and attacked Bors the next time he saw him . A religious hermit tried to intervene , but was killed accidentally in the process , and Calogrenant stepped in . Bors would not fight his brother , and Lionel slays Calogrenant and goes after Bors until God steps in and renders him immobile . Thomas Malory recounts Calogrenant 's death scene in his Le Morte d'Arthur , but also includes another one later in the narrative . Despite dying on the Grail quest , he turns up as one of the twelve knights who help Agravaine and Mordred trap Lancelot and Guinevere together . Lancelot has no armor or weapons , but he pulls Calogrenant into the room and kills him , and uses his sword to defeat the rest of the company ( though Mordred escapes ) . Claudin ( edit ) Prince Claudin , also known as Claudin the Younger or Claudine , is the son of the Frankish King Claudas . He appears in the Old French Lancelot - Grail and Thomas Malory 's 15th - century Middle English work Le Morte d'Arthur , in sections based on the French cycle . His father is a villain during King Arthur 's early reign , an enemy to Arthur 's French allies Ban and Bors , but Claudin is a virtuous young man and wants no part of his father 's schemes . Claudas eventually succumbs to Arthur and company , and Claudin seeks adventure elsewhere . He becomes one of only twelve knights to achieve the Holy Grail , along with Galahad , Bors the Younger , and Percival . Dinadan ( edit ) `` How King Marke and Sir Dinadan heard Sir Palomides making great sarrow and mourning for La Beale Isoud '' by Aubrey Beardsley Sir Dinadan is the son of Sir Brunor Senior , the ' Good Knight without Fear ' , a brother of Sirs Breunor le Noir and Daniel , and a close friend of Sir Tristan . Like Palamedes and Lamorak , Dinadan was an invention of the Prose Tristan , and appeared in later retellings including the Post-Vulgate Cycle and Thomas Malory 's Le Morte d'Arthur . Unlike most other knights in Arthurian romance , Dinadan prefers to avoid fights and considers courtly love a waste of time , though he is a brave fighter when he needs to be . He is also nearly always portrayed as the wittiest of all of Arthur 's knights . In Le Morte d'Arthur ( Book 10 , chapter 56 ) , he is visiting the court of Cornwall seeking his friend Tristan , and has supper with Queen La Beale Isoud . Here he reveals that he has ( by his own desire ) no lady - love or paramour in whose name to do great deeds . Isoud chides him for this , saying that it is a shame for him not to have such a lady , but Dinadan replies ; `` God defend Me . For the joy of love is too brief ; and the sorrow thereof , and what cometh thereof , dureth overlong . '' Dinadan is known for his good humor and joking nature . He is more sociable than most of the knights , and is often a useful companion because of it . In Le Morte d'Arthur , he is one of the few knights to be able to recognize his fellows from their faces in addition to their shields ; in one instance Tristan does not recognize his own King until Dinadan tells him who it is . In one notable exploit , he writes a slanderous ballad about King Mark and sends a troubador to play it at Mark 's court . In another episode , he loses a joust when Lancelot catches him off guard by wearing a dress over his armor ; Lancelot then puts the dress on his unconscious opponent . In modern fiction , in both the stage version and film adaptation of the musical Camelot , Dinadan has a memorable line : when everyone at the Court except Arthur takes an immediate dislike to Lancelot when he first arrives at Camelot , and as Lady Sybil says of him , `` He 's so poisonously good '' , Dinadan quips sarcastically , `` He probably walked across the channel . '' Elyan the white ( edit ) Sir Elyan the White or Helyan le Blanc is the son of Sir Bors . His mother is King Brandegoris ' daughter Claire , who tricked Bors into sleeping with her using a magic ring ; this is sometimes said to be the only time Bors broke his vow of chastity . When he is older Elyan is accepted as a member to the Round Table , where he becomes known as an excellent knight . Like his father and the rest of his family , Elyan helps his cousin Lancelot rescue Guinevere after their affair is exposed , and joins him in exile . Elyan 's mother Claire is the half - sister of Sir Sagramore ; their mother is the daughter of the Eastern Roman Emperor . According to the Lancelot - Grail Cycle , Elyan eventually became Emperor of Constantinople himself In modern works , he is portrayed as Guinevere 's brother in the 2008 TV series Merlin . Erec ( edit ) Sir Erec , the son of King Lac features in numerous Arthurian tales ( notably the Post-Vulgate Cycle ) , but he is most famous as the protagonist in Chrétien de Troyes ' first romance , Erec and Enide . Because of Erec and Enide 's relationship to the Welsh Geraint and Enid , Erec and Geraint are often conflated or confused . In Chrétien 's story , Erec meets his future wife Enide while on a quest to defeat a knight who had mistreated one of Guinevere 's servants . The two fall in love and marry , but rumors spread that Erec no longer cares for knighthood or anything else besides his domestic life . Enide cries about these rumors , causing Erec to prove his abilities , both to himself and to his wife , through a test of Enide 's love for him . He has her go on a long , tortuous trip with him where she is forbidden to speak to him . She breaks his conditions several times to warn him of danger , and after a number of adventures that prove both his love and his abilities , husband and wife are reconciled . When Erec 's father Lac dies , Erec inherits his kingdom . Galeschin ( edit ) Galeschin ( or Galeshin ) is a nephew of King Arthur , son of the king 's half - sister Elaine and King Nentres of Garlot . Celtist Roger Sherman Loomis derives the name Galeschin from the name Galvariun , found on the Modena Archivolt . He theorizes that the name was altered to make it sound more like Galesche , the old French word for Gaul , and derives the name Galvariun from the epithet Gwallt Euryn , found in Culhwch and Olwen , which he translates as `` golden hair '' . Galeschin appears as one of Gawain 's rescuers in the story of the Dolorous Tower in the Vulgate Cycle . He and his cousin Ywain attempt to rescue Gawain from the wicked Sir Carados but are taken captive as well . The trio are eventually rescued by Lancelot . Galeschin is referred to as the Duke of Clarence . ( This is an anachronism as the duchy of Clarence was not created until 1362 . ) Though mentioned in a few other Arthurian stories , Galeschin 's role is ultimately minor . Gornemant ( edit ) Gornemant was Percival 's mentor . He is mentioned in a few early romances , but achieves prominence in Chrétien de Troyes ' Perceval , the Story of the Grail , where he instructs the young hero in the ways of knighthood . Gornemant 's niece is Blanchefleur , whom Percival later marries after successfully defending her city against attackers . In modern works , his character became famous as Gurnemanz in Richard Wagner 's opera Parsifal , in which he is one of the main Grail Knights . Hector de Maris ( edit ) Sir Hector de Maris ( or Ector de Maris ) is the younger half - brother of Lancelot and the natural son of King Ban of Benwick and the Lady de Maris ; Sir Bors and Sir Lionel are his cousins . He should not be mistaken with Sir Ector , the father of Sir Kay and foster father of Arthur . Hector 's adventures in the name of King Arthur were many and wide - ranging . With Sir Morganore , it was Hector de Maris who welcomed Sir Tristan to Camelot when he was shipwrecked nearby . The two jousted in a friendly competition , but Hector was ashamed to have been beaten by a knight of Cornwall . Other times he was more successful at tournaments , getting the better of both Sir Palomides and Sir Percivale . He , however , failed to defeat Sir Turquine and became one of the knights he imprisoned before being rescued by his brother , Sir Lancelot . He returned the favour by rediscovering the lost Knight of the Lake after his period of insanity and returning him to the court . He is known to have had a long relationship with Lady Perse of the Narrow Borderland , whose fiancé he murdered in order to be with her . Hector later had an affair with the cousin of the Lady of Roestoc , before being reunited with Perse . He also participates in the Grail Quest , but he is one of the many knights who prove unworthy of achieving the object . In the Quest du Saint Graal of the Vulgate Cycle , Hector and Gawain are traveling together when they come to a ruined chapel where they pass the night and each has a marvelous dream . The next morning , as they are telling each other their respective visions , they see , `` a Hand , showing unto the elbow , and was covered with red samite , and upon that hung a bridle , not rich , and held within the fist a great candle that burnt right clear , and so passed fore them , and entered into the Chapel , and then vanished away , and they wist not where . '' Jessie Weston found this an `` unintelligent '' variation on the theme of the perilous Black Hand in other romances in the Grail Cycle . When Lancelot is caught in his affair with Guinevere , Hector stands by his brother and leaves court with him . He becomes one of the top leaders of Lancelot 's faction , participating in the battle to rescue the queen at her execution , and the defense of Lancelot 's castle Joyous Guard . Like all his family , he joins Lancelot in France when they are expelled from Arthur 's kingdom , and he helps defeat the army led by Mordred 's sons after the Battle of Camlann . He then joins his brother at the Archbishop of Canterbury 's hermitage and apparently dies there . Lucan ( edit ) Sir Lucan the Butler is a servant of King Arthur and the son of Duke Corneus , brother to Sir Bedivere and cousin to Sir Griflet . He and his relatives are among Arthur 's earliest allies in the fight against the rebel kings such as Lot , Urien and Caradoc , and remained one of Arthur 's loyal companions throughout his life . Lucan was a solid and reliable Knight of the Round Table and one of King Arthur 's earliest companions . He took on the post of royal butler -- an important position in charge of the royal household rather than a serving man . The duties of a `` butler '' have changed over time ; Lucan was supposed to have been in charge of the royal court , along with Bedivere the Marshal and Kay the Seneschal . He valiantly defended Arthur 's right to the throne at the Battle of Bedegraine and against subsequent rebellions . Though he sought adventure , he never came to the fore in Arthurian tales with renowned exploits of his own . He always attended the royal tournaments and was once hurt so badly by Sir Tristram that Sir Yvain had to escort him to Gannes Abbey for medical assistance . In most accounts of Arthur 's death , from the Lancelot - Grail cycle to Le Morte d'Arthur , Lucan is one of the last knights at the king 's side at the Battle of Camlann and is usually the last of them to die . Sir Lucan remained loyal to King Arthur throughout the schism with Lancelot and on occasion acted as their go - between . Similarly during Mordred 's rebellion he stayed by the monarch 's side and though wounded , with his brother , Bedivere , he was one of the few knights left standing at Camlann . He tried to dissuade Arthur from his final attack on his son / nephew , but was unsuccessful and the King received his mortal wound . Worried about looters on the battlefield , Lucan and Bedivere attempts to move the dying Arthur into a nearby chapel for safety , but the strain is too much for Lucan as a severe wound bursts open , spilling out his bowels ; he dies from his own wounds just before the king returns Excalibur to the Lady of the Lake and sails off for Avalon . Though the knight Arthur asks to cast the sword into the lake is usually Griflet ( Lancelot - Grail ) or Bedivere ( Le Morte d'Arthur , the Alliterative Morte Arthure , the Stanzaic Morte Arthur ) , the 16th - century English ballad King Arthur 's Death ascribes this duty to Lucan . In modern works , a character named Lucan appears in the 2004 film King Arthur , played by Johnny Brennan . He is a young boy found and cared for by Arthur 's knight Dagonet . Meliant de Lis ( edit ) Meliant de Lis ( variants include Melianz , Melians and Melyans ) is a minor character in several Arthurian romances . In Livre de Artus , Gawain 's lover Floree marries Melianz de Lis . In the Vulgate Lancelot , the second romance of the Vulgate cycle , Carado of the Dolorous Tower takes Melyans le Gai 's wife as his mistress . In Queste , the third romance of the cycle , Galahad , Bors and Percival are joined at Castle Corbenic by nine other knights , one of whom is Melians de Danemarche . Morholt ( edit ) Morholt ( also called Marhalt , Marhault , Morold , Marhaus and other variations ) is an Irish warrior who demands tribute from King Mark of Cornwall until he is slain by Tristan , Mark 's nephew and defender . In many versions of the legend , Morholt 's name is prefaced with a definite article ( i.e. The Morholt ) as if it were a rank or a title , but scholars have found no reason for this . He appears in almost all versions of the Tristan and Iseult story , beginning with the verse works of Thomas of Britain and Béroul . In the early material , Morholt is the brother of the Queen of Ireland and the uncle of Tristan 's future love ( both mother and daughter are named Iseult ) . He comes to Cornwall to collect tribute owed to his country , but Tristan agrees to battle the champion on the remote Saint Samson 's Isle in order to release his people from the debt . Tristan mortally wounds Morholt , leaving a piece of his sword in the Irishman 's skull , but Morholt stabs him with a poisoned spear and escapes to Ireland to die . The injured Tristan eventually travels to Ireland incognito to receive healing from the Iseult the Younger , but is found out when the queen discovers the piece of metal found in her brother 's head fits perfectly into a chink in Tristan 's blade . The authors of later romances expanded Morholt 's role ; in works like the Prose Tristan , the Post-Vulgate Cycle , and Thomas Malory 's Le Morte d'Arthur , he is a Knight of the Round Table before his fateful encounter with Tristan . The prose romances add many more details to Morholt 's career ; the Post-Vulgate and Malory record his adventures with the young Gawain and Ywain early in King Arthur 's reign . In the later versions , Tristan takes Morholt 's place at the Round Table when he joins the company himself . Safir ( edit ) Sir Safir is the youngest son of the Saracen king Esclabor in the Arthurian legend . He is a courageous and loyal knight and was , in his time , a fairly popular character , showing up in the Prose Tristan and Thomas Malory 's Le Morte d'Arthur . His name is included on the Winchester Round Table . Both his brothers , Segwarides and Palamedes , also belong to the Round Table . Safir appears in many works of Arthurian literature , usually alongside his brother Palamedes . Though he is a younger brother , Safir converted to Christianity some time before Palamedes . In one story , Safir is disguised as Sir Ector de Maris and fights with Sir Helior le Preuse , defeats him , and wins Sir Espinogres ' lady . Vowing to defend the lady 's honor , Sir Palamedes arrives on the scene , and locks sword with Safir , not realizing it is his brother . After fighting for an hour , both are impressed with each other 's prowess and skill , and decide to ask the other 's identity . Safir is devastated to find that he was fighting with his own brother and asks Palamedes for forgiveness ; together , they return the lady to Espinogres . When the affair between Lancelot and Guinevere is exposed , Safir and Palamedes join Lancelot 's side in the ensuing civil war between Lancelot and King Arthur . When they are banished to Lancelot 's homeland in Gaul , Safir is made Duke of Landok while Palamedes becomes Duke of Provence . Segwarides ( edit ) Tristan and Segwarides ( 1912 ) Segwarides is a liegeman of King Mark who is cuckolded by Tristan in the Prose Tristan and Thomas Malory 's Le Morte d'Arthur . Malory also lists an individual of this name as a son of the Saracen king Esclabor ; his brothers are Palamedes and Safir . It seems there were originally two characters of this name , but the stories in which they appear fail to differentiate between them . In Malory , Tristan has a brief affair with Segwarides ' wife , and wounds the knight after being found out . Tristan encounters Segwarides later on the Isle of Servage . Segwardies forgives the more famous knight saying he `` will never hate a noble knight for a light lady '' and the two team up to avoid the dangers of the isle . Soon afterwards , Tristan makes Segwarides the Lord of Servage . Segwarides is eventually killed trying to repel Lancelot 's rescue of Guinevere from the stake . Tor ( edit ) Sir Tor appears frequently in Arthurian literature . In earlier mentions Tor 's father is King Ars or Aries , but the Post-Vulgate Cycle and Thomas Malory 's Le Morte d'Arthur say this man is his adoptive father while his natural father is King Pellinore . In the Post-Vulgate and Malory , Tor is brother to Sir Aglovale , Sir Lamorak , Sir Dornar , Sir Percival , and Dindrane . He is born when Pellinore sleeps with his mother `` half by force '' , and she marries Aries shortly afterward ; here Aries is not a king , but a shepherd . Tor and his twelve half - brothers are raised as shepherds , but Tor dreams of being a knight . Finally his parents take him to King Arthur 's court , and Arthur makes the boy one of his first knights . Later Merlin reveals Tor 's true parentage , and Pellinore embraces his son ; neither Aries nor his wife seem offended . Tor distinguishes himself at the wedding feast of Arthur and Guinevere when he takes up a quest to retrieve a mysterious white brachet hound that had come into the court . According to Malory , Tor and his brother Aglovale are among the knights charged with defending the execution of Guinevere and they both die when Lancelot and his followers rescue the queen . Ywain the Bastard ( edit ) Attributed arms according to Michel Pastoureau Ywain the Bastard , also called Ywain the Adventurous , is a son of King Urien of Gore . He is often confused with his half - brother Sir Ywain , after whom he was named ; while the older Ywain is the child of Urien and his wife Morgan le Fay , King Urien sired Ywain the Bastard on the wife of his seneschal . He is encountered frequently in Arthurian romance as a hearty and sensible warrior . His death comes at the hands of his cousin Gawain during the Quest for the Holy Grail . The two meet , disguised by their armor , and decide to joust . Ywain is mortally wounded , and it is not until Gawain takes him to a hermitage for his last rites that he realizes he has killed his own cousin . Additional knights ( Malory ) ( edit ) In addition , Thomas Malory 's account in Le Morte d'Arthur includes many obscure knights during the episode containing Sir Urry : King Anguish of Ireland Earl Aristance Sir Azreal Sir Arrok Sir Ascamore Sir Balan ( brother of Sir Balin , whom he killed by accident in a duel in which both wore helmets and did not know who they were fighting ) Sir Barrant le Apres ( King with a Hundred Knights ) Sir Bellenger le Beau Sir Belliance le Orgulous Sir Blamor de Ganis Sir Bleoberis de Ganis Sir Borre le Cœur Hardi ( King Arthur 's son ) Sir Brandiles Sir Brian de Listinoise King Carados of Scotland Sir Cardok Duke Chalance of Clarence King Clariance of Northumberland Sir Clarus of Cleremont Sir Clegis Sir Clodrus Sir Colgrevance Sir Crosslem Sir Damas Sir Degrave sans Villainy ( fought with the giant of the Black Lowe ) Sir Degrevant Sir Dinas le Seneschal de Cornwall Sir Dinas Sir Dodinas le Savage Sir Dornar Sir Drian Sir Edward of Orkney Sir Epinogris ( son of King Clariance of Northumberland ) Sir Fergus Sir Florence ( son of Gawain by Sir Brandiles 's sister ) Sir Gahalantine Sir Galahalt ( a duke known as the Haut Prince ) Sir Galihodin Sir Galleron of Galway Sir Gauter Sir Gillimer Sir Grummor Grummorson Sir Gumret le Petit Sir Harry le Fils Lake Sir Hebes ( not Hebes le Renowne ) Sir Hebes le Renowne Sir Hectimere Sir Helian le Blanc Sir Herminde Sir Hervis de la Forest Savage Sir Ironside ( Knight of the Red Launds ) Sir Kay l'Estrange ( not Kay , Arthur 's seneschal ) Earl Lambaile Sir Lambegus Sir Lamiel Sir Lavain Sir Lovell ( son of Gawain by Sir Brandiles 's sister ) Sir Lucan the Butler Sir Mador de la Porte Sir Marrok ( whose wife turned him into a werewolf ) Sir Melias de l'Isle Sir Melion of the Mountain Sir Meliot de Logris Sir Menaduke Sir Morganor King Nentres of Garlot Sir Neroveus Sir Ozanna le Cœur Hardi Sir Perimones ( brother to Persant and Pertolepe ; called the Red Knight ) Sir Persant Sir Pertolepe Sir Petipace of Winchelsea Sir Plaine de Fors Sir Plenorius Sir Priamus Sir Reynold Sir Sadok Sir Selises of the Dolorous Tower Sir Sentrail Sir Severause le Breuse ( known for rejecting battles with men in favour of giants , dragons , and wild beasts ) Sir Suppinabiles Earl Ulbawes Sir Urry Sir Uwain le Avoutres Sir Villiars the Valiant See also ( edit ) List of Arthurian characters Pentecostal Oath Siege Perilous References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Loomis , Roger ( 1949 ) . Arthurian Tradition and Chretien De Troyes . Columbia University Press . Jump up ^ Loomis ( 1997 ) , p. 63 Jump up ^ Weston , Jessie L. From Ritual to Romance 1920 Chapter XIII The Perilous Chapel . Jump up ^ `` King Arthur 's Death '' is a continuation of the ballad `` The Legend of King Arthur '' . See Noble , James ( 1991 ) . `` King Arthur 's Death '' . In Lacy , Norris J. ( Ed . ) , The New Arthurian Encyclopedia , pp. 262 -- 263 . New York : Garland . ISBN 0 - 8240 - 4377 - 4 . Jump up ^ Loomis ( 1997 ) . p. 11 Jump up ^ Loomis ( 1997 ) . p. 157 Jump up ^ Curtis , Renée L. ( translator ) ( 1994 ) . The Romance of Tristan , Oxford . ISBN 0 - 19 - 282792 - 8 . Jump up ^ For example , Chrétien de Troyes ' list of knights in Erec and Enide . From Owen , Arthurian Romances . Jump up ^ Lacy , Lancelot - Grail , volume 4 . Jump up ^ Malory , Le Morte d'Arthur , Book III , ch. IV , p. 83 . Jump up ^ Malory , Le Morte d'Arthur , Book XX , ch . VII , p. 880 . Jump up ^ Pastoureau , Michel ( 2009 ) . L'Art de l'héraldique au Moyen Âge ( in French ) . Paris : éditions du Seuil . p. 199 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 02 - 098984 - 8 . Jump up ^ Thomas Malory 's Le Morte D'Arthur , the Winchester Manuscript . Edited and abridged by Helen Cooper , this book was published by Oxford University Press in 1998 . Sources ( edit ) Chrétien de Troyes ; Owen , D.D.R. ( translator ) ( 1988 ) . Arthurian Romances . New York : Everyman 's Library . ISBN 0 - 460 - 87389 - X . Lacy , Norris J. ( Ed . ) ( April 1 , 1995 ) . Lancelot - Grail : The Old French Arthurian Vulgate and Post-Vulgate in Translation , Volume 4 of 5 . New York : Garland . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 0748 - 9 . Malory , Thomas ; Bryan , Elizabeth J. ( introduction ) ( 1994 ) . Le Morte d'Arthur . New York : Modern Library . ISBN 0 - 679 - 60099 - X . ( Pollard text . ) Loomis , Roger Sherman ( 1997 ) . Celtic Myth and Arthurian Romance . Academy Chicago Publishers . ISBN 0 - 89733 - 436 - 1 . Wilson , Robert H. The `` Fair Unknown '' in Malory . Publications of the Modern - Language Association of America . 1943 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Knights of the Round Table . Timeless Myths : Round Table EBK : The Knights of the Round Table King Arthur and the Matter of Britain Key characters Arthur Constantine Galahad Gawain Guinevere Lady of the Lake Lancelot Merlin Mordred Morgan le Fay Tristan Uther Pendragon Knights of the Round Table Agravain Bagdemagus Bedivere Bors Cador Cligès Caradoc Dagonet Daniel Gaheris Galehaut Gareth Geraint Gingalain Griflet Hoel Kay Lamorak Lanval Moriaen Lionel Palamedes Pelleas Pellinore Percival Sagramore Tom a Lincoln Urien Ywain Other characters Accolon Agrestes Anguish of Ireland Balin and Balan Ban Black Knight ( multiple characters ) Claudas Culhwch Dindrane Ector Elaine of Astolat Elaine of Corbenic Esclabor Faerie Knight Feirefiz Fisher King ( multiple characters ) Garel Gorlois Green Knight Gwenhwyfach Hellawes Igraine Iseult Lady Bertilak Laudine Leodegrance Lohengrin Lot Lynette and Lyonesse Maleagant Mark of Cornwall Morgause Lucius Nentres Nine sorceresses Olwen Questing Beast Red Knight ( multiple characters ) Rience Sebile Taliesin Objects Excalibur Holy Grail Round Table Siege Perilous Places Astolat Avalon Glastonbury Tor Brocéliande Paimpont Caerleon Camelot Celliwig Chapel perilous Corbenic Logres Lyonesse Sarras Tintagel Tintagel Castle Val sans retour In media Bibliography List of works Topics Battle of Badon Battle of Camlann Dolorous Stroke King Arthur 's family Historicity of King Arthur King Arthur 's messianic return Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Knights_of_the_Round_Table&oldid=855865264 '' Categories : Arthurian legend Fictional knights Knights of the Round Table Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Articles needing additional references from May 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Welsh - language text Articles containing French - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Nouormand Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 August 2018 , at 10 : 14 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights%20of%20the%20Round%20Table
| 2,001 |
||
when is the death cure released in the uk
|
Maze Runner : the Death Cure
|
maze runner : the death cure
|
Maze Runner : The Death Cure ( also known simply as The Death Cure ) is a 2018 American dystopian science fiction action film directed by Wes Ball and written by T.S. Nowlin , based on the novel The Death Cure written by James Dashner . It is the sequel to the 2015 film Maze Runner : The Scorch Trials and the third and final installment in the Maze Runner film series . The film stars Dylan O'Brien , Kaya Scodelario , Thomas Brodie - Sangster , Dexter Darden , Nathalie Emmanuel , Giancarlo Esposito , Aidan Gillen , Walton Goggins , Ki Hong Lee , Jacob Lofland , Katherine McNamara , Barry Pepper , Will Poulter , Rosa Salazar , and Patricia Clarkson .
|
Maze Runner : The Death Cure was originally set to be released on February 17 , 2017 , in the United States by 20th Century Fox , but the studio rescheduled the film 's release for January 26 , 2018 in theatres and IMAX , allowing time for O'Brien to recover from injuries he sustained during filming . The film received mixed reviews from critics and has grossed over $272 million worldwide . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Thomas , Newt , and Frypan are the last of the free `` Gladers '' immune to the Flare virus that has ravaged the world 's population . Against the orders of Vince , who now leads The Right Arm resistance , the three leave their camp to rescue their immune friend Minho , who is being tortured by the organization WCKD in hopes of developing a cure for the virus . Heading for the `` Last City '' , where WCKD 's headquarters is located , the group is attacked by Cranks , humans infected with the Flare . However , they are saved by Jorge and Brenda , who join them . The group makes it to the wall of the Last City , which protects the city from Cranks . Outside the wall , people are rallying in protest to be let into the city . When WCKD opens fire at the protesters , the group is captured by a contingent of masked men and are taken to a hideout . One of the masked men is revealed to be Gally , who has survived being killed by Minho at the end of The Maze Runner . Gally takes them to see Lawrence , a rebellion leader for those outside the walls , who grants them permission to enter the Last City through a secret entrance . Gally leads Thomas and Newt through to the city and , spotting Teresa , Gally tells Thomas that she can get them into WCKD headquarters . The three capture her and she agrees to help them . Thomas , Newt , and Gally escort Teresa inside WCKD headquarters and toward the location of the Immunes . Gally looks after the Immune children and stays to find a serum that can treat the Flare , while Thomas , Newt , and Teresa go to find Minho . They are caught and chased by a vengeful Janson , who leads WCKD 's troops . Teresa lets them escape to find Minho , before rushing to do a blood test on Thomas ' blood , which she obtained when removing trackers from the Gladers . Gally gets the serum and takes the Immune children outside to a bus where Brenda is waiting . While Gally makes his way back into WCKD headquarters to find Thomas , Brenda is forced to leave with the Immune children in a bus as WCKD forces close in on them . Thomas and Newt reunite with Minho in the medical wing . They are chased by Janson before escaping . Teresa discovers that Thomas ' blood can cure the Flare . She shares her discovery with WCKD 's leader Ava Paige , both agreeing that they must find Thomas . Brenda and the Immune children are cornered by WCKD authorities but are saved by Frypan . Meanwhile , Lawrence rallies his rebels outside the city before blowing a hole in the city wall , allowing his allies and the infected people to storm the city . Outside the headquarters , Gally finds Thomas , Minho , and Newt . Sending Minho and Gally ahead , Newt gives Thomas a necklace with a silver cylinder pendant before passing out . Teresa transmits her voice throughout the city , telling Thomas that his blood can save Newt if he will only return to WCKD . Newt , nearly completely subsumed by the Flare , regains consciousness and attacks Thomas , while begging Thomas to kill him . Left with no other option , Thomas kills Newt . Thomas makes his way back to WCKD and confronts Ava , who stresses that WCKD 's intentions are good . However , she is killed by Janson , who is turning into a Crank . Janson knocks Thomas out and drags him to a lab where Teresa is ready to extract his blood . However , he reveals that he and WCKD are only truly interested in curing those whom they please , which results in Teresa turning on him . After a fight , Janson is killed , allowing Thomas and Teresa to escape to the rooftop where an aircraft piloted by Jorge and Vince is waiting . Thomas makes it aboard , but Teresa is killed when the headquarters comes apart after being hit by a building collapsing owing to the rebels ' attacks . The group reunites with the rest of the Immunes and The Right Arm , escaping to a safe haven that was revealed by Ava , where the remaining population can live in safety . There , Thomas discovers that the pendant Newt gave to him had a note in it . Still traumatized by Teresa 's death , he reads the note , in which Newt tells him to look after himself and everyone , before thanking Thomas for being his friend . Cast ( edit ) Dylan O'Brien as Thomas Kaya Scodelario as Teresa Thomas Brodie - Sangster as Newt Dexter Darden as Frypan Nathalie Emmanuel as Harriet Giancarlo Esposito as Jorge Aidan Gillen as Janson Walton Goggins as Lawrence Ki Hong Lee as Minho Jacob Lofland as Aris Katherine McNamara as Sonya Barry Pepper as Vince Will Poulter as Gally Rosa Salazar as Brenda Patricia Clarkson as Ava Paige Production ( edit ) In March 2015 , it was confirmed that T.S. Nowlin , who co-wrote the first and wrote the second film , would adapt Maze Runner : The Death Cure . On September 16 , 2015 , it was confirmed that Ball would return to direct the final film . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography began on March 14 , 2016 , in Vancouver , British Columbia . Previously it was revealed at San Diego Comic - Con International that filming would begin in February 2016 . On March 18 , 2016 , it was reported that actor Dylan O'Brien was injured on set and was hospitalized . James Dashner announced via Twitter that the production was postponed after the accident . It was said that the producers were `` looking to '' resume filming around mid-May . According to the Directors Guild of Canada 's production list , the film was scheduled to resume filming on May 9 , and complete principal photography on July 26 . However , on April 29 , 2016 , production was shut down indefinitely as O'Brien's injuries were more serious than previously thought . Filming resumed on March 6 , 2017 in Cape Town , South Africa . In May 2017 , it was announced that Walton Goggins would play the part of Lawrence , described as `` an unusual and dangerous character who is part - revolutionary , part - anarchist , and a voice for the voiceless people . '' Principal photography wrapped on June 3 , 2017 . Release ( edit ) It was originally scheduled to be released in the United States on February 17 , 2017 . However , due to Dylan O'Brien's injuries , the studio said that it was unlikely that this date was going to be met . On May 27 , 2016 , 20th Century Fox rescheduled the film for January 12 , 2018 , allowing time for Dylan O'Brien to fully recover . On April 22 , 2017 , the studio delayed the release date once again , to February 9 , 2018 , in order to allow more time for post-production ; months later , on August 25 , the studio moved the release forward two weeks . The film premiered on January 26 , 2018 in theatres and IMAX . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) As of February 28 , 2018 , Maze Runner : The Death Cure has grossed $56.6 million in the United States and Canada , and $216.1 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $272.6 million , against a production budget of $62 million . In the United States and Canada , The Death Cure was released alongside the wide expansion of Hostiles , and was expected to gross around $20 million from 3,786 theaters in its opening weekend . The film made $1.5 million from Thursday night previews , in between the $1.1 million made by the first film and $1.7 million by the second , and $8.4 million on its first day . It ended up opening to $24.2 million , down from the previous film but still finishing atop the box office . In its second weekend the film dropped 58 % to $10.2 million , finishing second behind Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle . A week prior to its North American release , the film debuted in South Korea , Australia and Taiwan , grossing $15.1 million over its opening weekend . During the first two weeks of international release , the film dominated the international box office taking $62.6 and $35.2 million respectively , and outpacing the two previous films . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 43 % based on 140 reviews , and an average rating of 5.1 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Maze Runner : The Death Cure may offer closure to fans of the franchise , but for anyone who has n't already been hooked , this bloated final installment is best left unseen . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 51 out of 100 , based on 37 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` MAZE RUNNER : THE DEATH CURE ( 2018 ) ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . January 17 , 2018 . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Maze Runner : The Death Cure ( 2018 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` ' Maze Runner : The Death Cure ' Sets T.S. Nowlin To Pen '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Maze Runner 3 to begin filming in Vancouver in March '' . Vancity Buzz . January 18 , 2016 . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ A. , Aliza ( March 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Maze Runner : Death Cure ' News And Updates : Filming Confirmed ; Release Date Set On February '' . jobsnhire.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Defy Media ( @ ClevverTV ) ( July 9 , 2015 ) . `` The script for Death Cure is currently being worked on & will begin filming in February # ScorchTrials # ScorchSneakPeek '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved July 10 , 2015 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Zumberge , Marianne ( March 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Maze Runner ' Star Dylan O'Brien Injured on Set '' . Variety . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Maze Runner Star Dylan O'Brien Healing Very Well After On - Set Accident , Will Return to Work in About Six Weeks -- E ! '' . E !. April 5 , 2016 . Retrieved May 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dylan O'Brien's Injuries Force ' Maze Runner ' Sequel to Extend Production Shut Down '' . Yahoo . Retrieved May 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Maze Runner : The Death Cure Resumes Filming In February '' . August 29 , 2016 . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ian Bailey ( September 4 , 2016 ) . `` Maze Runner film production leaving B.C. for South Africa '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ @ wesball ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Big day today . Shot two scenes in 7 hours ( that 's a short day for me ) . Also prelit a set for tomorrow . Then watched dailies ... Pretty stuff '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Walton Goggins Set For ' Maze Runner : The Death Cure ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ @ wesball ( June 4 , 2017 ) . `` That 's a wrap ! Thanks to a great cast and crew for a hell of an experience '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( April 18 , 2015 ) . `` MAZE RUNNER : THE DEATH CURE Set for 2017 Release ; Miraculously Not Being Split into Two Movies '' . Collider.com . Retrieved June 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Past , present and future releases to Past , Present and Future Releases UK Recent and Upcoming Movie '' . www.launchingfilms.com . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( May 28 , 2016 ) . `` Dylan O'Brien's ' Maze Runner : Death Cure ' Release Pushed Back to 2018 '' . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ @ wesball ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` Hey maze fans . Do n't worry . Release date shifted 4 weeks . It 's a good thing . I get four more weeks of vfx finals , sound mixing , editing '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Anthony , D'Allessandro ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' , ' New Mutants ' & ' Dark Phoenix ' Find 2018 Dates Among Fox 's Slew of Release Changes & Additions '' . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dave , McNary ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Steven Spielberg 's Pentagon Papers Movie Re-Titled ' The Post ' '' . Variety . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` Box Office : ' Maze Runner : The Death Cure ' Races Toward $20 Million Opening '' . Variety . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 28 , 2018 ) . `` Fox Controls Close To 40 % Of Weekend B.O. Led By ' Maze Runner ' & Oscar Holdovers ; ' Hostiles ' Gallops Past $10 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jumanji ' Poised To Be Dwayne Johnson 's Highest Grossing Pic of All - Time Stateside After Super Bowl Weekend Rebound '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( January 28 , 2018 ) . `` Box Office : ' Maze Runner : The Death Cure ' Dominates With $62.6 Million Internationally '' . Variety . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Maze Runner : The Death Cure ' Sprints to $35 Million at International Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Maze Runner : The Death Cure ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Maze Runner : The Death Cure reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Maze Runner : The Death Cure on IMDb The Maze Runner series by James Dashner Main trilogy The Maze Runner The Scorch Trials The Death Cure Prequels The Kill Order The Fever Code Film series The Maze Runner Maze Runner : The Scorch Trials Maze Runner : The Death Cure Films directed by Wes Ball The Maze Runner ( 2014 ) Maze Runner : The Scorch Trials ( 2015 ) Maze Runner : The Death Cure ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maze_Runner:_The_Death_Cure&oldid=828322653 '' Categories : 2018 films 2010s action thriller films 2010s adventure films 2010s mystery films 2010s science fiction films 2010s teen films 20th Century Fox films American films American action thriller films American science fiction action films American science fiction thriller films American sequel films Films about revenge Films based on American novels Films based on science fiction novels Films directed by Wes Ball Films shot in South Africa IMAX films The Maze Runner Post-apocalyptic films Science fiction adventure films Teen mystery films Hidden categories : All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from February 2018 Use mdy dates from February 2018 Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 21 : 52 . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maze%20Runner%3A%20The%20Death%20Cure
| 41 |
||
the recent rise of the chinese economy was associated with
|
Chinese economic reform
|
chinese economic reform
|
The Chinese economic reform ( simplified Chinese : 改革 开放 ; traditional Chinese : 改革 開放 ; pinyin : Gǎigé kāifàng ; literally : `` reform and opening - up '' ) refers to the program of economic reforms termed `` Socialism with Chinese characteristics '' in the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) that was started in December 1978 by reformists within the Communist Party of China , led by Deng Xiaoping .
|
China had been one of the world 's largest and most advanced economies prior to the nineteenth century . In the 18th century , Adam Smith claimed China had long been one of the richest , that is , one of the most fertile , best cultivated , most industrious , most prosperous and most urbanized countries in the world . The economy stagnated beginning in the 16th century and even declined in absolute terms in the nineteenth and much of the twentieth century , with a brief recovery in the 1930s . Economic reforms introducing market principles began in 1978 and were carried out in two stages . The first stage , in the late 1970s and early 1980s , involved the decollectivization of agriculture , the opening up of the country to foreign investment , and permission for entrepreneurs to start businesses . However , most industry remained state - owned . The second stage of reform , in the late 1980s and 1990s , involved the privatization and contracting out of much state - owned industry and the lifting of price controls , protectionist policies , and regulations , although state monopolies in sectors such as banking and petroleum remained . The private sector grew remarkably , accounting for as much as 70 percent of China 's gross domestic product by 2005 . From 1978 until 2013 , unprecedented growth occurred , with the economy increasing by 9.5 % a year . The conservative Hu - Wen Administration more heavily regulated and controlled the economy after 2005 , reversing some reforms . The success of China 's economic policies and the manner of their implementation has resulted in immense changes in Chinese society . Large - scale government planning programs alongside market characteristics have greatly decreased poverty , while incomes and income inequality have increased , leading to a backlash led by the New Left . In the academic scene , scholars have debated the reason for the success of the Chinese `` dual - track '' economy , and have compared them to attempts to reform socialism in the Eastern Bloc and the Soviet Union ; as well as the growth of other developing economies . Additionally , these series of reforms have led to China 's rise as a world power and a shift of international geopolitical interests in favour of it over Taiwan . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chinese economy prior to reform 2 Course of reforms 2.1 1978 -- 84 2.2 1984 -- 93 2.3 1993 -- 2005 2.4 2005 -- 2012 2.5 2012 -- present 3 Economic performance since reform 3.1 Impact on world growth 4 Reforms in specific sectors 4.1 Agriculture 4.2 Industry 4.3 Trade and foreign investment 4.4 Services 4.5 Government finances 5 Reasons for success 6 Effect on inequality 7 Comparison to other developing economies 8 Legacy and criticism 9 See also 10 References 10.1 Citations 10.2 Sources 11 External links Chinese economy prior to reform ( edit ) During the 1930s , China developed a modern industrial sector , which stimulated modest but significant economic growth . Before the collapse of international trade that followed the onset of the Great Depression , China 's share of world trade and its ratio of foreign trade to GDP achieved levels that were not regained for over sixty years . The economy was severely disrupted by the Second Sino - Japanese War and its continuation as the Second world war and the Chinese Civil War from 1937 to 1949 , after which the victorious communists installed a planned economy . Afterwards , the economy largely stagnated and was disrupted by the Great Leap Forward famine which killed between 30 and 40 million people , and the purges of the Cultural Revolution further disrupted the economy . Urban Chinese citizens experienced virtually no increase in living standards from 1957 onwards , and rural Chinese had no better living standards in the 1970s than the 1930s . One study noted that average pay levels in the catering sector exceeded wages in higher education . The economic performance of the People 's Republic of China was poor in comparison with other East Asian countries , such as Japan , South Korea and rival Chiang Kai - shek 's Republic of China . The economy was riddled with huge inefficiencies and malinvestments , and with Mao 's death , the Communist Party of China ( CPC ) leadership turned to market - oriented reforms to salvage the failing economy . Course of reforms ( edit ) Economic reforms began after Deng Xiaoping and his reformist allies ousted the Gang of Four Maoist faction . By the time Deng took power , there was widespread support among the elite for economic reforms . As the de facto leader , Deng 's policies faced opposition from party conservatives but were extremely successful in increasing the country 's wealth . 1978 -- 84 ( edit ) Deng 's first reforms began in agriculture , a sector long mismanaged by the Communist Party . By the late 1970s , food supplies and production had become so deficient that government officials were warning that China was about to repeat the `` disaster of 1959 '' , the famines which killed tens of millions during the Great Leap Forward . Deng responded by decollectivizing agriculture and emphasizing the household - responsibility system , which divided the land of the People 's communes into private plots . Under the new policy , peasants were able to exercise formal control of their land as long as they sold a contracted portion of their crops to the government . This move increased agricultural production by 25 percent between 1975 and 1985 , setting a precedent for privatizing other parts of the economy . The bottom - up approach of the reforms promoted by Deng , in contrast to the top - down approach of the Perestroika in the Soviet Union , is considered an important factor contributing to the success of China 's economic transition . Reforms were also implemented in urban industry to increase productivity . A dual - price system was introduced , in which ( State - owned enterprise reform 1979 ) state - owned industries were allowed to sell any production above the plan quota , and commodities were sold at both plan and market prices , allowing citizens to avoid the shortages of the Maoist era . Moreover , the adoption of Industrial Responsibility System 1980s further promote the development of state - owned enterprise by allowing individuals or groups to manage the enterprise by contract . Private businesses were allowed to operate for the first time since the Communist takeover , and they gradually began to make up a greater percentage of industrial output . Price flexibility was also increased , expanding the service sector . The country was opened to foreign investment for the first time since the Kuomintang era . Deng created a series of special economic zones for foreign investment that were relatively free of the bureaucratic regulations and interventions that hampered economic growth . These regions became engines of growth for the national economy . 1984 -- 93 ( edit ) During this period , Deng Xiaoping 's policies continued beyond the initial reforms . Controls on private businesses and government intervention continued to decrease , and there was small - scale privatization of state enterprises which had become unviable . A notable development was the decentralization of state control , leaving local provincial leaders to experiment with ways to increase economic growth and privatize the state sector . Township and village enterprises , firms nominally owned by local governments but effectively private , began to gain market share at the expense of the state sector . Conservative elder opposition , led by Chen Yun , prevented many major reforms which would have damaged the interests of special interest groups in the government bureaucracy . Corruption and increased inflation increased discontent , contributing to the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 and a conservative backlash after that event which ousted several key reformers and threatened to reverse many of Deng 's reforms . However , Deng stood by his reforms and in 1992 , he affirmed the need to continue reforms in his southern tour . He also reopened the Shanghai Stock Exchange closed by Mao 40 years earlier . Although the economy grew quickly during this period , economic troubles in the inefficient state sector increased . Heavy losses had to be made up by state revenues and acted as a drain upon the economy . Inflation became problematic in 1985 , 1988 and 1992 . Privatizations began to accelerate after 1992 , and the private sector grew as a percentage of GDP . China 's government slowly expanded recognition of the private economy , first as a `` complement '' to the state sector ( 1988 ) and then as an `` important component '' ( 1999 ) of the socialist market economy . 1993 -- 2005 ( edit ) The Lujiazui financial district of Pudong , Shanghai , the financial and commercial hub of modern China In the 1990s , Deng forced many of the conservative elders such as Chen Yun into retirement , allowing radical reforms to be carried out . Despite Deng 's death in 1997 , reforms continued under his handpicked successors , Jiang Zemin and Zhu Rongji , who were ardent reformers . In 1997 and 1998 , large - scale privatization occurred , in which all state enterprises , except a few large monopolies , were liquidated and their assets sold to private investors . Between 2001 and 2004 , the number of state - owned enterprises decreased by 48 percent . During the same period , Jiang and Zhu also reduced tariffs , trade barriers , and regulations ; reformed the banking system ; dismantled much of the Mao - era social welfare system ; forced the PLA to divest itself of military - run businesses ; reduced inflation ; and joined the World Trade Organization . These moves invoked discontent among some groups , especially laid - off workers of state enterprises that had been privatized . The domestic private sector first exceeded 50 % of GDP in 2005 and has further expanded since . Also in 2005 , China was able to surpass Japan as the largest economy in Asia . However , some state monopolies still remained , such as in petroleum and banking . 2005 -- 2012 ( edit ) Hu Jintao and his conservative administration began to reverse some of Deng Xiaoping 's reforms in 2005 . Observers note that the government adopted more egalitarian and populist policies . It increased subsidies and control over the health care sector , halted privatization , and adopted a loose monetary policy , which led to the formation of a U.S. - style property bubble in which property prices tripled . The privileged state sector was the primary recipient of government investment , which under the new administration , promoted the rise of large `` national champions '' which could compete with large foreign corporations . 2012 -- present ( edit ) Under Xi Jinping and his administration , the Communist Party of China has sought to increase its control over state - owned and private enterprises . At least 288 firms have revised their corporate charters to allow the CPC greater influence in corporate management , and to reflect the party line . This trend also includes Hong Kong listed firms , who have traditionally downplayed their party links , but are now `` redrafting bylaws to formally establish party committees that previously existed only at the group level . '' Economic performance since reform ( edit ) China 's nominal GDP trend from 1952 to 2005 . Note the rapid increase since reform in the late 1970s . China 's economic growth since the reform has been very rapid , exceeding the East Asian Tigers . Economists estimate China 's GDP growth from 1978 to 2013 at between 9.5 % to around 11.5 % a year . Since the beginning of Deng Xiaoping 's reforms , China 's GDP has risen tenfold . The increase in total factor productivity ( TFP ) was the most important factor , with productivity accounting for 40.1 % of the GDP increase , compared with a decline of 13.2 % for the period 1957 to 1978 -- the height of Maoist policies . For the period 1978 -- 2005 , Chinese GDP per capita increased from 2.7 % to 15.7 % of U.S. GDP per capita , and from 53.7 % to 188.5 % of Indian GDP per capita . Per capita incomes grew at 6.6 % a year . Average wages rose sixfold between 1978 and 2005 , while absolute poverty declined from 41 % of the population to 5 % from 1978 to 2001 . Some scholars believed that China 's economic growth has been understated , due to large sectors of the economy not being counted . Impact on world growth ( edit ) China is widely seen as an engine of world and regional growth . Surges in Chinese demand account for 50 , 44 and 66 percent of export growth of the Hong Kong SAR of China , Japan and Taiwan Province respectively , and China 's trade deficit with the rest of East Asia helped to revive the economies of Japan and Southeast Asia . Asian leaders view China 's economic growth as an `` engine of growth for all Asia '' . Reforms in specific sectors ( edit ) After three decades of reform , China 's economy experienced one of the world 's biggest booms . Agriculture and light industry have largely been privatized , while the state still retains control over some heavy industries . Despite the dominance of state ownership in finance , telecommunications , petroleum and other important sectors of the economy , private entrepreneurs continue to expand into sectors formerly reserved for public enterprise . Prices have also been liberalized . Agriculture ( edit ) Production of wheat from 1961 to 2004 . Data from FAO , year 2005 . Y - axis : Production in metric ton . During the pre-reform period , Chinese agricultural performance was extremely poor and food shortages were common . After Deng Xiaoping implemented the household responsibility system , agricultural output increased by 8.2 % a year , compared with 2.7 % in the pre-reform period , despite a decrease in the area of land used . Food prices fell nearly 50 % , while agricultural incomes rose . A more fundamental transformation was the economy 's growing adoption of cash crops instead of just growing rice and grain . Vegetable and meat production increased to the point that Chinese agricultural production was adding the equivalent of California 's vegetable industry every two years . Growth in the sector slowed after 1984 , with agriculture falling from 40 % of GDP to 16 % ; however , increases in agricultural productivity allowed workers to be released for work in industry and services , while simultaneously increasing agricultural production . Trade in agriculture was also liberalized and China became an exporter of food , a great contrast to its previous famines and shortages . Industry ( edit ) In the pre-reform period , industry was largely stagnant and the socialist system presented few incentives for improvements in quality and productivity . With the introduction of the dual - price system and greater autonomy for enterprise managers , productivity increased greatly in the early 1980s . Foreign enterprises and newly formed Township and Village Enterprises , owned by local government and often de facto private firms , competed successfully with state - owned enterprises . By the 1990s , large - scale privatizations reduced the market share of both the Township and Village Enterprises and state - owned enterprises and increased the private sector 's market share . The state sector 's share of industrial output dropped from 81 % in 1980 to 15 % in 2005 . Foreign capital controls much of Chinese industry and plays an important role . From virtually an industrial backwater in 1978 , China is now the world 's biggest producer of concrete , steel , ships and textiles , and has the world 's largest automobile market . Chinese steel output quadrupled between 1980 and 2000 , and from 2000 to 2006 rose from 128.5 million tons to 418.8 million tons , one - third of global production . Labor productivity at some Chinese steel firms exceeds Western productivity . From 1975 to 1992 , China 's automobile production rose from 139,800 to 1.1 million , rising to 9.35 million in 2008 . Light industries such as textiles saw an even greater increase , due to reduced government interference . Chinese textile exports increased from 4.6 % of world exports in 1980 to 24.1 % in 2005 . Textile output increased 18-fold over the same period . This increase in production is largely the result of the removal of barriers to entry and increased competition ; the number of industrial firms rose from 377,300 in 1980 to nearly 8 million in 1990 and 1996 ; the 2004 economic census , which excluded enterprises with annual sales below RMB 5 million , counted 1.33 million manufacturing firms , with Jiangsu and Zhejiang reporting more firms than the nationwide total for 1980 . Compared to other East Asian industrial growth spurts , China 's industrial performance exceeded Japan 's but remained behind South Korea and Taiwan 's economies . Trade and foreign investment ( edit ) Global distribution of Chinese exports in 2006 as a percentage of the top market Scholars find that China has attained a degree of openness that is unprecedented among large and populous nations , with competition from foreign goods in almost every sector of the economy . Foreign investment helped to greatly increase quality , knowledge and standards , especially in heavy industry . China 's experience supports the assertion that globalization greatly increases wealth for poor countries . Throughout the reform period , the government reduced tariffs and other trade barriers , with the overall tariff rate falling from 56 % to 15 % . By 2001 , less than 40 % of imports were subject to tariffs and only 9 percent of import were subject to licensing and import quotas . Even during the early reform era , protectionist policies were often circumvented by smuggling . When China joined the WTO , it agreed to considerably harsher conditions than other developing countries . Trade has increased from under 10 % of GDP to 64 % of GDP over the same period . China is considered the most open large country ; By 2005 , China 's average statutory tariff on industrial products was 8.9 percent . For Argentina , Brazil , India , and Indonesia , the respective percentage figures are 30.9 , 27.0 , 32.4 , and 36.9 percent . China 's trade surplus is considered by some in the United States as threatening American jobs . In the 2000s , the Bush administration pursued protectionist policies such as tariffs and quotas to limit the import of Chinese goods . Some scholars argue that China 's growing trade surplus is the result of industries in more developed Asian countries moving to China , and not a new phenomenon . China 's trade policy , which allows producers to avoid paying the Value Added Tax ( VAT ) for exports and undervaluation of the currency since 2002 , has resulted in an overdeveloped export sector and distortion of the economy overall , a result that could hamper future growth . Foreign investment was also liberalized upon Deng 's ascension . Special Economic Zones ( SEZs ) were created in the early 1980s to attract foreign capital by exempting them from taxes and regulations . This experiment was successful and SEZs were expanded to cover the whole Chinese coast . Although FDI fell briefly after the 1989 student protests , it increased again to 160 billion by 2004 . Services ( edit ) Shanghai Stock Exchange ( SSE ) In the 1990s , the financial sector was liberalized . After China joined the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) , the service sector was considerably liberalized and foreign investment was allowed ; restrictions on retail , wholesale and distribution ended . Banking , financial services , insurance and telecommunications were also opened up to foreign investment . China 's banking sector is dominated by four large state - owned banks , which are largely inefficient and monopolistic . China 's largest bank , ICBC , is the largest bank in the world . The financial sector is widely seen as a drag on the economy due to the inefficient state management . Non-performing loans , mostly made to local governments and unprofitable state - owned enterprises for political purposes , especially the political goal of keeping unemployment low , are a big drain on the financial system and economy , reaching over 22 % of GDP by 2000 , with a drop to 6.3 % by 2006 due to government recapitalization of these banks . In 2006 , the total amount of non-performing loans was estimated at $160 billion . Observers recommend privatization of the banking system to solve this problem , a move that was partially carried out when the four banks were floated on the stock market . China 's financial markets , the Shanghai Stock Exchange and Shenzhen Stock Exchange , are relatively ineffective at raising capital , as they comprise only 11 % of GDP . Due to the weakness of the banks , firms raise most of their capital through an informal , nonstandard financial sector developed during the 1980s and 1990s , consisting largely of underground businesses and private banks . Internal finance is the most important method successful firms use to fund their activities . By the 1980s much emphasis was placed on the role of advertising in meeting the modernization goals being promoted by Deng . Lip service was still paid to old Maoist ideals of egalitarianism , but it did not inhibit the growth of consumerism . Government finances ( edit ) In the pre-reform era , government was funded by profits from state - owned enterprises , much like the Soviet Union . As the state sector fell in importance and profitability , government revenues , especially that of the central government in Beijing , fell substantially and the government relied on a confused system of inventory taxes . Government revenues fell from 35 % of GDP to 11 % of GDP in the mid-1990s , excluding revenue from state - owned enterprises , with the central government 's budget at just 3 % of GDP . The tax system was reformed in 1994 when inventory taxes were unified into a single VAT of 17 % on all manufacturing , repair , and assembly activities and an excise tax on 11 items , with the VAT becoming the main income source , accounting for half of government revenue . The 1994 reform also increased the central government 's share of revenues , increasing it to 9 % of GDP . Reasons for success ( edit ) Scholars have proposed a number of theories to explain the success of China 's economic reforms in its move from a planned economy to a socialist market economy despite unfavorable factors such as the troublesome legacies of socialism , considerable erosion of the work ethic , decades of anti-market propaganda , and the `` lost generation '' whose education disintegrated amid the disruption of the Cultural Revolution . One notable theory is that decentralization of state authority allowed local leaders to experiment with various ways to privatize the state sector and energize the economy . Although Deng was not the originator of many of the reforms , he gave approval to them . Another theory focuses on internal incentives within the Chinese government , in which officials presiding over areas of high economic growth were more likely to be promoted . Scholars have noted that local and provincial governments in China were `` hungry for investment '' and competed to reduce regulations and barriers to investment to boost economic growth and the officials ' own careers . A third explanation believes that the success of the reformists are attributable to Deng 's cultivation of his own followers in the government . Herman Kahn explained the rise of Asian economic power saying the Confucian ethic was playing a `` similar but more spectacular role in the modernization of East Asia than the Protestant ethic played in Europe '' . China 's success is also due to the export - led growth strategy used successfully by the Four Asian Tigers beginning with Japan in the 1960s -- 1970s and other Newly industrialized counties . The collapse of the Soviet Bloc and centrally planned economies in 1989 provided renewed impetus for China to further reform its economy through different policies in order to avoid a similar fate . China also wanted to avoid the Russian ad - hoc experiments with market capitalism under Boris Yeltsin resulting in the rise of powerful oligarchs , corruption , and the loss of state revenue which exacerbated economic disparity . Effect on inequality ( edit ) Gini - coefficient of national income distribution around the world ( dark green : 0.60 ) The economic reforms have increased inequality dramatically within China . Despite rapid economic growth which has virtually eliminated poverty in urban China and reduced it greatly in rural regions and the fact that living standards for everyone in China have drastically increased in comparison to the pre-reform era , the Gini coefficient of China is estimated to be above 0.45 , comparable to some Latin American countries and the United States . Increased inequality is attributed to the disappearance of the welfare state and differences between coastal and interior provinces , the latter being burdened by a larger state sector . Some Western scholars have suggested that reviving the welfare state and instituting a re-distributive income tax system is needed to relieve inequality , while some Chinese economists have suggested that privatizing state monopolies and distributing the proceeds to the population can reduce inequality . Comparison to other developing economies ( edit ) Development trends of Chinese and Indian GDP ( 1950 -- 2010 ) China 's transition from a planned economy to a socialist market economy has often been compared with economies in Eastern Europe that are undergoing a similar transition . China 's performance has been praised for avoiding the major shocks and inflation that plagued the Eastern Bloc . The Eastern bloc economies saw declines of 13 % to 65 % in GDP at the beginning of reforms , while Chinese growth has been very strong since the beginning of reform . China also managed to avoid the hyperinflation of 200 to 1,000 % that Eastern Europe experienced . This success is attributed to the gradualist and decentralized approach of the Chinese government , which allowed market institutions to develop to the point where they could replace state planning . This contrasts with the `` big bang '' approach of Eastern Europe , where the state - owned sector was rapidly privatized with employee buyouts , but retained much of the earlier , inefficient management . Other factors thought to account for the differences are the greater urbanization of the CIS economies and differences in social welfare and other institutions . Another argument is that , in the Eastern European economies , political change is sometimes seen to have made gradualist reforms impossible , so the shocks and inflation were unavoidable . China 's economic growth has been compared with other developing countries , such as Brazil , Mexico , and India . GDP growth in China outstrips all other developing countries , with only India after 1990 coming close to China 's experience . Scholars believe that high rates of investments , especially increases in capital invested per worker , have contributed to China 's superior economic performance . China 's relatively free economy , with less government intervention and regulation , is cited by scholars as an important factor in China 's superior performance compared to other developing countries . Legacy and criticism ( edit ) The government retains monopolies in several sectors , such as petroleum and banking . The recent reversal of some reforms have left some observers dubbing 2008 the `` third anniversary of the end of reforms '' . Nevertheless , observers believe that China 's economy can continue growing at rates of 6 -- 8 percent until 2025 , though a reduction in state intervention is considered to be necessary for sustained growth . Despite reducing poverty and increasing China 's wealth , Deng 's reforms have been criticized by the Chinese New Left for increasing inequality and allowing private entrepreneurs to purchase state assets at reduced prices . These accusations were especially intense during the Lang - Gu dispute , in which New Left academic Larry Lang accused entrepreneur Gu Sujung of usurping state assets , after which Gu was imprisoned . The Hu - Wen Administration adopted some New Left policies , such as halting privatizations and increasing the state sector 's importance in the economy , and Keynesian policies that have been criticized by some Chinese economists who advocate a policy of deregulation , tax cuts and privatization . Other criticisms focus on the effects of rapid industrialization on public health and the environment . However , scholars believe that public health issues are unlikely to become major obstacles to the growth of China 's economy during the coming decades , and studies have shown that air quality and other environmental measures in China are better than those in developed countries , such as the United States and Japan , at the same level of development . See also ( edit ) Economy of China Economic history of China ( pre-1911 ) Economic history of China ( 1912 -- 1949 ) Deng Xiaoping Theory Great Divergence Doi Moi Economic liberalisation in India References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dahlman , Carl J ; Aubert , Jean - Eric . China and the Knowledge Economy : Seizing the 21st century . WBI Development Studies . World Bank Publications . Accessed January 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ The Wealth of Nations , Adam Smith , 1776 Jump up ^ Maddison , Angus ( 2007 ) : `` Contours of the World Economy , 1 -- 2030 AD . Essays in Macro-Economic History '' , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 922721 - 1 , p. 382 , table A. 7 . ^ Jump up to : Brandt 2008 , p. 4 Jump up ^ Engardio , Peter ( 21 August 2005 ) . `` ' China Is a Private - Sector Economy ' '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . ^ Jump up to : Scissors , Derek ( May -- June 2009 ) . `` Deng Undone : The Costs of Halting Market Reform in China '' . Foreign Affairs . 88 ( 3 ) . Jump up ^ Brandt 2008 , pp. 5 -- 6 Jump up ^ Brandt 2008 , p. 6 ^ Jump up to : Brandt 2008 , p. 8 Jump up ^ Brandt 2008 , pp. 7 -- 8 Jump up ^ H. , Hunt , Michael . The world transformed : 1945 to the present . p. 355 . ISBN 9780199371020 . OCLC 907585907 . Jump up ^ H. , Hunt , Michael . The world transformed : 1945 to the present . p. 355 . ISBN 9780199371020 . OCLC 907585907 . Jump up ^ Cited by Susan L. Shirk in The Political Logic of Economic Reform in China , University of California , Berkeley and Los Angeles , 1993 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 07706 - 7 Jump up ^ Brandt 2008 , p. 10 ^ Jump up to : Brandt 2008 , p. 11 ^ Jump up to : Brandt 2008 , pp. 17 -- 18 ^ Jump up to : Rawski 2008 , p. 573 ^ Jump up to : Naughton 2008 , p. 114 ^ Jump up to : Naughton 2008 , p. 105 Jump up ^ Brandt 2008 , p. 22 Jump up ^ Brandt 2008 , p. 19 Jump up ^ Naughton 2008 , p. 116 Jump up ^ Brandt 2008 , p. 128 Jump up ^ Schoenleber , H. ( 23 September 2006 ) . `` China 's Private Economy Grows Up '' . 8km.de . Jump up ^ `` China names key industries for state control '' , China Daily , ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ Naughton 2008 , p. 129 Jump up ^ `` China 's New Healthcare could cover millions more '' , Time magazine . Jump up ^ Chovanec , Patrick ( 2009 - 06 - 08 ) . `` China 's Real Estate Riddle '' . Far East Economic Review . Retrieved 13 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese enterprises write Communist Party 's role into charters - Nikkei Asian Review '' . asia.nikkei.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Commentary : Why Chinese state companies are getting the Communist party 's attention '' . Channel NewsAsia . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ China has socialist market economy in place ( People 's Daily Online , 2005 ) . Jump up ^ Heston 2008 , p. 28 Jump up ^ Fang 2008 , p. 184 Jump up ^ Brandt 2008 , p. 2 Jump up ^ Perkins 2008 , p. 834 ^ Jump up to : Branstetter 2008 , p. 668 ^ Jump up to : Branstetter 2008 , p. 669 Jump up ^ Brandt 2008 , p. 3 ^ Jump up to : Huang 2008 , p. 478 ^ Jump up to : Huang 2008 , p. 480 Jump up ^ Huang 2008 , pp. 481 -- 482 Jump up ^ Huang 2008 , p. 483 Jump up ^ Rawski 2008 , p. 572 Jump up ^ Perkins 2008 , p. 862 ^ Jump up to : Rawski 2008 , p. 593 Jump up ^ `` China poised to be world 's largest auto market '' . MSNBC. 2009 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ Rawski 2008 , p. 588 ^ Jump up to : Brandt 2008 , p. 13 Jump up ^ Rawski 2008 , p. 570 Jump up ^ Branstetter 2008 , pp. 635 -- 638 Jump up ^ Branstetter 2008 , p. 655 Jump up ^ Brandt 2008 , pp. 1 -- 3 Jump up ^ Branstetter 2008 , p. 656 Jump up ^ Branstetter 2008 , p. 676 Jump up ^ Branstetter 2008 , pp. 640 -- 642 Jump up ^ Haggard , Stevens et al ( 2008 ) , 339 Jump up ^ Branstetter 2008 , p. 657 Jump up ^ Branstetter 2008 , pp. 658 -- 659 Jump up ^ Allen 2008 , p. 522 Jump up ^ Perkins 2008 , p. 866 Jump up ^ Allen 2008 , p. 523 Jump up ^ Allen 2008 , p. 528 Jump up ^ Allen 2008 , p. 530 Jump up ^ Allen 2008 , p. 514 ^ Jump up to : Allen 2008 , p. 556 Jump up ^ Xin Zhao and Russell W. Belk , `` Politicizing Consumer Culture : Advertising 's Appropriation of Political Ideology in China 's Social Transition , '' Journal of Consumer Research ( 2008 ) 35 # 2 pp 231 - 244 Jump up ^ Wong 2008 , p. 431 Jump up ^ Wong 2008 , p. 440 Jump up ^ Wong 2008 , p. 434 Jump up ^ Calhoun , Craig ; Wasserstrom , Jeffrey N. ( 2003 ) , `` The Cultural Revolution and the Democracy Movement of 1989 : Complexity in Historical Connections '' , in Law , Kam - yee , The Chinese cultural revolution reconsidered : beyond purge and holocaust , Palgrave Macmillan , p. 247 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 333 - 73835 - 1 , retrieved 2011 - 10 - 20 Jump up ^ Brandt 2008 , pp. 18 -- 19 Jump up ^ Kahn 1979 , pp. 455 Jump up ^ Sharma , Shalendra D. ( Winter -- Spring 2007 ) . `` China 's Economic Transformation '' . Global Dialogue. 9 ( 1 -- 2 ) . Jump up ^ Dorn , James A. ( Fall 2002 ) . `` Economic Development and Freedom : The Legacy of Peter Bauer '' ( PDF ) . Cato Journal . Cato Institute . 22 ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ Remnick , David ( January -- February 1997 ) . `` Can Russia Change ? '' . Foreign Affairs . 76 ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Benjamin 2008 , p. 730 Jump up ^ Benjamin 2008 , pp. 730 -- 731 Jump up ^ Benjamin 2008 , p. 774 ^ Jump up to : Weiyin , Zhang , `` Completely bury Keynesianism '' , ( February 17 , 2009 ) Jump up ^ Svejnar 2008 , p. 68 Jump up ^ Svejnar 2008 , p. 74 Jump up ^ Svejnar 2008 , p. 76 Jump up ^ Svejnar 2008 , pp. 69 -- 70 Jump up ^ Svejnar 2008 , p. 72 Jump up ^ Naughton 2008 , p. 96 ^ Jump up to : Heston 2008 , p. 37 Jump up ^ Heston 2008 , p. 46 Jump up ^ Perkins 2008 , p. 879 Jump up ^ Perkins 2008 , p. 865 Jump up ^ `` The Lang - Gu debate : a debate that has not yet ended '' , 30 October 2008 Jump up ^ Perkins 2008 , pp. 870 -- 871 Sources ( edit ) Allen , Franklin ; et al. ( 2008 ) , `` China 's Financial system : Past , present and future '' , in Brandt , Loren ; Rawski , G. Thomas , China 's Great Transformation , Cambridge : Cambridge university press Cardenal , Juan Pablo ; Araújo , Heriberto ( 2011 ) , La silenciosa conquista china ( in Spanish ) , Barcelona : Crítica , ISBN 9788498922578 Benjamin , Dwayne ; et al. ( 2008 ) , `` Income inequality during China 's Economic Transition '' , in Brandt , Loren ; Rawski , G. Thomas , China 's Great Transformation , Cambridge : Cambridge university press Brandt , Loren ; et al. ( 2008 ) , `` China 's Great Transformation '' , in Brandt , Loren ; Rawski , G. Thomas , China 's Great Transformation , Cambridge : Cambridge university press Bransetter , Lee ; et al. ( 2008 ) , `` China 's embrace of globalization '' , in Brandt , Loren ; Rawski , G. Thomas , China 's Great Transformation , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press Cai , Fang ; et al. ( 2008 ) , `` The Chinese labor market in the reform era '' , in Brandt , Loren ; Rawski , G. Thomas , China 's Great Transformation , Cambridge : Cambridge university press Haggard , Stevens ; et al. ( 2008 ) , `` The political economy of private - sector development in China '' , in Brandt , Loren ; Rawski , G. Thomas , China 's Great Transformation , Cambridge : Cambridge university press Herston , Alan ; et al. ( 2008 ) , `` China and Development economics '' , in Brandt , Loren ; Rawski , G. Thomas , China 's Great Transformation , Cambridge : Cambridge university press Huang , Jikun ; et al. ( 2008 ) , `` Agriculture in China 's Development : Past Disappointments , Recent Successes , and Future Challenges '' , in Brandt , Loren ; Rawski , G. Thomas , China 's Great Transformation , Cambridge : Cambridge university press Naughton , Barry ; et al. ( 2008 ) , `` A Political Economy of China 's Economic Transitionin China 's Great Transformation '' , in Brandt , Loren ; Rawski , G. Thomas , China 's Great Transformation , Cambridge : Cambridge university press Perkins , Dwight ; et al. ( 2008 ) , `` Forecasting China 's growth to 2025 '' , in Brandt , Loren ; Rawski , G. Thomas , China 's Great Transformation , Cambridge : Cambridge university press Rawski , G. Thomas ; et al. ( 2008 ) , `` China 's Industrial Development '' , in Brandt , Loren ; Rawski , G. Thomas , China 's Great Transformation , Cambridge : Cambridge university press Svejnar , Jan ; et al. ( 2008 ) , `` China in light of other transition economies '' , in Brandt , Loren and Rawski , G. Thomas , China 's Great Transformation , Cambridge : Cambridge university press CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Wong , P.W. Christine ; et al. ( 2008 ) , `` China 's Fiscal system : a work in progress '' , in Brandt , Loren ; Rawski , G. Thomas , China 's Great Transformation , Cambridge : Cambridge university press Zhao , Xin , and Russell W. Belk. ( 2008 ) `` Politicizing Consumer Culture : Advertising 's Appropriation of Political Ideology in China 's Social Transition , '' Journal of Consumer Research 35 # 2 pp 231 -- 244 External links ( edit ) Fengbo Zhang : Speech at `` Future China Global Forum 2010 '' , Remembering China 's Reform and Open Policy on the 30th Anniversary Economy of China Companies of China History History Reform Five - year plans Industrial Revolution Iron rice bowl Three - anti and Five - anti Campaigns Great Leap Forward Four Modernizations Socialist market economy `` Grasping the large , letting go of the small '' Scientific Development Concept Historical GDP Industries Industry ( history ) Advanced materials Aquaculture Automotive Aviation Aircraft Aerospace Beer Biotechnology Business process outsourcing Cement Coffee Container Cotton Electric motor Electric power Electronics Film Fishing Gambling Hedge fund Internet Media Mining ( Gold mining ) Mobile phone Online gaming Pearl farming Pharmaceuticals & Pharmacy Publishing & Academic publishing Radio Railway ( Equipment ) Rare earth Real estate Renewable energy Securities Sex toys Shipping Silk Software Steel Telecommunications Television ( Digital ) Tourism Textiles Video gaming Wine Development Zones Special Economic Zones Suzhou Industrial Park Dalian Software Park Zhangjiang Hi - Tech Park Metropolitan regions of China Energy Energy policy Coal Oil Oil shale Oil refineries Nuclear Renewable Wind Solar Geothermal Trade and infrastructure Trade history World Trade Center Transport Communications Postal history Tourism Shipping Illegal drug trade Hong Kong Trade Development Council Ports Water supply and sanitation Exports Trading partners Law and regulations Tax system Labor contract law Labor relations Food safety Intellectual property Finance and banking Financial system Financial services Chinese currency Chinese yuan Renminbi China Banknote Printing and Minting Corporation Banking History Central bank Other banks Foreign exchange reserve Beijing Financial Street Stock Exchange Executive Council Shanghai Stock Exchange ( SSE Composite Index ) Shenzhen Stock Exchange ( SZSE Component Index ) Dalian Commodity Exchange Shanghai Metal Exchange Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange Hedge fund industry Accounting Government institutions National Development and Reform Commission Ministry of Finance Ministry of Commerce Ministry of Industry and Information Technology SASAC State Administration for Industry and Commerce State Administration of Taxation All - China Federation of Trade Unions China Council for the Promotion of International Trade General Administration of Customs China Banking Regulatory Commission China Securities Regulatory Commission China Insurance Regulatory Commission State Administration of Foreign Exchange Statistics All - China Federation of Industry and Commerce CITIC Group China Investment Corporation National Energy Commission China - Africa Development Fund Development International rankings Social welfare Poverty Corruption Standard of living Foreign aid Urbanization Internal migration Emigration Rural credit cooperative National economic initiatives Belt and Road Initiative Go Out policy Made in China 2025 National Innovative Enterprises Youth Business China Regional economic initiatives Pearl River Delta Economic Zone Bohai Economic Rim China Western Development Rise of Central China Plan Northeast China Revitalization Western Taiwan Straits Economic Zone Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone Beibu Gulf Economic Rim Central Plains Economic Zone Closer Economic Partnership Arrangements ( Hong Kong ) Mainland and Macau Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement Events 2005 -- 2011 property bubble 2007 export / pet food recalls 2007 stock bubble 2007 Slave scandal 2008 -- 2009 economic stimulus plan 2010 Expo 2015 -- 16 stock market turbulence ( EU Referendum ) Protein export contamination Related topics Agriculture Bankruptcy Companies Largest Top 500 Largest SOEs The Hongs Demographics Globalization Globalization and women National Standards China Compulsory Certificate Made in China Chinese people by net worth Chinese economists Science and technology See also : Category Outline of China Economy of East Asia Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_economic_reform&oldid=849075028 '' Categories : Economic history of the People 's Republic of China Economy of China Economic liberalization Economic booms Reform in China Cold War history of China Hidden categories : Articles containing simplified Chinese - language text Articles containing traditional Chinese - language text All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from May 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Wikipedia articles that may have off - topic sections All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from September 2013 CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Български Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia עברית Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 吴语 粵語 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 July 2018 , at 10 : 19 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese%20economic%20reform
| 2,002 |
||
how many kentucky derby races have there been
|
Kentucky Derby winners Year Winner Jockey Trainer Owner Distance ( miles ) Track Condition Time 2018 Justify Mike Smith Bob Baffert China Horse Club , Head of Plains Partners , Starlight Racing and WinStar Farm 1 1⁄4 Sloppy 2 : 04.20 2017 Always Dreaming John Velazquez Todd Pletcher MeB Racing , Brooklyn Boyz , Teresa Viola , St. Elias , Siena Farm and West Point 1 1⁄4 Wet Fast ( sealed ) 2 : 03.59 2016 Nyquist Mario Gutierrez Doug O'Neill J. Paul Reddam 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 01.31 2015 American Pharoah Victor Espinoza Bob Baffert Zayat Stables , LLC 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 03.02 2014 California Chrome Victor Espinoza Art Sherman Steve Coburn & Perry Martin 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 03.66 2013 Orb Joel Rosario Claude McGaughey III Stuart S. Janney III & Phipps Stable 1 1⁄4 Sloppy 2 : 02.89 2012 I 'll Have Another Mario Gutierrez Doug O'Neill J. Paul Reddam 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 01.83 2011 Animal Kingdom John Velazquez H. Graham Motion Team Valor International 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 02.04 Super Saver Calvin Borel Todd Pletcher WinStar Farm 1 1⁄4 Sloppy 2 : 04.45 2009 Mine That Bird Calvin Borel Bennie L. Woolley , Jr . Double Eagle Ranch et al . 1 1⁄4 Sloppy 2 : 02.66 2008 Big Brown Kent Desormeaux Richard E. Dutrow , Jr . IEAH Stables / P. Pompa 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 01.82 2007 Street Sense Calvin Borel Carl Nafzger James B. Tafel 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 02.17 2006 Barbaro Edgar Prado Michael R. Matz Lael Stables 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 01.36 2005 Giacomo Mike E. Smith John Shirreffs Jerry & Ann Moss 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 02.75 Smarty Jones Stewart Elliott John Servis Someday Farm 1 1⁄4 Sloppy 2 : 04.06 2003 Funny Cide José A. Santos Barclay Tagg Sackatoga Stable 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 01.19 2002 War Emblem Victor Espinoza Bob Baffert Thoroughbred Corp . 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 01.13 2001 Monarchos Jorge F. Chavez John T. Ward , Jr . John C. Oxley 1 1⁄4 Fast 1 : 59.97 2000 Fusaichi Pegasus Kent Desormeaux Neil Drysdale Fusao Sekiguchi 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 01.00 1999 Charismatic Chris Antley D. Wayne Lukas Bob & Beverly Lewis 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 03.20 1998 Real Quiet Kent Desormeaux Bob Baffert Michael E. Pegram 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 02.20 1997 Silver Charm Gary Stevens Bob Baffert Bob & Beverly Lewis 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 02.40 Grindstone Jerry Bailey D. Wayne Lukas Overbrook Farm 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 01.00 1995 Thunder Gulch Gary Stevens D. Wayne Lukas Michael Tabor 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 01.20 1994 Go for Gin Chris McCarron Nick Zito William J. Condren & Joseph M. Cornacchia 1 1⁄4 Sloppy 2 : 03.60 1993 Sea Hero Jerry Bailey MacKenzie Miller Rokeby Stables 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 02.40 1992 Lil E. Tee Pat Day Lynn S. Whiting W. Cal Partee 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 03.00 1991 Strike the Gold Chris Antley Nick Zito BCC Stable 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 03.00 1990 Unbridled Craig Perret Carl Nafzger Frances A. Genter 1 1⁄4 Good 2 : 02.00 1989 Sunday Silence Pat Valenzuela Charlie Whittingham H-G-W Partners 1 1⁄4 Muddy 2 : 05.00 1988 Winning Colors Gary Stevens D. Wayne Lukas Eugene V. Klein 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 02.20 Alysheba Chris McCarron Jack Van Berg D. & P. Scharbauer 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 03.40 1986 Ferdinand Bill Shoemaker Charlie Whittingham Elizabeth A. Keck 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 02.80 1985 Spend A Buck Angel Cordero , Jr . Cam Gambolati Dennis Diaz 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 00.20 1984 Swale Laffit Pincay , Jr . Woody Stephens Claiborne Farm 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 02.40 Sunny 's Halo Eddie Delahoussaye David C. Cross Jr . David J. Foster Stable 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 02.20 1982 Gato Del Sol Eddie Delahoussaye Edwin J. Gregson Hancock & Peters 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 02.40 1981 Pleasant Colony Jorge Velasquez John P. Campo Buckland Farm 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 02.00 1980 Genuine Risk Jacinto Vasquez LeRoy Jolley Diana M. Firestone 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 02.00 1979 Spectacular Bid Ronnie Franklin Bud Delp Hawksworth Farm 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 02.40 1978 Affirmed Steve Cauthen Laz Barrera Harbor View Farm 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 01.20 1977 Seattle Slew Jean Cruguet William H. Turner , Jr . Karen L. Taylor 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 02.20 1976 Bold Forbes Angel Cordero , Jr . Laz Barrera E. Rodriguez Tizol 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 01.60 Foolish Pleasure Jacinto Vasquez LeRoy Jolley John L. Greer 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 02.00 Cannonade Angel Cordero , Jr . Woody Stephens John M. Olin 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 04.00 1973 Secretariat Ron Turcotte Lucien Laurin Meadow Stable 1 1⁄4 Fast 1 : 59.40 1972 Riva Ridge Ron Turcotte Lucien Laurin Meadow Stud 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 01.80 1971 Canonero II Gustavo Avila Juan Arias Edgar Caibett 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 03.20 1970 Dust Commander Mike Manganello Don Combs Robert E. Lehmann 1 1⁄4 Good 2 : 03.40 1969 Majestic Prince Bill Hartack Johnny Longden Frank M. McMahon 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 01.80 1968 Forward Pass Ismael Valenzuela Henry Forrest Calumet Farm 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 02.20 1967 Proud Clarion Bobby Ussery Loyd Gentry , Jr . Darby Dan Farm 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 00.60 1966 Kauai King Don Brumfield Henry Forrest Ford Stable 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 02.00 1965 Lucky Debonair Bill Shoemaker Frank Catrone Ada L. Rice 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 01.20 1964 Northern Dancer Bill Hartack Horatio Luro Windfields Farm 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 00.00 1963 Chateaugay Braulio Baeza James P. Conway Darby Dan Farm 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 01.80 1962 Decidedly Bill Hartack Horatio Luro El Peco Ranch 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 00.40 1961 Carry Back Johnny Sellers Jack A. Price Katherine Price 1 1⁄4 Good 2 : 04.00 1960 Venetian Way Bill Hartack Victor J. Sovinski Sunny Blue Farm 1 1⁄4 Good 2 : 02.40 1959 Tomy Lee Bill Shoemaker Frank E. Childs Fred & Juliette Turner 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 02.20 1958 Tim Tam Ismael Valenzuela Jimmy Jones Calumet Farm 1 1⁄4 Muddy 2 : 05.00 1957 Iron Liege Bill Hartack Jimmy Jones Calumet Farm 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 02.20 1956 Needles David Erb Hugh L. Fontaine D & H Stable 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 03.40 1955 Swaps Bill Shoemaker Mesh Tenney Rex C. Ellsworth 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 01.80 1954 Determine Raymond York William Molter Andrew J. Crevolin 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 03.00 1953 Dark Star Henry E. Moreno Eddie Hayward Cain Hoy Stable 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 02.00 1952 Hill Gail Eddie Arcaro Ben A. Jones Calumet Farm 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 01.60 1951 Count Turf Conn McCreary Sol Rutchick Jack J. Amiel 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 02.60 1950 Middleground William Boland Max Hirsch King Ranch 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 01.60 1949 Ponder Steve Brooks Ben A. Jones Calumet Farm 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 04.20 1948 Citation Eddie Arcaro Ben A. Jones Calumet Farm 1 1⁄4 Sloppy 2 : 05.40 1947 Jet Pilot Eric Guerin Tom Smith Maine Chance Farm 1 1⁄4 Slow 2 : 06.80 1946 Assault Warren Mehrtens Max Hirsch King Ranch 1 1⁄4 Slow 2 : 06.60 1945 Hoop Jr . Eddie Arcaro Ivan H. Parke Fred W. Hooper 1 1⁄4 Muddy 2 : 07.00 1944 Pensive Conn McCreary Ben A. Jones Calumet Farm 1 1⁄4 Good 2 : 04.20 1943 Count Fleet Johnny Longden Don Cameron Fannie Hertz 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 04.00 1942 Shut Out Wayne D. Wright John M. Gaver , Sr . Greentree Stable 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 04.40 1941 Whirlaway Eddie Arcaro Ben A. Jones Calumet Farm 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 01.40 1940 Gallahadion Carroll Bierman Roy Waldron Milky Way Farm 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 05.00 1939 Johnstown James Stout Jim Fitzsimmons Belair Stud 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 03.40 1938 Lawrin Eddie Arcaro Ben A. Jones Herbert M. Woolf 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 04.80 1937 War Admiral Charley Kurtsinger George Conway Glen Riddle Farm 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 03.20 1936 Bold Venture Ira Hanford Max Hirsch Morton L. Schwartz 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 03.60 1935 Omaha Willie Saunders Jim Fitzsimmons Belair Stud 1 1⁄4 Good 2 : 05.00 1934 Cavalcade Mack Garner Bob Smith Brookmeade Stable 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 04.00 1933 Brokers Tip Don Meade Herbert J. Thompson Edward R. Bradley 1 1⁄4 Good 2 : 06.80 1932 Burgoo King Eugene James Herbert J. Thompson Edward R. Bradley 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 05.20 1931 Twenty Grand Charley Kurtsinger James G. Rowe , Jr . Greentree Stable 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 01.80 1930 Gallant Fox Earl Sande Jim Fitzsimmons Belair Stud 1 1⁄4 Good 2 : 07.60 1929 Clyde Van Dusen Linus McAtee Clyde Van Dusen Herbert P. Gardner 1 1⁄4 Muddy 2 : 10.80 1928 Reigh Count Chick Lang Bert S. Michell Fannie Hertz 1 1⁄4 Heavy 2 : 10.40 1927 Whiskery Linus McAtee Fred Hopkins Harry P. Whitney 1 1⁄4 Slow 2 : 06.00 1926 Bubbling Over Albert Johnson Herbert J. Thompson Edward R. Bradley 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 03.80 1925 Flying Ebony Earl Sande William B. Duke Gifford A. Cochran 1 1⁄4 Sloppy 2 : 07.60 1924 Black Gold J.D. Mooney Hanley Webb Rosa M. Hoots 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 05.20 1923 Zev Earl Sande David J. Leary Rancocas Stable 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 05.40 1922 Morvich Albert Johnson Fred Burlew Benjamin Block 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 04.60 1921 Behave Yourself Charles Thompson Herbert J. Thompson Edward R. Bradley 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 04.20 1920 Paul Jones Ted Rice William M. Garth Ral Parr 1 1⁄4 Slow 2 : 09.00 1919 Sir Barton Johnny Loftus H. Guy Bedwell J.K.L. Ross 1 1⁄4 Heavy 2 : 09.80 1918 Exterminator Willie Knapp Henry McDaniel Willis Sharpe Kilmer 1 1⁄4 Muddy 2 : 10.80 1917 Omar Khayyam Charles Borel Charles T. Patterson Billings & Johnson 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 04.60 1916 George Smith Johnny Loftus Hollie Hughes John Sanford 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 04.00 1915 Regret Joe Notter James G. Rowe , Sr . Harry P. Whitney 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 05.40 1914 Old Rosebud John McCabe Frank D. Weir Hamilton C. Applegate 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 03.40 1913 Donerail Roscoe Goose Thomas P. Hayes Thomas P. Hayes 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 04.80 1912 Worth Carroll H. Shilling Frank M. Taylor Henry C. Hallenbeck 1 1⁄4 Muddy 2 : 09.40 1911 Meridian George Archibald Albert Ewing Richard F. Carman 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 05.00 1910 Donau Frederick Herbert George Ham William Gerst 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 06.40 1909 Wintergreen Vincent Powers Charles Mack Jerome B. Respess 1 1⁄4 Slow 2 : 08.20 1908 Stone Street Arthur Pickens J.W. Hall C.E. & J.W. Hamilton 1 1⁄4 Heavy 2 : 15.20 1907 Pink Star Andy Minder William H. Fizer J. Hal Woodford 1 1⁄4 Heavy 2 : 12.60 1906 Sir Huon Roscoe Troxler Pete Coyne Bashford Manor Stable 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 08.80 1905 Agile Jack Martin Robert Tucker Samuel S. Brown 1 1⁄4 Heavy 2 : 10.75 1904 Elwood Shorty Prior Charles E. Durnell Mrs. C.E. Durnell 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 08.50 1903 Judge Himes Hal Booker John P. Mayberry Charles R. Ellison 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 09.00 1902 Alan - a-Dale Jimmy Winkfield Thomas C. McDowell Thomas C. McDowell 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 08.75 1901 His Eminence Jimmy Winkfield Frank B. Van Meter Frank B. Van Meter 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 07.75 1900 Lieut . Gibson Jimmy Boland Charles Hughes Charles H. Smith 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 06.25 1899 Manuel Fred Taral Robert J. Walden A.H. & D.H. Morris 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 12.00 1898 Plaudit Willie Simms John E. Madden John E. Madden 1 1⁄4 Good 2 : 09.00 1897 Typhoon II Buttons Garner J.C. Cahn J.C. Cahn 1 1⁄4 Heavy 2 : 12.50 1896 Ben Brush Willie Simms Hardy Campbell , Jr . Mike F. Dwyer 1 1⁄4 Dusty 2 : 07.75 1895 Halma Soup Perkins Byron McClelland Byron McClelland 1 1⁄2 Fast 2 : 37.50 1894 Chant Frank Goodale H. Eugene Leigh Leigh & Rose 1 1⁄2 Fast 2 : 41.00 1893 Lookout Eddie Kunze William McDaniel Cushing & Orth 1 1⁄2 Fast 2 : 39.25 1892 Azra Alonzo Clayton John H. Morris Bashford Manor Stable 1 1⁄2 Heavy 2 : 41.50 1891 Kingman Isaac Murphy Dud Allen Jacobin Stable 1 1⁄2 Fast 2 : 52.25 1890 Riley Isaac Murphy Edward Corrigan Edward Corrigan 1 1⁄2 Muddy 2 : 45.00 1889 Spokane Thomas Kiley John Rodegap Noah Armstrong 1 1⁄2 Fast 2 : 34.50 1888 Macbeth II George Covington John Campbell Chicago Stable 1 1⁄2 Fast 2 : 38.00 1887 Montrose Isaac Lewis John McGinty Labold Brothers 1 1⁄2 Fast 2 : 39.25 1886 Ben Ali Paul Duffy Jim Murphy J.B.A. Haggin 1 1⁄2 Fast 2 : 36.50 1885 Joe Cotton Erskine Henderson Abe Perry James T. Williams 1 1⁄2 Good 2 : 37.25 1884 Buchanan Isaac Murphy William Bird William Cottrill 1 1⁄2 Good 2 : 40.25 1883 Leonatus Billy Donohue Raleigh Colston Chinn & Morgan 1 1⁄2 Heavy 2 : 43.00 1882 Apollo Babe Hurd Green B. Morris Morris & Patton 1 1⁄2 Fast 2 : 40.00 1881 Hindoo Jim McLaughlin James G. Rowe , Sr . Dwyer Bros. Stable 1 1⁄2 Fast 2 : 40.00 1880 Fonso George Lewis Tice Hutsell J. Snell Shawhan 1 1⁄2 Dusty 2 : 37.50 1879 Lord Murphy Charlie Shauer George Rice Darden & Co 1 1⁄2 Fast 2 : 37.00 1878 Day Star Jimmy Carter Lee Paul T.J. Nichols 1 1⁄2 Dusty 2 : 37.25 1877 Baden - Baden Billy Walker Edward D. Brown Daniel Swigert 1 1⁄2 Fast 2 : 38.00 1876 Vagrant Bobby Swim James Williams William Astor , Jr . 1 1⁄2 Fast 2 : 38.25 1875 Aristides Oliver Lewis Ansel Williamson Hal P. McGrath 1 1⁄2 Fast 2 : 37.75
|
Kentucky Derby
|
kentucky derby
|
Kentucky Derby Grade I race The Most Exciting Two Minutes in Sports ; The Run for the Roses Location Churchill Downs Louisville , Kentucky , U.S. Inaugurated 1875 Race type Thoroughbred Website www.kentuckyderby.com Race information Distance 1 ⁄ miles ( 10 furlongs ; 2,012 m ) Record 1 : 59 ⁄ , Secretariat ( 1973 ) Surface Dirt Track Left - handed Qualification 3 - year - old Weight Colt / Gelding : 126 lbs ( 57.2 kg ) Filly : 121 lb ( 55 kg ) Purse US $2 million 1st : $1,425,000 Bonuses US $ 200 The Kentucky Derby / ˈdɜːrbi / , is a horse race that is held annually in Louisville , Kentucky , United States , on the first Saturday in May , capping the two - week - long Kentucky Derby Festival . The race is a Grade I stakes race for three - year - old Thoroughbreds at a distance of one and a quarter miles ( 2.0 km ) at Churchill Downs . Colts and geldings carry 126 pounds ( 57 kilograms ) and fillies 121 pounds ( 55 kilograms ) . The race is often called `` The Run for the Roses '' for the blanket of roses draped over the winner . It is also known in the United States as `` The Most Exciting Two Minutes In Sports '' or `` The Fastest Two Minutes in Sports '' in reference to its approximate duration . It is the first leg of the American Triple Crown and is followed by the Preakness Stakes , then the Belmont Stakes . Unlike the Preakness and Belmont Stakes , which took hiatuses in 1891 -- 1893 and 1911 -- 1912 , respectively , the Kentucky Derby has been run every consecutive year since 1875 . The Derby , Preakness and Belmont all were run even every year throughout both World Wars , when the Olympics and nearly all professional sports seasons were canceled , due to the fact that nearly all the athletes enlisted . A horse must win all three races to win the Triple Crown . In the 2015 listing of the International Federation of Horseracing Authorities ( IFHA ) , the Kentucky Derby tied with the Whitney Handicap as the top Grade 1 race in the United States outside the Breeders ' Cup races . The attendance at the Kentucky Derby ranks first in North America and usually surpasses the attendance of all other stakes races including the Preakness Stakes , Belmont Stakes , and the Breeders ' Cup . Contents 1 History 1.1 Attendance 1.2 Sponsorship 2 Traditions 2.1 Riders Up ! 2.2 Festival 3 Records 4 Winners 5 See also 6 Footnotes 7 Further reading 8 External links History ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 1872 , Col. Meriwether Lewis Clark , Jr. , grandson of William Clark of the Lewis and Clark expedition , traveled to England , visiting Epsom in Surrey where The Derby had been running annually since 1780 . From there , Clark went on to Paris , France , where in 1863 , a group of racing enthusiasts had formed the French Jockey Club and had organized the Grand Prix de Paris at Longchamp , which at the time was the greatest race in France . A thoroughbred horse is depicted on the reverse of the Kentucky state quarter Returning home to Kentucky , Clark organized the Louisville Jockey Club for the purpose of raising money to build quality racing facilities just outside the city . The track would soon become known as Churchill Downs , named for John and Henry Churchill , who provided the land for the racetrack . Officially , the racetrack was incorporated as Churchill Downs in 1937 . The Kentucky Derby was first run at 1 1 / 2 miles ( 12 furlongs ; 2.4 km ) the same distance as the Epsom Derby . The distance was changed in 1896 to its current 1 1 / 4 miles ( 10 furlongs ; 2 km ) . On May 17 , 1875 , in front of an estimated crowd of 10,000 people , a field of 15 three - year - old horses contested the first Derby . Under jockey Oliver Lewis , a colt named Aristides , who was trained by future Hall of Famer Ansel Williamson , won the inaugural Derby . Later that year , Lewis rode Aristides to a second - place finish in the Belmont Stakes . Although the first race meeting proved a success , the track ran into financial difficulties and in 1894 the New Louisville Jockey Club was incorporated with new capitalization and improved facilities . Despite this , the business floundered until 1902 when Col. Matt Winn of Louisville put together a syndicate of businessmen to acquire the facility . Under Winn , Churchill Downs prospered and the Kentucky Derby then became the preeminent stakes race for three - year - old thoroughbred horses in North America . Thoroughbred owners began sending their successful Derby horses to compete later in the Preakness Stakes at the Pimlico Race Course , in Baltimore , Maryland , followed by the Belmont Stakes in Elmont , New York . The three races offered large purses and in 1919 Sir Barton became the first horse to win all three races . However , the term Triple Crown did n't come into use for another eleven years . In 1930 , when Gallant Fox became the second horse to win all three races , sportswriter Charles Hatton brought the phrase into American usage . Fueled by the media , public interest in the possibility of a `` superhorse '' that could win the Triple Crown began in the weeks leading up to the Derby . Two years after the term was coined , the race , which had been run in mid-May since inception , was changed to the first Saturday in May to allow for a specific schedule for the Triple Crown races . Since 1931 , the order of Triple Crown races has been the Kentucky Derby first , followed by the Preakness Stakes and then the Belmont Stakes . Prior to 1931 , eleven times the Preakness was run before the Derby . On May 12 , 1917 and again on May 13 , 1922 , the Preakness and the Derby were run on the same day . On eleven occasions the Belmont Stakes was run before the Preakness Stakes . Churchill Downs in 1901 On May 16 , 1925 , the first live radio broadcast of the Kentucky Derby was originated by WHAS and was also carried by WGN in Chicago . On May 7 , 1949 , the first television coverage of the Kentucky Derby took place , produced by WAVE - TV , the NBC affiliate in Louisville . This coverage was aired live in the Louisville market and sent to NBC as a kinescope newsreel recording for national broadcast . On May 3 , 1952 , the first national television coverage of the Kentucky Derby took place , aired from then - CBS affiliate WHAS - TV . In 1954 , the purse exceeded $ 100,000 for the first time . In 1968 , Dancer 's Image became the first ( and to this day the only ) horse to win the race and then be disqualified after traces of phenylbutazone , an analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug , were found in the horse 's urinalysis ; Forward Pass won after a protracted legal battle by the owners of Dancer 's Image ( which they lost ) . Forward Pass thus became the eighth winner for Calumet Farm . Unexpectedly , the regulations at Kentucky thoroughbred race tracks were changed some years later , allowing horses to run on phenylbutazone . In 1970 , Diane Crump became the first female jockey to ride in the Derby , finishing 15th aboard Fathom . The fastest time ever run in the Derby was set in 1973 at 1 : 59.4 minutes when Secretariat broke the record set by Northern Dancer in 1964 . Not only has Secretariat 's record time yet to be topped , in the race itself , he did something unique in Triple Crown races : each successive quarter , his times were faster . Though times for non-winners were not recorded , in 1973 Sham finished second , two and a half lengths behind Secretariat in the same race . Using the thoroughbred racing convention of one length equaling one - fifth of a second to calculate Sham 's time , he also finished in under two minutes . Another sub-two - minute finish , only the third , was set in 2001 by Monarchos at 1 : 59.97 . In 2005 , the purse distribution for the Derby was changed , so that horses finishing fifth would henceforth receive a share of the purse ; previously only the first four finishers did so . Attendance ( edit ) Since the Kentucky Derby is the biggest race in the world , millions of people from around the world bet at various live tracks and online sportsbooks . In 2017 , a crowd of 158,070 watched Always Dreaming win the Derby , making it the seventh biggest attendance in the history of the racetrack . The track reported a wagering total of $209.2 million from all the sources on all the races on the Kentucky Derby Day program . It was a 9 percent increase compared to the total of $192.6 million in 2016 and an increase of 8 percent over the previous record set in 2015 of $194.3 million . TwinSpires , a platform for betting online and a partner of the Kentucky Derby and the Breeders ' Cup , recorded $32.8 million in handle on the Churchill Down races for the Kentucky Derby Day program . This was a 22 percent increase over the preceding year . On the Kentucky Derby race alone , the handle of TwinSpires was $20.1 million , which is a 22 percent rise compared to the prior year . The race often draws celebrities . HM Queen Elizabeth II , on a visit to the United States , joined the racegoers at Churchill Downs in 2007 . Sponsorship ( edit ) The 2004 Derby marked the first time that jockeys -- as a result of a court order -- were allowed to wear corporate advertising logos on their clothing . Norman Adams has been the designer of the Kentucky Derby Logo since 2002 . On February 1 , 2006 , the Louisville - based fast - food company Yum ! Brands , Inc. announced a corporate sponsorship deal to call the race `` The Kentucky Derby presented by Yum ! Brands . '' In 2018 , Woodford Reserve replaced Yum Brands as the presenting sponsor . Traditions ( edit ) In addition to the race itself , a number of traditions play a large role in the Derby atmosphere . The mint julep -- an iced drink consisting of bourbon , mint , and a sugar syrup -- is the traditional beverage of the race . The historic drink can be served in an ice - frosted silver julep cup , but most Churchill Downs patrons sip theirs from souvenir glasses ( first offered in 1939 and available in revised form each year since ) printed with all previous Derby winners . Also , burgoo , a thick stew of beef , chicken , pork , and vegetables , is a popular Kentucky dish served at the Derby . Louisville Clock ( often called the Louisville Derby Clock ) The infield -- a spectator area inside the track -- offers general admission prices but little chance of seeing much of the race , particularly prior to the jumbotron installation in 2014 . Instead , revelers show up in the infield to party with abandon . By contrast , `` Millionaire 's Row '' refers to the expensive box seats that attract the rich , the famous and the well - connected . Women appear in fine outfits lavishly accessorized with large , elaborate hats . Following the Call to the Post , as the horses are paraded before the grandstands , the University of Louisville Cardinal Marching Band plays Stephen Foster 's `` My Old Kentucky Home , '' a tradition which began in 1921 . The event attracts spectators from a large area , flying in hundreds of private aircraft to Louisville International Airport . The Derby is frequently referred to as `` The Run for the Roses , '' because a lush blanket of 554 red roses is awarded to the Kentucky Derby winner each year . The tradition originated in 1883 when New York socialite E. Berry Wall presented roses to ladies at a post-Derby party that was attended by Churchill Downs founder and president , Col. M. Lewis Clark . This gesture is believed to have led Clark to the idea of making the rose the race 's official flower . However , it was not until 1896 that any recorded account referred to roses being draped on the Derby winner . The Governor of Kentucky awards the garland and the Kentucky Derby Trophy . Pop vocalist Dan Fogelberg composed the song `` Run for the Roses '' which was released in time for the 1980 running of the race . Riders up ! ( edit ) `` Riders Up ! '' is the traditional command from the Paddock Judge for jockeys to mount their horses in advance of the upcoming race . Since 2012 , it was recited by a dignitary or celebrity attendee . Festival ( edit ) Main article : Kentucky Derby Festival In the weeks preceding the race , numerous activities are held for the Kentucky Derby Festival . Thunder Over Louisville -- an airshow and fireworks display -- generally begins the festivities in earnest two weeks prior to the Derby . Records ( edit ) Speed record : Mile and a Quarter : 1 : 59 ⁄ -- Secretariat ( 1973 ) Mile and a Half : 2 : 34 ⁄ - Spokane ( 1889 ) Margin of Victory : 8 lengths -- Old Rosebud ( 1914 ) , Johnstown ( 1939 ) , Whirlaway ( 1941 ) , Assault ( 1946 ) Most wins by a jockey : 5 -- Eddie Arcaro ( 1938 , 1941 , 1945 , 1948 , 1952 ) 5 -- Bill Hartack ( 1957 , 1960 , 1962 , 1964 , 1969 ) Most wins by a trainer : 6 -- Ben A. Jones ( 1938 , 1941 , 1944 , 1948 , 1949 , 1952 ) Most wins by an owner : 8 -- Calumet Farm ( 1941 , 1944 , 1948 , 1949 , 1952 , 1957 , 1958 , 1968 ) Longest shot to win the Derby : 91 to 1 -- Donerail ( 1913 ) Miscellaneous : In 2018 , Justify became the first horse since Apollo in 1882 , to win the Derby without having raced as a two year old . In 2010 , Calvin Borel set a new record , being the first jockey to win 3 out of 4 consecutive Kentucky Derbys . Winners ( edit ) See also : Highest combined Triple Crown finish Kentucky Derby winners Year Winner Jockey Trainer Owner Distance ( miles ) Track Condition Time 2018 Justify Mike Smith Bob Baffert China Horse Club , Head of Plains Partners , Starlight Racing and WinStar Farm 1 1⁄4 Sloppy 2 : 04.20 2017 Always Dreaming John Velazquez Todd Pletcher MeB Racing , Brooklyn Boyz , Teresa Viola , St. Elias , Siena Farm and West Point 1 1⁄4 Wet Fast ( sealed ) 2 : 03.59 2016 Nyquist Mario Gutierrez Doug O'Neill J. Paul Reddam 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 01.31 2015 American Pharoah Victor Espinoza Bob Baffert Zayat Stables , LLC 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 03.02 2014 California Chrome Victor Espinoza Art Sherman Steve Coburn & Perry Martin 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 03.66 2013 Orb Joel Rosario Claude McGaughey III Stuart S. Janney III & Phipps Stable 1 1⁄4 Sloppy 2 : 02.89 2012 I 'll Have Another Mario Gutierrez Doug O'Neill J. Paul Reddam 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 01.83 2011 Animal Kingdom John Velazquez H. Graham Motion Team Valor International 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 02.04 Super Saver Calvin Borel Todd Pletcher WinStar Farm 1 1⁄4 Sloppy 2 : 04.45 2009 Mine That Bird Calvin Borel Bennie L. Woolley , Jr . Double Eagle Ranch et al . 1 1⁄4 Sloppy 2 : 02.66 2008 Big Brown Kent Desormeaux Richard E. Dutrow , Jr . IEAH Stables / P. Pompa 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 01.82 2007 Street Sense Calvin Borel Carl Nafzger James B. Tafel 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 02.17 2006 Barbaro Edgar Prado Michael R. Matz Lael Stables 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 01.36 2005 Giacomo Mike E. Smith John Shirreffs Jerry & Ann Moss 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 02.75 Smarty Jones Stewart Elliott John Servis Someday Farm 1 1⁄4 Sloppy 2 : 04.06 2003 Funny Cide José A. Santos Barclay Tagg Sackatoga Stable 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 01.19 2002 War Emblem Victor Espinoza Bob Baffert Thoroughbred Corp . 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 01.13 2001 Monarchos Jorge F. Chavez John T. Ward , Jr . John C. Oxley 1 1⁄4 Fast 1 : 59.97 2000 Fusaichi Pegasus Kent Desormeaux Neil Drysdale Fusao Sekiguchi 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 01.00 1999 Charismatic Chris Antley D. Wayne Lukas Bob & Beverly Lewis 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 03.20 1998 Real Quiet Kent Desormeaux Bob Baffert Michael E. Pegram 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 02.20 1997 Silver Charm Gary Stevens Bob Baffert Bob & Beverly Lewis 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 02.40 Grindstone Jerry Bailey D. Wayne Lukas Overbrook Farm 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 01.00 1995 Thunder Gulch Gary Stevens D. Wayne Lukas Michael Tabor 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 01.20 1994 Go for Gin Chris McCarron Nick Zito William J. Condren & Joseph M. Cornacchia 1 1⁄4 Sloppy 2 : 03.60 1993 Sea Hero Jerry Bailey MacKenzie Miller Rokeby Stables 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 02.40 1992 Lil E. Tee Pat Day Lynn S. Whiting W. Cal Partee 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 03.00 1991 Strike the Gold Chris Antley Nick Zito BCC Stable 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 03.00 1990 Unbridled Craig Perret Carl Nafzger Frances A. Genter 1 1⁄4 Good 2 : 02.00 1989 Sunday Silence Pat Valenzuela Charlie Whittingham H-G-W Partners 1 1⁄4 Muddy 2 : 05.00 1988 Winning Colors Gary Stevens D. Wayne Lukas Eugene V. Klein 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 02.20 Alysheba Chris McCarron Jack Van Berg D. & P. Scharbauer 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 03.40 1986 Ferdinand Bill Shoemaker Charlie Whittingham Elizabeth A. Keck 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 02.80 1985 Spend A Buck Angel Cordero , Jr . Cam Gambolati Dennis Diaz 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 00.20 1984 Swale Laffit Pincay , Jr . Woody Stephens Claiborne Farm 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 02.40 Sunny 's Halo Eddie Delahoussaye David C. Cross Jr . David J. Foster Stable 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 02.20 1982 Gato Del Sol Eddie Delahoussaye Edwin J. Gregson Hancock & Peters 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 02.40 1981 Pleasant Colony Jorge Velasquez John P. Campo Buckland Farm 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 02.00 1980 Genuine Risk Jacinto Vasquez LeRoy Jolley Diana M. Firestone 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 02.00 1979 Spectacular Bid Ronnie Franklin Bud Delp Hawksworth Farm 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 02.40 1978 Affirmed Steve Cauthen Laz Barrera Harbor View Farm 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 01.20 1977 Seattle Slew Jean Cruguet William H. Turner , Jr . Karen L. Taylor 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 02.20 1976 Bold Forbes Angel Cordero , Jr . Laz Barrera E. Rodriguez Tizol 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 01.60 Foolish Pleasure Jacinto Vasquez LeRoy Jolley John L. Greer 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 02.00 Cannonade Angel Cordero , Jr . Woody Stephens John M. Olin 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 04.00 1973 Secretariat Ron Turcotte Lucien Laurin Meadow Stable 1 1⁄4 Fast 1 : 59.40 1972 Riva Ridge Ron Turcotte Lucien Laurin Meadow Stud 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 01.80 1971 Canonero II Gustavo Avila Juan Arias Edgar Caibett 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 03.20 1970 Dust Commander Mike Manganello Don Combs Robert E. Lehmann 1 1⁄4 Good 2 : 03.40 1969 Majestic Prince Bill Hartack Johnny Longden Frank M. McMahon 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 01.80 1968 Forward Pass Ismael Valenzuela Henry Forrest Calumet Farm 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 02.20 1967 Proud Clarion Bobby Ussery Loyd Gentry , Jr . Darby Dan Farm 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 00.60 1966 Kauai King Don Brumfield Henry Forrest Ford Stable 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 02.00 1965 Lucky Debonair Bill Shoemaker Frank Catrone Ada L. Rice 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 01.20 1964 Northern Dancer Bill Hartack Horatio Luro Windfields Farm 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 00.00 1963 Chateaugay Braulio Baeza James P. Conway Darby Dan Farm 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 01.80 1962 Decidedly Bill Hartack Horatio Luro El Peco Ranch 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 00.40 1961 Carry Back Johnny Sellers Jack A. Price Katherine Price 1 1⁄4 Good 2 : 04.00 1960 Venetian Way Bill Hartack Victor J. Sovinski Sunny Blue Farm 1 1⁄4 Good 2 : 02.40 1959 Tomy Lee Bill Shoemaker Frank E. Childs Fred & Juliette Turner 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 02.20 1958 Tim Tam Ismael Valenzuela Jimmy Jones Calumet Farm 1 1⁄4 Muddy 2 : 05.00 1957 Iron Liege Bill Hartack Jimmy Jones Calumet Farm 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 02.20 1956 Needles David Erb Hugh L. Fontaine D & H Stable 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 03.40 1955 Swaps Bill Shoemaker Mesh Tenney Rex C. Ellsworth 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 01.80 1954 Determine Raymond York William Molter Andrew J. Crevolin 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 03.00 1953 Dark Star Henry E. Moreno Eddie Hayward Cain Hoy Stable 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 02.00 1952 Hill Gail Eddie Arcaro Ben A. Jones Calumet Farm 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 01.60 1951 Count Turf Conn McCreary Sol Rutchick Jack J. Amiel 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 02.60 1950 Middleground William Boland Max Hirsch King Ranch 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 01.60 1949 Ponder Steve Brooks Ben A. Jones Calumet Farm 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 04.20 1948 Citation Eddie Arcaro Ben A. Jones Calumet Farm 1 1⁄4 Sloppy 2 : 05.40 1947 Jet Pilot Eric Guerin Tom Smith Maine Chance Farm 1 1⁄4 Slow 2 : 06.80 1946 Assault Warren Mehrtens Max Hirsch King Ranch 1 1⁄4 Slow 2 : 06.60 1945 Hoop Jr . Eddie Arcaro Ivan H. Parke Fred W. Hooper 1 1⁄4 Muddy 2 : 07.00 1944 Pensive Conn McCreary Ben A. Jones Calumet Farm 1 1⁄4 Good 2 : 04.20 1943 Count Fleet Johnny Longden Don Cameron Fannie Hertz 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 04.00 1942 Shut Out Wayne D. Wright John M. Gaver , Sr . Greentree Stable 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 04.40 1941 Whirlaway Eddie Arcaro Ben A. Jones Calumet Farm 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 01.40 1940 Gallahadion Carroll Bierman Roy Waldron Milky Way Farm 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 05.00 1939 Johnstown James Stout Jim Fitzsimmons Belair Stud 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 03.40 1938 Lawrin Eddie Arcaro Ben A. Jones Herbert M. Woolf 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 04.80 1937 War Admiral Charley Kurtsinger George Conway Glen Riddle Farm 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 03.20 1936 Bold Venture Ira Hanford Max Hirsch Morton L. Schwartz 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 03.60 1935 Omaha Willie Saunders Jim Fitzsimmons Belair Stud 1 1⁄4 Good 2 : 05.00 1934 Cavalcade Mack Garner Bob Smith Brookmeade Stable 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 04.00 1933 Brokers Tip Don Meade Herbert J. Thompson Edward R. Bradley 1 1⁄4 Good 2 : 06.80 1932 Burgoo King Eugene James Herbert J. Thompson Edward R. Bradley 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 05.20 1931 Twenty Grand Charley Kurtsinger James G. Rowe , Jr . Greentree Stable 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 01.80 1930 Gallant Fox Earl Sande Jim Fitzsimmons Belair Stud 1 1⁄4 Good 2 : 07.60 1929 Clyde Van Dusen Linus McAtee Clyde Van Dusen Herbert P. Gardner 1 1⁄4 Muddy 2 : 10.80 1928 Reigh Count Chick Lang Bert S. Michell Fannie Hertz 1 1⁄4 Heavy 2 : 10.40 1927 Whiskery Linus McAtee Fred Hopkins Harry P. Whitney 1 1⁄4 Slow 2 : 06.00 1926 Bubbling Over Albert Johnson Herbert J. Thompson Edward R. Bradley 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 03.80 1925 Flying Ebony Earl Sande William B. Duke Gifford A. Cochran 1 1⁄4 Sloppy 2 : 07.60 1924 Black Gold J.D. Mooney Hanley Webb Rosa M. Hoots 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 05.20 1923 Zev Earl Sande David J. Leary Rancocas Stable 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 05.40 1922 Morvich Albert Johnson Fred Burlew Benjamin Block 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 04.60 1921 Behave Yourself Charles Thompson Herbert J. Thompson Edward R. Bradley 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 04.20 1920 Paul Jones Ted Rice William M. Garth Ral Parr 1 1⁄4 Slow 2 : 09.00 1919 Sir Barton Johnny Loftus H. Guy Bedwell J.K.L. Ross 1 1⁄4 Heavy 2 : 09.80 1918 Exterminator Willie Knapp Henry McDaniel Willis Sharpe Kilmer 1 1⁄4 Muddy 2 : 10.80 1917 Omar Khayyam Charles Borel Charles T. Patterson Billings & Johnson 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 04.60 1916 George Smith Johnny Loftus Hollie Hughes John Sanford 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 04.00 1915 Regret Joe Notter James G. Rowe , Sr . Harry P. Whitney 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 05.40 1914 Old Rosebud John McCabe Frank D. Weir Hamilton C. Applegate 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 03.40 1913 Donerail Roscoe Goose Thomas P. Hayes Thomas P. Hayes 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 04.80 1912 Worth Carroll H. Shilling Frank M. Taylor Henry C. Hallenbeck 1 1⁄4 Muddy 2 : 09.40 1911 Meridian George Archibald Albert Ewing Richard F. Carman 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 05.00 1910 Donau Frederick Herbert George Ham William Gerst 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 06.40 1909 Wintergreen Vincent Powers Charles Mack Jerome B. Respess 1 1⁄4 Slow 2 : 08.20 1908 Stone Street Arthur Pickens J.W. Hall C.E. & J.W. Hamilton 1 1⁄4 Heavy 2 : 15.20 1907 Pink Star Andy Minder William H. Fizer J. Hal Woodford 1 1⁄4 Heavy 2 : 12.60 1906 Sir Huon Roscoe Troxler Pete Coyne Bashford Manor Stable 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 08.80 1905 Agile Jack Martin Robert Tucker Samuel S. Brown 1 1⁄4 Heavy 2 : 10.75 1904 Elwood Shorty Prior Charles E. Durnell Mrs. C.E. Durnell 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 08.50 1903 Judge Himes Hal Booker John P. Mayberry Charles R. Ellison 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 09.00 1902 Alan - a-Dale Jimmy Winkfield Thomas C. McDowell Thomas C. McDowell 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 08.75 1901 His Eminence Jimmy Winkfield Frank B. Van Meter Frank B. Van Meter 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 07.75 1900 Lieut . Gibson Jimmy Boland Charles Hughes Charles H. Smith 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 06.25 1899 Manuel Fred Taral Robert J. Walden A.H. & D.H. Morris 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 12.00 1898 Plaudit Willie Simms John E. Madden John E. Madden 1 1⁄4 Good 2 : 09.00 1897 Typhoon II Buttons Garner J.C. Cahn J.C. Cahn 1 1⁄4 Heavy 2 : 12.50 1896 Ben Brush Willie Simms Hardy Campbell , Jr . Mike F. Dwyer 1 1⁄4 Dusty 2 : 07.75 1895 Halma Soup Perkins Byron McClelland Byron McClelland 1 1⁄2 Fast 2 : 37.50 1894 Chant Frank Goodale H. Eugene Leigh Leigh & Rose 1 1⁄2 Fast 2 : 41.00 1893 Lookout Eddie Kunze William McDaniel Cushing & Orth 1 1⁄2 Fast 2 : 39.25 1892 Azra Alonzo Clayton John H. Morris Bashford Manor Stable 1 1⁄2 Heavy 2 : 41.50 1891 Kingman Isaac Murphy Dud Allen Jacobin Stable 1 1⁄2 Fast 2 : 52.25 1890 Riley Isaac Murphy Edward Corrigan Edward Corrigan 1 1⁄2 Muddy 2 : 45.00 1889 Spokane Thomas Kiley John Rodegap Noah Armstrong 1 1⁄2 Fast 2 : 34.50 1888 Macbeth II George Covington John Campbell Chicago Stable 1 1⁄2 Fast 2 : 38.00 1887 Montrose Isaac Lewis John McGinty Labold Brothers 1 1⁄2 Fast 2 : 39.25 1886 Ben Ali Paul Duffy Jim Murphy J.B.A. Haggin 1 1⁄2 Fast 2 : 36.50 1885 Joe Cotton Erskine Henderson Abe Perry James T. Williams 1 1⁄2 Good 2 : 37.25 1884 Buchanan Isaac Murphy William Bird William Cottrill 1 1⁄2 Good 2 : 40.25 1883 Leonatus Billy Donohue Raleigh Colston Chinn & Morgan 1 1⁄2 Heavy 2 : 43.00 1882 Apollo Babe Hurd Green B. Morris Morris & Patton 1 1⁄2 Fast 2 : 40.00 1881 Hindoo Jim McLaughlin James G. Rowe , Sr . Dwyer Bros. Stable 1 1⁄2 Fast 2 : 40.00 1880 Fonso George Lewis Tice Hutsell J. Snell Shawhan 1 1⁄2 Dusty 2 : 37.50 1879 Lord Murphy Charlie Shauer George Rice Darden & Co 1 1⁄2 Fast 2 : 37.00 1878 Day Star Jimmy Carter Lee Paul T.J. Nichols 1 1⁄2 Dusty 2 : 37.25 1877 Baden - Baden Billy Walker Edward D. Brown Daniel Swigert 1 1⁄2 Fast 2 : 38.00 1876 Vagrant Bobby Swim James Williams William Astor , Jr . 1 1⁄2 Fast 2 : 38.25 1875 Aristides Oliver Lewis Ansel Williamson Hal P. McGrath 1 1⁄2 Fast 2 : 37.75 Notes designates a Triple Crown Winner . designates a filly . Jump up ^ The race was timed to ⁄ second from 1875 to 1905 , to ⁄ second from 1906 to 2000 , and to 0.01 second since 2001 . Jump up ^ Dancer 's Image , ridden by Bobby Ussery , trained by Lou Cavalaris , Jr. , and owned by Peter D. Fuller , finished first , but was disqualified after a post-race urine sample revealed traces of a banned drug in the horse . The drug in question -- phenylbutazone -- is now legal for use on racehorses in many states , including Kentucky . Jump up ^ Apollo ( 1882 ) was the only horse to have won the Derby without having raced at age two , until Justify in 2018 . See also ( edit ) Horse racing portal Kentucky portal Kentucky Oaks Kentucky Derby Festival American thoroughbred racing top attended events Kentucky Derby top four finishers List of graded stakes at Churchill Downs `` The Kentucky Derby Is Decadent and Depraved '' , a seminal example of New Journalism by Hunter S. Thompson . Triple Crown Productions List of attractions and events in the Louisville metropolitan area Derby Pie List of Kentucky Derby broadcasters Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Tenth Race Churchill May 1 , 2004 '' . May 1 , 2004 . Daily Racing Forum . Accessed on May 9 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Novak , Claire ( September 23 , 2013 ) . `` Will Take Charge Wins Pennsylvania Derby '' . Blood Horse . Retrieved February 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Top 100 G1 Races for 3yo 's and upwards '' ( PDF ) . www.ifhaonline.org . International Federation of Horseracing Authorities . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ^ 2009 The Original Racing Almanac , page 140 for Kentucky Derby , page 156 for the Preakness Stakes , page 241 for Kentucky Oaks , page 167 for Belmont Stakes , page 184 Breeders ' Cup , June 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Racing for the Roses - History of Kentucky Derby '' . February 15 , 2014 . Retrieved February 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ward , Arch ( April 30 , 1936 ) . `` Talking It Over '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved May 5 , 2012 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` History Of Churchill Downs '' . Churchill Downs . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2014 . Retrieved February 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Derby To Go On The Air '' , The New York Times , May 16 , 1925 , p. 11 Jump up ^ `` Kentucky Derby History '' . Kentucky Derby Info . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2012 . Retrieved December 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ CNN , By Sheena McKenzie , . `` Jockey who refused to stay in the kitchen - CNN '' . CNN . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ Dandrea , Phil ( 2010 ) . Sham : Great Was Second Best . Acanthus Publishing . Jump up ^ `` ESPN.com - Horse Racing - Kentucky Derby purse doubled to $2 million '' . www.espn.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Record betting reported on 2017 Kentucky Derby '' . The Courier - Journal . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` How Much Money is Wagered on the Kentucky Derby Each Year ? '' . www.betfirm.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Finley , Marty ( May 9 , 2016 ) . `` The 2016 Kentucky Derby : By the numbers '' . bizjournals.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Hopkins , Andrea . `` Kentucky Derby , Queen Elizabeth draw festive crowd '' . U.S . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Derby jockeys can wear ads '' . UPI . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ Green , Marcus . `` SUNDAY EDITION Jockey advertising at Kentucky tracks remains rare a decade after ruling '' . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ Isidore , Chris ( May 5 , 2006 ) . `` Kentucky Derby including Yum Brands in its name '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2006 . Retrieved May 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Woodford Reserve is New Kentucky Derby Sponsor '' . BloodHorse.com . Retrieved 15 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Sneed , Tierney . `` The Origin of Your Favorite Kentucky Derby Traditions '' . usnews.com . Retrieved 3 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Giant screen at Churchill Downs gives everyone at Kentucky Derby a front - row view '' . kentucky . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Panasonic Announces Installation of World 's Largest 4K Video Board at Churchill Downs Churchill Downs Racetrack Home of the Kentucky Derby '' . www.churchilldowns.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` My Old Kentucky Home '' . Jump up ^ Epstein , Curt ( 5 May 2015 ) . `` Derby , Boxing Match Fuel Atlantic 's Best Day Ever '' . Aviation International News . Retrieved 6 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dan Fogelberg Prodigy Chat transcript Treehouse.org '' . Retrieved October 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mellisa Hoppert ( May 6 , 2018 ) . `` Justify Wins Kentucky Derby , Conquering Rain , Mud and a 136 - Year Curse '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Super Saver wins the 2010 Kentucky Derby - Kentucky Derby '' . archive.org . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kentucky Derby Winners '' . www.kentuckyderby.com . Retrieved 3 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Hoppert , Melissa . `` Justify Wins Kentucky Derby , Conquering Rain , Mud and a 136 - Year Curse '' . New York Times . Retrieved May 5 , 2018 . Further reading ( edit ) David Domine , Insiders ' Guide to Louisville . Guilford , CT : Globe - Pequot Press , 2010 . James C. Nicholson , The Kentucky Derby : How the Run for the Roses Became America 's Premier Sporting Event . Lexington , KY : University Press of Kentucky , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Look up run for the roses in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kentucky Derby . Kentucky Derby ( official site ) Kentucky Derby Museum The Courier - Journal 's Derby Site ESPN.COM Attending the Kentucky Derby ( includes future dates ) Kentucky Derby Races 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Related Churchill Downs Top 4 finishers Festival Museum Road to the Kentucky Derby `` My Old Kentucky Home '' Triple Crown Trophy Mint julep Derby pie Kentucky Oaks Broadcasters `` The Kentucky Derby Is Decadent and Depraved '' Kentucky Derby Winners Kentucky Derby winners 1875 Aristides 1876 Vagrant 1877 Baden - Baden 1878 Day Star 1879 Lord Murphy 1880 Fonso 1881 Hindoo 1882 Apollo 1883 Leonatus 1884 Buchanan 1885 Joe Cotton 1886 Ben Ali 1887 Montrose 1888 Macbeth II 1889 Spokane 1890 Riley 1891 Kingman 1892 Azra 1893 Lookout 1894 Chant 1895 Halma 1896 Ben Brush 1897 Typhoon II 1898 Plaudit 1899 Manuel 1900 Lieut . Gibson 1901 His Eminence 1902 Alan - a-Dale 1903 Judge Himes 1904 Elwood 1905 Agile 1906 Sir Huon 1907 Pink Star 1908 Stone Street 1909 Wintergreen 1910 Donau 1911 Meridian 1912 Worth 1913 Donerail 1914 Old Rosebud 1915 Regret ♥ 1916 George Smith 1917 Omar Khayyam 1918 Exterminator 1919 Sir Barton ₩ 1920 Paul Jones 1921 Behave Yourself 1922 Morvich 1923 Zev 1924 Black Gold 1925 Flying Ebony 1926 Bubbling Over 1927 Whiskery 1928 Reigh Count 1929 Clyde Van Dusen 1930 Gallant Fox ₩ 1931 Twenty Grand 1932 Burgoo King 1933 Brokers Tip 1934 Cavalcade 1935 Omaha ₩ 1936 Bold Venture 1937 War Admiral ₩ 1938 Lawrin 1939 Johnstown 1940 Gallahadion 1941 Whirlaway ₩ 1942 Shut Out 1943 Count Fleet ₩ 1944 Pensive 1945 Hoop Jr . 1946 Assault ₩ 1947 Jet Pilot 1948 Citation ₩ 1949 Ponder 1950 Middleground 1951 Count Turf 1952 Hill Gail 1953 Dark Star 1954 Determine 1955 Swaps 1956 Needles 1957 Iron Liege 1958 Tim Tam 1959 Tomy Lee 1960 Venetian Way 1961 Carry Back 1962 Decidedly 1963 Chateaugay 1964 Northern Dancer 1965 Lucky Debonair 1966 Kauai King 1967 Proud Clarion 1968 Forward Pass ( Dancer 's Image disqualified ) 1969 Majestic Prince 1970 Dust Commander 1971 Canonero II 1972 Riva Ridge 1973 Secretariat ₩ 1974 Cannonade 1975 Foolish Pleasure 1976 Bold Forbes 1977 Seattle Slew ₩ 1978 Affirmed ₩ 1979 Spectacular Bid 1980 Genuine Risk ♥ 1981 Pleasant Colony 1982 Gato Del Sol 1983 Sunny 's Halo 1984 Swale 1985 Spend A Buck 1986 Ferdinand 1987 Alysheba 1988 Winning Colors ♥ 1989 Sunday Silence 1990 Unbridled 1991 Strike the Gold 1992 Lil E. Tee 1993 Sea Hero 1994 Go for Gin 1995 Thunder Gulch 1996 Grindstone 1997 Silver Charm 1998 Real Quiet 1999 Charismatic 2000 Fusaichi Pegasus 2001 Monarchos 2002 War Emblem 2003 Funny Cide 2004 Smarty Jones 2005 Giacomo 2006 Barbaro 2007 Street Sense 2008 Big Brown 2009 Mine That Bird 2010 Super Saver 2011 Animal Kingdom 2012 I 'll Have Another 2013 Orb 2014 California Chrome 2015 American Pharoah ₩ 2016 Nyquist 2017 Always Dreaming 2018 Justify ₩ Legend -- ₩ = Triple Crown winners , ♥ = Filly Triple Crowns of horse racing United States Thoroughbred Racing Kentucky Derby Preakness Stakes Belmont Stakes Harness Racing Pacers Cane Pace Messenger Stakes Little Brown Jug Harness Racing Trotters Hambletonian Yonkers Trot Kentucky Futurity Great Britain Thoroughbred Racing 2000 Guineas Stakes Epsom Derby St Leger Stakes Ireland Thoroughbred Racing Irish 2,000 Guineas Irish Derby Irish St. Leger Canada Thoroughbred Racing Queen 's Plate Prince of Wales Stakes Breeders ' Stakes Australia Thoroughbred Racing Randwick Guineas Rosehill Guineas Australian Derby Related topics Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing American Triple Tiara of Thoroughbred Racing Canadian Triple Tiara of Thoroughbred Racing Breeders ' Cup Classic Breeders ' Cup Distaff Louisville , Kentucky ( metro area ) History Timeline George Rogers Clark -- founder Civil War Historic places Geography Downtown Cityscape Climate Local landmarks Neighborhoods Parks Preservation districts ( Old Louisville ) Government Mayor ( Greg Fischer ) Metro Council ( President : David James ) Transportation Bowman Field Louisville International Airport McAlpine Locks and Dam Roads TARC Other subject areas Attractions and events Cuisine Economy Education Media People Performing arts Religion Sports Top subjects Muhammad Ali Muhammad Ali Center Cave Hill Cemetery Falls of the Ohio Farmington Kentucky Derby ( Festival ) KFC History Colonel Sanders L&N Louisville Slugger Speed Art Museum University of Louisville ( Cardinals ) National Historic Landmarks Belle of Louisville Churchill Downs Historic Locust Grove Mayor Andrew Broaddus Old Bank Zachary Taylor House United States Marine Hospital Water Tower Prominent suburbs ( over 10K pop . ) Clarksville Jeffersontown Jeffersonville Lyndon New Albany St. Matthews Shelbyville Shepherdsville Shively Category ( city ) Category ( metro area ) Portal WikiProject American stakes race for Thoroughbreds , part of the Triple Crown Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kentucky_Derby&oldid=857096395 '' Categories : Kentucky Derby 1875 establishments in Kentucky Annual sporting events in the United States Churchill Downs horse races Flat horse races for three - year - olds Grade 1 stakes races in the United States Graded stakes races in the United States Kentucky culture May sporting events Recurring sporting events established in 1875 Sports competitions in Louisville , Kentucky Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Use mdy dates from March 2015 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles needing additional references from May 2018 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Commons category with page title different than on Wikidata Articles with short description Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Interlingua Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 14 : 59 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky%20Derby
| 2,003 |
||
when was the lord of the rings released
|
The Lord of the Rings ( film series )
|
the lord of the rings ( film series )
|
The Lord of the Rings is a film series consisting of three high fantasy adventure films directed by Peter Jackson . They are based on the novel The Lord of the Rings by J.R.R. Tolkien . The films are subtitled The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) , The Two Towers ( 2002 ) and The Return of the King ( 2003 ) . They are a New Zealand - American venture produced by WingNut Films and The Saul Zaentz Company and distributed by New Line Cinema .
|
Considered to be one of the biggest and most ambitious film projects ever undertaken , with an overall budget of $281 million ( some sources say $310 - $330 million ) , the entire project took eight years , with the filming for all three films done simultaneously and entirely in New Zealand , Jackson 's native country . Each film in the series also had special extended editions released on DVD a year after their respective theatrical releases . While the films follow the book 's general storyline , they do omit some of the novel 's plot elements and include some additions to and deviations from the source material . Set in the fictional world of Middle - earth , the films follow the hobbit Frodo Baggins ( Elijah Wood ) as he and the Fellowship embark on a quest to destroy the One Ring , and thus ensure the destruction of its maker , the Dark Lord Sauron . The Fellowship eventually splits up and Frodo continues the quest together with his loyal companion Sam ( Sean Astin ) and the treacherous Gollum ( Andy Serkis ) . Meanwhile , Aragorn ( Viggo Mortensen ) , heir in exile to the throne of Gondor , Legolas , Gimli , Merry , and Pippin , and the wizard Gandalf ( Ian McKellen ) unite to rally the Free Peoples of Middle - earth in the War of the Ring . The series was received with overwhelming praise and was a major financial success , with the films collectively being among the highest - grossing film series of all time . The films were critically acclaimed and heavily awarded , winning 17 out of 30 total Academy Award nominations . The final film in the series , The Return of the King , won all 11 of its Academy Award nominations including Best Picture , which also tied it with Ben - Hur and Titanic for most Academy Awards received for a film . The series received wide praise for its innovative special and visual effects . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 2 Production design 3 Filming 4 Cast 4.1 The Fellowship of the Ring 4.2 The Shire and Bree 4.3 Rivendell and Lothlórien 4.4 Rohan and Gondor 4.5 Isengard and Mordor 4.6 Historical figures 5 Post-production 5.1 Editing 5.2 Music 5.3 Sound 5.4 Special effects 6 Releases 6.1 Theatrical 6.2 Home media 7 Reception 7.1 Box office performance 7.2 Public and critical response 7.3 Academy Awards 7.4 Reactions to changes in the films from the books 7.5 Legacy 8 Video games 9 The Hobbit 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Development ( edit ) Director Peter Jackson first came into contact with The Lord of the Rings when he saw Ralph Bakshi 's 1978 animated film The Lord of the Rings . Jackson `` enjoyed the film and wanted to know more . '' Afterwards , he read a tie - in edition of the book during a twelve - hour train journey from Wellington to Auckland when he was seventeen . In 1995 , Jackson was finishing The Frighteners and considered The Lord of the Rings as a new project , wondering `` why nobody else seemed to be doing anything about it '' . With the new developments in computer - generated imagery following Jurassic Park , Jackson set about planning a fantasy film that would be relatively serious and feel real . By October , he and his partner Fran Walsh teamed up with Miramax Films boss Harvey Weinstein to negotiate with Saul Zaentz who had held the rights to the book since the early 1970s , pitching an adaptation of The Hobbit and two films based on The Lord of the Rings . Negotiations then stalled when Universal Studios offered Jackson a remake of King Kong . Weinstein was furious , and further problems arose when it turned out Zaentz did not have distribution rights to The Hobbit ; United Artists , which was in the market , did . By April 1996 , the rights question was still not resolved . Jackson decided to move ahead with King Kong before filming The Lord of the Rings , prompting Universal to enter a deal with Miramax to receive foreign earnings from The Lord of the Rings while Miramax received foreign earnings from King Kong . It was also revealed that Jackson originally wanted to finish King Kong before The Lord of the Rings began . But due to location problems , he decided to start with The Lord of the Rings franchise instead . When Universal cancelled King Kong in 1997 , Jackson and Walsh immediately received support from Weinstein and began a six - week process of sorting out the rights . Jackson and Walsh asked Costa Botes to write a synopsis of the book and they began to re-read the book . Two to three months later , they had written their treatment . The first film would have dealt with what would become The Fellowship of the Ring , The Two Towers , and the beginning of The Return of the King , ending with Saruman 's death , and Gandalf and Pippin going to Minas Tirith . In this treatment , Gwaihir and Gandalf visit Edoras after escaping Saruman , Gollum attacks Frodo when the Fellowship is still united , and Farmer Maggot , Glorfindel , Radagast , Elladan and Elrohir are present . Bilbo attends the Council of Elrond , Sam looks into Galadriel 's mirror , Saruman is redeemed before he dies and the Nazgûl just make it into Mount Doom before they fall . They presented their treatment to Harvey and Bob Weinstein , the latter of whom they focused on impressing with their screenwriting as he had not read the book . They agreed upon two films and a total budget of $75 million . During mid-1997 , Jackson and Walsh began writing with Stephen Sinclair . Sinclair 's partner , Philippa Boyens , was a major fan of the book and joined the writing team after reading their treatment . It took 13 -- 14 months to write the two film scripts , which were 147 and 144 pages respectively . Sinclair left the project due to theatrical obligations . Amongst their revisions , Sam is caught eavesdropping and forced to go along with Frodo , instead of Sam , Merry , and Pippin figuring out about the One Ring themselves and voluntarily going along after confronting Frodo about it , as occurs in the original novel . Gandalf 's account of his time at Orthanc was pulled out of flashback and Lothlórien was cut , with Galadriel doing what she does in the story at Rivendell . Denethor attends the Council with his son . Other changes included having Arwen rescue Frodo , and the action sequence involving the cave troll . The writers also considered having Arwen absorb Éowyn 's role entirely by having her kill the Witch - king . Trouble struck when Marty Katz was sent to New Zealand . Spending four months there , he told Miramax that the films were more likely to cost $150 million , and with Miramax unable to finance this , and with $15 million already spent , they decided to merge the two films into one . On 17 June 1998 , Bob Weinstein presented a treatment of a single two - hour film version of the book . He suggested cutting Bree and the Battle of Helm 's Deep , `` losing or using '' Saruman , merging Rohan and Gondor with Éowyn as Boromir 's sister , shortening Rivendell and Moria as well as having Ents prevent the Uruk - hai from kidnapping Merry and Pippin . Upset by the idea of `` cutting out half the good stuff '' Jackson balked , and Miramax declared that any script or work completed by Weta Workshop was theirs . Jackson went around Hollywood for four weeks , showing a thirty - five - minute video of their work , before meeting with New Line Cinema 's Mark Ordesky . At New Line Cinema , Robert Shaye viewed the video , and then asked why they were making two films when the book was published as three volumes ( this was later corrected : New Line only made this choice out of economical reasons ) ; he wanted to make a film trilogy . Now Jackson , Walsh , and Boyens had to write three new scripts . The expansion to three films allowed much more creative freedom , although Jackson , Walsh , and Boyens had to restructure their script accordingly . The three films do not correspond exactly to the trilogy 's three volumes , but rather represent a three - part adaptation . Jackson takes a more chronological approach to the story than did Tolkien . Frodo 's quest is the main focus , and Aragorn is the main sub-plot , and many sequences ( such as Tom Bombadil ) that do not contribute directly to those two plots were left out . Much effort was put into creating satisfactory conclusions and making sure exposition did not bog down the pacing . Amongst new sequences , there are also expansions on elements Tolkien kept ambiguous , such as the battles and the creatures . During shooting , the screenplays continued to evolve , in part due to contributions from cast members looking to further explore their characters . Most notable amongst these rewrites was the character Arwen , who was originally planned as a warrior princess , but reverted to her book counterpart , who remains physically inactive in the story ( though she sends moral and military support ) . To develop fight and sword choreography for the series , the filmmakers employed Hollywood sword - master Bob Anderson . Anderson worked directly with the talent including Viggo Mortensen and Karl Urban to develop the film 's many sword fights and stunts . Bob Anderson 's role in The Lord of the Rings series was highlighted in the film Reclaiming the Blade . This documentary on sword martial arts also featured Weta Workshop and Richard Taylor , The Lord of the Rings illustrator John Howe and actors Viggo Mortensen and Karl Urban . All discussed their roles and work on the series as related to the sword . Production design ( edit ) Alan Lee at Worldcon 2005 in Glasgow , August 2005 . Main article : Production design of The Lord of the Rings film series Jackson began storyboarding the series with Christian Rivers in August 1997 and assigned his crew to begin designing Middle - earth at the same time . Jackson hired long - time collaborator Richard Taylor to lead Weta Workshop on five major design elements : armour , weapons , prosthetics / make - up , creatures , and miniatures . In November 1997 , famed Tolkien illustrators Alan Lee and John Howe joined the project . Most of the imagery in the films is based on their various illustrations . Production designer Grant Major was charged with the task of converting Lee and Howe 's designs into architecture , creating models of the sets , while Dan Hennah worked as art director , scouting locations and organising the building of sets . Jackson 's vision of Middle - earth was described as being `` Ray Harryhausen meets David Lean '' by Randy Cook . Jackson wanted a gritty realism and historical regard for the fantasy , and attempted to make the world rational and believable . For example , the New Zealand Army helped build Hobbiton months before filming began so the plants could really grow . Creatures were designed to be biologically believable , such as the enormous wings of the fell beast to help it fly . In total , 48,000 pieces of armour , 500 bows , and 10,000 arrows were created by Weta Workshop . They also created many prosthetics , such as 1,800 pairs of Hobbit feet for the lead actors , as well as many ears , noses , and heads for the cast , and around 19,000 costumes were woven and aged . Every prop was specially designed by the Art Department , taking the different scales into account . Filming ( edit ) Main article : Principal photography of The Lord of the Rings film series A helmet of the Rohirrim . Principal photography for all three films was conducted concurrently in many locations within New Zealand 's conservation areas and national parks . Filming took place between 11 October 1999 and 22 December 2000 , a period of 438 days . Pick - up shoots were conducted annually from 2001 to 2003 . The series was shot at over 150 different locations , with seven different units shooting , as well as soundstages around Wellington and Queenstown . Along with Jackson directing the whole production , other unit directors included John Mahaffie , Geoff Murphy , Fran Walsh , Barrie Osbourne , Rick Porras , and any other assistant director , producer , or writer available . Jackson monitored these units with live satellite feeds , and with the added pressure of constant script re-writes and the multiple units interpreting his envisioned result , he only got around four hours of sleep a night . Due to the remoteness of some of the locations , the crew would also bring survival kits in case helicopters could not reach the location to bring them home in time . The New Zealand Department of Conservation was criticised for approving the filming within national parks without adequate consideration of the adverse environmental effects and without public notification . The adverse effects of filming battle scenes in Tongariro National Park meant that the park later required restoration work . Cast ( edit ) See also : Middle - earth in film § Cast The following is a list of cast members who voiced or portrayed characters appearing in the extended version of The Lord of the Rings film series . ( hide ) Character Film The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King 2002 2003 The Fellowship of the Ring ( edit ) Frodo Baggins Elijah Wood Aragorn Viggo Mortensen Boromir Sean Bean Meriadoc `` Merry '' Brandybuck Dominic Monaghan Samwise Gamgee Sean Astin Gandalf Ian McKellen Gimli John Rhys - Davies Legolas Orlando Bloom Peregrin `` Pippin '' Took Billy Boyd The Shire and Bree ( edit ) Bilbo Baggins Ian Holm Ian Holm Mrs. Bracegirdle Lori Dungey Barliman Butterbur David Weatherley Rosie Cotton Sarah McLeod Sarah McLeod Gaffer Gamgee Norman Forsey Norman Forsey Elanor Gamgee Alexandra Astin Bree Gate - Keeper Martyn Sanderson Farmer Maggot Cameron Rhodes Old Noakes Bill Johnson Everard Proudfoot Noel Appleby Noel Appleby Mrs. Proudfoot Megan Edwards Otho Sackville Peter Corrigan Lobelia Sackville - Baggins Elizabeth Moody Ted Sandyman Brian Sergent Rivendell and Lothlórien ( edit ) Arwen Liv Tyler Elf escort ( a.k.a. Figwit ) Bret McKenzie Bret McKenzie Lord Celeborn Marton Csokas Marton Csokas Lord Elrond Hugo Weaving Lady Galadriel Cate Blanchett Haldir Craig Parker Rúmil Jørn Benzon Rohan and Gondor ( edit ) Damrod Alistair Browning Denethor John Noble Éomer Karl Urban Éothain Sam Comery Éowyn Miranda Otto Faramir David Wenham Freda Olivia Tennet Gamling Bruce Hopkins Grimbold Bruce Phillips Háma John Leigh Haleth Calum Gittins Irolas Ian Hughes King of the Dead Paul Norell Madril John Bach Morwen Robyn Malcolm King Théoden Bernard Hill Théodred Paris Howe Strewe Treebeard John Rhys - Davies ( voice ) Isengard and Mordor ( edit ) Sméagol / Gollum Andy Serkis Gorbag Stephen Ure Gothmog Lawrence Makoare Craig Parker ( voice ) Gríma Wormtongue Brad Dourif Grishnákh Stephen Ure Lurtz Lawrence Makoare Mauhúr Robbie Magasiva Andy Serkis ( voice ) Mouth of Sauron Bruce Spence The One Ring Alan Howard ( voice ) Alan Howard ( voice ) Saruman Christopher Lee Sauron Sala Baker Alan Howard ( voice ) Sala Baker Alan Howard ( voice ) Shagrat Peter Tait Sharku Jed Brophy Snaga Jed Brophy Andy Serkis ( voice ) Uglúk Nathaniel Lees Witch - king of Angmar Brent McIntyre Andy Serkis ( voice ) Lawrence Makoare Historical figures ( edit ) Déagol Thomas Robins ( hand only ) Thomas Robins Elendil Peter McKenzie Gil - galad Mark Ferguson Isildur Harry Sinclair Harry Sinclair Post-production ( edit ) An example of Elvish armour from the films . Each film had the benefit of a full year of post-production time before its respective December release , often finishing in October -- November , with the crew immediately going to work on the next film . In this period 's later part , Jackson would move to London to supervise the scoring and continue editing , while having a computer feed for discussions to The Dorchester Hotel , and a `` fat pipe '' of Internet connections from Pinewood Studios to look at the special effects . He had a video link and 5.1 surround sound to organise meetings , and listen to new music and sound effects generally wherever he was . The extended editions also had a tight schedule at the start of each year to complete special effects and music . Editing ( edit ) To avoid pressure , Jackson hired a different editor for each film . John Gilbert worked on the first film , Mike Horton and Jabez Olssen on the second and longtime Jackson collaborator Jamie Selkirk and Annie Collins on the third . Daily rushes would often last up to four hours , with scenes being done throughout 1999 -- 2002 for the rough ( 41⁄2 hours ) assemblies of the films . In total , 1828 km ( six million feet ) of film was edited down to the 11 hours and 23 minutes ( 683 minutes ) of Extended running time . This was the final area of shaping of the films , when Jackson realised that sometimes the best scripting could be redundant on screen , as he picked apart scenes every day from multiple takes . The first film 's editing was relatively easygoing , with Jackson coming up with the concept of an Extended Edition later on , although after a screening to New Line they had to re-edit the beginning for a prologue . The Two Towers was always acknowledged by the crew as the most difficult film to make , as `` it had no beginning or end '' , and had the additional problem of inter-cutting storylines appropriately . Jackson even continued editing the film when that part of the schedule officially ended , resulting in some scenes , including the reforging of Andúril , Gollum 's back - story , and Saruman 's demise , being moved to The Return of the King . Later , Saruman 's demise was cut from the theatrical edition ( but included in the Extended edition ) when Jackson felt it was not starting the third film effectively enough . As with all parts of the third film 's post-production , editing was very chaotic . The first time Jackson actually saw the completed film was at the Wellington premiere . Many filmed scenes remain unused , even in the Extended Editions . Promotional material for The Fellowship of the Ring contained an attack by Orcs from Moria on Lothlórien after the Fellowship leaves Moria , replaced with a more suspenseful entrance for the Fellowship . Also cut were scenes from the book , including Frodo seeing more of Middle - earth at Parth Galen and an extended Council of Elrond , and new scenes with an attack upon Frodo and Sam at the river Anduin by an Uruk - hai . The major cut to The Two Towers featured Arwen and Elrond visiting Galadriel at Lothlórien , with Arwen then leading the Elven reinforcements to Helm 's Deep . This scene , and a flashback to Arwen and Aragorn 's first meeting , was cut during a revision of the film 's plot ; the Elves ' appearance was explained with a telepathic communication between Elrond and Galadriel . Éowyn was to have a greater role in defending the refugees in the Glittering Caves from Uruk - hai intruders , while in Osgiliath , Faramir was to have a vision of Frodo becoming like Gollum , with Frodo and Sam having an extended fight sequence . Filmed for The Return of the King were two scenes present in the book ; Sam using the Phial of Galadriel to pass the Watchers at Cirith Ungol , and further epilogue footage , with endings for Legolas and Gimli , Éowyn and Faramir 's wedding and Aragorn 's death and funeral . Sauron was to fight Aragorn at the Black Gate , but with Jackson deciding the scene was inappropriate , a computer - generated Troll was used instead . To give context for Wormtongue killing Saruman , and Legolas in turn killing Wormtongue , it was to be revealed Wormtongue poisoned Théodred . The final scene cut was Aragorn having his armour fitted for the Battle of the Black Gate by the trilogy 's armourers , which was the final scene filmed during principal photography . Peter Jackson has stated that he would like to include some of these unused scenes in a future `` Ultimate Edition '' home video release , also including out - takes . Music ( edit ) Main article : Music of The Lord of the Rings film series Howard Shore composed , orchestrated , conducted , and produced the trilogy 's music . Howard Shore composed , orchestrated , conducted , and produced the trilogy 's music . He was hired in August 2000 and visited the set , and watched the assembly cuts of The Fellowship of the Ring and The Return of the King . In the music , Shore included many ( 85 to 110 ) leitmotifs to represent various characters , cultures , and places - the largest catalogue of leitmotives in the history of cinema , surpassing - for comparison - that of the entire Star Wars saga . For example , there are multiple leitmotifs just for the hobbits and the Shire . Although the first film had some of its score recorded in Wellington , virtually all of the trilogy 's score was recorded in Watford Town Hall and mixed at Abbey Road Studios . Jackson planned to advise the score for six weeks each year in London , though for The Two Towers he stayed for twelve . As a Beatles fan , Jackson had a photo tribute done there on the zebra crossing . The score is primarily played by the London Philharmonic Orchestra ( ranging from 93 to 120 players throughout the recording ) , London Voices , London Oratory School Schola boy choir , and many artists such as Ben Del Maestro , Enya , Renée Fleming , James Galway , Annie Lennox and Emilíana Torrini contributed . Even actors Billy Boyd , Viggo Mortensen , Liv Tyler , Miranda Otto ( extended cuts only for the latter two ) , and Peter Jackson ( for a single gong sound in the second film ) contributed to the score . Fran Walsh and Philippa Boyens served as librettists , writing lyrics to various music and songs , which David Salo translated into Tolkien 's languages . The third film 's end song , `` Into the West '' , was a tribute to a young filmmaker Jackson and Walsh befriended named Cameron Duncan , who died of cancer in 2003 . Shore composed a main theme for The Fellowship rather than many different character themes , and its strength and weaknesses in volume are depicted at different points in the series . On top of that , individual themes were composed to represent different cultures . Infamously , the amount of music Shore had to write every day for the third film increased dramatically to around seven minutes . The music for the series turned out to be a success and has been voted best movie soundtrack of all time for the six years running , passing up Schindler 's list , Gladiator , Star Wars ( 1977 ) , and Out of Africa respectively . Sound ( edit ) Sound technicians spent the early part of the year trying to find the right sounds . Some , such as animal sounds like those of tigers and walruses , were bought . Human voices were also used . Fran Walsh contributed to the Nazgûl scream and David Farmer the Warg howls . Other sounds were unexpected : the fell beast 's screech is taken from that of a donkey , and the mûmakil 's bellow comes from the beginning and end of a lion 's roar . In addition , ADR was used for most of the dialogue . The technicians worked with New Zealand locals to get many of the sounds . They re-recorded sounds in abandoned tunnels for an echo - like effect in the Moria sequence . 20,000 New Zealand cricket fans provided the sound of the Uruk - hai army in The Two Towers , with Jackson acting as conductor during the innings break of a one - day international cricket match between England and New Zealand at Westpac Stadium . They spent time recording sounds in a graveyard at night , and also had construction workers drop stone blocks for the sounds of boulders firing and landing in The Return of the King . Mixing took place between August and November at `` The Film Mix '' , before Jackson commissioned the building of a new studio in 2003 . The building , however , had not yet been fully completed when they started mixing for The Return of the King . Special effects ( edit ) Main article : Special effects of The Lord of the Rings film series The first film has around 540 effect shots , the second 799 , and the third 1,488 ( 2,730 in total ) . The total increases to 3,420 with the extended editions . 260 visual effect artists began work on the series , and the number doubled by The Two Towers . The crew , led by Jim Rygiel and Randy Cook , worked long hours , often overnight , to produce special effects within a short space of time . Jackson 's active imagination was a driving force . For example , several major shots of Helm 's Deep were produced within the last six weeks of post-production of The Two Towers , and the same happened again within the last six weeks on The Return of the King . Releases ( edit ) Theatrical ( edit ) The trilogy 's online promotional trailer was first released on 27 April 2000 , and set a new record for download hits , registering 1.7 million hits in the first 24 hours of its release . The trailer used a selection from the soundtrack for Braveheart and The Shawshank Redemption among other cuts . In 2001 , 24 minutes of footage from the series , primarily the Moria sequence , was shown at the Cannes Film Festival , and was very well received . The showing also included an area designed to look like Middle - earth . The Fellowship of the Ring was released 19 December 2001 . It grossed $47 million in its U.S. opening weekend and made around $871 million worldwide . A preview of The Two Towers was inserted just before the end credits near the end of the film 's theatrical run . A promotional trailer was later released , containing music re-scored from the film Requiem for a Dream . The Two Towers was released 18 December 2002 . It grossed $62 million in its first U.S. weekend and out - grossed its predecessor with $926 million worldwide . The promotional trailer for The Return of the King was debuted exclusively before the New Line Cinema film Secondhand Lions on 23 September 2003 . Released 17 December 2003 , its first U.S. weekend gross was $72 million , and became the second film ( after Titanic ) to gross over $1 billion worldwide . Home media ( edit ) The first two films were released on standard two - disc edition DVDs containing previews of the next film . The success of the theatrical cuts brought about four - disc Extended Editions , with new editing , added special effects and music . The extended cuts of the films and the included special features were spread over two discs , and a limited collector 's edition was also released . The Fellowship of the Ring was released on 12 November 2002 , containing 30 minutes more footage , an Alan Lee painting of the Fellowship entering Moria , and the Moria Gate on the back of the sleeve ; an Argonath - styled bookend was included with the Collector 's Edition . The Two Towers , released on 18 November 2003 , contained 44 minutes extra footage and a Lee painting of Gandalf the White 's entrance ; the Collector 's Edition contained a Sméagol statue , with a crueller - looking statue of his Gollum persona available by order for a limited time . The Return of the King was released on 14 December 2004 , having 51 minutes more footage , a Lee painting of the Grey Havens and a model of Minas Tirith for the Collector 's Edition , with Minas Morgul available by order for a limited time . The Special Extended DVD Editions also had in - sleeve maps of the Fellowship 's travels . They have also played at cinemas , most notably for a 16 December 2003 marathon screening ( dubbed `` Trilogy Tuesday '' ) culminating in a late afternoon screening of the third film . Attendees of `` Trilogy Tuesday '' were given a limited edition keepsake from Sideshow Collectibles containing one random frame of film from each of the three movies . Both versions were put together in a Limited Edition `` branching '' version , plus a new feature - length documentary by Costa Botes . The complete series was released in a six - disc set on 14 November 2006 . Warner Bros. released the trilogy 's theatrical versions on Blu - ray Disc in a boxed set on 6 April 2010 . An extended edition Blu - ray box set was made available for pre-order from Amazon.com in March 2011 and was released on 28 June 2011 . Each film 's extended Blu - ray version is identical to the extended DVD version ; the total running time is longer due to added credit sequence listing the names of `` Lord of the Rings fan - club members '' who contributed to the project . In 2014 , brand new Blu - ray steelbook editions of the five - disc Extended Editions were released . The first , The Fellowship of the Ring , was released on 24 March 2014 . The discs are identical to those found in the previous five - disc Blu - ray set . Film Theatrical edition length Extended edition length The Fellowship of the Ring 178 mins 208 mins ( 228 with additional credits ) The Two Towers 179 mins 223 mins ( 235 with additional credits ) The Return of the King 200 mins 251 mins ( 263 with additional credits ) Reception ( edit ) Box Office performance ( edit ) Film Release date Box office revenue Box office ranking Budget Reference North America Other territories Worldwide All time North America All time worldwide The Fellowship of the Ring 19 December 2001 $315,544,750 $555,985,574 $871,530,324 No. 32 # 76 No. 37 $93,000,000 The Two Towers 18 December 2002 $342,551,365 $583,495,746 $926,047,111 No. 22 # 61 No. 29 $94,000,000 The Return of the King 17 December 2003 $377,845,905 $742,083,616 $1,119,929,521 No. 17 # 52 No. 8 $94,000,000 Total $1,035,942,020 $1,881,564,936 $2,917,506,956 $281,000,000 List indicator ( s ) indicates the adjusted ranks based on current ticket prices ( calculated by Box Office Mojo ) . Public and critical response ( edit ) Unadjusted for inflation , The Lord of the Rings film series is the highest - grossing film trilogy worldwide of all time , higher even than other film franchises such as the original Star Wars trilogy and The Godfather trilogy . The film series grossed a total of $2.91 billion and also tied a record with Ben - Hur and Titanic for the total number of Academy Awards won for a single film , with The Return of the King receiving eleven Oscars . The majority of critics have also praised the series , with Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times writing that `` the trilogy will not soon , if ever , find its equal '' . Some were critical of the films ' pacing and length : `` It 's a collection of spectacular set pieces without any sense of momentum driving them into one another '' according to Philadelphia Weekly . On Rotten Tomatoes , the films received approval ratings of 91 % , 96 % , and 95 % respectively . Metacritic , based on its ratings for each film ( 92 , 88 , and 94 respectively ) , features the series within the top ten of the best films of the decade . As of July 2016 , every film is placed in the top 200 of Metacritic 's ' Best Movies of all Time ' list . In CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend , cinema audiences gave the films an average grade of A - , A , and A+ respectively on an A+ to F scale . The series appears in the Dallas - Fort Worth Film Critics Association 's Top 10 Films , Time magazine 's All - Time 100 Movies , and James Berardinelli 's Top 100 . In 2007 , USA Today named the series as the most important films of the past 25 years . Entertainment Weekly put it on its end - of - the - decade , `` best - of '' list , saying , `` Bringing a cherished book to the big screen ? No sweat . Peter Jackson 's trilogy -- or , as we like to call it , our preciousssss -- exerted its irresistible pull , on advanced Elvish speakers and neophytes alike . '' Paste Magazine named it one of the 50 Best Movies of the Decade ( 2000 -- 2009 ) , ranking it at No. 4 . In another Time magazine list , the series ranks second in `` Best Movies of the Decade '' . Empire magazine voted the films at # 1 on the ' 32 Greatest Film Trilogies ' . In addition , six characters and their respective actors made the list of ' The 100 Greatest Movie Characters ' , also compiled by Empire , with Viggo Mortensen 's portrayal of Aragorn ranking No. 15 , Ian McKellen 's portrayal of Gandalf ranking No. 30 , Ian Holm 's portrayal of Bilbo Baggins ( shared with Martin Freeman for his portrayal of the same character in The Hobbit films ) ranking No. 61 , Andy Serkis ' portrayal of Gollum ranking No. 66 , Sean Astin 's portrayal of Samwise Gamgee ranking No. 77 , and Orlando Bloom 's portrayal of Legolas ranking No. 94 . Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore The Fellowship of the Ring 91 % ( 8.2 / 10 average rating ) ( 226 reviews ) 92 ( 34 reviews ) A − The Two Towers 95 % ( 8.5 / 10 average rating ) ( 250 reviews ) 87 ( 39 reviews ) The Return of the King 94 % ( 8.7 / 10 average rating ) ( 266 reviews ) 94 ( 41 reviews ) A+ Academy Awards ( edit ) See also : List of accolades received by The Lord of the Rings film series The three films together were nominated for a total of 30 Academy Awards , of which they won 17 , a record for any movie trilogy ( the three nominations for The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey and The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug along with the single nomination for The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies brings the series ' total to 37 nominations ) . The Fellowship of the Ring earned thirteen nominations , the most of any film at the 74th Academy Awards , winning four . The Return of the King won in every category in which it was nominated , setting the current Oscar record for the highest clean sweep , and its 11 Academy Awards wins ties the record held by Ben - Hur and Titanic ( though both of those films had additional nominations that they ultimately lost ) . The Return of the King became only the second sequel to win the Oscar for Best Picture ( after The Godfather Part II ) and the first and only fantasy film to receive this honor , though this has been widely perceived as an award by proxy for the entire series ( the first two films were also nominated for Best Picture ) . No actors in any of the three films won Oscars , and Ian McKellen was the only actor in the trilogy to receive a nomination , for his work in The Fellowship of the Ring . The Fellowship of the Ring -- Nominations : 13 , Wins : 4 The Two Towers -- Nominations : 6 , Wins : 2 The Return of the King -- Nominations : 11 , Wins : 11 Award Awards Won The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Picture Nominated Nominated Won Director Nominated Won Supporting Actor Nominated Adapted Screenplay Nominated Won Art Direction Nominated Nominated Won Cinematography Won Costume Design Nominated Won Film Editing Nominated Nominated Won Makeup Won Won Original Score Won Won Original Song Nominated Won Sound / Sound Mixing Nominated Nominated Won Sound Editing Won Visual Effects Won Won Won As well as Academy Awards , each film in the series won the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation , the MTV Movie Award for Best Movie , and the Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film . The first and third films also won the BAFTA Award for Best Film . The soundtrack for The Two Towers did not receive a nomination because of a rule prohibiting a soundtrack including music from a previous soundtrack to be eligible for nomination . This rule was changed in time for The Return of the King to receive the Oscar for Best Music Score . The New York Film Critics Circle awarded The Return of the King its Best Picture Award at the 2003 Awards Ceremony , hosted by Andrew Johnston , chair of the organization at that time , who called it `` a masterful piece of filmmaking . '' Reactions to changes in the films from the Books ( edit ) See also : List of original characters in The Lord of the Rings film series The film series provoked both positive and negative reaction from fans and scholars of the novels , and was sometimes seen as changing parts Tolkien felt thematically necessary in terms of characters , themes , events and subtlety . Some fans of the book who disagreed with such changes have released fan edits of the films such as The Lord of the Rings : The Purist Edition , which removed many of the changes to bring them closer to the original . Various changes to characters such as Gandalf , Aragorn , Arwen , Denethor , Faramir , Gimli , and Frodo , when considered together , were seen by some to alter the tone and themes found in the books . Several critics contend that the portrayal of women , especially Arwen , in the films is thematically faithful to ( or compatible with ) Tolkien 's writings despite some differences . Wayne G. Hammond , a Tolkien scholar , said of the first two films that he found them to be `` travesties as adaptations ... faithful only on a basic level of plot '' and that many characters had not been depicted faithfully to their appearance in the novel . Other critics have argued that Tolkien 's characters were weakened and misinterpreted by their portrayal in the films . Changes to events ( such as the Elves participating at the Battle of Helm 's Deep , Faramir taking the hobbits to Osgiliath , and the deletion of the chapter `` The Scouring of the Shire '' ) are also seen as changing Tolkien 's themes . Janet Brennan Croft criticized the films using Tolkien 's own terms `` anticipation '' and `` flattening '' , which she used in critiquing a proposed film script . She contrasts Tolkien 's subtlety with Jackson 's tendency to show `` too much too soon '' . Supporters of the series assert that it is a worthy interpretation of the book and that most of the changes were necessary . Many who worked on the series are fans of the book , including Christopher Lee , who ( alone among the cast ) had actually met Tolkien in person , and Boyens once noted that no matter what , it is simply their interpretation of the book . Jackson once said that to simply summarize the story on screen would be a mess , and in his own words , `` Sure , it 's not really The Lord of the Rings ... but it could still be a pretty damn cool movie . '' Other fans also claim that , despite any changes , the films serve as a tribute to the book , appealing to those who have not yet read it , and even leading some to do so . The Movie Guide for The Encyclopedia of Arda ( an online Tolkien encyclopedia ) states that Jackson 's films were exceptional since filming the whole story of The Lord of the Rings was probably impossible . This notion is partially supported by a review published in 2005 that otherwise criticized a lack of `` faithfulness to Tolkien 's spirit and tone . '' Douglas Kellner argues that the conservative community spirit of Tolkien 's Shire is reflected in Jackson 's films as well as the division of the Fellowship into `` squabbling races '' . In a 2006 review , film theorist Kristin Thompson was critical about the fact that film studies were undertaken by literary researchers and about the frequent denigration of Jackson 's work in the collected essays . Legacy ( edit ) They eviscerated the book by making it an action movie for young people aged 15 to 25 , and it seems that The Hobbit will be the same kind of film . ( ... ) Tolkien has become a monster , devoured by his own popularity and absorbed by the absurdity of our time . The chasm between the beauty and seriousness of the work , and what it has become , has gone too far for me . Such commercialisation has reduced the aesthetic and philosophical impact of this creation to nothing . There is only one solution for me : turning my head away . `` '' -- Christopher Tolkien , Le Monde , 9 July 2012 The release of the films saw a surge of interest in The Lord of the Rings and Tolkien 's other works , vastly increasing his impact on popular culture . It was rumored that the Tolkien family became split on the series , with Christopher Tolkien and his son Simon Tolkien feuding over whether or not it was a good idea to adapt . Christopher has since denied these claims , saying , `` My own position is that The Lord of the Rings is peculiarly unsuitable to transformation into visual dramatic form . The suggestions that have been made that I ' disapprove ' of the films , even to the extent of thinking ill of those with whom I may differ , are wholly without foundation . '' He added that he had never `` expressed any such feeling '' . In 2012 , however , he described the films as having `` eviscerated '' the book , and criticized the resulting `` commercialisation '' of his father 's work . As a result of the series ' success , Peter Jackson has become a major player in the film business ( sometimes called a mogul ) in the mold of Steven Spielberg and George Lucas , in the process befriending some industry heavyweights like Bryan Singer and Frank Darabont. Jackson has since founded his own film production company , Wingnut Films , as well as Wingnut Interactive , a video game company . He was also finally given a chance to remake King Kong in 2005 . The film was a critical and box office success , although not as successful as The Lord of the Rings series . Jackson has been called a `` favourite son '' of New Zealand . In 2004 , Howard Shore toured with The Lord of the Rings Symphony , playing two hours of the score . Along with the Harry Potter films , the series has renewed interest in the fantasy film genre . Tourism for New Zealand is up , possibly due to its exposure in the series , with the country 's tourism industry waking up to an audience 's familiarity . Air New Zealand painted this Airbus A320 in The Lord of the Rings livery to help promote the films . In December 2002 , The Lord of the Rings Motion Picture Trilogy : The Exhibition opened at the Te Papa museum in Wellington , New Zealand . As of 2007 , the exhibition has traveled to seven other cities around the world . A musical adaptation of the book was launched in Toronto , Ontario , Canada , in 2006 , but it closed after mostly poor reviews . A shortened version opened in London , United Kingdom , in the summer of 2007 . The success of the films has also spawned numerous video games and many other kinds of merchandise . The legacy of The Lord of the Rings is also that of court cases over profits from the trilogy . Sixteen cast members ( Noel Appleby ( de ) , Jed Brophy , Mark Ferguson , Ray Henwood , Bruce Hopkins , William Johnson , Nathaniel Lees , Sarah McLeod , Ian Mune , Paul Norell , Craig Parker , Robert Pollock , Martyn Sanderson , Peter Tait and Stephan Ure ( de ) ) sued over the lack of revenue from merchandise bearing their appearance . The case was resolved out of court in 2008 . The settlement came too late for Appleby , who died of cancer in 2007 . Saul Zaentz also filed a lawsuit in 2004 claiming he had not been paid all of his royalties . The next year , Jackson himself sued the studio over profits from the first film , slowing development of the prequels until late 2007 . The Tolkien Trust filed a lawsuit in February 2008 , for violating Tolkien 's original deal over the rights that they would earn 7.5 % of the gross from any films based on his works . The Trust sought compensation of $150 million . A judge denied them this option , but allowed them to win compensation from the act of the studio ignoring the contract itself . On 8 September 2009 , a settlement of this dispute between the Trust and New Line was announced , clearing a potential obstacle to the making of a new film based on The Hobbit . Video games ( edit ) Numerous video games have been released to supplement the film series . The releases include : The Two Towers , Pinball , The Return of the King , The Third Age , The Third Age ( GBA ) , Tactics , The Battle for Middle - earth , The Battle for Middle - earth II , The Battle for Middle - earth II : The Rise of the Witch - king , The Lord of the Rings Online , Conquest , Aragorn 's Quest , War in the North , Lego The Lord of the Rings , Guardians of Middle - earth , Lego The Hobbit ( video game ) , Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor , and Middle - earth : Shadow of War . The Hobbit ( edit ) Main article : The Hobbit ( film series ) Peter Jackson also directed three films based on Tolkien 's earlier 1937 novel The Hobbit . The first film , The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey , was released on 12 December 2012 , the second film , The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug , was released on 13 December 2013 , and the third film , The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies , was released on 17 December 2014 . Several actors from The Lord of the Rings , including Ian McKellen , Andy Serkis , Hugo Weaving , Elijah Wood , Ian Holm ( as older Bilbo ) , Christopher Lee , Cate Blanchett and Orlando Bloom reprised their roles . See also ( edit ) Middle - earth portal Book : The Lord of the Rings film series The Hobbit ( film series ) The Hobbit ( 1977 film ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 film ) The Return of the King ( 1980 film ) List of films considered the best List of longest films References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ' Hobbit ' Trilogy Has Cost $561 Million So Far '' . Archived from the original on 13 January 2014 . Retrieved 31 December 2013 . Jump up ^ The Lord of the Rings : Popular Culture in Global Context . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Can Harry Potter work his magic on Oscar ? '' . The Hamilton Spectator . McClatchy - Tribune News Service . 26 November 2010 . Archived from the original on 7 December 2013 . Retrieved 3 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on 9 July 2006 . Retrieved 12 October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on 29 November 2006 . Retrieved 12 October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on 9 July 2006 . Retrieved 12 October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Jackson interview '' . Explorations ( the Barnes & Noble Science Fiction newsletter ) . October -- November 2001 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Ian Nathan ( 28 November 2003 ) . `` Peter Jackson '' . Empire . p. 90 . ^ Jump up to : Sibley ( 2001 ) , pp. 11 -- 12 ^ Jump up to : Brian Sibley ( 2006 ) . `` Cheats , Spooks , Hobbits and Apes '' . Peter Jackson : A Film - maker 's Journey . London : Harper Collins . pp. 310 -- 328 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 717558 - 2 . Jump up ^ Watkin , Tim ( 12 August 2001 ) . `` The ' Rings ' movies , a potted history '' . The New Zealand Herald . Retrieved 21 December 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Brian Sibley ( 2006 ) . `` Quest for the Ring '' . Peter Jackson : A Film - maker 's Journey . London : Harper Collins . pp. 329 -- 87 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 717558 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring Appendices ( DVD ) . New Line Cinema. 2002 . Jump up ^ Sibley ( 2006 ) , pp. 388 -- 92 Jump up ^ `` 10 Things You Know About The LOTR Movies ( That Are n't True ) '' . theonering.net . Archived from the original on 26 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Head , Steve ( 13 December 2002 ) . `` An interview with Peter Jackson '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 22 February 2009 . Retrieved 24 October 2006 . ^ Jump up to : The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers `` Appendices '' ( DVD ) . New Line Cinema. 2003 . Jump up ^ Bob Anderson on IMDb Jump up ^ Reclaiming the Blade on IMDb Jump up ^ Russell , Gary ( 2003 ) . The Art of the Two Towers. Harper Collins . ISBN 0 - 00 - 713564 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Braun , J.W. ( 2009 ) . The Lord of the Films . ECW Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55022 - 890 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King `` Appendices '' ( DVD ) . New Line Cinema. 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Hobbiton is being built '' . The One Ring.net. 12 April 2006 . Archived from the original on 11 October 2007 . Retrieved 15 October 2006 . Jump up ^ French , Lawrence ( 2005 ) . Paul A. Woods , ed . Peter Jackson From Gore to Mordor -- Ray Harryhausen visits Middle - earth . Nexus . pp. 149 -- 150 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85965 - 356 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Sibley , Brian ( 2002 ) . The Making of the Movie Trilogy. Harper Collins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 26022 - 5 . Jump up ^ Johnson , S. 2002 . ' The Lord of the Rings and Vertical Limits Film Concessions and the Conservation Act 1987 ' , 4 Butterworths Resource Management Bulletin Vol. 11 : 125 -- 129 , Butterworths of NZ , Wellington , New Zealand . Jump up ^ Tongariro / Taupo Conservation Awards 2005 , Department of Conservation Regional Awards . Retrieved 1 February 2008 . Archived 21 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring cast '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Archived from the original on 9 November 2006 . Retrieved 20 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers cast '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Archived from the original on 11 January 2007 . Retrieved 20 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King cast '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Retrieved 20 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Dennis Lloyd ( 19 November 2003 ) . `` iPod helped to make Lord of the Rings '' . iLounge . Archived from the original on 17 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Hey , what happened to Saruman ? '' . CNN . 17 December 2003 . Archived from the original on 25 May 2005 . Retrieved 15 October 2006 . Jump up ^ The Fellowship of the Ring DVD preview of The Two Towers ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Elijah Wood and Sean Astin on The Two Towers Extended Edition commentary Jump up ^ Knowles , Harry ( 17 December 2000 ) . `` There and Back Again : A Geek 's Adventures in Middle - earth , CHAPTER FOUR ! '' . Ai n't It Cool News . Archived from the original on 26 March 2007 . Retrieved 15 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Peter Jackson in The Return of the King audio commentary Jump up ^ `` Peter Jackson talks of Lord of the Rings Ultimate Box Set '' . The Movie Blog.com . Archived from the original on 28 December 2007 . Retrieved 14 January 2005 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Paul ( 15 August 2000 ) . `` Lord of the Rings Composer Confirmed '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 31 August 2011 . Retrieved 14 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Lord of the Rings voted ' best movie soundtrack ' - BBC News '' . BBC News . Archived from the original on 20 November 2015 . Retrieved 22 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lord of the Rings News LoTR movie internet trailer preview '' . Xenite.org . Archived from the original on 21 August 2008 . Retrieved 30 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Paul ( 15 May 2001 ) . `` IGN : LOTR Footage Wows Journalists '' . Uk.movies.ign.com . Archived from the original on 15 February 2012 . Retrieved 30 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Paul ( 25 January 2002 ) . `` A Longer Fellowship Ending ? '' . IGN . News Corporation . Archived from the original on 13 July 2011 . Retrieved 21 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Answer Man '' . rogerebert.com . Archived from the original on 30 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` MovieWeb. com 's News for 23 September 2003 , last retrieved on 5 August 2006 '' . Movieweb.com . Archived from the original on 26 July 2008 . Retrieved 30 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Patrizio , Andy ( 8 December 2004 ) . `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( Special Extended Edition ) '' . IGN . News Corporation . Archived from the original on 13 July 2011 . Retrieved 21 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings Trilogy Hits Blu - ray April 6 ! '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on 16 December 2009 . Retrieved 13 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Lord of the Rings ' Extended Edition Heads To Blu - Ray '' . MTV . Archived from the original on 11 March 2011 . Retrieved 11 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Dellamorte , Andre ( 20 June 2011 ) . `` The Lord of the Rings : The Motion Picture Trilogy : Extended Edition Blu - ray Review Archived 18 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine . '' . Collider.com . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Fellowship of the Ring DVD box Jump up ^ Demosthenes ( 1 February 2014 ) . `` The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring coming soon in five - disc blu - ray steelbook format '' . theonering.net . Archived from the original on 26 October 2016 . Retrieved 26 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Palmer , Michael ( 29 August 2012 ) . `` The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring - Extended Edition '' . bluray.highdefdigest.com . Archived from the original on 27 October 2016 . Retrieved 26 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 23 October 2013 . Retrieved 31 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Two Towers ( 2002 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 20 October 2013 . Retrieved 31 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Return of the King ( 2003 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 14 October 2013 . Retrieved 31 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings Moviesat the Box Office ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 20 July 2014 . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 10 Most Successful Movie Trilogies Of All Time '' . therichest.com. 5 October 2015 . Archived from the original on 12 December 2015 . Retrieved 26 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings Total Grosses '' . boxofficemojo.com . Archived from the original on 20 August 2016 . Retrieved 26 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most Oscars won by a film '' . guinnessworldrecords.com . Archived from the original on 14 March 2016 . Retrieved 26 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Return of the King review at CalendarLive.com Archived 22 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine . by Kenneth Turan . Retrieved 5 August 2006 Jump up ^ Ringing Hollow bot = Brojam fix - attempted = yes ) ) by Sean Burns . Retrieved 15 February 2015 ^ Jump up to : `` The Fellowship of the Ring '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on 22 August 2012 . Retrieved 7 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Two Towers '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on 25 August 2012 . Retrieved 7 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Return of the King '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on 1 September 2012 . Retrieved 7 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on 9 January 2014 . Retrieved 5 December 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Two Towers ( 2002 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on 2 February 2013 . Retrieved 5 December 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Return of the King ( 2003 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on 9 January 2014 . Retrieved 5 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Dietz , Jason ( 3 January 2010 ) . `` Film Critics Pick the Best Movies of the Decade '' . metacritic.com . Archived from the original on 3 April 2016 . Retrieved 26 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Releases by Score '' . metacritic.com . Archived from the original on 17 July 2016 . Retrieved 26 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cinemascore '' . Cinemascore.com . Archived from the original on 19 January 2015 . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ James Berardinelli . `` Berardinelli 's All - Time Top 100 '' . Reelviews . Retrieved 16 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Susan Wloszczyna ( 2 July 2007 ) . `` Hollywood highlights : 25 movies with real impact '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on 7 July 2007 . Retrieved 3 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Geier , Thom ; Jensen , Jeff ; Jordan , Tina ; Lyons , Margaret ; Markovitz , Adam ; Nashawaty , Chris ; Pastorek , Whitney ; Rice , Lynette ; Rottenberg , Josh ; Schwartz , Missy ; Slezak , Michael ; Snierson , Dan ; Stack , Tim ; Stroup , Kate ; Tucker , Ken ; Vary , Adam B. ; Vozick - Levinson , Simon ; Ward , Kate ( 11 December 2009 ) , `` THE 100 Greatest MOVIES , TV SHOWS , ALBUMS , BOOKS , CHARACTERS , SCENES , EPISODES , SONGS , DRESSES , MUSIC VIDEOS , AND TRENDS THAT ENTERTAINED US OVER THE PAST 10 YEARS '' . Entertainment Weekly . ( 1079 / 1080 ) : 74 - 84 Jump up ^ `` The 50 Best Movies of the Decade ( 2000 -- 2009 ) '' . Paste Magazine . 3 November 2009 . Archived from the original on 8 December 2011 . Retrieved 14 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( 29 December 2009 ) . `` The Lord of the Rings trilogy ( 2001 -- 03 ) -- Best Movies , TV , Books and Theater of the Decade '' . TIME . Archived from the original on 1 May 2011 . Retrieved 22 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The 33 Greatest Movie Trilogies - 1 . The Lord of the Rings - Empire '' . empireonline.com . Archived from the original on 22 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 29 March 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : McNamara , Mary ( 2 December 2010 ) . `` Critic 's Notebook : Can ' Harry Potter ' ever capture Oscar magic ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 7 December 2013 . Retrieved 3 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New York film critics honor ' Rings ' '' . MSNBC. 15 December 2003 . Archived from the original on 27 September 2012 . Retrieved 10 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Leo Grin . `` Tolkien Purists Strike Back ! '' . Archived from the original on 28 December 2007 . Retrieved 28 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings : the purist edition '' . Archived from the original on 22 September 2007 . Retrieved 28 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Akers - Jordan , Cathy ( 1 January 2005 ) . `` Fairy Princess or Tragic Heroine ? The Metamorphosis of Arwen Undomiel in Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings Films '' . In Croft , Janet Brennan . Tolkien on Film : Essays on Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings . Altadena : Mythopoeic Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 887726 - 09 - 2 . Jump up ^ Chance , Jane ( 1 January 2005 ) . `` Tolkien 's Women ( and Men ) : The Films and the Books '' . In Croft , Janet Brennan . Tolkien on Film : Essays on Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings . Altadena : Mythopoeic Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 887726 - 09 - 2 . Jump up ^ Gaydosik , Victoria ( 1 January 2005 ) . `` The Transformation of Tolkien 's Arwen and the Abandonment of the Psyche Archetype : The Lord of the Rings on the Page and on the Screen '' . In Croft , Janet Brennan . Tolkien on Film : Essays on Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings . Altadena : Mythopoeic Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 887726 - 09 - 2 . Jump up ^ Thum , Maureen ( 1 January 2005 ) . `` The `` Sub-Subcreation '' of Galadriel , Arwen , and Éowyn : Tolkien 's Women and The Lord of the Rings `` . In Croft , Janet Brennan . Tolkien on Film : Essays on Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings . Altadena : Mythopoeic Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 887726 - 09 - 2 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Philip Irving . `` A Beginner 's Guide to Tolkien Criticism '' . Dallas Baptist University . Archived from the original on 30 April 2012 . Retrieved 24 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Select Bibliography of Works about John Ronald Reuel Tolkien ( 1892 -- 1973 ) '' . St. Bonaventure University . Archived from the original on 17 June 2013 . Retrieved 24 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Croft , Janet Brennan . `` Anticipation and Flattening in Peter Jackson 's The Fellowship of the Ring '' . faculty-staff.ou.edu . University of Oklahoma . Archived from the original on 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 11 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Kirst , Sean . `` Tolkien Scholar Stings `` Rings '' Films . '' Review of The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring and The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers . First published in the Syracuse Post-Standard , 4 February 2003 . May be accessed here `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 15 . in full , last retrieved 15 September 2006 Jump up ^ Crowe , Joe ( 21 November 2005 ) . `` Tolkien on Film : Review '' . RevolutionSF . Archived from the original on 29 November 2009 . Retrieved 23 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Timmons , Dan ( 1 January 2005 ) . `` Frodo on Film : Peter Jackson 's Problematic Portrayal '' . In Croft , Janet Brennan . Tolkien on Film : Essays on Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings . Altadena : Mythopoeic Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 887726 - 09 - 2 . Jump up ^ Wiggins , Kayla McKinney ( 1 January 2005 ) . `` The Epic Hero and the Little Man '' . In Croft , Janet Brennan . Tolkien on Film : Essays on Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings . Altadena : Mythopoeic Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 887726 - 09 - 2 . Jump up ^ Rutledge , Fleming ( 2004 ) . The Battle for Middle - Earth : Tolkien 's Divine Design in The Lord of the Rings . William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company . p. 176 , note 39 . ISBN 0 - 8028 - 2497 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : `` 5th Anniversary of TTT release ( Archive ) - The Barrow - Downs Discussion Forum '' . Forum.barrowdowns.com. 18 December 2007 . Archived from the original on 8 July 2013 . Retrieved 16 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Croft , Jannet Brennan ( 1 January 2005 ) . `` Mithril Coats and Tin Ears : ' Anticipation ' and ' Flattening ' in Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings Trilogy '' . In Croft , Janet Brennan . Tolkien on Film : Essays on Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings . Altadena : Mythopoeic Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 887726 - 09 - 2 . Jump up ^ Biography for Christopher Lee on IMDb Jump up ^ `` 20 Questions with Peter Jackson . Last retrieved 16 September 2006 '' . Members.tripod.com . Retrieved 30 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lord of the Rings Movies -- Complete List of Film Changes -- Overview -- The Hobbit , The Lord of the Rings , and Tolkien -- The One Ring -- The Home of Tolkien Online '' . Theonering.com . Archived from the original on 17 July 2011 . Retrieved 30 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Encyclopedia of Arda '' . Glyphweb.com . Archived from the original on 29 April 2010 . Retrieved 30 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Bratman , David ( 1 January 2005 ) . `` Summa Jacksonica : A Reply to Defenses of Peter Jackson 's Lord of the Rings films , after St. Thomas Aquinas '' . In Croft , Janet Brennan . Tolkien on Film : Essays on Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings . Altadena : Mythopoeic Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 887726 - 09 - 2 . It 's Jackson 's vision , not Tolkien 's ... The perfect film would have been 40 hours long . Jump up ^ Kellner , Douglas ( 2006 ) . `` The Lord of the Rings as Allegory : A Multiperspectivist Reading '' . In Matthijs , Ernest ; Pomerance , Murray . From Hobbits to Hollywood : Essays on Peter Jackson 's Lord of the Rings . Amsterdam : Editions Rodopi . pp. 21 , 23 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 420 - 1682 - 8 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Kristin ( 2006 ) . `` Tolkien on Film : Essays on Peter Jackson 's ' The Lord of the Rings ' ( review ) '' . Tolkien Studies . 3 : 222 -- 228 . doi : 10.1353 / tks. 2006.0035 . ^ Jump up to : Rérolle , Raphaëlle ( 5 July 2012 ) . `` Tolkien , l'anneau de la discorde '' . Le Monde . Retrieved 4 August 2012 . Ils ont éviscéré le livre , en en faisant un film d'action pour les 15 -- 25 ans . Et il paraît que Le Hobbit sera du même acabit . ( ... ) Tolkien est devenu un monstre , dévoré par sa popularité et absorbé par l'absurdité de l'époque . Le fossé qui s'est creusé entre la beauté , le sérieux de l'œuvre , et ce qu'elle est devenue , tout cela me dépasse . Un tel degré de commercialisation réduit à rien la portée esthétique et philosophique de cette création . Il ne me reste qu'une seule solution : tourner la tête . Jump up ^ Gilsdorf , Ethan ( 16 November 2003 ) . `` Lord of the Gold Ring '' . The Boston Globe . Archived from the original on 27 August 2006 . Retrieved 16 June 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Feud over ' Rings ' movie splits Tolkien family '' . The New Zealand Herald . 3 December 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Tolkien 's son denies rift '' . BBC News . 7 December 2001 . Archived from the original on 15 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` My Father 's `` Eviscerated '' `` . Worldcrunch.com. 5 December 2012 . Archived from the original on 10 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NZer of the year : Peter Jackson '' . The New Zealand Herald . 29 December 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Tourism in New Zealand '' . Archived from the original on 20 November 2005 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand , Home of Middle - earth '' . The New Zealand Herald . Archived from the original on 10 August 2006 . Jump up ^ Bruce Hopkins ( 8 October 2008 ) . `` New Zealand actors settle out of court with New Line '' . TheOneRing.net . Archived from the original on 11 October 2008 . Retrieved 9 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Benjamin Svetkey ( 4 October 2007 ) . `` ' The Hobbit ' : Peace in Middle - Earth ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on 5 October 2007 . Retrieved 5 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` J.R.R. Tolkien Trust Sues New Line Cinema for Portion of ' Lord of the Rings ' Profits '' . findlaw.com . Archived from the original on 23 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Alex Viega ( 12 February 2008 ) . `` Tolkien Estate Sues New Line Cinema '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 17 April 2008 . Retrieved 3 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` No punitive damages in Rings case '' . BBC News . 26 September 2008 . Archived from the original on 29 September 2008 . Retrieved 27 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Alex Dobuzinskis ( 8 September 2009 ) . `` Legal settlement clears way for `` Hobbit '' movie `` . Reuters . Archived from the original on 11 September 2009 . Retrieved 8 September 2009 . The Hollywood studio behind a film based on ' The Hobbit ' and trustees for author J.R.R. Tolkien 's estate said on Tuesday they had settled a lawsuit that clears the way for what is expected to be a blockbuster movie based on the book . Jump up ^ `` The Hobbit Worldwide Release Dates '' . thehobbit.com . Archived from the original on 15 December 2012 . Retrieved 31 December 2012 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( 31 August 2012 ) . `` Third ' Hobbit ' Film Sets Release Date '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 2 September 2012 . Retrieved 31 August 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Lord of the Rings ( movies ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Lord of the Rings film trilogy . Official site of the films The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit film series The Lord of the Rings Films The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Music The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King `` Aníron '' `` Concerning Hobbits '' `` Into the West '' `` May It Be '' `` A Walking Song '' Production Original characters ( Figwit ) Production design Principal photography Special effects Accolades The Exhibition Gollum : How We Made Movie Magic The Long and Short of It The Hobbit Films An Unexpected Journey The Desolation of Smaug The Battle of the Five Armies Production Original characters Tauriel Music `` I See Fire '' Accolades Video games The Two Towers The Return of the King The Third Age The Third Age ( GBA ) Tactics The Battle for Middle - earth The Battle for Middle - earth II The Battle for Middle - earth II : The Rise of the Witch - king Conquest Aragorn 's Quest War in the North Lego The Lord of the Rings Guardians of Middle - earth Lego The Hobbit Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Middle - earth in film Middle - earth Enterprises Animated films The Hobbit ( 1977 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 ) The Return of the King ( 1980 ) Live - action films Sagan om ringen ( 1971 ) The Hobbit ( 1985 ) Hobitit ( 1993 ) Peter Jackson series The Lord of the Rings The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Two Towers ( 2002 ) The Return of the King ( 2003 ) The Hobbit An Unexpected Journey ( 2012 ) The Desolation of Smaug ( 2013 ) The Battle of the Five Armies ( 2014 ) Fan films The Hunt for Gollum ( 2009 ) Born of Hope ( 2009 ) Book J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Production and reception Composition Themes Influences Translations Russian Swedish Reception Fandom Study Related works The Hobbit The Adventures of Tom Bombadil The Road Goes Ever On The Silmarillion Unfinished Tales The History of Middle - earth The History of The Lord of the Rings Bilbo 's Last Song The Children of Húrin The History of The Hobbit The Tale of Beren and Lúthien Characters Aragorn Arwen Bilbo Boromir Butterbur Celeborn Ceorl Denethor Elladan and Elrohir Elrond Éomer Éowyn Faramir Frodo Galadriel Gandalf Gildor Gimli Glorfindel Gollum Legolas Merry Mouth of Sauron Old Man Willow Pippin Radagast Sam Saruman Sauron Shelob Théoden Tom Bombadil Treebeard Witch - king Wormtongue Adaptations and other derivative works Books Bored of the Rings ( 1969 ) The Last Ringbearer ( 1999 ) Muddle Earth ( 2003 ) Theatre Fellowship ! ( 2005 ) Lord of the Rings ( 2006 ) Radio The Lord of the Rings ( 1955 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1979 ) Hordes of the Things ( 1980 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1981 ) Der Herr der Ringe ( 1992 ) Film Animated The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 ) The Return of the King ( 1980 ) Peter Jackson series The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Fan - made The Hunt for Gollum ( 2009 ) Born of Hope ( 2009 ) Video games Journey to Rivendell Game One Game Two : Shadows of Mordor War in Middle Earth Vol . I ( 1990 ) Vol . I ( SNES ) Riders of Rohan Elendor Volume II The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King War of the Ring The Third Age The Battle for Middle - earth Tactics The Battle for Middle - earth II The Rise of the Witch - king The Lord of the Rings Online Mines of Moria Siege of Mirkwood Rise of Isengard Riders of Rohan Helm 's Deep Conquest Aragorn 's Quest War in the North Lego The Lord of the Rings Guardians of Middle - earth Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Middle - earth : Shadow of War Tabletop role - playing games The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game Middle - earth Role Playing The One Ring Roleplaying Game Board games Middle Earth Lord of the Rings Risk : The Lord of the Rings Trilogy Edition War of the Ring Other games The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game The Lord of the Rings : The Card Game The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game Middle - earth Collectible Card Game Toys Middle - earth Lego sets Peter Jackson Films directed Bad Taste ( 1987 ) Meet the Feebles ( 1989 ) Braindead ( 1992 ) Heavenly Creatures ( 1994 ) The Frighteners ( 1996 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) King Kong ( 2005 ) The Lovely Bones ( 2009 ) The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey ( 2012 ) The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug ( 2013 ) The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies ( 2014 ) Other films The Valley ( 1976 ) Forgotten Silver ( 1995 ) Crossing the Line ( 2008 ) Produced only Valley of the Stereos ( 1992 ) Jack Brown Genius ( 1997 , also writer ) District 9 ( 2009 ) The Adventures of Tintin ( 2011 ) West of Memphis ( 2012 ) Mortal Engines ( 2018 , also writer ) Companies WingNut Films Weta Workshop Weta Digital Park Road Post Related The Lord of the Rings ( film series ) The Hobbit ( film series ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)&oldid=826246643 '' Categories : English - language films The Lord of the Rings ( film series ) Adventure films by series American epic films American films Fictional - language films Film series High fantasy films New Zealand films New Line Cinema films Film series introduced in 2001 2000s fantasy films Films directed by Peter Jackson Films released in separate parts American fantasy adventure films Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from January 2016 Use British English from January 2013 Interlanguage link template link number Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Føroyskt Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 February 2018 , at 02 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Lord%20of%20the%20Rings%20%28film%20series%29
| 2,004 |
||
what sport will debut at the 2018winter olympics
|
The 2018 Winter Olympics featured 102 events in 15 sports , making it the first Winter Olympics to surpass 100 medal events . Six new events in existing sports were introduced to the Winter Olympic program in Pyeongchang , including men 's and ladies ' big air snowboarding , mixed doubles curling , men 's and ladies ' mass start speed skating , and mixed team alpine skiing .
|
2018 Winter Olympics
|
2018 winter olympics
|
The 2018 Winter Olympics , officially known as the XXIII Olympic Winter Games ( Korean : 제 23 회 동계 올림픽 , translit . Jeisipsamhoe Donggye Ollimpik ) and commonly known as PyeongChang 2018 , was an international winter multi-sport event held between 9 and 25 February 2018 in Pyeongchang County , Gangwon Province , South Korea , with the opening rounds for certain events held on 8 February 2018 , the eve of the opening ceremony . Pyeongchang was elected as the host city in July 2011 , during the 123rd IOC Session in Durban , South Africa . This was the first time that South Korea had hosted the Winter Olympics and the second Olympics held in the country overall , after the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul . It was the third time that an East Asian country had hosted the Winter Games , after Sapporo ( 1972 ) and Nagano ( 1998 ) , both in Japan . It was also the first of three consecutive Olympics to be held in East Asia , the other two being the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo and the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing .
|
The Games featured 102 events in fifteen sports , with the addition of `` big air '' snowboarding , mass start speed skating , mixed doubles curling , and mixed team alpine skiing to the Winter Olympic programme . 2,914 athletes from 92 NOCs competed , including the debuts of Ecuador , Eritrea , Kosovo , Malaysia , Nigeria and Singapore . After a state - sponsored doping program was exposed following the 2014 Winter Olympics , the Russian Olympic Committee was suspended , and selected athletes were allowed to compete neutrally under the IOC designation of `` Olympic Athletes from Russia '' . Despite tense relations , North Korea agreed to participate in the Games , enter with South Korea during the opening ceremony as a unified Korea , and field a unified team in women 's ice hockey . Norway led the total medal tally with 39 , followed by Germany 's 31 and Canada 's 29 . Germany and Norway were tied for the most gold medals won ; both won fourteen golds . Host nation South Korea won seventeen medals , their highest medal haul at a Winter Olympics , five of which were gold . Contents ( hide ) 1 Bidding and election 2 Development and preparation 2.1 Medals 2.2 Torch relay 2.3 Venues 2.3. 1 Pyeongchang ( mountain cluster ) 2.3. 2 Gangneung ( coastal cluster ) 2.4 Ticketing 3 The Games 3.1 Opening ceremony 3.2 Sports 3.3 Participating National Olympic Committees 3.3. 1 Number of athletes by National Olympic Committee 3.4 Event scheduling 3.5 Calendar 3.6 Medal table 3.7 Podium sweeps 3.8 Records 3.9 Closing ceremony 4 Broadcasting 5 Marketing 5.1 Branding 5.2 Mascots 5.3 Video games 5.4 Sponsors 6 Concerns and controversies 6.1 North Korean relations 6.2 Russian doping 6.3 National Hockey League 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Bidding and election ( edit ) Main article : Bids for the 2018 Winter Olympics Pyeongchang bid to host both the 2010 and 2014 Winter Olympics , but lost in the final rounds of voting to Vancouver and Sochi respectively . Munich also launched a bid to host these Games . Prior to Beijing 's successful 2022 Winter Olympics bid , Munich would have become the first city to host both the Winter and the Summer Games , having previously hosted the 1972 Summer Olympics , but received only 25 votes . Annecy ( in southeastern France ) launched their own bid , which failed to secure public support from the local citizens . Their bid ended up receiving seven votes . Pyeongchang was elected as the host city at the 123rd IOC Session in Durban in 2011 , earning the necessary majority of at least 48 votes in just one round of voting , more votes than its competitors combined . With this , Pyeongchang became the third Asian city to host the Winter Games ; the first two were in Japan , at Sapporo ( 1972 ) and Nagano ( 1998 ) . 2018 Winter Olympics bidding results City Nation Votes Pyeongchang South Korea 63 Munich Germany 25 Annecy France 7 Development and preparation ( edit ) Pyeongchang Location in South Korea On 5 August 2011 , the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) announced the formation of the Pyeongchang 2018 Coordination Commission . On 4 October 2011 , it was announced that the Organizing Committee for the 2018 Winter Olympics would be headed by Kim Jin - sun . The Pyeongchang Organizing Committee for the 2018 Olympic & Paralympic Winter Games ( POCOG ) was launched at its inaugural assembly on 19 October 2011 . The first tasks of the organizing committee were putting together a master plan for the Games as well as forming a design for the venues . The IOC Coordination Commission for the 2018 Winter Olympics made their first visit to Pyeongchang in March 2012 . By then , construction was already underway on the Olympic Village . In June 2012 , construction began on a high - speed rail line that would connect Pyeongchang to Seoul . The International Paralympic Committee met for an orientation with the Pyeongchang 2018 organizing committee in July 2012 . Then - IOC President Jacques Rogge visited Pyeongchang for the first time in February 2013 . The Pyeongchang Organizing Committee for the 2018 Olympic & Paralympic Winter Games created Pyeongchang WINNERS in 2014 by recruiting university students living in South Korea to spread awareness of the Olympic Games through social networking services and news articles . 2018 Olympics gold medal 2018 Winter Olympics torch Medals ( edit ) The Games ' medal designs were unveiled on 21 September 2017 . Designed by Lee Suk - woo , they feature a pattern of diagonal ridges on both sides , with the front including the Olympic rings , and the obverse featuring the Games ' emblem , the event name and the discipline . The edge of the medals features extrusions of hangul alphabets , while the ribbons are made from a traditional South Korean textile . Torch relay ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Winter Olympics torch relay The torch relay started on 24 October 2017 in Greece and ended at the start of the Olympics on 9 February 2018 . On 1 November 2017 the relay entered Korea . The relay lasted 101 days . There were 7,500 torch bearers to represent the Korean population of 75 million people . There were also 2,018 support runners to guard the torch and act as messengers . The torch and its bearers traveled by a diverse means of transportation , including by turtle ship in Hansando Island , sailboat on the Baengmagang River in Buyeo , marine cable car in Yeosu , zip - wire over Bamseom Island , steam train in the Gokseong Train Village , marine rail bike along the east coast in Samcheok , and by yacht in Busan Metropolitan City . There were also robot torch relays in Jeju and Daejeon . Venues ( edit ) Olympic venues 2018 Main article : Venues of the 2018 Winter Olympics and Paralympics Dragon Valley ( Alpensia ) Ski Resort Most of the outdoor snow events were held in the county of Pyeongchang , while the downhill , combined and super-G events in the Alpine skiing were held in the neighboring county of Jeongseon . The indoor ice events were held in Pyeongchang 's neighboring city of Gangneung . Pyeongchang ( mountain cluster ) ( edit ) The Alpensia Sports Park in Daegwallyeong - myeon , Pyeongchang , was the focus of the 2018 Winter Olympics . It was home to the Olympic Stadium , the Olympic Village and most of the outdoor sports venues . Alpensia Ski Jumping Centre -- ski jumping , Nordic combined , snowboarding ( big air ) Alpensia Biathlon Centre -- biathlon Alpensia Cross-Country Skiing Centre -- cross-country skiing , Nordic combined Alpensia Sliding Centre -- luge , bobsleigh , skeleton Yongpyong Alpine Centre -- alpine skiing ( slalom , giant slalom ) Additionally , a stand - alone outdoor sports venue was located in Bongpyeong - myeon , Pyeongchang : Phoenix Snow Park -- freestyle skiing , snowboarding Another stand - alone outdoor sports venue was located in Pyeongchang 's neighboring county of Jeongseon : Jeongseon Alpine Centre -- alpine skiing ( downhill , super-G , combined ) Gangneung ( coastal cluster ) ( edit ) The Gangneung Olympic Park in the city of Gangneung includes four indoor sports venues , all in close proximity to one another . Gangneung Hockey Centre -- ice hockey ( men 's competition ) Gangneung Curling Centre -- curling Gangneung Oval -- long track speed skating Gangneung Ice Arena -- short track speed skating , figure skating Additionally , a stand - alone indoor sports venue was located in the grounds of Catholic Kwandong University . Kwandong Hockey Centre -- ice hockey ( women 's competition ) Ticketing ( edit ) Ticket prices for the 2018 Winter Olympics were announced in April 2016 and tickets went on sale in October 2016 . Event tickets ranged in price from ₩ 20,000 ( approx . US $ 17 ) to ₩ 900,000 ( ~ US $776 ) while tickets for the opening and closing ceremonies ranged from ₩ 220,000 ( ~ US $190 ) to ₩ 1.5 million ( ~ US $1293 ) . The exact prices were determined through market research ; around 50 % of the tickets were expected to cost about ₩ 80,000 ( ~ US $69 ) or less , and tickets in sports that are relatively unknown in the region , such as biathlon and luge , were made cheaper in order to encourage attendance . By contrast , figure skating and the men 's ice hockey gold - medal game carried the most expensive tickets of the Games . As of 11 October 2017 , domestic ticket sales for the Games were reported to be slow . Of the 750,000 seats allocated to South Koreans , only 20.7 % had been sold . International sales were more favorable , with 59.7 % of the 320,000 allocated tickets sold . However , as of 31 January 2018 , 77 % of all tickets had been sold . The Games ( edit ) Parade of Nations at 2018 Olympic Opening Ceremony Opening ceremony ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Winter Olympics opening ceremony The opening ceremony of the 2018 Winter Olympics was held at the Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium on 9 February 2018 ; the US $100 million facility was only intended to be used for the opening and closing ceremonies of these Olympics and the subsequent Paralympics , and is scheduled to be demolished following their conclusion . Sports ( edit ) The 2018 Winter Olympics featured 102 events in 15 sports , making it the first Winter Olympics to surpass 100 medal events . Six new events in existing sports were introduced to the Winter Olympic program in Pyeongchang , including men 's and ladies ' big air snowboarding , mixed doubles curling , men 's and ladies ' mass start speed skating , and mixed team alpine skiing . Alpine skiing ( 11 ) ( details ) Biathlon ( 11 ) ( details ) Bobsleigh ( 3 ) ( details ) Cross-country skiing ( 12 ) ( details ) Curling ( 3 ) ( details ) Figure skating ( 5 ) ( details ) Freestyle skiing ( 10 ) ( details ) Ice hockey ( 2 ) ( details ) Luge ( 4 ) ( details ) Nordic combined ( 3 ) ( details ) Short track speed skating ( 8 ) ( details ) Skeleton ( 2 ) ( details ) Ski jumping ( 4 ) ( details ) Snowboarding ( 10 ) ( details ) Speed skating ( 14 ) ( details ) Numbers in parentheses indicate the number of medal events contested in each sport . Participating National Olympic Committees ( edit ) A total of 92 teams qualified at least one athlete to compete in the Games . The number of athletes who qualified per country is listed in the table below ( number of athletes shown in parentheses ) . Six nations made their Winter Olympics debut : Ecuador , Eritrea , Kosovo , Malaysia , Nigeria and Singapore . Athletes from three further countries -- the Cayman Islands , Dominica and Peru -- qualified to compete , but all three National Olympic Committees returned the quota spots back to the International Ski Federation ( FIS ) . Under an historic agreement facilitated by the IOC , qualified athletes from North Korea were allowed to cross the Korean Demilitarized Zone into South Korea to compete in the Games . The two nations marched together under the Korean Unification Flag during the opening ceremony . A unified Korean team , consisting of 12 players from North Korea and 23 from South Korea , competed in the women 's ice hockey tournament under a special IOC country code designation ( COR ) following talks in Panmunjom on 17 January 2018 . The two nations also participated separately : the South Korea team competed in every sport and the North Korea team competed in alpine skiing , cross-country skiing , figure skating and short track speed skating . See North Korea at the 2018 Winter Olympics for further details . On 5 December 2017 , the IOC announced that the Russian Olympic Committee had been suspended due to the Russian doping controversy and the investigation into the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi . Individual Russian athletes , who qualified and could demonstrate they had complied with the IOC 's doping regulations , were given the option to compete at the 2018 Games as `` Olympic Athletes from Russia '' ( OAR ) under the Olympic flag and with the Olympic anthem played at any ceremony . The participating countries at the Winter Olympics 2018 Debuting countries at the Winter Olympics ( hide ) Participating National Olympic Committees Albania ( 2 ) Andorra ( 5 ) Argentina ( 7 ) Armenia ( 3 ) Australia ( 50 ) Austria ( 105 ) Azerbaijan ( 1 ) Belarus ( 33 ) Belgium ( 22 ) Bermuda ( 1 ) Bolivia ( 2 ) Bosnia and Herzegovina ( 4 ) Brazil ( 9 ) Bulgaria ( 21 ) Canada ( 225 ) Chile ( 7 ) China ( 80 ) Chinese Taipei ( 4 ) Colombia ( 4 ) Croatia ( 19 ) Cyprus ( 1 ) Czech Republic ( 93 ) Denmark ( 17 ) East Timor ( 1 ) Ecuador ( 1 ) Eritrea ( 1 ) Estonia ( 22 ) Finland ( 100 ) France ( 106 ) Georgia ( 4 ) Germany ( 153 ) Ghana ( 1 ) Great Britain ( 58 ) Greece ( 4 ) Hong Kong ( 1 ) Hungary ( 19 ) Iceland ( 5 ) India ( 2 ) Iran ( 4 ) Ireland ( 5 ) Israel ( 10 ) Italy ( 120 ) Jamaica ( 3 ) Japan ( 124 ) Kazakhstan ( 46 ) Kenya ( 1 ) Korea ( 35 ) Kosovo ( 1 ) Kyrgyzstan ( 2 ) Latvia ( 34 ) Lebanon ( 3 ) Liechtenstein ( 3 ) Lithuania ( 9 ) Luxembourg ( 1 ) Macedonia ( 3 ) Madagascar ( 1 ) Malaysia ( 2 ) Malta ( 1 ) Mexico ( 4 ) Moldova ( 2 ) Monaco ( 4 ) Mongolia ( 2 ) Montenegro ( 3 ) Morocco ( 2 ) Netherlands ( 33 ) New Zealand ( 21 ) Nigeria ( 3 ) North Korea ( 10 ) Norway ( 109 ) Olympic Athletes from Russia ( 168 ) Pakistan ( 2 ) Philippines ( 2 ) Poland ( 62 ) Portugal ( 2 ) Puerto Rico ( 1 ) Romania ( 27 ) San Marino ( 1 ) Serbia ( 4 ) Singapore ( 1 ) Slovakia ( 56 ) Slovenia ( 71 ) South Africa ( 1 ) South Korea ( 122 ) ( host nation ) Spain ( 13 ) Sweden ( 116 ) Switzerland ( 166 ) Thailand ( 4 ) Togo ( 1 ) Tonga ( 1 ) Turkey ( 8 ) Ukraine ( 33 ) United States ( 241 ) Uzbekistan ( 2 ) NOCs that participated in 2014 , but not in 2018 . NOCs that participated in 2018 , but not in 2014 . British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Dominica Nepal Paraguay Peru Russia Tajikistan Venezuela Virgin Islands Zimbabwe Bolivia Colombia Ecuador Eritrea Ghana Kenya Korea Kosovo Madagascar Malaysia Nigeria North Korea Olympic Athletes from Russia Puerto Rico Singapore South Africa Number of athletes by National Olympic Committee ( edit ) ( show ) IOC Code Country Athletes USA United States 242 CAN Canada 225 SUI Switzerland 169 OAR Olympic Athletes from Russia 168 GER Germany 156 JPN Japan 124 KOR South Korea 122 ITA Italy 122 SWE Sweden 116 NOR Norway 109 FRA France 107 FIN Finland 106 AUT Austria 105 CZE Czech Republic 95 CHN China 80 SLO Slovenia 71 POL Poland 62 GBR Great Britain 58 SVK Slovakia 56 AUS Australia 50 KAZ Kazakhstan 46 COR Korea 35 LAT Latvia 34 NED Netherlands 33 BLR Belarus 33 UKR Ukraine 33 ROU Romania 27 EST Estonia 22 BEL Belgium 22 BUL Bulgaria 21 NZL New Zealand 20 CRO Croatia 19 HUN Hungary 19 DEN Denmark 17 ESP Spain 13 ISR Israel 10 PRK North Korea 10 BRA Brazil 9 LTU Lithuania 9 TUR Turkey 8 CHI Chile 7 ARG Argentina 7 AND Andorra 5 ISL Iceland 5 IRL Ireland 5 BIH Bosnia and Herzegovina COL Colombia GEO Georgia GRE Greece IRI Iran MEX Mexico MON Monaco SRB Serbia TPE Chinese Taipei THA Thailand ARM Armenia JAM Jamaica LBN Lebanon LIE Liechtenstein MKD Macedonia MNE Montenegro NGR Nigeria ALB Albania BOL Bolivia IND India KGZ Kyrgyzstan MAS Malaysia MDA Moldova MGL Mongolia MAR Morocco PAK Pakistan PHI Philippines POR Portugal UZB Uzbekistan AZE Azerbaijan BER Bermuda CYP Cyprus ECU Ecuador ERI Eritrea GHA Ghana HKG Hong Kong KEN Kenya KOS Kosovo LUX Luxembourg MAD Madagascar MLT Malta PUR Puerto Rico SMR San Marino SGP Singapore RSA South Africa TLS East Timor TGA Tonga TOG Togo Apart from the respective delegations , North Korea and South Korea formed a unified Korean women 's ice hockey team . Russian athletes participated as Olympic Athletes from Russia ( OAR ) if individually cleared by the IOC . Event scheduling ( edit ) To accommodate primetime broadcasts in the Americas , figure skating events were scheduled with morning start times ; figure skating in particular has typically been one of the most popular Winter Olympic sports among U.S. viewers . This scheduling practice had an impact on the events themselves , including skaters having to adjust to the modified schedule , as well as the attendance levels of the sessions themselves . Conversely , and somewhat controversially , eight of the eleven biathlon events were scheduled at night , making it necessary for competitors to ski and shoot under floodlights , with colder temperatures and blustery winds . Calendar ( edit ) See also : Chronological summary of the 2018 Winter Olympics All dates are KST ( UTC + 9 ) OC Opening ceremony Event competitions Event finals EG Exhibition gala CC Closing ceremony February 8th Thu 9th Fri 10th Sat 11th Sun 12th Mon 13th Tue 14th Wed 15th Thu 16th Fri 17th Sat 18th Sun 19th Mon 20th Tue 21st Wed 22nd Thu 23rd Fri 24th Sat 25th Sun Events Ceremonies OC CC N / A Alpine skiing 11 Biathlon 11 Bobsleigh Cross-country skiing 12 Curling Figure skating EG 5 Freestyle skiing 10 Ice hockey Luge Nordic combined Short track speed skating 8 Skeleton Ski jumping Snowboarding 10 Speed skating 14 Daily medal events 0 0 5 6 7 8 9 7 9 6 5 7 10 8 102 Cumulative total 0 0 5 11 18 26 30 39 46 55 61 64 69 76 86 90 98 102 February 8th Thu 9th Fri 10th Sat 11th Sun 12th Mon 13th Tue 14th Wed 15th Thu 16th Fri 17th Sat 18th Sun 19th Mon 20th Tue 21st Wed 22nd Thu 23rd Fri 24th Sat 25th Sun Total events Medal table ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Winter Olympics medal table * Host nation ( South Korea ) Rank NOC Gold Silver Bronze Total Norway ( NOR ) 14 14 11 39 Germany ( GER ) 14 10 7 31 Canada ( CAN ) 11 8 10 29 United States ( USA ) 9 8 6 23 5 Netherlands ( NED ) 8 6 6 20 6 Sweden ( SWE ) 7 6 14 7 South Korea ( KOR ) * 5 8 17 8 Switzerland ( SUI ) 5 6 15 9 France ( FRA ) 5 6 15 10 Austria ( AUT ) 5 6 14 11 Japan ( JPN ) 5 13 12 Italy ( ITA ) 5 10 13 Olympic Athletes from Russia ( OAR ) 6 9 17 14 Czech Republic ( CZE ) 7 15 Belarus ( BLR ) 0 16 China ( CHN ) 6 9 17 Slovakia ( SVK ) 0 18 Finland ( FIN ) 6 19 Great Britain ( GBR ) 0 5 20 Poland ( POL ) 0 21 Hungary ( HUN ) 0 0 Ukraine ( UKR ) 0 0 23 Australia ( AUS ) 0 24 Slovenia ( SLO ) 0 25 Belgium ( BEL ) 0 0 26 Spain ( ESP ) 0 0 New Zealand ( NZL ) 0 0 28 Kazakhstan ( KAZ ) 0 0 Latvia ( LAT ) 0 0 Liechtenstein ( LIE ) 0 0 Total ( 30 NOCs ) 103 102 102 307 Podium sweeps ( edit ) Three podium sweeps were recorded during the Games . Date Sport Event NOC Gold Silver Bronze Ref 10 February Speed skating Women 's 3000 metres Netherlands Carlijn Achtereekte Ireen Wüst Antoinette de Jong 11 February Cross-country skiing Men 's 30 km skiathlon Norway Simen Hegstad Krüger Martin Johnsrud Sundby Hans Christer Holund 20 February Nordic combined Individual large hill / 10 km Germany Johannes Rydzek Fabian Rießle Eric Frenzel Records ( edit ) Main article : World and Olympic records set at the 2018 Winter Olympics Noriaki Kasai of Japan became the first athlete in history to participate in eight Winter Olympics when he took part in the ski jumping qualification the day before the opening of the Games . The previous record of seven Winter Olympics was held by Russian luger Albert Demchenko . American Nathan Chen became the first figure skater to land five quadruple jumps in one program . German figure skaters Aliona Savchenko and Bruno Massot set a new ISU best free skating score of 159.31 in pair skating . Canadian figure skaters Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir set a new ISU best short dance score of 83.67 and a new ISU best combined total score of 206.07 in ice dance . French ice dancers Gabriella Papadakis and Guillaume Cizeron set a new ISU best free dance score of 123.35 . Russian figure skater Alina Zagitova set a new ISU best short program score of 82.92 in Ladies ' single skating . Dutch speed skater Sven Kramer won gold in the men 's 5000m event , becoming the only male speed skater to win the same Olympic event three times . He was also the first man to win a total of eight Olympic medals in speed skating . Dutch speed skater Ireen Wüst won an individual gold medal for the fourth Olympics in a row , the first time this had been achieved by a Winter Olympian . She also became the first speed skater ( male or female ) to win ten Winter Olympic medals and the first female Winter Olympian to win nine individual medals . Chinese short track speed skater Wu Dajing beat the men 's 500m world record twice en route to winning a gold medal , becoming only the second person in history to skate the discipline in under 40 seconds ( after American J.R. Celski ) , and the first to achieve this at `` sea level '' . Dutch athlete Jorien ter Mors became the first female athlete to win Olympic medals in two different sports at a single Winter Games ; she won a speed skating gold medal in the 1000 meters and she was also part of the Dutch short track team that won bronze in the 3000 metre relay . Ester Ledecká of the Czech Republic won gold in the skiing super-G event and another gold in the snowboarding parallel giant slalom , making her the first female athlete to win Olympic gold medals in two different sports at a single Winter Games . Norwegian cross-country skier Marit Bjørgen won bronze in the women 's team sprint and gold in the 30 kilometre classical event , bringing her total Olympic medal haul to fifteen , the most won by any athlete ( male or female ) in Winter Olympics history . The record was previously held by fellow Norwegian athlete Ole Einar Bjørndalen who has thirteen Olympic medals . Germany and Canada tied for gold in the two - man bobsleigh event , only the second time in history that two countries had tied for a gold medal in this particular event , the first time being in the 1998 Winter Olympics twenty years earlier . Norway won a total of 39 medals , setting a new record for the highest number of medals won at a single Winter Olympics . Their 39th medal was the gold won by cross-country skier Marit Bjørgen in the 30 km classical event . The record was previously held by the USA who won 37 medals in Vancouver in 2010 . Olympic cauldron in Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium Closing ceremony ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Winter Olympics closing ceremony The closing ceremony of the 2018 Winter Olympics was held at the Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium on 25 February 2018 , as Thomas Bach , the IOC president , declared the Games closed , and the cauldron extinguished . Broadcasting ( edit ) Main article : List of 2018 Winter Olympics broadcasters Broadcast rights to the 2018 Winter Olympics in some countries were already sold as part of long - term broadcast rights deals , including the Games ' local rightsholder SBS , which in July 2011 had extended its rights to the Olympics through to 2024 . SBS sub-licensed its rights to MBC and KBS . On 29 June 2015 , the IOC announced that Discovery Communications had acquired exclusive rights to the Olympics across all of Europe outside of Russia , from 2018 through to 2024 . Discovery 's pan-European Eurosport networks were promoted as the main rightsholder of the Games , but Discovery free - to - air channels such as DMAX in Spain , Kanal 5 in Sweden and TVNorge in Norway , were also involved . Discovery was required to sub-licence at least 100 hours of coverage to free - to - air broadcasters in each market ; some of these agreements required certain sports to be exclusive to Eurosport and its affiliated networks . The deal did not initially cover France due to France Télévisions ' rights , which run through to the 2020 Games . In the United Kingdom , Discovery held exclusive pay television rights under license from the BBC , in return for BBC sub-licencing the free - to - air rights to the 2022 and 2024 Olympics from Discovery . Despite the Russian team being formally banned from competing under its flag in Pyeongchang , Russian state broadcaster Channel One , and sports channel Match TV , still committed to covering the Games with a focus on Russian athletes . Russia was not affected by the Eurosport deal , due to a pre-existing contract held by a marketing agency which runs through to 2024 . In the United States , the Games were once again broadcast by NBCUniversal properties under a long - term contract . As U.S. Eastern Time is fourteen hours behind Pyeongchang , morning events naturally fell within traditional U.S. prime time hours ( 8 : 00 to 11 : 00 pm ) . This allowed NBC to broadcast its prime time coverage live in all U.S. time zones , rather than showing `` plausibly live '' delayed footage as they had in previous Olympics . As per previous Games , the ceremonies were still shown on TV via tape delay only , but NBC did , for the first time , offer live streaming of the opening ceremony online . Notably , figure skating events were deliberately scheduled for the morning in Pyeongchang to accommodate the network 's live broadcast to a peak U.S. audience in the evening . NHK and Olympic Broadcasting Services ( OBS ) once again filmed portions of the Games , including 90 hours of footage of selected events and the opening ceremonies , in high - dynamic - range 8K resolution video . In South Korea , ATSC 3.0 digital terrestrial television at 4K resolution was introduced in 2017 in time for the Olympics . In the U.S. , this footage was delivered in 4K by NBCUniversal parent Comcast to participating television providers , including its own Xfinity , as well as DirecTV and Dish Network . NBC 's Raleigh , North Carolina affiliate WRAL - TV also held demonstration viewings as part of its ATSC 3.0 test broadcasts . The 2018 Winter Olympics were also used to showcase 5G wireless technologies , as part of a collaboration between domestic wireless sponsor KT , and worldwide sponsor Intel . Several venues were outfitted with 5G networks to facilitate features such as live camera feeds from bobsleds , and multi-camera views from cross-country and figure skating events . These were offered as part of public demonstrations coordinated by KT and Intel . Marketing ( edit ) Branding ( edit ) The emblem for the Games was unveiled on 3 May 2013 . It is a stylized representation of the hangul letters ᄑ p and ᄎ ch , these being the initial sounds of 평창 Pyeongchang . The left - hand symbol is said to represent the Korean philosophical triad of heaven , earth and humanity ( Korean : 천지인 cheon - ji - in ) , and the right - hand symbol represents a crystal of ice . In the emblem and all official materials , Pyeongchang was stylized in CamelCase as `` PyeongChang '' , in order to alleviate potential confusion with Pyongyang , the similarly - named capital of neighbouring North Korea . Soohorang ( left ) and Bandabi ( right ) , respective mascots of 2018 Winter Olympics and Paralympics . Mascots ( edit ) Main article : Soohorang and Bandabi The official mascots of the 2018 Winter Olympics and Paralympics were unveiled on 2 June 2016 . The Olympic mascot , Soohorang ( Korean : 수 호랑 ) , is a white tiger . The mascot 's name is a portmanteau of `` Sooho '' , a Korean word for `` protection '' , and `` Rang '' which is derived both from the Korean word for `` tiger '' and from the name of a traditional Korean folk song originating from Gangwon Province . Tigers have a strong association with Korean culture and folklore . Video Games ( edit ) Intel Extreme Masters Season 12 -- Pyeongchang Tournament information Sport StarCraft II Location Pyeongchang , South Korea Administrator ( s ) Electronic Sports League Final positions Champions Scarlett Runner - up sOs ← Oakland 2017 Katowice 2018 → In June 2017 , Ubisoft announced that it would release an expansion pack for its winter sports video game Steep entitled Road to the Olympics , which features new game modes and content inspired by the 2018 Winter Olympics . In November 2017 , the IOC announced it would support and sponsor an Intel Extreme Masters StarCraft II tournament in Pyeongchang preceding the Games . Its support of the tournament as a de facto demonstration event came on the heels of a report by the IOC which recognized that eSports `` could be considered as a sporting activity '' . The tournament was won by Sasha `` Scarlett '' Hostyn of Canada ; she became the second North American pro to place first at a major StarCraft II tournament in South Korea , and the first woman to win a major tournament . Sponsors ( edit ) The 2018 Winter Olympics saw increasing granularity in official sponsorships for technology vendors ; Intel signed with the IOC to become part of its Worldwide Olympic Partner program , to promote 5G wireless technology , as well as broadcasting technology such as 360 - degree video and virtual reality . Alibaba Group was also named the official e-commerce and cloud services provider . These categories affected how the vendors were allowed to promote themselves within the context of the Olympics : Samsung could showcase VR experiences but only within the context of its own smartphones due to Intel 's sponsorship rights in relation to VR ; Alibaba could not promote Alipay due to Visa Inc. sponsorship rights ; and Intel could not promote end - user applications of 5G due to national sponsorship rights held by KT Corporation . Concerns and controversies ( edit ) Main article : Concerns and controversies at the 2018 Winter Olympics North Korean relations ( edit ) See also : North Korea -- South Korea relations and North Korea at the 2018 Winter Olympics Protesters at Gwanghwamun Plaza criticizing the game 's pro-North Korean measures , calling it the `` Pyongyang Olympics '' Due to the state of relations between North and South Korea , concerns were raised over the security of the 2018 Winter Olympics , especially in the wake of tensions over North Korean missile and nuclear tests . On 20 September 2017 , South Korean president Moon Jae - in stated that the country would ensure the security of the Games . The next day , Laura Flessel - Colovic , the French Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports , stated that France would pull out of the Games if the safety of its delegation could not be guaranteed . The next day , Austria and Germany raised similar concerns and also threatened to skip the Games . France later reaffirmed its participation . In early December 2017 , the United States Ambassador to the United Nations , Nikki Haley , told Fox News that it was an `` open question '' whether the United States was going to participate in the Games , citing security concerns in the region . However , days later the White House Press Secretary , Sarah Huckabee Sanders , stated that the United States would participate . In his New Year 's address on 1 January 2018 , North Korean leader Kim Jong - un proposed talks in Seoul over the country 's participation in the Games , which would be the first high - level talks between the North and South in over two years . Because of the talks , held on 9 January , North Korea agreed to field athletes in Pyeongchang . On 17 January 2018 , it was announced that North and South Korea had agreed to field a unified Korean women 's ice hockey team at the Games , and to enter together under a Korean Unification Flag during the opening ceremony . These moves were met with opposition in South Korea , including protests and online petitions ; critics argued that the government was attempting to use the Olympics to spread pro-North Korean sentiment , and that the unified hockey team would fail . A rap video entitled `` The Regret for Pyeongchang '' ( 평창 유감 ) , which echoed this criticism and called the event the `` Pyongyang Olympics '' , went viral in the country . Japan 's foreign affairs minister Tarō Kōno warned South Korea to be wary of North Korea 's `` charm offensive '' , and not to ease its pressure on the country . The South Korean President , Moon Jae - in , at the start of the Olympics shook hands with the sister of North Korean leader Kim Jong - un and a prominent figure of the regime , Kim Yo - jong . This marked the first time since the Korean War that a member of the ruling Kim dynasty had visited South Korea . In contrast , U.S. vice president Mike Pence met with Fred Warmbier ( father of Otto Warmbier , who had died after being released from captivity in North Korea ) and a group of North Korean defectors in Pyeongchang . American officials said that North Korea cancelled a meeting with Pence at the last minute . At the closing ceremony , North Korea sent general Kim Yong - chol as its delegate . His presence was met with hostility from South Korean conservatives , as there were allegations that he had a role in the ROKS Cheonan sinking and other past attacks . The Ministry of Unification stated that `` there is a limitation in pinpointing who was responsible for the incident . '' Although he is subject to sanctions , they did not affect his ability to visit the country for the Games . Russian doping ( edit ) Main articles : Doping in Russia , McLaren Report , Oswald Commission , Russia at the 2014 Winter Olympics § Doping scandal after Olympics , Russia at the 2016 Summer Olympics , and Olympic Athletes from Russia at the 2018 Winter Olympics Russia 's participation in the 2018 Winter Olympics was affected by the aftermath of its state - sponsored doping program . As a result , the IOC suspended the Russian Olympic Committee in December 2017 , although Russian athletes whitelisted by the IOC were allowed to compete neutrally under the OAR ( Olympic Athletes from Russia ) designation . The official sanctions imposed by the IOC included : the exclusion of Russian government officials from the Games ; the use of the Olympic Flag and Olympic Anthem in place of the Russian flag and anthem ; and the submission of a replacement logo for the OAR uniforms . By early January 2018 , the IOC had banned 43 Russian athletes from competing in the 2018 Winter Olympics and all future Olympic Games ( as part of the Oswald Commission ) . Of those athletes , 42 appealed against their bans to the Court of Arbitration for Sport ( CAS ) and 28 of the appeals were successful , but eleven of the athletes had their sanctions upheld due to the weight of evidence against them . The IOC stated that the court ruling did not prove that the 28 athletes were innocent and that they would not necessarily be invited to the 2018 Games . Three of the athletes who appealed are still awaiting their hearings . The eventual number of neutral Russian athletes that participated at the 2018 Games was 168 . These were selected from an original pool of 500 athletes that was put forward for consideration and , in order to receive an invitation to the Games , they were obliged to meet a number of pre-games conditions to rule out any possibility of doping . Russian president Vladimir Putin and other officials had signalled in the past that it would be a humiliation if Russian athletes were not allowed to compete under the Russian flag . However , there were never actually any official plans to boycott the 2018 Games and in late 2017 the Russian government agreed to allow their athletes to compete at the Games as individuals under a neutral designation . Despite this public show of co-operation , there were numerous misgivings voiced by leading Russian politicians , including a statement from Putin himself saying that he believed the United States had used its influence within the IOC to `` orchestrate the doping scandal '' . 86 % of the Russian population opposed participation at the Olympics under a neutral flag , and many Russian fans attended the Games wearing the Russian colours and chanting `` Russia ! '' in unison , in an act of defiance against the ban . The IOC 's decision was heavily criticized by Jack Robertson , primary investigator of the Russian doping program on behalf of the World Anti-Doping Agency ( WADA ) , in whose opinion the judgement was commercially and politically motivated . He argued that not only was doping rife amongst Russian athletes but that there was no sign of it being eradicated . The CAS decision to overturn the life bans of 28 Russian athletes and restore their medals was also fiercely criticised , by Olympic officials , IOC president Thomas Bach and whistleblower Grigory Rodchenkov 's lawyer . National hockey League ( edit ) For the first time since 1998 , the National Hockey League did not provide accommodations ( including a break in the season for all teams during the Olympics ) to allow its players to participate in the men 's ice hockey tournament . The NHL 's decision stemmed from their demands that the IOC cover the cost of insuring the NHL players who participated in the Games . Although the IOC did pay to insure NHL players in Sochi , the commission was unwilling to do so for Pyeongchang , and was concerned that the NHL 's demand could set a precedent for other professional sports bodies to follow . NHL Commissioner Gary Bettman added that a factor in the decision was that the IOC did not allow the NHL to promote the involvement of its players in the Olympics . The NHL secured the cooperation of the International Ice Hockey Federation and the IOC , who agreed to establish a blacklist forbidding national teams from nominating or accepting players under NHL contract to their Olympic rosters . Other leagues , such as the Swedish Hockey League , did not close during the games , but teams had to accept that some players took part in the games instead of the league . See also ( edit ) 2010s portal Olympics portal South Korea portal 2018 Winter Paralympics 2018 Summer Youth Olympics Winter Olympic Games Olympic Games International Olympic Committee List of IOC country codes Soohorang and Bandabi References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Boram , Kim ( 9 February 2018 ) . `` ( Olympics ) S. Korean speed skater Mo Tae - bum takes Olympic Oath '' . Yonhap News Agency . english.yonhapnews.co.kr . Archived from the original on 9 February 2018 . Retrieved 9 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Korean figure skater Kim Yuna lights Olympic cauldron '' . Reuters . uk.reuters.com. 9 February 2018 . Archived from the original on 9 February 2018 . Retrieved 9 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Who won team canada 's 29 medals in Pyeongchang '' . Jump up ^ `` Pyeongchang picked to host 2018 Winter Games '' . ESPN.com. 6 July 2011 . Archived from the original on 7 February 2018 . Retrieved 6 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Gross , Jenny ; Ramstad , Evan ( 7 July 2011 ) . `` South Korea Wins 2018 Olympic Bid '' . Wall Street Journal . ISSN 0099 - 9660 . Archived from the original on 6 February 2018 . Retrieved 6 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Longman , Jeré ; Sang - hun , Choe ( 6 July 2011 ) . `` 2018 Winter Games to Be Held in Pyeongchang , South Korea '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Archived from the original on 4 August 2017 . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Hersh , Philip ( 6 July 2011 ) . `` Pyeongchang wins 2018 Winter Olympics '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on 9 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gunilla Lindberg to Chair PyeongChang 2018 Coordination Commission '' . Archived from the original on 18 September 2011 . Retrieved 4 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Coordination Commissions '' . Olympic.org . Archived from the original on 31 August 2011 . Retrieved 8 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` PyeongChang 2018 Organizing Committee Launched '' . Archived from the original on 20 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` PyeongChang 2018 Praised '' . Gamesbids.com . Archived from the original on 14 June 2012 . Retrieved 8 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pyeongchang 2018 have `` good grasp of what is expected '' says Lindberg after first IOC Coordination Commission visit `` . Insidethegames.biz. 22 March 2012 . Archived from the original on 10 August 2012 . Retrieved 8 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Construction Begins on High - Speed Railway , Critical for PyeongChang 2018 Olympic Games '' . Gamesbids.com . Archived from the original on 19 June 2012 . Retrieved 8 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` IPC Orientates PyeongChang 2018 '' . Gamesbids.com . Archived from the original on 3 August 2012 . Retrieved 8 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pyeongchang 2018 on `` right track '' declares Rogge after first visit `` . Insidethegames.biz. 1 February 2013 . Archived from the original on 18 February 2014 . Retrieved 19 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pyeongchang 2018 recruits college student reporters : WINNERS '' . 18 June 2015 . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pyeongchang 2018 unveil Olympic Games medals '' . Inside the Games . 21 September 2017 . Archived from the original on 17 February 2018 . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Overview Olympic Torch Relay The Olympic Winter Games PyeongChang 2018 Torch Relay '' . PyeongChang Organizing Committee for the 2018 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games . Archived from the original on 30 January 2018 . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` PyeongChang 2018 Alpensia Resort and water park complete and full for summer season '' . Sportsfeatures.com . Archived from the original on 12 March 2012 . Retrieved 8 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pyeongchang2018 Volume 2 ( Sport and Venues ) '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 18 March 2012 . Retrieved 8 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pyeongchang 2018 move venue for Opening and Closing Ceremonies Winter Olympics 2018 '' . insidethegames.biz. 6 July 2012 . Archived from the original on 6 July 2012 . Retrieved 8 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pyeongchang 2018 reveal ticket prices for Winter Olympic Games '' . Archived from the original on 28 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PyeongChang Olympics ticket sales get icy reception '' . The Korea Herald . 11 October 2017 . Archived from the original on 7 November 2017 . Retrieved 7 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pyeongchang 2018 announce improved ticket sales for Olympics and Paralympics '' . Inside the Games . 21 January 2018 . Archived from the original on 24 January 2018 . Retrieved 24 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pyeongchang 2018 announce expected ticket sales for 100 % Olympics and Paralympics '' . Yonhap. 31 January 2018 . Archived from the original on 3 February 2018 . Retrieved 31 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Horwitz , Josh . `` South Korea 's $100 million Winter Olympics stadium will be used exactly four times '' . Quartz . Archived from the original on 9 February 2018 . Retrieved 7 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Olympic - Schedule , Results , Medals and News '' . Archived from the original on 7 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Winter Olympics : Big air , mixed curling among new 2018 events '' . BBC Sport . Archived from the original on 28 September 2015 . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 6 New National Olympic Committees Welcomed to Winter Olympics for the First Time '' . pyeongchang2018.com . Archived from the original on 5 February 2018 . Retrieved 4 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Winter Olympics Full Schedule '' . Bongo Exclusive. 10 February 2018 . Archived from the original on 12 February 2018 . Retrieved 11 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Qualification Systems for XXII Olympic Winter Games , PyeongChang 2018 Alpine skiing '' ( PDF ) . International Ski Federation ( FIS ) . 16 August 2017 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 9 December 2017 . Retrieved 20 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pyeongchang 2018 : Athletes to travel through demilitarised zone '' . BBC News . 18 May 2017 . Archived from the original on 20 May 2017 . Retrieved 8 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` North Korean skaters qualify for Pyeongchang 2018 '' . insidethegames.biz . Dunsar Media Company Limited . Archived from the original on 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Sang - Hun , Choe ( 8 January 2018 ) . `` North Korea to Send Athletes to Olympics in South Korea Breakthrough '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 9 January 2018 . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Koreas to march under single ' united ' flag in Olympic Games '' . BBC News . London , United Kingdom . 17 January 2018 . Archived from the original on 18 January 2018 . Retrieved 21 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Stiles , Matt ( 20 January 2018 ) . `` North Korea gets official OK to compete in Winter Olympics , will march with South '' . Los Angeles Times . Los Angeles , California , United States . Archived from the original on 20 January 2018 . Retrieved 21 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Koreas to carry single flag at Olympics '' . 30 January 2018 . Archived from the original on 1 February 2018 . Retrieved 30 January 2018 -- via www.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` N. Korea to send 22 athletes in three sports to PyeongChang Winter Olympics : IOC '' . Yonhap. 18 January 2018 . Archived from the original on 21 January 2018 . Retrieved 20 January 2018 . The team ( Unified Korea women 's ice hockey team ) will use the acronym COR and will be the first joint Korean sports team at an Olympic Games . Jump up ^ `` IOC suspends Russian NOC and creates a path for clean individual athletes to compete in Pyeongchang 2018 under the Olympic flag '' . IOC. 5 December 2017 . Archived from the original on 29 December 2017 . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Quota allocation for Alpine skiing '' . www.data.fis-ski.com/ . International Ski Federation ( FIS ) . 8 August 2017 . Archived from the original on 28 July 2017 . Retrieved 8 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Winter Olympics '' . IIHF . iihf.com . Archived from the original on 4 July 2017 . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Quota allocation for Cross-country skiing '' . www.data.fis-ski.com/ . International Ski Federation ( FIS ) . 8 August 2017 . Archived from the original on 22 December 2017 . Retrieved 8 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pyeongchang 2018 Winter Olympics '' . worldcurling.org . Archived from the original on 5 July 2017 . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ISU Communication no . 2136 '' . International Skating Union . Archived from the original on 23 December 2017 . Retrieved 31 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Quotas -- Olympic Winter Games Pyeongchang 2018 '' . IBSF.org . Archived from the original on 30 May 2017 . Retrieved 15 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Longman , Jeré ( 12 February 2018 ) . `` For Olympic Figure Skaters , a New Meaning to Morning Routine '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Archived from the original on 16 February 2018 . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Biathletes battling difficult conditions at Winter Olympics '' . USA Today . Associated Press . 10 February 2018 . Archived from the original on 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Medal Standings '' . Pyeongchang 2018 . Retrieved 24 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Speed Skating ( 스피드 스케이팅 / Patinage de vitesse ) : Ladies ' 3,000 m ( 여자 3,000 m / 3 000 m femmes ) -- Medallists ( 메달리스트 / Médaillé ( e ) s ) '' ( PDF ) . Pyeongchang 2018 . International Olympic Committee . 10 February 2018 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 11 February 2018 . Retrieved 11 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cross-Country Skiing ( 크로스 컨트리 스키 / Ski de fond ) : Men 's 15km + 15km Skiathlon ( 남자 15km + 15km 스키 애슬론 / Skiathlon 15 km + 15 km hommes ) -- Medallists ( 메달리스트 / Médaillé ( e ) s ) '' ( PDF ) . Pyeongchang 2018 . International Olympic Committee . 11 February 2018 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 24 February 2018 . Retrieved 11 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nordic Combined ( 노르딕 복합 / Combiné nordique ) : Individual Gundersen LH / 10km ( 라지 힐 개인 10 km / Individuel LH hommes ) -- Medallists ( 메달리스트 / Médaillé ( e ) s ) '' ( PDF ) . Pyeongchang 2018 . International Olympic Committee . 20 February 2018 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 20 February 2018 . Retrieved 20 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Skispringer Kasai in olympische recordboeken '' . NU.nl . Archived from the original on 9 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Winter Olympics 2018 : what makes US figure skater Nathan Chen so dominant '' . Vox.com . Archived from the original on 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ISU Result : Personal Best Pairs Free Skating Score ( score sheet ) '' . 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ISU Result : Personal Best Ice Dance Short Dance Score ( score sheet ) '' . 19 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ISU Result : Personal Best Ice Dance Total Score ( score sheet ) '' . 20 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ISU Result : Personal Best Ice Dance Free Dance Score ( score sheet ) '' . 20 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ISU Result : Personal Best Ladies Short Program Score ( score sheet ) '' . 23 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch Speedskater Sven Kramer Wins 3rd Straight 5000m Olympic Gold '' . NBC Chicago . 11 February 2018 . Archived from the original on 12 February 2018 . Retrieved 11 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch speed skating GOAT makes Michael Phelpsian Winter Olympics history '' . Yahoo ! Sports . 12 February 2018 . Archived from the original on 12 February 2018 . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Short track : China 's Wu wins 500m in world record time '' . Reuters. 22 February 2018 . Retrieved 8 March 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/olympics/ter-mors-medals-in-2-different-sports-at-same-winter-games/2018/02/20/cfa2eeb0-1652-11e8-930c-45838ad0d77a_story.html Jump up ^ Falkingham , Katie ( 24 February 2018 ) . `` Winter Olympics : History - maker Ester Ledecka wins gold in two sports '' . BBC . Archived from the original on 24 February 2018 . Retrieved 24 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Marit Bjorgen wins gold as Norway top the medal table '' . BBC Sport. 25 February 2018 . Retrieved 8 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Canada and Germany tie in thrilling 2 - man bobsled '' . Archived from the original on 20 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Winter Olympics : Norway win record 38th medal as Switzerland take team alpine skiing gold '' . BBC . 24 February 2018 . Archived from the original on 24 February 2018 . Retrieved 24 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IOC awards SBS broadcast rights for 2018 , 2020 , 2022 and 2024 Olympic Games '' . International Olympic Committee . 9 December 2016 . Archived from the original on 1 August 2017 . Retrieved 7 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 언론사 , 평창 동계 올림픽 카운트 다운 '' . www.journalist.or.kr ( in Korean ) . Archived from the original on 11 January 2018 . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` DMAX emitirá los Juegos Olímpicos de invierno de Pyeongchang 2018 . Noticias de Televisión '' . El Confidencial ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on 28 December 2017 . Retrieved 28 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Discovery looks ahead to Winter Olympics '' . Broadband TV News . 8 February 2017 . Archived from the original on 11 February 2018 . Retrieved 10 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IOC awards European broadcast rights to SPORTFIVE '' . ESPN.com. 18 February 2009 . Archived from the original on 30 October 2013 . Retrieved 13 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Discovery Lands European Olympic Rights Through ' 24 '' . Sports Business Journal . Archived from the original on 2 July 2015 . Retrieved 1 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BBC dealt another blow after losing control of TV rights for Olympics '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Archived from the original on 3 July 2015 . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Discovery confirms TLC coverage for PyeongChang 2018 '' . SportsPro . Archived from the original on 9 February 2018 . Retrieved 6 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Russian state broadcasters commit to PyeongChang coverage '' . Archived from the original on 7 February 2018 . Retrieved 6 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Olympics coverage to remain on BBC after Discovery deal '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Archived from the original on 12 August 2016 . Retrieved 7 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Costas steps down as NBC host of Olympics ; Mike Tirico to replace him '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Archived from the original on 9 February 2017 . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brennan : Bob Costas has been the face of the Olympics for Americans '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Archived from the original on 9 February 2017 . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBC to Broadcast Winter Olympics Live Across All Time Zones '' . Variety . PMC . Archived from the original on 28 March 2017 . Retrieved 28 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff , SVG . `` PyeongChang 2018 : NBC To Air Live , Nightly Primetime Coverage Across All Time Zones ; Will Live - Stream Opening Ceremony '' . Sports Video Group . Archived from the original on 3 February 2018 . Retrieved 2 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Winter Olympics innovates with 8K HDR and live 5G production firsts '' . Archived from the original on 13 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SES Helps NBC Ship 4K / HDR Coverage from Winter Games '' . Multichannel . Archived from the original on 14 February 2018 . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 A Crucial Year for ATSC 3.0 '' . Archived from the original on 13 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The top tech at the 2018 Winter Olympics : 5G , VR , 4K , bullet time and SmartSuits '' . South China Morning Post . Archived from the original on 13 February 2018 . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Can you watch the Winter Olympics in 4K and HDR ? Comcast tells Ars `` no '' ( Updated ) `` . Ars Technica . Archived from the original on 15 February 2018 . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Cain , Brooke ( 21 February 2018 ) . `` WRAL : ATSC 3.0 Next Generation TV delivers 4K ultra high - def '' . The News & Observer . Archived from the original on 23 February 2018 . Retrieved 22 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Greeley , Paul ( 21 February 2018 ) . `` WRAL Shows Olympics In Next Gen TV Format '' . TVNewsCheck . Archived from the original on 21 February 2018 . Retrieved 22 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` PyeongChang will host first major 5G video demonstrations for Olympics viewers '' . VentureBeat. 2018 - 01 - 31 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` 5G Is Making Its Global Debut at Olympics , and It 's Wicked Fast '' . Bloomberg.com. 2018 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` PyeongChang 2018 Launches Official Emblem '' . olympic.org . International Olympic Committee . Archived from the original on 18 August 2016 . Retrieved 12 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Olympics : 2018 Winter Olympics ... not in Pyongyang '' . The Manila Bulletin . Agence France - Presse. 26 January 2016 . Archived from the original on 31 January 2016 . Retrieved 26 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger and bear mascots unveiled for Pyeongchang 2018 Winter Olympics and Paralympics '' . insidethegames.biz . Dunsar Media Company Limited . 2 June 2016 . Archived from the original on 17 November 2017 . Retrieved 16 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Holt , Christian ( 12 October 2017 ) . `` Steep Hits the Olympics With New Expansion '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 23 January 2018 . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Frank , Allegra ( 12 June 2017 ) . `` Steep 's first expansion is all about the Winter Olympics '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on 9 February 2018 . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` E-sports just got closer to being part of the Olympics '' . Business Insider . Archived from the original on 1 February 2018 . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Intel announce esports tournament to take place in Pyeongchang before Winter Olympics '' . Inside the Games . Archived from the original on 23 January 2018 . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Zaccardi , Nick ( 3 November 2017 ) . `` Esports event in PyeongChang before Olympics supported by IOC '' . NBC Olympics . Archived from the original on 7 November 2017 . Retrieved 5 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Scarlett becomes first woman to win major StarCraft II tournament '' . Archived from the original on 8 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Myers , Maddy . `` Scarlett 's StarCraft II Victory Shows How Esports Could Work For The Olympics '' . Archived from the original on 8 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Lunden , Ingrid . `` Intel and the IOC ink 7 - year Olympics tech deal for VR , drones and more '' . TechCrunch . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` On The Ground : Winter Games '' . Sports Business Daily . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` South Korea 's Moon says pushing to guarantee safety at Pyeongchang Olympics '' . Reuters. 20 September 2017 . Archived from the original on 23 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` France to skip 2018 Winter Games if security not assured '' . Reuters. 22 September 2017 . Archived from the original on 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Olympics : North Korea triggers 2018 Winter Olympics security scare '' . The Straits Times . 23 September 2017 . Archived from the original on 23 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` US ambassador to UN says it 's an ' open question ' whether U.S. athletes will participate in Winter Olympics over safety concerns '' . Business Insider. 7 December 2017 . Archived from the original on 31 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Ellen ( 7 December 2017 ) . `` White House walks back remarks that US athletes might not participate in 2018 Olympics '' . The Hill . Archived from the original on 3 January 2018 . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kim Jong Un highlights his ' nuclear button , ' offers Olympic talks '' . NBC News . 2 January 2018 . Archived from the original on 7 February 2018 . Retrieved 7 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Sang - Hun , Choe ( 2018 ) . `` North Korea to Send Olympic Athletes to South Korea , in Breakthrough '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Archived from the original on 9 February 2018 . Retrieved 10 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Koreas to carry single flag at Olympics '' . BBC News . 2018 . Archived from the original on 9 February 2018 . Retrieved 7 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Pyongyang Olympics ' -- Backlash in South Korea over plans to march with North at Winter Olympics '' . The Telegraph . 19 January 2018 . Archived from the original on 7 February 2018 . Retrieved 7 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` South Korean protesters object to Olympic Games deal with North Korea '' . Los Angeles Times . 18 January 2018 . Archived from the original on 7 February 2018 . Retrieved 8 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rap video frosty welcome for 2018 Winter Olympic Games '' . BBC News . 2 February 2018 . Archived from the original on 9 February 2018 . Retrieved 7 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Korean Olympic Cooperation Provokes Protests in Seoul '' . Time . Archived from the original on 9 February 2018 . Retrieved 7 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Haas , Benjamin ( 9 February 2018 ) . `` US vice-president skips Olympics dinner in snub to North Korea officials '' . the Guardian . Archived from the original on 9 February 2018 . Retrieved 9 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Uri . `` North Korea 's Undeserved Olympic Glory '' . The Atlantic . Archived from the original on 10 February 2018 . Retrieved 10 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Labott , Elise ( 9 February 2018 ) . `` As North Koreans arrive at Olympics , Pence points to defectors to counter regime '' . CNN . Archived from the original on 17 February 2018 . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` US says North Korea cancelled planned meeting with US VP Mike Pence '' . Stuff ( Fairfax ) . 21 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` North Korea 's controversial Olympics delegate '' . BBC News . 2018 - 02 - 23 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ Sang - Hun , Choe ( 2018 - 02 - 22 ) . `` Former Spymaster to Lead North Korea 's Olympic Ceremony Delegation '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Ruiz , Rebecca C. ; Panja , Tariq ( 5 December 2017 ) . `` Russia Banned From Winter Olympics by I.O.C. '' The New York Times . Archived from the original on 5 December 2017 . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IOC 's OAR implementation group releases guidelines for uniforms accessories and equipment 's '' . olympic.org. 20 December 2017 . Archived from the original on 21 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IOC Statement on CAS Decision '' . International Olympic Committee . 1 February 2018 . Archived from the original on 4 February 2018 . Retrieved 4 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Putin says US pressured IOC to ban Russia from Winter Games '' . Yahoo Sports . Agence France - Presse. 19 October 2017 . Archived from the original on 6 December 2017 . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Жириновский предложил отказаться от участия в Олимпиаде - 2018 '' ( in Russian ) . Interfax.ru . Archived from the original on 7 December 2017 . Retrieved 6 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vladimir Putin wo n't tell Russian athletes to boycott Winter Olympics '' . CNN . 6 December 2017 . Archived from the original on 6 December 2017 . Retrieved 6 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Putin : Doping allegations ' US plot against Russian election ' '' . bbc.com. 9 November 2017 . Archived from the original on 7 February 2018 . Retrieved 18 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Опрос `` КП '' : Стоит ли спортсменам из России ехать на Олимпиаду под нейтральным флагом `` . kp.ru ( in Russian ) . 20 December 2017 . Archived from the original on 5 February 2018 . Retrieved 4 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Ortiz , Eirk ( 14 February 2018 ) . `` Russian fans spurn ' stupid ' ban on athletes at Olympic Games '' . NBC News . Archived from the original on 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The 2018 Winter Olympics Are Already Tainted '' . The New York Times . 27 December 2017 . Archived from the original on 27 December 2017 . Retrieved 27 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IOC Chief Disappointed By Court Lifting Doping Ban On Russians '' . rferl.org. 4 February 2018 . Archived from the original on 4 February 2018 . Retrieved 4 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NHL will not participate in 2018 Pyeongchang Olympic Games '' . Sportsnet. Rogers Media . Archived from the original on 3 April 2017 . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Olympics and N.H.L. Face Off Over Who Pays to Insure Players '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . 19 May 2016 . Archived from the original on 24 May 2016 . Retrieved 21 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` IOC decides not to cover costs for NHL players at Olympics '' . Sportsnet. Rogers Media . 23 April 2016 . Archived from the original on 22 May 2016 . Retrieved 21 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Whyno , Stephen ( 15 September 2017 ) . `` Capitals ' Ovechkin says Olympic decision out of his hands '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 15 September 2017 . Retrieved 15 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alex Ovechkin , other NHL players reluctantly accept 2018 Olympics decision '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Matcher shows that matches were played during the Olympic games 9 -- 25 February . External links ( edit ) Find more about2018 Winter Olympicsat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Travel guide from Wikivoyage Data from Wikidata Pyeongchang 2018 Pyeongchang 2018 ( IOC ) Preceded by Sochi Winter Olympics Pyeongchang XXIII Olympic Winter Games ( 2018 ) Succeeded by Beijing Olympic Games Ceremonies Charter Participating nations Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Host cities Bids Venues IOC NOCs Country codes Medal Medal tables Medalists Ties Diploma Scandals and controversies Colonialism Doping Sports Symbols Torch relays Pierre de Coubertin medal Women Deaths WWI Olympic video games Summer Games 1896 Athens 1900 Paris 1904 St. Louis 1908 London 1912 Stockholm 1916 Berlin 1920 Antwerp 1924 Paris 1928 Amsterdam 1932 Los Angeles 1936 Berlin 1940 Tokyo 1944 London 1948 London 1952 Helsinki 1956 Melbourne 1960 Rome 1964 Tokyo 1968 Mexico City 1972 Munich 1976 Montreal 1980 Moscow 1984 Los Angeles 1988 Seoul 1992 Barcelona 1996 Atlanta 2000 Sydney 2004 Athens 2008 Beijing 2012 London 2016 Rio de Janeiro 2020 Tokyo 2024 Paris 2028 Los Angeles 2032 TBD Winter Games 1924 Chamonix 1928 St. Moritz 1932 Lake Placid 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 Sapporo 1944 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1948 St. Moritz 1952 Oslo 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 Squaw Valley 1964 Innsbruck 1968 Grenoble 1972 Sapporo 1976 Innsbruck 1980 Lake Placid 1984 Sarajevo 1988 Calgary 1992 Albertville 1994 Lillehammer 1998 Nagano 2002 Salt Lake City 2006 Turin 2010 Vancouver 2014 Sochi 2018 Pyeongchang 2022 Beijing 2026 TBD 2030 TBD Ancient Olympic Games Intercalated Games 1906 Paralympic Games Youth Olympic Games Events at the 2018 Winter Olympics ( Pyeongchang ) Alpine skiing Biathlon Bobsleigh Cross-country skiing Curling men women mixed doubles Figure skating Freestyle skiing Ice hockey men women Luge Nordic combined Short track speed skating Skeleton Ski jumping Snowboarding Speed skating Chronological summary Medal table List of medalists Nations at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang , South Korea Africa Eritrea Ghana Kenya Madagascar Morocco Nigeria South Africa Togo Americas Argentina Bermuda Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Ecuador Jamaica Mexico Puerto Rico United States Asia China East Timor Hong Kong India Iran Japan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Lebanon Malaysia Mongolia North Korea Pakistan Philippines Singapore South Korea Chinese Taipei Thailand Uzbekistan Europe Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Great Britain Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Oceania Australia New Zealand Tonga Other Korea Olympic Athletes from Russia Venues of the 2018 Winter Olympics Pyeongchang ( mountain cluster ) Alpensia Resort Alpensia Biathlon Centre Cross-Country Centre Ski Jumping Centre Sliding Centre Convention Centre International Broadcast Centre Yongpyong Alpine Centre Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium Pyeongchang Olympic Village Stand - alone venues Bogwang Snow Park Jeongseon Alpine Centre Gangneung ( coastal cluster ) Gangneung Olympic Park Gangneung Curling Centre Gangneung Hockey Centre Gangneung Ice Arena Gangneung Oval Kwandong Hockey Centre Gangneung Olympic Village Italics indicate non-competition venues . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Winter_Olympics&oldid=835726415 '' Categories : 2018 Winter Olympics 2018 in multi-sport events 2018 in South Korean sport 2018 in winter sports February 2018 sports events in Asia Olympic Games in South Korea Sport in Gangneung Sport in Pyeongchang County Winter Olympics by year Winter sports competitions in South Korea Hidden categories : CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Use dmy dates from February 2018 Articles containing Korean - language text Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikivoyage Afrikaans Аҧсшәа Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Буряад Català Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Коми Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Napulitano Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Удмурт Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 吴语 粵語 中文 74 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 11 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%20Winter%20Olympics
| 2,005 |
|
number 20 on the us men's soccer team
|
0 # 0 Pos . Player Date of birth ( age ) Caps Goals Club 1GK Tim Howard ( 1979 - 03 - 06 ) March 6 , 1979 ( age 38 ) 119 0 Colorado Rapids 12 1GK Brad Guzan ( 1984 - 09 - 09 ) September 9 , 1984 ( age 33 ) 58 0 Atlanta United 22 1GK Nick Rimando ( 1979 - 06 - 17 ) June 17 , 1979 ( age 38 ) 22 0 Real Salt Lake 2DF Jorge Villafaña ( 1989 - 09 - 16 ) September 16 , 1989 ( age 28 ) 12 0 Santos Laguna 2DF Omar Gonzalez ( 1988 - 10 - 11 ) October 11 , 1988 ( age 28 ) 46 Pachuca 5 2DF Matt Besler ( 1987 - 02 - 11 ) February 11 , 1987 ( age 30 ) 45 Sporting Kansas City 7 2DF DaMarcus Beasley ( 1982 - 05 - 24 ) May 24 , 1982 ( age 35 ) 126 17 Houston Dynamo 14 2DF Tim Ream ( 1987 - 10 - 05 ) October 5 , 1987 ( age 29 ) 26 Fulham 15 2DF Eric Lichaj ( 1988 - 11 - 17 ) November 17 , 1988 ( age 28 ) 13 Nottingham Forest 19 2DF Graham Zusi ( 1986 - 08 - 18 ) August 18 , 1986 ( age 31 ) 55 5 Sporting Kansas City 20 2DF Geoff Cameron ( 1985 - 07 - 11 ) July 11 , 1985 ( age 32 ) 55 Stoke City 3MF Michael Bradley ( Captain ) ( 1987 - 07 - 31 ) July 31 , 1987 ( age 30 ) 138 17 Toronto FC 6 3MF Darlington Nagbe ( 1990 - 07 - 19 ) July 19 , 1990 ( age 27 ) 22 Portland Timbers 10 3MF Christian Pulisic ( 1998 - 09 - 18 ) September 18 , 1998 ( age 18 ) 18 7 Borussia Dortmund 11 3MF Alejandro Bedoya ( 1987 - 04 - 29 ) April 29 , 1987 ( age 30 ) 64 Philadelphia Union 13 3MF Dax McCarty ( 1987 - 04 - 20 ) April 20 , 1987 ( age 30 ) 12 0 Chicago Fire 16 3MF Kellyn Acosta ( 1995 - 07 - 24 ) July 24 , 1995 ( age 22 ) 15 FC Dallas 21 3MF Paul Arriola ( 1995 - 02 - 05 ) February 5 , 1995 ( age 22 ) 13 D.C. United 23 3MF Fabian Johnson ( 1987 - 12 - 11 ) December 11 , 1987 ( age 29 ) 57 Borussia Mönchengladbach 8 4FW Clint Dempsey ( 1983 - 03 - 09 ) March 9 , 1983 ( age 34 ) 139 57 Seattle Sounders FC 9 4FW Bobby Wood ( 1992 - 11 - 15 ) November 15 , 1992 ( age 24 ) 34 9 Hamburger SV 17 4FW Jordan Morris ( 1994 - 10 - 26 ) October 26 , 1994 ( age 22 ) 24 5 Seattle Sounders FC 18 4FW Chris Wondolowski ( 1983 - 01 - 28 ) January 28 , 1983 ( age 34 ) 35 11 San Jose Earthquakes
|
Geoff Cameron
|
United States men 's national Soccer team
|
united states men's national soccer team
|
The United States men 's national soccer team , often referred to as the USMNT , represents the United States in international soccer . It is controlled by the United States Soccer Federation and competes in CONCACAF ( the Confederation of North , Central American and Caribbean Association Football ) . The team has appeared in ten FIFA World Cups , including the inaugural edition , where they achieved their best result by reaching the semi-finals , placing third in modern rankings . The United States would go on to participate in the 1934 and 1950 World Cups , winning in a 1 -- 0 upset over England in the latter . After the 1950 World Cup , the U.S. did not qualify for the World Cup again until 1990 .
|
The United States hosted the 1994 World Cup , where they advanced to the round of sixteen and lost to Brazil . The team has qualified for all five World Cups held since 1990 , becoming one of the tournament 's regular competitors and often advancing to the round of sixteen . The United States reached the quarter - finals of the 2002 World Cup , where they lost to Germany . Another notable result came during the 2009 Confederations Cup , where they eliminated top - ranked Spain in the semi-finals before losing to Brazil in the final , their only appearance in a FIFA men 's competition final . The United States also competes in continental tournaments , including the CONCACAF Gold Cup and Copa América . The U.S. has hosted fourteen editions of the Gold Cup , winning six , and has achieved a fourth place finish in two Copa Américas , including the 2016 edition that they hosted . The team 's current head coach is Bruce Arena , who was hired in November 2016 for his second stint ; Arena previous managed the team from 1998 to 2006 , and will manage the United States through the North American qualifiers for the 2018 World Cup . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early years 1.2 Drought ( 1960s -- 1980s ) 1.3 Rise in the U.S. ( 1990s ) 1.4 Success in the 2000s 1.5 2010 -- present 2 Team image 2.1 Media coverage 2.2 Uniforms 2.3 Rivalries 2.4 Supporters 2.5 Home stadium 3 Coaching staff 4 Players 4.1 Current squad 4.2 Recent call - ups 5 Results and schedule 6 Player records 7 Competitive record 7.1 FIFA World Cup 7.2 FIFA Confederations Cup 7.3 Summer Olympics 7.4 CONCACAF Gold Cup 7.5 Copa América 8 Honors 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of the United States men 's national soccer team Early years ( edit ) The first United States national team was constituted in 1885 , when it played Canada in the first international match held outside the United Kingdom . Canada defeated the U.S. 1 -- 0 in Newark , New Jersey . The United States had its revenge the following year when it beat Canada 1 -- 0 , also in Newark , although neither match was officially recognized . The U.S. earned both silver and bronze medals in men 's soccer at the 1904 St. Louis Summer Olympics through Christian Brothers College and St. Rose Parish , though the tournament has since been unofficiated by FIFA . The United States played its first official international match under the auspices of U.S. Soccer August 20 , 1916 , against Sweden in Stockholm , where the U.S. won 3 -- 2 . The first American official formation in 1916 , Stockholm Olympic Stadium , Sweden The U.S fielded a team in the 1930 World Cup in Uruguay , the first ever World Cup to be played . The U.S. began group play by beating Belgium 3 -- 0 . The U.S. then earned a 3 -- 0 victory over Paraguay , with FIFA crediting Bert Patenaude with two of the goals . In November 2006 , FIFA announced that it had accepted evidence that Patenaude scored all three goals against Paraguay , and was thus the first person to score a hat trick in a World Cup . In the semifinals , the U.S. lost to Argentina 6 -- 1 . Using the overall tournament records , FIFA credited the U.S. with a third - place finish ahead of fellow semi-finalist Yugoslavia . The finish remains the U.S. team 's best World Cup result , and is the highest finish of any team from outside of South America and Europe . There was no official soccer tournament in the 1932 Olympic Games . In an informal tournament , the United States finished first , followed by Mexico and Canada . The U.S. qualified for the 1934 World Cup by defeating Mexico 4 -- 2 . The team played Italy and lost 7 -- 1 , eliminating them from the tournament . The Olympic soccer tournament was reinstated in the 1936 Olympic Games . The 1950 World Cup in Brazil was the United States 's next World Cup appearance ( it withdrew from the tournament in 1938 ) . The U.S. lost its first match 3 -- 1 against Spain , but then won 1 -- 0 against England at Independência Stadium in Belo Horizonte . Striker Joe Gaetjens was the goal scorer . The result is considered one of the greatest upsets in the history of the World Cups . Months before the famous World Cup loss to the U.S. , England had beaten an all - star `` rest of Europe '' side 6 -- 1 in an exhibition match . Sports Illustrated and Soccer Digest have called World Cup upset by the Americans in 1950 the `` Miracle on Grass , '' . In the U.S. third game of the 1950 tournament , a defeat by Chile by a 5 -- 2 margin saw the U.S. eliminated from the tournament . It would be four decades before the United States would make another appearance at the World Cup . Drought ( 1960s -- 1980s ) ( edit ) The national team spent the mid-to - late 20th century near complete irrelevance in both the international game and the domestic sporting scene . The emergence of the North American Soccer League in the 1960s and 1970s raised hopes that the U.S. national team would soon improve and become a global force . However such hopes were not realized and by the 1980s the U.S. Soccer Federation found itself in serious financial struggles , with the national team playing only two matches from 1981 to 1983 . U.S. Soccer targeted the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles and the 1986 World Cup as means of rebuilding the national team and its fan base . The International Olympic Committee declared that teams from outside Europe and South America could field full senior teams , including professionals , that had never played in a World Cup . U.S. Soccer rearranged its Olympic roster , cutting many collegiate players and replacing them with professionals , but the U.S. finished 1 -- 1 -- 1 and failed to make the second round . To provide a more stable national team program and renew interest in the NASL , U.S. Soccer entered the national team into the NASL league schedule for the 1983 season as Team America . This team lacked the continuity and regularity of training that conventional clubs enjoy , and many players were unwilling to play for the national team instead of their own clubs when conflicts arose . Team America finished the season at the bottom of the league , with U.S. Soccer canceling the experiment and withdrawing the national team from the NASL after one season . By the end of 1984 , the NASL had folded , leaving the United States without a single professional - level outdoor soccer league . The United States bid to host the 1986 World Cup after Colombia withdrew from contention due to economic concerns , but FIFA selected Mexico to host the tournament . In the last game of CONCACAF qualifying for the 1986 World Cup , the U.S. needed only a tie against Costa Rica to reach the final qualification group against Honduras and Canada . U.S. Soccer scheduled the game to be played in Torrance , California , an area with many Costa Rican expatriates , and marketed the game almost exclusively to the Costa Rican community . Costa Rica won the match 1 -- 0 , and kept the United States from reaching its fourth World Cup finals . In 1988 , U.S. Soccer attempted to re-implement its national - team - as - club concept , offering contracts to players to train with the national program full - time while occasionally loaning them to club teams as a revenue source for the federation . This brought many key veterans back into the program and allowed the team to begin playing more matches which , combined with an influx of talent from new youth clubs and leagues established across the nation in the wake of the NASL 's popularity , allowed the national team to end the 1980s with optimism and higher hopes of qualifying for the 1990 World Cup than had existed for previous tournaments . Rise in the U.S. ( 1990s ) ( edit ) In 1988 , FIFA named the United States as the host of the 1994 World Cup , but it did so under significant international criticism because of the perceived weakness of the national team and the lack of a professional outdoor league . This criticism diminished somewhat when a 1 -- 0 win against Trinidad and Tobago , the U.S. 's first road win in nearly two years , in the last match of the 1989 CONCACAF Championship , earned the United States its first World Cup appearance in 40 years . The team was managed by Bob Gansler in preparation for the 1990 World Cup in Italy , with two of the team 's more experienced players , Rick Davis and Hugo Perez , recovering from serious injuries and unavailable for selection . Rather than fill out his team with veteran professionals from American indoor soccer leagues as suggested by some , Gansler chose to select many younger players with better conditioning for the outdoor game , including some amateurs playing for college teams . The U.S. entered the tournament as massive underdogs and suffered defeats in all three of its group games to Czechoslovakia , Italy , and Austria . In a historic match , in 1993 U.S. Cup , U.S. beat England by 2 -- 0 . After qualifying automatically as the host of the 1994 World Cup under Bora Milutinović , the U.S. opened its tournament schedule with a 1 -- 1 tie against Switzerland in the Pontiac Silverdome in the suburbs of Detroit , the first World Cup game played indoors . In its second game , the U.S. faced Colombia , then ranked fourth in the world , at the Rose Bowl . Aided by an own goal from Andrés Escobar , the United States won 2 -- 1 . Escobar was later murdered in his home country , possibly in retaliation for this mistake . Despite a 1 -- 0 loss to Romania in its final group game , the U.S. made it to the knockout round for the first time since 1930 . In the round of 16 , the U.S. lost 1 -- 0 to the eventual champion Brazil . Despite this success , the team fired Bora in 1995 , reportedly because he was not interested in administrative duties . In 1995 , the United States came back from 3 -- 0 to win 4 -- 3 against Saudi Arabia , the biggest comeback in the team 's history . In the 1998 World Cup in France , the team lost all three group matches , 2 -- 0 to Germany , 2 -- 1 to Iran , and 1 -- 0 to Yugoslavia , finishing dead last in the field of 32 . Head coach Steve Sampson received much of the blame for the performance as a result of abruptly cutting team captain John Harkes , whom Sampson had ironically named `` Captain for Life '' shortly before , as well as several other players who were instrumental to the qualifying effort , from the squad . Thomas Dooley became the Captain at that point . It emerged in February 2010 that Sampson removed Harkes from the team due to Harkes allegedly having an affair with teammate Eric Wynalda 's wife . Claudio Reyna during practice . Success in the 2000s ( edit ) In the 2002 World Cup under Bruce Arena , the U.S. reached the quarterfinals , its best finish in a World Cup since 1930 . The team reached the knockout stage after a 1 -- 1 -- 1 record in the group stage . It started with a 3 -- 2 upset win over Portugal , followed by a 1 -- 1 tie with co-host and eventual semi-finalist , South Korea . It then lost its third and final match 1 -- 3 to Poland but still qualified for the second round when South Korea defeated Portugal . This set the stage for a Second round face - off with continental rivals Mexico , the first time they met in a World Cup . The U.S. won the game 2 -- 0 . Brian McBride opened the scoring , and Landon Donovan scored the second goal . That victory advanced the team to the quarterfinals , where it met Germany . The team lost 1 -- 0 ; after being denied a penalty when Torsten Frings handled the ball to prevent a Gregg Berhalter goal . In the 2006 World Cup , after finishing top of the CONCACAF qualification tournament , the U.S. was drawn into Group E along with the Czech Republic , Italy , and Ghana . The United States opened its tournament with a 3 -- 0 loss to the Czech Republic . The team then tied 1 -- 1 against Italy , who went on to win the World Cup . The United States was then knocked out of the tournament when beaten 2 -- 1 by Ghana in its final group match , with Clint Dempsey scoring the U.S. 's only goal in the tournament -- the goal against Italy had been an own goal by Italian defender Cristian Zaccardo . Following the tournament , Arena 's contract was not renewed . After the national team remained dormant for the rest of 2006 while negotiating with various coaches , the federation hired former Chicago Fire , MetroStars and Chivas USA manager Bob Bradley in early 2007 . Bradley began his competitive career with the national team with the 2007 Gold Cup . In the final , the United States beat Mexico 2 -- 1 , which qualified it for the 2009 Confederations Cup . The U.S. had a notable performance at the 2009 Confederations Cup . In the semifinals , the U.S. defeated Spain 2 -- 0 . At the time , Spain was atop the FIFA World Rankings and was on a run of 35 games undefeated . With the win , the United States advanced to its first - ever final in a men 's FIFA tournament ; however , the team lost 3 -- 2 to Brazil after leading 2 -- 0 at half time . The United States then hosted the 2009 Gold Cup . In the final , the United States was beaten by Mexico 5 -- 0 . This defeat broke the U.S. team 's 58 - match home unbeaten streak against CONCACAF opponents , and was the first home loss to Mexico since 1999 . Landon Donovan at the 2010 World Cup . The U.S. qualified for the Fourth round , or Hexagonal , of the 2010 World Cup qualification . The U.S. began the Fourth round by beating Mexico 2 -- 0 in February 2009 , a loss that extended Mexico 's losing streak against America on U.S. soil to 11 matches . Jozy Altidore became the youngest U.S. player to score a hat - trick , in a 3 -- 0 victory over Trinidad and Tobago . Near the end of the summer of 2009 , the United States lost 2 -- 1 to Mexico at Estadio Azteca . On October 10 , 2009 , the United States secured qualification to the 2010 World Cup with a 3 -- 2 win over Honduras . Four days later , the U.S. secured first place in the Fourth round with a 2 -- 2 tie against Costa Rica . 2010 -- present ( edit ) In the 2010 FIFA World Cup , the U.S. team were drawn in Group C against England , Slovenia and Algeria . After drawing against England ( 1 -- 1 ) and Slovenia ( 2 -- 2 ) , the U.S. defeated Algeria through a Landon Donovan stoppage time goal , the first time the U.S. had won its group since 1930 . In the round of 16 , the U.S. was eliminated by Ghana , 2 -- 1 . On FIFA 's ranking of World Cup teams the U.S. finished in 12th place out of the 32 - team field . Clint Dempsey with the U.S. in 2011 . The United States again hosted the 2011 Gold Cup . The U.S. advanced past the group stage , and defeated Jamaica 2 -- 0 in the quarerfinals and Panama 1 -- 0 in the semifinals , to advance to its fourth consecutive Gold Cup final . In the final , the U.S. was beaten by Mexico 4 -- 2 . Later in the summer , Coach Bradley was relieved of his duties and former German national team manager Jürgen Klinsmann was hired as head coach . The U.S. had some success in friendlies in 2012 and 2013 . The U.S. team won 1 -- 0 in Italy on February 29 , 2012 , the team 's first ever win over Italy . On June 2 , 2013 , the U.S. played a friendly against Germany at a sold out RFK Stadium in Washington D.C. , with the U.S. winning 4 -- 3 . In July 2013 , the U.S. hosted and played in the 2013 CONCACAF Gold Cup where it went undefeated in the group stage and won with a 1 -- 0 victory over Panama in the final , with Landon Donovan winning the tournament 's golden ball award . A 4 -- 3 victory over Bosnia in an international friendly match in Sarajevo represented the 12th straight win for the USMNT , the longest winning streak for any team in the world at that time . The 12 game winning streak ended September 6 , 2013 , when the U.S. lost to Costa Rica 3 -- 1 in San Jose . In 2013 the national team played the final round of qualification , and by defeating Mexico in September , the U.S. clinched a spot in the 2014 World Cup . For the 2014 World Cup , the U.S. was drawn into Group G , along with Ghana , Germany , and Portugal . The U.S. took revenge on the Ghanaians , winning 2 -- 1 . They tied their second group game against Portugal 2 -- 2 . In the final game of the group stage , the U.S. fell to Germany 1 -- 0 , but moved on to the knockout stage on goal difference . This was the first time that the team made two consecutive trips to the knockout stage of the FIFA World Cup . In the round of 16 , the U.S. lost 2 -- 1 to Belgium in extra time , despite goalkeeper Tim Howard making a World Cup record 15 saves during the match . The national team 's next tournament under Klinsmann was the 2015 CONCACAF Gold Cup . However , the U.S. were eliminated by Jamaica 2 -- 1 in the semifinals , before losing to Panama on penalties in the third place match . The fourth - place finish was the worst Gold Cup performance by the national team since 2000 , and the first time the team failed to make the tournament final since 2003 . In the 2015 CONCACAF Cup playoff to determine the region 's entry to the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup , the U.S. were defeated 3 -- 2 by Mexico at the Rose Bowl . In the summer of 2016 , the United States played as hosts of Copa América Centenario . The U.S. topped Group A on goal difference against Colombia . The U.S. beat Ecuador 2 -- 1 in the quarter - finals , but then fell to Argentina 4 -- 0 and lost to Colombia again 1 -- 0 in the third place match . They finished fourth at the Copa América , tying their best finish ever in 1995 . Following consecutive losses to Mexico and Costa Rica in the opening games of the final round of qualification for the 2018 FIFA World Cup , Klinsmann was removed as national team coach and technical director and replaced by previous U.S. manager Bruce Arena . His first two games coaching for the national team in 2017 were friendlies against Serbia and Jamaica . World Cup qualification resumed on March 24 , where Arena and his team had a record 6 -- 0 win over Honduras . Four days later , the team traveled to Panama City , drawing Panama 1 -- 1 . After beating Trinidad and Tobago 2 -- 0 , the U.S. got their third ever result in World Cup Qualification at the Estadio Azteca when they drew 1 -- 1 against Mexico . In July 2017 , the U.S. won their sixth CONCACAF Gold Cup with a 2 -- 1 win over Jamaica in the final . Team image ( edit ) Media coverage ( edit ) ESPN and Fox Sports 1 evenly split the English language rights for U.S. Soccer broadcasts from 2015 to 2022 . Univision Deportes has the Spanish language rights to all U.S. Soccer broadcasts from 2015 to 2022 . These agreements do not apply to FIFA World Cup away qualifiers , whose rights are distributed by the host country . Therefore , these matches can often be found on other networks such as beIN Sports and Telemundo . Uniforms ( edit ) See also : United States uniform evolution Since their first unofficial game against Canada , the most common U.S. uniform has been white tops with blue shorts . In 1950 , the U.S. adopted a Peru - styled diagonal stripe or `` sash '' across the shirt . The stripe has been on third uniforms for 2003 , 2004 , and 2006 , as well as the 2010 home , road and third uniforms . An additional color scheme based on the U.S. flag has been occasionally used ( most prominently in the 1994 World Cup and 2012 -- 13 qualifiers as well the 1983 Team America franchise of the North American Soccer League ) comprising a shirt with red and white stripes with blue shorts . Adidas provided the uniforms for the United States from 1985 until 1994 . Since 1995 , Nike has been the uniform supplier . Rivalries ( edit ) Main article : Mexico -- United States soccer rivalry The teams of Mexico and the United States are widely considered as the two major powers of CONCACAF . Matches between the two nations often attract much media attention , public interest and comment in both countries . Sam 's Army at a U.S. vs. Jamaica match . Although the first match was played in 1934 , their rivalry was not considered major until the 1980s , when the teams began to frequently compete in CONCACAF cups . On August 15 , 2012 , the United States defeated Mexico at Estadio Azteca in the first victory for the U.S. against Mexico on Mexican soil in 75 years . Ever since their first meeting in 1934 , the two teams have met 65 times , with Mexico leading the overall series 33 -- 18 -- 14 ( W -- L -- T ) , outscoring the U.S. 131 -- 75 . However , since the 1990s , the tide began to change due to a rapid growth of soccer in the United States . During this decade , Mexico continued to hold an edge over their arch - rivals but since the 2000s the series has favored the U.S. 13 -- 6 -- 5 ( W -- L -- T ) . In recent years , the United States has begun to develop a rivalry with Costa Rica , the third strongest team in CONCACAF . Supporters ( edit ) The main supporter groups backing the United States men 's national soccer team are Sam 's Army and The American Outlaws . The two groups are usually put together in a `` supporters ' section '' at U.S. home games . Sam 's Army started shortly after the 1994 World Cup in the United States . Sam 's Army members wear red to matches , sing or chant throughout the match . They are so dedicated that they often bring huge American flags and other banners to the game . Both The American Outlaws and Sam 's Army both commonly wear soccer supporter scarves . Some branches of the American Outlaws have their own scarves specific to their branch . RFK Stadium in Washington , D.C. has hosted over 20 USMNT matches . The American Outlaws was started in Lincoln , Nebraska as a local supporters ' group . The group 's membership attempted to address a lack of consistency from game to game in supporter organization and social events on match days . To achieve this goal the American Outlaws became a nationwide , non-profit , supporters ' group . Some American Outlaws members wear American flag bandanas over their faces . Home Stadium ( edit ) See also : United States men 's national team results by home stadium The United States does not have a dedicated national stadium like other national teams ; instead , the team has played their home matches at 107 venues in 27 states and the District of Columbia . Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium , located in the national capital of Washington , D.C. , has hosted 24 matches , the most of any stadium . The state of California has hosted 109 matches , the most of any state , and the Los Angeles metropolitan area has hosted 73 matches at several venues in and around the city of Los Angeles . The Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum hosted 20 matches from 1965 to 2000 , but fell out of use due to its age . The Rose Bowl , a 92,000 - seat venue in Pasadena , has hosted 17 national team matches , as well as the 1994 FIFA World Cup Final , the 1999 FIFA Women 's World Cup Final , and the 1984 Olympics Gold Medal Match . Coaching staff ( edit ) See also : List of United States men 's national soccer team managers Position Name Head coach Bruce Arena Associate head coach Dave Sarachan Assistant coach Pat Noonan Assistant coach Kenny Arena Assistant coach Richie Williams Goalkeeping coach Matt Reis Conditioning coach Daniel Guzman Chief scout Thomas Rongen Players ( edit ) For all past and present players who have appeared for the national team , see United States men 's national team players . Current squad ( edit ) The following 23 players were named to the squad for the World Cup qualifier against Honduras on September 5 , 2017 . Caps and goals are updated as of September 5 , 2017 after the match against Honduras . 0 # 0 Pos . Player Date of birth ( age ) Caps Goals Club 1GK Tim Howard ( 1979 - 03 - 06 ) March 6 , 1979 ( age 38 ) 119 0 Colorado Rapids 12 1GK Brad Guzan ( 1984 - 09 - 09 ) September 9 , 1984 ( age 33 ) 58 0 Atlanta United 22 1GK Nick Rimando ( 1979 - 06 - 17 ) June 17 , 1979 ( age 38 ) 22 0 Real Salt Lake 2DF Jorge Villafaña ( 1989 - 09 - 16 ) September 16 , 1989 ( age 28 ) 12 0 Santos Laguna 2DF Omar Gonzalez ( 1988 - 10 - 11 ) October 11 , 1988 ( age 28 ) 46 Pachuca 5 2DF Matt Besler ( 1987 - 02 - 11 ) February 11 , 1987 ( age 30 ) 45 Sporting Kansas City 7 2DF DaMarcus Beasley ( 1982 - 05 - 24 ) May 24 , 1982 ( age 35 ) 126 17 Houston Dynamo 14 2DF Tim Ream ( 1987 - 10 - 05 ) October 5 , 1987 ( age 29 ) 26 Fulham 15 2DF Eric Lichaj ( 1988 - 11 - 17 ) November 17 , 1988 ( age 28 ) 13 Nottingham Forest 19 2DF Graham Zusi ( 1986 - 08 - 18 ) August 18 , 1986 ( age 31 ) 55 5 Sporting Kansas City 20 2DF Geoff Cameron ( 1985 - 07 - 11 ) July 11 , 1985 ( age 32 ) 55 Stoke City 3MF Michael Bradley ( Captain ) ( 1987 - 07 - 31 ) July 31 , 1987 ( age 30 ) 138 17 Toronto FC 6 3MF Darlington Nagbe ( 1990 - 07 - 19 ) July 19 , 1990 ( age 27 ) 22 Portland Timbers 10 3MF Christian Pulisic ( 1998 - 09 - 18 ) September 18 , 1998 ( age 18 ) 18 7 Borussia Dortmund 11 3MF Alejandro Bedoya ( 1987 - 04 - 29 ) April 29 , 1987 ( age 30 ) 64 Philadelphia Union 13 3MF Dax McCarty ( 1987 - 04 - 20 ) April 20 , 1987 ( age 30 ) 12 0 Chicago Fire 16 3MF Kellyn Acosta ( 1995 - 07 - 24 ) July 24 , 1995 ( age 22 ) 15 FC Dallas 21 3MF Paul Arriola ( 1995 - 02 - 05 ) February 5 , 1995 ( age 22 ) 13 D.C. United 23 3MF Fabian Johnson ( 1987 - 12 - 11 ) December 11 , 1987 ( age 29 ) 57 Borussia Mönchengladbach 8 4FW Clint Dempsey ( 1983 - 03 - 09 ) March 9 , 1983 ( age 34 ) 139 57 Seattle Sounders FC 9 4FW Bobby Wood ( 1992 - 11 - 15 ) November 15 , 1992 ( age 24 ) 34 9 Hamburger SV 17 4FW Jordan Morris ( 1994 - 10 - 26 ) October 26 , 1994 ( age 22 ) 24 5 Seattle Sounders FC 18 4FW Chris Wondolowski ( 1983 - 01 - 28 ) January 28 , 1983 ( age 34 ) 35 11 San Jose Earthquakes Recent call - ups ( edit ) The following players have also been called up to the United States squad within the last twelve months . Pos . Player Date of birth ( age ) Caps Goals Club Latest call - up GK Jesse González ( 1995 - 05 - 25 ) May 25 , 1995 ( age 22 ) 0 0 FC Dallas 2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup GK Bill Hamid ( 1990 - 11 - 25 ) November 25 , 1990 ( age 26 ) 0 D.C. United 2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup GK Sean Johnson ( 1989 - 05 - 31 ) May 31 , 1989 ( age 28 ) 5 0 New York City FC 2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup GK Joe Bendik ( 1989 - 04 - 25 ) April 25 , 1989 ( age 28 ) 0 0 Orlando City 2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup GK Ethan Horvath ( 1995 - 06 - 09 ) June 9 , 1995 ( age 22 ) 0 Club Brugge v. Mexico ; June 11 , 2017 GK David Bingham ( 1989 - 10 - 19 ) October 19 , 1989 ( age 27 ) 0 San Jose Earthquakes v. Panama ; March 28 , 2017 GK Luis Robles ( 1984 - 05 - 11 ) May 11 , 1984 ( age 33 ) 0 New York Red Bulls v. Jamaica ; February 3 , 2017 GK Stefan Frei ( 1986 - 04 - 20 ) April 20 , 1986 ( age 31 ) 0 0 Seattle Sounders FC v. Serbia ; January 29 , 2017 GK Brian Rowe ( 1988 - 11 - 16 ) November 16 , 1988 ( age 28 ) 0 0 LA Galaxy v. Serbia ; January 29 , 2017 GK William Yarbrough ( 1989 - 03 - 20 ) March 20 , 1989 ( age 28 ) 0 León v. Costa Rica ; November 15 , 2016 DF Matt Hedges ( 1990 - 04 - 01 ) April 1 , 1990 ( age 27 ) 5 0 FC Dallas v. Honduras ; September 5 , 2017 DF Matt Miazga ( 1995 - 07 - 19 ) July 19 , 1995 ( age 22 ) SBV Vitesse 2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup DF Justin Morrow ( 1987 - 10 - 04 ) October 4 , 1987 ( age 29 ) 0 Toronto FC 2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup DF Steve Birnbaum ( 1991 - 01 - 23 ) January 23 , 1991 ( age 26 ) 11 D.C. United 2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup DF Greg Garza ( 1991 - 08 - 16 ) August 16 , 1991 ( age 26 ) 10 0 Atlanta United 2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup DF Matt Polster ( 1993 - 06 - 08 ) June 8 , 1993 ( age 24 ) 0 0 Chicago Fire 2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup DF Jonathan Spector ( 1986 - 03 - 01 ) March 1 , 1986 ( age 31 ) 36 0 Orlando City 2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup DF John Brooks ( 1993 - 01 - 28 ) January 28 , 1993 ( age 24 ) 32 VfL Wolfsburg v. Mexico ; June 11 , 2017 DF DeAndre Yedlin ( 1993 - 07 - 09 ) July 9 , 1993 ( age 24 ) 46 0 Newcastle United v. Mexico ; June 11 , 2017 DF Timothy Chandler ( 1990 - 03 - 29 ) March 29 , 1990 ( age 27 ) 29 Eintracht Frankfurt v. Venezuela ; June 3 , 2017 DF Walker Zimmerman ( 1993 - 05 - 19 ) May 19 , 1993 ( age 24 ) 0 FC Dallas v. Panama ; March 28 , 2017 DF Michael Orozco ( 1986 - 02 - 07 ) February 7 , 1986 ( age 31 ) 29 Tijuana v. Honduras ; March 24 , 2017 DF Brad Evans ( 1985 - 04 - 20 ) April 20 , 1985 ( age 32 ) 27 Seattle Sounders FC v. Jamaica ; February 3 , 2017 DF Chad Marshall ( 1984 - 08 - 22 ) August 22 , 1984 ( age 33 ) 12 Seattle Sounders FC v. Jamaica ; February 3 , 2017 DF Taylor Kemp ( 1990 - 07 - 23 ) July 23 , 1990 ( age 27 ) 0 0 D.C. United v. Serbia ; January 29 , 2017 DF Keegan Rosenberry ( 1993 - 12 - 11 ) December 11 , 1993 ( age 23 ) 0 0 Philadelphia Union v. Serbia ; January 29 , 2017 DF Cameron Carter - Vickers ( 1997 - 12 - 31 ) December 31 , 1997 ( age 19 ) 0 0 Sheffield United v. Costa Rica ; November 15 , 2016 DF Tim Parker ( 1993 - 02 - 23 ) February 23 , 1993 ( age 24 ) 0 0 Vancouver Whitecaps FC v. New Zealand ; October 11 , 2016 MF Cristian Roldan ( 1995 - 06 - 03 ) June 3 , 1995 ( age 22 ) 0 Seattle Sounders FC v. Honduras ; September 5 , 2017 MF Joe Corona ( 1990 - 07 - 09 ) July 9 , 1990 ( age 27 ) 20 Tijuana 2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup MF Chris Pontius ( 1987 - 05 - 12 ) May 12 , 1987 ( age 30 ) 5 0 Philadelphia Union 2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup MF Gyasi Zardes ( 1991 - 09 - 02 ) September 2 , 1991 ( age 26 ) 37 6 LA Galaxy 2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup MF Kelyn Rowe ( 1991 - 12 - 02 ) December 2 , 1991 ( age 25 ) New England Revolution 2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup MF Kenny Saief ( 1993 - 12 - 17 ) December 17 , 1993 ( age 23 ) 0 Gent v. Ghana ; July 1 , 2017 MF Thomas McNamara ( 1991 - 02 - 06 ) February 6 , 1991 ( age 26 ) 0 0 New York City FC 2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup MF Wil Trapp ( 1993 - 01 - 15 ) January 15 , 1993 ( age 24 ) 0 Columbus Crew SC 2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup MF Jermaine Jones ( 1981 - 11 - 03 ) November 3 , 1981 ( age 35 ) 69 LA Galaxy v. Panama ; March 28 , 2017 MF Sacha Kljestan ( 1985 - 09 - 09 ) September 9 , 1985 ( age 32 ) 52 6 New York Red Bulls v. Panama ; March 28 , 2017 MF Sebastian Lletget ( 1992 - 09 - 03 ) September 3 , 1992 ( age 25 ) LA Galaxy v. Honduras ; March 24 , 2017 MF Benny Feilhaber ( 1985 - 01 - 19 ) January 19 , 1985 ( age 32 ) 43 Sporting Kansas City v. Jamaica ; February 3 , 2017 MF Kekuta Manneh ( 1994 - 12 - 30 ) December 30 , 1994 ( age 22 ) 0 0 Columbus Crew SC v. Serbia ; January 29 , 2017 MF Lynden Gooch ( 1995 - 12 - 24 ) December 24 , 1995 ( age 21 ) 0 Sunderland v. Costa Rica ; November 15 , 2016 MF Julian Green ( 1995 - 06 - 06 ) June 6 , 1995 ( age 22 ) 8 Greuther Fürth v. Costa Rica ; November 15 , 2016 MF Caleb Stanko ( 1993 - 07 - 23 ) July 23 , 1993 ( age 24 ) 0 SC Freiburg v. Costa Rica ; November 15 , 2016 MF Perry Kitchen ( 1992 - 02 - 29 ) February 29 , 1992 ( age 25 ) 5 0 Randers FC v. New Zealand ; October 11 , 2016 MF Danny Williams ( 1989 - 03 - 08 ) March 8 , 1989 ( age 28 ) 22 Huddersfield Town v. New Zealand ; October 11 , 2016 FW Jozy Altidore ( 1989 - 11 - 06 ) November 6 , 1989 ( age 27 ) 108 39 Toronto FC v. Costa Rica ; September 1 , 2017 FW Juan Agudelo ( 1992 - 11 - 23 ) November 23 , 1992 ( age 24 ) 26 New England Revolution 2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup FW Dom Dwyer ( 1990 - 07 - 30 ) July 30 , 1990 ( age 27 ) Orlando City 2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup FW C.J. Sapong ( 1988 - 12 - 27 ) December 27 , 1988 ( age 28 ) 0 Philadelphia Union 2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup FW Alan Gordon ( 1981 - 10 - 16 ) October 16 , 1981 ( age 35 ) 0 Colorado Rapids v. Costa Rica ; November 15 , 2016 FW Aron Jóhannsson ( 1990 - 10 - 26 ) October 26 , 1990 ( age 26 ) 19 Werder Bremen v. Costa Rica ; November 15 , 2016 FW Terrence Boyd ( 1991 - 02 - 16 ) February 16 , 1991 ( age 26 ) 14 0 SV Darmstadt 98 v. New Zealand ; October 11 , 2016 Notes : GS = Group stage squad PRE = Preliminary squad Results and schedule ( edit ) The following is a list of match results from the previous 12 months , as well as any future matches that have been scheduled . For all past match results of the national team , see single - season articles and the team 's results page . Further information : 2016 in American soccer and 2017 in American soccer Cuba v United States October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) Friendly Cuba 0 -- 2 United States ( show ) Havana , Cuba 16 : 00 ET Urgelles 7 ' López 59 ' Report Wondolowski 62 ' Green 71 ' Stadium : Estadio Pedro Marrero Referee : Jafeth Perea ( Panama ) United States v New Zealand October 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 11 ) Friendly United States 1 -- 1 New Zealand ( show ) Washington , D.C. 20 : 00 ET Green 27 ' Altidore 86 ' Report Patterson 72 ' 84 ' Stadium : RFK Stadium Attendance : 9,012 Referee : Juan Carlos Guerra ( Guatemala ) United States v Mexico November 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 11 ) WCQ R5 United States 1 -- 2 Mexico ( show ) Columbus , Ohio 19 : 45 ET Brooks 15 ' Chandler 44 ' Wood 49 ' Besler 68 ' Report Reyes 10 ' Layún 20 ' , 70 ' Herrera 58 ' Vela 64 ' Márquez 89 ' Salcedo 76 ' , 90 + 3 ' Stadium : MAPFRE Stadium Attendance : 24,650 Referee : Walter López Castellanos ( Guatemala ) Costa Rica v United States November 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 15 ) WCQ R5 Costa Rica 4 -- 0 United States ( show ) San José , Costa Rica 21 : 00 ET Salvatierra 9 ' Venegas 44 ' Acosta 51 ' Bolaños 68 ' Campbell 74 , 78 ' Report Chandler 11 ' Jones 37 ' Bradley 55 ' Altidore 71 ' Stadium : Estadio Nacional de Costa Rica Attendance : 35,400 Referee : César Arturo Ramos ( Mexico ) United States v Serbia January 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 29 ) Friendly United States 0 -- 0 Serbia ( show ) San Diego , California 16 : 00 ET Kljestan 57 ' Report Cirkovic 80 ' Stadium : Qualcomm Stadium Attendance : 20,079 Referee : Kevin Morrison ( Jamaica ) United States v Jamaica February 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) Friendly United States 1 -- 0 Jamaica ( show ) Chattanooga , Tennessee 19 : 00 ET Morris 59 ' Report Grandison 10 ' Stadium : Finley Stadium Attendance : 17,903 Referee : Jafeth Perea ( Panama ) United States v Honduras March 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 24 ) WCQ R5 United States 6 -- 0 Honduras ( show ) San Jose , California 20 : 30 ET Lletget 5 ' Cameron 25 ' Bradley 27 ' Dempsey 32 ' , 49 ' , 54 ' Pulisic 46 ' Report Alvarado 15 ' Stadium : Avaya Stadium Attendance : 17,729 Referee : Walter López Castellanos ( Guatemala ) Panama v United States March 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 28 ) WCQ R5 Panama 1 -- 1 United States ( show ) Panama City , Panama 20 : 00 ET Gómez 43 ' Report Dempsey 39 ' Stadium : Estadio Rommel Fernández Attendance : 23,052 Referee : César Arturo Ramos ( Mexico ) United States v Venezuela June 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 03 ) Friendly United States 1 -- 1 Venezuela ( show ) Sandy , Utah 22 : 00 ET Pulisic 61 ' Report Velázquez 29 ' Stadium : Rio Tinto Stadium Attendance : 17,315 Referee : Jeffrey Solis ( Costa Rica ) United States v Trinidad and Tobago June 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 08 ) WCQ R5 United States 2 -- 0 Trinidad and Tobago ( show ) Commerce City , Colorado 19 : 50 ET Pulisic 52 ' , 62 ' Bedoya 85 ' Report Paul 76 ' Stadium : Dick 's Sporting Goods Park Attendance : 19,188 Referee : Óscar Moncada ( Honduras ) Mexico v United States June 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 11 ) WCQ R5 Mexico 1 -- 1 United States ( show ) Mexico City , Mexico 20 : 30 ET Vela 23 ' Report Bradley 6 ' Stadium : Estadio Azteca Attendance : 71,537 Referee : Joel Aguilar ( El Salvador ) United States v Ghana July 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 01 ) Friendly United States 2 -- 1 Ghana ( show ) East Hartford , Connecticut 16 : 45 ET Dwyer 19 ' Acosta 31 ' , 52 ' Villafana 45 + 2 ' Report Ofori 24 ' Gyan 60 ' Sackey 61 ' Stadium : Rentschler Field Attendance : 28,754 Referee : Ismael Cornejo ( El Salvador ) United States v Panama July 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 08 ) Gold Cup Group B United States 1 -- 1 Panama ( show ) Nashville , Tennessee 16 : 30 ET Dwyer 50 ' Report Camargo 60 ' Stadium : Nissan Stadium Attendance : 47,622 Referee : Fernando Guerrero ( Mexico ) United States v Martinique July 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 12 ) Gold Cup Group B United States 3 -- 2 Martinique ( show ) Tampa , Florida 21 : 00 ET Gonzalez 53 ' Morris 64 ' , 76 ' Report Parsemain 66 ' , 74 ' Stadium : Raymond James Stadium Attendance : 23,368 Referee : Henry Bejarano ( Costa Rica ) Nicaragua v United States July 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) Gold Cup Group B Nicaragua 0 -- 3 United States ( show ) Cleveland , Ohio 19 : 00 ET Report Corona 37 ' Rowe 56 ' Miazga 88 ' Stadium : FirstEnergy Stadium Attendance : 27,934 Referee : Melvin Matamoros ( Honduras ) United States v El Salvador July 19 , 2017 Gold Cup QF United States 2 -- 0 El Salvador ( show ) Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19 : 00 ET Gonzalez 41 ' Lichaj 45 + 2 ' Report Stadium : Lincoln Financial Field Attendance : 31,615 Referee : Drew Fischer ( Canada ) Costa Rica v United States July 22 , 2017 Gold Cup SF Costa Rica 0 -- 2 United States ( show ) Arlington , Texas 22 : 00 ET Report Altidore 72 ' Dempsey 82 ' Stadium : AT&T Stadium Attendance : 45,516 Referee : Joel Aguilar ( El Salvador ) United States v Jamaica July 26 , 2017 Gold Cup Final United States 2 -- 1 Jamaica ( show ) Santa Clara , California 21 : 30 ET Altidore 45 ' Morris 88 ' Report Watson 50 ' Stadium : Levi 's Stadium Attendance : 63,032 Referee : Walter López ( Guatemala ) United States v Costa Rica September 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 01 ) WCQ R5 United States 0 -- 2 Costa Rica ( show ) Harrison , New Jersey 18 : 30 ET Report Ureña 30 ' , 82 ' Stadium : Red Bull Arena Attendance : 26,500 Referee : John Pitti ( Panama ) Honduras v United States September 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 05 ) WCQ R5 Honduras 1 -- 1 United States ( show ) San Pedro Sula , Honduras 17 : 30 ET Quioto 27 ' Report Wood 85 ' Stadium : Estadio Olímpico Metropolitano Attendance : 37,325 Referee : Joel Aguilar ( El Salvador ) United States v Panama October 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) WCQ R5 United States Panama ( show ) Orlando , Florida 19 : 00 ET Stadium : Orlando City Stadium Trinidad and Tobago v United States October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) WCQ R5 Trinidad and Tobago United States ( show ) Couva , Trinidad and Tobago 20 : 00 ET Stadium : Ato Boldon Stadium U.S. Soccer Schedule U.S. Soccer Results USA : Fixtures and Results -- FIFA.com Player records ( edit ) Further information : United States men 's national soccer team player statistics As of September 5 , 2017 . Active players are shown in Bold . Most caps # Player Caps Goals Career Cobi Jones 164 15 1992 -- 2004 Landon Donovan 157 57 2000 -- 2014 Clint Dempsey 139 57 2004 -- 0000 Michael Bradley 138 17 2006 -- 0000 5 Jeff Agoos 134 1988 -- 2003 6 Marcelo Balboa 127 13 1988 -- 2000 7 DaMarcus Beasley 126 17 2001 -- 0000 8 Tim Howard 119 0 2002 -- 0000 9 Claudio Reyna 112 8 1994 -- 2006 10 Carlos Bocanegra 110 14 2001 -- 2012 Paul Caligiuri 110 5 1984 -- 1997 Top goalscorers # Player Goals Caps Career Clint Dempsey 57 139 2004 -- 0000 Landon Donovan 57 157 2000 -- 2014 Jozy Altidore 39 108 2007 -- 0000 Eric Wynalda 34 106 1990 -- 2000 5 Brian McBride 30 95 1993 -- 2006 6 Joe - Max Moore 24 100 1992 -- 2002 7 Bruce Murray 21 85 1985 -- 1993 8 Eddie Johnson 19 63 2004 -- 2014 9 Earnie Stewart 17 101 1990 -- 2004 DaMarcus Beasley 17 126 2001 -- 0000 Michael Bradley 17 138 2006 -- 0000 Competitive record ( edit ) For the all - time record of the national team against opposing nations , see the team 's all - time record page . The United States regularly competes at the FIFA World Cup and the CONCACAF Gold Cup . The U.S. has also played in the FIFA Confederations Cup , Copa América by invitation , as well as several minor tournaments . The U.S. men 's team have played in the Summer Olympics since 1924 . 1924 to 1976 when the U.S. national team played , only amateur players were allowed on Olympic teams per Olympic rules . From when that tournament became a full international tournament after the IOC allowed full national teams from outside FIFA CONMEBOL & UEFA confederations in 1984 , the U.S. national team results dramatically improved . Ever since 1992 the men 's Olympic event has been age - restricted ( under 23 plus three overage players ) , and participation has been by the United States men 's national under - 23 soccer team . The best result for the United States in a World Cup came in 1930 when they reached the semifinals . The best results in the modern era include the 2002 World Cup , when the U.S. reached the quarterfinals , and the 2010 World Cup , when the U.S. won its group . The worst result in the modern era was a first round elimination in 1990 , 1998 , and 2006 . In the Confederations Cup , the United States finished in third place in both 1992 and 1999 , and were runner - up in the 2009 Confederations Cup . During the 2009 Confederations Cup , the United States appeared in their first ever intercontinental tournament final . In the semifinals , the United States upset top ranked Spain , 2 -- 0 , to advance to the final . In the final , the United States lost 3 -- 2 to Brazil . In regional competitions , the United States has won the CONCACAF Gold Cup six times , with their most recent title in 2017 . Their best ever finish at the Copa América was fourth - place at the 1995 and 2016 editions . FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : United States at the FIFA World Cup FIFA World Cup record Year Result Position Pld GF GA 1930 Semi-Finals * 3rd 0 7 6 1934 Round 1 16th 0 0 7 1938 Withdrew 1950 Group Stage 10th 0 8 1954 Did Not Qualify 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 Group Stage 23rd 0 0 8 1994 Round of 16 14th 1998 Group Stage 32nd 0 0 5 2002 Quarter - Finals 8th 5 7 7 2006 Group Stage 25th 0 6 Round of 16 12th 5 5 2014 Round of 16 15th 5 6 2018 TBD 2022 Total 10 / 22 0 titles 33 8 6 19 37 62 United States World Cup record First match United States 3 -- 0 Belgium ( July 13 , 1930 ; Montevideo , Uruguay ) Biggest win United States 3 -- 0 Belgium ( July 13 , 1930 ; Montevideo , Uruguay ) United States 3 -- 0 Paraguay ( July 17 , 1930 ; Montevideo , Uruguay ) Biggest defeat Italy 7 -- 1 United States ( May 27 , 1934 ; Rome , Italy ) Best result Third place at the 1930 FIFA World Cup Worst result 32nd place at the 1998 FIFA World Cup FIFA Confederations Cup ( edit ) Main article : United States at the FIFA Confederations Cup FIFA Confederations Cup record Year Result Position Pld GF GA 1992 Third Place 3rd 0 5 5 1995 Did Not Qualify 1997 1999 Third Place 3rd 5 0 5 Did Not Qualify 2003 Group Stage 7th 0 2005 Did Not Qualify 2009 Runners - up 2nd 5 0 8 9 2013 Did Not Qualify 2017 Total 4 / 10 0 titles 15 6 8 19 20 Summer Olympics ( edit ) Summer Olympics record Year Result Position Pld GF GA Amateur 1908 Did not enter 1912 -- 1920 Did not qualify 1924 Round 2 14th 0 1928 Round 1 16th 0 0 11 1936 Round 1 16th 0 0 0 1948 Round 1 16th 0 0 0 9 1952 Round 1 26th 0 0 0 8 1956 Round 1 8th 0 0 9 1960 -- 1968 Did not qualify 1972 Group Stage 14th 0 0 10 1976 Did not qualify National Team 1980 Withdrew 1984 Group Stage 11th 5 1988 Group Stage 12th 0 5 Total 9 / 18 0 Titles 15 11 12 58 Under - 23 National Team 1992 -- present See United States national under - 23 team CONCACAF Gold Cup ( edit ) CONCACAF Championship 1963 -- 1989 , CONCACAF Gold Cup 1991 -- present CONCACAF Gold Cup record Year Result Position Pld GF GA 1963 Did Not Enter 1965 1967 1969 Did Not Qualify 1971 Did Not Enter 1973 Did Not Qualify 1977 1981 1985 Group Stage 6th 1989 Runners - up 2nd 8 6 1991 Champions 1st 5 0 10 1993 Runners - up 2nd 5 0 5 5 Third Place 3rd 0 8 1998 Runners - up 2nd 0 6 2000 Quarter - Finals 5th 0 6 2002 Champions 1st 5 0 9 2003 Third Place 3rd 5 0 13 2005 Champions 1st 6 0 11 2007 Champions 1st 6 6 0 0 13 2009 Runners - up 2nd 6 12 8 2011 Runners - up 2nd 6 0 9 6 2013 Champions 1st 6 6 0 0 20 2015 Fourth Place 4th 6 12 5 2017 Champions 1st 6 5 0 13 Total 14 / 14 6 titles 85 62 13 10 157 59 Copa América ( edit ) South American Championship 1916 -- 1967 , Copa América 1975 -- present CONMEBOL Copa América record Year Result Position Pld GF GA 1916 -- 1991 Did Not Enter 1993 Group Stage 12th 0 6 1995 Fourth Place 4th 6 6 7 1997 -- 2004 Did Not Enter 2007 Group Stage 12th 0 0 8 2011 -- 2015 Did Not Enter 2016 Fourth Place 4th 6 0 7 8 Total 4 / 45 0 titles 18 5 11 18 29 Honors ( edit ) Major competitions FIFA World Cup Third place ( 1 ) : 1930 Quarter - Finals ( 1 ) : 2002 FIFA Confederations Cup Runners - up ( 1 ) : 2009 Third place ( 2 ) : 1992 , 1999 CONCACAF Championship / CONCACAF Gold Cup Winners ( 6 ) : 1991 , 2002 , 2005 , 2007 , 2013 , 2017 Runners - up ( 5 ) : 1989 , 1993 , 1998 , 2009 , 2011 Third place ( 2 ) : 1996 , 2003 Copa América Fourth place ( 2 ) : 1995 , 2016 Minor competitions U.S. Cup Winners ( 3 ) : 1992 , 1995 , 2000 Runners - up ( 1 ) : 1999 Third place ( 2 ) : 1993 , 1996 Marlboro Cup Winners ( 2 ) : 1989 , 1989 Runners - up ( 3 ) : 1987 , 1988 , 1989 Third place ( 1 ) : 1990 NAFC Championship Runners - up ( 2 ) : 1949 , 1991 Third place ( 2 ) : 1947 , 1990 See also ( edit ) Association football portal Soccer in the United States portal Soccer in the United States United States women 's national soccer team United States men 's national under - 23 soccer team United States men 's national under - 20 soccer team United States men 's national under - 17 soccer team Fútbol de Primera Player of the Year U.S. National Soccer Team Players Association U.S. Soccer Athlete of the Year United States national soccer team results United States men 's national soccer team all - time record Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ FIFA 's initial match statistics showed 16 saves , and many news sources continue to use this number . The official FIFA statistics were updated on July 5 , 2014 to show 15 saves . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wilson , Paul ( June 26 , 2010 ) . `` USA 1 -- 2 Ghana '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ The Yanks Are Coming USA - HON Commercial . U.S. Soccer . Retrieved on August 12 , 2013 . Archived May 22 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ United States : FIFA / Coca - Cola World Ranking . FIFA.com . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` USA -- Details of International Matches 1885 -- 1969 '' . RSSSF.com . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2010 . Retrieved September 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Blevins , Dave ( 2012 ) . The sports hall of fame encyclopedia : baseball , basketball , football , hockey soccer . Lanham , Md. : Scarecrow Press . p. 745 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 6130 - 5 . Retrieved January 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA World Cup 1930 '' . FIFA . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . There was no official World Cup third place match in 1930 and no official third place was awarded at the time ; both the United States and Yugoslavia lost in the semi-finals . However , using the overall tournament records , FIFA 's official website lists the United States as the third place finishers in the 1930 World . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Soccer Timeline '' . US Soccer Timeline . Retrieved August 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA : USA -- Paraguay match report '' . FIFA . Retrieved June 9 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Bert Patenaude '' . CNN . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2010 . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Planet World Cup -- World Cup Trivia '' . PlanetWorldCup.com . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2010 . Retrieved June 9 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The Football Association 20 World Cup Facts '' . The FA . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2009 . Retrieved June 9 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup hat - tricks '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 19 , 2006 . Retrieved November 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` 1930 FIFA World Cup Uruguay -- Awards '' . FIFA . Retrieved January 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1950 World Cup vs. England -- Biggest Wins in U.S. Soccer History -- Photos '' . Sports Illustrated . AFP / Getty Images . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2010 . Retrieved May 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Yannis , Alex ( April 22 , 1985 ) . `` U.S. Soccer Team Hindered '' . The New York Times . nytimes.com . Retrieved May 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Michael ( November 10 , 2000 ) . `` Learning from history '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2010 . Retrieved May 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 1986 Qualifying '' . Recreation Sport Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lovejoy , Joe ( June 10 , 1993 ) . `` Football : England 's new low as U.S. pile on the misery : Dooley and Lalas add a further chapter to Taylor 's tale of woe as the Americans go one better than their forebears in Belo Horizonte '' . The Independent . London . Jump up ^ Lewis , Michael ( July 1 , 2000 ) . `` Escobar 's memory lives on '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2010 . Retrieved July 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Colombians recall 1994 murder of soccer player '' . Sports Illustrated . July 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Palmer , Kevin ( June 9 , 2006 ) . `` Winning is the only option '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup - winning Coach Is Fired , Eyed By U.S. Team '' . Philadelphia Inquirer . June 3 , 1995 . Jump up ^ `` Sampson destroyed U.S. unity with late changes to lineup '' . SoccerTimes.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Blum , Ronald ( February 2 , 2010 ) . `` Coach says alleged affair hurt ' 98 US soccer team '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Match Report : Italy -- USA '' . FIFA . June 17 , 2006 . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2010 . Retrieved June 16 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Ghana 2 -- 1 USA '' . BBC Sport . June 22 , 2006 . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dodd , Mike ( June 25 , 2007 ) . `` U.S. continues dominance vs. Mexico in Gold Cup final '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Egypt 3 -- 0 USA '' . BBC Sport . June 21 , 2009 . Retrieved June 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Chowdhury , Saj ( June 25 , 2009 ) . `` Spain 2 -- 0 United States '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved June 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dawkes , Phil ( June 28 , 2007 ) . `` United States 3 -- 2 Brazil '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goff , Steve ( June 25 , 2009 ) . `` USA Gold Cup Roster '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Davis , Noah ( February 12 , 2009 ) . `` United States Rain On Mexico 's World Cup Hopes '' . Goal.com . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2010 . Retrieved June 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Blum , Ronald ( April 1 , 2009 ) . `` Altidore hat trick against Trinidad & Tobago '' . USA Today . Associated Press . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2010 . Retrieved June 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Goff , Steven ( June 27 , 2010 ) . `` USA vs. Ghana : In World Cup 2010 , Americans eliminated by Ghana '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bosnia - Herzegovina vs US match '' . ESPN FC . August 14 , 2013 . Retrieved August 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Patrick ( August 14 , 2013 ) . `` USA closes in on Spanish record '' . Soccer America . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Carr , Paul ; Larcada , Albert ( August 14 , 2013 ) . `` 5 Aside : Altidore hat trick powers U.S. comeback '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved August 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jozy Altidore rallies U.S. in Bosnia '' . ESPN FC . Associated Press . August 14 , 2013 . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. win streak ends in Costa Rica '' . ESPN FC . September 6 , 2013 . Retrieved September 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Petterson , Joel ( June 9 , 2013 ) . `` It 's been a long , successful road back to Seattle for U.S. Soccer '' . Seattle Times . Retrieved June 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Vertelney , Seth ( June 19 , 2013 ) . `` USA puts one foot in Brazil after third straight Hexagonal win '' . Goal.com . Yahoo ! Sports . Jump up ^ `` Donovan helps U.S. book Brazil berth '' , ESPN FC , September 11 , 2013 , retrieved September 11 , 2013 Jump up ^ Hinnen , Jerry ( December 6 , 2013 ) . `` US World Cup draw : The worst of all possible worlds ( almost ) '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Trecker , Jamie ( June 16 , 2014 ) . `` Team USA stuns World Cup rival Ghana behind Brooks ' late winner '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Williams , Ashley M. ( June 26 , 2014 ) . `` USA advances , despite loss to Germany '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bezjak , Lou ( June 26 , 2014 ) . `` U.S. run in World Cup bringing out a lot of Pee Dee soccer fans '' . The Morning News . Florence , South Carolina . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . It 's the first time in U.S. soccer history it has advanced to the knockout stage of back - to - back World Cups . Jump up ^ `` Official FIFA statistics , updated July 5 , 2014 '' ( PDF ) . July 5 , 2014 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 1 , 2016 . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2014 : Tim Howard makes record number of saves '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . July 2 , 2014 . Retrieved July 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2017/03/25/03/54/20170324-recap-mnt-beat-honduras-6-0-world-cup-qualifying-march-24-2017-san-jose . USA Cruises to 6 - 0 Win vs. Honduras in Critical World Cup Qualifier Jump up ^ `` U.S. Soccer and MLS Sign Landmark TV Deals '' . ussoccer.com . United States Soccer Federation . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FAQs World Cup Qualifying Television Rights '' . www.ussoccer.com . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harris , Christopher ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` USA World Cup qualifier against Panama in March will be televised on beIN SPORTS '' . World Soccer Talk . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Better know a kit : A history of the modern U.S. soccer jersey '' . Project 2010 . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico 's first loss to U.S. at home , on a Mexican American 's goal '' . Los Angeles Times . August 16 , 2012 . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Trahan , Kevin . `` THE UNLIKELY RIVALRY BETWEEN COSTA RICA AND THE U.S. BEGAN WITH A SNOW GAME '' . Vice Sports . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rivera , Guillermo . `` Costa Rica consider matchup against the USA a CONCACAF Clasico '' . Major League Soccer . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Davis , Spenser . `` No changes to USMNT lineup against Costa Rica '' . Sounder at Heart . SB Nation . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Costa Rica keen to renew rivalry with U.S. '' . CONCACAF . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Godfrey , John . `` The US Men 's Soccer Team Is Starting To Develop An Unlikely Rivalry With Costa Rica '' . Business Insider . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Weinbach , John ( June 9 , 2006 ) . `` The Trials of the U.S. Soccer Fan '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved June 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` American Outlaws soccer -- Bing images '' . www.bing.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` American Outlaws Houston -- Bing images '' . www.bing.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Foss , Mike ( April 9 , 2014 ) . `` Meet the U.S. soccer fans who are dropping everything for the World Cup '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Murray , Rheana ( June 18 , 2014 ) . `` How the American Outlaws Are Getting the US into Soccer '' . ABC News . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Borden , Sam ( June 16 , 2013 ) . `` To U.S. Soccer Team , Home Field Is an Ever - Changing Thing '' . The New York Times . p . D2 . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Blum , Ronald ; Wilner , Barry ( June 9 , 2003 ) . `` USSF to propose Women 's World Cup final in Carson '' . USA Today . Associated Press . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2011 . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2017/08/27/17/10/20170827-news-mnt-arena-calls-26-players-for-critical-world-cup-qualifiers-vs-costa-rica-honduras Jump up ^ Farnsworth , Ed ( March 19 , 2014 ) . `` The US at the 1930 World Cup '' . The Philly Soccer Page . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bell , Jack ( June 28 , 2009 ) . `` Match Tracking Confederations Cup Final : Brazil 3 , U.S. 2 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. wins sixth Gold Cup title '' . CONCACAF . July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bell , Jack ( October 24 , 2012 ) . `` 2016 Copa América in the U.S. '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` USA Defeated 1 -- 0 by Colombia in 2016 Copa America Centenario Third Place Match '' . United States Soccer Federation . June 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States men 's national soccer team . Official website US men 's national soccer team Profile , Stats and Analytics at Footballdatabase Archive of United States men 's national soccer team results 1885 -- 1979 Archive of United States men 's national soccer team results 1980 -- US National Soccer Team Players Association official website Association of Football Statisticians US soccer team website US Soccer Schedule . US Soccer Results USA : Fixtures and Results -- FIFA.com United States men 's national soccer team General United States Soccer Federation History Managers Statistics Results All - time record World Cup records Confederations Cup records Players Players Captains Statistics Hat - tricks Rivalries Mexico Matches Noted matches United States FIFA World Cup squads United States squad -- 1930 FIFA World Cup Third Place MF Auld FW Bookie MF Brown GK Douglas FW Florie ( c ) DF Gallagher DF Gentle MF Gonsalves FW McGhee DF Moorhouse MF Oliver FW Patenaude MF Slone DF Tracey DF Vaughn DF Wood Coach : Millar United States squad -- 1934 FIFA World Cup MF Amrhein DF Czerkiewicz FW Dick FW Donelli MF Fiedler MF Florie MF Gallagher MF Gonsalves DF Harker GK Hjulian MF Lehman MF Lynch DF Martinelli FW McLean DF Moorhouse FW Nilsen MF Pietras DF Rapp FW Ryan Coach : Gould United States squad -- 1950 FIFA World Cup GK Borghi GK Gard DF Annis DF Coombes DF Keough DF Maca MF Bahr MF Colombo MF McIlvenny FW Craddock FW DiOrio FW Gaetjens FW Pariani FW E. Souza FW J. Souza FW Wallace FW Wolanin Coach : Jeffrey United States squad -- 1990 FIFA World Cup 1 Meola 2 Trittschuh 3 Doyle 4 Banks 5 Windischmann ( c ) 6 Harkes 7 Ramos 8 Bliss 9 Sullivan 10 Vermes 11 Wynalda 12 Krumpe 13 Eichmann 14 Stollmeyer 15 Armstrong 16 Murray 17 Balboa 18 Keller 19 Henderson 20 Caligiuri 21 Covone 22 Vanole Coach : Gansler United States squad -- 1994 FIFA World Cup 1 Meola ( c ) 2 Lapper 3 Burns 4 Kooiman 5 Dooley 6 Harkes 7 Pérez 8 Stewart 9 Ramos 10 Wegerle 11 Wynalda 12 Sommer 13 Jones 14 Klopas 15 Moore 16 Sorber 17 Balboa 18 Friedel 19 Reyna 20 Caligiuri 21 Clavijo 22 Lalas Coach : Milutinović United States squad -- 1998 FIFA World Cup 1 Friedel 2 Hejduk 3 Pope 4 Burns 5 Dooley ( c ) 6 Regis 7 Wegerle 8 Stewart 9 Moore 10 Ramos 11 Wynalda 12 Agoos 13 Jones 14 Preki 15 Deering 16 Sommer 17 Balboa 18 Keller 19 Maisonneuve 20 McBride 21 Reyna 22 Lalas Coach : Sampson United States squad -- 2002 FIFA World Cup 1 Friedel 2 Hejduk 3 Berhalter 4 Mastroeni 5 O'Brien 6 Regis 7 Lewis 8 Stewart 9 Moore 10 Reyna ( c ) 11 Mathis 12 Agoos 13 Jones 14 Cherundolo 15 Wolff 16 Llamosa 17 Beasley 18 Keller 19 Meola 20 McBride 21 Donovan 22 Sanneh 23 Pope Coach : Arena United States squad -- 2006 FIFA World Cup 1 Howard 2 Albright 3 Bocanegra 4 Mastroeni 5 O'Brien 6 Cherundolo 7 Lewis 8 Dempsey 9 Johnson 10 Reyna ( c ) 11 Ching 12 Berhalter 13 Conrad 14 Olsen 15 Convey 16 Wolff 17 Beasley 18 Keller 19 Hahnemann 20 McBride 21 Donovan 22 Onyewu 23 Pope Coach : Arena United States squad -- 2010 FIFA World Cup 1 Howard 2 Spector 3 Bocanegra ( c ) 4 M. Bradley 5 Onyewu 6 Cherundolo 7 Beasley 8 Dempsey 9 Gomez 10 Donovan 11 Holden 12 Bornstein 13 Clark 14 Buddle 15 DeMerit 16 Torres 17 Altidore 18 Guzan 19 Edu 20 Findley 21 Goodson 22 Feilhaber 23 Hahnemann Coach : B. Bradley United States squad -- 2014 FIFA World Cup 1 Howard 2 Yedlin 3 Gonzalez 4 Bradley 5 Besler 6 Brooks 7 Beasley 8 Dempsey ( c ) 9 Jóhannsson 10 Diskerud 11 Bedoya 12 Guzan 13 Jones 14 Davis 15 Beckerman 16 Green 17 Altidore 18 Wondolowski 19 Zusi 20 Cameron 21 Chandler 22 Rimando 23 Johnson Coach : Klinsmann United States FIFA Confederations Cup squads United States squad -- 1992 King Fahd Cup Third Place 1 Meola 2 Michallik 3 Lapper 4 Murray 5 -- 6 Harkes 7 Pérez 8 Kinnear 9 Ramos 10 Vermes 11 Wynalda 12 Harbor 13 Jones 14 Quinn 15 DeBrito 17 Balboa 18 Dodd 19 Henderson 20 Caligiuri 21 Clavijo 22 Wegerle Coach : Milutinović United States squad -- 1999 FIFA Confederations Cup Third Place 1 Friedel 2 Hejduk 3 Berhalter 4 Fraser 5 Brown 6 Harkes 7 Lewis 8 Stewart 9 Moore 10 Kirovski 11 Bravo 12 Agoos 13 Jones 14 McKeon 15 Williams 16 Llamosa 17 Balboa 18 Keller 19 Olsen 20 McBride Coach : Arena United States squad -- 2003 FIFA Confederations Cup 1 Cannon 2 Hejduk 3 Berhalter 4 Mastroeni 5 Vanney 6 Cherundolo 7 Lewis 8 Stewart ( c ) 9 Kirovski 10 Donovan 11 Mathis 12 Bocanegra 13 Martino 14 Armas 15 Convey 16 Califf 17 Beasley 18 Howard 19 Hahnemann 20 Twellman 21 Cunningham 22 Klein 23 Gibbs Coach : Arena United States squad -- 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup runners - up 1 Howard 2 Bornstein 3 Bocanegra ( c ) 4 Casey 5 Onyewu 6 Pearce 7 Beasley 8 Dempsey 9 Davies 10 Donovan 11 Wynne 12 M. Bradley 13 Clark 14 Califf 15 DeMerit 16 Kljestan 17 Altidore 18 Guzan 19 Adu 20 Torres 21 Spector 22 Feilhaber 23 Robles Coach : B. Bradley United States Summer Olympics squads United States squad -- 1956 Summer Olympics GK Coder GK Engedal DF Keough DF Marina DF Snylyk ( c ) DF Wecke DF Wirth MF Carden MF Conterio MF Dorrian MF Zerhusen FW Looby FW Mendoza FW Monsen FW Murphy FW Packer Coach : Mills United States squad -- 1972 Summer Olympics 1 Ivanow 2 Bahr 3 Bocwinski 4 Trost 5 Stemke 6 Stam 7 Roboostoff 8 Seerey 9 Carenza 10 Demling 11 Hernandez 12 Gay 13 Salcedo 14 Hamm 15 Ziaja 16 Flater 17 Zylker 18 Margulis 19 Messing Coach : Guelker United States squad -- 1984 Summer Olympics 1 Brcic 2 Savage 3 Thompson 4 Durgan 5 Tambi 6 DiBernardo 7 Kapp 8 Borja 9 Moyers 10 Davis 11 Pérez 12 Crow 13 Willrich 14 Fox 15 Swanner 16 Hooker 17 Aly Coach : Panagoulias United States squad -- 1988 Summer Olympics 1 Vanole 2 Trittschuh 3 Doyle 4 Crow 5 Windischmann 6 Klopas 7 Gabarra 8 Davis ( c ) 9 Goulet 10 Vermes 11 Eichmann 12 Krumpe 13 Harkes 14 Stollmeyer 15 Ramos 16 Murray 17 Armstrong 18 Duback 19 Bliss 20 Caligiuri Coach : Osiander United States CONCACAF Gold Cup squads United States squad -- 1991 CONCACAF Gold Cup winners ( 1st title ) 1 Meola 2 Trittschuh 3 Michallik 4 Murray 5 Eck 6 Harkes 7 Pérez 8 Kinnear 10 Vermes 11 Wynalda 14 Quinn 15 Armstrong 16 Doyle 17 Balboa 18 Keller 19 Henderson 20 Caligiuri 21 Clavijo 22 Savage Coach : Milutinović United States squad -- 1993 CONCACAF Gold Cup runners - up 1 Meola 3 Doyle 4 Kooiman 5 Dooley 6 Harkes 7 Moore 8 Kinnear 9 Ramos 10 Vermes 11 Wynalda 13 Jones 15 Armstrong 17 Wegerle 18 Friedel 19 Henderson 21 Clavijo 22 Lalas Coach : Milutinović United States squad -- 1996 CONCACAF Gold Cup Third Place 1 Friedel 2 Hejduk 3 Pittman 4 Burns 5 Dooley 6 Harkes 7 Moore 9 Ramos 11 Wynalda 12 Agoos 13 Jones 14 Klopas 15 Lassiter 16 Sorber 17 Balboa 18 Keller 19 Kirovski 20 Caligiuri 21 Reyna 22 Lalas Coach : Sampson United States squad -- 1998 CONCACAF Gold Cup runners - up 1 Friedel 2 Hejduk 3 Pope 4 Burns 5 Dooley 6 Harkes 7 Wegerle 9 Moore 11 Wynalda 12 Agoos 13 Jones 14 Preki 15 Lassiter 16 Dunseth 17 Balboa 18 Keller 19 Henderson 20 McBride 21 Reyna 22 Lalas 23 Berhalter 24 Sommer Coach : Sampson United States squad -- 2000 CONCACAF Gold Cup 1 Friedel 3 Vanney 4 Fraser 5 Brown 7 Lewis 9 Kirovski 10 Reyna 11 Wynalda 12 Agoos 13 Jones 14 Armas 16 Llamosa 18 Meola 19 Olsen 20 McBride 21 Williams 22 Razov 23 Pope Coach : Arena United States squad -- 2002 CONCACAF Gold Cup winners ( 2nd title ) 1 Meola 2 Hejduk 4 Beasley 5 Mathis 7 Lewis 8 Williams 9 West 10 Maisonneuve 11 Razov 12 Agoos 13 Jones 14 Armas 15 Wolff 17 Bocanegra 18 Keller 19 Lagos 20 McBride 21 Donovan 25 Mastroeni 26 Califf 27 Cunningham Coach : Arena United States squad -- 2003 CONCACAF Gold Cup Third Place 2 Hejduk 3 Vanney 4 Bocanegra 6 Gibbs 7 Lewis 8 Stewart 10 Reyna 11 Mathis 12 Califf 13 Mulrooney 15 Convey 17 Beasley 18 Keller 19 Ralston 20 McBride 21 Donovan 24 Brown 25 Mastroeni Coach : Arena United States squad -- 2005 CONCACAF Gold Cup winners ( 3rd title ) 1 Hahnemann 2 Hejduk 3 Vanney 4 Onyewu 5 O'Brien 6 Cherundolo 7 Beasley 8 Dempsey 9 Quaranta 10 Donovan 11 Casey 12 Conrad 13 Noonan 14 Armas 15 Olsen 16 Wolff 18 Keller ( c ) 19 Ralston 21 Davis 22 Sanneh 23 Pope 24 Reis 25 Mastroeni Coach : Arena United States squad -- 2007 CONCACAF Gold Cup winners ( 4th title ) 1 Howard 2 Hejduk 3 Bocanegra ( c ) 4 Mastroeni 5 Feilhaber 6 M. Bradley 7 Beasley 8 Dempsey 9 Johnson 10 Donovan 11 Ching 12 DeMerit 13 Bornstein 14 Ralston 15 Simek 16 Parkhurst 17 Spector 18 Keller 19 Clark 20 Twellman 21 Mapp 22 Onyewu 23 Guzan Coach : B. Bradley United States squad -- 2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup runners - up 1 Perkins 2 Pearce 3 Goodson 4 Marshall 5 Beckerman 6 Cherundolo ( c ) 7 Rogers 8 Pause 9 Davies 10 Holden 11 Ching 12 Conrad 13 Clark 14 Parkhurst 15 Cronin 16 Heaps 17 Cooper 18 Robles 19 Adu 20 Quaranta 21 Evans 22 Arnaud 23 Busch 25 Feilhaber Coach : Bradley United States squad -- 2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup runners - up 1 Howard 2 Spector 3 Bocanegra ( c ) 4 M. Bradley 5 Onyewu 6 Cherundolo 7 Edu 8 Dempsey 9 Agudelo 10 Donovan 11 Wondolowski 12 Bornstein 13 Jones 14 Lichaj 15 Ream 16 Kljestan 17 Altidore 18 Rimando 19 Rogers 20 Adu 21 Goodson 22 Bedoya 23 Hahnemann Coach : B. Bradley United States squad -- 2013 CONCACAF Gold Cup winners ( 5th title ) 1 Rimando 2 Castillo 3 Ashe 4 Orozco 5 Onyewu 6 Corona 7 Beasley ( c ) 8 Diskerud 9 Gomez 10 Donovan 11 Holden 12 S. Johnson 13 Beltran 14 Beckerman 15 Parkhurst 16 Torres 17 Bruin 18 McInerney 19 Wondolowski 20 Bedoya 21 Goodson 22 Hamid 23 Shea 24 Gonzalez 25 Besler 26 E. Johnson 27 Gordon Coach : Klinsmann United States squad -- 2015 CONCACAF Gold Cup Fourth Place 1 Guzan 2 Yedlin 3 Gonzalez 4 Bradley ( c ) 5 Beckerman 6 Brooks 7 Morales 8 Dempsey 9 Jóhannsson 10 Diskerud 11 Bedoya 12 Rimando 13 Alvarado 14 Garza 15 Ream 16 Evans 17 Altidore 18 Wondolowski 19 Zusi 20 Zardes 21 Chandler 22 Yarbrough 23 Johnson 24 Corona 25 Beasley 26 Gordon Coach : Klinsmann United States CONMEBOL Copa América squads United States squad -- 1993 Copa América 1 Meola 2 Lapper 3 Doyle 4 Murray 5 Kooiman 7 Woodring 8 Kinnear 9 Ramos 10 Vermes 11 Harbor 12 Agoos 13 Jones 14 Moore 15 Armstrong 16 Sorber 17 Chung 18 Friedel 19 Henderson 20 Caligiuri 21 Clavijo 22 Lalas Coach : Milutinović United States squad -- 1995 Copa América Fourth Place 1 Friedel 2 Lapper 3 Berhalter 4 Burns 5 Dooley 6 Harkes 7 Moore 8 Stewart 9 Ramos 10 Sorber 11 Wynalda 12 Sommer 13 Jones 14 Klopas 15 Bliss 16 Kirovski 17 Balboa 18 Keller 19 Kerr 20 Caligiuri 21 Reyna 22 Lalas Coach : Sampson United States squad -- 2007 Copa América 2 Wynne 3 DeMerit 4 Boswell 5 Feilhaber 6 Pearce 7 Califf 8 Gomez 9 Johnson 10 Davies 11 Gaven 12 Conrad 13 Bornstein 14 Olsen 15 Moor 16 Kljestan 17 Beckerman 18 Keller 19 Clark 20 Twellman 21 Mapp 23 Guzan 25 Nguyen Coach : Bradley United States squad -- 2016 Copa América Centenario Fourth Place 1 Guzan 2 Yedlin 3 Birnbaum 4 Bradley ( c ) 5 Besler 6 Brooks 7 Wood 8 Dempsey 9 Zardes 10 Nagbe 11 Bedoya 12 Howard 13 Jones 14 Orozco 15 Beckerman 16 Kitchen 17 Pulisic 18 Wondolowski 19 Zusi 20 Cameron 21 Castillo 22 Horvath 23 Johnson Coach : Klinsmann Awards Preceded by 1989 Costa Rica CONCACAF Champions 1991 ( First title ) Succeeded by 1993 Mexico Preceded by 2000 Canada CONCACAF Champions 2002 ( Second title ) Succeeded by 2003 Mexico Preceded by 2003 Mexico CONCACAF Champions 2005 ( Third title ) 2007 ( Fourth title ) Succeeded by 2009 Mexico Preceded by 2011 Mexico CONCACAF Champions 2013 ( Fifth title ) Succeeded by 2015 Mexico CONCACAF Championship & Gold Cup winners CONCACAF Championship 1963 : Costa Rica 1965 : Mexico 1967 : Guatemala 1969 : Costa Rica 1971 : Mexico 1973 : Haiti 1977 : Mexico 1981 : Honduras 1985 : Canada 1989 : Costa Rica CONCACAF Gold Cup 1991 : United States 1993 : Mexico 1996 : Mexico 1998 : Mexico 2000 : Canada 2002 : United States 2003 : Mexico 2005 : United States 2007 : United States 2009 : Mexico 2011 : Mexico 2013 : United States 2015 : Mexico 2017 : United States Competitions United States at the FIFA World Cup 1930 FIFA World Cup finalists Champions Uruguay Runners - up Argentina Third United States Fourth Yugoslavia Group stage Belgium Bolivia Brazil Chile France Mexico Paraguay Peru Romania 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 1934 FIFA World Cup finalists Champions Italy Runners - up Czechoslovakia Third place Germany Fourth place Austria Quarter - final Hungary Spain Sweden Switzerland First round Argentina Belgium Brazil Egypt France Netherlands Romania United States 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 1950 FIFA World Cup finalists Champions Uruguay Runners - up Brazil Third place Sweden Fourth place Spain Group stage Bolivia Chile England Italy Mexico Paraguay Switzerland United States Yugoslavia 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 1990 FIFA World Cup finalists Champions West Germany Runners - up Argentina Third place Italy Fourth place England Quarter - final Cameroon Czechoslovakia Republic of Ireland Yugoslavia Round of 16 Belgium Brazil Colombia Costa Rica Netherlands Romania Spain Uruguay Group stage Austria Egypt Scotland South Korea Soviet Union Sweden United Arab Emirates United States 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 1994 FIFA World Cup finalists Champions Brazil Runners - up Italy Third place Sweden Fourth place Bulgaria Quarter - final Germany Netherlands Romania Spain Round of 16 Argentina Belgium Mexico Nigeria Republic of Ireland Saudi Arabia Switzerland United States Group stage Bolivia Cameroon Colombia Greece Morocco Norway Russia South Korea 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 1998 FIFA World Cup finalists Champions France Runners - up Brazil Third place Croatia Fourth place Netherlands Quarter - final Argentina Denmark Germany Italy Round of 16 Chile England Mexico Nigeria Norway Paraguay Romania FR Yugoslavia Group stage Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cameroon Colombia Iran Jamaica Japan Morocco Saudi Arabia Scotland South Africa South Korea Spain Tunisia United States 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2002 FIFA World Cup finalists Champions Brazil Runners - up Germany Third place Turkey Fourth place South Korea Quarter - final England Senegal Spain United States Round of 16 Belgium Denmark Italy Japan Mexico Paraguay Republic of Ireland Sweden Group stage Argentina Cameroon China PR Costa Rica Croatia Ecuador France Nigeria Poland Portugal Russia Saudi Arabia Slovenia South Africa Tunisia Uruguay 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2006 FIFA World Cup finalists Champions Italy Runners - up France Third place Germany Fourth place Portugal Quarter - finals Argentina Brazil England Ukraine Round of 16 Australia Ecuador Ghana Mexico Netherlands Spain Sweden Switzerland Group stage Angola Costa Rica Ivory Coast Croatia Czech Republic Iran Japan South Korea Paraguay Poland Saudi Arabia Serbia and Montenegro Togo Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia United States 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2010 FIFA World Cup finalists Champions Spain Runners - up Netherlands Third place Germany Fourth place Uruguay Quarter - finals Argentina Brazil Ghana Paraguay Round of 16 Chile England Japan Mexico Portugal Slovakia South Korea United States Group stage Algeria Australia Cameroon Denmark France Greece Honduras Italy Ivory Coast New Zealand Nigeria North Korea Serbia Slovenia South Africa Switzerland 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2014 FIFA World Cup finalists Champions Germany Runners - up Argentina Third place Netherlands Fourth place Brazil Quarter - finals Belgium Colombia Costa Rica France Round of 16 Algeria Chile Greece Mexico Nigeria Switzerland United States Uruguay Group stage Australia Bosnia and Herzegovina Cameroon Croatia Ecuador England Ghana Honduras Iran Italy Ivory Coast Japan Portugal Russia South Korea Spain 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 United States at the FIFA Confederations Cup 1992 King Fahd Cup finalists Champions Argentina Runners - up Saudi Arabia Third place United States Fourth place Ivory Coast 1999 FIFA Confederations Cup finalists Champions Mexico Runners - up Brazil Third place United States Fourth place Saudi Arabia Eliminated in the group stage Group A Bolivia Egypt Group B Germany New Zealand 2003 FIFA Confederations Cup finalists Champions France Runners - up Cameroon Third place Turkey Fourth place Colombia Eliminated in the group stage Group A Japan New Zealand Group B Brazil United States 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup finalists Champions Brazil Runners - up United States Third place Spain Fourth place South Africa Eliminated in the group stage Group A Iraq New Zealand Group B Egypt Italy National football teams of North America , Central America , and the Caribbean ( CONCACAF ) North America Canada Mexico United States Central America Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama Caribbean Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Aruba Bahamas Barbados Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Cuba Curaçao Dominica Dominican Republic French Guiana Grenada Guadeloupe Guyana Haiti Jamaica Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Saint Martin Sint Maarten Suriname Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands U.S. Virgin Islands Defunct Netherlands Antilles 1 : Inside the North American zone , but CFU member . 2 : South American country , but affiliated to CONCACAF and CFU . 3 : Full or associate CONCACAF member , but non-FIFA member . Template : USNationalTeams # invoke : Navbox Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_men%27s_national_soccer_team&oldid=800973457 '' Categories : North American national association football teams United States men 's national soccer team United States Soccer Federation Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages where template include size is exceeded Use mdy dates from March 2017 Use American English from October 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in American English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Commons category with page title different than on Wikidata Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ænglisc Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Ligure Magyar मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 22 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States%20men%2527s%20national%20soccer%20team
| 2,006 |
orchestral manoeuvres in the dark pretty in pink
|
If You Leave ( song )
|
if you leave ( song )
|
`` If You Leave '' is a 1986 song by the British synthpop group Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark ( OMD ) . It was recorded for the soundtrack to the film Pretty in Pink ( 1986 ) , in which it is played prominently during the final scene . Along with 1980 's `` Enola Gay '' , the track has been described as the band 's signature song .
|
`` If You Leave '' is the group 's highest - charting single in the United States , where it reached number 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in May 1986 . The song was also a Top 5 entry in Canada and New Zealand , and charted at number 15 in Australia . A distinguishing track of the 1980s , it has had an enduring presence on radio . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Reception and legacy 3 In popular culture 4 Track listing 4.1 7 `` : Virgin / VS 843 ( UK ) 4.2 7 `` : A&M / Virgin / AM 8669 ( US ) 4.3 7 `` : A&M / Virgin / AM 2811 ( US ) 4.4 12 `` : Virgin / VS 843 - 12 ( UK ) 4.5 12 `` : A&M / Virgin / SP - 12176 ( US ) 5 Chart positions 6 Other appearances 7 Cover versions 8 References Composition ( edit ) The band wrote `` If You Leave '' after John Hughes decided to change the ending to Pretty in Pink after poor test audience reactions . Hughes had asked the band for a song for the new ending two days before they were due to begin a tour , and `` If You Leave '' was written and recorded in under 24 hours as a result . The song was deliberately written at a tempo of 120 BPM , to match the speed of `` Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) '' , which the dancers in the scene had initially danced to . Despite this songwriter Andy McClusky later noted that an editing error meant that the dancing appears out of sync regardless . The original ending featured another OMD song , `` Goddess of Love '' , which was released on The Pacific Age later in 1986 . Reception and legacy ( edit ) Ian Cranna in Smash Hits wrote that `` If You Leave '' is `` false and contrived and seems to last about 3 years '' ( but described UK B - side `` 88 Seconds in Greensboro '' as `` OMD at their blazing best '' ) . On the other hand , Chicago Sun - Times journalist Dennis Hunt asserted that the track `` is too good to be ignored '' . Retrospectively , Alfred Soto of The Village Voice said it `` starts promisingly '' and features `` admirably straightforward '' lyrics , but concluded : `` Gradually the annoyances become menaces . The parts are garish , overstated ; it 's a cluttered mix . '' Trouser Press called the song a `` dull ballad '' that `` was thankfully omitted from OMD 's subsequent album , The Pacific Age '' . Conversely , Stereogum critic Ryan Leas considered the track to be among `` the best songs of the ' 80s '' , and described its intro / chorus synthesizer melody as `` one of the best sounds ever '' . Andrew Unterberger in Stylus Magazine said that the `` gorgeous '' song makes the final scene of Pretty in Pink `` one of the best in cinematic history '' . AllMusic journalist Mike DeGagne named `` If You Leave '' as the best track from Pretty in Pink , adding that `` its adult feel and smooth transition from stanza to chorus makes it ( OMD 's ) most memorable song '' . Hugo Lindgren in The New York Times Magazine argued that the stateside popularity of `` If You Leave '' -- as well as that of the similarly pop - oriented Crush ( 1985 ) -- `` obscured OMD 's legacy as musical innovators '' from US audiences , and marked a shift toward `` making music for whoever signed the checks '' . Listeners in OMD 's native UK -- where the band had gained an audience with edgy , experimental music -- were particularly resistant to the track , which peaked at no . 48 on the UK Singles Chart . Frontman Andy McCluskey commented : `` It 's a blessing to have such a big hit , but a shame that it overshadows so many other good songs for the US audience . We have many European fans who hate the song . '' Entertainment Weekly journalist Dana Falcone described `` If You Leave '' as a `` now - classic tune '' and `` OMD 's best - known song to Americans '' . The track has been included in various `` greatest songs '' listings ; KOOL - FM named it the third - best new wave song of the 1980s , while Time Out ranked it the 10th greatest track of 1980s cinema . In popular culture ( edit ) The Canadian teen drama Degrassi : The Next Generation , which was known in its early seasons for naming each episode after a 1980s hit song , named an episode after this song . On Modern Family , `` If You Leave '' is Phil and Claire Dunphy 's song . However , Claire forgets this and thinks their song is `` True '' by Spandau Ballet . In the Season 2 finale of The Goldbergs the song is played as Erica boards the plane on her way to her summer music school . Cover versions of the song have also been used in film and television . Track listing ( edit ) 7 `` : Virgin / VS 843 ( UK ) ( edit ) `` If You Leave '' -- 4 : 30 `` 88 Seconds in Greensboro '' -- 4 : 20 7 `` : A&M / Virgin / AM 8669 ( US ) ( edit ) `` If You Leave '' -- 4 : 24 `` Secret '' -- 3 : 57 7 `` : A&M / Virgin / AM 2811 ( US ) ( edit ) `` If You Leave '' - 4 : 24 `` La Femme Accident '' - 3 : 58 12 `` : Virgin / VS 843 - 12 ( UK ) ( edit ) `` If You Leave '' ( extended version ) -- 5 : 59 `` 88 Seconds in Greensboro '' -- 4 : 20 `` Locomotion '' ( live version ) -- 3 : 50 12 `` : A&M / Virgin / SP - 12176 ( US ) ( edit ) `` If You Leave '' ( extended version ) -- 5 : 59 `` La Femme Accident '' ( extended version ) -- 5 : 36 Chart positions ( edit ) Chart ( 1986 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 15 New Zealand Singles Chart 5 UK Singles Chart 48 US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks 24 US Billboard Hot Dance Music / Maxi - Singles Sales 31 Other appearances ( edit ) The OMD greatest hits albums The Best of OMD and The OMD Singles `` If You Leave '' was featured in the compilation album Lost & Found : Reconstruction . Cover versions ( edit ) `` If You Leave '' was covered by pop - punk band Good Charlotte for the soundtrack of Not Another Teen Movie , a parody on teen movies like Pretty in Pink . A cover version by Nada Surf was used on an episode of The O.C. It is played as a tribute to the John Hughes film Pretty in Pink where the original OMD version of the song appeared . It was released on Music from the OC : Mix 2 . LMP covered the song on their album A Century of Song . Indie rock band Rafter covered the song for the compilation album Guilt by Association Vol. 2 , released in 2008 . It was also covered by Tom Racer on the compilation album Is n't She Still ... the Pretty in Pink Soundtrack Revisited . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ O'Brien , Jon . `` Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark -- Live in Berlin '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Now I 'm bored and old ' : 27 deliberately confounding follow - ups to popular successes '' . The A.V. Club . 17 August 2009 . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Wuench , Kevin ( January 28 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday lost and found : OMD 's ' Electricity ' '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lindgren , Hugo ( May 10 , 2013 ) . `` The Plot Against Rock '' . The New York Times Magazine . The New York Times Company . Retrieved October 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Macantosh , Dan . `` ANDY MCCLUSKY OF OMD '' . Songfacts . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cranna , Ian ( May 7 , 1986 ) . `` Single Reviews ( OMD -- ' 88 Seconds in Greensboro ' ) '' . Smash Hits. 8 ( 10 ) : 41 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Dennis ( 17 June 1986 ) . `` Hit single puts OMD in the pink '' . Chicago Sun - Times . HighBeam Research . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Soto , Alfred ( 19 June 2012 ) . `` OMD 's ' If You Leave ' Ca n't Get Out Of Here Soon Enough '' . The Village Voice . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark '' . Trouser Press . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Leas , Ryan ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` Neon Nostalgia '' . Stereogum . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Unterberger , Andrew ( October 3 , 2003 ) . `` Top Ten Musical Moments from Pretty in Pink '' . Stylus Magazine . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The Best of OMD at AllMusic . Jump up ^ `` If You Leave '' review at AllMusic . Jump up ^ `` If You Leave by OMD '' . Songfacts . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Falcone , Dana ( 28 February 2016 ) . `` Pretty in Pink 30th anniversary : OMD ' If You Leave ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 15 New Wave Songs of the ' 80s '' . KOOL - FM . April 18 , 2016 . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Chenr , Michael ( March 18 , 2014 ) . `` The 50 best songs from ' 80s movies '' . Time Out . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CBS - FM 's Thanksgiving 2015 Countdown of the Top 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . WCBS - FM . November 16 , 2015 . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Top 500 Songs of the 80 's - 00 's . Blender. 2005 . Retrieved October 23 , 2012 . Archived at Acclaimed Music . Jump up ^ Terich , Terrance . The Top 200 Songs of the 80 's : Part One . Treble . February 13 , 2011 . Retrieved October 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 1001 Greatest Songs to Download Right Now ! '' . Blender . October 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Modern Family `` Great Expectations '' `` . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 ( illustrated ed . ) . St Ives , N.S.W. : Australian Chart Book . p. 224 . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . N.B. The Kent Report chart was licensed by ARIA from mid-1983 until June 19 , 1988 . Jump up ^ Matthew Solarski ( November 19 , 2008 ) . `` My Brightest Diamond , Frightened Rabbit Do Covers '' . Pitchfork Media . Retrieved June 26 , 2010 . ( hide ) Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark Andy McCluskey Paul Humphreys Martin Cooper Stuart Kershaw Dave Hughes Malcolm Holmes Michael Douglas Graham Weir Neil Weir Phil Coxon Nigel Ipinson Abe Juckes Studio albums Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark Organisation Architecture & Morality Dazzle Ships Junk Culture Crush The Pacific Age Sugar Tax Liberator Universal History of Modern English Electric The Punishment of Luxury Compilation albums The Best of OMD The OMD Singles The OMD Remixes Navigation : The OMD B - Sides Messages : Greatest Hits Live albums Peel Sessions 1979 -- 1983 OMD Live : Architecture & Morality & More Singles and EPs `` Electricity '' `` Red Frame / White Light '' `` Messages '' `` Enola Gay '' `` Souvenir '' `` Joan of Arc '' `` Maid of Orleans ( The Waltz Joan of Arc ) '' `` Genetic Engineering '' `` Telegraph '' `` Locomotion '' `` Talking Loud and Clear '' `` Tesla Girls '' `` Never Turn Away '' `` So in Love '' `` Secret '' `` La Femme Accident '' `` If You Leave '' `` ( Forever ) Live and Die '' `` We Love You '' `` Shame '' `` Dreaming '' `` Brides of Frankenstein '' `` Sailing on the Seven Seas '' `` Pandora 's Box '' `` Then You Turn Away '' `` Call My Name '' `` Stand Above Me '' `` Dream of Me '' `` Everyday '' `` Walking on the Milky Way '' `` Universal '' `` If You Want It '' `` Sister Marie Says '' `` History of Modern ( Part I ) '' Videography The Best of OMD OMD Live : Architecture & Morality & More Messages : Greatest Hits Electricity : OMD with the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra Related articles Discography The Id Dalek I Love You The Listening Pool Onetwo Atomic Kitten Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=If_You_Leave_(song)&oldid=842208180 '' Categories : 1986 singles Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark songs Songs written for films Songs written by Paul Humphreys Songs written by Andy McCluskey 1986 songs Virgin Records singles A&M Records singles Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2016 Use British English from June 2015 Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Polski Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 20 May 2018 , at 23 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If%20You%20Leave%20%28song%29
| 2,007 |
||
when was the last time there was an f5 tornado
|
Officially and unofficially rated F5 / EF5 tornadoes from 2000 to 2017 Day Year Location Fatalities Notes 0504 ! May 4 000000002003 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2003 Girard -- Franklin , Kansas 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 May 2003 tornado outbreak sequence -- Officially rated high - end F4 , but there is speculation that this tornado may have reached F5 intensity . Homes along the path were swept completely away , severe ground scouring occurred , and heavy objects and vehicles were thrown over 100 yd ( 300 ft ) from where they originated . The town of Franklin sustained devastating damage , with multiple homes swept away . 0504 ! May 4 000000002007 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2007 Greensburg , Kansas 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 May 2007 tornado outbreak -- This tornado destroyed 95 % of the town , including seven well - built homes with anchor bolts that were swept away . Vehicles were thrown hundreds of feet , and trees were completely denuded and debarked . This was the first tornado to have been rated EF5 after the retirement of the original Fujita Scale in the United States February 2007 . 0622 ! June 22 000000002007 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2007 Elie , Manitoba 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 Elie , Manitoba tornado -- Two homes were swept away , including one that was well - bolted to its foundation . A few of the bolts themselves were snapped off . A van was thrown several hundred yards through the air , and nearby trees were debarked as well . Only officially rated F5 tornado in Canada . Last tornado to be rated F5 due to Environment Canada utilizing the Enhanced Fujita Scale on April 1 , 2013 . 0525 ! May 25 000000002008 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2008 Parkersburg -- New Hartford , Iowa 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Late - May 2008 tornado outbreak sequence -- Well - built homes with anchor bolts were swept away , 17 of which were assessed to have sustained EF5 damage . Two of them had no visible debris left anywhere near the foundations . A concrete walk - out basement wall was pushed over at one home , and the concrete floor was cracked . A rebar support set into the foundation of another home was found snapped in half , and reinforced concrete light poles were snapped and dragged along the ground . A large industrial building was completely destroyed , with metal beams twisted and sheared off at their bases , and the foundation pushed clean of the metal framing and debris . Vehicles were thrown long distances and stripped down to their frames as well . Additionally , a large field east of Parkersburg was filled with finely granulated debris that was wind - rowed in long streaks , trees were completely debarked , and shrubs were uprooted and stripped in some areas . 0427 ! April 27 000000002011 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2011 Philadelphia -- Preston , Mississippi 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 2011 Philadelphia , Mississippi tornado -- Rated EF5 based upon extreme ground scouring . The tornado dug a trench 2 ft ( 0.61 m ) deep into a pasture , leaving nothing but large clumps of dirt and bare topsoil behind . A tied - down mobile home was lofted through the air and carried 300 yd ( 274 m ) , with no indication of contact with the ground . Several vehicles were tossed hundreds of yards and wrapped around trees . Pavement was scoured from roads as well , and extreme debarking and denuding of trees occurred , some of which were ripped out of the ground and thrown up to 20 yards away . 0427 ! April 27 000000002011 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2011 Smithville , Mississippi 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 2011 Smithville , Mississippi tornado -- Numerous well - built , anchor - bolted brick homes were swept away , including one that had part of its concrete slab foundation pulled up and dislodged slightly . An SUV was thrown half a mile into the top of the town 's water tower . In the most intense damage area , all plumbing and appliances at home - sites were `` shredded or missing . '' Chip and tar pavement was torn from road , and a pickup truck that was thrown from one home was never recovered . A large brick funeral home was reduced to a bare slab , and extensive wind - rowing of debris occurred next to the foundation . Outside town , the ground was deeply scoured in an open field . Additionally , numerous trees and low shrubbery were debarked and shredded . 0427 ! April 27 000000002011 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2011 Hackleburg -- Phil Campbell , Alabama 7001720000000000000 ♠ 72 2011 Hackleburg -- Phil Campbell , Alabama tornado -- This was the deadliest tornado in Alabama state history . Numerous homes , some of which were large , well - built , and anchor - bolted were swept away . Debris from some obliterated homes was scattered and wind - rowed well away from the foundations . One home that was swept away had its concrete stemwalls sheared off at ground level . Vehicles were thrown at least 200 yd ( 183 m ) , and at least one large vehicle that was missing after the tornado was never located . Hundreds of trees were completely debarked and twisted , and in some cases were reduced only to stubs . Pavement was scoured from roads as well , a large industrial plant was leveled to the ground , and a restaurant that was swept away had a small portion of its foundation slab torn apart . 0427 ! April 27 000000002011 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2011 Tuscaloosa -- Birmingham , Alabama 7001640000000000000 ♠ 64 2011 Tuscaloosa -- Birmingham tornado -- Officially rated high - end EF4 , though the final rating was a source of controversy , and one survey team rated some of the damage as EF5 . Many homes , a large section of an apartment building , and a clubhouse were swept away , though these structures were either poorly anchored , lacked interior walls , or surrounded by contextual damage not consistent with an EF5 tornado . A manhole cover was removed from a drain and thrown into a ravine near the clubhouse . A 34 - tonne ( 74,957 lb ) railroad trestle support structure was thrown 100 ft ( 30 m ) up a hill , and a 35.8 - tonne ( 78,925 lb ) coal car was thrown 391 ft ( 119 m ) through the air . 0427 ! April 27 000000002011 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2011 Rainsville -- Sylvania , Alabama 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 2011 Super Outbreak -- Many homes were swept away , some of which had their concrete porches torn away and shattered , with debris strewn up to a mile away from the foundations in some cases . A few of the homes were bolted to their foundations . An 800 - pound ( 363 kg ) safe was ripped from its anchors and thrown 600 ft ( 183 m ) , and its door was ripped from its frame . Ground scouring occurred , and sidewalk pavement was pulled up . A pickup truck was tossed 250 yd ( 750 ft ) and torn apart . An underground storm shelter had much of its dirt covering scoured away and was heaved slightly out of the ground , and pavement was scoured from roads . One well - built stone house was completely obliterated , and a stone pillar was ripped completely out of the ground at that residence , pulling up a section of house foundation in the process . 0522 ! May 22 000000002011 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2011 Joplin , Missouri 7002158000000000000 ♠ 158 2011 Joplin tornado -- Deadliest tornado in the United States since 1947 . Many homes , business , and steel frame industrial buildings were swept away , and large vehicles including semi-trucks and buses were thrown hundreds of yards . A large multi-story hospital had its foundation and underpinning system so severely damaged that it was structurally compromised and had to be torn down . Reinforced concrete porches were deformed , lifted , and tossed , and 300 - pound ( 136 kg ) concrete parking stops anchored with rebar were ripped from parking lots and tossed well over 100 ft ( 30 m ) . Vehicles were thrown several blocks away from the residences where they originated , and a few were never recovered . Damage to driveways was noted at some residences as well . A large steel - reinforced concrete `` step and floor structure '' leading to one building was warped slightly and cracked . Ground and pavement scouring occurred , and heavy manhole covers were removed from roads as well . On June 10 , 2013 , an engineering study found no evidence of EF5 structural damage in Joplin due to the poor quality of construction of many buildings . However , the EF5 rating stood as the National Weather Service in Springfield , Missouri , stated that survey teams found only a very small area of EF5 structural damage ( at and around the hospital ) and that it could have easily been missed in the survey , and the EF5 rating was mainly based on large vehicles being thrown long distances , along with non-conventional , non-structural instances of damage , such as removal of manhole covers , pavement , concrete porches , driveways , and parking stops , and the presence of wind - rowed debris . 0524 ! May 24 000000002011 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2011 El Reno -- Piedmont , Oklahoma 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Tornado outbreak sequence of May 21 -- 26 , 2011 -- Mobile radar recorded winds over 200 mph ( 320 km / h ) . Many homes were swept away , trees were completely debarked , and extensive ground scouring occurred . At the Cactus 117 oil rig , a 1,900,000 - pound ( 861,830 kg ) oil derrick was blown over and rolled three times . Cars were thrown long distances and wrapped around trees , including an SUV that was thrown 780 yd ( 713 m ) and had its body ripped from the frame . Several cars near the beginning of the path were thrown more than 1,093 yd ( 0.62 mi ) . Additionally , a 20,000 - pound ( 9,072 kg ) oil tanker truck was thrown approximately 1 mi ( 1.6 km ) . 0524 ! May 24 000000002011 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2011 Chickasha -- Blanchard -- Newcastle , Oklahoma 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Tornado outbreak sequence of May 21 -- 26 , 2011 -- Officially rated a high - end EF4 ; however , the survey conducted by NWS Norman mentions this tornado as being a `` plausible EF5 '' . Well - built homes with anchor bolts were swept away , pavement was scoured from roads and driveways , and vehicles were thrown up to 600 yd ( 549 m ) away , some of which were torn into multiple pieces or stripped down to their frames . Trees were reduced to completely debarked stumps , and severe ground scouring occurred , with all grass and several inches of topsoil removed in some areas . A reinforced concrete dome home was severely damaged and cracked . 0524 ! May 24 000000002011 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2011 Washington -- Goldsby , Oklahoma 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 Tornado outbreak sequence of May 21 -- 26 , 2011 -- Officially a high - end EF4 , but rating is disputed . Large and well - built homes with anchor bolts were swept completely away , extensive ground scouring occurred , and vehicles were thrown long distances and mangled almost beyond recognition . 0520 ! May 20 000000002013 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2013 Moore , Oklahoma 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 2013 Moore tornado -- Many homes were swept away , including nine that were well - built and bolted to their foundations and two elementary schools were completely destroyed . Extensive ground scouring occurred with only bare soil left in some areas , and a 10 - ton propane tank was thrown more than half a mile through the air . Trees and shrubs were completely debarked , wind - rowing of debris was noted , and an oil tank was thrown a full mile from a production site , while another was never found . A manhole cover was removed near Moore Medical Center , and vehicles were thrown hundreds of yards and torn into multiple pieces . 0531 ! May 31 000000002013 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2013 El Reno , Oklahoma 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 2013 El Reno tornado -- Largest tornado on record at 2.6 miles ( 4.2 km ) wide . Was initially rated EF5 based solely on mobile Doppler radar measurements , which recorded winds over 295 mph ( 470 km / h ) . However , the most significant structural damage was rated EF3 , as the tornado did not strike any buildings when the EF5 winds were recorded . Rating was eventually downgraded to EF3 because of this , though the practicality of the downgrade has been disputed by some meteorologists . Famous storm chaser Tim Samaras is one of the fatalities . 0427 ! April 27 000000002014 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2014 Vilonia , Arkansas 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 April 27 -- 30 , 2014 tornado outbreak -- Officially rated high - end EF4 , though the rating was a major source of controversy , and meteorologist / civil engineer Timothy P. Marshall noted that the rating assigned was `` lower - bound '' , and also noted `` the possibility that EF5 winds could have occurred '' despite the structural flaws responsible for the EF4 rating . Numerous homes were swept completely away with only bare slabs left , including one that was well - bolted to its foundation , and extensive wind - rowing of debris occurred . Trees were completely debarked and denuded , shrubs were shredded and debarked , and vehicles were thrown hundreds of yards and stripped down to their frames . A large 29,998 - pound metal fertilizer tank was found approximately 3 / 4 of a mile away from where it originated . Extensive ground scouring occurred as well . 0409 ! April 9 000000002015 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2015 Rochelle , Illinois 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 2015 Rochelle -- Fairdale , Illinois tornado -- Officially rated a very high - end EF4 with winds of 200 mph ( 320 km / h ) due to some minor structural and contextual discrepancies , though there is speculation that the tornado may have reached EF5 intensity . Multiple large , anchor bolted homes were swept away with debris wind - rowed through nearby fields . A concrete walkway at one home was pulled a few inches from its original location . Extensive ground scouring occurred , a section of pavement was scoured from a road , and a car was thrown a full mile . 0409 ! May 9 000000002016 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2016 Sulphur , Oklahoma 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 Tornado outbreak of May 7 -- 10 , 2016 -- This large wedge tornado produced high - end EF3 damage along its path , though mobile Doppler radar recorded winds over 200 mph ( 320 km / h ) as the tornado was passing over an open field . 0409 ! May 25 000000002016 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2016 Chapman , Kansas 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 Tornado outbreak sequence of May 22 -- 26 , 2016 -- An anchor - bolted brick farm home was swept away and was ripped from its foundation so violently that part of the foundation was severely cracked , though the area surrounding the home was not swept completely clean . Vehicles and large pieces of farm machinery were thrown and mangled beyond recognition , and a section of metal railroad track was bent horizontally by the tornado . Officially rated very high - end EF4 with winds of 200 mph ( 320 km / h ) , though NWS Topeka damage surveyors later noted that based on the severity of the damage in rural areas , it `` could have very well been '' rated EF5 had it struck Chapman directly .
|
List of F5 and EF5 tornadoes
|
list of f5 and ef5 tornadoes
|
Among the most violent known meteorological events are tornadoes . Each year , more than 2,000 tornadoes occur worldwide , with the vast majority occurring in the United States and Europe . In order to assess the intensity of these events , meteorologist Ted Fujita devised a method to estimate maximum winds within the storm based on damage caused ; this became known as the Fujita scale . At the top end of the scale , which ranks from 0 to 5 , are F5 tornadoes . These storms were estimated to have had winds between 260 mph ( 420 km / h ) and 320 mph ( 510 km / h ) . Following two particularly devastating tornadoes in 1997 and 1999 , engineers questioned the reliability of the scale . Ultimately , a new scale was devised that took into account 28 different damage indicators ; this became known as the Enhanced Fujita scale . With building designs taken more into account , winds in an EF5 tornado were estimated to be in excess of 200 mph ( 320 km / h ) .
|
Since 1950 , there have been 59 officially rated F5 and EF5 tornadoes in the United States and 1 F5 in Canada . Additionally , the works of tornado expert Thomas P. Grazulis revealed the existence of several dozen more between 1880 and 1995 . Grazulis also put into question the ratings of several currently rated F5 tornadoes . Outside the United States and Canada , seven tornadoes have been rated F5 : two each in France , Germany , and Italy and one in Russia . Several other tornadoes are also documented as possibly attaining this status . Since structures are completely destroyed in both cases , the identification and assignment of scale between an EF4 tornado and an EF5 is often very difficult . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of events 1.1 Before 1900 1.2 1900 -- 1949 1.3 1950 -- 1999 1.4 2000 -- 2017 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References 4.1 Bibliography 5 External links 5.1 Canadian sources List of Events ( edit ) F5 damage in Bridge Creek , Oklahoma from May 3 , 1999 The tornadoes on this list have been officially rated F5 by an official government source . Unless otherwise noted , the tornadoes on this list have been rated F5 by the National Weather Service ( NWS ) , as shown in the archives of the Storm Prediction Center and National Climatic Data Center ( NCDC ) . Prior to 1950 , assessments of F5 tornadoes are mostly based on the works of Thomas Grazulis . Between 1880 and 1950 , the NCDC accepted 38 of his classifications as F5s . In addition to the accepted ones , he rated a further 25 during the same period . From 1950 to 1970 tornadoes were assessed retrospectively , primarily using information recorded in government databases , and newspaper photographs and descriptions . Beginning in 1971 , tornadoes were rated by the NWS using on - site damage surveys . For United States tornadoes as of February 1 , 2007 , the Fujita scale has been recalibrated to more accurately match tornado speeds with their damage and to augment and refine damage descriptors . The new system is called the Enhanced Fujita scale . No earlier tornadoes will be reclassified , and no new tornadoes in the United States will be rated F5 . France and Canada later adopted the EF - scale in years following . In all , 63 tornadoes have been officially rated F5 / EF5 since 1950 : 59 in the United States , 1 in Italy , France , Russia , and Canada . The works of Grazulis also revealed 16 more F5s between 1950 and 1995 , with four later being accepted by the NCDC . Since the implementation of the EF - scale , there have been 9 officially rated EF5 tornadoes in the United States . Before the implementation of the Enhanced - Fujita Scale , 50 tornadoes were officially rated F5 and will not be changed . Same goes for the Enhanced - Fujita , if it is rated EF5 they have up to 90 days on whether a tornado rated EF5 actually caused that degree of damage . The 2013 El Reno , OK tornado was rated EF5 in early June , but at the last second in early September it was downgraded to its original EF3 rating since no EF5 damage was found . Once those 90 days pass and the rating is not downgraded it will be officially rated EF5 and will not change . -- Official F5 / EF5 ; undisputed -- Rated F5 / EF5 , or mentioned as a possible F5 / EF5 by tornado expert Thomas P. Grazulis -- Listed as an F5 / EF5 on the 2000 NCDC tornado climatology memo -- Official F5 / EF5 , but rating is disputed ; event may not have been F5 / EF5 -- Officially ranked below F5 / EF5 , but rating is disputed ; event may have been F5 / EF5 Before 1900 ( edit ) Officially and unofficially rated F5 tornadoes prior to 1900 Day Year Location Fatalities Notes 0629 ! June 29 000000001764 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1764 Woldegk , Germany 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 This tornado was among the strongest ever recorded with damage assessed at the highest level of the TORRO scale ( T11 ) . The rating was assigned based on several surveys by German scientist Gottlob Burchard Genzmer . 0424 ! April 23 000000001800 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1800 Hainichen , Germany 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 Homes were completely destroyed , and large swaths of forest were leveled with trees debarked . 0819 ! August 19 000000001845 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1845 Montville , Seine - Maritime , France 7001750000000000000 ♠ 75 This tornado was rated T10 / 11 . Several large , stone - built mills were leveled and partly swept clean . One of the mills was a four - story structure that likely collapsed . Debris was carried 25 mi ( 40 km ) . 0424 ! April 24 000000001880 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1880 West Prairie , Christian County , Illinois 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Many `` well built '' homes were leveled and farms vanished . Its victims ( both people and cattle ) were reportedly carried up to half a mile . This is the earliest estimated F5 that can be verified in the U.S. according to Grazulis . ( The 1953 Waco tornado is the earliest officially rated - see below . ) The F5 rating is widely accepted . 0612 ! June 12 000000001881 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1881 Hopkins , Missouri 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 1881 Hopkins tornado -- Two farms were completely swept away . May have been an F5 , though rated F4 due to some uncertainty . 0615 ! June 15 000000001881 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1881 Renville County , Minnesota 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 1881 Minnesota tornado outbreak - According to Grazulis , this tornado was `` probably '' an F5 . Severe damage occurred in Renville County where five farms were completely swept away . 0617 ! June 17 000000001882 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1882 Grinnell , Iowa 7001650000000000000 ♠ 65 16 farms were blown away and the town of Grinnell was devastated . Debris was carried 100 mi ( 160 km ) . Caused 68 fatalities according to Grazulis . 0821 ! August 21 000000001883 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1883 Rochester , Olmsted County , Minnesota 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 1883 Rochester tornado -- 10 farms outside the town were leveled , and some homes were swept away . A metal railroad bridge was completely destroyed . 0401 ! April 1 000000001884 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1884 Oakville , Indiana 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Among contemporary meteorologists , this was considered one of the most intense tornadoes observed up to that time . Parts of Oakville `` vanished , '' with house debris scattered for miles . 0615 ! June 15 000000001892 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1892 Faribault -- Freeborn -- Steele County , Minnesota 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 1892 Southern Minnesota tornado -- Entire farms were obliterated , and house timbers were embedded into the ground 3 mi ( 4.8 km ) away from the foundations . 0522 ! May 22 000000001893 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1893 Willow Springs , Wisconsin 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Two farm complexes were completely swept away . 0706 ! July 6 000000001893 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1893 Pomeroy , Iowa 7001710000000000000 ♠ 71 Well - built homes were swept away in four counties with F5 damage in the town of Pomeroy . Grass was scoured from the ground , and a metal bridge was torn from its supports . A well pump and 40 feet ( 12 m ) of pipe were pulled out of the ground . 0921 ! September 21 000000001894 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1894 Kossuth County , Iowa 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 Five farms and a home were swept away , leaving little trace . 0501 ! May 1 000000001895 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1895 Harvey County , Kansas 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Farms `` entirely vanished , '' with debris carried for miles . 0503 ! May 3 000000001895 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1895 Sioux County , Iowa 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Farms were swept away , with debris carried for miles . 0515 ! May 15 000000001896 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1896 Sherman , Texas 7001730000000000000 ♠ 73 May 1896 tornado outbreak sequence -- This was one of the most intense tornadoes of the 19th century according to Grazulis . `` Extraordinary '' damage occurred to farms and 20 homes that were completely obliterated and swept away . An iron - beam bridge was torn apart and scattered , with one of the beams deeply embedded into the ground . Trees were reduced to debarked stumps , and grass was scoured from lawns in town as well . Several headstones at a cemetery were shattered or thrown up to 250 yards through the air , and a trunk lid from Sherman was found 35 miles away . Reliable reports said that numerous bodies were carried hundreds of yards , and that multiple deaths occurred in 17 different families ; seven deaths were in one family alone . 0517 ! May 17 000000001896 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1896 Nemaha -- Brown County , Kansas -- Nebraska 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 May 1896 tornado outbreak sequence -- An opera house in Seneca was swept away , along with some farms . Entire farms were reportedly swept clean of debris , leaving the areas `` bare as the prairie . '' 0525 ! May 25 000000001896 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1896 Ortonville -- Oakwood , Michigan 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 May 1896 tornado outbreak sequence -- Houses and farms were leveled and swept away , with debris carried up to 12 mi ( 19 km ) away . Trees were completely debarked , with even small twigs stripped bare in some cases . 0518 ! May 18 000000001898 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1898 Marathon County , Wisconsin 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 12 farms were flattened . 0611 ! June 11 000000001899 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1899 Salix , Iowa 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 This tornado impacted several farms , including one where a `` fine new residence '' was swept completely away . 0612 ! June 12 000000001899 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1899 St. Croix County -- New Richmond , Wisconsin 7002117000000000000 ♠ 117 New Richmond tornado -- This tornado devastated New Richmond , leveling or sweeping away many homes and businesses . A large section of the town was reduced to nothing but scattered debris and house foundations . The three - story , brick Nicollet Hotel was completely leveled to the ground . Numerous trees were completely debarked and shorn of their branches . A 3,000 - pound ( 1,361 kg ) safe was carried a full block . 1900 -- 1949 ( edit ) Officially and unofficially rated F5 tornadoes between 1900 and 1949 Day Year Location Fatalities Notes 0510 ! May 10 000000001905 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1905 Snyder , Oklahoma 7001970000000000000 ♠ 97 Snyder , Oklahoma tornado -- The town of Snyder was devastated , with many structures swept away . A piano was found in a field 8 mi ( 13 km ) outside town , and debris was carried 60 mi ( 97 km ) away . 0605 ! June 5 000000001905 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1905 Colling , Michigan 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Three farms were `` wiped out of existence '' with only `` bits of kindling '' remaining on the foundations . 0605 ! June 5 000000001906 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1906 Houston County , Minnesota 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 A farm was completely leveled , and a child was reportedly carried . 5 mi ( 0.80 km ) away . 0423 ! April 23 000000001908 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1908 Cuming -- Thurston County , Nebraska 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 1908 Dixie tornado outbreak -- A well - built two - story home was swept away . 0512 ! May 12 000000001908 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1908 Fremont -- Page County , Iowa 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 Five farms had all buildings swept away , homes were `` absolutely reduced to kindling , '' and lumber was scattered for miles . 0605 ! June 5 000000001908 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1908 Fillmore County , Nebraska 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 Farms vanished , with little left to indicate farmsteads ever existed at some locations . 0420 ! April 20 000000001912 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1912 Kingfisher County , Oklahoma 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 April 20 -- 22 , 1912 tornado outbreak - Entire farms were swept away . May have been a possible F5 . 0427 ! April 27 000000001912 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1912 Kiowa -- Canadian County , Oklahoma 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 This tornado is only listed as an F5 by the NCDC memorandum , and is not listed at all by Grazulis or any other sources , and is therefore a possible typographical error in the memorandum . 0615 ! June 15 000000001912 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1912 Creighton , Missouri 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Two large homes were completely swept away . 0615 ! March 23 000000001913 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1913 Omaha , Nebraska 7002113000000000000 ♠ 113 March 1913 tornado outbreak sequence -- Photo analysis by Grazulis revealed possible F5 damage with many empty foundations throughout Omaha , though it is uncertain if this was a result of the tornado or cleanup efforts following the event . An F4 rating was assigned due to the uncertainty . 0611 ! June 11 000000001915 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1915 Kiowa County , Kansas 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 One entire farm was swept completely away . 0525 ! May 25 000000001917 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1917 Andale -- Sedgwick , Kansas 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 May -- June 1917 tornado outbreak sequence -- Many structures were swept away , and trees were debarked . The F5 rating is widely accepted . 0605 ! June 5 000000001917 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1917 Kiro -- Elmont , Kansas 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 This intense , large tornado resembled the F5 in 1966 , but missed downtown . It hit only 8 mi ( 13 km ) northwest of downtown Topeka . In the damaged area , homes and farms were swept completely away . A schoolhouse was reduced to an empty stone foundation . Trees were debarked , and heavy farm machinery was carried for miles . 0521 ! May 21 000000001918 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1918 Crawford -- Greene County , Iowa 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 At least two farms were swept away , and house foundations were left bare . Mattresses from the homes were transported 2 mi ( 3.2 km ) . 0521 ! May 21 000000001918 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1918 Boone -- Story County , Iowa 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 A large tornado completely swept away two entire farms . Mentioned as a possible F5 by Grazulis . 0622 ! June 22 000000001919 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1919 Fergus Falls , Minnesota 7001590000000000000 ♠ 59 1919 Fergus Falls tornado -- This tornado produced extreme damage in Fergus Falls . A three - block - wide swath was leveled , with some homes swept away . Several summer homes were swept away into Lake Alice . A train station was swept away , railroad tracks were ripped from the ground , and a large three - story hotel was completely leveled . Numerous small trees were completely debarked . 0328 ! March 28 000000001920 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1920 West Liberty , Indiana -- Van Wert , Ohio 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 1920 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak -- Farms were leveled and swept away in Indiana and Ohio . Some homes had their floors dislodged and moved some distance . Mentioned as a possible F5 by Grazulis . 0420 ! April 20 000000001920 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1920 Clay County , Mississippi -- Marion County , Alabama -- Lawrence County , Alabama 7001880000000000000 ♠ 88 April 1920 tornado outbreak -- This large , long - tracked tornado struck the same areas as the EF5 tornado in 2011 , passing near Hackleburg and Phil Campbell , Alabama . Many homes were swept away and entire forests were leveled as the tornado tracked for 130 mi ( 210 km ) . Large boulders were picked up and thrown , and part of one was found 11 mi ( 18 km ) away from where it originated . Vehicles were thrown hundreds of yards . May have gained F5 strength , however this is uncertain . 0722 ! July 22 000000001920 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1920 Frobisher -- Alameda , Saskatchewan 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 `` Splendid homes '' were swept away and `` reduced to splinters . '' 0415 ! April 15 000000001921 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1921 Harrison County , Texas -- Pike -- Hempstead County , Arkansas 7001620000000000000 ♠ 62 This tornado family tracked for 112 mi ( 180 km ) , killing at least 59 people , and reached a peak width of 1.1 mi ( 1.8 km ) . Many homes were leveled , some of which were swept away and scattered across fields . A large concrete fireplace was shifted 3 ft ( 1.0 yd ) , and a vehicle was thrown 200 yd ( 600 ft ) and partially buried into the soil . Tornado is not listed as an F5 by Grazulis but is listed on the NCDC memorandum . 0311 ! March 11 000000001923 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1923 Pinson , Tennessee 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 An entire section of the town was swept away . Bodies or body parts were found up to 1 mi ( 1.6 km ) away . This is the first of only two F5s to hit Tennessee , the other having struck Lawrence County on April 16 , 1998 . 0514 ! May 14 000000001923 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1923 Big Spring , Texas 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 A large ranch home and farms were swept away . 0921 ! September 21 000000001924 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1924 Clark County -- Taylor County , Wisconsin 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 20 farms were destroyed , some of which were obliterated . An entire wall of a home was carried for 14 mi ( 23 km ) . Considered to be a possible F5 by Grazulis . 0318 ! March 18 000000001925 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1925 Missouri -- Illinois -- Indiana 7002695000000000000 ♠ 695 Tri-State Tornado -- This was the deadliest and longest - tracked single tornado in U.S. history , producing the highest tornado - related death toll in a single U.S. city ( 234 , at Murphysboro , Illinois ) and the largest such toll in a U.S. school ( 33 , at Desoto , Illinois ) . Thousands of structures were destroyed , with hundreds of homes swept away along the path , especially in Illinois and Indiana . The towns of Murphysboro , West Frankfort , Gorham and Griffin were devastated , along with numerous other small towns and communities . Gorham and Griffin were 100 % destroyed , with every single structure in Gorham leveled or swept away . Trees were debarked , debris was finely granulated , and deep ground scouring was noted in several areas as well . A Model T Ford was thrown a long distance and stripped , railroad tracks were ripped from the ground at multiple locations along the path , and a large multi-ton coal tipple was blown over and rolled . The F5 rating is widely accepted . 0603 ! June 3 000000001925 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1925 Pottawattamie -- Harrison County , Iowa 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 19 buildings on two farms reportedly `` vanished '' . This tornado took nearly the same path as the next one , below . May have been a `` possible '' F5 . 0603 ! June 3 000000001925 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1925 Pottawattamie -- Harrison County , Iowa 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Parts of two farms and some homes swept away , but they may have been hit by both tornadoes , thus the uncertainty of an possible F5 . 0412 ! April 12 000000001927 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1927 Rocksprings , Texas 7001740000000000000 ♠ 74 This massive tornado swept away or leveled 235 out of 247 structures , more than 90 % of the town , killing or injuring a third of the population . Many of the structures were reduced to bare foundations , leaving `` no trace of lumber or contents . '' Acres of ground were `` swept bare '' in some parts of town . 0507 ! May 7 000000001927 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1927 Barber -- McPherson County , Kansas 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Many farms were destroyed and some were swept completely away . The F5 rating is widely accepted . 0410 ! April 10 000000001929 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1929 Sneed , Arkansas 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 This tornado is considered the only F5 on record in Arkansas . It destroyed the Sneed community , reduced homes to `` splinters '' , and made a `` clean sweep '' of the area . Huge trees were snapped or torn apart . 0724 ! July 24 000000001930 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1930 Treviso -- Udine , Italy 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 This was an extremely powerful tornado , rated T10 / 11 . A large stone monastery was partially leveled to the ground . 0720 ! July 20 000000001931 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1931 Lublin , Poland 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 This tornado is officially rated F4 ; however , the Polish Weather Service estimated winds at 246 to 324 mph ( 396 to 521 km / h ) , potentially ranking it as an F5 . 0522 ! May 22 000000001933 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1933 Tryon , Nebraska 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Two farms were swept away . 0701 ! July 1 000000001935 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1935 Benson , Saskatchewan 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Several structures were leveled . 0405 ! April 5 000000001936 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1936 Tupelo , Mississippi 7002216000000000000 ♠ 216 Tupelo - Gainesville tornado outbreak -- This tornado leveled and swept away many large and well - constructed houses , killing entire families . A concrete war monument was toppled and broken , with nearby brick gate posts snapped off at the base . Granulated structural debris was scattered and wind - rowed for miles east of the city . Pine needles were reportedly driven into tree trunks as well . 0426 ! April 26 000000001938 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1938 Oshkosh , Nebraska 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 A school disintegrated , and two farms were swept away . Dead bodies were carried . 25 mi ( 0.40 km ) away . 0610 ! June 10 000000001938 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1938 Clyde , Texas 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 All nine homes in a small subdivision `` literally vanished '' , with bodies carried up to . 50 mi ( 0.80 km ) away . A car engine , found nearby , was carried for a similar distance . 19 railroad cars were `` tossed like toys . '' 0414 ! April 14 000000001939 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1939 Woodward County , Oklahoma -- Barber County , Kansas 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Homes and entire farms were swept away , and cars were carried for hundreds of yards . 0618 ! June 18 000000001939 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1939 Hennepin -- Anoka County , Minnesota 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Homes were swept away in Champlin and Anoka . A car was tossed 300 yd ( 900 ft ) and smashed to pieces . As the tornado crossed the Mississippi River , witnesses reported that so much water was sucked into the air that the riverbed was briefly exposed , and that the flow of water was stopped until the tornado reached the opposite bank . Tornado is not listed as an F5 by Grazulis , but appears on the NCDC memorandum . 0407 ! April 7 000000001940 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1940 Amite , Louisiana 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 This tornado produced possible F5 damage to a `` large new home , '' killing the couple inside . Another violent tornado hit Amite on April 24 , 1908 . 0316 ! March 16 000000001942 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1942 Peoria County -- Marshall County , Illinois 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 March 1942 tornado outbreak -- Many homes were swept away in the town of Lacon , Illinois , and a farmhouse sustained F5 damage . 0429 ! April 29 000000001942 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1942 Oberlin , Kansas 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Three farms were obliterated , with all buildings and several inches of topsoil swept away . Debris from homes was granulated into splinters `` no larger than match sticks . '' 0617 ! June 17 000000001944 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1944 Summit , South Dakota 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Farms were swept away with no visible debris left . 0622 ! June 22 000000001944 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1944 Grant County , Wisconsin -- Stephenson County , Illinois 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 This long - tracked tornado destroyed many homes in both states . 0412 ! April 12 000000001945 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1945 Antlers , Oklahoma 7001690000000000000 ♠ 69 600 buildings were destroyed , and some areas were swept clean of all debris . The F5 rating is widely accepted . 0617 ! June 17 000000001946 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1946 Windsor , Ontario 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 1946 Windsor - Tecumseh , Ontario tornado -- Officially rated F4 ; however , one home had a portion of its concrete block foundation swept away , indicating borderline F5 damage . 0820 ! August 20 000000001946 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1946 Klodzko Slaskie , Poland 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 Officially rated F4 ; however , report indicates potential F5 damage . 0409 ! April 9 000000001947 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1947 Glazier / Higgins , Texas -- Woodward , Oklahoma 7002181000000000000 ♠ 181 1947 Glazier - Higgins - Woodward tornadoes -- Several towns were partially or totally destroyed . Most structures in Glazier were swept away , where shrubbery was debarked , ground scouring occurred , and vehicles were thrown hundreds of yards . In Higgins , a 41⁄2 ton lathe was ripped from its anchors and broken in half . A 20 - ton boiler tank in Woodward was thrown a block and a half . The F5 rating is widely accepted . 0429 ! April 29 000000001947 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1947 Worth , Missouri 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Most of Worth was destroyed . Half of a brick building remained standing in the village . Considered to be a possible F5 by Grazulis . 0531 ! May 31 000000001947 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1947 Leedey , Oklahoma 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 This tornado reportedly left more intense damage than the previous event did in Woodward . Many structures were swept away , leaving no debris or grass in some areas . Yards at some residences were stripped of their lawns and all vegetation , and several inches of topsoil were removed as well . The F5 rating is widely accepted , though the tornado was very slow - moving , which may have exacerbated the level of destruction to some extent . 0521 ! May 21 000000001949 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1949 Palestine , Illinois 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 A restaurant was leveled , and cars in the parking lot were thrown up to 300 yd ( 900 ft ) away from where they originated . 1950 -- 1999 ( edit ) Officially and unofficially rated F5 tornadoes between 1950 and 1999 Day Year Location Fatalities Notes 0518 ! May 18 000000001951 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1951 Olney , Texas 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Many homes in town were destroyed , some of which were swept away with very little debris left . 0321 ! March 21 000000001952 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1952 Byhalia , Mississippi -- Moscow , Tennessee 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 March 1952 Southern United States tornado outbreak -- Officially rated F4 in tornado databases ; however , the National Climatic Data Center lists this as an F5 event in a Tech Memo reporting all known F5 tornadoes . The only possible F5 damage was to a concrete block structure that may or may not have been steel - reinforced . 0522 ! May 22 000000001952 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1952 Douglas -- Leavenworth County , Kansas 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 Home of a bank president was reportedly leveled with possible F5 damage . 0511 ! May 11 000000001953 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1953 Waco , Texas 7002114000000000000 ♠ 114 1953 Waco tornado outbreak -- Many large , multi-story buildings in downtown Waco were completely leveled , along with homes both north and south of Waco . First officially ranked F5 tornado in the U.S. 0529 ! May 29 000000001953 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1953 Fort Rice , North Dakota 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 A large church was leveled and pews were jammed 4 ft ( 1.2 m ) into the ground . Car parts were carried for 0.5 mi ( 0.80 km ) . Rating disputed . 0608 ! June 8 000000001953 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1953 Flint , Michigan 7002116000000000000 ♠ 116 Flint - Worcester tornado outbreak sequence -- Entire blocks of homes were completely swept away , with only rows of bare slabs and empty basements remaining . Cycloidal ground scouring occurred as well . 0608 ! June 8 000000001953 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1953 Cygnet , Ohio 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 Flint -- Worcester tornado outbreak sequence -- Possible but unverifiable F5 damage occurred near Cygnet where homes were swept completely away . A steel - and - concrete bridge was destroyed as the tornado passed near Jerry City . 0609 ! June 9 000000001953 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1953 Worcester , Massachusetts 7001940000000000000 ♠ 94 Flint - Worcester tornado outbreak sequence -- Many strong structures with numerous interior walls were leveled , and entire blocks of homes were swept cleanly away . The large , brick Assumption College sustained severe damage , and its upper stories were completely destroyed . A large , multi-ton storage tank was carried over a road , and trees along the path were debarked as well . Debris from this tornado was found in the Atlantic Ocean . The tornado was rated F5 by Grazulis in a later publication . 0627 ! June 27 000000001953 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1953 Adair , Iowa 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Four farms were destroyed , with virtually nothing left at one of them . Heavy machinery was thrown hundreds of feet , and boards were driven into trees . 1205 ! December 5 000000001953 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1953 Vicksburg , Mississippi 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 1953 Vicksburg , Mississippi tornado outbreak -- Many large brick buildings were leveled in downtown Vicksburg . The F5 rating is disputed by Grazulis as destroyed structures were frail . 0501 ! May 1 000000001954 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1954 Crowell -- Vernon , Texas -- Snyder , Oklahoma 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 Vehicles were thrown more than 100 yd ( 300 ft ) , and three farms were entirely swept away . 0525 ! May 25 000000001955 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1955 Blackwell , Oklahoma 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 1955 Great Plains tornado outbreak -- Many homes and businesses were swept away in town . 0525 ! May 25 000000001955 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1955 Udall , Kansas 7001800000000000000 ♠ 80 1955 Great Plains tornado outbreak -- Many homes and businesses were swept away in town . Vehicles were thrown and stripped down to their frames , including a pickup truck that was partially wrapped around a tree . A 30 foot ( 9.1 m ) - by - 40 - foot ( 12 m ) concrete block building was obliterated , with the foundation left mostly bare . Beams were also broken at a school building , and numerous trees were debarked . 0702 ! July 2 000000001955 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1955 Walcott , North Dakota 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Eleven farms were completely leveled or swept away . One farm appeared to show potential F5 damage to a home that was swept completely away . 0403 ! April 3 000000001956 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1956 Hudsonville -- Grand Rapids , Michigan 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 April 1956 Hudsonville - Standale tornado -- Many homes were swept completely away , leaving bare foundations behind . Extensive wind - rowing of debris was observed , and vehicles were tossed hundreds of yards as well . One home that was swept away had all of its tile flooring scoured from the foundation . 0520 ! May 20 000000001957 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1957 Ruskin Heights , Missouri 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 May 1957 Central Plains tornado outbreak -- Entire rows of homes were swept away , with extensive wind - rowing of structural debris noted in nearby fields . Some homes had their anchor - bolted subflooring swept away as well , leaving only empty basements behind . A steel - reinforced school was partially leveled , and many shops and businesses sustained F5 damage . F4 damage occurred in both Kansas and Missouri , but the F5 damage was in Ruskin Heights and Hickman Mills . 0521 ! May 21 000000001957 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1957 Fremont , Missouri 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 May 1957 Central Plains tornado outbreak -- Most of Fremont was destroyed , with many structures swept away . Possible F5 damage occurred to schools , homes , and businesses near the railroad tracks , but could not be verified due to poor quality of construction . 0616 ! June 16 000000001957 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1957 Robecco Pavese -- Valle Scuropasso , Italy 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Many large stone buildings were flattened . Officially rated F5 with damage estimated at T10 on the TORRO Scale ; however , rating is uncertain and it may have been a high - end F4 . 0620 ! June 20 000000001957 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1957 Fargo , North Dakota 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 1957 Fargo tornado -- Many homes were leveled , with some swept completely away . Part of the Golden Ridge subdivision was swept away , with the debris scattered long distances into nearby fields . Fujita reportedly called this more intense than the 1965 Palm Sunday tornadoes he surveyed , some of which he rated F5 in the Chicago Damage Area Per Path Length ( DAPPL ) . 1218 ! December 18 000000001957 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1957 Sunfield , Illinois 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 December 1957 tornado outbreak sequence -- The entire Sunfield community `` vanished . '' 0604 ! June 4 000000001958 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1958 Menomonie -- Colfax , Wisconsin 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 1958 Colfax , Wisconsin tornado outbreak -- Homes were swept away , and numerous trees were completely debarked . A car was wrapped around the side of a small steel bridge that collapsed in the tornado . Rating disputed . 0610 ! June 10 000000001958 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1958 El Dorado , Kansas 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Reports indicated near - F5 - level damage to homes . A car was thrown 100 yd ( 300 ft ) , but damage photographs were inconclusive as to whether F5 structural damage occurred . 0505 ! May 5 000000001960 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1960 Prague , Oklahoma 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 May 1960 tornado outbreak sequence -- Homes were swept away , and heavy oil tanks were thrown long distances . Hillsides were stripped of most vegetation and up to 6 in ( 0.15 m ) of topsoil . 0519 ! May 19 000000001960 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1960 Wamego , Kansas 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 Rated F5 by Grazulis as two farms were swept away . 0520 ! May 20 000000001960 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1960 Niechobrz , Poland 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Officially rated high - end F4 with homes completely destroyed . Report on tornado noted potential F5 damage . 0530 ! May 30 000000001961 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1961 Custer -- Valley County , Nebraska 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 All buildings and machinery were swept away from a farm . Widely accepted as an F5 tornado , including within the NCDC Technical Memorandum ; however , it is listed as an F4 in the official databases . 0403 ! April 3 000000001964 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1964 Wichita Falls , Texas 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Homes were swept away , and a boxcar was thrown 100 yd ( 300 ft ) . A car was thrown a block and a half . 0412 ! April 12 000000001964 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1964 Near Lawrence , Kansas 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 Produced possible F5 damage according to Grazulis . Farms were leveled and a truck was thrown 300 yd ( 274 m ) . 0505 ! May 5 000000001964 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1964 Bradshaw , Nebraska 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Numerous farms were swept away . 0411 ! April 11 000000001965 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1965 Midway , Indiana 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 1965 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak -- This was the first of two violent tornadoes to hit the Dunlap area , north of Goshen . Homes were swept away , and an airplane wing was found 35 miles ( 56 km ) away in Michigan . This tornado was famously photographed as a double tornado . 0411 ! April 11 000000001965 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1965 Rainbow Lake , Indiana 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 1965 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak -- This tornado developed after the first Dunlap tornado ( previous event ) . Possible F5 - level damage occurred to homes that were swept away . 0411 ! April 11 000000001965 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1965 Dunlap , Indiana 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 1965 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak -- This was the second violent tornado to strike Dunlap within 90 minutes . A well - built truck stop was leveled and many permanent homes were swept away in two subdivisions . Rated F5 by Fujita in the Chicago Damage Area Per Path Length ( DAPPL ) , but later downgraded to F4 , the tornado is widely considered to be an F5 in older sources . 0411 ! April 11 000000001965 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1965 Lebanon -- Sheridan , Indiana 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 1965 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak -- This is listed as an F5 in the NCDC memorandum . Farms were obliterated and vehicles were thrown up 100 yd ( 300 ft ) . 0411 ! April 11 000000001965 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1965 Toledo , Ohio 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 1965 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak -- Homes were completely swept away with borderline - F5 damage in North Toledo . Boats and buses were thrown into and onto buildings . 0411 ! April 11 000000001965 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1965 Pittsfield -- Strongsville , Ohio 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 1965 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak -- Homes were cleanly swept away in Strongsville and Pittsfield , and Pittsfield was completely destroyed . Only a concrete war monument remained standing in Pittsfield , where homes `` vanished . '' Rated F5 by Fujita in the Chicago Damage Area Per Path Length ( DAPPL ) , but later downgraded to F4 , though widely considered to be F5 in older reports . 0508 ! May 8 000000001965 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1965 Primrose , Nebraska 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Early - May 1965 tornado outbreak sequence - Widely accepted as an F5 , and reported to have been a double tornado as it hit Primrose . Homes were swept from their foundations , and 90 % of the village was destroyed . Cars from Primrose were carried for 400 yd ( 1,200 ft ) , and a truck body was carried and rolled for 2 mi ( 3.2 km ) . 0508 ! May 8 000000001965 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1965 Gregory , South Dakota 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 Early - May 1965 tornado outbreak sequence - Many farms were destroyed , including three that were swept completely away . 0303 ! March 3 000000001966 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1966 Jackson , Mississippi 7001570000000000000 ♠ 57 1966 Candlestick Park tornado -- Homes were swept away , and a brick church was obliterated . Pavement was scoured from roads , and cars were thrown more than half a mile from where they originated . The newly built Candlestick Park shopping center was leveled , and concrete masonry blocks were scattered for long distances . Steel girders were `` twisted like wet noodles '' at a glass plant . 0608 ! June 8 000000001966 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1966 Topeka , Kansas 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 1966 Topeka tornado -- Entire rows of homes were swept away , vehicles were thrown long distances , and grass was scoured from lawns . 1014 ! October 14 000000001966 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1966 Belmond , Iowa 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Disputed F5 rating , ranked F4 by Grazulis . A house was swept away on the outskirts of town . However , the home was likely poorly anchored as debris was deposited in a neat pile near the foundation , and nearby homes only showed slight damage . 0624 ! June 24 000000001967 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1967 Palluel , France 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Homes and other structures were swept away or leveled in and near Palluel . 0423 ! April 23 000000001968 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1968 Wheelersburg -- Gallipolis , Ohio 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 1968 Wheelersburg , Ohio tornado outbreak - Homes were swept away , with only their foundations left in some cases . A large metal electrical transmission tower was ripped off at the base and thrown . The F5 rating is disputed as structures swept away were not anchored properly . 0423 ! April 23 000000001968 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1968 Falmouth , Kentucky 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 1968 Wheelersburg , Ohio tornado outbreak - Mentioned as a possible F5 by Grazulis . 0515 ! May 15 000000001968 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1968 Charles City , Iowa 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 May 1968 tornado outbreak -- Many homes were swept away in town . Farms were swept away as well , and very intense multiple vortices were observed based upon ground damage patterns . Cycloidal ground scouring occurred where the multiple vortices were noted . 0515 ! May 15 000000001968 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1968 Oelwein -- Maynard , Iowa 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 May 1968 tornado outbreak -- Homes were swept completely away in both towns . 0613 ! June 13 000000001968 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1968 Tracy , Minnesota 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 1968 Tracy tornado -- 111 homes were destroyed in town , with some swept away . A heavy boxcar was thrown more than a full block , and two others were thrown 300 yd ( 900 ft ) . A steel I - beam was carried for two miles on a piece of roof . Extensive ground scouring occurred outside of town , and several farms were swept completely away . 0101 ! January 1 000000001970 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1970 Bulahdelah , New South Wales 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 Bulahdelah tornado -- Left a damage path 21 kilometres ( 13 mi ) long and 1 -- 1.6 kilometres ( 0.62 -- 0.99 mi ) wide through the Bulahdelah State Forest . According to reports , the tornado threw a tractor weighing 2 tonnes ( 4,400 lb ) 100 metres ( 328 ft ) through the air , depositing it upside down . It is estimated that the tornado destroyed over one million trees . 0511 ! May 11 000000001970 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1970 Lubbock , Texas 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 1970 Lubbock tornado -- Homes were swept away and a high - rise building suffered structural deformation . A 13 - tonne ( 28,660 lb ) metal fertilizer tank was thrown nearly 1 mi ( 1.6 km ) through the air , and large oil tanks were carried for over 300 yd ( 900 ft ) . 0221 ! February 21 000000001971 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1971 Delhi , Louisiana 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 February 1971 Mississippi Valley tornado outbreak -- Only official F5 in Louisiana history , but the rating is questioned by Grazulis , who assigned an F4 rating . Homes were completely leveled east of Delhi . 0427 ! April 27 000000001971 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1971 Gosser Ridge , Kentucky 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Most buildings on a farm were swept away . Listed as a `` questionable '' F5 in the NCDC Tech Memo . Was F4 according to Grazulis and official records . 0506 ! May 6 000000001973 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1973 Valley Mills , Texas 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 Rating applied by wind engineers . A pickup truck was carried . 5 mi ( 0.80 km ) through the air . Another was carried for 200 yd ( 600 ft ) . 0411 ! January 10 000000001973 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1973 San Justo , Argentina 7001540000000000000 ♠ 54 San Justo tornado -- Was never officially rated , but is widely considered to have been an F5 . Masonry homes reportedly vanished with little or no trace , and vehicles were thrown hundreds of meters from where they originated and mangled beyond recognition . Large factories were completely leveled and grass was scoured from the ground . A vehicle motor was found embedded into a poured concrete wall , and a tractor was thrown 500 meters into a wooded area . 0403 ! April 3 000000001974 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1974 Daisy Hill , Indiana 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 1974 Super Outbreak -- Homes were swept completely away , and entire farms were leveled . 0403 ! April 3 000000001974 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1974 Xenia , Ohio 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 1974 Super Outbreak -- Aerial photography and isoline surveys by Fujita showed that entire rows of brick homes were swept away and sustained F5 damage . Wind - rowing of debris occurred in nearby fields , and very intense damage was reported to steel - reinforced schools . 0403 ! April 3 000000001974 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1974 Brandenburg , Kentucky 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 1974 Super Outbreak -- Multiple well - built , anchor bolted homes were swept away , including one that sustained total collapse of its poured concrete walk - out basement wall . Grass was scoured from the ground , and aerial photography showed extensive wind - rowing in Brandenburg . Trees were completely debarked , and low - lying shrubs next to leveled homes were uprooted and stripped . Multiple vehicles were also thrown hundreds of yards and stripped down to their frames . 0403 ! April 3 000000001974 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1974 Sayler Park ( West Cincinnati ) , Ohio 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 1974 Super Outbreak -- Homes were swept away , and a large floating restaurant barge was lifted , ripped from its moorings , and flipped upside - down by the tornado . Boats and vehicles were carried long distances through the air . 0403 ! April 3 000000001974 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1974 Mt . Hope -- Tanner -- Harvest , Alabama 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 1974 Super Outbreak -- Numerous homes were swept away and scattered . In Limestone County , where the F5 damage occurred , a large swath of trees was leveled , and ground scouring occurred nearby with dirt found to have been dug up and plastered to the bark , and a pump was lifted out of a well at one location . Shrubbery was debarked as well . 0403 ! April 3 000000001974 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1974 Tanner -- Hazel Green , Alabama 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 1974 Super Outbreak -- Officially listed as an F5 , but was rated F4 by Grazulis and Ted Fujita . Crossed into Tennessee and did F4 damage in both states , though the supposed F5 damage only occurred in Alabama , where numerous homes were swept away and extensive wind - rowing of debris occurred . 0403 ! April 3 000000001974 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1974 Guin , Alabama 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 1974 Super Outbreak -- According to the NWS in Birmingham , Alabama , this is considered one of the strongest tornadoes ever to impact the United States . Sources indicate that F5 damage was reported along much of the path , and that many homes in and near Guin sustained F5 damage . Many of these homes were swept away , their debris being scattered across fields , and some reportedly had their `` foundations dislodged and in some cases swept away as well . '' Nothing was left of the Guin Mobile Home Plant but a pile of mangled beams . Additionally , photographs showed intense wind - rowing from suction vortices . The path of the tornado was visible from satellite , as thousands of trees , including in the Bankhead National Forest , were snapped . 0326 ! March 26 000000001976 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1976 Spiro , Oklahoma 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Frame homes were swept away , and 134,000 - pound ( 60,780 kg ) coal cars were tossed . Rating disputed . 0419 ! April 19 000000001976 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1976 Brownwood , Texas 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 Homes were swept away , with only a bathtub remaining on one of the foundations . Several teenagers were caught in the open and were picked up and thrown 1,000 yd ( 0.57 mi ) but survived . Rating disputed . 0613 ! June 13 000000001976 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1976 Jordan , Iowa 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 Homes were swept away . This tornado was mentioned by Fujita as one of the most intense he surveyed . Well - built farms reportedly vanished without a trace . 0404 ! April 4 000000001977 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1977 Birmingham , Alabama 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 April 1977 Birmingham tornado -- Many homes were swept away , some of which had all of their cinder block walk - out basement walls completely swept away as well . Trees were debarked and two dump trucks were thrown through the air . 0402 ! April 2 000000001982 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1982 Broken Bow , Oklahoma 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 A house was swept away . Only carpet tacks were left on the empty foundation . The F5 rating is disputed because the home was likely not anchored properly . 0607 ! June 8 000000001984 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1984 Barneveld , Wisconsin 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Barneveld , Wisconsin tornado outbreak -- A cul - de-sac of newly built homes was swept away , and vehicles were thrown hundreds of yards . Small trees were debarked as well . 0609 ! June 9 000000001984 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1984 Ivanovo , Central Federal District , Soviet Union 7001920000000000000 ♠ 92 1984 Soviet Union tornado outbreak -- An extremely intense multiple vortex tornado threw a crane 220 yd ( 200 m ) , threw multi-ton water tanks hundreds of yards , tore asphalt from roads , destroyed and threw trees long distances , and swept away steel - reinforced buildings with little debris left . Tornado was exceptionally long - lived , remaining on the ground for roughly 100 mi ( 160 km ) over the course of two hours . At least 92 fatalities were confirmed , though the actual toll was likely higher . 0609 ! June 9 000000001984 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1984 Kostroma , Central Federal District , Soviet Union 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 1984 Soviet Union tornado outbreak -- Officially rated F4 , but survey mentions possible F5 damage . Trees were ripped from the ground and thrown long distances . A 350 - ton industrial crane was blown over . 0531 ! May 31 000000001985 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1985 Niles , Ohio -- Wheatland , Pennsylvania 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 1985 United States - Canadian tornado outbreak -- This tornado caused F5 damage along much of its path through Niles and Wheatland . A shopping center in Niles was obliterated , sustaining F5 damage and several deaths . Metal girders at the center twisted and buckled . Well - built , anchor bolted homes were swept away , and 75,000 - pound ( 34,020 kg ) petroleum storage tanks were ripped from their anchors and thrown hundreds of feet . Pavement was scoured from a parking lot , and a steel - frame trucking plant was obliterated and partially swept away with the beams severely mangled . Routing slips from the plant were found wedged into the remaining asphalt of parking lot . An airplane wing was carried 10 miles from where it originated . 0731 ! July 31 000000001987 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1987 Edmonton , Alberta 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 Edmonton Tornado -- Heavy trailers and oil tanks were tossed , and large factories were leveled . This tornado has been under scrutiny by Environment Canada in recent years , as to whether or not it could be considered for an F5 rating . If done this would make it the earliest such tornado since records have been kept , next to the 2007 Elie , Manitoba , tornado . 0313 ! March 13 000000001990 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1990 Hesston , Kansas 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 March 1990 Central US tornado outbreak -- Many homes and businesses were swept away in town with only slabs and empty basements remaining , industrial buildings were obliterated , and vehicles were thrown hundreds of yards and stripped down to their frames . 0313 ! March 13 000000001990 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1990 Goessel , Kansas 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 March 1990 Central US tornado outbreak -- Homes were obliterated and swept away , but the F5 rating was assigned due to very intense cycloidal ground scouring . Considered by some sources to be one of the strongest tornadoes ever surveyed at the time , though little detailed information about the damage is available . 0601 ! June 1 000000001990 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1990 Girvin - Bakersfield Valley , Texas 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 This tornado at peak width was 1.3 miles wide . Officially rated F4 , but produced extreme damage in rural areas , and is suspected by some to have been an F5 . Extensive ground scouring occurred , with a large swath of ground reduced to bare soil , and low - lying shrubbery reduced to debarked nubs . Pavement was scoured from several roads , one of which had a 300 yd ( 900.0 ft ) stretch of pavement removed . Three large 180,000 - pound ( 81,647 kg ) oil tanks were tossed and rolled 3 mi ( 4.8 km ) away from where they originated , two of which were tossed 600 ft up the side of a hill . A concrete drainage culvert had large slabs of concrete broken off and scoured away , and multiple large oil pumps were destroyed . 0828 ! August 28 000000001990 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1990 Plainfield , Illinois 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 1990 Plainfield tornado -- Rain - wrapped tornado . A mature corn crop was scoured from the ground , leaving nothing but bare soil behind . Several inches of topsoil were blown away as well . A 20 - tonne ( 20,000 kg ) tractor trailer was tossed from a road and thrown more than half a mile , and vehicles were picked up and carried through the air . The F5 rating is based solely upon the extreme ground scouring ; as areas in Plainfield sustained high - end F4 structural damage , though the ground scouring nearby was much less intense than where the corn crop was obliterated . Fujita considered the intensity of the ground scouring `` comparable to the worst he had seen . '' 0426 ! April 26 000000001991 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1991 Andover , Kansas 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 April 26 , 1991 tornado outbreak -- Many large , well - built homes with anchor bolts were swept away , leaving bare foundations behind , and grass was scoured from the ground . Extensive wind - rowing of debris occurred , leaving streaks of debris extending away from empty foundations . Trees and small twigs were completely stripped of their bark . Vehicles were thrown up to . 75 mi ( 1.2 km ) from where they originated and were mangled beyond recognition . 0426 ! April 26 000000001991 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1991 Red Rock , Oklahoma 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 April 26 , 1991 tornado outbreak -- Mobile Doppler radar used by storm chasers indicated wind speeds in the range of the F5 threshold , with winds up to 286 mph ( 460 km / h ) . Pavement and ground scouring occurred , and a large oil rig was toppled . 0616 ! June 16 000000001992 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1992 Chandler , Minnesota 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Mid-June 1992 tornado outbreak -- Multiple homes were swept away , and vehicles were thrown and stripped down to their frames . 0608 ! June 8 000000001995 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1995 Kellerville , Texas 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 Project VORTEX assessed tornado to be F5 ; one home was so obliterated that the National Weather Service survey likely missed it . Intense pavement and ground scouring occurred , with only bare soil left in some areas . 0718 ! July 18 000000001996 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1996 Oakfield , Wisconsin 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 1996 Oakfield tornado -- Well - built homes with anchor bolts were swept away , including one where rebar supports were bent over at a 90 - degree angle . Vehicles were thrown up to 400 yd ( 1,200 ft ) through the air and mangled beyond recognition . Crops were scoured to 1 - inch stubble . 0527 ! May 27 000000001997 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1997 Jarrell , Texas 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 1997 Central Texas tornado outbreak -- Produced some of the most extreme damage ever documented . An entire subdivision of well - built homes was swept completely away with very little debris remaining . Some of the homes were well - bolted to their foundations . Long expanses of pavement was torn from roads , and a large swath of ground was scoured out to a depth of 18 in ( 0.46 m ) . Vehicles were torn apart and scattered across fields , and a recycling plant was obliterated . Tornado was very slow - moving , which may have exacerbated the destruction to some extent . 0408 ! April 8 000000001998 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1998 Oak Grove -- Pleasant Grove , Alabama 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 April 1998 Birmingham tornado -- Many homes were swept away along the path . 0416 ! April 16 000000001998 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1998 Wayne County , Tennessee 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 1998 Nashville tornado outbreak -- Originally considered part of a very long - tracked F5 tornado but was later determined to have been the first in a series of three separate , violent tornadoes . Multiple homes were reduced to their foundations . Although officially rated an F4 , a re-analysis conducted in 2013 by the NWS Office in Nashville noted that the damage in Wayne County may warrant EF5 ; however , no tornadoes are rated using the enhanced scale that occurred prior to February 2007 . 0416 ! April 16 000000001998 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1998 Lawrence County , Tennessee 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 1998 Nashville tornado outbreak -- This tornado produced extreme damage at ground level . Many large and well - built homes with anchor bolts were swept away , and vehicles were thrown hundreds of yards . A swath of grass 200 ft ( 67 yd ) wide was scoured from the ground , with nothing but bare soil and clumps of dirt remaining . 0530 ! May 30 000000001998 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1998 Spencer , South Dakota 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 DOW recorded maximum wind speeds at 264 mph ( 425 km / h ) . Measurement taken at 160ft above ground level which the NWS classified at almost ground level . Rated as a high - end F4 because the tornado traveled mainly through rural areas , but if it had made a direct impact on Spencer it likely would have been rated F5 . What is unique about the Spencer tornado is that much like a hurricane , it had a distinct eye similar to the May 3rd , 1999 Moore F5 . Since the tornado had a fast forward motion the winds were incredibly stronger on the right side or the tornado than the left . The high - end F4 damage in Spencer was caused by the south side of the tornado where impacted areas experienced winds within the F5 threshold . 0503 ! May 3 000000001999 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1999 Bridge Creek -- Moore , Oklahoma 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 1999 Bridge Creek -- Moore tornado -- Mobile radar recorded winds up to 301 mph ( 484 km / h ) , which is the highest wind speed ever measured on Earth . Many homes were swept completely away , some of which were well - bolted to their foundations , and debris from some homes was finely granulated . Severe ground and pavement scouring occurred , trees and shrubs were completely debarked , and vehicles were thrown up to 440 yd ( 402 m ) from where they originated . An airplane wing was carried for several miles , and a 36,000 - pound ( 16,329 kg ) freight car was bounced 3 / 4 of a mile . This was the 50th and last tornado to be officially assessed as F5 on the Fujita scale before the introduction of the Enhanced Fujita Scale in the United States . 0503 ! May 11 000000001999 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1999 Loyal Valley , Texas 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Officially rated high - end F4 , though one survey revealed potential F5 damage . Two homes were completely swept away , with the debris strewn long distances . Large pieces of a pickup truck were found 3 / 4 of a mile away from the residence where it originated , and a 720 - foot long stretch of pavement was scoured from a road . Ground scouring occurred , and numerous mesquite trees were completely denuded and debarked . 2000 -- 2017 ( edit ) Officially and unofficially rated F5 / EF5 tornadoes from 2000 to 2017 Day Year Location Fatalities Notes 0504 ! May 4 000000002003 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2003 Girard -- Franklin , Kansas 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 May 2003 tornado outbreak sequence -- Officially rated high - end F4 , but there is speculation that this tornado may have reached F5 intensity . Homes along the path were swept completely away , severe ground scouring occurred , and heavy objects and vehicles were thrown over 100 yd ( 300 ft ) from where they originated . The town of Franklin sustained devastating damage , with multiple homes swept away . 0504 ! May 4 000000002007 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2007 Greensburg , Kansas 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 May 2007 tornado outbreak -- This tornado destroyed 95 % of the town , including seven well - built homes with anchor bolts that were swept away . Vehicles were thrown hundreds of feet , and trees were completely denuded and debarked . This was the first tornado to have been rated EF5 after the retirement of the original Fujita Scale in the United States February 2007 . 0622 ! June 22 000000002007 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2007 Elie , Manitoba 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 Elie , Manitoba tornado -- Two homes were swept away , including one that was well - bolted to its foundation . A few of the bolts themselves were snapped off . A van was thrown several hundred yards through the air , and nearby trees were debarked as well . Only officially rated F5 tornado in Canada . Last tornado to be rated F5 due to Environment Canada utilizing the Enhanced Fujita Scale on April 1 , 2013 . 0525 ! May 25 000000002008 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2008 Parkersburg -- New Hartford , Iowa 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Late - May 2008 tornado outbreak sequence -- Well - built homes with anchor bolts were swept away , 17 of which were assessed to have sustained EF5 damage . Two of them had no visible debris left anywhere near the foundations . A concrete walk - out basement wall was pushed over at one home , and the concrete floor was cracked . A rebar support set into the foundation of another home was found snapped in half , and reinforced concrete light poles were snapped and dragged along the ground . A large industrial building was completely destroyed , with metal beams twisted and sheared off at their bases , and the foundation pushed clean of the metal framing and debris . Vehicles were thrown long distances and stripped down to their frames as well . Additionally , a large field east of Parkersburg was filled with finely granulated debris that was wind - rowed in long streaks , trees were completely debarked , and shrubs were uprooted and stripped in some areas . 0427 ! April 27 000000002011 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2011 Philadelphia -- Preston , Mississippi 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 2011 Philadelphia , Mississippi tornado -- Rated EF5 based upon extreme ground scouring . The tornado dug a trench 2 ft ( 0.61 m ) deep into a pasture , leaving nothing but large clumps of dirt and bare topsoil behind . A tied - down mobile home was lofted through the air and carried 300 yd ( 274 m ) , with no indication of contact with the ground . Several vehicles were tossed hundreds of yards and wrapped around trees . Pavement was scoured from roads as well , and extreme debarking and denuding of trees occurred , some of which were ripped out of the ground and thrown up to 20 yards away . 0427 ! April 27 000000002011 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2011 Smithville , Mississippi 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 2011 Smithville , Mississippi tornado -- Numerous well - built , anchor - bolted brick homes were swept away , including one that had part of its concrete slab foundation pulled up and dislodged slightly . An SUV was thrown half a mile into the top of the town 's water tower . In the most intense damage area , all plumbing and appliances at home - sites were `` shredded or missing . '' Chip and tar pavement was torn from road , and a pickup truck that was thrown from one home was never recovered . A large brick funeral home was reduced to a bare slab , and extensive wind - rowing of debris occurred next to the foundation . Outside town , the ground was deeply scoured in an open field . Additionally , numerous trees and low shrubbery were debarked and shredded . 0427 ! April 27 000000002011 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2011 Hackleburg -- Phil Campbell , Alabama 7001720000000000000 ♠ 72 2011 Hackleburg -- Phil Campbell , Alabama tornado -- This was the deadliest tornado in Alabama state history . Numerous homes , some of which were large , well - built , and anchor - bolted were swept away . Debris from some obliterated homes was scattered and wind - rowed well away from the foundations . One home that was swept away had its concrete stemwalls sheared off at ground level . Vehicles were thrown at least 200 yd ( 183 m ) , and at least one large vehicle that was missing after the tornado was never located . Hundreds of trees were completely debarked and twisted , and in some cases were reduced only to stubs . Pavement was scoured from roads as well , a large industrial plant was leveled to the ground , and a restaurant that was swept away had a small portion of its foundation slab torn apart . 0427 ! April 27 000000002011 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2011 Tuscaloosa -- Birmingham , Alabama 7001640000000000000 ♠ 64 2011 Tuscaloosa -- Birmingham tornado -- Officially rated high - end EF4 , though the final rating was a source of controversy , and one survey team rated some of the damage as EF5 . Many homes , a large section of an apartment building , and a clubhouse were swept away , though these structures were either poorly anchored , lacked interior walls , or surrounded by contextual damage not consistent with an EF5 tornado . A manhole cover was removed from a drain and thrown into a ravine near the clubhouse . A 34 - tonne ( 74,957 lb ) railroad trestle support structure was thrown 100 ft ( 30 m ) up a hill , and a 35.8 - tonne ( 78,925 lb ) coal car was thrown 391 ft ( 119 m ) through the air . 0427 ! April 27 000000002011 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2011 Rainsville -- Sylvania , Alabama 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 2011 Super Outbreak -- Many homes were swept away , some of which had their concrete porches torn away and shattered , with debris strewn up to a mile away from the foundations in some cases . A few of the homes were bolted to their foundations . An 800 - pound ( 363 kg ) safe was ripped from its anchors and thrown 600 ft ( 183 m ) , and its door was ripped from its frame . Ground scouring occurred , and sidewalk pavement was pulled up . A pickup truck was tossed 250 yd ( 750 ft ) and torn apart . An underground storm shelter had much of its dirt covering scoured away and was heaved slightly out of the ground , and pavement was scoured from roads . One well - built stone house was completely obliterated , and a stone pillar was ripped completely out of the ground at that residence , pulling up a section of house foundation in the process . 0522 ! May 22 000000002011 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2011 Joplin , Missouri 7002158000000000000 ♠ 158 2011 Joplin tornado -- Deadliest tornado in the United States since 1947 . Many homes , business , and steel frame industrial buildings were swept away , and large vehicles including semi-trucks and buses were thrown hundreds of yards . A large multi-story hospital had its foundation and underpinning system so severely damaged that it was structurally compromised and had to be torn down . Reinforced concrete porches were deformed , lifted , and tossed , and 300 - pound ( 136 kg ) concrete parking stops anchored with rebar were ripped from parking lots and tossed well over 100 ft ( 30 m ) . Vehicles were thrown several blocks away from the residences where they originated , and a few were never recovered . Damage to driveways was noted at some residences as well . A large steel - reinforced concrete `` step and floor structure '' leading to one building was warped slightly and cracked . Ground and pavement scouring occurred , and heavy manhole covers were removed from roads as well . On June 10 , 2013 , an engineering study found no evidence of EF5 structural damage in Joplin due to the poor quality of construction of many buildings . However , the EF5 rating stood as the National Weather Service in Springfield , Missouri , stated that survey teams found only a very small area of EF5 structural damage ( at and around the hospital ) and that it could have easily been missed in the survey , and the EF5 rating was mainly based on large vehicles being thrown long distances , along with non-conventional , non-structural instances of damage , such as removal of manhole covers , pavement , concrete porches , driveways , and parking stops , and the presence of wind - rowed debris . 0524 ! May 24 000000002011 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2011 El Reno -- Piedmont , Oklahoma 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Tornado outbreak sequence of May 21 -- 26 , 2011 -- Mobile radar recorded winds over 200 mph ( 320 km / h ) . Many homes were swept away , trees were completely debarked , and extensive ground scouring occurred . At the Cactus 117 oil rig , a 1,900,000 - pound ( 861,830 kg ) oil derrick was blown over and rolled three times . Cars were thrown long distances and wrapped around trees , including an SUV that was thrown 780 yd ( 713 m ) and had its body ripped from the frame . Several cars near the beginning of the path were thrown more than 1,093 yd ( 0.62 mi ) . Additionally , a 20,000 - pound ( 9,072 kg ) oil tanker truck was thrown approximately 1 mi ( 1.6 km ) . 0524 ! May 24 000000002011 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2011 Chickasha -- Blanchard -- Newcastle , Oklahoma 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Tornado outbreak sequence of May 21 -- 26 , 2011 -- Officially rated a high - end EF4 ; however , the survey conducted by NWS Norman mentions this tornado as being a `` plausible EF5 '' . Well - built homes with anchor bolts were swept away , pavement was scoured from roads and driveways , and vehicles were thrown up to 600 yd ( 549 m ) away , some of which were torn into multiple pieces or stripped down to their frames . Trees were reduced to completely debarked stumps , and severe ground scouring occurred , with all grass and several inches of topsoil removed in some areas . A reinforced concrete dome home was severely damaged and cracked . 0524 ! May 24 000000002011 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2011 Washington -- Goldsby , Oklahoma 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 Tornado outbreak sequence of May 21 -- 26 , 2011 -- Officially a high - end EF4 , but rating is disputed . Large and well - built homes with anchor bolts were swept completely away , extensive ground scouring occurred , and vehicles were thrown long distances and mangled almost beyond recognition . 0520 ! May 20 000000002013 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2013 Moore , Oklahoma 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 2013 Moore tornado -- Many homes were swept away , including nine that were well - built and bolted to their foundations and two elementary schools were completely destroyed . Extensive ground scouring occurred with only bare soil left in some areas , and a 10 - ton propane tank was thrown more than half a mile through the air . Trees and shrubs were completely debarked , wind - rowing of debris was noted , and an oil tank was thrown a full mile from a production site , while another was never found . A manhole cover was removed near Moore Medical Center , and vehicles were thrown hundreds of yards and torn into multiple pieces . 0531 ! May 31 000000002013 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2013 El Reno , Oklahoma 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 2013 El Reno tornado -- Largest tornado on record at 2.6 miles ( 4.2 km ) wide . Was initially rated EF5 based solely on mobile Doppler radar measurements , which recorded winds over 295 mph ( 470 km / h ) . However , the most significant structural damage was rated EF3 , as the tornado did not strike any buildings when the EF5 winds were recorded . Rating was eventually downgraded to EF3 because of this , though the practicality of the downgrade has been disputed by some meteorologists . Famous storm chaser Tim Samaras is one of the fatalities . 0427 ! April 27 000000002014 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2014 Vilonia , Arkansas 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 April 27 -- 30 , 2014 tornado outbreak -- Officially rated high - end EF4 , though the rating was a major source of controversy , and meteorologist / civil engineer Timothy P. Marshall noted that the rating assigned was `` lower - bound '' , and also noted `` the possibility that EF5 winds could have occurred '' despite the structural flaws responsible for the EF4 rating . Numerous homes were swept completely away with only bare slabs left , including one that was well - bolted to its foundation , and extensive wind - rowing of debris occurred . Trees were completely debarked and denuded , shrubs were shredded and debarked , and vehicles were thrown hundreds of yards and stripped down to their frames . A large 29,998 - pound metal fertilizer tank was found approximately 3 / 4 of a mile away from where it originated . Extensive ground scouring occurred as well . 0409 ! April 9 000000002015 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2015 Rochelle , Illinois 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 2015 Rochelle -- Fairdale , Illinois tornado -- Officially rated a very high - end EF4 with winds of 200 mph ( 320 km / h ) due to some minor structural and contextual discrepancies , though there is speculation that the tornado may have reached EF5 intensity . Multiple large , anchor bolted homes were swept away with debris wind - rowed through nearby fields . A concrete walkway at one home was pulled a few inches from its original location . Extensive ground scouring occurred , a section of pavement was scoured from a road , and a car was thrown a full mile . 0409 ! May 9 000000002016 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2016 Sulphur , Oklahoma 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 Tornado outbreak of May 7 -- 10 , 2016 -- This large wedge tornado produced high - end EF3 damage along its path , though mobile Doppler radar recorded winds over 200 mph ( 320 km / h ) as the tornado was passing over an open field . 0409 ! May 25 000000002016 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2016 Chapman , Kansas 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 Tornado outbreak sequence of May 22 -- 26 , 2016 -- An anchor - bolted brick farm home was swept away and was ripped from its foundation so violently that part of the foundation was severely cracked , though the area surrounding the home was not swept completely clean . Vehicles and large pieces of farm machinery were thrown and mangled beyond recognition , and a section of metal railroad track was bent horizontally by the tornado . Officially rated very high - end EF4 with winds of 200 mph ( 320 km / h ) , though NWS Topeka damage surveyors later noted that based on the severity of the damage in rural areas , it `` could have very well been '' rated EF5 had it struck Chapman directly . See also ( edit ) Tornado intensity and damage List of tornadoes and tornado outbreaks List of tornadoes striking downtown areas Tornado myths Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The winds estimated by the Fujita Scale are estimated values and have not been verified scientifically . ^ Jump up to : All official F5 tornadoes in the United States are based on the Storm Prediction Center 's list of F5 and EF5 tornadoes . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` U.S. Tornado Climatology '' . National Climatic Data Center . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . May 20 , 2013 . Retrieved June 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Paul Rincon ( July 11 , 2003 ) . `` UK , Holland top twister league '' . British Broadcasting Company . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fujita Tornado Damage Scale '' . Storm Prediction Center . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . 2006 . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Enhanced Fujita Scale ( EF Scale ) '' . Storm Prediction Center . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . August 4 , 2011 . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Enhanced F Scale for Tornado Damage '' . Storm Prediction Center . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . 2013 . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Grazulis , Thomas P. ( July 1993 ) . Significant Tornadoes 1680 - 1991 . A Chronology and Analysis of Events . St. Johnsbury , VT : The Tornado Project of Environmental Films . ISBN 1 - 879362 - 03 - 1 . Jump up ^ Grazulis , Significant Tornadoes , 143 -- 45 ; 147 -- 48 . ^ Jump up to : `` F5 and EF5 Tornadoes of the United States '' . Storm Prediction Center . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . 2013 . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Neal Lott ; Sam McCown & Tom Ross ( August 2000 ) . `` 1998 - 1999 Tornadoes and a Long - Term U.S. Tornado Climatology '' ( PDF ) . National Climatic Data Center . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved June 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Grazulis , Thomas P. ( 2001 ) . F5 - F6 Tornadoes . St. Johnsbury , VT : The Tornado Project . Jump up ^ McDonald , James R. ( January 2001 ) . `` T. Theodore Fujita : His Contribution to Tornado Knowledge through Damage Documentation and the Fujita Scale '' . Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society . American Meteorological Society . 82 ( 1 ) : 63 -- 72 . Bibcode : 2001BAMS ... 82 ... 63M . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0477 ( 2001 ) 000 2.3.CO ; 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` European Severe Weather Database '' . European Severe Storms Laboratory . 2013 . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gottlob Burchard Genzmer ( June 9 , 2005 ) . `` Beschreibung des Orcans , welcher den 29 . Jun. 1764 einen Strich von etlichen Meilen im Stargardischen Kreise des Herzogthums Mecklenburg gewaltig verwüstet hat '' ( PDF ) ( in German ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 31 , 2005 . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` British & European Tornado Extremes '' . The Tornado and Storm Research Organisation. 2013 . Retrieved June 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Grazulis , The Tornado , 255 . Jump up ^ Grazulis , ' Significant Tornadoes ' , 609 . ^ Jump up to : Grazulis , Significant Tornadoes , 612 . Jump up ^ Grazulis , Significant Tornadoes , 615 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Grazulis , Significant Tornadoes , 623 . Jump up ^ `` Rochester Tornado Aug 21 1883 Aftermath Photos '' . Crh.noaa.gov. 2008 - 08 - 19 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ Grazulis , Significant Tornadoes , 628 . Jump up ^ Grazulis , Significant Tornadoes , 658 . Jump up ^ Grazulis , Significant Tornadoes , 663 . Jump up ^ Grazulis , Significant Tornadoes , 664 . Jump up ^ Sprague , F.W. ( 1893 ) . Story of a Storm : A History of The Great Tornado at Pomeroy , Calhoun County , Iowa , July 6 , 1893 . Jump up ^ Grazulis , Significant Tornadoes , 667 . ^ Jump up to : Grazulis , Significant Tornadoes , 670 . ^ Jump up to : Grazulis , Significant Tornadoes , 674 . Jump up ^ Grazulis , Significant Tornadoes , 675 . Jump up ^ Bangor Daily Whig and Courier . May 18 , 1896 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Death Rode the Gale ; Several Texas Towns Visited by a Fearful Cyclone Yesterday '' . Leadville Daily and Evening Chronicle . May 16 , 1896 . Jump up ^ Piner , H.L. ( 1896 ) . Sherman 's Black Friday ; May 15th , 1896 : A History of the Great Sherman Tornado . Sherman , Texas : Register Printing House . pp. 18 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Grazulis , Significant Tornadoes , 676 . Jump up ^ Grazulis , Significant Tornadoes , 684 . ^ Jump up to : Grazulis , Significant Tornadoes , 688 . ^ Jump up to : `` Query : New Richmond tornado '' . uwdc.library.wisc.edu . Madison , Wisconsin : University of Wisconsin Digital Collections Center . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Freakish Work of the Wind at New Richmond '' . Oshkosh Daily Northwestern . Oshkosh , Wisconsin . The Associated Press . June 15 , 1899 . Jump up ^ Grazulis , Significant Tornadoes , 705 . Jump up ^ `` The Snyder , Oklahoma Tornado of 10 May 1905 : Aftermath '' . Norman , Oklahoma : National Weather Service . 24 March 2014 . Retrieved 5 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Grazulis , Significant Tornadoes , 706 . Jump up ^ Grazulis , Significant Tornadoes , 708 . ^ Jump up to : Grazulis , Significant Tornadoes , 713 . Jump up ^ Grazulis , Significant Tornadoes , 715 . Jump up ^ Grazulis , Significant Tornadoes , 717 . Jump up ^ Grazulis , Significant Tornadoes , 732 . Jump up ^ Grazulis , Significant Tornadoes , 735 . Jump up ^ Grazulis , Significant Tornadoes , 737 -- 738 . Jump up ^ Grazulis , Significant Tornadoes , 744 . Jump up ^ Frankenfield , H.C. ( June 1917 ) . `` The Tornadoes and Windstorms of May 25 -- June 6 , 1917 '' ( PDF ) . Monthly Weather Review . Washington , D.C. : United States Weather Bureau . 45 ( 6 ) : 291 . Bibcode : 1917MWRv ... 45 ... 291F . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0493 ( 1917 ) 45 2.0.CO ; 2 . Retrieved 7 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Grazulis , Significant Tornadoes , 751 -- 752 . ^ Jump up to : Grazulis , Significant Tornadoes , 755 . ^ Jump up to : Grazulis , Significant Tornadoes , 760 . ^ Jump up to : Kellenbenz , David ( 1 July 2009 ) . `` Fergus Falls F5 Tornado of June 22 , 1919 '' . Grand Forks , North Dakota : National Weather Service . Retrieved 16 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Grazulis , Significant Tornadoes , 764 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tornado Wrecked Town , Killing 60 '' . New York Times . New York City . June 24 , 1919 . Retrieved September 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Grazulis , Significant Tornadoes , 768 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Charles L. ( April 1920 ) . `` Tornadoes of March 28 , in Northeastern Illinois '' ( PDF ) . Monthly Weather Review . Chicago , Illinois : United States Weather Bureau . 28 ( 4 ) : 191 -- 196 . Bibcode : 1920MWRv ... 48 ... 191M . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0493 ( 1920 ) 48 2.0.CO ; 2 . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Grazulis , Significant Tornadoes , 769 . ^ Jump up to : Smyth , P.H. ( April 1920 ) . `` Tornadoes of April 20 , 1920 , in Alabama '' . Monthly Weather Review . Montgomery , Alabama : U.S. Weather Bureau . 48 ( 4 ) : 205 -- 210 . Bibcode : 1920MWRv ... 48 ... 205S . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0493 ( 1920 ) 48 2.0.CO ; 2 . Jump up ^ `` Destitution in wake of Alameda cyclone '' . Winnipeg Free Press . Winnipeg . July 24 , 1920 . Jump up ^ Grazulis , Significant Tornadoes , 773 . ^ Jump up to : Hickmon , W.C. ( April 1921 ) . `` Tornadoes of April 15 , 1921 , in Arkansas and Texas '' ( PDF ) . Monthly Weather Review . Little Rock , Arkansas : United States Weather Bureau . 49 ( 4 ) : 194 -- 196 . Bibcode : 1921MWRv ... 49 ... 194H . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0493 ( 1921 ) 49 2.0.CO ; 2 . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Grazulis , Significant Tornadoes , 782 . ^ Jump up to : Gordon , John D. ; Bobby Boyd ; Mark A. Rose ; Jason B. Wright ( 2000 ) . `` The Forgotten F5 : The Lawrence County Supercell During the Middle Tennessee Tornado Outbreak of 16 April 1998 '' ( PDF ) . National Weather Digest . National Weather Association . 24 ( 4 ) : 3 -- 10 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 18 December 2012 . The authors sent a detailed letter to the SPC recommending the two tornadoes from 1974 , and the 1952 tornado mentioned above , be downgraded to F4 . The SPC agreed to all three of these changes . The SPC database now reflects the conclusions of Professor Fujita 's map of 1974 , and Grazulis 1952 tornado report ( 1993 ) ... The authors suggested that the three former F5 tornadoes in Tennessee should be reclassified as F4 . These changes have been adopted , making the 16 April 1998 Lawrence County tornado the only documented F5 in the history of Tennessee . Jump up ^ Grazulis , Significant Tornadoes , 783 . Jump up ^ Grazulis , Significant Tornadoes , 792 . ^ Jump up to : Grazulis , The Tornado , 195 ; 231 . Jump up ^ Grazulis , Significant Tornadoes , 795 -- 797 . ^ Jump up to : Mason , Angela ( 2011 ) . Death Rides the Sky . ^ Jump up to : Johns , Bob ( 2012 ) . The 1925 Tri-State Tornado 's Devastation in Franklin County , Hamilton County , and White County , Illinois . Jump up ^ Johns , Robert H. ; D.W. Burgess ; C.A. Doswell III ; M.S. Gilmore ; J.A. Hart ; S.F. Piltz ( 2013 ) . `` The 1925 Tri-State Tornado Damage Path and Associated Storm System '' . E-Journal of Severe Storms Meteorology. 8 ( 2 ) : 1 -- 33 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Grazulis , Significant Tornadoes , 799 . Jump up ^ Jarboe , J.H. ( 1927 ) . `` The Rocksprings , Texas , Tornado , April 12 , 1927 '' ( PDF ) . Monthly Weather Review . San Antonio , Texas : United States Weather Bureau . 55 ( 4 ) : 182 -- 183 . Bibcode : 1927MWRv ... 55 ... 182J . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0493 ( 1927 ) 55 2.0.CO ; 2 . Retrieved 18 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Grazulis , Significant Tornadoes , 807 . Jump up ^ Grazulis , Significant Tornadoes , 808 . Jump up ^ Grazulis , Significant Tornadoes , 238 -- 247 . Jump up ^ Grazulis , Significant Tornadoes , 824 . Jump up ^ `` The F5 Tornado of April 10 , 1929 '' . Little Rock , Arkansas : National Weather Service . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Grazulis , Significant Tornadoes , 852 . Jump up ^ Grazulis , Significant Tornadoes , 865 . Jump up ^ `` Apr 5 , 1936 : Tornadoes devastate Tupelo and Gainesville '' . History.com . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Morse , W.M. ( 1936 ) . The Tupelo Tornado ( Technical report ) . University , Mississippi : Mississippi Geological Survey . 31 . Jump up ^ Grazulis , Significant Tornadoes , 877 . ^ Jump up to : Grazulis , Significant Tornadoes , 879 . Jump up ^ Grazulis , Significant Tornadoes , 883 . Jump up ^ Grazulis , Significant Tornadoes , 885 . Jump up ^ Seeley , Mark W. ( 2006 ) . Minnesota Weather Almanac . Minnesota Historical Society press . ISBN 0 - 87351 - 554 - 4 . Jump up ^ Hovde , M.R. ( June 1921 ) . `` The Champlin - Anoka , Minnesota Tornado '' ( PDF ) . Monthly Weather Review . Minneapolis , Minnesota : United States Weather Bureau . 67 ( 6 ) : 176 -- 178 . Bibcode : 1939MWRv ... 67 ... 176H . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0493 ( 1939 ) 67 2.0.co ; 2 . Retrieved September 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Grazulis , Significant Tornadoes , 890 . Jump up ^ Grazulis , Significant Tornadoes , 898 . Jump up ^ Grazulis , Significant Tornadoes , 900 . Jump up ^ Hein , Linda ( December 22 -- 23 , 2001 ) . `` Oberlin tornado kills 15 in 1942 '' . McCook Daily Gazette . McCook , Nebraska . Retrieved September 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top Ten Deadliest Oklahoma Tornadoes ( 1882 - Present ) '' . Srh.noaa.gov . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Windsor Tornado - June 17 , 1946 '' . Environment Canada . July 26 , 2004 . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2003 . Retrieved June 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Survivors Wander Dazed and Helpless at Ruins '' . The Amarillo Globe - Times . Amarillo , Texas . April 10 , 1947 . Jump up ^ `` Stunned Victims Unable To Comprehend Disaster '' . The Amarillo Daily News . Amarillo , Texas . April 11 , 1947 . Jump up ^ `` Levi Holt Tells of Glazier Storm '' . The Hemphill County News . Texas . April 25 , 1947 . ^ Jump up to : Grazulis , Thomas ( April 2003 ) . The Tornado . The University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 9780806135380 . Jump up ^ `` Violent Tornadoes ( F4 / F5 / EF - 4 / EF - 5 ) in Oklahoma ( 1950 - Present ) '' . NWS Norman , OK . NOAA . February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` May 21 , 1952 F4 Mississippi -- Tennessee Event '' . National Climatic Data Center . Tornado History Project . 2013 . Retrieved June 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ken ; Kelley ( June 8 , 1953 ) . `` 1953 Beecher tornado '' . NWS Detroit / Pontiac , MI . Retrieved September 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tornadoes Take 141 Lives , Ohio - Michigan Area Battered '' . The Times - Recorder . Zanesville , Ohio . June 9 , 1953 . Jump up ^ The Evening Gazette ( June 10 , 1953 ) . `` Tornado '' . The Evening Gazette . Retrieved September 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Toole , John M. ( 1993 ) . Tornado ! 84 Minutes , 94 Lives . Chandler House Press . p. 276 . Jump up ^ Grazulis , The Tornado , p. 198 Jump up ^ `` Storm report from the Udall tornado '' . National Weather Service . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1955 Udall Tornado Wichita Eagle '' . Kansas.com. 2011 - 02 - 23 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Pictures from the Udall tornado '' . National Weather Service . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Case Study in Forensic Meteorology : Investigating the 3 April 1956 Tornadoes in Western Lower Michigan Ostuno E-Journal of Severe Storms Meteorology '' . Ejssm.org . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` 1956 Tornado Outbreak : Vriesland to Trufant Tornado - Eyewitness Accounts '' . National Weather Service Grand Rapids , Michigan . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Ruskin Heights Tornado of May 20 1957 '' . National Weather Service Pleasant Hills / Kansas City , Missouri . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Digital Horizons : Item Viewer '' . Digitalhorizonsonline.org. 1957 - 06 - 20 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The State of Wisconsin Collection '' . The State of Wisconsin Collection . State of Wisconsin . 1958 . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2013 . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wichita Falls , TX Tornado , Apr 1964 - Twister Slams Wichita Falls GenDisasters ... Genealogy in Tragedy , Disasters , Fires , Floods '' ... gendisasters.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` May 5 , 1964 : F5 Tornado Tracks From Adams To Butler County '' . NWS Hastings , NE . NOAA . May 1 , 2014 . Retrieved June 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` As the Sun Rose ... Just Rubble '' . The Boston Globe . Boston , Massachusetts . April 13 , 1965 . Jump up ^ `` Tornadoes belt Nebraska '' . The Tuscaloosa News . The Associated Press . May 9 , 1965 . Retrieved 25 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Four Dead In Twister '' . Daytona Beach Sunday News - Journal . The Associated Press . May 10 , 1965 . Retrieved 25 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tornado Death Toll Reaches 4 At Primrose '' . Lewiston Morning Tribune . The Associated Press . May 10 , 1965 . Retrieved 25 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` NWS Jackson , MS - Mar. 3 , 2006 40th Anniversary of the Candlestick Park Tornado '' . National Weather Service Jackson , Mississippi . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : James Bonney ( March 5 , 1966 ) . `` Tornado Plows Horrible Swath ; 60 Known Dead '' . Schenectady Gazette . Schenectady , New York . The Associated Press . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Washburn university Devastation and Recovery '' . Washburn.edu . Washburn University . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Personal Topeka Tornado Stories '' . Washburn.edu . Washburn University . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Grazulis , The Tornado , p. 142 Jump up ^ `` WheelersburgTornado 102 '' . Sciotoville.org . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Bob . ( June 14 , 1968 ) . KSTP Coverage of 1968 Tracy tornado ( motion picture ) . Tracy , Minnesota : KSTP . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Observing tornadoes , dust devils , whirl winds , water spouts and land spouts Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2014 - 05 - 04 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` From domestic to international : Tornadoes around the world United States Tornadoes '' . Ustornadoes.com. 2013 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ Worldwide Tornadoes -- Argentina Archived 2014 - 01 - 13 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Viento Asesino ( motion picture ) . Argentina : unknown . June 19 , 2013 . Retrieved August 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Fujita , T. Theodore ; Abbey , Jr. , Robert F. ( 1983 ) ( 1981 ) . `` Chapter 3 : Tornadoes : The Tornado Outbreak of 3 -- 4 April 1974 '' . In Kessler , Edwin . The Thunderstorm in Human Affairs ( 2nd ed . ) . Norman , Oklahoma : University of Oklahoma Press . pp. 37 -- 66 . ^ Jump up to : Grazulis , The Tornado , p. 214 ^ Jump up to : `` Don Macy Photos of April 3 , 1974 '' . April31974.com. 1974 - 04 - 03 . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` April 3 , 1974 '' . National Weather Service Louisville , Kentucky . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Tornado_Photos_from_Sayler_Park '' . April31974.com. 1974 - 04 - 03 . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Tornado Outbreak April 3 -- 4 , 1974 '' ( PDF ) . NWS Wilmington , OH . NOAA. April 19 , 1974 . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Aerial Pictures from April 3 - 4th , 1974 '' . NWS Huntsville , AL . NOAA . March 29 , 2014 . Retrieved March 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` April 3 - 4 , 1974 Limestone County Tornado Damage '' . NWS Huntsville , AL . NOAA . March 29 , 2014 . Retrieved March 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Dwight ( April 4 , 1974 ) . `` The Sky Turned a Funny Orange '' . Florence Times . Florence , Alabama . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Weather Events in the 20th Century For Alabama '' . Birmingham , Alabama : National Weather Service . 6 August 2009 . Retrieved 14 April 2014 . The F5 tornado , that nearly wiped the town of Guin off the map , was one of the most powerful twisters ever to strike the United States ... ^ Jump up to : `` Scene looks like work of monster '' . The Tuscaloosa News . Tuscaloosa , Alabama . April 5 , 1974 . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Elliot , J.B ( April 2 , 2010 ) . `` The 1974 Super Outbreak '' . ABC33 / 40 . Birmingham , Alabama . ^ Jump up to : Elliott , J.B. ( October 13 , 2006 ) . April 3 -- 4 Superoutbreak of tornadoes ( motion picture ) . Alabama : ABC33 / 40 . Retrieved January 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jordan , Charles ( March 29 , 2014 ) . `` A Night to Remember '' ( PDF ) . NWS Huntsville , AL . NOAA . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 3 , 2016 . Retrieved March . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` March 26 , 1976 F - 5 SPIRO OKLAHOMA TORNADO '' . WebSpawner. 1976 - 03 - 26 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 07 - 03 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Smithfield Tornado 4 / 4 / 1977 '' . National Weather Service Birmingham , Alabama . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ Fujita , T.T. ; Stiegler , D.J. ( eds . ) . `` Tornado Outbreak in the Upper Midwest on June 7 - 8 , 1984 '' . Storm Data . Asheville , North Carolina : United States Department of Commerce . 26 ( 6 ) : 9 -- 17 . Jump up ^ `` June 8 , 1984 Barneveld , WI F5 Tornado '' . Milwaukee , Wisconsin : National Weather Service . 8 June 2012 . Retrieved 14 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Alimov , G. ; A. Illesh ; V. Kozlov ; V. Korneyev ( June 1984 ) . `` 120 Minutes of a Tornado '' . Izvestia ( in Russian ) . Jump up ^ Lyakhov , M.Y. ( 1986 ) . `` Tornadoes in the midland belt of Russia '' . Soviet Geography ( in Russian ) . 6 : 562 -- 570 . Jump up ^ Vasiliev , A.A. ; B.E. Peskov ; A.I. Snitkovskii ( 1985a ) . `` Tornadoes on 9th of June 1984 '' . Gidrometizdat ( in Russian ) : 8 -- 15 . ^ Jump up to : Snitkovskii , A.L. ( 1987 ) . `` Tornadoes in the USSR '' . Meteorologiya I Gidrologiya ( in Russian ) . 9 : 12 -- 25 . Jump up ^ `` Tornado Outbreak of May 31 , 1985 - Pictures '' . Cleveland , Ohio : National Weather Service . 15 April 2002 . Retrieved 14 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Fujita , T.T. ; Stiegler , D.J. ( eds . ) . `` Tornado Outbreak in the United States and Canada on May 31 , 1985 '' . Storm Data . Asheville , North Carolina : United States Department of Commerce . 27 ( 5 ) : 5 -- 16 . Jump up ^ `` Canada 's Deadliest Tornadoes '' . Weather Doctor . Retrieved November 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Edwards ; James G. LaDue ; John T. Ferree ; Kevin Scharfenberg ; Chris Maier ; William L. Coulbourne ( May 2013 ) . `` Tornado intensity estimation : past , present , and future '' . Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society . American Meteorological Society . 94 ( 5 ) : 641 -- 653 . doi : 10.1175 / BAMS - D - 11 - 00006.1 . Retrieved 20 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Smith , Michael ( April 20 , 1990 ) . `` Kansas twister might be the strongest ever recorded '' . Fort Scott Tribune . unknown : Fort Scott Tribune . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hagan , Maximilian . The List of the Strongest Tornadoes Ever Recorded : Part I . ^ Jump up to : Fujita , T.T. ( 1993 ) . Church , Christopher R. , ed . `` Plainfield tornado of August 28 , 1990 '' . Geophysical Monograph . Chicago , Illinois : University of Chicago . 79 : 1 -- 17 . Bibcode : 1993GMS ... 79 ... 1F . doi : 10.1029 / gm079p0001 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Grazulis , The Tornado , 137 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas tornado survivors take ' shelter from the stormy blast ' '' . Beaver County Times . The Associated Press . April 29 , 1991 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chandler - Lake Wilson Minnesota F5 Tornado of June 16 , 1992 - Figure 6 '' . Crh.noaa.gov . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2014 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ Wakimoto , R.M. ; Murphey , H.V. ; Dowell , D.C. ; Bluestein , H.B. ( 2003 ) . `` The Kellerville Tornado during VORTEX : Damage Survey and Doppler Radar Analyses '' . Monthly Weather Review . American Meteorological Society . 131 ( 10 ) : 2197 -- 2221 . Bibcode : 2003MWRv ... 131.2197 W . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0493 ( 2003 ) 131 2.0.CO ; 2 . Jump up ^ `` Oakfield , Wisconsin Tornado Storm report '' . Cimss.ssec.wisc.edu. 1996 - 07 - 22 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Jarrell , Texas Tornado Damage - May 27 , 1997 '' . K5kj.net . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Tuscaloosa Tornado of 4 / 8 / 1998 '' . National Weather Service Birmingham , Alabama . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ Legates , David ( 1999 ) . `` WARNING RESPONSE AND RISK BEHAVIOR IN THE OAK GROVE - BIRMINGHAM , ALABAMA , TORNADO OF 08 APRIL 1998 '' . Colorado.edu . University of Oklahoma . Retrieved January 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` April 16 , 1998 Tornado Outbreak '' . National Weather Service Office in Nashville , Tennessee . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . April 17 , 2013 . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hagan , Maximilian . The Highest Winds Ever Measured by Mobile Doppler Radar in Five Violent Tornadoes : . Jump up ^ `` The Great Plains Tornado Outbreak of May 3 - 4 , 1999 - Storm A Information '' . National Weather Service Norman , Oklahoma . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5705284 ^ Jump up to : Jim LaDue ; Tim Marshall & Kevin Scharfenberg ( 2012 ) . `` Discriminating EF4 and EF5 Tornado Damage '' ( PDF ) . National Weather Service Office in Norman , Oklahoma . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved June 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Richards , Charles ( May 14 , 1999 ) . `` Oklahoma - size tornado hits unpopulated Hill Country '' . Amarillo.com . Amarillo - Globe News . Retrieved November 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Storm Data and Unusual Phenomenon - May 1999 '' ( PDF ) . cig.mesonet.org . American Meteorological Society . May 1999 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 11 , 2014 . Retrieved November 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brown , Eric . F5 Tornadoes : The Chronology -- Part III Eric 's Weather Library Check url = value ( help ) . Jump up ^ Marshall , Timothy P. Marshall ; McCarthy , Daniel ; LaDue , James . Damage survey of the Greensburg , KS tornado ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ https://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/141718.pdf Jump up ^ Elie Tornado Upgraded to Highest Level on Damage Scale : Canada 's First Official F5 Tornado Archived 2011 - 06 - 11 at the Wayback Machine . Environment Canada Accessed May 27 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Details of the Parkersburg Storm Damage Survey '' ( PDF ) . Des Moines , Iowa : National Weather Service . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : https://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/141533.pdf Jump up ^ `` Parkersburg EF5 Damage '' . http://mesonet.agron.iastate.edu/ . NWs Des Moines . May 26 , 2008 . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . External link in website = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Neshoba / Kemper / Winston / Noxubee Counties Tornado '' . srh.noaa.gov . Jackson , Mississippi : National Weather Service . Retrieved 8 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Smithville , MS EF - 5 Tornado '' . Memphis , Tennessee : National Weather Service . 30 May 2011 . Retrieved 14 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` April 2011 Tornado Response Imagery '' . Ngs.woc.noaa.gov . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ NWS Southern Region News - Smithville , Mississippi EF5 Tornado Damage Jump up ^ `` Smithville , MS Tornado presentation '' . Richard Okulski . NWS Memphis , TN . October 17 , 2011 . Retrieved March 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hackleburg ( Marion County ) EF - 5 Tornado April 27 , 2011 '' . srh.noaa.gov . Birmingham , Alabama : National Weather Service . Retrieved 8 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Franklin ( AL ) / Lawrence / Morgan / Limestone / Madison / Franklin ( TN ) EF - 5 '' . srh.noaa.gov . Huntsville , Alabama : National Weather Service . Retrieved 8 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NWS Damage Assessment Toolkit '' . apps.dat.noaa.gov . NOAA . Retrieved June 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McCaul , Eugene W. ; Knupp , Kevin R. ; Darden , Chris ; Laws , Kevin . Extreme damage incidents in the 27 April 2011 tornado superoutbreak ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` National Weather Service Huntsville , AL - DeKalb County Survey Information '' . Srh.noaa.gov . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Weather Service Springfield , MO - Event Review - May 22 , 2011 '' . Crh.noaa.gov . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ New Engineering Study Finds No EF5 Damage in Joplin - weather.com Jump up ^ Sarkar , Parka ; Marshall , Timothy ( November 7 , 2012 ) . `` Supplemental Damage Indicators Discovered in Recent Strong Tornadoes '' . ams.confex.com . American Meteorological Society . Jump up ^ Marshall , Timothy ; Ladue , Jim ( 2011 ) . `` Performance of residences and shelters in the Oklahoma tornadoes of 24 May 2011 '' . ams.confex.com . American Meteorological Society . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tornado B2 - The Calumet - El Reno - Piedmont - Guthrie Tornado of May 24 , 2011 ^ Jump up to : Ortega , Kiel . Overview of the 24 May 2011 tornado outbreak . Jump up ^ Gardner , Jim ( May 24 , 2011 ) . Tornado Hits Producing Location - Oklahoma ( motion picture ) . Oklahoma : KFOR . Retrieved January 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Chickasha - Blanchard - Newcastle Tornado of May 24 , 2011 '' . National Weather Service Office in Norman , Oklahoma . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . July 12 , 2011 . Retrieved June 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Damage Assessment Toolkit '' . apps.dat.noaa.gov . NOAA . May 24 , 2011 . Retrieved August 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Storm Events Database - Event Details National Climatic Data Center '' . National Climatic Data Center . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . 2011 - 05 - 24 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` The Washington - Goldsby Tornado of May 24 , 2011 '' . NWS Norman , OK . NOAA . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Tim ; Ortega , Kiel ( February 5 , 2014 ) . `` Damage Survey and Analysis of the 20 May 2013 Newcastle - Moore , OK , EF - 5 Tornado ( Presentation ) '' ( PDF ) . American Meteorological Society . Retrieved March 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Tornado Outbreak of May 20 , 2013 '' . National Weather Service Norman , Oklahoma . May 21 , 2013 . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Tim ; Ortega , Kiel ( February 5 , 2014 ) . `` Damage Survey and Analysis of the 20 May 2013 Newcastle - Moore , OK , EF - 5 Tornado '' . American Meteorological Society . Retrieved March 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Damage Assessment Toolkit '' . apps.dat.noaa.gov . NOAA . May 20 , 2013 . Retrieved November 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Welch , Trevor ( May 20 , 2014 ) . May 20th , 2013 Oklahoma tornado damage about 1 hour after ( motion picture ) . Moore , Oklahoma : Trevor Welch . Retrieved September 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Forbes , Greg ; Daniel , Matt ( September 5 , 2013 ) . `` Why was El Reno , Oklahoma tornado downgraded to EF3 ? '' . EarthSky.org . unknown . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Marshall , Timothy ( November 6 , 2014 ) . `` Damage Survey of the Mayflower - Vilonia , Arkansas Tornado '' . ams.confex.com . American Meteorological Society . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brantley , Max ( May 5 , 2014 ) . `` Meteorologist defends EF4 rating on Vilonia tornado '' . Arkansas Times . Arkansas Times . Retrieved March 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` April 27 , 2014 Arkansas tornado surveys '' (. KML ) . National Weather Service Office in Little Rock , Arkansas . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . May 1 , 2014 . Retrieved May 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gordon , Kalani ( April 30 , 2013 ) . `` Aerial assessment of southern states tornado damage '' . The Dark Room . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved March 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Video : Aerial footage of Mayflower , Vilonia tornado '' . thecabin.net . The Log Cabin Democrat . April 28 , 2014 . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mersereau , Dennis . Here 's an In - Depth Look at the Tornado That Destroyed Fairdale , Illinois . Jump up ^ https://apps.dat.noaa.gov/StormDamage/DamageViewer/ Jump up ^ ( ( cite AV media people = Omitt , Chad date = February 19 , 2016 title = Tornado Talk Podcast Episode 29 - Top 10 of 2016 Part 2 ( Enhanced Version ) medium = motion picture url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tvOTNoraTEI accessdate = November 5 , 2017 Jump up ^ https://apps.dat.noaa.gov/StormDamage/DamageViewer/ Bibliography ( edit ) Grazulis , Thomas P. ( 1993 ) . Significant Tornadoes , 1680 - 1991 : A Chronology and Analysis of Events . St. Johnsbury , Vermont : Environmental Films . ISBN 1 - 879362 - 03 - 1 . -- ( 2001 ) . The Tornado : Nature 's Ultimate Windstorm . University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 3538 - 0 . External links ( edit ) F5 Tornadoes in the U.S. since 1950 ( SPC / NOAA ) U.S. F5 tornadoes - Tornado History Project The Tornado Project Climatological Risk of Strong and Violent Tornadoes in the United States ( Paper 9.4 , Second Conference on Environmental Applications ) Severe Thunderstorm and Tornado Climatology ( NSSL ) Fujita Scale Canadian sources ( edit ) Extreme Weather at the CBC.ca Archives List of strong tornadoes from 1879 to present Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_F5_and_EF5_tornadoes&oldid=810565170 '' Categories : F5 tornadoes Tornado - related lists Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Pages with citations lacking titles Webarchive template wayback links CS1 errors : dates CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Pages with URL errors CS1 errors : external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 16 November 2017 , at 01 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20F5%20and%20EF5%20tornadoes
| 2,008 |
|
who does robert de niro play in the godfather part 2
|
The Godfather Part II is a 1974 American crime film produced and directed by Francis Ford Coppola from a screenplay co-written with Mario Puzo , starring Al Pacino and Robert De Niro . Partially based on Puzo 's 1969 novel The Godfather , the film is both sequel and prequel to The Godfather , presenting parallel dramas : one picks up the 1958 story of Michael Corleone ( Pacino ) , the new Don of the Corleone crime family , protecting the family business in the aftermath of an attempt on his life ; the prequel covers the journey of his father , Vito Corleone ( De Niro ) , from his Sicilian childhood to the founding of his family enterprise in New York City .
|
Vito Corleone
|
The Godfather Part II
|
the godfather part ii
|
The Godfather Part II is a 1974 American crime film produced and directed by Francis Ford Coppola from a screenplay co-written with Mario Puzo , starring Al Pacino and Robert De Niro . Partially based on Puzo 's 1969 novel The Godfather , the film is both sequel and prequel to The Godfather , presenting parallel dramas : one picks up the 1958 story of Michael Corleone ( Pacino ) , the new Don of the Corleone crime family , protecting the family business in the aftermath of an attempt on his life ; the prequel covers the journey of his father , Vito Corleone ( De Niro ) , from his Sicilian childhood to the founding of his family enterprise in New York City .
|
The Godfather Part II opened to mixed reviews from critics , many of whom praised its cinematography while finding its nonlinear narrative disorganized . It was nominated for eleven Academy Awards , and became the first sequel to win for Best Picture . Its six Oscar wins included Best Director for Coppola , Best Supporting Actor for De Niro and Best Adapted Screenplay for Coppola and Puzo . Pacino won the BAFTA Award for Best Actor and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor . Both The Godfather Part II and its predecessor remain highly influential films , especially in the gangster genre , and the former has been reevaluated . In 1997 , the American Film Institute ranked it as the 32nd - greatest film in American film history and it retained this position 10 years later . Some have deemed it superior to the 1972 original . It was selected for preservation in the U.S. National Film Registry of the Library of Congress in 1993 , being deemed `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . The Godfather Part III , a further sequel , was released in 1990 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Cast notes 3 Production 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 5 Releases for television and video 5.1 Restoration 6 Accolades 6.1 American Film Institute recognition 7 Video game 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1901 , the family of nine - year - old Vito Andolini is killed in Corleone , Sicily , after his father insults local Mafia chieftain Don Ciccio . Vito escapes to New York City and is registered as `` Vito Corleone '' on Ellis Island . In 1958 , during his son 's First Communion party at Lake Tahoe , Michael Corleone has a series of meetings in his role as the Don of his crime family . Corleone caporegime Frank Pentangeli is dismayed that Michael will not help him defend his Brooklyn territory against the Rosato brothers , who work for Michael 's business partner Hyman Roth . That night , Michael leaves Nevada after surviving an assassination attempt at his home . In 1917 , Vito Corleone lives in New York with his wife Carmela and son Sonny . He loses his job due to the nepotism of Don Fanucci ; he is invited by Peter Clemenza to take part in a burglary . Michael suspects Roth of planning the assassination , but meets with him in Miami and feigns ignorance . In New York , Pentangeli attempts to maintain Michael 's façade by making peace with the Rosato family but they attempt to kill him . Roth , Michael , and several of their partners travel to Havana to discuss their future Cuban business prospects under the cooperative government of Fulgencio Batista ; Michael becomes reluctant after reconsidering the viability of the ongoing Cuban Revolution . On New Year 's Eve , he tries to have Roth and Roth 's right - hand man Johnny Ola killed , but Roth survives when Michael 's bodyguard is discovered and shot by police . Michael accuses his brother Fredo of betrayal after Fredo inadvertently reveals that he 'd met with Ola previously . Batista abruptly abdicates due to rebel advances ; during the ensuing chaos , Michael , Fredo , and Roth separately escape to the United States . Back home , Michael learns that his wife Kay has miscarried . By 1920 , Vito and Carmela have had two more sons , Fredo and Michael . Vito 's criminal conduct attracts the attention of Fanucci , who extorts him . His partners , Clemenza and Salvatore Tessio , wish to avoid trouble by paying in full , but Vito insists that he can convince Fanucci to accept a smaller payment by making him `` an offer he wo n't refuse '' . During a neighborhood festa , he stalks Fanucci to his apartment and shoots him dead . In Washington , D.C. , a Senate committee on organized crime is investigating the Corleone family . Having survived the earlier attempt on his life , Pentangeli agrees to testify against Michael , who he believes had double - crossed him , and is placed under witness protection . Now a respected figure in his community , Vito is approached for help by a widow who is being evicted . After an unsuccessful negotiation with Vito , the widow 's landlord asks around , learns of Vito 's reputation , and hastily agrees to let the widow stay on terms very favorable to her . In the meantime , Vito and his partners are becoming more and more successful , with the establishment of their business , `` Genco Pura Olive Oil '' . Fredo is returned to Nevada , where he privately explains himself to Michael : resentful at being passed over to head the family , he helped Roth in expectation of something in return -- unaware , he claims , of the plot on Michael 's life . Michael responds by disowning Fredo . Michael is unable to reach the heavily - guarded Pentangeli , so sends for Pentangeli 's brother from Sicily , resulting in Pentangeli renouncing his previous statement ; the hearing dissolves in uproar . Afterwards , Kay reveals to Michael that her miscarriage was actually an abortion , and that she intends to take their children away from Michael 's criminal life . Outraged , Michael takes custody of the children and banishes Kay from the family . In 1923 , Vito visits Sicily for the first time since emigrating . He and business partner Tommasino are admitted to Don Ciccio 's compound , ostensibly to ask for Ciccio 's blessing on their olive oil business . Vito exacts his childhood vengeance by knifing Ciccio after revealing his old identity , but Tommasino is shot in the leg and suffers a permanent disability during their escape . Carmela Corleone dies . At the funeral , Michael appears to forgive Fredo but later orders caporegime Al Neri to assassinate him out on the lake . Roth is refused asylum and even entry to Israel and is forced to return to the United States . Over the dissent of consigliere Tom Hagen , Michael sends caporegime Rocco Lampone to intercept and shoot Roth on arrival . Rocco is shot dead by federal agents after completing his mission . At the witness protection compound , Hagen reminds Pentangeli that failed plotters against the Roman Emperor often committed suicide and assures him that his family will be cared for . Pentangeli later slits his wrists in his bathtub . On December 7 , 1941 , the Corleone family gathers in their dining room to surprise Vito for his birthday . Michael announces that , in response to the attack on Pearl Harbor , he has left college and enlisted in the United States Marine Corps , leaving Sonny furious , Tom incredulous , and Fredo the only brother supportive . Vito is heard at the door and all but Michael leave the room to greet him . Michael sits alone by the lake at the family compound . Cast ( edit ) Al Pacino as Michael Corleone Robert Duvall as Tom Hagen Diane Keaton as Kay Adams - Corleone Robert De Niro as Vito Corleone John Cazale as Fredo Corleone Talia Shire as Constanzia `` Connie '' Corleone Lee Strasberg as Hyman Roth John Megna as young Hyman Roth Michael V. Gazzo as Frank Pentangeli Morgana King as Carmela Corleone Francesca De Sapio as young Carmela G.D. Spradlin as Senator Pat Geary Richard Bright as Al Neri Tom Rosqui as Rocco Lampone Marianna Hill as Deanna Corleone Gastone Moschin as Don Fanucci Troy Donahue as Merle Johnson Joe Spinell as Willi Cicci Dominic Chianese as Johnny Ola Franco Corsaro as Genco Abbandando Frank Sivero as young Genco Abbandando Bruno Kirby as young Peter Clemenza John Aprea as young Salvatore Tessio Maria Carta as the mother of Vito Corleone Giuseppe Sillato as Don Francesco Ciccio Amerigo Tot as Michael 's bodyguard Ivonne Coll as Yolanda Julian Voloshin as Sam Roth Fay Spain as Mrs. Roth Larry Guardino as Vito 's uncle Carmine Caridi as Carmine Rosato Danny Aiello as Tony Rosato Leopoldo Trieste as Signor Roberto Salvatore Po as Vincenzo Pentangeli Harry Dean Stanton as FBI agent Roman Coppola as young Santino Corleone Cast notes ( edit ) James Caan agreed to reprise the role of Sonny in the birthday flashback sequence , demanding he be paid the same amount he received for the entire previous film for the single scene in Part II , which he received . Marlon Brando initially agreed to return for the birthday flashback sequence , but the actor , feeling mistreated by the board at Paramount , failed to show up for the single day 's shooting ; Coppola rewrote the scene that same day . Richard Castellano , who portrayed Peter Clemenza in the first film , also declined to return , as he and the producers could not reach an agreement on his demands that he be allowed to write the character 's dialogue in the film ; the part in the plot originally intended for the latter - day Clemenza was then filled by the character of Frank Pentangeli , played by Michael V. Gazzo . Troy Donahue , in a small role as Connie 's boyfriend , plays a character named Merle Johnson , which was his birth name . Two actors who appear in the film played different character roles in other Godfather films : Carmine Caridi , who plays Carmine Rosato , also went on to play crime boss Albert Volpe in The Godfather Part III ; Frank Sivero , who plays a young Genco Abbandando , appears as a bystander in The Godfather scene in which Sonny beats up Carlo for abusing Connie . Among the actors depicting Senators in the hearing committee are film producer / director Roger Corman , writer / producer William Bowers , producer Phil Feldman , and science - fiction writer Richard Matheson . Production ( edit ) Original screenplay in the National Museum of the Cinema in Turin The Godfather Part II was shot between October 1 , 1973 and June 19 , 1974 , and was the last major American motion picture to have release prints made with Technicolor 's dye imbibition process until the late 1990s . The scenes that took place in Cuba were shot in Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic . Charles Bluhdorn , whose Gulf + Western conglomerate owned Paramount , felt strongly about developing the Dominican Republic as a movie - making site . The Lake Tahoe house and grounds portrayed in the film are Fleur du Lac , the summer estate of Henry J. Kaiser on the California side of the lake . The only structures used in the movie that still remain are the complex of old native stone boathouses with their wrought iron gates . Although Fleur du Lac is private property and no one is allowed ashore there , the boathouses and multimillion - dollar condominiums may be viewed from the lake . Francis Ford Coppola originally wanted fellow director Elia Kazan to play Hyman Roth , but Kazan passed on the opportunity . On the DVD commentary track , Coppola detailed how he visited Kazan with the request , and remembered that Kazan was bare - chested . As an homage , in Roth 's first scene , he is bare - chested when Michael Corleone visits him . Unlike with the first film , Coppola was given near - complete control over production . In his commentary , he said this resulted in a shoot that ran very smoothly despite multiple locations and two narratives running parallel within one film . Production nearly ended before it began when Pacino 's lawyers told Coppola that he had grave misgivings with the script and was not coming . Coppola spent an entire night rewriting it before giving it to Pacino for his review . Pacino approved and the production went forward . Coppola discusses his decision to make this the first major motion picture to use `` Part II '' in its title in the director 's commentary on the DVD edition of the film released in 2002 . Paramount was initially opposed because they believed the audience would not be interested in an addition to a story they had already seen . But the director prevailed , and the film 's success began the common practice of numbered sequels . Only three weeks prior to the release , film critics and journalists pronounced Part II a disaster . The cross-cutting between Vito and Michael 's parallel stories were judged too frequent , not allowing enough time to leave a lasting impression on the audience . Coppola and the editors returned to the cutting room to change the film 's narrative structure , but could not complete the work in time , leaving the final scenes poorly timed at the opening . Reception ( edit ) Initial critical reception of The Godfather Part II was divided , with some dismissing the work and others declaring it superior to the first film . While its cinematography and acting were immediately acclaimed , many criticized it as overly slow - paced and convoluted . Vincent Canby viewed the film as `` stitched together from leftover parts . It talks . It moves in fits and starts but it has no mind of its own . ( ... ) The plot defies any rational synopsis . '' Stanley Kauffmann of The New Republic accused the story of featuring `` gaps and distentions ( sic ) . '' A mildly positive Roger Ebert wrote that the flashbacks `` give Coppola the greatest difficulty in maintaining his pace and narrative force . The story of Michael , told chronologically and without the other material , would have had really substantial impact , but Coppola prevents our complete involvement by breaking the tension . '' Though praising Pacino 's performance and lauding Coppola as `` a master of mood , atmosphere , and period '' , Ebert considered the chronological shifts of its narrative `` a structural weakness from which the film never recovers '' . The film quickly became the subject of a critical reevaluation . Whether considered separately or with its predecessor as one work , The Godfather Part II is now widely regarded as one of the greatest films in world cinema . Many critics compare it favorably with the original -- although it is rarely ranked higher on lists of `` greatest '' films . Roger Ebert retrospectively awarded it a full four stars in a second review and inducted the film into his Great Movies section , praising the work as `` grippingly written , directed with confidence and artistry , photographed by Gordon Willis ( ... ) in rich , warm tones . '' Michael Sragow 's conclusion in his 2002 essay , selected for the National Film Registry web site , is that `` ( a ) lthough `` The Godfather '' and `` The Godfather Part II '' depict an American family 's moral defeat , as a mammoth , pioneering work of art it remains a national creative triumph . '' The Godfather Part II : Was featured on Sight & Sound 's list of the ten greatest films of all time in 1992 and 2002 . Is ranked # 7 on Entertainment Weekly 's list of the `` 100 Greatest Movies of All Time '' . Received only two negative reviews on Rotten Tomatoes and a 97 % approval rating , 2 points less than The Godfather , but 30 points more than The Godfather Part III . Is ranked # 1 on TV Guide 's 1998 list of the `` 50 Greatest Movies of All Time on TV and Video '' . Many believe Pacino 's performance in The Godfather Part II is his finest acting work , and the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences was criticized for awarding the Academy Award for Best Actor that year to Art Carney for his role in Harry and Tonto . It is now regarded as one of the greatest performances in film history . In 2006 , Premiere issued its list of `` The 100 Greatest Performances of all Time '' , putting Pacino 's performance at # 20 . Later in 2009 , Total Film issued `` The 150 Greatest Performances of All Time '' , ranking Pacino 's performance fourth place . Box Office ( edit ) The Godfather Part II did not surpass the original film commercially , but in North America it grossed $47.5 million on a $13 million budget . It was Paramount Pictures ' highest - grossing film of 1974 and was the fifth - highest - grossing picture in North America that year . Releases for television and video ( edit ) Main article : The Godfather Saga Coppola created The Godfather Saga expressly for American television in a 1975 release that combined The Godfather and The Godfather Part II with unused footage from those two films in a chronological telling that toned down the violent , sexual , and profane material for its NBC debut on November 18 , 1977 . In 1981 , Paramount released the Godfather Epic boxed set , which also told the story of the first two films in chronological order , again with additional scenes , but not redacted for broadcast sensibilities . Coppola returned to the film again in 1992 when he updated that release with footage from The Godfather Part III and more unreleased material . This home viewing release , under the title The Godfather Trilogy 1901 -- 1980 , had a total run time of 583 minutes ( 9 hours , 43 minutes ) , not including the set 's bonus documentary by Jeff Werner on the making of the films , `` The Godfather Family : A Look Inside '' . The Godfather DVD Collection was released on October 9 , 2001 in a package that contained all three films -- each with a commentary track by Coppola -- and a bonus disc that featured a 73 - minute documentary from 1991 entitled The Godfather Family : A Look Inside and other miscellany about the film : the additional scenes originally contained in The Godfather Saga ; Francis Coppola 's Notebook ( a look inside a notebook the director kept with him at all times during the production of the film ) ; rehearsal footage ; a promotional featurette from 1971 ; and video segments on Gordon Willis 's cinematography , Nino Rota 's and Carmine Coppola 's music , the director , the locations and Mario Puzo 's screenplays . The DVD also held a Corleone family tree , a `` Godfather '' timeline , and footage of the Academy Award acceptance speeches . The restoration was confirmed by Francis Ford Coppola during a question - and - answer session for The Godfather Part III , when he said that he had just seen the new transfer and it was `` terrific '' . Restoration ( edit ) After a careful restoration of the first two movies , The Godfather movies were released on DVD and Blu - ray Disc on September 23 , 2008 , under the title The Godfather : The Coppola Restoration . The work was done by Robert A. Harris of Film Preserve . The Blu - ray Disc box set ( four discs ) includes high - definition extra features on the restoration and film . They are included on Disc 5 of the DVD box set ( five discs ) . Other extras are ported over from Paramount 's 2001 DVD release . There are slight differences between the repurposed extras on the DVD and Blu - ray Disc sets , with the HD box having more content . Accolades ( edit ) This film was the first sequel to have won the Academy Award for Best Picture . The Godfather and The Godfather Part II remain the only original / sequel combination both to win Best Picture . Along with The Lord of the Rings , The Godfather Trilogy shares the distinction that all of its installments were nominated for Best Picture . Award Category Nominee Result 47th Academy Awards Best Picture Francis Ford Coppola , Gray Frederickson , Fred Roos Won Best Director Francis Ford Coppola Won Best Actor Al Pacino Nominated Best Supporting Actor Robert De Niro Won Michael V. Gazzo Nominated Lee Strasberg Nominated Best Supporting Actress Talia Shire Nominated Best Adapted Screenplay Francis Ford Coppola , Mario Puzo Won Best Art Direction Dean Tavoularis , Angelo Graham , George R. Nelson Won Best Costume Design Theadora Van Runkle Nominated Best Original Dramatic Score Nino Rota , Carmine Coppola Won 29th British Academy Film Awards Best Actor Al Pacino ( Also for Dog Day Afternoon ) Won Most Promising Newcomer to Leading Film Roles Robert De Niro Nominated Best Film Music Nino Rota Nominated Best Film Editing Peter Zinner , Barry Malkin , and Richard Marks Nominated 27th Directors Guild of America Awards Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures Francis Ford Coppola Won 32nd Golden Globe Awards Best Motion Picture -- Drama Nominated Best Director -- Motion Picture Francis Ford Coppola Nominated Best Motion Picture Actor -- Drama Al Pacino Nominated Most Promising Newcomer -- Male Lee Strasberg Nominated Best Screenplay -- Motion Picture Francis Ford Coppola and Mario Puzo Nominated Best Original Score Nino Rota Nominated 27th Writers Guild of America Awards Best Drama Adapted from Another Medium Francis Ford Coppola and Mario Puzo Won American film Institute recognition ( edit ) 1998 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- # 32 2003 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes & Villains : Michael Corleone -- # 11 Villain 2005 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes : `` Keep your friends close , but your enemies closer . '' -- # 58 `` I know it was you , Fredo . You broke my heart . You broke my heart . '' -- Nominated `` Michael , we 're bigger than U.S. Steel . '' -- Nominated 2007 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) -- # 32 2008 : AFI 's 10 Top 10 -- # 3 Gangster Film and Nominated Epic Film Video game ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see The Godfather II ( video game ) . The video game based on the film was released in April 2009 by Electronic Arts . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Godfather II '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Godfather Part II ( 1974 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Godfather : Part II ( 1974 ) - Financial Information '' . The Numbers . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Citizen Kane Stands the test of Time '' . American Film Institute . Jump up ^ Stax ( July 28 , 2003 ) . `` Featured Filmmaker : Francis Ford Coppola '' . Retrieved 30 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The National Film Registry List -- Library of Congress '' . loc.gov . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Set Hotel : The Godfather II '' , HotelChatter , 12 -- 05 -- 2006 . ^ Jump up to : The Godfather Part II DVD commentary featuring Francis Ford Coppola , ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ The Godfather Family : A look Inside Jump up ^ Eagan , Daniel ( 2009 ) . America 's Film Legacy : The Authoritative Guide to the Landmark Movies in the National Film Registry . Bloomsbury Publishing USA . p. 712 . ISBN 1441116478 . Jump up ^ Biskind , Peter ( 1991 ) . The Godfather Companion . Wildside Press . ISBN 0809590360 . Jump up ^ `` The Godfather , Part II '' . Turner Classic Movies , Inc . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The ' Godfather Part II ' Sequel Syndrome '' . Newsweek . December 25 , 2016 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . But when the movie arrived in theaters at the end of 1974 , it was met with a critical reception that , compared with today 's exuberant embrace , felt more like a slap in the face . ( ... ) Most professional tastemakers , even those exasperated by what they felt was the movie 's sometimes plodding - pace , recognized the creative crowning achievements of the film 's direction , cinematography and acting . Jump up ^ Canby , Vincent ( December 13 , 1974 ) . `` ' Godfather , Part II ' Is Hard To Define : The Cast '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Berliner , Todd ( 2010 ) . Hollywood Incoherent : Narration in Seventies Cinema . University of Texas Press . pp. 75 -- 76 . ISBN 0292722796 . Jump up ^ Garner , Joe ( 2013 ) . Now Showing : Unforgettable Moments from the Movies . Andrews McMeel Publishing . ISBN 1449450091 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( October 2 , 2008 ) . `` The Godfather , Part II Movie Review ( 1974 ) '' . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sragow , Michael ( 2002 ) . `` The Godfather and The Godfather Part II '' ( PDF ) . `` The A List : The National Society of Film Critics ' 100 Essential Films , '' 2002 . Jump up ^ `` The Godfather , Part II '' . rottentomatoes.com. 20 December 1974 . Retrieved 13 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TV Guide 's 50 Greatest Movies On TV / Video '' . thependragon.co.uk . Retrieved 13 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Greatest Performances '' filmsite.org Jump up ^ `` The 150 Greatest Performances Of All Time '' TotalFilm . com Jump up ^ `` DVD review : ' The Godfather Collection ' '' . DVD Spin Doctor . July 2007 . Jump up ^ The Godfather DVD Collection ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ `` Godfather : Coppola Restoration '' , September 23 on DVD Spin Doctor ^ Jump up to : `` 47th Academy Awards Winners : Best Picture '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McNamara , Mary ( 2 December 2010 ) . `` Critic 's Notebook : Can ' Harry Potter ' ever capture Oscar magic ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 3 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes & Villains '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes Nominees '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 10 Top 10 : Top 10 Gangster '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` EA Announces New Street Date for The Godfather II '' . EA.com . February 11 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 12 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Godfather Part II The Godfather -- Official site from Paramount Pictures The Godfather Part II on IMDb The Godfather Part II at AllMovie The Godfather : Part II at Metacritic The Godfather Part II at Rotten Tomatoes The Godfather Part II at the TCM Movie Database Articles and topics related to The Godfather Part II The Godfather Novels The Godfather The Sicilian The Godfather Returns The Godfather 's Revenge The Family Corleone Films The Godfather The Godfather Part II The Godfather Part III Video games The Godfather ( 1991 ) The Godfather ( 2006 ) The Godfather II ( 2009 ) Corleone family Vito Corleone Michael Corleone Tom Hagen Sonny Corleone Fredo Corleone Carmela Corleone Kay Adams - Corleone Connie Corleone Anthony Corleone Mary Corleone Vincent Corleone Sandra Corleone Family allies Genco Abbandando Luca Brasi Peter Clemenza Al Neri Frank Pentangeli Salvatore Tessio Family enemies Don Altobello Emilio Barzini Don Fanucci Johnny Ola Hyman Roth Louie Russo Joey Zasa Others Amerigo Bonasera Cardinal Lamberto Lucy Mancini Danny Shea Mickey Shea Billy Van Arsdale Aldo Trapani Albert Volpe Music The Godfather ( soundtrack ) The Godfather Part II ( soundtrack ) The Godfather Part III ( soundtrack ) `` Speak Softly , Love '' `` Promise Me You 'll Remember '' Miscellaneous List of minor characters in The Godfather series Mario Puzo Mark Winegardner Edward Falco Five Families Corleone The Godfather Effect The Godfather Papers and Other Confessions The Godfather Saga The Last Don Omertà The Sicilian Book Category Francis Ford Coppola Films directed The Bellboy and the Playgirls ( 1962 ) Tonight for Sure ( 1962 ) Battle Beyond the Sun ( 1962 ) Dementia 13 ( 1963 ) You 're a Big Boy Now ( 1966 ) Finian 's Rainbow ( 1968 ) The Rain People ( 1969 ) The Godfather ( 1972 ) The Conversation ( 1974 ) The Godfather Part II ( 1974 ) Apocalypse Now ( 1979 ; Redux , 2001 ) One from the Heart ( 1982 ) The Outsiders ( 1983 ) Rumble Fish ( 1983 ) The Cotton Club ( 1984 ) Captain EO ( 1986 ) Peggy Sue Got Married ( 1986 ) Gardens of Stone ( 1987 ) Tucker : The Man and His Dream ( 1988 ) New York Stories ( segment `` Life Without Zoë '' , 1989 ) The Godfather Part III ( 1990 ) Bram Stoker 's Dracula ( 1992 ) Jack ( 1996 ) The Rainmaker ( 1997 ) Youth Without Youth ( 2007 ) Tetro ( 2009 ) Twixt ( 2011 ) Written only Is Paris Burning ? ( 1966 ) This Property Is Condemned ( 1966 ) Patton ( 1970 ) The Great Gatsby ( 1974 ) Produced only American Graffiti ( 1973 ) The Junky 's Christmas ( 1993 ) Mary Shelley 's Frankenstein ( 1994 ) Don Juan DeMarco ( 1995 ) Lani Loa -- The Passage ( 1998 ) The Florentine ( 1999 ) The Virgin Suicides ( 1999 ) Enterprises American Zoetrope Zoetrope : All - Story Rubicon Estate Winery Francis Ford Coppola Presents Works by Mario Puzo Novels The Dark Arena ( 1955 ) The Fortunate Pilgrim ( 1965 ) The Runaway Summer of Davie Shaw ( 1966 ) Six Graves to Munich ( 1967 , as Mario Cleri ) The Godfather ( 1969 ) Fools Die ( 1978 ) The Sicilian ( 1984 ) The Fourth K ( 1991 ) The Last Don ( 1996 ) Omertà ( 2000 ) The Family ( 2001 , with Carol Gino ) Screenplays The Godfather ( 1972 ) Earthquake ( 1974 ) The Godfather Part II ( 1974 ) Superman ( 1978 ) Superman II ( 1980 ) The Godfather Part III ( 1990 ) Christopher Columbus : The Discovery ( 1992 ) Superman II : The Richard Donner Cut ( 2006 ) Non-fiction The Godfather Papers and Other Confessions ( 1972 ) Inside Las Vegas ( 1977 ) Academy Award for Best Picture 1920s Wings ( 1927 / 1928 ) The Broadway Melody ( 1928 / 1929 ) 1930s All Quiet on the Western Front ( 1929 / 1930 ) Cimarron ( 1930 / 1931 ) Grand Hotel ( 1931 / 1932 ) Cavalcade ( 1932 / 1933 ) It Happened One Night ( 1934 ) Mutiny on the Bounty ( 1935 ) The Great Ziegfeld ( 1936 ) The Life of Emile Zola ( 1937 ) You Ca n't Take It with You ( 1938 ) Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) 1940s Rebecca ( 1940 ) How Green Was My Valley ( 1941 ) Mrs. Miniver ( 1942 ) Casablanca ( 1943 ) Going My Way ( 1944 ) The Lost Weekend ( 1945 ) The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1946 ) Gentleman 's Agreement ( 1947 ) Hamlet ( 1948 ) All the King 's Men ( 1949 ) 1950s All About Eve ( 1950 ) An American in Paris ( 1951 ) The Greatest Show on Earth ( 1952 ) From Here to Eternity ( 1953 ) On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) Marty ( 1955 ) Around the World in 80 Days ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) Gigi ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) 1960s The Apartment ( 1960 ) West Side Story ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1966 ) In the Heat of the Night ( 1967 ) Oliver ! ( 1968 ) Midnight Cowboy ( 1969 ) 1970s Patton ( 1970 ) The French Connection ( 1971 ) The Godfather ( 1972 ) The Sting ( 1973 ) The Godfather Part II ( 1974 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 ) Rocky ( 1976 ) Annie Hall ( 1977 ) The Deer Hunter ( 1978 ) Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) 1980s Ordinary People ( 1980 ) Chariots of Fire ( 1981 ) Gandhi ( 1982 ) Terms of Endearment ( 1983 ) Amadeus ( 1984 ) Out of Africa ( 1985 ) Platoon ( 1986 ) The Last Emperor ( 1987 ) Rain Man ( 1988 ) Driving Miss Daisy ( 1989 ) 1990s Dances with Wolves ( 1990 ) The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) Unforgiven ( 1992 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Braveheart ( 1995 ) The English Patient ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) 2000s Gladiator ( 2000 ) A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Million Dollar Baby ( 2004 ) Crash ( 2005 ) The Departed ( 2006 ) No Country for Old Men ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) The Hurt Locker ( 2009 ) 2010s The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Birdman or : ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) ( 2014 ) Spotlight ( 2015 ) Moonlight ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Godfather_Part_II&oldid=826440072 '' Categories : 1974 films American films English - language films Sicilian - language films 1970s crime drama films Crime epic films 1970s sequel films American crime drama films American epic films American sequel films BAFTA winners ( films ) Best Picture Academy Award winners Films about the Sicilian Mafia Films based on American novels Films based on organized crime novels Films featuring a Best Supporting Actor Academy Award - winning performance Films set in 1901 Films set in 1917 Films set in 1941 Films set in 1958 Films set in 1959 Films set in Havana Films set in New York City Films set in Sicily Films set in the 1920s Films set in the Las Vegas Valley Films shot in Miami Films shot in New York City Films shot in the Las Vegas Valley Films that won the Best Original Score Academy Award Films whose art director won the Best Art Direction Academy Award Films whose director won the Best Directing Academy Award Films whose writer won the Best Adapted Screenplay Academy Award Fratricide in fiction The Godfather films Mafia films Prequel films United States National Film Registry films Paramount Pictures films Films scored by Nino Rota Films directed by Francis Ford Coppola Screenplays by Francis Ford Coppola Screenplays by Mario Puzo Hidden categories : Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 February 2018 , at 03 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Godfather%20Part%20II
| 2,009 |
list and explain the types of computer network
|
Computer network
|
computer network
|
A computer network or data network is a digital telecommunications network which allows nodes to share resources . In computer networks , networked computing devices exchange data with each other using a data link . The connections between nodes are established using either cable media or wireless media .
|
Network computer devices that originate , route and terminate the data are called network nodes . Nodes can include hosts such as personal computers , phones , servers as well as networking hardware . Two such devices can be said to be networked together when one device is able to exchange information with the other device , whether or not they have a direct connection to each other . In most cases , application - specific communications protocols are layered ( i.e. carried as payload ) over other more general communications protocols . This formidable collection of information technology requires skilled network management to keep it all running reliably . Computer networks support an enormous number of applications and services such as access to the World Wide Web , digital video , digital audio , shared use of application and storage servers , printers , and fax machines , and use of email and instant messaging applications as well as many others . Computer networks differ in the transmission medium used to carry their signals , communications protocols to organize network traffic , the network 's size , topology and organizational intent . The best - known computer network is the Internet . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Properties 3 Network packet 4 Network topology 4.1 Network links 4.1. 1 Wired technologies 4.1. 2 Wireless technologies 4.1. 3 Exotic technologies 4.2 Network nodes 4.2. 1 Network interfaces 4.2. 2 Repeaters and hubs 4.2. 3 Bridges 4.2. 4 Switches 4.2. 5 Routers 4.2. 6 Modems 4.2. 7 Firewalls 4.3 Network structure 4.3. 1 Common layouts 4.3. 2 Overlay network 5 Communications protocols 5.1 IEEE 802 5.1. 1 Ethernet 5.1. 2 Wireless LAN 5.2 Internet Protocol Suite 5.3 SONET / SDH 5.4 Asynchronous Transfer Mode 5.5 Cellular standards 6 Geographic scale 7 Organizational scope 7.1 Intranet 7.2 Extranet 7.3 Internetwork 7.4 Internet 7.5 Darknet 8 Routing 9 Network service 10 Network performance 10.1 Quality of service 10.2 Network congestion 10.3 Network resilience 11 Security 11.1 Network security 11.2 Network surveillance 11.3 End to end encryption 12 Views of networks 13 See also 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External links History ( edit ) See also : History of the Internet The chronology of significant computer - network developments includes : In the late 1950s , early networks of computers included the U.S. military radar system Semi-Automatic Ground Environment ( SAGE ) . In 1959 , Anatolii Ivanovich Kitov proposed to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union a detailed plan for the re-organisation of the control of the Soviet armed forces and of the Soviet economy on the basis of a network of computing centres , the OGAS . In 1960 , the commercial airline reservation system semi-automatic business research environment ( SABRE ) went online with two connected mainframes . In 1963 , J.C.R. Licklider sent a memoranda to office colleagues discussing the concept of the `` Intergalactic Computer Network '' , a computer network intended to allow general communications among computer users . In 1964 , researchers at Dartmouth College developed the Dartmouth Time Sharing System for distributed users of large computer systems . The same year , at Massachusetts Institute of Technology , a research group supported by General Electric and Bell Labs used a computer to route and manage telephone connections . Throughout the 1960s , Paul Baran , and Donald Davies independently developed the concept of network systems that used packets to transfer information between computers over a network . Davies pinoeered the implementation of the concept with the NPL network , a local area network at the National Physical Laboratory ( United Kingdom ) . In 1965 , Western Electric introduced the first widely used telephone switch that implemented true computer control . In 1966 , Thomas Marill and Lawrence G. Roberts published a paper on an experimental wide area network ( WAN ) for computer time sharing . In 1969 , the first four nodes of the ARPANET were conected using 50 kbit / s circuits between the University of California at Los Angeles , the Stanford Research Institute , the University of California at Santa Barbara , and the University of Utah . In 1972 , commercial services using X. 25 were deployed , and later used as an underlying infrastructure for expanding TCP / IP networks . In 1973 , Robert Metcalfe wrote a formal memo at Xerox PARC describing Ethernet , a networking system that was based on the Aloha network , developed in the 1960s by Norman Abramson and colleagues at the University of Hawaii . In July 1976 , Robert Metcalfe and David Boggs published their paper `` Ethernet : Distributed Packet Switching for Local Computer Networks '' and collaborated on several patents received in 1977 and 1978 . In 1979 , Robert Metcalfe pursued making Ethernet an open standard . In 1976 , John Murphy of Datapoint Corporation created ARCNET , a token - passing network first used to share storage devices . In 1995 , the transmission speed capacity for Ethernet increased from 10 Mbit / s to 100 Mbit / s . By 1998 , Ethernet supported transmission speeds of a Gigabit . Subsequently , higher speeds of up to 100 Gbit / s were added ( as of 2016 ) . The ability of Ethernet to scale easily ( such as quickly adapting to support new fiber optic cable speeds ) is a contributing factor to its continued use . Properties ( edit ) Computer networking may be considered a branch of electrical engineering , electronics engineering , telecommunications , computer science , information technology or computer engineering , since it relies upon the theoretical and practical application of the related disciplines . A computer network facilitates interpersonal communications allowing users to communicate efficiently and easily via various means : email , instant messaging , online chat , telephone , video telephone calls , and video conferencing . A network allows sharing of network and computing resources . Users may access and use resources provided by devices on the network , such as printing a document on a shared network printer or use of a shared storage device . A network allows sharing of files , data , and other types of information giving authorized users the ability to access information stored on other computers on the network . Distributed computing uses computing resources across a network to accomplish tasks . A computer network may be used by security hackers to deploy computer viruses or computer worms on devices connected to the network , or to prevent these devices from accessing the network via a denial - of - service attack . Network packet ( edit ) Main article : Network packet Computer communication links that do not support packets , such as traditional point - to - point telecommunication links , simply transmit data as a bit stream . However , most information in computer networks is carried in packets . A network packet is a formatted unit of data ( a list of bits or bytes , usually a few tens of bytes to a few kilobytes long ) carried by a packet - switched network . Packets are sent through the network to their destination . Once the packets arrive they are reassembled into their original message . Packets consist of two kinds of data : control information , and user data ( payload ) . The control information provides data the network needs to deliver the user data , for example : source and destination network addresses , error detection codes , and sequencing information . Typically , control information is found in packet headers and trailers , with payload data in between . With packets , the bandwidth of the transmission medium can be better shared among users than if the network were circuit switched . When one user is not sending packets , the link can be filled with packets from other users , and so the cost can be shared , with relatively little interference , provided the link is n't overused . Often the route a packet needs to take through a network is not immediately available . In that case the packet is queued and waits until a link is free . Network topology ( edit ) Main article : Network topology The physical layout of a network is usually less important than the topology that connects network nodes . Most diagrams that describe a physical network are therefore topological , rather than geographic . The symbols on these diagrams usually denote network links and network nodes . Network links ( edit ) Further information : data transmission The transmission media ( often referred to in the literature as the physical media ) used to link devices to form a computer network include electrical cable ( Ethernet , HomePNA , power line communication , G.hn ) , optical fiber ( fiber - optic communication ) , and radio waves ( wireless networking ) . In the OSI model , these are defined at layers 1 and 2 -- the physical layer and the data link layer . A widely adopted family of transmission media used in local area network ( LAN ) technology is collectively known as Ethernet . The media and protocol standards that enable communication between networked devices over Ethernet are defined by IEEE 802.3 . Ethernet transmits data over both copper and fiber cables . Wireless LAN standards ( e.g. those defined by IEEE 802.11 ) use radio waves , or others use infrared signals as a transmission medium . Power line communication uses a building 's power cabling to transmit data . Wired technologies ( edit ) Fiber optic cables are used to transmit light from one computer / network node to another The orders of the following wired technologies are , roughly , from slowest to fastest transmission speed . Coaxial cable is widely used for cable television systems , office buildings , and other work - sites for local area networks . The cables consist of copper or aluminum wire surrounded by an insulating layer ( typically a flexible material with a high dielectric constant ) , which itself is surrounded by a conductive layer . The insulation helps minimize interference and distortion . Transmission speed ranges from 200 million bits per second to more than 500 million bits per second . ITU - T G.hn technology uses existing home wiring ( coaxial cable , phone lines and power lines ) to create a high - speed ( up to 1 Gigabit / s ) local area network Twisted pair wire is the most widely used medium for all telecommunication . Twisted - pair cabling consist of copper wires that are twisted into pairs . Ordinary telephone wires consist of two insulated copper wires twisted into pairs . Computer network cabling ( wired Ethernet as defined by IEEE 802.3 ) consists of 4 pairs of copper cabling that can be utilized for both voice and data transmission . The use of two wires twisted together helps to reduce crosstalk and electromagnetic induction . The transmission speed ranges from 2 million bits per second to 10 billion bits per second . Twisted pair cabling comes in two forms : unshielded twisted pair ( UTP ) and shielded twisted - pair ( STP ) . Each form comes in several category ratings , designed for use in various scenarios . 2007 map showing submarine optical fiber telecommunication cables around the world . An optical fiber is a glass fiber . It carries pulses of light that represent data . Some advantages of optical fibers over metal wires are very low transmission loss and immunity from electrical interference . Optical fibers can simultaneously carry multiple wavelengths of light , which greatly increases the rate that data can be sent , and helps enable data rates of up to trillions of bits per second . Optic fibers can be used for long runs of cable carrying very high data rates , and are used for undersea cables to interconnect continents . Price is a main factor distinguishing wired - and wireless - technology options in a business . Wireless options command a price premium that can make purchasing wired computers , printers and other devices a financial benefit . Before making the decision to purchase hard - wired technology products , a review of the restrictions and limitations of the selections is necessary . Business and employee needs may override any cost considerations . Wireless technologies ( edit ) Computers are very often connected to networks using wireless links Main article : Wireless network Terrestrial microwave -- Terrestrial microwave communication uses Earth - based transmitters and receivers resembling satellite dishes . Terrestrial microwaves are in the low gigahertz range , which limits all communications to line - of - sight . Relay stations are spaced approximately 48 km ( 30 mi ) apart . Communications satellites -- Satellites communicate via microwave radio waves , which are not deflected by the Earth 's atmosphere . The satellites are stationed in space , typically in geosynchronous orbit 35,400 km ( 22,000 mi ) above the equator . These Earth - orbiting systems are capable of receiving and relaying voice , data , and TV signals . Cellular and PCS systems use several radio communications technologies . The systems divide the region covered into multiple geographic areas . Each area has a low - power transmitter or radio relay antenna device to relay calls from one area to the next area . Radio and spread spectrum technologies -- Wireless local area networks use a high - frequency radio technology similar to digital cellular and a low - frequency radio technology . Wireless LANs use spread spectrum technology to enable communication between multiple devices in a limited area . IEEE 802.11 defines a common flavor of open - standards wireless radio - wave technology known as Wifi . Free - space optical communication uses visible or invisible light for communications . In most cases , line - of - sight propagation is used , which limits the physical positioning of communicating devices . Exotic technologies ( edit ) There have been various attempts at transporting data over exotic media : IP over Avian Carriers was a humorous April fool 's Request for Comments , issued as RFC 1149 . It was implemented in real life in 2001 . Extending the Internet to interplanetary dimensions via radio waves , the Interplanetary Internet . Both cases have a large round - trip delay time , which gives slow two - way communication , but does n't prevent sending large amounts of information . Network nodes ( edit ) Main article : Node ( networking ) Apart from any physical transmission media there may be , networks comprise additional basic system building blocks , such as network interface controllers ( NICs ) , repeaters , hubs , bridges , switches , routers , modems , and firewalls . Any particular piece of equipment will frequently contain multiple building blocks and perform multiple functions . Network interfaces ( edit ) An ATM network interface in the form of an accessory card . A lot of network interfaces are built - in . A network interface controller ( NIC ) is computer hardware that provides a computer with the ability to access the transmission media , and has the ability to process low - level network information . For example , the NIC may have a connector for accepting a cable , or an aerial for wireless transmission and reception , and the associated circuitry . The NIC responds to traffic addressed to a network address for either the NIC or the computer as a whole . In Ethernet networks , each network interface controller has a unique Media Access Control ( MAC ) address -- usually stored in the controller 's permanent memory . To avoid address conflicts between network devices , the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ( IEEE ) maintains and administers MAC address uniqueness . The size of an Ethernet MAC address is six octets . The three most significant octets are reserved to identify NIC manufacturers . These manufacturers , using only their assigned prefixes , uniquely assign the three least - significant octets of every Ethernet interface they produce . Repeaters and hubs ( edit ) A repeater is an electronic device that receives a network signal , cleans it of unnecessary noise and regenerates it . The signal is retransmitted at a higher power level , or to the other side of an obstruction , so that the signal can cover longer distances without degradation . In most twisted pair Ethernet configurations , repeaters are required for cable that runs longer than 100 meters . With fiber optics , repeaters can be tens or even hundreds of kilometers apart . A repeater with multiple ports is known as an Ethernet hub . Repeaters work on the physical layer of the OSI model . Repeaters require a small amount of time to regenerate the signal . This can cause a propagation delay that affects network performance and may affect proper function . As a result , many network architectures limit the number of repeaters that can be used in a row , e.g. , the Ethernet 5 - 4 - 3 rule . Hubs and repeaters in LANs have been mostly obsoleted by modern switches . Bridges ( edit ) A network bridge connects and filters traffic between two network segments at the data link layer ( layer 2 ) of the OSI model to form a single network . This breaks the network 's collision domain but maintains a unified broadcast domain . Network segmentation breaks down a large , congested network into an aggregation of smaller , more efficient networks . Bridges come in three basic types : Local bridges : Directly connect LANs Remote bridges : Can be used to create a wide area network ( WAN ) link between LANs . Remote bridges , where the connecting link is slower than the end networks , largely have been replaced with routers . Wireless bridges : Can be used to join LANs or connect remote devices to LANs . Switches ( edit ) A network switch is a device that forwards and filters OSI layer 2 datagrams ( frames ) between ports based on the destination MAC address in each frame . A switch is distinct from a hub in that it only forwards the frames to the physical ports involved in the communication rather than all ports connected . It can be thought of as a multi-port bridge . It learns to associate physical ports to MAC addresses by examining the source addresses of received frames . If an unknown destination is targeted , the switch broadcasts to all ports but the source . Switches normally have numerous ports , facilitating a star topology for devices , and cascading additional switches . Multi-layer switches are capable of routing based on layer 3 addressing or additional logical levels . The term switch is often used loosely to include devices such as routers and bridges , as well as devices that may distribute traffic based on load or based on application content ( e.g. , a Web URL identifier ) . Routers ( edit ) A typical home or small office router showing the ADSL telephone line and Ethernet network cable connections A router is an internetworking device that forwards packets between networks by processing the routing information included in the packet or datagram ( Internet protocol information from layer 3 ) . The routing information is often processed in conjunction with the routing table ( or forwarding table ) . A router uses its routing table to determine where to forward packets . A destination in a routing table can include a `` null '' interface , also known as the `` black hole '' interface because data can go into it , however , no further processing is done for said data , i.e. the packets are dropped . Modems ( edit ) Modems ( MOdulator - DEModulator ) are used to connect network nodes via wire not originally designed for digital network traffic , or for wireless . To do this one or more carrier signals are modulated by the digital signal to produce an analog signal that can be tailored to give the required properties for transmission . Modems are commonly used for telephone lines , using a Digital Subscriber Line technology . Firewalls ( edit ) A firewall is a network device for controlling network security and access rules . Firewalls are typically configured to reject access requests from unrecognized sources while allowing actions from recognized ones . The vital role firewalls play in network security grows in parallel with the constant increase in cyber attacks . Network structure ( edit ) Network topology is the layout or organizational hierarchy of interconnected nodes of a computer network . Different network topologies can affect throughput , but reliability is often more critical . With many technologies , such as bus networks , a single failure can cause the network to fail entirely . In general the more interconnections there are , the more robust the network is ; but the more expensive it is to install . Common layouts ( edit ) Common network topologies Common layouts are : A bus network : all nodes are connected to a common medium along this medium . This was the layout used in the original Ethernet , called 10BASE5 and 10BASE2 . A star network : all nodes are connected to a special central node . This is the typical layout found in a Wireless LAN , where each wireless client connects to the central Wireless access point . A ring network : each node is connected to its left and right neighbour node , such that all nodes are connected and that each node can reach each other node by traversing nodes left - or rightwards . The Fiber Distributed Data Interface ( FDDI ) made use of such a topology . A mesh network : each node is connected to an arbitrary number of neighbours in such a way that there is at least one traversal from any node to any other . A fully connected network : each node is connected to every other node in the network . A tree network : nodes are arranged hierarchically . Note that the physical layout of the nodes in a network may not necessarily reflect the network topology . As an example , with FDDI , the network topology is a ring ( actually two counter-rotating rings ) , but the physical topology is often a star , because all neighboring connections can be routed via a central physical location . Overlay network ( edit ) A sample overlay network An overlay network is a virtual computer network that is built on top of another network . Nodes in the overlay network are connected by virtual or logical links . Each link corresponds to a path , perhaps through many physical links , in the underlying network . The topology of the overlay network may ( and often does ) differ from that of the underlying one . For example , many peer - to - peer networks are overlay networks . They are organized as nodes of a virtual system of links that run on top of the Internet . Overlay networks have been around since the invention of networking when computer systems were connected over telephone lines using modems , before any data network existed . The most striking example of an overlay network is the Internet itself . The Internet itself was initially built as an overlay on the telephone network . Even today , each Internet node can communicate with virtually any other through an underlying mesh of sub-networks of wildly different topologies and technologies . Address resolution and routing are the means that allow mapping of a fully connected IP overlay network to its underlying network . Another example of an overlay network is a distributed hash table , which maps keys to nodes in the network . In this case , the underlying network is an IP network , and the overlay network is a table ( actually a map ) indexed by keys . Overlay networks have also been proposed as a way to improve Internet routing , such as through quality of service guarantees to achieve higher - quality streaming media . Previous proposals such as IntServ , DiffServ , and IP Multicast have not seen wide acceptance largely because they require modification of all routers in the network . On the other hand , an overlay network can be incrementally deployed on end - hosts running the overlay protocol software , without cooperation from Internet service providers . The overlay network has no control over how packets are routed in the underlying network between two overlay nodes , but it can control , for example , the sequence of overlay nodes that a message traverses before it reaches its destination . For example , Akamai Technologies manages an overlay network that provides reliable , efficient content delivery ( a kind of multicast ) . Academic research includes end system multicast , resilient routing and quality of service studies , among others . Communications protocols ( edit ) The TCP / IP model or Internet layering scheme and its relation to common protocols often layered on top of it . Figure 4 . Message flows ( A-B ) in the presence of a router ( R ) , red flows are effective communication paths , black paths are across the actual network links . A communications protocol is a set of rules for exchanging information over a network . In a protocol stack ( also see the OSI model ) , each protocol leverages the services of the protocol below it . An important example of a protocol stack is HTTP ( the World Wide Web protocol ) running over TCP over IP ( the Internet protocols ) over IEEE 802.11 ( the Wi - Fi protocol ) . This stack is used between the wireless router and the home user 's personal computer when the user is surfing the web . While the use of protocol layering is today ubiquitous across the field of computer networking , it has been historically criticized by many researchers for two principal reasons . Firstly , abstracting the protocol stack in this way may cause a higher layer to duplicate functionality of a lower layer , a prime example being error recovery on both a per - link basis and an end - to - end basis . Secondly , it is common that a protocol implementation at one layer may require data , state or addressing information that is only present at another layer , thus defeating the point of separating the layers in the first place . For example , TCP uses the ECN field in the IPv4 header as an indication of congestion ; IP is a network layer protocol whereas TCP is a transport layer protocol . Communication protocols have various characteristics . They may be connection - oriented or connectionless , they may use circuit mode or packet switching , and they may use hierarchical addressing or flat addressing . There are many communication protocols , a few of which are described below . IEEE 802 ( edit ) IEEE 802 is a family of IEEE standards dealing with local area networks and metropolitan area networks . The complete IEEE 802 protocol suite provides a diverse set of networking capabilities . The protocols have a flat addressing scheme . They operate mostly at levels 1 and 2 of the OSI model . For example , MAC bridging ( IEEE 802.1 D ) deals with the routing of Ethernet packets using a Spanning Tree Protocol . IEEE 802.1 Q describes VLANs , and IEEE 802.1 X defines a port - based Network Access Control protocol , which forms the basis for the authentication mechanisms used in VLANs ( but it is also found in WLANs ) -- it is what the home user sees when the user has to enter a `` wireless access key '' . Ethernet ( edit ) Ethernet , sometimes simply called LAN , is a family of protocols used in wired LANs , described by a set of standards together called IEEE 802.3 published by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers . Wireless LAN ( edit ) Wireless LAN , also widely known as WLAN or WiFi , is probably the most well - known member of the IEEE 802 protocol family for home users today . It is standarized by IEEE 802.11 and shares many properties with wired Ethernet . Internet protocol Suite ( edit ) The Internet Protocol Suite , also called TCP / IP , is the foundation of all modern networking . It offers connection-less as well as connection - oriented services over an inherently unreliable network traversed by data - gram transmission at the Internet protocol ( IP ) level . At its core , the protocol suite defines the addressing , identification , and routing specifications for Internet Protocol Version 4 ( IPv4 ) and for IPv6 , the next generation of the protocol with a much enlarged addressing capability . SONET / SDH ( edit ) Synchronous optical networking ( SONET ) and Synchronous Digital Hierarchy ( SDH ) are standardized multiplexing protocols that transfer multiple digital bit streams over optical fiber using lasers . They were originally designed to transport circuit mode communications from a variety of different sources , primarily to support real - time , uncompressed , circuit - switched voice encoded in PCM ( Pulse - Code Modulation ) format . However , due to its protocol neutrality and transport - oriented features , SONET / SDH also was the obvious choice for transporting Asynchronous Transfer Mode ( ATM ) frames . Asynchronous transfer Mode ( edit ) Asynchronous Transfer Mode ( ATM ) is a switching technique for telecommunication networks . It uses asynchronous time - division multiplexing and encodes data into small , fixed - sized cells . This differs from other protocols such as the Internet Protocol Suite or Ethernet that use variable sized packets or frames . ATM has similarity with both circuit and packet switched networking . This makes it a good choice for a network that must handle both traditional high - throughput data traffic , and real - time , low - latency content such as voice and video . ATM uses a connection - oriented model in which a virtual circuit must be established between two endpoints before the actual data exchange begins . While the role of ATM is diminishing in favor of next - generation networks , it still plays a role in the last mile , which is the connection between an Internet service provider and the home user . Cellular standards ( edit ) There are a number of different digital cellular standards , including : Global System for Mobile Communications ( GSM ) , General Packet Radio Service ( GPRS ) , cdmaOne , CDMA2000 , Evolution - Data Optimized ( EV - DO ) , Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution ( EDGE ) , Universal Mobile Telecommunications System ( UMTS ) , Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications ( DECT ) , Digital AMPS ( IS - 136 / TDMA ) , and Integrated Digital Enhanced Network ( iDEN ) . Geographic scale ( edit ) Computer network types by spatial scope Nanoscale Near - field ( NFC ) Body ( BAN ) Personal ( PAN ) Near - me ( NAN ) Local ( LAN ) Home ( HAN ) Storage ( SAN ) Wireless ( WLAN ) Campus ( CAN ) Backbone Metropolitan ( MAN ) Wide ( WAN ) Cloud ( IAN ) Internet Interplanetary Internet A network can be characterized by its physical capacity or its organizational purpose . Use of the network , including user authorization and access rights , differ accordingly . Nanoscale network A nanoscale communication network has key components implemented at the nanoscale including message carriers and leverages physical principles that differ from macroscale communication mechanisms . Nanoscale communication extends communication to very small sensors and actuators such as those found in biological systems and also tends to operate in environments that would be too harsh for classical communication . Personal area network A personal area network ( PAN ) is a computer network used for communication among computer and different information technological devices close to one person . Some examples of devices that are used in a PAN are personal computers , printers , fax machines , telephones , PDAs , scanners , and even video game consoles . A PAN may include wired and wireless devices . The reach of a PAN typically extends to 10 meters . A wired PAN is usually constructed with USB and FireWire connections while technologies such as Bluetooth and infrared communication typically form a wireless PAN . Local area network A local area network ( LAN ) is a network that connects computers and devices in a limited geographical area such as a home , school , office building , or closely positioned group of buildings . Each computer or device on the network is a node . Wired LANs are most likely based on Ethernet technology . Newer standards such as ITU - T G.hn also provide a way to create a wired LAN using existing wiring , such as coaxial cables , telephone lines , and power lines . The defining characteristics of a LAN , in contrast to a wide area network ( WAN ) , include higher data transfer rates , limited geographic range , and lack of reliance on leased lines to provide connectivity . Current Ethernet or other IEEE 802.3 LAN technologies operate at data transfer rates up to 100 Gbit / s , standarized by IEEE in 2010 . Currently , 400 Gbit / s Ethernet is being developed . A LAN can be connected to a WAN using a router . Home area network A home area network ( HAN ) is a residential LAN used for communication between digital devices typically deployed in the home , usually a small number of personal computers and accessories , such as printers and mobile computing devices . An important function is the sharing of Internet access , often a broadband service through a cable TV or digital subscriber line ( DSL ) provider . Storage area network A storage area network ( SAN ) is a dedicated network that provides access to consolidated , block level data storage . SANs are primarily used to make storage devices , such as disk arrays , tape libraries , and optical jukeboxes , accessible to servers so that the devices appear like locally attached devices to the operating system . A SAN typically has its own network of storage devices that are generally not accessible through the local area network by other devices . The cost and complexity of SANs dropped in the early 2000s to levels allowing wider adoption across both enterprise and small to medium - sized business environments . Campus area network A campus area network ( CAN ) is made up of an interconnection of LANs within a limited geographical area . The networking equipment ( switches , routers ) and transmission media ( optical fiber , copper plant , Cat5 cabling , etc . ) are almost entirely owned by the campus tenant / owner ( an enterprise , university , government , etc . ) . For example , a university campus network is likely to link a variety of campus buildings to connect academic colleges or departments , the library , and student residence halls . Backbone network A backbone network is part of a computer network infrastructure that provides a path for the exchange of information between different LANs or sub-networks . A backbone can tie together diverse networks within the same building , across different buildings , or over a wide area . For example , a large company might implement a backbone network to connect departments that are located around the world . The equipment that ties together the departmental networks constitutes the network backbone . When designing a network backbone , network performance and network congestion are critical factors to take into account . Normally , the backbone network 's capacity is greater than that of the individual networks connected to it . Another example of a backbone network is the Internet backbone , which is the set of wide area networks ( WANs ) and core routers that tie together all networks connected to the Internet . Metropolitan area network A Metropolitan area network ( MAN ) is a large computer network that usually spans a city or a large campus . Wide area network A wide area network ( WAN ) is a computer network that covers a large geographic area such as a city , country , or spans even intercontinental distances . A WAN uses a communications channel that combines many types of media such as telephone lines , cables , and air waves . A WAN often makes use of transmission facilities provided by common carriers , such as telephone companies . WAN technologies generally function at the lower three layers of the OSI reference model : the physical layer , the data link layer , and the network layer . Enterprise private network An enterprise private network is a network that a single organization builds to interconnect its office locations ( e.g. , production sites , head offices , remote offices , shops ) so they can share computer resources . Virtual private network A virtual private network ( VPN ) is an overlay network in which some of the links between nodes are carried by open connections or virtual circuits in some larger network ( e.g. , the Internet ) instead of by physical wires . The data link layer protocols of the virtual network are said to be tunneled through the larger network when this is the case . One common application is secure communications through the public Internet , but a VPN need not have explicit security features , such as authentication or content encryption . VPNs , for example , can be used to separate the traffic of different user communities over an underlying network with strong security features . VPN may have best - effort performance , or may have a defined service level agreement ( SLA ) between the VPN customer and the VPN service provider . Generally , a VPN has a topology more complex than point - to - point . Global area network A global area network ( GAN ) is a network used for supporting mobile across an arbitrary number of wireless LANs , satellite coverage areas , etc . The key challenge in mobile communications is handing off user communications from one local coverage area to the next . In IEEE Project 802 , this involves a succession of terrestrial wireless LANs . Organizational scope ( edit ) Networks are typically managed by the organizations that own them . Private enterprise networks may use a combination of intranets and extranets . They may also provide network access to the Internet , which has no single owner and permits virtually unlimited global connectivity . Intranet ( edit ) An intranet is a set of networks that are under the control of a single administrative entity . The intranet uses the IP protocol and IP - based tools such as web browsers and file transfer applications . The administrative entity limits use of the intranet to its authorized users . Most commonly , an intranet is the internal LAN of an organization . A large intranet typically has at least one web server to provide users with organizational information . An intranet is also anything behind the router on a local area network . Extranet ( edit ) An extranet is a network that is also under the administrative control of a single organization , but supports a limited connection to a specific external network . For example , an organization may provide access to some aspects of its intranet to share data with its business partners or customers . These other entities are not necessarily trusted from a security standpoint . Network connection to an extranet is often , but not always , implemented via WAN technology . Internetwork ( edit ) An internetwork is the connection of multiple computer networks via a common routing technology using routers . Internet ( edit ) Partial map of the Internet based on the January 15 , 2005 data found on opte.org . Each line is drawn between two nodes , representing two IP addresses . The length of the lines are indicative of the delay between those two nodes . This graph represents less than 30 % of the Class C networks reachable . The Internet is the largest example of an internetwork . It is a global system of interconnected governmental , academic , corporate , public , and private computer networks . It is based on the networking technologies of the Internet Protocol Suite . It is the successor of the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network ( ARPANET ) developed by DARPA of the United States Department of Defense . The Internet is also the communications backbone underlying the World Wide Web ( WWW ) . Participants in the Internet use a diverse array of methods of several hundred documented , and often standardized , protocols compatible with the Internet Protocol Suite and an addressing system ( IP addresses ) administered by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority and address registries . Service providers and large enterprises exchange information about the reachability of their address spaces through the Border Gateway Protocol ( BGP ) , forming a redundant worldwide mesh of transmission paths . Darknet ( edit ) A darknet is an overlay network , typically running on the internet , that is only accessible through specialized software . A darknet is an anonymizing network where connections are made only between trusted peers -- sometimes called `` friends '' ( F2F ) -- using non-standard protocols and ports . Darknets are distinct from other distributed peer - to - peer networks as sharing is anonymous ( that is , IP addresses are not publicly shared ) , and therefore users can communicate with little fear of governmental or corporate interference . Routing ( edit ) Routing calculates good paths through a network for information to take . For example , from node 1 to node 6 the best routes are likely to be 1 - 8 - 7 - 6 or 1 - 8 - 10 - 6 , as this has the thickest routes . Routing is the process of selecting network paths to carry network traffic . Routing is performed for many kinds of networks , including circuit switching networks and packet switched networks . In packet switched networks , routing directs packet forwarding ( the transit of logically addressed network packets from their source toward their ultimate destination ) through intermediate nodes . Intermediate nodes are typically network hardware devices such as routers , bridges , gateways , firewalls , or switches . General - purpose computers can also forward packets and perform routing , though they are not specialized hardware and may suffer from limited performance . The routing process usually directs forwarding on the basis of routing tables , which maintain a record of the routes to various network destinations . Thus , constructing routing tables , which are held in the router 's memory , is very important for efficient routing . There are usually multiple routes that can be taken , and to choose between them , different elements can be considered to decide which routes get installed into the routing table , such as ( sorted by priority ) : Prefix - Length : where longer subnet masks are preferred ( independent if it is within a routing protocol or over different routing protocol ) Metric : where a lower metric / cost is preferred ( only valid within one and the same routing protocol ) Administrative distance : where a lower distance is preferred ( only valid between different routing protocols ) Most routing algorithms use only one network path at a time . Multipath routing techniques enable the use of multiple alternative paths . Routing , in a more narrow sense of the term , is often contrasted with bridging in its assumption that network addresses are structured and that similar addresses imply proximity within the network . Structured addresses allow a single routing table entry to represent the route to a group of devices . In large networks , structured addressing ( routing , in the narrow sense ) outperforms unstructured addressing ( bridging ) . Routing has become the dominant form of addressing on the Internet . Bridging is still widely used within localized environments . Network service ( edit ) Network services are applications hosted by servers on a computer network , to provide some functionality for members or users of the network , or to help the network itself to operate . The World Wide Web , E-mail , printing and network file sharing are examples of well - known network services . Network services such as DNS ( Domain Name System ) give names for IP and MAC addresses ( people remember names like `` nm. lan '' better than numbers like `` 210.121. 67.18 '' ) , and DHCP to ensure that the equipment on the network has a valid IP address . Services are usually based on a service protocol that defines the format and sequencing of messages between clients and servers of that network service . Network performance ( edit ) Quality of service ( edit ) Depending on the installation requirements , network performance is usually measured by the quality of service of a telecommunications product . The parameters that affect this typically can include throughput , jitter , bit error rate and latency . The following list gives examples of network performance measures for a circuit - switched network and one type of packet - switched network , viz . ATM : Circuit - switched networks : In circuit switched networks , network performance is synonymous with the grade of service . The number of rejected calls is a measure of how well the network is performing under heavy traffic loads . Other types of performance measures can include the level of noise and echo . ATM : In an Asynchronous Transfer Mode ( ATM ) network , performance can be measured by line rate , quality of service ( QoS ) , data throughput , connect time , stability , technology , modulation technique and modem enhancements . There are many ways to measure the performance of a network , as each network is different in nature and design . Performance can also be modelled instead of measured . For example , state transition diagrams are often used to model queuing performance in a circuit - switched network . The network planner uses these diagrams to analyze how the network performs in each state , ensuring that the network is optimally designed . Network congestion ( edit ) Network congestion occurs when a link or node is carrying so much data that its quality of service deteriorates . Typical effects include queueing delay , packet loss or the blocking of new connections . A consequence of these latter two is that incremental increases in offered load lead either only to small increase in network throughput , or to an actual reduction in network throughput . Network protocols that use aggressive retransmissions to compensate for packet loss tend to keep systems in a state of network congestion -- even after the initial load is reduced to a level that would not normally induce network congestion . Thus , networks using these protocols can exhibit two stable states under the same level of load . The stable state with low throughput is known as congestive collapse . Modern networks use congestion control and congestion avoidance techniques to try to avoid congestion collapse . These include : exponential backoff in protocols such as 802.11 's CSMA / CA and the original Ethernet , window reduction in TCP , and fair queueing in devices such as routers . Another method to avoid the negative effects of network congestion is implementing priority schemes , so that some packets are transmitted with higher priority than others . Priority schemes do not solve network congestion by themselves , but they help to alleviate the effects of congestion for some services . An example of this is 802.1 p . A third method to avoid network congestion is the explicit allocation of network resources to specific flows . One example of this is the use of Contention - Free Transmission Opportunities ( CFTXOPs ) in the ITU - T G.hn standard , which provides high - speed ( up to 1 Gbit / s ) Local area networking over existing home wires ( power lines , phone lines and coaxial cables ) . For the Internet RFC 2914 addresses the subject of congestion control in detail . Network resilience ( edit ) Network resilience is `` the ability to provide and maintain an acceptable level of service in the face of faults and challenges to normal operation . '' Security ( edit ) Main article : Computer security Network security ( edit ) Network security consists of provisions and policies adopted by the network administrator to prevent and monitor unauthorized access , misuse , modification , or denial of the computer network and its network - accessible resources . Network security is the authorization of access to data in a network , which is controlled by the network administrator . Users are assigned an ID and password that allows them access to information and programs within their authority . Network security is used on a variety of computer networks , both public and private , to secure daily transactions and communications among businesses , government agencies and individuals . Network surveillance ( edit ) Network surveillance is the monitoring of data being transferred over computer networks such as the Internet . The monitoring is often done surreptitiously and may be done by or at the behest of governments , by corporations , criminal organizations , or individuals . It may or may not be legal and may or may not require authorization from a court or other independent agency . Computer and network surveillance programs are widespread today , and almost all Internet traffic is or could potentially be monitored for clues to illegal activity . Surveillance is very useful to governments and law enforcement to maintain social control , recognize and monitor threats , and prevent / investigate criminal activity . With the advent of programs such as the Total Information Awareness program , technologies such as high speed surveillance computers and biometrics software , and laws such as the Communications Assistance For Law Enforcement Act , governments now possess an unprecedented ability to monitor the activities of citizens . However , many civil rights and privacy groups -- such as Reporters Without Borders , the Electronic Frontier Foundation , and the American Civil Liberties Union -- have expressed concern that increasing surveillance of citizens may lead to a mass surveillance society , with limited political and personal freedoms . Fears such as this have led to numerous lawsuits such as Hepting v. AT&T . The hacktivist group Anonymous has hacked into government websites in protest of what it considers `` draconian surveillance '' . End to end encryption ( edit ) End - to - end encryption ( E2EE ) is a digital communications paradigm of uninterrupted protection of data traveling between two communicating parties . It involves the originating party encrypting data so only the intended recipient can decrypt it , with no dependency on third parties . End - to - end encryption prevents intermediaries , such as Internet providers or application service providers , from discovering or tampering with communications . End - to - end encryption generally protects both confidentiality and integrity . Examples of end - to - end encryption include PGP for email , OTR for instant messaging , ZRTP for telephony , and TETRA for radio . Typical server - based communications systems do not include end - to - end encryption . These systems can only guarantee protection of communications between clients and servers , not between the communicating parties themselves . Examples of non-E2EE systems are Google Talk , Yahoo Messenger , Facebook , and Dropbox . Some such systems , for example LavaBit and SecretInk , have even described themselves as offering `` end - to - end '' encryption when they do not . Some systems that normally offer end - to - end encryption have turned out to contain a back door that subverts negotiation of the encryption key between the communicating parties , for example Skype or Hushmail . The end - to - end encryption paradigm does not directly address risks at the communications endpoints themselves , such as the technical exploitation of clients , poor quality random number generators , or key escrow . E2EE also does not address traffic analysis , which relates to things such as the identities of the end points and the times and quantities of messages that are sent . Views of networks ( edit ) Users and network administrators typically have different views of their networks . Users can share printers and some servers from a workgroup , which usually means they are in the same geographic location and are on the same LAN , whereas a Network Administrator is responsible to keep that network up and running . A community of interest has less of a connection of being in a local area , and should be thought of as a set of arbitrarily located users who share a set of servers , and possibly also communicate via peer - to - peer technologies . Network administrators can see networks from both physical and logical perspectives . The physical perspective involves geographic locations , physical cabling , and the network elements ( e.g. , routers , bridges and application layer gateways ) that interconnect via the transmission media . Logical networks , called , in the TCP / IP architecture , subnets , map onto one or more transmission media . For example , a common practice in a campus of buildings is to make a set of LAN cables in each building appear to be a common subnet , using virtual LAN ( VLAN ) technology . Both users and administrators are aware , to varying extents , of the trust and scope characteristics of a network . Again using TCP / IP architectural terminology , an intranet is a community of interest under private administration usually by an enterprise , and is only accessible by authorized users ( e.g. employees ) . Intranets do not have to be connected to the Internet , but generally have a limited connection . An extranet is an extension of an intranet that allows secure communications to users outside of the intranet ( e.g. business partners , customers ) . Unofficially , the Internet is the set of users , enterprises , and content providers that are interconnected by Internet Service Providers ( ISP ) . From an engineering viewpoint , the Internet is the set of subnets , and aggregates of subnets , which share the registered IP address space and exchange information about the reachability of those IP addresses using the Border Gateway Protocol . Typically , the human - readable names of servers are translated to IP addresses , transparently to users , via the directory function of the Domain Name System ( DNS ) . Over the Internet , there can be business - to - business ( B2B ) , business - to - consumer ( B2C ) and consumer - to - consumer ( C2C ) communications . When money or sensitive information is exchanged , the communications are apt to be protected by some form of communications security mechanism . Intranets and extranets can be securely superimposed onto the Internet , without any access by general Internet users and administrators , using secure Virtual Private Network ( VPN ) technology . See also ( edit ) Comparison of network diagram software Cyberspace History of the Internet Network simulation Network planning and design Minimum - Pairs Protocol References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Computer network definition , archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 21 , retrieved 2011 - 11 - 12 Jump up ^ `` История о том , как пионер кибернетики оказался не нужен СССР '' ( The story of how a cybernetics pioneer became unnecessary to the USSR ) . ria.ru ( in Russian ) . МИА `` Россия сегодня '' . 2010 - 08 - 09 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 04 . Главным делом жизни Китова , увы , не доведенным до практического воплощения , можно считать разработку плана создания компьютерной сети ( Единой государственной сети вычислительных центров - ЕГСВЦ ) для управления народным хозяйством и одновременно для решения военных задач . Этот план Анатолий Иванович предложил сразу в высшую инстанцию , направив в январе 1959 года письмо генсеку КПСС Никите Хрущеву . Не получив ответа ( хотя начинание на словах было поддержано в различных кругах ) , осенью того же года он заново направляет на самый верх письмо , приложив к нему 200 - страничный детальный проект , получивший название ' Красной книги ' . ( One can regard the magnum opus of Kitov 's career as his elaboration of the plan -- unfortunately never brought into practical form -- for the establishment of a computer network ( the Unified State Network of Computer Centres -- EGSVTs ) for the control of the national economy and simultaneously for the resolution of military tasks . Anatolii Ivanovich presented this plan directly to the highest levels , sending a letter in January 1959 to the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Nikita Khrushchev . Not receiving a reply ( although supported in various circles ) , in the autumn of the same year he again sent a letter to the very top , appending a 200 - page detailed project plan , called the ' Red Book ' ) Jump up ^ Isaacson , Walter ( 2014 ) . The Innovators : How a Group of Hackers , Geniuses , and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution . Simon and Schuster . pp. 237 -- 246 . Jump up ^ `` Inductee Details - Paul Baran '' . National Inventors Hall of Fame . Retrieved 6 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Inductee Details - Donald Watts Davies '' . National Inventors Hall of Fame . Retrieved 6 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Larry ; Marrill , Tom ( October 1966 ) . Toward a Cooperative Network of Time - Shared Computers . Fall AFIPS Conference . Jump up ^ Chris Sutton . `` Internet Began 35 Years Ago at UCLA with First Message Ever Sent Between Two Computers '' . UCLA . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ethernet : Distributed Packet Switching for Local Computer Networks , Robert M. Metcalfe and David R. Boggs , Communications of the ACM ( pp 395 -- 404 , Vol. 19 , No. 5 ) , July 1976 . ^ Jump up to : Spurgeon , Charles E. ( 2000 ) . Ethernet The Definitive Guide . O'Reilly & Associates . ISBN 1 - 56592 - 660 - 9 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) , The Disadvantages of Wired Technology , Laura Acevedo , Demand Media . Jump up ^ `` Bergen Linux User Group 's CPIP Implementation '' . Blug.linux.no . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ A. Hooke ( September 2000 ) , Interplanetary Internet ( PDF ) , Third Annual International Symposium on Advanced Radio Technologies , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 01 - 13 , retrieved 2011 - 11 - 12 Jump up ^ `` Define switch . '' . WWW.Wikipedia.com . Retrieved April 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` What bridge devices and bridging do for computer networks '' . ^ Jump up to : D. Andersen ; H. Balakrishnan ; M. Kaashoek ; R. Morris ( October 2001 ) , Resilient Overlay Networks , Association for Computing Machinery , retrieved 2011 - 11 - 12 Jump up ^ `` End System Multicast '' . project web site . Carnegie Mellon University . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2005 . Retrieved May 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wakeman , I ( Jan 1992 ) . `` Layering considered harmful '' . IEEE Network : 20 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Kurose , James ; Ross , Kieth ( 2005 ) . Computer Networking : A Top - Down Approach . Pearson . Jump up ^ For an interesting write - up of the technologies involved , including the deep stacking of communications protocols used , see . Martin , Thomas . `` Design Principles for DSL - Based Access Solutions '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 18 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Paetsch , Michael ( 1993 ) : The evolution of mobile communications in the US and Europe . Regulation , technology , and markets . Boston , London : Artech House ( The Artech House mobile communications library ) . Jump up ^ Nanoscale Communication Networks , Bush , S.F. , ISBN 978 - 1 - 60807 - 003 - 9 , Artech House , 2010 . ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` personal area network ( PAN ) '' . Retrieved January 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ New global standard for fully networked home , ITU - T , 2008 - 12 - 12 , retrieved 2011 - 11 - 12 Jump up ^ IEEE P802. 3ba 40Gb / s and 100Gb / s Ethernet Task Force , retrieved 2011 - 11 - 12 Jump up ^ `` Mobile Broadband Wireless connections ( MBWA ) '' . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Mansfield - Devine , Steve ( December 2009 ) . `` Darknets '' . Computer Fraud & Security . 2009 ( 12 ) : 4 -- 6 . doi : 10.1016 / S1361 - 3723 ( 09 ) 70150 - 2 . Jump up ^ Wood , Jessica ( 2010 ) . `` The Darknet : A Digital Copyright Revolution '' ( PDF ) . Richmond Journal of Law and Technology . 16 ( 4 ) . Retrieved 25 October 2011 . Jump up ^ rfc5321 Jump up ^ RFC 1035 , Domain names -- Implementation and Specification , P. Mockapetris ( November 1987 ) Jump up ^ Peterson LL , Davie BS. ( 2011 ) . Computer Networks : A Systems Approach . Jump up ^ Teletraffic Engineering Handbook ( PDF ) , ITU - T Study Group 2 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2007 - 01 - 11 Jump up ^ Telecommunications Magazine Online , Americas January 2003 , Issue Highlights , Online Exclusive : Broadband Access Maximum Performance , Retrieved on February 13 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` State Transition Diagrams '' . Retrieved July 13 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Definitions : Resilience '' . ResiliNets Research Initiative . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Simmonds , A ; Sandilands , P ; van Ekert , L ( 2004 ) . `` An Ontology for Network Security Attack '' . Lecture Notes in Computer Science . Lecture Notes in Computer Science . 3285 : 317 -- 323 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 23659 - 7 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 540 - 30176 - 9_41 . ^ Jump up to : `` Is the U.S. Turning Into a Surveillance Society ? '' . American Civil Liberties Union . Retrieved March 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bigger Monster , Weaker Chains : The Growth of an American Surveillance Society '' ( PDF ) . American Civil Liberties Union . January 15 , 2003 . Retrieved March 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Anonymous hacks UK government sites over ' draconian surveillance ' `` , Emil Protalinski , ZDNet , 7 April 2012 , retrieved 12 March 2013 Jump up ^ Hacktivists in the frontline battle for the internet retrieved 17 June 2012 ^ Jump up to : RFC 2547 This article incorporates public domain material from the General Services Administration document `` Federal Standard 1037C '' . Further reading ( edit ) Shelly , Gary , et al. `` Discovering Computers '' 2003 Edition . Wendell Odom , Rus Healy , Denise Donohue. ( 2010 ) CCIE Routing and Switching . Indianapolis , IN : Cisco Press Kurose James F and Keith W. Ross : Computer Networking : A Top - Down Approach Featuring the Internet , Pearson Education 2005 . William Stallings , Computer Networking with Internet Protocols and Technology , Pearson Education 2004 . Important publications in computer networks Network Communication Architecture and Protocols : OSI Network Architecture 7 Layers Model Dimitri Bertsekas , and Robert Gallager , `` Data Networks , '' Prentice Hall , 1992 . External links ( edit ) Networking at DMOZ IEEE Ethernet manufacturer information A computer networking acronym guide Telecommunications History Beacon Broadcasting Cable protection system Cable TV Communications satellite Computer network Drums Electrical telegraph Fax Heliographs Hydraulic telegraph Internet Mass media Mobile phone Optical telecommunication Optical telegraphy Pager Photophone Prepaid mobile phone Radio Radiotelephone Satellite communications Semaphore Smartphone Smoke signals Telecommunications history Telautograph Telegraphy Teleprinter ( teletype ) Telephone The Telephone Cases Television Timeline of communication technology Undersea telegraph line Videoconferencing Videophone Videotelephony Whistled language Pioneers Edwin Howard Armstrong John Logie Baird Paul Baran Alexander Graham Bell Tim Berners - Lee Jagadish Chandra Bose Vint Cerf Claude Chappe Donald Davies Lee de Forest Philo Farnsworth Reginald Fessenden Elisha Gray Erna Schneider Hoover Charles K. Kao Hedy Lamarr Innocenzo Manzetti Guglielmo Marconi Antonio Meucci Radia Perlman Alexander Stepanovich Popov Johann Philipp Reis Nikola Tesla Camille Tissot Alfred Vail Charles Wheatstone Vladimir K. Zworykin Transmission media Characteristic impedance Coaxial cable Electromagnetic radiation Electrical cable Free - space optical communication Heaviside condition Loading coil Molecular communication Optical fiber Telegrapher 's equations Network topology and switching Links Nodes Terminal node Network switching ( circuit packet ) Telephone exchange Multiplexing Space - division Frequency - division Time - division Polarization - division Orbital angular - momentum Code - division Networks ARPANET BITNET Cellular network Computer CYCLADES Ethernet FidoNet Internet ISDN LAN Mobile NGN NPL network Public Switched Telephone Radio Telecommunications equipment Television Telex WAN Wireless World Wide Web Category Portal Operating systems General Advocacy Comparison Forensic engineering History Hobbyist development List Timeline Usage share Kernel Architectures Exokernel Hybrid Microkernel Monolithic Rump kernel Unikernel Components Device driver Loadable kernel module Microkernel User space Process management Concepts Context switch Interrupt IPC Process Process control block Real - time Thread Time - sharing Scheduling algorithms Computer multitasking Fixed - priority preemptive Multilevel feedback queue Preemptive Round - robin Shortest job next Memory management and resource protection Bus error General protection fault Memory protection Paging Protection ring Segmentation fault Virtual memory Storage access and file systems Boot loader Defragmentation Device file File attribute Inode Journal Partition Virtual file system Virtual tape library List AmigaOS Android BeOS BSD Chrome OS CP / M DOS GNU Haiku illumos iOS Linux Macintosh Classic Mac OS macOS MINIX MorphOS MUSIC / SP Nemesis NOS OpenVMS ORVYL OS / 2 OSv Pick QNX ReactOS RISC OS RSTS / E RSX - 11 RT - 11 Solaris TOPS - 10 / TOPS - 20 TPF Unix Visi On VM / CMS VS / 9 Windows Xinu z / OS Miscellaneous concepts API Computer network HAL Live CD Live USB OS shell CLI GUI TUI VUI PXE Technology Outline of technology Outline of applied science Fields Agriculture Agricultural engineering Aquaculture Fisheries science Food chemistry Food engineering Food microbiology Food technology GURT ICT Nutrition Biomedical Bioinformatics Biological engineering Biomechatronics Biomedical engineering Biotechnology Cheminformatics Genetic engineering Healthcare science Medical research Medical technology Nanomedicine Neuroscience Neurotechnology Pharmacology Reproductive technology Tissue engineering Buildings and construction Acoustical engineering Architectural engineering Building services engineering Civil engineering Construction engineering Domestic technology Facade engineering Fire protection engineering Safety engineering Sanitary engineering Structural engineering Educational Educational software Digital technologies in education ICT in education Impact Multimedia learning Virtual campus Virtual education Energy Nuclear engineering Nuclear technology Petroleum engineering Soft energy technology Environmental Clean technology Clean coal technology Ecological design Ecological engineering Ecotechnology Environmental engineering Environmental engineering science Green building Green nanotechnology Landscape engineering Renewable energy Sustainable design Sustainable engineering Industrial Automation Business informatics Engineering management Enterprise engineering Financial engineering Industrial biotechnology Industrial engineering Metallurgy Mining engineering Productivity improving technologies Research and development Tribology IT and communications Artificial intelligence Broadcast engineering Computer engineering Computer science Financial technology Information technology Music technology Ontology engineering RF engineering Software engineering Telecommunications engineering Visual technology Web engineering Military Army engineering maintenance Electronic warfare Military communications Military engineering Stealth technology Transport Aerospace engineering Automotive engineering Naval architecture Space technology Traffic engineering Transport engineering Others Applied science Cryogenics Electro - optics Electronics Engineering geology Engineering physics Hydraulics Materials science Microfabrication Nanoengineering Engineering ( list ) Audio Biochemical Ceramic Chemical Polymer Control Electrical Electronic Entertainment Geotechnical Hydraulic Mechanical Mechatronics Optical Protein Quantum Robotics Animatronics Systems Components Infrastructure Invention Timeline Knowledge Machine Skill Craft Tool Gadget Scales Femtotechnology Picotechnology Nanotechnology Microtechnology Macro-engineering Megascale engineering History Prehistoric technology Neolithic Revolution Ancient technology Medieval technology Renaissance technology Industrial Revolution Second Atomic Age Jet Age Space Age Digital Revolution Information Age Theories and concepts Appropriate technology Collingridge dilemma Critique of technology Diffusion of innovations Disruptive innovation Dual - use technology Ephemeralization High tech Hype cycle Low - technology Mature technology Strategy of Technology Technicism Techno - progressivism Technocapitalism Technocentrism Technocracy Technocriticism Technoculture Technoethics Technoetic Technogaianism Technoliberalism Technolibertarianism Technological alliance Technological apartheid Technological change Technological convergence Technological determinism Technological escalation Technological evolution Technological fix Technological innovation system Technological momentum Technological nationalism Technological paradigm Technological rationality Technological revival Technological revolution Technological self - efficacy Technological singularity Singularitarianism Technological somnambulism Technological transitions Technological unemployment Technological utopianism Technology lifecycle Technology acceptance model Technology adoption lifecycle Technomancy Technopaganism Technorealism Technoromanticism Technoscience feminist Transhumanism Other Emerging technologies List Fictional technology High - technology business districts Kardashev scale List of technologies Philosophy of technology Ethics of technology Science , technology and society Technology dynamics Science and technology by country STEM fields Pre-STEM women STEAM fields Technology alignment Technology assessment Technology brokering Technology companies Technology demonstration Technology education Technical universities and colleges Technology evangelist Technology fusion Technology governance Technology integration Technology journalism Technology management Technology museum Technology policy Technology shock Technology strategy Technology and society Technology transfer Technophilia Technophobia Technoself Technosexual Technosignature Technostress Terotechnology Book Category Portal Major fields of computer science Note : This template roughly follows the 2012 ACM Computing Classification System . Hardware Printed circuit board Peripheral Integrated circuit Very - large - scale integration Energy consumption Electronic design automation Computer systems organization Computer architecture Embedded system Real - time computing Dependability Networks Network architecture Network protocol Network components Network scheduler Network performance evaluation Network service Software organization Interpreter Middleware Virtual machine Operating system Software quality Software notations and tools Programming paradigm Programming language Compiler Domain - specific language Modeling language Software framework Integrated development environment Software configuration management Software library Software repository Software development Software development process Requirements analysis Software design Software construction Software deployment Software maintenance Programming team Open - source model Theory of computation Model of computation Formal language Automata theory Computational complexity theory Logic Semantics Algorithms Algorithm design Analysis of algorithms Randomized algorithm Computational geometry Mathematics of computing Discrete mathematics Probability Statistics Mathematical software Information theory Mathematical analysis Numerical analysis Information systems Database management system Information storage systems Enterprise information system Social information systems Geographic information system Decision support system Process control system Multimedia information system Data mining Digital library Computing platform Digital marketing World Wide Web Information retrieval Security Cryptography Formal methods Security services Intrusion detection system Hardware security Network security Information security Application security Human -- computer interaction Interaction design Social computing Ubiquitous computing Visualization Accessibility Concurrency Concurrent computing Parallel computing Distributed computing Multithreading Multiprocessing Artificial intelligence Natural language processing Knowledge representation and reasoning Computer vision Automated planning and scheduling Search methodology Control method Philosophy of artificial intelligence Distributed artificial intelligence Machine learning Supervised learning Unsupervised learning Reinforcement learning Multi-task learning Cross-validation Graphics Animation Rendering Image manipulation Graphics processing unit Mixed reality Virtual reality Image compression Solid modeling Applied computing E-commerce Enterprise software Computational mathematics Computational physics Computational chemistry Computational biology Computational social science Computational engineering Computational healthcare Digital art Electronic publishing Cyberwarfare Electronic voting Video game Word processing Operations research Educational technology Document management Book Category Portal WikiProject Commons GND : 4070085 - 9 NDL : 00865620 NKC : ph115867 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Computer_network&oldid=801601534 '' Categories : Computer networks Computer networking Telecommunications engineering Hidden categories : CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Pages using RFC magic links Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements Kvng RTH All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2010 Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Federal Standard 1037C Articles with DMOZ links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiversity Afrikaans አማርኛ অসমীয়া Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego گیلکی ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پښتو Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 September 2017 , at 17 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer%20network
| 2,010 |
||
song i miss the rains down in africa
|
Africa ( Toto song )
|
africa ( toto song )
|
`` Africa '' is a song by the American rock band Toto . It was included on their 1982 album Toto IV , and released as a single on September 30 , 1982 . It reached number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart on February 5 , 1983 ( the band 's only number one there ) , and number three on the UK Singles Chart the same month . The song was written by the band 's keyboardist / vocalist David Paich and drummer Jeff Porcaro .
|
Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Music video 3 Reception 4 Personnel 4.1 Guest musicians 5 Charts and certifications 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Year - end charts 5.3 Sales and certifications 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Background ( edit ) The initial idea and words for the song came from David Paich . Jeff Porcaro explains the idea behind the song : `` a white boy is trying to write a song on Africa , but since he 's never been there , he can only tell what he 's seen on TV or remembers in the past . '' Paich said : At the beginning of the ' 80s I watched a late night documentary on TV about all the terrible death and suffering of the people in Africa . It both moved and appalled me , and the pictures just would n't leave my head . I tried to imagine how I 'd feel about if I was there and what I 'd do . In 2015 , Paich explained the song is about a man 's love of a continent , Africa , rather than just a personal romance . In 2018 , Paich explained the song is about a person flying in to meet a lonely missionary . As a child , Paich attended a Catholic school . Several of the teachers had done missionary work in Africa , and this became the inspiration behind the line `` I bless the rains down in Africa '' . Paich was playing around with a new keyboard and found the brassy sound that became the opening riff . He started humming a melody and by the chorus the words just came to him . Musically , the song took quite some time to assemble , as Paich and Porcaro explain : On `` Africa '' you hear a combination of marimba with GS 1 . The kalimba is all done with the GS 1 ; it 's six tracks of GS 1 playing different rhythms . I wrote the song on CS - 80 , so that plays the main part of the entire tune . So when we were doing `` Africa '' I set up a bass drum , snare drum and a hi - hat , and Lenny Castro set up right in front of me with a conga . We looked at each other and just started playing the basic groove . ( ... ) The backbeat is on 3 , so it 's a half - time feel , and it 's 16th notes on the hi - hat . Lenny started playing a conga pattern . We played for five minutes on tape , no click , no nothing . We just played . And I was singing the bass line for ' Africa ' in my mind , so we had a relative tempo . Lenny and I went into the booth and listened back to the five minutes of that same boring pattern . We picked out the best two bars that we thought were grooving , and we marked those two bars on tape . ( ... ) Maybe it would have taken two minutes to program that in the Linn , and it took about half an hour to do this . But a Linn machine does n't feel like that ! Porcaro also acknowledged that he was influenced by the sounds created by fellow Los Angeles session musicians Milt Holland and Emil Richards . He also described the influence the drummers at the Africa pavilion at the 1964 New York World 's Fair and a National Geographic Special . I was about 11 when the New York World 's Fair took place , and I went to the African pavillion with my family . I saw the real thing ... It was the first time I witnessed somebody playing one beat and not straying from it , like a religious experience , where it gets loud , and everyone goes into a trance . Music video ( edit ) The music video was directed by Steve Barron . In the video , a researcher in a library ( portrayed by band member David Paich ) tries to match a scrap of a picture of a shield to the book from which it was torn out . As he continues his search , a librarian ( Jenny Douglas - McRae ) working at a desk takes occasional notice of him , while natives in the surrounding jungle begin to close in on the library . When the researcher finds a book entitled Africa , the native throws a spear ( the shield the native carries is the same as the one in the picture ) , toppling stacks of books . Africa falls open to the page from which the scrap was torn , but a lantern lands on it and sets it on fire , after which the librarian 's eyeglasses are shown falling to the floor . The scenes are intercut with shots of a spinning globe and the band performing atop a stack of giant hardcover books , in which Africa is the topmost . This video also features Mike Porcaro on bass , replacing David Hungate , who had already left the band before the video was made . Lenny Castro is also featured in the video on percussion . Reception ( edit ) In 2012 , `` Africa '' was listed by music magazine NME in 32nd place on its list of `` 50 Most Explosive Choruses '' . Personnel ( edit ) David Paich -- lead vocals ( verses ) , backing vocals , synthesizer , piano Bobby Kimball -- backing vocals , lead vocals ( chorus ) , maracas Steve Lukather -- electric guitar , backing vocals Steve Porcaro - synthesizers David Hungate -- bass Jeff Porcaro -- drums , percussion , gong Guest musicians ( edit ) Lenny Castro -- congas Timothy B. Schmit -- backing vocals , acoustic rhythm guitar Joe Porcaro -- percussion , marimba Jim Horn -- recorders Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1982 -- 83 ) Peak position Australian Kent Music Report 5 Austrian Top 40 7 Belgian Singles Chart 8 Canadian RPM Adult Contemporary Tracks 8 Canadian RPM Top Singles Dutch Singles Chart Europarade 17 Finnish Singles Chart 18 French Singles Chart 27 German Singles Chart 14 Irish Singles Chart Italian Singles Chart 22 New Zealand RIANZ Singles Chart 8 South African Singles Chart 18 Spanish Radio Chart 18 Swiss Singles Chart 6 UK Singles Chart U.S. Billboard Hot 100 U.S. Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks Chart ( 2013 ) Peak position New Zealand RMNZ Singles Chart 5 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 16 Chart ( 2018 ) Peak position Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 88 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1982 ) Rank Belgian VRT Top 30 85 Dutch Top 40 18 German Media Control Chart 88 Chart ( 1983 ) Rank Australian Kent Music Report 25 Canadian RPM Top Singles 16 Italian Singles Chart 75 UK Singles Chart 38 US Billboard Hot 100 24 Sales and certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 50,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 45,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Platinum 50,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 5,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone In addition to the above , the song also reached number 1 on the New Zealand iTunes chart on May 15 , 2013 . See also ( edit ) List of RPM number - one singles of 1983 List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 1983 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Toto - Africa at Discogs . ( ONLINE ) '' . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2016 . Retrieved May 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Deggans , Eric ( August 20 , 2014 ) . `` Review : Toto , Michael McDonald showcase stellar ' 70s chops at Ruth Eckerd Hall in Clearwater '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Monger , James Christopher . `` Toto -- Hold the Line : The Best of Toto '' . AllMusic . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official TOTO Website - Encyclopedia '' . www.toto99.com. April 18 , 2007 . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2012 . Retrieved December 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official TOTO Website - Releases '' . www.toto99.com . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2011 . Retrieved November 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Melissa Locker ( May 5 , 2015 ) . `` Q&'80s : Toto 's Dave Paich on Writing and Recording ' Africa ' '' . Grantland.com . ( end paragraph 2 and 8 ) . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Simpson , Dave ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` Toto : how we made Africa '' . the Guardian . Jump up ^ Keyboard , 09 / 1995 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2015 . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Flans , Robyn ( November 1988 ) . `` Jeff Porcaro : the feel of the music '' . Modern Drummer . Archived from the original on 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Toto - `` Africa '' `` . mvdbase.com . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2011 . Retrieved November 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Most Explosive Choruses - # 32 Toto - Africa - NME.COM '' . NME . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . Australian Chart Book . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Steffen Hung . `` Toto - Africa '' . swedishcharts.com . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2012 . Retrieved November 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Singles Chart The Official New Zealand Music Chart '' . Nztop40.co.nz . November 14 , 1982 . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UK Top 40 Chart Archive , British Singles & Album Charts '' . Everyhit.com . March 16 , 2000 . Retrieved November 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Singles Chart The Official New Zealand Music Chart '' . Nztop40.co.nz . May 20 , 2013 . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2017 . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 : Slovenian official singles weekly chart '' ( in Slovenian ) . SloTop50 . Retrieved 12 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Talent Almanac 1984 '' ( PDF ) . Billboard. 95 ( 52 ) . Billboard Publications , Inc . December 24 , 1983 . p . TA - 18 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Toto -- Africa '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` Toto `` Africa '' `` . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Toto -- Africa '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Toto -- Africa '' . Recorded Music NZ . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Toto -- Africa '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Africa in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Toto -- Africa '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Toto thanks NZ for No. 1 single - 30 years later - Entertainment - NZ Herald News '' . Nzherald.co.nz . May 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Jeff Porcaro reminisces about how the song 's percussion tracks took shape at Mix External links ( edit ) Billboard Chart Listing - Allmusic.com Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Africa official video on YouTube ( hide ) Toto Steve Lukather David Paich Steve Porcaro Joseph Williams David Hungate Bobby Kimball Jeff Porcaro Mike Porcaro Fergie Frederiksen Jean - Michel Byron Simon Phillips Greg Phillinganes Keith Carlock Studio albums Toto Hydra Turn Back Toto IV Isolation Fahrenheit The Seventh One Kingdom of Desire Tambu Toto XX Mindfields Through the Looking Glass Falling in Between Toto XIV Live albums Greatest Hits Live ... and More Absolutely Live Livefields Live in Amsterdam Falling in Between Live Compilation albums Past to Present 1977 -- 1990 Best Ballads The Essential Toto 40 Trips Around the Sun Soundtracks Dune Notable songs `` Hold the Line '' `` I 'll Supply the Love '' `` Georgy Porgy '' `` 99 '' `` Rosanna '' `` Make Believe '' `` Africa '' `` I Wo n't Hold You Back '' `` Stranger in Town '' `` I 'll Be Over You '' `` Stop Loving You '' `` Pamela '' `` 2 Hearts '' `` I Will Remember '' `` Bottom of Your Soul '' Related people Lenny Castro Nathan East Boz Scaggs Tony Spinner Leland Sklar Shannon Forrest Related articles Discography Members Book : Toto Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Africa_(Toto_song)&oldid=843661651 '' Categories : 1982 songs 1982 singles 1983 singles Toto ( band ) songs American soft rock songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles RPM Top Singles number - one singles Songs written by David Paich Music videos directed by Steve Barron Columbia Records singles Songs written by Jeff Porcaro Songs about Africa Hidden categories : CS1 Slovenian - language sources ( sl ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Use mdy dates from September 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Ilokano Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Українська 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 16 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa%20%28Toto%20song%29
| 2,011 |
||
which of the above beaches is the longest beach in india
|
Marina beach
|
marina beach
|
Coordinates : 13 ° 03 ′ 15 '' N 80 ° 17 ′ 01 '' E / 13.05418 ° N 80.28368 ° E / 13.05418 ; 80.28368
|
Marina Beach மரினா கடற்கரை Marina Beach as seen from Light house . Marina beach Location Chennai ( Madras ) , Tamil Nadu , India Coast Coromandel , Bay of Bengal Type Urban , natural sandy beach Demarcated 1884 Total length 13 km ( 8.1 mi ) Length of promenade 6 km ( 3.7 mi ) Maximum width 437 m ( 1,434 ft ) Orientation North -- South Notable landmarks Lighthouse , Anna Memorial , MGR Memorial , Jayalalithaa Memorial , Kalaignar Memorial , Napier Bridge Governing authority Corporation of Chennai Marina Beach is a natural urban beach in Chennai , Tamil Nadu , India , along the Bay of Bengal . The beach runs from near Fort St. George in the north to Foreshore Estate in the south , a distance of 6.0 km ( 3.7 mi ) , making it the longest natural urban beach in the country . The Marina is primarily sandy , unlike the short , rocky formations that make up the Juhu Beach in Mumbai . The average width of the beach is 300 m ( 980 ft ) and the width at the widest stretch is 437 m ( 1,434 ft ) . Bathing and swimming at the Marina Beach are legally prohibited because of the dangers , as the undercurrent is very turbulent . It is one of the most crowded beaches in the country and attracts about 30,000 visitors a day during weekdays and 50,000 visitors a day during the weekends and on holidays . During summer months , about 15,000 to 20,000 people visit the beach daily . Contents 1 History 2 Ecology 2.1 Environment 2.2 Flora and fauna 3 Dimensions and characteristics 4 Infrastructure and activities 5 Structures along the beach 6 Renovation 7 Safety measures and policing 8 Controversies 9 Incidents 10 Events 11 Transportation 12 Legacy 13 Future developments 14 In popular culture 15 See also 16 References 17 External links History ( edit ) The beach promenade in 1913 Before the 16th century , there were frequent incident of inundation of land near the coast due to rise in sea level . When the sea withdrew , several ridges and lagoons were left behind . On the southern side of Fort St. George , one such sand ridge ran from the mouth of the Cooum to the present site of the Presidency College . On the rear side of the ridge was a huge depression on which the college grounds were later developed . The ridge is the site of the present - day beach . When Fort St. George was built in 1640 , the sea was too close to the fort . The building of the harbour near the fort resulted in sand accretion to the south of the fort and the harbour and the sea , which was washing the ramparts of the fort , moved afar at about 2.5 km away from the fort creating a wide beach between the land and the sea . Before the Madras harbour was built , the beach was just a strip of mud , teeming with mudskippers . The beach washed up close to the present day road for a long time until the harbour was built in 1881 . Mountstuart Elphinstone Grant Duff , the governor of Madras from 1881 to 1886 , who was captivated by the beach on an earlier visit to the city in the late 1870s , conceived and built the promenade along the beach in 1884 by extensively modifying and layering with soft sand . He also gave it the name Madras Marina in the same year . Since the early 19th century , a number of public buildings were constructed fronting the beach . Ever since the harbour was built , the area south of the port has accreted significantly , forming the present day 's beach mainly due to the presence of wave breakers laid for the construction of the harbour , although the coast in the northern region has undergone severe erosion . Eventually , the north - drifting current widened the beach to its present extent . The beach was formed as a result of arresting the littoral drift by the port 's breakwater . The area of the beach is increasing 40 sq m every year due to progradation . C.N. Annadurai 's Memorial MGR Memorial Since the creation of the promenade in 1884 , there were several additions along the stretch . The country 's first aquarium was established as one of the first additions in 1909 . Shortly after the Independence , the Triumph of Labour statue and the Gandhi statue in ' march to Dandi ' stride , which has been duplicated on the lawns of the Parliament House , were erected on the beach . In 1968 , a number of statues of icons of Tamil literature was erected to mark the first World Tamil Conference , including Avvaiyar , Tiruvalluvar , Kambar , Subramania Bharathiyar , Bharathidasan and the Europeans Bishop Caldwell , G.U. Pope and Veeramunivar . Anna memorial was built in 1970 and the MGR memorial in 1988 , shortening the stretch at its northern end . Later addition was a statue for Kamaraj . In December 2016 , then CM J. Jayalalithaa was also laid to rest here , inside the M.G.R. Memorial campus and a foundation stone for construction of a memorial for her there has been laid . On 8th August 2018 , former CM M. Karunanidhi was laid to rest beside his mentor Annadurai at the Marina Beach . Ecology ( edit ) Environment ( edit ) Magnetite and other heavy minerals ( dark ) in the beach 's quartz sand The Marina beach was famed for its pristine beauty , jolly ambiance , and rich ecosystems . However , since the middle of the 20th century , the beach and water have become polluted . Proliferation of plastic bags , human waste , and other pollutants have rendered many parts of the beach unusable . In recent years , many voluntary organisations have taken up the task of cleaning up the Marina and protecting the ecosystem . Particular efforts include protection of olive ridley turtle nests along the Neelankarai section of the beach . Flora and fauna ( edit ) Marina Beach lies on the stretch of coast where olive ridley sea turtles , a species classified as Schedule 1 of the Indian Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 ( critically endangered ) , nest during mating season , chiefly between late October and April peaking from mid-January to mid-February . The Ennore -- Mamallapuram zone , on which the beach lies , is one of the three major nesting grounds on the Indian coast . However , with the expansion of the shrimp trawling fishery in the eastern coast of India in the mid-1970s , several individuals of the species are washed ashore dead every year . The eggs laid by the females along the beach are also sold in the local market by the fishermen and traders . In 1977 , a recovery programme was started by the Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute . Many volunteer organisations in the city , such as the Students ' Sea Turtle Conservation Network and the Sea Turtle Protection Force of the TREE Foundation , get involved in conservation of the species along the coast . Meiofaunal composition at the Marina Beach chiefly includes turbellarians , nematodes , polychaetes , oligochaetes , and harpacticoids . Species of gastrotrichs are also found in the region . Common fishes found along the beach include mullets , sharks , silver bellies , rays , ribbon fish , skates , whitebait , dussumieria , Jew fish , horse mackerel , crabs , seer , pellona , pomfret , perches , lactarius , lethrinus , flying fish , engraulis , sardines , lobsters , sabre fish , barracuda , hilsa , tunny fish , Indian salmon , leather jackets , cookup , breams , catfish , snappers , synagris , bonito , soles , polynemus , and prawns , among others . Dimensions and characteristics ( edit ) The Marina is a natural urban sandy beach along the Coramandel coast on the Bay of Bengal . Primarily sandy , the beach spans about 13 km ( 8.1 mi ) , running from near Fort St. George in the north to Besant Nagar in the south and is the longest natural urban beach in India . The average width of the beach is 300 m ( 980 ft ) and the width at the widest stretch is 437 m ( 1,434 ft ) . Infrastructure and activities ( edit ) The Rock Fountain Marina beach is a major tourist attraction of the city . People visiting Chennai make a point to visit the beach . It is also the main place for the local people to escape from the summer heat . The beach is popular for its shops and food stalls run by about 500 shops run by about 1,212 vendors . The memorials and statues , morning walk , joggers ' track , lovers ' spot , aquarium , and the like make it a hangout for people of all ages . Kite flying and beach cricket are common sports at the beach , and there are also facilities for pony rides . Beach cricket at the Marina dates back several decades . However , Chennai City Police has banned it at different points due to its interference with traffic and beach walkers . The sea is generally rough and waves are strong . There are fishermen colonies present at both ends of the beach . There are also joyrides , merry - go - rounds and mini giant wheels along the stretch , although they are installed without permission from any government agency . Fishing nets on the beach Sunrise at Marina beach A night view of the beach promenade There are two swimming pools along the stretch -- the Marina swimming pool and the Anna swimming pool . The Marina swimming pool was built in 1947 and is located on a 1.5 - acre compound opposite the Presidency College . The pool is 100 m long and 34 m wide , bigger than the standard Olympic pool size of 50 m × 25 m and is 3 to 5.5 feet ( 0.91 to 1.68 m ) deep . The shallow end is 3.5 feet deep . It is maintained by Corporation of Chennai . It underwent renovation in 1994 and 2004 . On an average , the swimming pool receives 1,500 people . During the summer months of April and May , the footfall is goes up to 2,500 people . As of 2018 , there were 30 staff in the pool and six surveillance cameras . The Anna swimming pool is located opposite the clock tower building of the University of Madras and virtually remains hidden behind the Anna Square bus terminus . The pool is said to be the first Olympic size pool to be built in Tamil Nadu . It was constructed in 1976 with a diving board . However , the diving board was removed later during a renovation . The pool is 4 to 11 feet ( 1.2 to 3.4 m ) deep . It also has a toddler pool that is 2.5 feet ( 0.76 m ) . Sports Development Authority of Tamil Nadu ( SDAT ) conducts regular coaching camps at the pool . The oval - shaped skating arena at the beach has an outer railing and standing area for people to watch from . As part of the ' Chennai Forever ' initiative by the Tamil Nadu government , a 34 - foot ( 10 m ) tall , artificial waterfall was installed in September 2005 at a cost of ₹ 1.5 million . A visitor centre near the Cooum River mouth on the Marina , similar to the Marina Barrage Visitor Centre in Singapore and San Antonio Visitor Center in the United States , has been planned as part of an initiative to create awareness of the need for clean waterways . In 2008 , two floating fountains with spray height of 100 feet with colour lights for night view were planned to be installed in sea waters off the beach . In 2010 , the Chennai Corporation procured new cleaning equipments to clean the beach at a cost of ₹ 8.011 million . These included a sand - cleaning machine capable of cleaning 15,000 m area in an hour procured at a cost of ₹ 3.267 million , three skid steer loaders to clean narrow lanes commissioned at a cost of ₹ 2.652 million , imported lawn mower , ride - on mechanical sweeper , tree pruner and hedge trimmer . An automatic ticket - vending machine at a cost of ₹ 170,000 was also commissioned at the Marina swimming pool for managing the crowd . The corporation also planned to construct two more public conveniences at the beach . About 150 corporation staff , including a junior engineer , maintains the lawns and service lanes on the beach . As of 2013 , the 3.1 - km stretch of the beach from the Triumph of Labour statue to the lighthouse has 31 high - mast lamps . According to police statistics , about 5,000 people use the 2 - km - long Loop Road daily for their morning walk . Structures along the beach ( edit ) Madras University as seen from Marina Beach PWD Complex Being the city 's primary area for recreation , the entire stretch features numerous statues and monuments that have come up over the years along the beach promenade , called Kamaraj Salai . While the beach stretches along the eastern side of the road , the western side is dotted with various governmental institutions and historic and stately buildings from the British rule all along its length . Victory War Memorial , a memorial for the warriors who lost their lives in the World Wars , marks the northern end of the beach . Memorials for C.N. Annadurai , M.G. Ramachandran , J. Jayalalithaa and M. Karunanidhi , former Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu , are present on the northern end of the promenade known as the Anna Square . As of May 2018 , a Lilliputian Children 's Traffic Park was under construction near the Anna Memorial adjacent to the Anna Swimming Pool at a cost of ₹ 20.7 million . The traffic park measures 4,140 square meters , with facilities such as a viewing gallery , walking track , children 's play area , traffic sign boards , and a riding track . All along the length of the promenade , stone statues adorn the roadside area of the beach starting from the Triumph of Labour statue , the first statue erected in the beach , near the memorials at the Anna Square to Mahatma Gandhi statue near the lighthouse . Most statues are of national or local legends while others have symbolic significance like the Triumph of Labour statue . The statues along the promenade are ( from north to south ) : Robert Caldwell ( erected on 2 January 1968 ) Kambar ( erected on 2 January 1968 ) Ilango Adigal ( erected on 7 November 1971 ) Triumph of Labour ( erected on 25 January 1959 ) Bharathiar ( erected on 2 January 1968 ) Kannagi ( erected on 2 January 1968 / re-erected on 3 June 2006 ) Subhas Chandra Bose ( erected on 15 December 1997 ) Thiruvalluvar ( erected on 2 January 1968 ) G.U. Pope ( erected on 2 January 1968 ) Annie Besant Bharathidasan ( erected on 2 January 1968 ) Swami Vivekananda ( erected on 12 July 1964 ) Avvaiyar ( erected on 2 January 1968 ) Mahatma Gandhi ( erected on 14 April 1959 ) Veerama Munivar ( erected on 2 January 1968 ) Kamaraj Periyar Annie Besant statue Avvaiyaar statue Barathidasan statue Barathiyar statue Fishermen at the Buckingham Canal statue George Uglow Pope statue Ilangovadigal statue Kambar statue Kannagi statue Mahatma Gandhi statue Subash Chandra Bose statue Robert Caldwell statue Vivekanandar statue Triumph of Labour statue Thiruvalluvar statue Thilagar Thidal plaque Kamaraj statue Golden Jubilee of Independence memorial pillar Waves of Marina beach , Chennai Earlier present near Gandhi statue traffic island was a statue for Sivaji Ganesan , which was erected on 21 July 2006 . Following a court order , it was shifted on Aug 3 , 2017 to a newly built memorial on Durgabai Deshmukh Road near Adyar bridge . Sivaji Ganesan statue that was removed on Aug 3 , 2017 Marina Swimming Pool The other side of the road houses several historical buildings and institutions including the Chepauk Cricket Stadium , the University of Madras , the Presidency College , Vivekananda House , Queen Mary 's College , Inspector General of Police Headquarters , All India Radio -- Chennai , Dr. Annie Besant Park . Renovation ( edit ) Promenade leading to the lighthouse One of the several decorative installations at the beach The beach has 14 landscaped galleries In February 2008 , the Chennai Corporation , previously known as The Madras Corporation , took up the Marina Renovation Project with improved landscaping , seating arrangements , walkways , and lighting along the promenade , and architectural elements such as plazas , gazeboes , and pergolas were installed all along the stretch including 4 m - wide non-slippery granite footpaths near the service lane , another 5 m - wide footpath , and 15 m - wide lawns . The blueprint of the renovation project included ornamental fountains , exclusive parking lots for two - and four - wheelers , a children 's play area , bus shelters , ramps for physically challenged , and food courts . The whole length of the stretch from Triumph of Labour Statue to the Lighthouse measuring 3.1 km has been divided into 14 harmonious landscaped galleries dotting its span , each with an element of drama attached to the design in the form of small theatre - type galleries where visitors can sit . All the 14 sections vary significantly from one another and were designed in such a way as to the differentiation of sections not leading to any break in the walkway , which is a continuous walking stretch from the Triumph of Labour Statue to the Kamaraj Statue . One of these galleries is flanked by two semi-circular stainless - steel pergolas resting on wire - cut brick columns . The galleries can accommodate over 1,000 people . The choice of natural stones and pillars used in each section of the promenade was based on the type of the buildings on the other side of the road . The walkway was designed as low - lying as is necessary to have a clear view of the beach from the road . A total of 428 octagonal poles with seagull - shaped light fittings and additional high - mast lamps have been erected . Ten modern stainless steel bus shelters have been erected near the beach . There is a skating rink behind the Gandhi Statue which has been improved with hand rails and tiles on the periphery under the project . A total of 14 galleries with seating arrangements and a 4 - m internal walkway along the sands and fountains have been created on the 3.1 - kilometre ( 1.9 mi ) stretch from the Anna Square to the Lighthouse . This stretch has uninterrupted pavement and a sub-road parallel to the main road . Five reverse osmosis plants capable of providing 30,000 litres of drinking water an hour free of cost to visitors is under construction . As part of the beautification project , the decade - old 250 - watt lamps were replaced with 690 anti-corrosive lamps along Kamaraj Salai and the service road . The renovation was completed in December 2009 at a cost of ₹ 259.2 million . Although initially the corporation planned to outsource security personnel to protect the renovated structures , the plan was dropped and about 50 corporation staff were employed to man the stretch . In 2009 , a 4.5 - km - long stretch along the beach was announced plastic - free zone , prohibiting the sale and use of plastic . In November 2010 , the corporation imposed a fine of ₹ 100 on the usage of plastic items that are less than 20 μm thick on the entire stretch . Within a couple of years since the ban , the use of plastics on the beach was reduced by 70 percent . In 2012 , the government allotted ₹ 89 million for the renovation of the memorials of Anna and MGR . This include ₹ 12 million and ₹ 43 million towards renovation of Anna Memorial and MGR Memorial , respectively , ₹ 34 million towards additional construction at the MGR Memorial . In 2012 , the corporation allotted ₹ 48.4 million for installing two high - mast lamps , a police watchtower , and a giant chess board and an interactive fountain in the children 's play area . This also includes relocation of the shops to specific locations on the sand at a cost of ₹ 41.2 million . In 2017 , plans to revamp the beach under the Swadesh Darshan scheme of the Indian government at a cost of ₹ 500 million have been drawn . Panoramic view stretch of the sandy Marina beach Safety measures and policing ( edit ) View of the beach from the lighthouse The Marina continues to remain the most dangerous place to bathe or swim , recording the highest number of drownings in the state of Tamil Nadu . Bathing and swimming are illegal at Marina beach since the undercurrent in the region is very strong , and there are no lifeguards stationed here . As many people throng the beach , quite often there are drowning mishaps . An estimated five sea - bathers are drowned every month at the beach , and most of the swimmers are dragged by the tides into the debris of a tramp ship SS Damatis that sank off the beach during a cyclone in 1966 . Police personnel and lifeguards constantly patrol the whole area , which is divided into seventy - two sections , by means of horses and all - terrain vehicles ( known as beach buggies ) . Five spots off the beach , including near the Anna Square , Kannagi Statue , Triumph of Labour Statue and behind Vivekananda House , have been identified by the police as extremely unsafe due to the presence of whirlpools and rock projections in the seabed . In 2010 , 75 people drowned in the sea along the 5 - km stretch of the beach . Of this , the 1 - km stretch from Anna Square to the Anna swimming pool is considered the most dangerous with as many as 29 persons drowning in the sea in 2010 . The deep sea in this stretch is considered to still hold parts of the smacked ship . In 2011 , in addition to the tie - up with Coast Guard security personnel , the city police planned for a tie - up with the fire and rescue services department to provide a stand - by rescue team at the beach to save people from drowning . The rescue team , equipped with a rubber boat and a motor - fitted boat , was planned to be stationed at the Anna Square police station or the Marina police station . A catamaran on the beach The law - enforcing agencies is planning to bring the beach under close watch by means of two watchtowers and at least a dozen surveillance cameras . The Chennai Corporation has agreed in principle to create the security infrastructure based on a proposal sent by the Greater Chennai Police . The watchtowers are proposed to be erected behind the Triumph of Labour statue and the Gandhi statue . In August 2012 , the government sanctioned six more all - terrain vehicles for patrolling the beach . In December 2012 , in a measure to regulate parking and to control the entry of vehicles into the beach , the Chennai Corporation decided to install drop gates at seven entry points on the beach 's service lane , including near the PWD Building , Subash Chandra Bose statue , Dr. Annie Besant statue , Vivekanandar Illam , Avvaiyar statue , Veeramamunivar statue and the lighthouse . Despite intensive patrolling , illegal bike races and night races are also held along the stretch , resulting in public nuisances and , at times , death of the racers . Controversies ( edit ) Crowd at the beach in the evening With a length of 13 km , including a 6 km promenade , the Marina is considered the world 's second longest urban beach , although there exist in fact several longer beaches , including Praia do Cassino ( 254 km ) in Brazil , Cox 's Bazar ( 120 km ) in Bangladesh , Padre Island on the U.S. Gulf Coast , Ninety Mile Beach in Australia and Ninety Mile Beach ( 88 km ) in New Zealand . However , unlike most beaches , Marina is a natural sandy urban beach similar to the Copacabana beach in Rio de Janeiro , helping it earn the title . In December 2001 , the Kannagi statue , which was erected in 1968 on the occasion of a World Tamil Conference held in Chennai , was removed for traffic maintenance reason as part of modernisation of the beach , which led to a huge protest and demonstration by the opposition Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam ( DMK ) party . When the DMK later came to power , the statue was installed in the same place on 3 June 2006 by the DMK party chief M. Karunanidhi . On 9 August 2003 , an open - air stage located 350 ft from the sea on the sands of the Marina called Seerani Arangam , constructed in 1970 , which was used by religious groups and political parties to address gatherings , was demolished by the state government in order to modernise the beach . This spot was a place where rallies were held for the freedom movement during the British Raj , and the stage was considered a symbol of the historical events that had taken place in the Marina . This created a great controversy . Incidents ( edit ) In 1966 , a tramp ship SS Damatis sank near the Marina due to a cyclone in the region . The Marina Beach after the tsunami The beachfront was severely damaged by the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami . The tsunami waves , caused due to an M 9.2 magnitude earthquake at about 257 km south - southeast of Banda Aceh , Sumatra , Indonesia , on the Indian Ocean floor on 26 December 2004 at 6.20 am IST , struck the beach , which is about 2028 km North West from the epicentre , at 8.40 am IST . The reported height of the tsunami waves at the beach was 6 m which washed away about 206 persons on the beach , most of whom were morning joggers and children playing cricket on the beach , including a few tourists . With the assistance of the World Bank , the government built 2,000 temporary Marina beach shelters each measuring about 250 sq. ft. to house families affected by the tsunami at a cost of ₹ 172.3 million . However , in 2012 , new houses for residents of tenements on the Marina Beach was planned to be taken up under a Disaster Preparedness Project of the state government . Rescue operations at the beach after the tsunami As a visible change in the beach immediately after the tsunami , the intertidal area was much flatter on 27 December 2004 , which usually featured a gentle slope . However , the usual slope started to appear 4 days after the tsunami and normal profile was restored in about 15 days . The receding wave after the tsunami lasted for more than 24 h . Post tsunami , there was a distinct variation in the distribution of sand grains in the beach until the 4th day . However , from the 5th day after the tsunami , normal composition of sand grains appeared to have been restored at different depths . The tsunami also resulted in various geomorphological changes in the region such as those in the contour of the 2,000 km - long Burma Plate , which sits atop the India plate , resulting in a rise in the land level of Chennai , ranging between 0.5 cm and 3 cm . Following the tsunami , there was a distinct increase in the meiofaunal density in the beach . Various meiofauna found in the beach after tsunami include foraminiferans ( Elphidium sp . ) , cnidarians ( Halammohydra sp. , Psammohydra sp . ) , turbellarians ( Otoplana sp. , Macrostomum sp . ) , nemertines , nematodes ( Halalaimus setosus , Desmodora sp. , Chromadora sp. , Sabatieria sp. , Steineria sp. , Metapselionema sp . ) , gastrotrichs ( Chaetonotus sp. , Thaumastoderma sp . ) , rotifers , kinorhynchs ( Cateria sp . ) , polychaetes ( Hesionides sp . ) , archiannelids ( Polygordius madrasensis , Saccocirrus minor ) , oligochaetes ( Marionina sp . ) , harpacticiod copepods ( Arenosetella indica , Psammastacus acuticaudatus , Leptastacus euryhalinus , Emertonia minuta , Sewellina reductus ) , ostracods ( Polycope sp . ) , isopods ( Angeliera phreaticola ) , halacarids ( Halacarus sp . ) , insects , and various other species . Marina Beach was also the venue of the 2017 pro-Jallikattu protests . The mass gathering of more than a million people in protest of the ban on the traditional bull - embracing sport Jallikattu at the Marina beach in Chennai for 10 consecutive days turned several eyes on the city 's beach from across the nation . The leader-less movement grew much bigger as protests began in other cities across the country and later by Tamils in 15 countries including United States of America , UK , China , Japan and Singapore . The protest came to end only after the ban was revoked after the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act , 1960 was amended by the state government to allow the sport . Events ( edit ) Immersion of Ganesh idols on the Marina at Foreshore Estate Being the most prominent open space in the city , the Marina Beach hosts several events throughout the year . The annual Independence Day and the Republic Day ceremonial parades and airshows are held along the promenade along with the unfurling of the national flag in the Marina . The annual idol - immersion event following the Hindu festival of Vinayaka Chathurthi takes place at the beach where most of the idols of Lord Ganesh kept on display during the festival in the city is immersed into the sea . The event occurs in the month of August -- September . The beach is also the venue for several marathon and walkathon campaigns throughout the year conducted for various cause . The beach receives the maximum number of visitors on the Kannum Pongal day , a day in the festival season of Pongal in mid-January , when about 150,000 people come to the beach . The annual Chennai Marathon managed by Chennai Runners is held in the beach starting from the Anna Square to Annai Velankanni Church on the Elliot 's Beach in Besant Nagar . It is India 's biggest city marathon and is also said to be South India 's richest marathon , in which over 1,000 athletes and more than 20,000 people participate , which includes various categories such as a 21 - km run for professional athletes , a city run for everybody , a junior run for children , a master 's run for senior citizens and a wheelchair run for the disabled . From 2016 , the Marina Runnerz Marathon managed by Marina Runnerz Running Group is held every year in the last weekend of February , this event prides itself on promoting running along Marina Beach , the second longest Urban beach in the world . In 2008 , the beach played host to India 's first International Beach Volleyball Championship , BSNL FIVB Chennai Challenger : 2008 , from 15 to 20 July to popularise beach volleyball . The event was organised by the Beach Volleyball Club and was sponsored by Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited . Eleven Indian teams along with 60 teams from 21 countries participated in the 6 - day - long tournament offering a total prize money of US $40,000 in the men 's and US $6,400 in the women 's events . In March 2016 , `` My leader '' campaign was launched in this historical place . The main focus of this event was to attract youngsters to take up politics . Transportation ( edit ) Kamaraj Salai running along the beach Kamaraj Salai night view Kamaraj Salai , a six - lane road and one of the arterial roads of Chennai City , runs alongside the beach providing a sea view starting from the Victoria War Memorial near the Cooum River delta till the lighthouse to the south . The road extends further south beyond the lighthouse where it is known as the ' Santhome High Road ' , running away from the sea but parallel to the beach till Santhome . The Metropolitan Transport Corporation has a terminus called the ' Anna Square ' terminus at the northern end of the beach , Triplicane Terminus near Kannagi statue / Pycrofts Road , Vivekananda House ( Ice House ) Terminus and Foreshore Estate terminus . Railway stations alongside the beach include the Chepauk , the Tiruvallikeni and the Lighthouse MRTS railway stations . There was a plan to build a 9.7 - km elevated road along the beach connecting the lighthouse with the East Coast Road in the south at a cost of ₹ 10,000 million . However , the plan was dropped due to opposition from the public such as the ' Save Chennai Beaches ' campaign . Legacy ( edit ) A typical morning at the Marina Although the beach promenade was created in 1884 , the sandy shore has been mentioned in the literature much earlier . The beach shore has a mentioning in the verse no . 2297 of the 4000 Divya Prabandham written by Peyalwar . The verse , dating back to 7th century AD , was written in Tamil , and it says that the sea was so rich with white waves bringing to the shore very precious gems like red corals and white pearls and that the light of the dusk ( moonlight ) falls on these gems at the shore and makes the area brightened with beautiful colours . Grant Duff , the governor of Madras who developed the beach promenade , recalls in his memoirs : `` Our way lay first along the shore and made me think of the very sensible answer made to me when I was talking about going to India . ' Go ' , he said , ' For God 's sake go . If you spend only twelve hours on the beach at Madras , it will be a great deal better than nothing ' . '' Grant Duff christened it the Madras Marina in 1884 , the same year when the beach promenade was created , on which he explains in a letter : `` We have greatly benefited Madras by turning the rather dismal beach of five years ago into one of the most beautiful promenades in the world . From old Sicilian recollections , I gave in 1884 to our new creation the name of Marina ; and I was not a little amused when walking there last winter with the Italian General Saletta , he suddenly said to me ' On se dirai a Palerme ' . '' In New India , the newspaper that was run by Annie Besant , the Irish theosophist and Home Rule advocate , the beauty of Marina Beach was described back in 1914 . On 6 October 1914 , Anne Besant wrote , `` One of the chief attractions of Madras is undeniably its Marina . There is nothing in all of India to match this long and pleasantest of promenades that runs by the side of the foam - crested surf from the southern extremity of the Fort to Santhome . The Marina is certainly a cap of this ' city of magnificent distances ' . An old promenade , popularly known as ' Cupid 's Bow ' south of the fort , now hides her head in shame besides her statelier and more favoured sister . '' She also added that Madras `` ... in keeping with her dignity as a progressive city with a population of over half a million souls , ( its ) delectable evening resort , Marina Beach will be converted into being ' a thing of beauty and joy forever ' . '' Future developments ( edit ) In January 2014 , the corporation announced a makeover of the 2.8 - km stretch on the southern part of the beach from Lighthouse to Foreshore Estate , including development of walkways , benches , a gallery , bicycle tracks , concrete roads , service trenches , rainwater trenches and streetlight fittings at an estimated cost of ₹ 400 million . The development would provide alternative accommodation to vendors of the existing market on the Marina Loop Road by commissioning of a modern fish market on the stretch . The loop road connecting the Lighthouse and Foreshore Estate , which is currently a 20 - metre - wide road , will be converted to a four - lane concrete road barricaded on both sides with stainless steel pillared railings and will pass all along the Santhome coast of the Marina Beach . A 2.4 - metre - wide bicycle track , a 3.3 - metre - wide walkway and a 2.5 - metre - wide gallery will be developed on the eastern side of the road . The western side of the road will have a fish market with cold storage facilities as well as a walkway . The Corporation also plans to develop more than 300 heritage pillars , each 1.2 metres tall , on the western side of Kamaraj Salai opposite the beach . The uniformly designed heritage pillars will be made of granite and iron on the stretch from All India Radio to Swami Sivananda Salai . The pillars would replace the existing walls of various institutions to improve aesthetics around the beach . In popular culture ( edit ) Marina Beach has been featured in numerous Tamil movies , including the 2012 Tamil movie Marina that is entirely based upon the lives of child workers in the beach . The entire story and screenplay for the comedy hit film Kadhalikka Neramillai ( 1964 ) were conceived on Marina Beach and the `` Enna Paarvai '' song sequence in the film was filmed in this beach . See also ( edit ) Elliot 's Beach Golden Beach List of beaches in India Chennai portal Geography portal Environment portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Marina Beach in Chennai , Tamilnadu '' . Tamilnadu.com . Jump up ^ `` Beaches in Tamilnadu '' . Tamilnadu Tourism Development Corporation . Retrieved 8 May 2007 . ^ Jump up to : EARSeL ( 2002 ) . Observing our environment from space : new solutions for a new millennium ... A.A. Balakema . ISBN 90 - 5809 - 254 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Doctor , Geetha ( November 2008 ) . `` Favourite Things : Marina Beach '' . Outlook Traveller . Outlook Publishing . 8 ( 11 ) : 58 -- 60 . Retrieved 23 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Pamintuan , Ana Marie ( 7 October 2012 ) . `` A slice of Chennai life '' . PhilStar.com . Manila : PhilStar.com . Retrieved 7 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Kumar , Manoj ( May 2011 ) . `` Fast Track : 48 Hours in Chennai '' . Spiceroute . Spicejet. 6 ( 5 ) : 32 -- 40 . Jump up ^ `` Corpn seizes filthy food and beverages from Marina '' . The Times of India . Chennai : The Times Group . 11 May 2011 . Retrieved 8 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marina beach to become more tourist - friendly '' . The Hindu . Chennai : The Hindu . 20 December 2009 . Retrieved 2 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Ponnusamy , Mahalingam ( 20 September 2011 ) . `` Two drown off Marina , Neelankarai beaches '' . The Times of India . Chennai : The Times Group . Retrieved 4 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : TNN ( 5 May 2008 ) . `` Thousands throng Marina to escape heat '' . The Times of India . Chennai : The Times Group . Retrieved 5 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Kumar , K Praveen ( 22 April 2008 ) . `` Fake parking attendants on the prowl '' . The Times of India . Chennai : The Times Group . Retrieved 6 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Structure of Chennai '' ( PDF ) . Chapter 1 . CMDA . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 August 2013 . Retrieved 24 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Muthiah , S. ( 21 August 2002 ) . `` The fourth longest beach ? '' . The Hindu . Chennai : The Hindu . Retrieved 31 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Tercentenary Madras Staff ( 1939 ) . Madras Tercentenary Celebration Committee Commemoration Volume . Indian Branch , Oxford Press . pp. 271 -- 273 . Jump up ^ Waste Load Allocation & Waster Assimilative Capacity Studies for Ennore Creek & North Chennai Coastal Waters ( PDF ) , National Institute of Ocean Technology , retrieved 28 September 2011 Jump up ^ Integrated Coastal and Marine Area Management Project Directorate , Chennai ( November 2006 ) . `` Shoreline Management Plan for Ennore Coast ( Tamilnadu ) '' ( pdf ) . Report . Government of India , Ministry of Earth Sciences . Retrieved 2 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Fernandes , Paul ( 16 June 2011 ) . `` Experts suggest scientific management of spits '' . The Times of India . Chennai : The Times Group . Retrieved 4 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Irfan Ahmed Photography '' . Chennai : Irfan Ahmed Photography. 14 Feb 2016 . Retrieved 14 Feb 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Foundation laid for Rs 50 - cr Jayalalithaa memorial in Chennai '' . Hindustan Times . 7 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` M. Karunanidhi laid to rest beside his mentor Annadurai at the Marina '' . The Hindu Businessline . ^ Jump up to : `` Verse 2297 by Peyalwar , in the ' 4000 Divya Prabhandam ' '' . Dravida Veda . Retrieved 16 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Beautified Marina beach thrown open to public by CM '' . The Times of India . Chennai : The Times Group . 20 December 2009 . Retrieved 29 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Preeti , Zachariah ( 29 December 2012 ) . `` Dead turtle washes ashore at Palavakkam '' . The Hindu . Chennai : The Hindu . Retrieved 3 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Hemalatha , Karthikeyan ( 22 February 2013 ) . `` 14 Olive Ridley turtle nests found along Chennai coast '' . The Times of India . Chennai : The Times Group . Retrieved 3 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Silas , E.G. ; M. Rajagopalan . `` Recovery Programme for Olive Ridley Lepidochelys olivacea ( Eschscholtz , 1829 ) Along Madras Coast '' ( PDF ) . CMFRI Bulletin . 35 : 9 -- 21 . Retrieved 3 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Olive Ridley Turtle ( Lepidochelys olivacea ) '' . NOAA Fisheries , Office of Protected Resources . Retrieved 3 March 2013 . Jump up ^ BalasubramanianThe Rock Fountain , Shyam ( 1 March 2012 ) . `` The Olive Ridley turtle nesting season '' . IBN Live . Chennai : IBNLive.com . Retrieved 3 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Prathibha , Parameswaran ( 28 March 2008 ) . `` Chennai NGO out to save Olive Ridley turtles '' . IBN Live . Chennai : IBNLive.com . Retrieved 3 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Altaff ; et al. ( 10 July 2005 ) , `` Impact of tsunami on meiofauna of Marina beach , Chennai , India '' ( PDF ) , Current Science , 89 ( 1 ) : 34 -- 38 Jump up ^ Muthiah , S. ( 2008 ) , `` 1 '' , Madras , Chennai : A 400 - year Record of the First City of Modern India , 1 ( 1 ed . ) , Palaniappa Brothers , p. 52 , ISBN 978 - 81 - 8379 - 468 - 8 Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Longest Beaches in the World '' . Graphs.net . Retrieved 7 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Xavier Lopez , Aloysius ( 6 July 2012 ) . `` Civic body to act against illegal shops on Marina '' . The Hindu . Chennai : The Hindu . Retrieved 6 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Mariappan , Julie ( 10 November 2010 ) . `` Now , using plastic on Marina will attract fine of Rs 100 '' . The Times of India . Chennai : The Times Group . Retrieved 8 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Sreedevi , K. ; Pradeep Damodaran ( 14 April 2012 ) . `` Chennai beach cricket goes to Lord 's '' . Deccan Chronicle . Chennai : Deccan Chronicle . Archived from the original on 13 April 2012 . Retrieved 14 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Ayyappan , V ( 22 April 2009 ) . `` Joyrides to come under scanner '' . The Times of India . Chennai : The Times Group . Retrieved 5 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Paitandy , Priyadarshini ( 21 June 2017 ) . `` A shelter for the sun - burnt '' . The Hindu . Chennai : The Hindu . Retrieved 24 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Man dies in swimming pool '' . The Hindu . Chennai : Kasturi & Sons . 14 March 2018 . Retrieved 17 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Peter , Petlee ( 12 May 2012 ) . `` Place for sport and recreation '' . The Hindu . Chennai : The Hindu . Retrieved 17 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Ghosh , Bijoy ( 17 September 2005 ) . `` Marina waterfall '' . The Hindu Business Line . Chennai : The Hindu . Retrieved 2 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Lopez , Aloysius Xavier ( 20 February 2011 ) . `` Visitor centre proposed near Cooum river mouth '' . The Hindu . Chennai : The Hindu . Retrieved 2 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chennai Marina Beach to get Floating Fountains '' . Marine Buzz . MarineBuzz.com. 27 January 2008 . Retrieved 4 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New equipment bought to clean up Marina beach '' . The Hindu . Chennai : The Hindu . 31 March 2010 . Retrieved 3 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Musical fountain to make waves at Marina '' . The Hindu . Chennai : The Hindu . 23 June 2013 . Retrieved 30 Jun 2013 . Jump up ^ Sivaraman , R. ( 3 July 2018 ) . `` Vehicle - free stretch along Marina for morning walkers '' . The Hindu . Chennai : The Hindu . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Srikanth , R. ( 3 May 2018 ) . `` Children 's traffic park coming up in Anna Square '' . The Hindu . Chennai : Kasturi & Sons . Retrieved 4 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Srikanth , R. ( 30 October 2011 ) . `` A stroll could be a learning experience too '' . The Hindu . Chennai : The Hindu . Retrieved 1 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Statues '' . Madura Welcome . Retrieved 1 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tamil movies : CM inspects the Sivaji statue ! To be unveiled on July 21st ! ! '' . Behindwoods.com. 30 June 2006 . Retrieved 7 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sivaji Ganesan statue was removed from Marina Beach area '' . Times of India . Jump up ^ `` Sivaji statue removed from Kamaraj Salai '' . The Hindu . ^ Jump up to : TNN ( 25 August 2009 ) . `` Mayor says 90 % work on Marina beautification over '' . The Times of India . Chennai : The Times Group . Retrieved 6 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Frederick , Prince ( 1 November 2009 ) . `` Marina gets a makeover '' . The Hindu . Chennai : The Hindu . Retrieved 4 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Mariappan , Julie ( 22 October 2009 ) . `` Corporation plans 24 - hour private security at beautified Marina '' . The Times of India . Chennai : The Times Group . Retrieved 9 October 2011 . Jump up ^ TNN ( 13 December 2009 ) . `` CM to formally open beautified Marina on Dec 20 '' . The Times of India . Chennai : The Times Group . Retrieved 9 October 2011 . Jump up ^ PTI ( 30 June 2009 ) . `` Marina beach to be plastic - free from August 15 '' . The Times of India . Chennai : The Times Group . Retrieved 4 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Anna , MGR memorials to be renovated at Rs 8.90 crore '' . The Economic Times . Chennai : The Times Group . 29 January 2012 . Retrieved 31 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Giant chess board for children planned at Marina '' . The Hindu . Chennai : The Hindu . 26 July 2012 . Retrieved 28 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chennai : Corporation to call for tenders to beautify Marina Beach '' . IBN Live South . Chennai : IBN Live . 26 July 2012 . Retrieved 28 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Xavier Lopez , Aloysius ( 9 May 2017 ) . `` Soon , a light and sound show on the Marina '' . The Hindu . Chennai : The Hindu . Retrieved 11 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Narayanan , Vivek ( 20 June 2018 ) . `` Marina beach sees most drownings in the State '' . The Hindu . Chennai : The Hindu . p. 3 . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Marina Beach , Chennai '' . Chennaiepages.com . Chennai epages . nd . Retrieved 2 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : IANS ( 18 July 2008 ) . `` Two missing off Chennai beach '' . Thaindian . Thaindian News . Retrieved 2 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Selvaraj , A. ( 5 January 2011 ) . `` 10 all - terrain vehicles on city beaches before Kaanum Pongal '' . The Times of India . Chennai : The Times Group . Retrieved 2 October 2011 . Jump up ^ TNN ( 10 February 2011 ) . `` 1 - km stretch off Marina claimed 29 lives in 2010 '' . The Times of India . Chennai : The Times Group . Retrieved 8 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Selvaraj , A ( 18 July 2011 ) . `` Police seek help from fire dept for Marina beach patrol '' . The Times of India . Chennai : The Times Group . Retrieved 4 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Kumar , S. Vijay ( 21 May 2011 ) . `` Surveillance cameras , watchtowers to mount vigil on Marina beach '' . The Hindu . Chennai : The Hindu . Retrieved 2 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jaya sanctions 9 all - terrain vehicles for policing beaches '' . Business Line . Chennai : The Hindu . 2 August 2012 . Retrieved 2 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Drop gates to come up along Marina Beach service lane '' . The Hindu . Chennai : The Hindu . 14 December 2012 . Retrieved 15 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Selvaraj , A ( 1 September 2009 ) . `` Focus back on night racing '' . The Times of India . Chennai : The Times Group . Retrieved 9 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Presidency College ground ideal for Kannagi statue : panel '' . The Hindu . Chennai : The Hindu . 16 June 2002 . Retrieved 9 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kannagi Statue in Marina '' . Marinabeach.info . Archived from the original on 25 April 2012 . Retrieved 9 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Menon , Jaya ( 16 May 2006 ) . `` On Marina beach , Karunanidhi keeps date with Kannagi '' . Indian Express . indianexpress.com . Retrieved 9 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Tiwari , Binita ( 23 August 2007 ) . `` Kannagi 's statue adorned Marina Beach '' . Newstrack India . Newstrack India . Retrieved 9 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jayalalithaa 's Government justifies demolition of Seerani Arangam '' . Asian Tribune . Asian Tribune . 11 August 2003 . Retrieved 9 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Kannan , Ramya ( 11 August 2003 ) . `` The fall of Seerani Arangam '' . The Hindu . Chennai : The Hindu . Retrieved 9 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Das , Swati ( 10 August 2003 ) . `` The Marina ' Seerani Arangam ' is no more '' . The Times of India . Chennai : The Times Group . Retrieved 9 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Manikandan , K. ( 10 August 2003 ) . `` Seerani Arangam demolished '' . The Hindu . Chennai : The Hindu . Retrieved 9 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Yadava , Y.S. `` The Impact of Tsunami on the Livelihoods of Coastal Fisher communities in Tamil Nadu , India -- A Preliminary Damage and Needs Assessment '' ( pdf ) . Retrieved 26 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` TSUNAMI : Chennai District '' . Asha for Education , New York . Retrieved 26 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Chandramouli , Rajesh ( 29 December 2004 ) . `` Marina beach still closed to public '' . The Times of India . Chennai : The Times Group . Retrieved 4 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Asia 's Deadly Waves '' . The New York Times . The New York Times . Retrieved 26 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Evan ( 9 January 2005 ) . `` Tide of Grief '' . Newsweek Magazine . The Daily Beast . Retrieved 26 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Narayanan , Vivek ( 6 March 2011 ) . `` 11,000 remain homeless even as shelters rot '' . The Times of India . Chennai : The Times Group . Retrieved 5 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Xavier Lopez , Aloysius ( 29 January 2012 ) . `` Tenements to take shape under new scheme '' . The Hindu . Chennai : The Hindu . Retrieved 31 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Ravi , Bhama Devi ( 9 September 2009 ) . `` Rise in tidal variations along city coastline '' . The Times of India . Chennai : The Times Group . Retrieved 9 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jallikattu Protests : Peaceful protests held in Minneapolis , USA '' . Behindwoods News Shots . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ Madhavan , D. ( 18 January 2012 ) . `` City zoo gets most visitors in a decade '' . The Times of India . Chennai : The Times Group . Retrieved 19 January 2012 . Jump up ^ TNN ( 13 July 2008 ) . `` Hundreds hit the road in aid of poor children '' . The Times of India . Chennai : The Times Group . Retrieved 13 October 2011 . Jump up ^ ANI ( 21 July 2008 ) . `` India seeks to popularise beach volleyball '' . Thaindian . Thaindian News . Retrieved 2 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chennai to host first int'l beach volleyball tourney '' . Hindustan Times . Hindustan Times . 10 July 2008 . Archived from the original on 24 October 2010 . Retrieved 3 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Elevated road project dropped , State government tells court '' . The Hindu . Chennai : The Hindu . 9 September 2011 . Retrieved 8 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Mythily Sivaraman ( 2006 ) . Fragments of a life : a family archive . Zubaan . p. 44 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 89013 - 11 - 0 . Retrieved 13 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Lopez , Aloysius Xavier ( 8 January 2014 ) . `` Southern stretch of Marina to get facelift '' . The Hindu . Chennai : The Hindu . Retrieved 18 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kadhalikka Neramilla ( 1964 ) '' . Wikipedia . Jump up ^ `` Kadhalikka Neramillai ( 1964 ) '' . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Marina Beach . Marina Beach travel guide from Wikivoyage List of beaches in Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Book Category Asia portal Chennai History Early history ( pre-1500 ) Sangam period Thomas the Apostle Pallava Dynasty Chola Dynasty Vijayanagar Empire Colonial period ( 1500 -- 1900 ) São Tomé de Meliapore Raja of Chandragiri Agency of Fort St George 1721 Madras cyclone Carnatic Wars ( Madras Adyar Chingleput ) Anglo - Mysore Wars Governors Modern period ( 1900 -- present ) Arbuthnot Bank Crash Besant v. Narayaniah Bombardment of Madras by SMS Emden de La Haye scandal 1921 Buckingham and Carnatic Mills Strike Neil Statue Satyagraha 1928 South Indian Railway Strike 1932 Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway Strike 1943 Chennai floods Madras Manade Anti-Hindi agitations Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi R.S.S. Chennai bombing 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake 2013 Anti-Sri Lanka protests 2015 South Indian floods Writers and historians S. Muthiah Randor Guy S. Theodore Baskaran V. Sriram A.R. Venkatachalapathy Geography and wildlife Regions Chennai Metropolitan Area Central Chennai North Chennai South Chennai Rivers and waterways Adyar River Buckingham Canal Coovum River Kosasthalaiyar River Otteri Nullah Lakes Chembarambakkam Lake Chetput Lake Long Tank Manali Lake Porur Lake Red Hills Lake Retteri Veeranam Islands Kattupalli Island Quibble Island The Island Zoological parks Arignar Anna Zoological Park Chennai Snake Park Guindy National Park Madras Crocodile Bank Reserve Forests Nanmangalam Reserve Forest Vandalur Reserve Forest Marshlands Adyar creek Ennore creek Pallikaranai Wetland Heritage monuments Amir Mahal Bharat Insurance Building Brodie Castle Chennai Central Prison Chepauk Palace LIC Building Lighthouse Police headquarters Port Trust Building Rajaji Hall Ripon Building Royapuram railway station University of Madras Senate House Southern Railway headquarters Valluvar Kottam Victoria Public Hall Statues Marina Beach Statues Thomas Munro Triumph of Labour Memorials Gandhi Mandapam Madras War Cemetery Rajiv Gandhi Memorial Victory War Memorial Vivekanandar Illam Administration and politics Districts Chennai District Tiruvallur District Kanchipuram District Vellore District Taluks Chennai District Aminjikarai Ayanavaram Egmore Guindy Mambalam Mylapore Perambur Purasaiwalkam Tondiarpet Velachery Tiruvallur district Tiruvottiyur Madhavaram Ambattur Avadi Maduravoyal Ponneri Poonamallee Tiruvallur Gummidipoondi Uthukottai Tiruttani Pallipattu Kanchipuram district Alandur Sholinganallur Pallavaram Tambaram Chengalpattu Thiruporur Tirukalukundram Sriperumbudur Walajabad Kanchipuram Uthiramerur Madurantakam Cheyyur Vellore District Arakkonam Parliamentary constituencies Chennai Central Chennai North Chennai South Sriperumbudur Thiruvallur Assembly constituencies Alandur Ambattur Anna Nagar Avadi Chengalpattu Chepauk Egmore Harbour Kolathur Madhavaram Maduravoyal Mylapore Pallavaram Perambur Ponneri Poonamallee RK Nagar Royapuram Saidapet Sholinganallur Sriperumbudur T. Nagar Tambaram Thiru . Vi . Ka . Nagar Thiruvottiyur Thousand Lights Tiruvallur Villivakkam Virugambakkam Velachery Nodal agencies Greater Chennai Corporation Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority Chennai MetroWater and Sewage Board Chennai Police Commissionerate General Post Office Greater Chennai Police Madras High Court Sheriff Tamil Nadu Electricity Board Tamil Nadu Fire and Rescue Services Economy Business districts Burma Bazaar Kothawal Chavadi Koyambedu Wholesale Market Complex Panagal Park Parry 's Corner Pondy Bazaar Purasawalkam Ranganathan Street Ritchie Street Velachery Washermanpet SEZ SEZ Corridor MEPZ Tidel Park World Trade Center Companies and institutions Aavin Ashok Leyland Basin Bridge Gas Blue Dart Aviation Chettinad Group EID Parry Ennore Thermal GMR Vasavi Heavy Vehicles Factory Higginbotham 's Indian Bank Indian Overseas Bank Integral Coach Factory Madras Atomic Power Station Madras Cements Madras Rubber Factory Madras Stock Exchange Murugappa Group North Chennai Thermal Reserve Bank of India Royal Enfield SPIC Sun Group The Hindu The New Indian Express TI Cycles of India TVS Motors Vallur Thermal World Bank office Industry Automotive Electronics Retail Software Culture and recreation General Architecture of Chennai Broadcasting in Chennai Kollywood Madrassi Madras Bashai Madras School Tourism in Chennai Beaches Covelong Elliot 's Beach Golden Beach Marina Beach Parks Anna Nagar Tower Park Semmozhi Poonga Tholkappia Poonga Cinemas SPI Cinemas Mayajaal Multiplex Shanti Theatre Periodic events Chennai Book Fair Chennai International Film Festival Chennai Sangamam Lit for Life Madras Day Madras Music Season Saarang Techofes Theme parks EVP World MGM Dizzee World Queens Land VGP Universal Kingdom Dash N Splash Kishkinta Mayajaal Beach Resort Shopping malls Abhirami Mega Mall Alsa Mall Ampa Skywalk Chandra Mall Chennai Citi Centre Chennai Trade Centre Coromandel Plaza Express Avenue Gold Souk Grande Mall Phoenix Market City Ramee Mall Spectrum Mall Spencer Plaza Forum Vijaya Mall Clubs Gymkhana Club Madras Boat Club Royal Madras Yacht Club Religion Temples Ayyappan Temple Ashtalakshmi Kovil ISKCON Temple Chennai Kapaleeswarar Temple Kalikambal Temple Madhya Kailash Marundeeswarar Temple Parthasarathy Temple Ravishwarar Varasiddhi Vinayaka temple Churches Armenian Church Church of Our Lady of Light St. Andrew 's Kirk St. George 's Cathedral St. Patrick 's Cathedral Santhome Basilica St. Mary 's Church Others Mahabodhi Centre Thousand Lights Mosque Transport Air Chennai International Airport Sea Chennai Port Ennore Port Kattupalli Shipyard Royapuram fishing harbour Rail Chennai Central Chennai Metro Chennai MRTS Chennai Suburban Railway Southern Railway Railway stations in Chennai Road Roads and expressways Anna Salai Cenotaph Road Chennai Bypass Chennai Port - Maduravoyal Expressway China Bazaar Road East Coast Road Inner Ring Road Nungambakkam High Road Outer Ring Road Peters Road Poonamallee High Road Rajiv Gandhi Salai Sardar Patel Road Grade separators and flyovers Anna Flyover Chennai Airport Flyover Chrompet Flyover Irumbuliyur Junction Kathipara Junction Koyambedu Junction Madhavaram Junction Maduravoyal Junction Moolakadai Junction Padi Junction Others Chennai Mofussil Bus Terminus Chennai Contract Carriage Bus Terminus Metropolitan Transport Corporation State Express Transport Corporation Sport Venues Guindy Race Course Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium M.A. Chidambaram Stadium Madras Motor Race Track Mayor Radhakrishnan Stadium MRF Pace Foundation Mudaliarkuppam boat house Muttukadu boat house Rajarathinam Stadium SDAT Tennis Stadium Teams Chennai Cheetahs Chennai City F.C. Chennai Smashers Chennai Spikers Chennai Super Kings Chennai Superstars Chennai Veerans Chennaiyin FC V Chennai Warriors Others Chennai Open M.J. Gopalan Trophy Madras Presidency Matches Institutions Education Alliance Française de Madras Anna Centenary Library Birla Planetarium Cholamandal Artists ' Village Connemara Public Library DakshinaChitra Government Museum Kalakshetra KM Music Conservatory Madras Music Academy Schools in Chennai Universities Anna University University of Madras Dr MGR Medical University Dr Ambedkar Law University Indian Maritime University Veterinary and Animal Sciences University VIT University Chennai SRM Institute of Science and Technology BS Abdur Rahman University Tamil Nadu Open University Vels University Hindustan University Engineering colleges Indian Institute of Technology Madras College of Engineering , Guindy Madras Institute of Technology Alagappa College of Technology Medical colleges Madras Medical College Stanley Medical College Kilpauk Medical College Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute National Institute of Siddha Arts and science colleges Loyola Madras Christian College Presidency College Queen Mary 's ( Women ) Vivekananda Pachaiyappa 's College Stella Mary 's ( Women ) DG Vaishnav MOP Vaishnav ( Women ) Women 's Christian College Research Central Leather Research Institute National Institute of Ocean Technology Institute of Mathematical Sciences Chennai Mathematical Institute Regional Meteorological Centre Structural Engineering Research Centre Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology ( India ) Diplomatic missions American Consulate British Deputy High Commission Singapore Consulate Malaysian Consulate Russian Consulate German Consulate Sri Lanka Deputy High Commission Royal Thai Consulate Japanese Consulate Australian Consulate Belgian Consulate South Korean Consulate Chinese Consulate Hospitals Government General Hospital Government multi super speciality hospital Royapettah Hospital Stanley Hospital Kilpauk Medical College Hospital Perambur railway hospital Apollo Hospitals Egmore Eye Hospital Sir Ivan Stedeford Hospital Sankara Nethralaya Madras Medical Mission MIOT Hospital Chettinad Health City Tambaram TB Sanatorium Government Dental Hospital Hindu Mission Hospital Fortis Malar Hospital Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Hospital Sundaram Medical Foundation Hotels Taj Coromandel The Park Le Royal Meridien Hyatt Regency Chola Sheraton Taj Mount Road The Leela Kempinski ITC Grand Chola Hilton Chennai Taj Connemara Fisherman 's Cove Trident Hilton Park Sheraton & Towers Radisson GRT Accord Metropolitan JW Marriott Park Hyatt Radisson Blu City Centre Raintree Hotel St Mary 's Road The Raintree Hotel Anna Salai Savera Hotel Residency Towers Westin Chennai Kohinoor Asiana Localities North Aamullaivoyal Aathur Agaram Alamathi Andarkuppam Angadu Anuppampattu Arambakkam Arani Ariyalur Arumandhai Assisi Nagar , Chennai Athipattu Athipattu New Town Athivakkam Attanthangal Avurikollaimedu Ayanavaram Azhinjivakkam Bandikavanoor Basin Bridge Chinnasekkadu Chettimedu Edapalayam Edayanchavadi Ennore Elandanur Elanthancherry Elavur Ernavoor Erukkancherry Gnayiru Gounderpalayam Grant Lyon Gummidipoondi Janapanchatram Jawahar Nagar Kadapakkam Kaladipet Kalakkral Kalpalayam Kanniammanpettai Kannigaipair Karanodai Kathirvedu Kathivakkam Katupalli Kavangarai Kavaraipettai Kasimedu Kattur KK Thazhai Kaviarasu Kannadhasan Nagar Kodipallam Kodungaiyur Kolathur Kondithope Korukkupet Kosappur Kottai Karai Kumaran Nagar Lakshmipuram Madhavaram Madhavaram Milk Colony Madharpakkam Madiyur Mahakavi Bharathi Nagar Manali Manali New Town Manjambakkam Mathur Mettu Surapedu Mettu Thandalam Minjur Moolachatiram Moolakadai Muthialpet Nallur Nandiambakkam Napalayam Naravarikuppam New Erumai Vetti Palayam Old Erumai Vetti Palayam Orakadu Padianallur Pallipattu Panchetti Payasambakkam Pazhaverkadu Perambur Peravallur Periapalayam Periyamullavoyal Periyar Nagar Periyasekkadu Perungavur Ponneri Ponniammanmedu Pothur Puthubakkam Puduvoyal Pulli Lyon Puthagaram Puzhal Red Hills Retteri Royapuram Sadayankuppam Sathangadu Sathyamoorthy Nagar ( Tiruvottiyur ) Sathyamoorthy Nagar ( Vyasarpadi ) Seemavaram Selavayal Sembilivaram Sembium Sembiyamanali Sholavaram Siruvapuri Sirunium Sowcarpet Sothuperumbedu Surapet Thadaperumbakkam Thatchoor Thathaimanji Theerthakariampattu Theeyampakkam Thervoy Kandigai Thirunilai Thiruvellavoyal Thiru Vi Ka Nagar Tiruvottiyur Tollgate Tondiarpet Uthukottai Vadagarai Vadamadurai Vadaperumbakkam Vaikkadu Vallalar Nagar Vallur Vannipakkam Vazhuthigaimedu Vellivoyalchavadi Vengal Vichoor Vijayanallur Vilakupattu Vilangadupakkam Villivakkam Vinayagapuram VOC Nagar Voyalur Vyasarpadi Washermanpet Wimco Nagar West Adayalampattu Alwarthirunagar Ambattur Aminjikarai Athipet Andankuppam Anna Nagar Anna Nagar West Annanur Arakkambakkam Aranvoyal Ashok Nagar Arakkonam Arumbakkam Avadi Ayanambakkam Ayapakkam Ayathur Beemanthangal Chembarambakkam Choolaimedu Egattur Gerugambakkam Govardhanagiri ICF Colony Irungattukottai Iyyapanthangal K.K. Nagar Kadambathur Kadavur Kakkalur Kakkalur Industrial Estate Kallikuppam Karalapakkam Karambakkam Karayanchavadi Kattupakkam Kilkondaiyur Koduvalli Koladi Kolapakkam Konnur Korattur Kovur Koyambedu Kumananchavadi Kundrathur Kuthambakkam Maduravoyal Malayambakkam Manapakkam Manavala Nagar Melkondaiyur Mettu Kandigai MGR Nagar Mogappair Morai Moulivakkam Mugalivakkam Muthapudupet Nandambakkam Nandambakkam Narasingapuram Nazarathpettai Nemam Nemilichery Nesapakkam Nerkundram Nolambur Noombal Oragadam Padi Pakkam Pandeswaram Pandur Paraniputhur Parivakkam Paruthipattu Pattabiram Pattaravakkam Perambakkam Periyapanicheri Perumalpattu Poochi Athipedu Poonamallee Poondi Poonthandalam Porur Pudhur Putlur Ramapuram Ramavaram Sekkadu Seneerkuppam Sevvapet Shenoy Nagar Sorancheri Sriperumbudur Sunguvarchatram Surapet Tamaraipakkam Thandalam Thandurai Thathankuppam Thirumangalam Thirumazhisai Thirumullaivoyal Thiruninravur Tiruvallur Tiruverkadu Valasaravakkam Vanagaram Veerapuram Vellanur Vellavedu Velappanchavadi Vengathur Venkatapuram Veppampattu Vilinjiyambakkam Virugambakkam Central Alwarpet Broadway Burma Bazaar Chennai Central Chepauk Chetput Chintadripet Choolai Egmore Foreshore Estate George Town Gopalapuram Greenways Road Kilpauk Kodambakkam Kosapet Kothawal Chavadi Kotturpuram Mandavelli Mannady Mambalam MRC Nagar Mylapore Nandanam Nochikuppam Nungambakkam Otteri Panagal Park Park Town Parry 's Corner Pattalam Periamet Pondy Bazaar Pudupet Pulianthope Purasawalkam Quibble Island Raja Annamalai Puram Royapettah Saidapet Saligramam Santhome T Nagar Teynampet The Island Triplicane Trustpuram Vadapalani Vepery West Mambalam South Alandur Adambakkam Adyar Agaramthen Alandur Anakaputhur Besant Nagar Chitlapakkam Chromepet Chengalpattu Egattur Ekkaduthangal Erumaiyur Gowrivakkam Guduvancheri Guindy Guindy TVK Estate Devaneri Hasthinapuram Illalur Injambakkam Irumbuliyur Jafferkhanpet Jaladampet Kanathur Kandanchavadi Kannivakkam Karanai Karapakkam Karumbakkam Kattankulathur Kazhipattur Kizhkalvoy Keelkattalai Kelambakkam Kottivakkam Kovalam Kovilambakkam Kovilanchery Madambakkam Madhuvankarai Madipakkam Mamallapuram Manimangalam Mannivakkam Maraimalai Nagar Medavakkam Meenambakkam Melkalvoy MEPZ Mettukuppam Mudichur Muttukadu Nandivaram Nanganallur Nanmangalam Navalur Neelankarai Nellikuppam Noothancheri Okkiyam Okkiyampet Oragadam Ottiambakkam Padappai Palavakkam Palavanthangal Pallavaram Pallikaranai Pammal Panaiyur Paranur Pattipulam Payanur Pazhanthandalam Peerkankaranai Perumbakkam Perumathunallur Perungalathur Perungudi Perunthandalam Ponmar Polichalur Potheri Pudupakkam Puzhuthivakkam Rajakilpakkam Rathinamangalam Selaiyur Sembakkam Semmencherry Sholinganallur Singaperumalkoil Siruseri Sithalapakkam Somangalam St. Thomas Mount Tambaram Tambaram Sanatorium Thaiyur Tharamani Tharapakkam Thirumudivakkam Thiruneermalai Thiruporur Thiruvanmiyur Thiruvidandhai Thuraipakkam Tirusulam Ullagaram Urapakkam Uthandi Vadanemili Vandalur Vanuvampet Velachery Vengaivasal Vettuvankeni Category Portal WikiProject Hydrography of Tamil Nadu Rivers Adyar Amaravathi Arasalar Bhavani Cheyyar Chittar Cooum Kaveri Kedilam Kodaganar Kodavanar Kokkiliyar Kollidam Kosasthalaiyar Manimuthar ( Pambar ) Manimuthar ( Thamirabarani ) Manimuthar ( Vellar ) Manjalar Moyar Nadari Nambiyar Nanganjiyar Noyyal Pachaiyar Pahrali Palar Parambikulam Periyar Ponnaiyar Siruvani Swetha Thamirabarani Thirumanimuthar Vaigai Vaippar Vasishta Vellar Vennaaru Lakes Ambattur Lake Berijam Lake Chembarambakkam Lake Kaliveli Lake Kodaikanal Lake Perumal Eri Porur Lake Pulicat Lake Red Hills Lake Sholavaram Lake Singanallur Lake Valankulam Lake Veeranam Lake Velachery Lake Pykara Ooty Lake Waterfalls Agaya Gangai Ayyanar Catherine Courtallam Hogenakkal Kiliyur Kumbakkarai Law 's Katary Kalhatti Kutladampatti Monkey Sengupathi Siruvani Suruli Thalaiyar Tirparappu Ullakaarvi Vaideki Vattaparai Beaches Edward Elliot 's Golden Beach Marina Silver Beach Dams / Reservoirs Aathupalayam Dam Aliyar Reservoir Amaravathi Dam Bhavanisagar Dam Grand Anicut Kamarajar Sagar Dam Karuppanadhi Dam Kodiveri Dam Krishnagiri Dam Lower Anaicut Manimuthar Dam Mettur Dam Mukkadal Dam Nallathangal Dam Orathuppalayam Dam Papanasam dam Pechiparai Reservoir Perunchani Dam Sathanur Reservoir Servalar dam Solaiyar Dam Vaigai Dam Varattu Pallam Dam Upper Anaicut Upper Bhavani Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marina_Beach&oldid=864606360 '' Categories : Tourist attractions in Chennai Beaches of Tamil Nadu Geography of Chennai Hidden categories : Use Indian English from April 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from March 2013 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Cebuano Deutsch Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano മലയാളം Simple English Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 October 2018 , at 09 : 38 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina%20Beach
| 2,012 |
||
when does season 3 of scream come to netflix
|
Scream ( TV series )
|
scream ( tv series )
|
Scream is an American anthology slasher television series developed by Jill Blotevogel , Dan Dworkin and Jay Beattie for MTV and is based on the slasher film series of the same name created by Kevin Williamson and Wes Craven . The series is produced by Dimension Television and MTV Production Development , and was formerly filmed in Louisiana , in locations such as Baton Rouge and New Orleans as well as Chalmette High School . Blotevogel and Paglia originally served as showrunners during the first season before being replaced by Michael Gans and Richard Register in the second season , because of creative differences .
|
The first two seasons were situated in the fictional town of Lakewood , where a string of murders took place . At the center of those murders was Emma Duval ( played by Willa Fitzgerald ) , a teenage girl who is somehow tied to the town 's dark past . The series premiered on June 30 , 2015 on MTV and concluded its first season on September 1 , 2015 . The series was officially picked up for a second season on July 29 , 2015 . It was announced the series would air a two - hour Halloween special on October 18 , 2016 . Though technically not a co-production , the series does air globally as a `` Netflix Original '' title , due to Netflix having exclusive international distribution rights to the series . On October 14 , 2016 , MTV renewed the series for a six - episode third season , which will premiere in March 2018 . On April 26 , 2017 , MTV announced that they were rebooting the series with the third season , with a new cast and setting . As part of the reboot process , it was revealed that Brett Matthews will be serving as the main showrunner . In addition , Queen Latifah , Shakim Compere and Yaneley Arty will be added as executive producers for the series under Flavor Unit Entertainment . Tyga , C.J. Wallace , Keke Palmer , Giorgia Whigham , RJ Cyler , Jessica Sula , Giullian Yao Gioiello , and Tyler Posey will star in the rebooted third season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 4.4 Music 4.5 Scream After Dark ! 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Ratings 6 Broadcast 7 Awards and nominations 8 References 9 External links Synopsis ( edit ) After a cyber-bullying incident serves as the catalyst for a brutal murder , a group of teenagers become the prime targets of a serial killer , as dark secrets from Lakewood 's troubled past resurface and conjure memories of a similar murder that occurred 20 years earlier in the community . Emma Duval , a teenage girl who is somehow linked to the town 's past , is the killer 's main obsession and the center of these grisly murders . With both her family and friends in apparent danger , she sets out to uncover the town 's dark mysteries and unmask the killer once and for all . This proves difficult , however , especially when everyone is a suspect and anyone could be a victim . Cast and characters ( edit ) See also : List of Scream ( TV series ) characters Main ( edit ) Willa Fitzgerald as Emma Duval , a popular high school student and daughter of Maggie Duval ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Bex Taylor - Klaus as Audrey Jensen , a sarcastic , bicurious filmmaker and Emma 's friend ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) John Karna as Noah Foster , a witty and intelligent geek who is extremely knowledgeable about horror films ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Amadeus Serafini as Kieran Wilcox , a new student living with his father who becomes Emma 's main love interest ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Connor Weil as Will Belmont , Emma 's ex-boyfriend , and Jake Fitzgerald 's best friend ( season 1 ) Carlson Young as Brooke Maddox , a beautiful , rich but troubled girl who is Emma 's best friend ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Jason Wiles as Clark Hudson , the former sheriff of Lakewood ( season 1 ) Tracy Middendorf as Maggie Duval , Emma 's mother and the medical examiner ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Kiana Brown as Zoe Vaughn , fellow high school student , a driven overachiever who harbors a secret and was Noah 's love interest ( season 2 ) Santiago Segura as Gustavo `` Stavo '' Acosta , a high school student and the son of Sheriff Acosta , he is a skilled artist who is deeply into horror , serial killers and comic books . ( season 2 ) RJ Cyler as Deion Elliot , a star running back for the high school football team ( season 3 ) Jessica Sula as Liv , a member of the cheer squad and an honor roll student ( season 3 ) Keke Palmer as Kym , a rebel with a thousand causes ; she is a bold and beautiful social activist . ( season 3 ) Giorgia Whigham as Beth , the resident goth girl and a local tattoo artist ( season 3 ) Tyga as Jamal , Deion 's step - brother . He has a big heart and is undyingly loyal to Deion . ( season 3 ) C.J. Wallace as Amir , a good kid with strict parents who demand he stay away from the ladies and work in the family business . ( season 3 ) Giullian Yao Gioiello as Manny , a smart , openly gay guy who is loyal to a fault and usually the smartest person in the room ( season 3 ) Tyler Posey as Shane , a high school dropout . He is a drug dealer and party promoter . ( season 3 ) Recurring ( edit ) Brianne Tju as Riley Marra , Emma 's friend who takes an interest in Noah ( season 1 ) Mike Vaughn as The Killer ( voice ) ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Amelia Rose Blaire as Piper Shaw , a podcaster who comes to Lakewood to investigate the recent murders ( season 1 ; guest season 2 ) Tom Maden as Jake Fitzgerald , Brooke 's boyfriend and Will Belmont 's best friend ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Bobby Campo as Seth Branson , a teacher who had a secret relationship with Brooke ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Bryan Batt as Mayor Quinn Maddox , Brooke 's father and the mayor of Lakewood , who is revealed to be hiding secrets from the town about illegal business deals and cover ups ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Sosie Bacon as Rachel Murray , Audrey 's girlfriend . She has suicidal inclinations . ( season 1 ; guest season 2 ) Sophina Brown as Detective Lorraine Brock , a detective assigned to Nina Patterson 's murder case ( season 1 ) Tom Everett Scott as Kevin Duval , Emma 's estranged father and Maggie 's ex-husband ( season 2 ; guest season 1 ) Anthony Ruivivar as Sheriff Miguel Acosta , an outspoken , competent and experienced cop who returns to his childhood home of Lakewood . He is a devoted , if sometimes strict , family man who is very protective of his son , Stavo . ( season 2 ) Austin Highsmith as Kristen Lang , an idealistic high school psychology teacher who becomes a confidant and mentor to her students ( season 2 ) Sean Grandillo as Eli Hudson , Kieran 's cousin . He presents a squeaky clean image , but may have ulterior motives . His arrival in Lakewood brings along secrets of Kieran 's past that were buried long ago . He takes an interest in Emma . ( season 2 ) Karina Logue as Tina Hudson , Eli 's mother and Kieran 's legal guardian . She is proper and polite but with a grifter 's sense of self - reliance . ( season 2 ) Mary Katherine Duhon as Haley Meyers , a classmate from high school who dislikes Emma and her friends ( season 2 ) Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Scream episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 10 June 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 30 ) September 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 01 ) 14 May 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 30 ) October 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 18 ) Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In June 2012 , it was reported that MTV was in the early stages of developing a weekly television series based on the Scream film franchise . In April 2013 , The Hollywood Reporter confirmed that MTV had greenlit the pilot episode , with Wes Craven in talks to direct . In July 2013 , it was reported that Jay Beattie and Dan Dworkin had officially boarded the project to write the pilot script and in April 2014 , it was reported by TVLine that the show would be penned by Jill Blotevogel . In August 2014 , the series announced its cast as well as the director of the pilot episode , Jamie Travis . The series was originally planned to debut in mid-2014 , however , this was changed to summer 2015 . On April 12 , 2015 , the first trailer for the series was aired during the 2015 MTV Movie Awards presented by Bella Thorne , also revealing the series 's June 30 , 2015 premiere date . On November 9 , 2015 , it was announced that Jill Blotevogel and Jaime Paglia would be stepping down as showrunners due to creative differences , although Blotevogel would remain a consultant on the series . Michael Gans and Richard Register replaced them for the second season . The second - season premiere date was changed to May 30 , 2016 . On October 14 , 2016 , MTV renewed the series for a six - episode third season , and announced that the showrunners would be replaced again . On April 26 , 2017 , MTV announced that Queen Latifah would be an executive producer for the third season of Scream . The show will undergo a reboot with a new cast and Brett Matthews serving as showrunner . In addition , Shakim Compere and Yaneley Arty would also be credited as executive producers for the series under Flavor Unit Entertainment . On July 19 , 2017 , Hollywood Reporter announced that the show will transition into an anthology series in the third season . This information was corroborated by MTV president Chris McCarthy . On September 18 , 2017 , it was announced that the Ghostface mask from the film series would be making an appearance in the third season . On October 10 , 2017 , Keke Palmer confirmed in an interview that Roger L. Jackson , who voiced Ghostface in the film series , would return for the third season , replacing Mike Vaughn , who served as the voice for The Killer in the first two seasons . Casting ( edit ) On August 5 , 2014 , both the main cast and recurring cast were announced . However , Amy Forsyth dropped out and was replaced by Bex Taylor - Klaus . On February 22 , 2015 , it was revealed that Joel Gretsch , who was playing Clark Hudson , had left the show as producers thought his character should go down a different path ; he was replaced by Jason Wiles . On December 11 , 2014 , it was revealed that Bella Thorne would be a part of the cast . Thorne confirmed this during an interview saying , `` Yes it 's true . I will re-enact the famous scene of Drew Barrymore in the original series . '' On April 22 , 2015 , True Blood actress Amelia Rose Blaire was confirmed to be joining the show as Piper Shaw which , by the character description , is a role similar to Gale Weathers from the Scream films . On June 18 , 2015 , Bella Thorne confirmed she was offered the lead role in the series but turned it down in favor of a smaller role . She went on to explain , `` I had the option to do the lead , but I thought I should choose this role because I felt it was more iconic , I thought it was just a little bit more and also I 've never been killed on screen before . I 've never been killed ever on anything that I 've done . I 've always been the character that lives at the end so it was my first time dying on screen which is pretty cool . I would n't say that my character is n't necessarily in any more of the episodes but you 'll see ! '' It was announced on July 17 , 2017 , that Tyga and C.J. Wallace will star in the rebooted third season . On September 13 , 2017 , it was announced that RJ Cyler , Jessica Sula , Keke Palmer , Giullian Yao Gioiello , and Giorgia Whigham joined the main cast of the third season in addition to the previously announced cast members . On September 25 , 2017 , it was announced that Tyler Posey was cast as a series regular in the third season . Filming ( edit ) For the first two seasons , the show was filmed in Baton Rouge , Louisiana . Filming of season one took place from April through July 2015 . Filming for the second season began on February 16 , 2016 . Filming for the third season began on September 18 , 2017 and concluded on November 11 , 2017 , in Atlanta , Georgia . Music ( edit ) Two official soundtrack albums have been released by MTV . The first season 's soundtrack was released on August 14 , 2015 under Columbia Records . The second season 's soundtrack was released on July 29 , 2016 under Island Records . ( show ) Scream : Music from Season One No . Title Artist Length 1 . `` Mine '' Phoebe Ryan 3 : 46 2 . `` When I Rule the World '' Liz 3 : 07 3 . `` You 're the Best '' Wet 2 : 57 4 . `` Monsters '' Ruelle 3 : 12 5 . `` All the Things Lost '' MS MR 3 : 14 6 . `` Set This Heart on Fire '' machineheart 3 : 28 7 . `` Rescue My Heart '' Liz Longley 3 : 18 8 . `` Star Spangled '' REMMI 3 : 01 9 . `` Spectacular Rival '' George Ezra 4 : 15 10 . `` There 's a Ghost '' Fleurie 3 : 11 Total length : 33 : 29 ( show ) Scream : Music from Season Two No . Title Artist Length 1 . `` River '' Bishop Briggs 3 : 34 2 . `` I Took a Pill in Ibiza ( Seeb Remix ) '' Mike Posner 3 : 15 3 . `` Money '' Poppy 3 : 10 4 . `` One in a Million ( Kant Remix ) '' Midnight To Monaco 5 : 50 5 . `` Hurts So Good '' Astrid S 3 : 28 6 . `` Breathe ( featuring Neev ) '' Seeb 3 : 58 7 . `` Make Them Wheels Roll '' SAFIA 4 : 05 8 . `` In the Arms of a Stranger ( Brian Kierulf Remix ) '' Mike Posner 3 : 26 9 . `` Figure You Out '' Keke Palmer 3 : 25 Total length : 34 : 11 Scream After dark ! ( edit ) Scream After Dark ! is a talk show hosted by Jeffery Self , which features behind the scenes footage , and guests discussing episodes of Scream . The first instalment followed the season two premiere and featured Willa Fitzgerald , Bex Taylor - Klaus , John Karna , Amadeus Serafini , Carlson Young , and Kiana Brown , and received 185,000 viewers . The second instalment aired following episode eight and featured Fitzgerald , Taylor - Klaus , Karna , Young , Brown , Santiago Segura , and Sean Grandillo , and received 201,000 viewers . The third and final installment aired following the season two finale and featured Fitzgerald , Taylor - Klaus , Karna , Young , and Serafini , and averaged 145,000 viewers . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The first season of Scream has received an overall mixed response . On the review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes , the first season received a rating of 47 % , based on 29 reviews , with a 5.4 / 10 average rating . The site 's critical consensus reads : `` Lacking truly compelling characters or scenarios , Scream is formed to trade too heavily on nostalgia for its big - screen predecessors in the franchise . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating , the series has a score of 57 out of 100 , based on 20 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . In a positive review , David Hinckley from New York Daily News awarded the pilot four out of five stars and stated , `` Happily , Scream maintains a sense of humor , reinforced with snappy , self - aware pop culture dialogue . '' Similarly , Brian Lowry of Variety commended the show 's ability to maintain suspense `` without much actually happening during the rest of the episode , '' noting its use of music , but expressing skepticism if the series could maintain its originality . Aedan Juvet of PopWrapped gave a positive assessment of the series and called it , `` a prime example of a game - changing horror series '' . Conversely , David Wiegand of the San Francisco Chronicle panned the series and gave it one out of four stars , criticizing the acting performances as `` bland , robotic , and uninteresting '' as well as its apparent lack of racial diversity . In a mixed review , Mark Perigard of the Boston Herald gave the show a C+ , saying , `` There are a few scares here , but while the Scream films kept audiences jumping , Scream : The TV series risks putting viewers to sleep . '' The second season received more positive reviews with a rating of 100 % on Rotten Tomatoes based off five reviews from critics . Ratings ( edit ) Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes First aired Last aired TV season Avg . viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Tuesday 10 : 00 p.m. 10 June 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 30 ) 1.03 September 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 01 ) 0.76 2014 -- 15 0.75 Monday 11 : 00 p.m. ( 1 -- 4 ) Tuesday 10 : 00 p.m. ( 5 -- 12 , 14 ) Tuesday 9 : 00 p.m. ( 13 ) 14 May 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 30 ) 0.40 October 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 18 ) 0.34 2015 -- 16 0.38 Broadcast ( edit ) On October 1 , 2015 , the entire first season of Scream became available to stream instantly on Netflix worldwide except in the United States . On May 13 , 2016 , the first season of Scream became available on Netflix in the United States . The streaming service started to broadcast the second season weekly on May 31 , 2016 , with a one - day delay with respect to the original United States broadcast . On September 30 , 2016 , the second season of Scream became available on Netflix in the United States . Awards and nominations ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Year Award Category Recipient Result Refs 2015 Teen Choice Awards Choice Summer TV Show Scream Nominated Choice Summer TV Star : Female Willa Fitzgerald Nominated Choice TV : Scene Stealer Bella Thorne Nominated 2016 Leo Awards Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Carlson Young Nominated MTV Fandom Awards Best New Fandom of the Year Scream Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` MTV and Dimension TV 's `` Scream '' Adds New Cast and Sets Premiere Date '' ( Press release ) . MTV . March 10 , 2016 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 -- via The Futon Critic . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` Scream Halloween Special to Answer Unresolved Questions From Season 2 '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Scream TV series to premiere as `` Netflix original '' in the UK `` . VODzilla.co . United Kingdom : VODzilla.co Limited . September 28 , 2015 . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( October 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Scream ' Renewed For Short Third Season By MTV , Changes Showrunners Again '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` Tyga , C.J. Wallace to Star in Rebooted ' Scream ' Season 3 ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Scream ' : Queen Latifah & New Showrunner Join Season 3 Revamp '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Chapman , Tom ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` Scream TV Series Reboot Confirmed ; New Showrunner Announced '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bernstein , Abbie ( June 3 , 2012 ) . `` Exclusive : MTV Developing Scream TV Series '' . Assignment X . TVLine . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2012 . Retrieved March 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Snetiker , Marc . `` MTV 's ' Scream ' gets full series order '' . Inside TV . Retrieved December 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( April 25 , 2013 ) . `` MTV Greenlights ' Scream ' Pilot , Renews ' Snooki & JWOWW ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Michael Slezak . `` ' Scream ' TV Series : Bi-Curious Teen , ' Gilmore Girls ' - esque Duo in Cast -- TVLine '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Kevin ( July 26 , 2013 ) . `` MTV 's ' Scream ' TV series hires ' revenge ' writers , eyes 2014 premiere '' . ScreenCrush . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` MTV 's Scream TV Series Potentially Titled Hush '' . Dread Central . July 26 , 2013 . Retrieved July 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ross A. Lincoln . `` MTV 's ' Scream ' TV Series Serial Kills First Trailer -- Deadline '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TVLine Items : Netflix Announces Crime Docuseries , Scream Bosses Exit & More '' . TVLine . November 9 , 2015 . Retrieved December 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News - MTV and Dimension TV 's `` Scream '' Adds New Cast and Sets Premiere Date - TheFutonCritic.com `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` MTV President Unveils Scripted Slate and Explains His New Approach '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Michael ( September 18 , 2017 ) . `` Scream Season 3 to Feature Classic Ghostface Mask '' . Screenrant . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Keke Palmer Talks Sexual Harassment , New Music , Berlin Station , Star , Horror Movies & More '' . YouTube . October 14 , 2017 . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MTV & Dimension Tap Jamie Travis To Direct ' Scream ' Pilot , Set Cast '' . Deadline.com . August 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MTV 's ' Scream ' Series Recasts A Lead With Bex Taylor - Klaus '' . Deadline.com . August 15 , 2014 . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Highfill , Samantha . `` Bella Thorne says she 'll play Drew Barrymore 's part in MTV 's ' Scream ' '' . Inside TV . Retrieved December 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Michael Ausiello . `` Amelia Rose Blaire Joins ' Scream ' Season 1 Cast -- Piper Shay -- TVLine '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Longeretta , Emily . `` Bella Thorne Reveals She Was Offered Lead On ' Scream ' : Why She Turned It Down '' . Hollywood Life . Retrieved June 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Scream ' : Keke Palmer , RJ Cyler , Jessica Sula , More Round Out Season 3 Cast '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lenker , Maureen ( September 18 , 2017 ) . `` Keke Palmer to lead third season of Scream on MTV '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Teen Wolf ' Star Tyler Posey Joins MTV 's ' Scream ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MTV 's ' Scream ' TV show is filming downtown today '' . The Advocate . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Current Productions '' . Film New Orleans . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MTV moves ' Scream ' to Atlanta from Louisiana for third season '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giullian Gioiello ( @ Giullian_G ) ( November 11 , 2017 ) . `` wrap on season 3 of # MTV # Scream this morning ! ! seriously gon na miss this gang of ours . more ... instagram.com/p/BbX90v6hS-H/ '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Music from MTV 's ' Scream ' Season 2 Released '' . Film Music Reporter . July 29 , 2016 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MTV Sets ' Scream After Dark ! ' Aftershow Hosted By Jeffery Self '' . Deadline.com . May 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.30. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 20 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.19. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED CHARTS : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.16. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Equals Terror as MTV 's `` Scream '' Moves to Its New Date and Time Starting June 28 `` . The Futon Critic . June 22 , 2016 . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Scream , Season 1 '' . rottentomatoes.com . Retrieved June 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Reviews for Scream , Season 1 '' . metacritic.com . Jump up ^ Hinckley , David ( June 29 , 2015 ) . `` ' Scream ' review : MTV series borrows from movie '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved July 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( June 28 , 2015 ) . `` TV Review : MTV 's ' Scream ' '' . Variety . Retrieved July 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Juvet , Aedan ( August 24 , 2015 ) . `` 5 Reasons MTV 's Scream Is A Sensational Series '' . PopWrapped . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wiegand , David ( June 26 , 2015 ) . `` MTV slasher series more a whimper than a ' Scream ' '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Perigard , Mark ( June 30 , 2015 ) . `` MTV 's ' Scream ' series does n't live up to film franchise '' . Boston Herald . Retrieved July 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/scream/s02 Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Deadliest Catch ' Tops Night + ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . July 1 , 2015 . Retrieved July 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( September 2 , 2015 ) . `` ' Scream ' Ratings Raise The Volume For MTV In Season 1 Finale '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Scream : Season One Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . September 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED CHARTS : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.16. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Scream : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved August 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ MaFt.co.uk . `` Scream ( 2015 ) on Netflix USA : : New On Netflix USA '' . newonnetflix.info . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Scream ( TV series ) Official website Scream on Netflix Scream on IMDb Scream at TV.com Scream Films Scream Scream 2 Scream 3 Scream 4 Television Scream episodes `` Pilot '' Characters Film Ghostface Sidney Prescott Gale Weathers Television Miscellaneous Cast Scary Movie Book Category MTV original programming Current Music series MTV Unplugged ( since 1989 ) Total Request Live ( since 1998 ) News True Life ( since 1998 ) Reality Catfish : The TV Show ( since 2012 ) MTV Cribs ( since 2000 ) ( now on MTV 's Snapchat Discover content ) MTV Floribama Shore ( since 2017 ) My Super Sweet 16 ( since 2005 ) Real World ( since 1992 ) Ridiculousness ( since 2011 ) Siesta Key ( since 2017 ) Teen Mom OG ( since 2009 ) Teen Mom 2 ( since 2011 ) Teen Mum ( since 2017 ) Competitive Are You the One ? ( since 2014 ) The Challenge ( since 1998 ) The Challenge : Champs vs. Stars ( since 2017 ) Fear Factor ( since 2017 ) Talk Are You the One ? : The Aftermatch Live ( since 2014 ) Scripted Scream ( since 2015 ) Comedy Wild ' n Out ( since 2005 ) Former 1980s PostModern MTV ( 1980s -- 1990s ) MTV New Year 's ( 1981 -- 2014 ) We 're Dancin ' ( 1982 -- 1983 ) I.R.S. Records Presents The Cutting Edge ( 1983 -- 1987 ) Al TV ( 1984 -- 1999 ) Andy Warhol 's Fifteen Minutes ( 1985 -- 1987 ) Heavy Metal Mania ( 1985 -- 1987 ) Dial MTV ( 1986 -- 1996 ) 120 Minutes ( 1986 -- 2000 ) Headbangers Ball ( 1987 -- 1995 ) Club MTV ( 1987 -- 1992 ) Remote Control ( 1987 -- 1990 ) Stevie and Zoya ( 1987 -- 1989 ) Yo ! MTV Raps ( 1988 -- 1995 ) Just Say Julie ( 1989 -- 1992 ) House of Style ( 1989 -- 2012 ) Camp MTV ( 1989 ) Street Party ( 1989 -- 1992 ) 1990s MTV Malibu Beach House ( 1990s ) Turn It Up ! ( 1990 ) Pirate TV ( 1990 ) The Idiot Box ( 1990 -- 1991 ) Liquid Television ( 1991 -- 2014 ) Æon Flux ( 1991 -- 1995 ) MTV Sports ( 1992 -- 1997 ) Lip Service ( 1992 -- 1994 ) The Grind ( 1992 -- 1997 ) The Ben Stiller Show ( 1992 -- 1993 ) Catwalk ( 1992 -- 1994 ) Alternative Nation ( 1992 -- 1997 ) Like We Care ( 1992 ) You Wrote It , You Watch It ( 1992 -- 1993 ) Beavis and Butt - Head ( 1993 -- 2011 ) The Jon Stewart Show ( 1993 -- 1994 ) The State ( 1993 -- 1995 ) MTV Beach House ( 1993 ) Trashed ( 1994 ) Dead at 21 ( 1994 ) The Brothers Grunt ( 1994 -- 1995 ) The Head ( 1994 -- 1996 ) MTV News : Unfiltered ( 1994 -- 1998 ) Squirt TV ( 1994 -- 1996 ) The Maxx ( 1995 ) Singled Out ( 1995 -- 1998 ) Road Rules ( 1995 -- 2007 ) Buzzkill ( 1996 ) Amp ( 1996 -- 2001 ) Idiot Savants ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Daria ( 1997 -- 2002 ) The Jenny McCarthy Show ( 1997 ) Oddville , MTV ( 1997 -- 1999 ) Apartment 2F ( 1997 ) Austin Stories ( 1997 -- 1998 ) 12 Angry Viewers ( 1997 -- 1998 ) Cartoon Sushi ( 1997 -- 1998 ) MTV Live ( 1997 -- 2008 ) The Sifl and Olly Show ( 1997 -- 1999 ) Total Request ( 1997 -- 1998 ) Celebrity Deathmatch ( 1998 -- 2002 ) Wanna Be a VJ ( 1998 - 2000 ) Say What ? Karaoke ( 1998 -- 2003 ) FANatic ( 1998 -- 2000 ) The Cut ( 1998 ) Say What ? ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Super Adventure Team ( 1998 ) The Blame Game ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Station Zero ( 1999 ) Making the Video ( 1999 -- 2009 ) Undressed ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Downtown ( 1999 ) webRIOT ( 1999 -- 2000 ) The Tom Green Show ( 1999 -- 2000 ) 2000s The Lyricist Lounge Show ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Spy Groove ( 2000 -- 2002 ) Fear ( 2000 -- 2002 ) Jackass ( 2000 -- 2002 ) Live Through This ( 2000 ) Kathy 's So - Called Reality ( 2001 ) Diary ( 2001 -- 2005 ) The Andy Dick Show ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Undergrads ( 2001 ) Spyder Games ( 2001 ) WWE Tough Enough ( 2001 -- 2003 ) Becoming ( 2001 ) Dismissed ( 2001 -- 2003 ) MTV Icon ( 2001 -- 2004 ) The Osbournes ( 2002 -- 2005 ) The Sausage Factory ( 2002 ) Made ( 2002 -- 2014 ) I Bet You Will ( 2002 ) Sorority Life ( 2002 -- 2004 ) Clone High ( 2002 -- 2003 ) 3 South ( 2002 -- 2003 ) Doggy Fizzle Televizzle ( 2002 -- 2003 ) Carmen and Dave : An MTV Love Story ( 2002 ) Making the Band ( 2002 -- 2009 ) Scratch and Burn ( 2002 ) Fraternity Life ( 2003 -- 2005 ) Punk 'd ( 2003 -- 2012 ) Surf Girls ( 2003 ) Spider - Man : The New Animated Series ( 2003 ) Newlyweds : Nick and Jessica ( 2003 -- 2005 ) Viva La Bam ( 2003 -- 2005 ) Wildboyz ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Rich Girls ( 2003 ) Boiling Points ( 2004 -- 2005 ) ' Til Death Do Us Part : Carmen and Dave ( 2004 ) High School Stories ( 2004 -- 2006 ) Pimp My Ride ( 2004 -- 2007 ) I Want a Famous Face ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Wanna Come In ? ( 2004 ) The Ashlee Simpson Show ( 2004 -- 2005 ) The Assistant ( 2004 ) Laguna Beach : The Real Orange County ( 2004 -- 2006 ) Battle for Ozzfest ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Date My Mom ( 2004 -- 2006 ) Room Raiders ( 2004 -- 2006 ) Damage Control ( 2005 ) PoweR Girls ( 2005 ) Trippin ' ( 2005 ) Meet the Barkers ( 2005 -- 2006 ) Next ( 2005 -- 2008 ) The Andy Milonakis Show ( 2005 -- 2007 ) MTV 's The 70s House ( 2005 ) Run 's House ( 2005 -- 2009 ) Miss Seventeen ( 2005 ) Trick It Out ( 2005 -- 2007 ) There & Back ( 2006 ) The Gamekillers ( 2006 ) Parental Control ( 2006 -- 2010 ) 8th & Ocean ( 2006 ) Call to Greatness ( 2006 ) Yo Momma ( 2006 -- 2007 ) Blowin ' Up ( 2006 -- 2007 ) The Hills ( 2006 -- 2010 ) The Adventures of Chico and Guapo ( 2006 ) Final Fu ( 2006 ) Two - A-Days ( 2006 -- 2007 ) Rob & Big ( 2006 -- 2008 ) My Own ( 2006 ) Sucker Free ( 2006 -- 2008 ) twentyfourseven ( 2006 ) Why Ca n't I Be You ? ( 2006 ) DanceLife ( 2007 ) Maui Fever ( 2007 ) Engaged and Underage ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Bam 's Unholy Union ( 2007 ) Wrestling Society X ( 2007 ) Exposed ( 2007 -- 2008 ) I 'm from Rolling Stone ( 2007 ) Juvies ( 2007 ) Taquita + Kaui ( 2007 ) Hilary Duff : This Is Now ( 2007 ) Adventures in Hollyhood ( 2007 ) Human Giant ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Scarred ( 2007 ) The X Effect ( 2007 -- 2009 ) Room 401 ( 2007 ) Newport Harbor : The Real Orange County ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Life of Ryan ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Celebrity Rap Superstar ( 2007 ) A Shot at Love with Tila Tequila ( 2007 ) Kaya ( 2007 ) Barrio 19 ( 2007 ) America 's Best Dance Crew ( 2008 -- 2015 ) That 's Amore ! ( 2008 ) Rock the Cradle ( 2008 ) The Paper ( 2008 ) A Shot at Love II with Tila Tequila ( 2008 ) Legally Blonde : The Musical -- The Search for Elle Woods ( 2008 ) FNMTV ( 2008 ) From G 's to Gents ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Buzzin ' ( 2008 ) MTV 's Top Pop Group ( 2008 ) Paris Hilton 's My New BFF ( 2008 -- 2009 ) 50 Cent : The Money and the Power ( 2008 -- 2009 ) A Double Shot at Love ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Bromance ( 2008 -- 2009 ) The City ( 2008 -- 2010 ) Daddy 's Girls ( 2009 ) How 's Your News ? ( 2009 ) The CollegeHumor Show ( 2009 ) T.I. 's Road to Redemption ( 2009 ) Dogg After Dark ( 2009 ) Taking the Stage ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Bully Beatdown ( 2009 -- 2012 ) Music Feed ( 2009 -- 2017 ) College Life ( 2009 ) The Phone ( 2009 ) $5 Cover ( 2009 ) 16 and Pregnant ( 2009 -- 2014 ) DJ & the Fro ( 2009 ) It 's On with Alexa Chung ( 2009 ) Silent Library ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Nitro Circus ( 2009 ) Pranked ( 2009 -- 2012 ) Popzilla ( 2009 ) Disaster Date ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Valemont ( 2009 ) Gone Too Far ( 2009 ) Jersey Shore ( 2009 -- 2012 ) 2010s Pretty Wild ( 2010 ) My Life as Liz ( 2010 -- 2011 ) The Buried Life ( 2010 ) When I Was 17 ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Downtown Girls ( 2010 ) The Hard Times of RJ Berger ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Warren the Ape ( 2010 ) World of Jenks ( 2010 -- 2013 ) Skins ( 2011 ) Teen Wolf ( 2011 -- 2017 ) Awkward ( 2011 -- 2016 ) I Just Want My Pants Back ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Death Valley ( 2011 ) Plain Jane ( 2011 ) Good Vibes ( 2011 ) Friendzone ( 2011 -- 2014 ) Caged ( 2012 ) The Pauly D Project ( 2012 ) Savage U ( 2012 ) Snooki & Jwoww ( 2012 -- 2015 ) The Inbetweeners ( 2012 ) The Valleys ( 2012 -- 2014 ) This Is How I Made It ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Underemployed ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Buckwild ( 2013 ) Nikki & Sara Live ( 2013 ) Girl Code ( 2013 -- 2015 ) Kesha : My Crazy Beautiful Life ( 2013 ) The Show with Vinny ( 2013 ) Zach Stone Is Gonna Be Famous ( 2013 ) Teen Mom 3 ( 2013 ) Big Tips Texas ( 2013 ) Scrubbing In ( 2013 ) Faking It ( 2014 -- 2016 ) Finding Carter ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Virgin Territory ( 2014 ) Happyland ( 2014 ) Eye Candy ( 2015 ) Follow the Rules ( 2015 ) The Shannara Chronicles ( 2016 ) Greatest Party Story Ever ( 2016 ) Loosely Exactly Nicole ( 2016 ) Mary + Jane ( 2016 ) Sweet / Vicious ( 2016 -- 2017 ) 90 's House ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scream_(TV_series)&oldid=824483142 '' Categories : 2015 American television series debuts 2010s American drama television series 2010s American horror television series American anthology television series American high school television series American mystery television series American teen drama television series English - language television programs Horror drama television series MTV television series Scream ( franchise ) Sororicide in fiction Television programs based on films Television shows filmed in Louisiana Television shows set in the United States Television series by The Weinstein Company Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2016 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Articles needing additional references from March 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Polski Português Русский Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 February 2018 , at 16 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scream%20%28TV%20series%29
| 2,013 |
||
how many general officers are there in the us army
|
The United States Code explicitly limits the total number of general officers ( termed flag officers in the Navy and Coast Guard ) that may be on active duty at any given time . The total number of active duty general officers is capped at 231 for the Army , 62 for the Marine Corps , 198 for the Air Force , and 162 for the Navy . No more than about 25 % of a service 's active duty general or flag officers may have more than two stars , and statute sets the total number of four - star officers allowed in each service . This is set at 7 four - star Army generals , 9 four - star Air Force generals , 2 four - star Marine generals , and 6 four - star Navy admirals .
|
231
|
General ( United States )
|
general ( united states )
|
In the United States Army , United States Marine Corps , and United States Air Force , general ( abbreviated as GEN in the Army or Gen in the Air Force and Marine Corps ) is a four - star general officer rank , with the pay grade of O - 10 . General ranks above lieutenant general and below General of the Army or General of the Air Force ; the Marine Corps does not have an established grade above general . General is equivalent to the rank of admiral in the other uniformed services . Since the grades of General of the Army and General of the Air Force are reserved for wartime use only , and since the Marine Corps has no five - star equivalent , the grade of general is currently considered to be the highest appointment an officer can achieve in these three services .
|
Contents ( hide ) 1 Statutory limits 2 Appointment and tour length 3 Retirement 4 History and origins 5 See also 6 References Statutory limits ( edit ) U.S. Army insignia of the rank of General . Style and method of wear may vary between the services . U.S. Marine Corps insignia of the rank of General . Style and method of wear may vary between the services . U.S. Air Force insignia of the rank of General . Style and method of wear may vary between the services . U.S. generals ' flags Rank flag of a general in the United States Army . The flag of a general of the Army Medical Department has a maroon background ; the flag of a chaplain ( general ) has a black background . The Marine Corps equivalent has 4 stars in a circular manner ; the Air Force equivalent has a blue background rather than red . Flag of a United States Marine Corps general . Flag of a United States Air Force general . The United States Code explicitly limits the total number of general officers ( termed flag officers in the Navy and Coast Guard ) that may be on active duty at any given time . The total number of active duty general officers is capped at 231 for the Army , 62 for the Marine Corps , 198 for the Air Force , and 162 for the Navy . No more than about 25 % of a service 's active duty general or flag officers may have more than two stars , and statute sets the total number of four - star officers allowed in each service . This is set at 7 four - star Army generals , 9 four - star Air Force generals , 2 four - star Marine generals , and 6 four - star Navy admirals . Several of these slots are reserved by statute . For example , the two highest - ranking members of each service ( the service chief and deputy service chief ) are designated as four - star generals . For the Army the Chief of Staff and the Vice Chief of Staff are four - star generals ; for the Marine Corps , the Commandant and the Assistant Commandant are both four - star generals ; and for the Air Force , the Chief of Staff and Vice Chief of Staff are four - star generals . In addition , for the National Guard , the Chief of the National Guard Bureau is a four - star general under active duty in the Army or Air Force . There are several exceptions to these limits allowing more than allotted within the statute : A four - star officer serving as Chairman or Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff ; an officer serving as Chief of the National Guard Bureau counts only against his service 's four - star cap ; the commander of a Unified Combatant Command ; the commander of United States Forces Korea ; the deputy commander of United States European Command if their immediate commander is also the Supreme Allied Commander , Europe ; officers serving in certain intelligence positions i.e. the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency ; officers serving in four - star slots added by the President to one service which are offset by removing an equivalent number from other services . Finally , all statutory limits may be waived at the President 's discretion during time of war or national emergency . Appointment and tour length ( edit ) Four - star grades go hand - in - hand with the positions of office to which they are linked ; the active rank of four - star general can only be held for so long - though upon retirement , if satisfactory service requirements are met , the general or admiral is normally allowed to hold that rank in retirement , rather than reverting to a lower position , as was formerly usually the case . Their active rank expires with the expiration of their term of office , which is usually set by statute . Generals are nominated for appointment by the President from any eligible officers holding the rank of brigadier general or above who meet the requirements for the position , with the advice of the Secretary of Defense , service secretary ( Secretary of the Army , Secretary of the Navy , or Secretary of the Air Force ) , and if applicable the Joint Chiefs of Staff . For some positions , statute allows the President to waive those requirements for a nominee deemed to serve national interests . The nominee must be confirmed by the United States Senate before the appointee can take office and assume the rank . Four - star ranks may also be given by act of Congress but this is extremely rare . The standard tour for most four - star positions is three years , bundled as a two - year term plus a one - year extension , with the following exceptions : Service chiefs serve for four years in one four - year term . Service vice chiefs serve for a nominal four years , but are commonly reassigned after one or two years . The Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps serves for two years . The Chief of the National Guard Bureau serves a nominal four years . Extensions of the standard tour length can be approved , within statutory limits , by their respective service secretaries , the Secretary of Defense , the President , or Congress but these are rare , as they block other officers from being promoted . Some statutory limits can be waived in times of national emergency or war . Retirement ( edit ) Other than voluntary retirement , statute sets a number of mandates for retirement . A four - star general must retire after 40 years of service unless he or she is reappointed to serve longer . Otherwise all general officers must retire the month after their 64th birthday . However , the Secretary of Defense can defer a four - star officer 's retirement until the officer 's 66th birthday and the President can defer it until the officer 's 68th birthday . General officers typically retire well in advance of the statutory age and service limits , so as not to impede the career paths of more junior officers . Since only a limited number of four - star slots are available to each service , typically one officer must leave office before another can be promoted . Maintaining a four - star rank is a game of musical chairs : once an officer vacates a position bearing that rank , he or she has no more than 60 days to be appointed or reappointed to a position of equal or greater importance before he or she must involuntarily retire . Historically , officers leaving four - star positions were allowed to revert to their permanent two - star ranks to mark time in lesser jobs until statutory retirement , but now such officers are expected to retire immediately to avoid obstructing the promotion flow . To retire at four - star grade , an officer must accumulate at least three years of satisfactory active duty service in that grade , as certified by the Secretary of Defense . The Secretary of Defense may reduce this requirement to two years , but only if the officer is not being investigated for misconduct . Officers who do not meet the service - in - grade requirement revert to the next highest grade in which they served satisfactorily for at least six months . It is extraordinarily rare for a four - star officer not to retire in that grade . Four - star officers typically step down from their posts up to 60 days in advance of their official retirement dates . Officers retire on the first day of the month , so once a retirement month has been selected , the relief and retirement ceremonies are scheduled by counting backwards from that date by the number of days of accumulated leave remaining to the retiring officer . During this period , termed transition leave or terminal leave , the officer is considered to be awaiting retirement but still on active duty . History and origins ( edit ) Main article : General officers in the United States See also ( edit ) United States Army portal United States Marine Corps portal United States Air Force portal List of active duty United States four - star officers List of United States Army four - star generals List of United States Marine Corps four - star generals List of United States Air Force four - star generals List of United States military leaders by rank United States Army officer rank insignia United States Marine Corps officer rank insignia United States Air Force officer rank insignia Staff ( military ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ 10 USC 526 . Authorized strength : general and flag officers on active duty . ^ Jump up to : 10 USC 525 . Distribution of commissioned officers on active duty in general officer and flag officer grades . Jump up ^ 10 USC 10502 Chief of the National Guard Bureau : appointment ; adviser on National Guard matters ; grade ; succession . ^ Jump up to : 10 USC 604 Senior joint officer positions : recommendations to the Secretary of Defense Jump up ^ 10 USC 528 Officers serving in certain intelligence positions : military status ; exclusion from distribution and strength limitations ; pay and allowances Jump up ^ 10 USC 527 Authority to suspend sections 523 , 525 , and 526 ^ Jump up to : 10 USC 601 Positions of importance and responsibility : generals and lieutenant generals ; admirals and vice admirals Jump up ^ 10 164 Commanders of combatant commands : assignment ; powers and duties Jump up ^ 10 USC 636 Retirement for years of service : regular officers in grades above brigadier general and rear admiral ( lower half ) ^ Jump up to : 10 USC 1253 Age 64 : regular commissioned officers in general and flag officer grades ; exception ^ Jump up to : DoD News Briefing on Thursday , June 6 , 1996 Retirement of Admiral Leighton W. Smith , Jr . Jump up ^ 10 USC 1370 Commissioned officers : general rule ; exceptions United States uniformed services commissioned officer and officer candidate ranks Pay grade / branch of service Officer candidate O - 1 O - 2 O - 3 O - 4 O - 5 O - 6 O - 7 O - 8 O - 9 O - 10 O - 11 ( Obs . ) Special grade Insignia ( 2 ) Army CDT / OC 2LT 1LT CPT MAJ LTC COL BG MG LTG GEN GA GAS Marine Corps Midn / Cand 2ndLt 1stLt Capt Maj LtCol Col BGen MajGen LtGen Gen Navy MIDN / OC ENS LTJG LT LCDR CDR CAPT RDML RADM VADM ADM FADM AN Air Force Cadet / OT / OC 2d Lt 1st Lt Capt Maj Lt Col Col Brig Gen Maj Gen Lt Gen Gen GAF Coast Guard CDT / OC ENS LTJG LT LCDR CDR CAPT RDML RADM VADM ADM PHS Corps ENS LTJG LT LCDR CDR CAPT RADM RADM VADM ADM NOAA Corps OC ENS LTJG LT LCDR CDR CAPT RDML RADM VADM Official 1945 proposal for General of the Armies insignia ; John J. Pershing 's GAS insignia : ; George Dewey 's Admiral of the Navy insignia : Rank used for specific officers in wartime only , not permanent addition to rank structure Grade is authorized by the U.S. Code for use but has not been created Grade has never been created or authorized USAF and U.S. Army insignia shown United States warrant officer ranks W - 1 W - 2 W - 3 W - 4 W - 5 Army WO1 CW2 CW3 CW4 CW5 Marine Corps WO1 CWO2 CWO3 CWO4 CWO5 Navy WO1 CWO2 CWO3 CWO4 CWO5 Air Force WO1 CWO2 CWO3 CWO4 CWO5 Coast Guard WO1 CWO2 CWO3 CWO4 PHS Corps NOAA Corps Grade inactive Grade is authorized for use by U.S. Code but has not been created Grade never created or authorized Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=General_(United_States)&oldid=803534311 '' Categories : Military ranks of the United States Army United States Marine Corps ranks Officer ranks of the United States Air Force 4 star officers Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Français 日本 語 Norsk Русский Slovenščina کوردی Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 October 2017 , at 02 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General%20%28United%20States%29
| 2,014 |
original broadway cast of the wizard of oz
|
The Wizard of Oz ( 2011 musical )
|
the wizard of oz ( 2011 musical )
|
The Wizard of Oz is a musical based on the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz , with a book adapted by Andrew Lloyd Webber and Jeremy Sams . The musical uses the Harold Arlen and E.Y. Harburg songs from the film and includes some new songs and additional music by Andrew Lloyd Webber and additional lyrics by Tim Rice .
|
After previews in the West End from 7 February , the musical opened on 1 March 2011 , directed by Jeremy Sams , and closed on 2 September 2012 . The original cast included Danielle Hope as Dorothy Gale , Michael Crawford as the Wizard and Hannah Waddingham as the Wicked Witch of the West . Sophie Evans played Dorothy on Tuesday evenings and took over the role full - time in February 2012 . The role of Dorothy was cast through the 2010 reality television show Over the Rainbow , in which Hope won and Evans was the runner - up . After a similar Canadian reality TV search show , a Toronto production began in December 2012 and closed in August 2013 , and was followed by a North American tour . In April 2017 an Australian tour was announced including season at the Lyric Theatre , Queensland Performing Arts Centre , the Capitol Theatre in Sydney , and at the Adelaide Festival Theatre . The cast includes Anthony Warlow as the Wizard with Lucy Durack as Glinda the Good Witch and Jemma Rix as Wicked Witch of the West . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Productions 3 Plot 4 Roles and original cast 5 Musical numbers 6 Cast album 7 Reception 8 Awards and nominations 8.1 Original London production 8.2 Original Toronto production 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Background ( edit ) The Wizard of Oz was first turned into a musical extravaganza by Baum himself . A loose adaptation of his 1900 novel ( there is no Wicked Witch or Toto , and there are some new characters ) , it first played in Chicago in 1902 and was a success on Broadway the following year . It then toured for nine years . The 1939 film adaptation bore a closer resemblance to the storyline of Baum 's original novel than most previous versions . It was a strong success , winning the Academy Awards for best song and best score , and continues to be broadcast perennially . Among the many musical theatre adaptations of The Wizard of Oz , two previous ones have used the songs from the film . In 1945 , the St. Louis Municipal Opera ( MUNY ) created a version with a script adapted by Frank Gabrielson from the novel , but it is influenced in some respects by the motion picture screenplay . It uses most of the songs from the film . This was followed , in 1987 , by a Royal Shakespeare Company ( RSC ) adaptation designed to more closely recreate the film version . The book by John Kane closely follows the film 's screenplay , and it and uses nearly all of the film 's music . Both the MUNY and RSC adaptations were successes and have been revived numerous times in the US and UK . Lloyd Webber The Wizard of Oz is Andrew Lloyd Webber 's 18th musical . Tim Rice first collaborated with Lloyd Webber in 1965 , together writing The Likes of Us . Their next piece was Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat , followed by two more concept albums that became hit musicals , Jesus Christ Superstar ( 1971 ) and Evita ( 1978 ) . Except for a special collaboration for Queen Elizabeth 's 60th birthday celebration , the musical Cricket in 1986 , after Evita , each man turned to other collaborators to produce further well - known musical theatre works . The Wizard of Oz was Rice and Lloyd Webber 's first production together in the West End in over three decades . To create the new musical , Lloyd Webber and director Jeremy Sams adapted the 1939 film 's screenplay , and Rice and Lloyd Webber added several new songs to the film 's score . In 2010 , Lloyd Webber told the Daily Mail , `` The fact is that The Wizard of Oz has never really worked in the theatre . The film has one or two holes where in the theatre you need a song . For example , there 's nothing for either of the two witches to sing . '' He also commented `` Tim and I are doing quite a specific thing , because we know what 's missing . '' Productions ( edit ) After previews beginning 7 February , the musical opened in the West End , at the London Palladium , on 1 March 2011 . The role of Dorothy was originated by Danielle Hope , who was selected through the reality television show Over the Rainbow , and the title role of the Wizard was created by Michael Crawford . Over the Rainbow runner - up Sophie Evans performed the role of Dorothy on Tuesday evenings and when Hope was ill or on holiday . Hannah Waddingham originated the role of the Wicked Witch of the West and was replaced in September 2011 by her understudy , Marianne Benedict . Hope and Crawford left the production on 5 February 2012 . Evans replaced Hope in the role of Dorothy full - time in February 2012 , and Russell Grant took over soon afterwards as The Wizard , for 14 weeks . Des O'Connor portrayed The Wizard from May 2012 until the production closed . The musical was produced by Lloyd Webber and Bill Kenwright , with direction by Jeremy Sams , choreography by Arlene Phillips and sets and costumes by Robert Jones . It took in pre-opening sales of £ 10 million . The production celebrated its 500th performance on 9 May 2012 and closed on 2 September 2012 . An autumn 2012 reality TV show , Over the Rainbow , hosted by Daryn Jones , searched for a Canadian girl to play the role of Dorothy in a Toronto staging by Mirvish Productions . On 5 November 2012 , viewers of the show chose Danielle Wade , a 20 - year - old University of Windsor acting major , to play the role , with Stephanie La Rochelle as 1st runner up . The production premiered on 20 December 2012 at the Ed Mirvish Theatre with an official opening on 13 January 2013 . Besides Wade , the all - Canadian cast also included Cedric Smith as Professor Marvel / the Wizard , Lisa Horner as Miss Gulch / The Wicked Witch of the West , Mike Jackson as the Tin Man , Lee MacDougall as the Cowardly Lion , Jamie McKnight as the Scarecrow and Robin Evan Willis as Glinda . The production concluded its run on 18 August 2013 , having been seen by over 500,000 people . The musical received a North American tour beginning on 10 September 2013 at the Smith Center for the Performing Arts in Las Vegas , Nevada , with the original Canadian cast , except that Jacquelyn Piro Donovan played Miss Gulch / The Wicked Witch of the West . It concluded on 29 June 2014 at the Detroit Opera House . The musical began touring Australia beginning 4 November 2017 at the Lyric Theatre , Queensland Performing Arts Centre in Brisbane , Queensland , followed by a season at the Capitol Theatre , Sydney in Sydney from 30 December 2017 . The cast includes Anthony Warlow as the Wizard with Lucy Durack as Glinda the Good and Jemma Rix as Wicked Witch of the West . Durack and Rix previously portrayed Glinda and Elphaba respectively in the Australian production of Wicked . Plot ( edit ) Act I Orphaned teenager Dorothy Gale lives on a farm in Kansas with her Aunt Em , Uncle Henry and dog Toto , but feels misunderstood ( `` Nobody Understands Me '' ) . The unpleasant Miss Gulch threatens to call the sheriff after Toto bites her leg . Dorothy wants to escape to a nicer place , somewhere ( `` Over the Rainbow '' ) . She runs away from the farm and meets Professor Marvel , who tells her all about ( `` The Wonders of the World '' ) . They are interrupted by a twister , and Dorothy runs home for shelter . Inside the farmhouse , she bangs her head on the bedside . The house is borne away by the storm . Landing in Oz , Dorothy 's house flattens the Wicked Witch of the East . Glinda , the Good Witch of the North , greets Dorothy and tells her where she is . Glinda calls for the Munchkins to `` Come Out '' . These little people , overjoyed at the demise of their wicked tormentor , welcome Dorothy and Toto ( `` Ding Dong the Witch is Dead '' ; `` We Welcome You to Munchkin Land '' ) . Glinda presents Dorothy with the magic ruby slippers that belonged to the dead witch . This enrages the witch 's sister , the Wicked Witch of the West . Glinda tells Dorothy that the Wizard of Oz might be able to help her return home , and how to find him ( `` Follow the Yellow Brick Road '' ) . Dorothy sets off toward the Emerald City to speak to the great Oz ( `` You 're Off to See the Wizard '' ) . On her way , she meets the Scarecrow , who feels inadequate with a head full of only stuffing ( `` If I Only Had a Brain '' ) . Dorothy invites him to travel with her , hoping the Wizard can help him ( `` We 're Off to See the Wizard '' ) . They soon meet the Tin Man , who is unhappy with his empty tin chest ( `` If I Only Had a Heart '' ) and invite him to join them . The Wicked Witch of the West threatens to light the Scarecrow on fire unless Dorothy gives her the ruby slippers ; Dorothy refuses . In the dark forest , they encounter a very unhappy Lion , afraid of his own tail ( `` If I Only Had the Nerve '' ) . He too joins the group on the road to the Emerald City . Emerging into the light , the friends encounter another obstacle . The Wicked Witch has cast a spell creating a huge field of poppies that puts Dorothy and the Lion to sleep . Glinda counters with a snowfall that nullifies the poison , so the friends may continue on their journey ( `` Optimistic Voices '' ) . Arriving at the Emerald City , Dorothy and company persuade the gatekeeper to admit them . They are welcomed with open arms and are groomed in preparation for a meeting with the Wizard ( `` The Merry Old Land of Oz '' ) . The Wicked Witch flies down into the City with more threats , still angry that she does n't have the ruby slippers . The four friends and Toto go into the Wizard 's chamber . The great Oz appears as a frightening , disembodied head and says he will grant the group their wishes if they do something for him first . He demands : `` Bring Me the Broomstick '' of the Wicked Witch of the West . Act II In a forest on the way to the castle of the Wicked Witch of the West , the group try to figure out how to steal the broomstick ( `` We Went to See the Wizard '' ) . They hide from a group of the Witch 's Winkies ( `` March of the Winkies '' ) . Meanwhile , in her castle , the Witch sends her flying monkeys to capture Dorothy and Toto and bring them to the castle ( `` Red Shoes Blues '' ) . She imprisons Dorothy and tells her to give up the slippers within the hour or die ( `` Red Shoes Blues '' ( reprise ) ) . Dorothy wishes more than ever that she was back at home ( `` Over the Rainbow '' ( reprise ) ) . The Scarecrow , Tin Man and Lion consider how to rescue her from the Witch 's castle ( `` If We Only Had a Plan '' ) . They disguise themselves as Winkies and sneak into the castle ( `` March of the Winkies '' ( reprise ) ) . They find the Witch and Dorothy . When the Witch tries to attack the Scarecrow , a Winkie hands Dorothy a bucket of water , which she throws over the Witch , melting her . The Winkies are thrilled to be free of the wicked witch ( `` Hail -- Hail ! The Witch is Dead '' ) . Dorothy and her friends return with the broomstick to see the Wizard . Toto reveals that the Wizard 's fearsome visage is an illusion ; he is just an ordinary man . Still , he gives the Scarecrow , Tin Man and Lion tokens of the brains , heart and courage that they already had inside of them . He tells Dorothy that he himself will take her to Kansas in his hot air balloon , appointing the Scarecrow as prime minister of Oz , with the Tin Man and Lion as other ministers ( `` You Went to See the Wizard '' ) . Just before the balloon flies off , Toto runs into the crowd , and Dorothy retrieves him , missing her ride ; she is seemingly stranded in Oz . Glinda appears to tell her that she and Toto had the power to return home all along ( `` Already Home '' ) . After saying goodbye to her friends , Dorothy clicks her heels together three times , chanting `` There 's No Place Like Home '' . Back in Kansas , Aunt Em and Uncle Henry tell Dorothy that she hit her head and had been unconscious for days . Dorothy insists her adventure in Oz was real , not a dream , but she is very grateful to be home . As Aunt Em and Uncle Henry leave her alone in her bedroom to rest , a gust of wind blows open her cupboard door , revealing the ruby slippers . Roles and original cast ( edit ) The Wizard of Oz / Professor Marvel -- Michael Crawford Dorothy Gale -- Danielle Hope Alternate Dorothy Gale -- Sophie Evans Scarecrow / Hunk -- Paul Keating Tin Man / Hickory -- Edward Baker - Duly Cowardly Lion / Zeke -- David Ganly The Wicked Witch of the West / Miss Gulch -- Hannah Waddingham Glinda the Good Witch -- Emily Tierney Aunt Em / Munchkin Barrister -- Helen Walsh Uncle Henry / Philippe / Head Guard -- Stephen Scott Toto -- Four different West Highland White Terriers alternate in the role . Musical numbers ( edit ) Most of the musical 's songs are taken from the 1939 film and were written by Harold Arlen and E.Y. Harburg . New numbers written by Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice include a song for Professor Marvel ( `` The Wonders of the World '' ) and the Wicked Witch of the West ( `` Red Shoes Blues '' ) , two songs for the Wizard ( `` Bring Me the Broomstick '' and `` Farewell to Oz '' ) and another song for Dorothy ( `` Nobody Understands Me '' ) . A song featured in the film but omitted in the musical is `` If I Were King of the Forest . '' Also not used in this musical was The Jitterbug . Act I `` Overture '' -- Orchestra and Ensemble `` Nobody Understands Me '' * -- Dorothy , Aunt Em , Uncle Henry , Hunk , Hickory , Zeke and Miss Gulch `` Over the Rainbow '' -- Dorothy `` The Wonders of the World '' * -- Professor Marvel `` The Twister '' -- Orchestra Munchkinland Sequence : `` Come Out , Come Out ... Ding ! Dong ! The Witch is Dead ... We Welcome You to Munchkinland '' -- Glinda , Dorothy and Munchkins `` Follow the Yellow Brick Road '' -- Glinda , Dorothy and Munchkins `` If I Only Had a Brain '' -- Scarecrow and Dorothy `` We 're Off to See the Wizard '' -- Dorothy and Scarecrow `` If I Only Had a Heart '' -- Tin Man `` If I Only Had the Nerve '' -- Lion `` Optimistic Voices '' -- Dorothy , Lion , Scarecrow , Tin Man and Ensemble `` The Merry Old Land of Oz '' -- Company `` Bring Me the Broomstick '' * -- The Wizard Act II Entr'acte -- Orchestra `` We Went to See the Wizard '' * * -- Dorothy , Scarecrow , Tin Man and Lion `` March of the Winkies '' -- Ensemble `` Red Shoes Blues '' * -- Wicked Witch of the West and Winkies `` Over the Rainbow '' ( reprise ) * * -- Dorothy `` If We Only Had a Plan '' * * -- Lion , Tin Man and Scarecrow `` March of the Winkies '' ( reprise ) -- Ensemble , Tin Man , Scarecrow and Lion `` Hail -- Hail ! The Witch is Dead '' -- Ensemble `` You Went to See the Wizard '' * * -- The Wizard `` Farewell to Oz '' * -- The Wizard `` Already Home '' * -- Glinda , Dorothy and Ensemble Finale -- Dorothy and Company * denotes new song by Rice and Lloyd Webber . * * denotes new lyric by Rice . Cast album ( edit ) A cast album , featuring the songs from the original production , was released as a CD and digital download on 9 May 2011 . Reception ( edit ) Opening night reviews were mixed but generally praised the designs , the special effects and several cast members , especially Waddingham . The Telegraph reviewer , Charles Spencer , rated the production three out of five stars , writing : `` Jeremy Sams 's production pulls out all the stops , with ingenious designs by Robert Jones that skilfully conjure up both the sepia world of Kansas and the lurid colours of Oz . Dorothy 's flight to the enchanted land is thrillingly caught with the help of film effects that would n't look out of place on Doctor Who and the story is told with clarity and pace '' , but added that Hope `` offers a thoroughly competent rather than an inspired performance '' that `` lacks the heart - catching vulnerability of the young Judy Garland '' . Paul Taylor of The Independent gave the show four out of five stars , commenting : `` Jeremy Sams 's production is a marvel of beguiling narrative fluency and , with Robert Jones 's superb designs , of endlessly witty and spectacular visual invention -- from the digitally - enhanced hurricane transition to Oz to the skeletally twisted Gothic palace of the Wicked Witch and her totalitarian , helmeted guards . '' Henry Hitchings of the London Evening Standard also gave the show four out of five stars , praising Jones 's `` lavish costumes and lovingly conceived sets ... The story is lucid and well - paced , though the technological wizardry occasionally obscures its inherent magic ... Danielle Hope ... makes a winning impression . Her performance combines innocence with easy charm , and her voice soars . '' Although Michael Billington , the reviewer at The Guardian , felt `` blitzkrieged rather than charmed '' , he gave the production three stars out of five , writing : `` The star of the show is undoubtedly the set and costume designer , Robert Jones . The Kansas cyclone that whisks Dorothy into a dreamworld is evoked through vorticist projections ( the work of Jon Driscoll ) that betoken chaos in the cosmos . The Yellow Brick Road is on a tilted revolve from inside which poppyfields and labyrinthine forest emerge . The Emerald City is full of steeply inclined walls suggesting a drunkard 's vision of the Chrysler Building lobby . And the Wicked Witch of the West inhabits a rotating dungeon that might be a Piranesi nightmare ... Of course , there are the songs ; it 's good to be reminded of such classics as `` Over The Rainbow '' , `` We 're Off To See The Wizard '' , and `` Follow The Yellow Brick Road '' . The additions by Lloyd Webber and Rice are also perfectly acceptable . Dorothy is given a good plaintive opening number , and Red Shoes Blues , sung by the Wicked Witch , has a pounding intensity . '' Writing in the Daily Mail , Quentin Letts felt that `` the story lacks the emotive motor of a love affair '' and that the `` dramatic buzz '' is `` not much better than you 'd find at a decent pantomime '' . The Oxford Times reviewed the production during Evans 's first week ( in May 2011 ) replacing the vacationing Hope , calling the show `` hugely enjoyable '' and commenting of Evans : `` Such is her success in the role that it would be hard to imagine anyone could consider they were getting second - best . '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Original London production ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Result Ref 2012 Laurence Olivier Award Best Musical Revival Nominated Whatsonstage.com Theatergoers Choice Awards Best Musical Revival Won Best Supporting Actress in a Musical Hannah Waddingham Won Newcomer of the Year Danielle Hope Nominated Best Set Designer Robert Jones Nominated Original Toronto production ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Result Ref 2013 Dora Awards Outstanding Production Nominated Outstanding Performance - Female Lisa Horner Won Outstanding Performance - Male Cedric Smith Nominated Outstanding Performance - Ensemble Cast Nominated See also ( edit ) Adaptations of The Wizard of Oz Musical selections in The Wizard of Oz Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The World 's Favourite Musical Returns To Australia '' . The Wizard of Oz The Musical Official Site . The Really Useful Group . Retrieved 14 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : James , Erin . `` Once a witch , always a witch : Durack and Rix reunite for The Wizard of Oz '' . Aussie Theatre . aussietheatre.com.au . Retrieved 14 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lucy Durack and Jemma Rix Join Anthony Warlow in a Trip Down the Yellow Brick Road in THE WIZARD OF OZ '' . Broadway World . broadwayworld.com . Jump up ^ Swartz , p. 146 Jump up ^ Swartz , p. 257 Jump up ^ Raymond , Kurt . `` We 're off to Stage the Wizard of Oz '' . Beyond the Rainbow to Oz website . Retrieved 25 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Underhill , William . `` The Wizard of the West End '' . Newsweek , 30 January 2011 Archived February 4 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Moreton , Cole . `` Why I 'm working with Tim Rice for the first time in 34 years : Andrew Lloyd Webber strikes again '' . Daily Mail , 17 July 2010 . Retrieved 20 December 2010 Jump up ^ `` The Show '' . www.wizardofozthemusical.com . Retrieved 10 February 2011 Jump up ^ Note that , in the 1987 version , Glinda sings `` Optimistic Voices '' . Raymond , Kurt . `` We 're off to Stage the Wizard of Oz '' . Beyond the Rainbow to Oz website . Retrieved 25 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The London Palladium , ' The Wizard of Oz ' `` . London Theatreland . Retrieved 19 December 2010 Jump up ^ Vine , Katherine ( 2 April 2010 ) . `` Yellow Brick Road to Fame '' . Manchester : Manchester Evening News . Retrieved 4 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Crawford to Star in New ' Wizard of Oz ' '' . nytimes.com . Retrieved 14 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sophie Evans cast as alternate Dorothy '' . OfficialLondonTheatre.com. 22 July 2010 . Retrieved 31 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Shenton , Mark . `` Hannah Waddingham , Paul Keating and More Cast in London Palladium 's New Wizard of Oz '' Archived November 27 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... Playbill.com , 25 November 2010 Jump up ^ Marianne Benedict taking over from Hannah Waddingham in Wizard of Oz Jump up ^ Michael Crawford & Danielle Hope to Depart UK Wizard of Oz Feb. 5 , BroadwayWorld.com , 12 January 2012 Jump up ^ `` Sophie Evans to Take Over as Dorothy in West End 's The Wizard of Oz '' , accessed 20 January 2012 Jump up ^ `` Russell Grant to Replace Michael Crawford in Title Role of London 's The Wizard of Oz '' , accessed 23 January 2012 ^ Jump up to : `` Confirmed : Des O'Connor to Star as The Wizard in THE WIZARD OF OZ from May 22 ; Show to Close in September '' , BroadwayWorld , 22 May 2012 , accessed 14 September 2013 Jump up ^ Dalglish , Darren . `` The Wizard of Oz cast updates at London Palladium '' . LondonTheatre , 25 November 2010 . Retrieved 18 December 2010 Jump up ^ Stott , Hannah . `` ' The Wizard of Oz ' Prepares to Open to the Public With £ 10m of Tickets Already Sold '' . Sky News online , 2 March 2011 Jump up ^ `` Photo Flash : Wizard of Oz Celebrates 500th Performance ! '' , BroadwayWorld.com , 10 May 2012 Jump up ^ `` CBC fall season reflects reduced budget '' , CBC News , 10 May 2012 Jump up ^ `` Canada to Launch Over the Rainbow Reality Show to Cast ' Dorothy ' in ALW 's THE WIZARD OF OZ '' , Broadway World , 23 May 2012 Jump up ^ `` Over the Rainbow viewers pick Danielle to play Dorothy '' , CBCnews , 6 November 2012 Jump up ^ Ahearn , Victoria . `` Over the Rainbow winner realizing she 's not in La Salle , Ont. , anymore '' , The Province , Canada.com , 7 November 2012 Jump up ^ `` All - Canadian Cast to Lead Toronto 's The Wizard of Oz '' , BroadwayWorld , accessed 13 November 2012 Jump up ^ `` Wizard of Oz Ends Toronto Run Today , North American Tour to Launch in Vegas , 9 / 10 '' , Broadway World , 18 August 2013 Jump up ^ `` Danielle Wade - Feature Interview '' , CBC Radio , accessed 2 June 2014 Jump up ^ In the song , he describes famous landmarks like the Wonders of the World , images of which are projected onto a screen that is part of his wagon . ^ Jump up to : `` Cast List - The Wizard of Oz - The Musical '' . wizardofozthemusical.com . Retrieved 7 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` As Andrew Lloyd Webber 's The Wizard of Oz hits London 's West End , we look at the real stars -- the dogs who play Toto '' . The Guardian , 2 March 2011 Jump up ^ Peck , Tom . `` Dogs : The new stars of stage bow - wowing the West End '' . The Independent , 3 March 2011 Jump up ^ `` Scenes and Musical Numbers '' . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Theatre Programme , London Palladium , 26 February 2011 Jump up ^ `` Wizard of Oz album released '' . DanielleHope.co.uk. 2011 - 05 - 09 . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ Spencer , Charles . `` Andrew Lloyd Webber 's The Wizard of Oz , London Palladium , review '' . The Telegraph , 1 March 2011 Jump up ^ Taylor , Paul . `` First Night : The Wizard of Oz , London Palladium . The Independent , 2 March 2011 Jump up ^ Hitchings , Henry . `` Andrew Lloyd Webber finds new magic in The Wizard Of Oz '' . London Evening Standard Jump up ^ Billington , Michael . `` ' The Wizard of Oz ' - review '' . The Guardian , 2 March 2011 Jump up ^ Letts , Quentin . `` Toto takes a bow - wow ! Dorothy 's pet pooch is a wizard of the stage '' . Daily Mail , 2 March 2011 Jump up ^ Gray , Christopher . `` The Wizard of Oz : The London Palladium '' , The Oxford Times , 6 May 2011 . See also Price , Karen . `` Review : The Wizard of Oz , London Palladium '' . Wales Online , 30 April 2011 `` She plays a naive and tender Dorothy who you really want to befriend . '' Jump up ^ 2012 Laurence Olivier Award Nominations Announced ; Matilda The Musical Leads with 10 Jump up ^ Full List : 2012 Whatsonstage.com Award winners Jump up ^ Dora Mavor Moore Awards Nominees & Recipients , Toronto Alliance for the Performing Arts , accessed 14 April 2014 References ( edit ) Swartz , Mark Evan . `` Oz Before the Rainbow : L. Frank Baum 's ' The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ' on Stage and Screen to 1939 '' . The Johns Hopkins University Press , 2000 ISBN 0 - 8018 - 6477 - 1 External links ( edit ) Official Site The Wonderful Wizard of Oz Canonical books L. Frank Baum The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1900 ) The Marvelous Land of Oz ( 1904 ) Ozma of Oz ( 1907 ) Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz ( 1908 ) The Road to Oz ( 1909 ) The Emerald City of Oz ( 1910 ) The Patchwork Girl of Oz ( 1913 ) Tik - Tok of Oz ( 1914 ) The Scarecrow of Oz ( 1915 ) Rinkitink in Oz ( 1916 ) The Lost Princess of Oz ( 1917 ) The Tin Woodman of Oz ( 1918 ) The Magic of Oz ( 1919 ) Glinda of Oz ( 1920 ) Ruth Plumly Thompson The Royal Book of Oz ( 1921 ) Kabumpo in Oz ( 1922 ) The Cowardly Lion of Oz ( 1923 ) Grampa in Oz ( 1924 ) The Lost King of Oz ( 1925 ) The Hungry Tiger of Oz ( 1926 ) The Gnome King of Oz ( 1927 ) The Giant Horse of Oz ( 1928 ) Jack Pumpkinhead of Oz ( 1929 ) The Yellow Knight of Oz ( 1930 ) Pirates in Oz ( 1931 ) The Purple Prince of Oz ( 1932 ) Ojo in Oz ( 1933 ) Speedy in Oz ( 1934 ) The Wishing Horse of Oz ( 1935 ) Captain Salt in Oz ( 1936 ) Handy Mandy in Oz ( 1937 ) The Silver Princess in Oz ( 1938 ) Ozoplaning with the Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) Others The Wonder City of Oz ( 1940 ) The Scalawagons of Oz ( 1941 ) Lucky Bucky in Oz ( 1942 ) The Magical Mimics in Oz ( 1946 ) The Shaggy Man of Oz ( 1949 ) The Hidden Valley of Oz ( 1951 ) Merry Go Round in Oz ( 1963 ) Yankee in Oz ( 1972 ) The Enchanted Island of Oz ( 1976 ) The Forbidden Fountain of Oz ( 1980 ) The Ozmapolitan of Oz ( 1986 ) The Wicked Witch of Oz ( 1993 ) The Giant Garden of Oz ( 1993 ) The Runaway in Oz ( 1995 ) The Rundelstone of Oz ( 2000 ) The Emerald Wand of Oz ( 2005 ) Trouble Under Oz ( 2006 ) Alternate Dorothy of Oz ( 1989 ) Locations and elements Land of Oz Emerald City Munchkin Country Gillikin Country Winkie Country Quadling Country Yellow brick road Oogaboo Deadly Desert Nonestica Forest of Burzee Land of Ev Merryland Mo Ix Nome Kingdom Noland Ruby slippers Silver Shoes The Oz Film Manufacturing Company Characters Dorothy Gale Toto Princess Ozma The Wizard of Oz Scarecrow Tin Woodman Cowardly Lion Jack Pumpkinhead Tik - Tok Sawhorse Hungry Tiger Good Witch of the North Glinda , the Good Witch of the South Wicked Witch of the West Wicked Witch of the East Aunt Em Uncle Henry Betsy Bobbin Billina Boq Button - Bright Cap'n Bill Eureka Glass Cat Jellia Jamb Jinjur Jinnicky the Red Jinn John Dough Kabumpo Mombi Munchkins Nine Tiny Piglets Nome King Ojo the Lucky Pastoria Patchwork Girl Peter Brown Pigasus Polychrome Queen Lurline Shaggy Man Soldier with the Green Whiskers Trot Winged monkeys Woggle - Bug Other writers Authors John R. Neill Jack Snow Rachel Cosgrove Payes Eloise Jarvis McGraw Dick Martin Alexander Volkov Gregory Maguire Sherwood Smith Roger S. Baum Illustrators William Wallace Denslow Frank Kramer Dirk Gringhuis Dick Martin Eric Shanower William Stout Adaptations and other derivative works Films The Fairylogue and Radio - Plays ( 1908 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1910 ) Dorothy and the Scarecrow in Oz ( 1910 ) The Land of Oz ( 1910 ) John Dough and the Cherub ( 1910 ) The Patchwork Girl of Oz ( 1914 ) The Magic Cloak of Oz ( 1914 ) His Majesty , the Scarecrow of Oz ( 1914 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1925 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1933 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) Return to Oz ( 1964 ) The Wonderful Land of Oz ( 1969 ) Ayşecik ve Sihirli Cüceler Rüyalar Ülkesinde ( 1971 ) Journey Back to Oz ( 1974 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1975 ) The Wiz ( 1978 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1982 ) Return to Oz ( 1985 ) Dorothy Meets Ozma of Oz ( 1987 ) The Dreamer of Oz : The L. Frank Baum Story ( 1990 ) Lion of Oz ( 2000 ) The Muppets ' Wizard of Oz ( 2005 ) Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz ( 2011 ) Dorothy and the Witches of Oz ( 2011 ) After the Wizard ( 2011 ) Oz the Great and Powerful ( 2013 ) Legends of Oz : Dorothy 's Return ( 2014 ) Ozland ( 2014 ) Guardians of Oz ( 2015 ) Tom and Jerry : Back to Oz ( 2016 ) Stage The Wizard of Oz ( 1902 ) The Woggle - Bug ( 1905 ) The Tik - Tok Man of Oz ( 1913 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1942 ) The Wiz ( 1974 ) The Marvelous Land of Oz ( 1981 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1987 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 2000 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 2011 ) The Woodsman ( 2012 ) Television Tales of the Wizard of Oz ( 1961 ) Off to See the Wizard ( 1967 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1986 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1990 ) The Oz Kids ( 1996 ) Lost in Oz ( 2002 ) Once Upon a Time ( since 2011 ) The Wiz Live ! ( 2015 ) Lost In Oz ( 2015 ) Emerald City ( 2017 ) Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz ( 2017 ) Comics Queer Visitors from the Marvelous Land of Oz ( 1904 -- 05 ) Adventures in Oz ( 1986 -- 92 ) The Enchanted Apples of Oz ( 1986 ) Oz Squad ( 1991 ) Lost Girls ( 1991 -- 92 ) Oz ( 1994 ) Dorothy of Oz ( 2006 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 2009 ) Video games The Wizard of Oz ( 1993 ) The Wizard of Oz : Beyond the Yellow Brick Road ( 2008 ) Emerald City Confidential ( 2009 ) Parodies The Wozard of Iz Os Trapalhões eo Mágico de Oróz The Wonderful Wizard of Ha 's Wizard of Odd Reimagining The Wizard of Mars ( 1965 ) Hunter ( 1973 ) Zardoz ( 1974 ) Oz ( 1976 ) The Number of the Beast ( 1980 ) A Barnstormer in Oz ( 1982 ) The Wizard of A.I.D.S. ( 1987 ) The Wonderful Galaxy of Oz ( 1990 ) Twister ( 1994 ) The Dark Tower IV : Wizard and Glass ( 1997 ) Tin Man ( 2007 ) Dorothy Must Die ( 2014 ) The Wicked Will Rise ( 2015 ) The Wicked Years Wicked Son of a Witch A Lion Among Men Out of Oz Wicked ( musical ) Characters Others Rainbow Road to Oz MÄR The Wizard of Oz ( pinball ) The Wizard of Oz ( arcade game ) Related The International Wizard of Oz Club The Baum Bugle Category Portal The Wizard of Oz Elements `` Surrender Dorothy '' Ruby slippers Music `` Over the Rainbow '' `` Ding - Dong ! The Witch Is Dead '' `` We 're Off to See the Wizard '' `` If I Only Had a Brain '' `` Optimistic Voices '' `` The Merry Old Land of Oz '' `` If I Were King of the Forest '' `` The Jitterbug '' ( cut from final film ) Versions , sequels , and adaptations Stage musicals : 1942 , 1987 , 2011 The Wizard of Oz in Concert : Dreams Come True On television Was Apocalypse Oz Off to See the Wizard Journey Back to Oz The Wiz The Wizard of Oz ( TV series ) Return to Oz ( 1985 ) Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz Wicked Oz the Great and Powerful Legends of Oz : Dorothy 's Return Tom and Jerry : Back to Oz Lost In Oz Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz Games Arcade game Pinball Video game Related The Making of The Wizard of Oz Friend of Dorothy Over the Rainbow Dark Side of the Rainbow Meco Plays The Wizard of Oz Lego Dimensions L. Frank Baum The Wonderful Wizard of Oz Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice Musicals by Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice Musicals The Likes of Us Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat Jesus Christ Superstar Evita Cricket The Wizard of Oz ( additional music and lyrics ) Films Jesus Christ Superstar Evita Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat Albums Jesus Christ Superstar Evita ( 1976 concept album ) Evita ( 1996 film soundtrack ) Songs `` Any Dream Will Do '' `` Close Every Door '' `` Everything 's Alright '' `` This Jesus Must Die '' `` I Do n't Know How to Love Him '' `` Superstar '' `` Oh What a Circus '' `` Another Suitcase in Another Hall '' `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' `` You Must Love Me '' Related television Any Dream Will Do Superstar When Joseph Met Maria Andrew Lloyd Webber Musicals The Likes of Us Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat Jesus Christ Superstar Evita Tell Me on a Sunday Cats Song and Dance Starlight Express Cricket The Phantom of the Opera Aspects of Love Sunset Boulevard By Jeeves aka Jeeves Whistle Down the Wind The Beautiful Game ( aka The Boys in the Photograph ) The Woman in White Love Never Dies The Wizard of Oz Stephen Ward School of Rock Songs `` Any Dream Will Do '' `` Close Every Door '' `` Everything 's Alright '' `` This Jesus Must Die '' `` I Do n't Know How to Love Him '' `` Superstar '' `` Oh What a Circus '' `` Another Suitcase in Another Hall '' `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' `` You Must Love Me '' `` Take That Look Off Your Face '' `` Unexpected Song '' `` Memory '' `` Pie Jesu '' `` The Phantom of the Opera '' `` The Music of the Night '' `` All I Ask of You '' `` Anything But Lonely '' `` As If We Never Said Goodbye '' `` No Matter What '' `` ' Til I Hear You Sing '' Other compositions Variations Requiem Watership Down Film adaptations Cats Jesus Christ Superstar Evita Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat The Phantom of the Opera The Phantom of the Opera at the Royal Albert Hall Family William Lloyd Webber ( father ) Julian Lloyd Webber ( brother ) Imogen Lloyd Webber ( daughter ) Sarah Brightman ( second wife ) Madeleine Gurdon ( third wife ) Jiaxin Cheng ( sister - in - law ) Company Really Useful Group Tim Rice Theatre The Likes of Us ( 1965 / 2005 ) Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat ( 1968 ) Jesus Christ Superstar ( 1971 ) Evita ( 1976 ) Blondel / Lute ! ( 1983 ) Chess ( 1984 ) Cricket ( 1986 ) Tycoon ( 1992 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) Heathcliff ( 1995 ) The Lion King ( 1997 ) King David ( 1997 ) Aida ( 1998 ) Disney 's Aladdin : A Musical Spectacular ( 2003 ) Aladdin ( 2011 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 2011 ) From Here to Eternity ( 2013 ) Albums Jesus Christ Superstar ( 1970 ) 1984 ( 1981 ) Cost of Living ( 1983 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Films Jesus Christ Superstar ( 1973 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Evita ( 1996 ) Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat ( 1999 ) The Road to El Dorado ( 2000 ) The Nutcracker in 3D ( 2010 ) Jock the Hero Dog ( 2011 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Aladdin ( 2019 ) The Lion King ( 2019 ) Songs `` Any Dream Will Do '' `` Close Every Door '' `` Everything 's Alright '' `` This Jesus Must Die '' `` I Do n't Know How to Love Him '' `` Superstar '' `` Oh What a Circus '' `` Another Suitcase in Another Hall '' `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' `` A Winter 's Tale '' `` All Time High '' `` The Golden Boy '' `` One Jump Ahead '' `` A Whole New World '' `` Prince Ali '' `` Circle of Life '' `` I Just Ca n't Wait to Be King '' `` Be Prepared '' `` Hakuna Matata '' `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' `` The Madness of King Scar '' `` You Must Love Me '' `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` A Change in Me '' `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' `` Days in the Sun '' `` Evermore '' Other works The Guinness Book of British Hit Singles ( 1977 ) Friday Night , Saturday Morning ( 1979 ) Sixty - Six Books ( 2011 ) Related articles Andrew Lloyd Webber Elaine Paige Elton John Alan Menken Andrew Lloyd Webber musical revival search Series and contestants How Do You Solve a Problem like Maria ? ( 2006 ) Connie Fisher Helena Blackman Siobhan Dillon Aoife Mulholland Abi Finley Any Dream Will Do ( 2007 ) Lee Mead Keith Jack Ben James - Ellis Daniel Boys I 'd Do Anything ( 2008 ) Jodie Prenger Jessie Buckley Samantha Barks Rachel Tucker Niamh Perry Sarah Lark Francesca Jackson Tara Bethan Over the Rainbow ( 2010 ) Danielle Hope Sophie Evans Lauren Samuels Stephanie Fearon Jessica Robinson Stephanie Davis Amy Diamond Superstar ( 2012 ) Ben Forster Special shows When Joseph Met Maria ( 2007 ) International versions United States Grease : You 're the One That I Want ! ( 2007 ) Canada How Do You Solve a Problem Like Maria ? ( 2008 ) Over the Rainbow ( 2012 ) Belgium Op zoek naar Maria ( 2009 ) Netherlands Op zoek naar Evita ( 2007 ) Op zoek naar Joseph ( 2008 ) Op zoek naar Mary Poppins ( 2009 ) Op zoek naar Zorro ( 2011 ) Musicals The Sound of Music Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat Oliver ! The Wizard of Oz Jesus Christ Superstar Grease Evita Mary Poppins Zorro Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Wizard_of_Oz_(2011_musical)&oldid=840592313 '' Categories : 2011 musicals Musicals based on films Oz in stage and film productions West End musicals Musicals based on novels The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 film ) Musicals by Tim Rice Musicals by Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 10 May 2018 , at 21 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Wizard%20of%20Oz%20%282011%20musical%29
| 2,015 |
||
when was father's day first introduced in england
|
In the United Kingdom Father 's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of June . The day does not have a long tradition ; The English Year ( 2006 ) states that it entered British popular culture `` sometime after the Second World War , not without opposition '' .
|
Father 's Day
|
father's day
|
Father 's Day is a celebration honoring fathers and celebrating fatherhood , paternal bonds , and the influence of fathers in society . In Catholic Europe , it has been celebrated on March 19 ( St. Joseph 's Day ) since the Middle Ages . This celebration was brought by the Spanish and Portuguese to Latin America , where March 19 is often still used for it , though many countries in Europe and the Americas have adopted the U.S. date , which is the third Sunday of June ( falling June 18 in 2017 ) . It is celebrated on various days in many parts of the world , most commonly in the months of March , April and June . It complements similar celebrations honoring family members , such as Mother 's Day , Siblings Day and Grandparents Day .
|
Contents ( hide ) 1 History and traditions 1.1 Early history 1.2 In the US 1.2. 1 Beginnings 1.2. 2 Failed attempts at establishing a Father 's Day 1.2. 3 Establishment of the holiday 2 Spelling 3 Dates around the world 4 International history and traditions 4.1 Argentina 4.2 Aruba 4.3 Australia 4.4 Austria 4.5 Belgium 4.6 Brazil 4.7 Canada 4.8 China 4.9 Costa Rica 4.10 Croatia 4.11 Denmark 4.12 Estonia 4.13 Finland 4.14 France 4.15 Germany 4.16 Haiti 4.17 Hong Kong 4.18 Hungary 4.19 India 4.20 Indonesia 4.21 Ireland 4.22 Israel 4.23 Italy 4.24 Japan 4.25 Kazakhstan 4.26 Kenya 4.27 Korea 4.28 Latvia 4.29 Lithuania 4.30 Macao 4.31 Malaysia 4.32 Malta 4.33 Mexico 4.34 Mongolia 4.35 Nepal 4.36 Netherlands 4.37 New Zealand 4.38 Norway 4.39 Pakistan 4.40 Peru 4.41 Philippines 4.42 Poland 4.43 Portugal 4.44 Roman Catholic tradition 4.45 Romania 4.46 Russia 4.47 American Samoa and Samoa 4.48 Seychelles 4.49 Singapore 4.50 Slovakia 4.51 South Africa 4.52 South Sudan 4.53 Spain 4.54 Sri Lanka 4.55 Sudan 4.56 Sweden 4.57 Taiwan 4.58 Thailand 4.59 Trinidad and Tobago 4.60 Turkey 4.61 United Arab Emirates 4.62 United Kingdom 4.63 United States of America 4.64 Ukraine 4.65 Venezuela 5 See also 6 References 6.1 Bibliography 7 External links History and traditions ( edit ) Early History ( edit ) A customary day for the celebration of fatherhood in Catholic Europe is known to date back to at least the Middle Ages , and it is observed on 19 March , as the feast day of Saint Joseph , who is referred to as the fatherly Nutritor Domini ( `` Nourisher of the Lord '' ) in Catholicism and `` the putative father of Jesus '' in southern European tradition . This celebration was brought to the Americans by the Spanish and Portuguese , and in Latin America , Father 's Day is still celebrated on 19 March . The Catholic church actively supported the custom of a celebration of fatherhood on St. Joseph 's day from either the last years of the 14th century or from the early 15th century , apparently on the initiative of the Franciscans . In the Coptic Church , the celebration of fatherhood is also observed on St Joseph 's Day , but the Copts observe this celebration on July 20 . This Coptic celebration may date back to the fifth century . In the U.S. ( edit ) Beginnings ( edit ) Father 's Day was not celebrated in the US , outside Catholic traditions , until the 20th century . As a civic celebration in the US , it was inaugurated in the early 20th century to complement Mother 's Day by celebrating fathers and male parenting . Bangladeshi father with son and daughter After Anna Jarvis ' successful promotion of Mother 's Day in Grafton , West Virginia , the first observance of a `` Father 's Day '' was held on July 5 , 1908 , in Fairmont , West Virginia , in the Williams Memorial Methodist Episcopal Church South , now known as Central United Methodist Church . Grace Golden Clayton was mourning the loss of her father , when in December 1907 , the Monongah Mining Disaster in nearby Monongah killed 361 men , 250 of them fathers , leaving around a thousand fatherless children . Clayton suggested that her pastor Robert Thomas Webb honor all those fathers . Clayton 's event did not have repercussions outside Fairmont for several reasons , among them : the city was overwhelmed by other events , the celebration was never promoted outside the town itself and no proclamation of it was made by the city council . Also , two events overshadowed this event : the celebration of Independence Day July 4 , 1908 , with 12,000 attendants and several shows including a hot air balloon event , which took over the headlines in the following days , and the death of a 16 - year - old girl on July 4 . The local church and council were overwhelmed and they did not even think of promoting the event , and it was not celebrated again for many years . The original sermon was not reproduced by the press and it was lost . Finally , Clayton was a quiet person , who never promoted the event and never talked to other persons about it . Failed attempts at establishing a Father 's Day ( edit ) In 1911 , Jane Addams proposed that a citywide Father 's Day celebration be held in Chicago , but she was turned down . In 1912 , there was a Father 's Day celebration in Vancouver , Washington , suggested by Methodist pastor J.J. Berringer of the Irvington Methodist Church . They mistakenly believed that they had been the first to celebrate such a day . They followed a 1911 suggestion by the Portland Oregonian . Harry C. Meek , a member of Lions Clubs International , claimed that he had first come up with the idea for Father 's Day in 1915 . Meek said that the third Sunday in June was chosen because it was his birthday . The Lions Club has named him the `` Originator of Father 's Day '' . Meek made many efforts to promote Father 's Day and make it an official holiday . Establishment of the holiday ( edit ) On June 19 , 1910 , a Father 's Day celebration was held at the YMCA in Spokane , Washington by Sonora Smart Dodd . Her father , the civil war veteran William Jackson Smart , was a single parent who raised his six children there . She was also a member of Old Centenary Presbyterian Church ( now Knox Presbyterian Church ) , where she first proposed the idea . After hearing a sermon about Jarvis ' Mother 's Day in 1909 at Central Methodist Episcopal Church , she told her pastor that fathers should have a similar holiday to honor them . Although she initially suggested June 5 , her father 's birthday , the pastors did not have enough time to prepare their sermons , and the celebration was deferred to the third Sunday in June . Several local clergymen accepted the idea , and on June 19 , 1910 , the first Father 's Day , `` sermons honoring fathers were presented throughout the city '' . However , in the 1920s , Dodd stopped promoting the celebration because she was studying at the Art Institute of Chicago , and it faded into relative obscurity , even in Spokane . In the 1930s , Dodd returned to Spokane and started promoting the celebration again , raising awareness at a national level . She had the help of those trade groups that would benefit most from the holiday , for example the manufacturers of ties , tobacco pipes , and any traditional present for fathers . By 1938 , she had the help of the Father 's Day Council , founded by the New York Associated Men 's Wear Retailers to consolidate and systematize the holiday 's commercial promotion . Americans resisted the holiday for its first few decades , viewing it as nothing more than an attempt by merchants to replicate the commercial success of Mother 's Day , and newspapers frequently featured cynical and sarcastic attacks and jokes . However , the said merchants remained resilient and even incorporated these attacks into their advertisements . By the mid-1980s , the Father 's Day Council wrote , `` ( ... ) ( Father 's Day ) has become a Second Christmas for all the men 's gift - oriented industries . '' A bill to accord national recognition of the holiday was introduced in Congress in 1913 . In 1916 , President Woodrow Wilson went to Spokane to speak at a Father 's Day celebration and he wanted to make it an officially recognized federal holiday , but Congress resisted , fearing that it would become commercialized . US President Calvin Coolidge recommended in 1924 that the day be observed throughout the entire nation , but he stopped short at issuing a national proclamation . Two earlier attempts to formally recognize the holiday had been defeated by Congress . In 1957 , Maine Senator Margaret Chase Smith wrote a Father 's Day proposal accusing Congress of ignoring fathers for 40 years while honoring mothers , thus `` ( singling ) out just one of our two parents '' . In 1966 , President Lyndon B. Johnson issued the first presidential proclamation honoring fathers , designating the third Sunday in June as Father 's Day . Six years later , the day was made a permanent national holiday when President Richard Nixon signed it into law in 1972 . In addition to Father 's Day , International Men 's Day is celebrated in many countries on November 19 in honor of men and boys who are not fathers . Spelling ( edit ) In the United States , Dodd used the `` Fathers ' Day '' spelling on her original petition for the holiday , but the spelling `` Father 's Day '' was already used in 1913 when a bill was introduced to the U.S. Congress as the first attempt to establish the holiday , and it was still spelled the same way when its creator was commended in 2008 by the U.S. Congress . Dates around the world ( edit ) The officially recognized date of Father 's Day varies from country to country . This section lists some significant examples , in order of date of observance . Gregorian calendar Occurrence Dates Country February 23 Russia ( Defender of the Fatherland Day ) * St Joseph 's Day March 19 Andorra ( Dia del Pare ) Angola Belgium ( Antwerp ) Bolivia Croatia Honduras Italy ( Festa del papà ) Liechtenstein Mozambique ( Dia do Pai ) Portugal ( Dia do Pai ) Spain ( Día del Padre ) Switzerland ( Canton Ticino ) May 7 Kazakhstan May 8 South Korea ( Parents ' Day ) Second Sunday in May May 8 , 2016 May 14 , 2017 May 13 , 2018 Romania ( Ziua Tatălui ) Third Sunday in May May 15 , 2016 May 21 , 2017 May 20 , 2018 Tonga Ascension Day May 5 , 2016 May 25 , 2017 May 10 , 2018 Germany First Sunday in June Jun 5 , 2016 Jun 4 , 2017 Jun 3 , 2018 Lithuania ( Tėvo diena ) Switzerland June 5 Denmark ( also Constitution Day ) Second Sunday in June Jun 12 , 2016 Jun 11 , 2017 Jun 10 , 2018 Austria Belgium Third Sunday in June Jun 19 , 2016 Jun 18 , 2017 Jun 17 , 2018 Jun 16 , 2019 Afghanistan Algeria Albania Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Aruba Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belize Bermuda Bosnia and Herzegovina Brunei Burkina Faso Cambodia Canada Chad Chile China * * Colombia Comoros Costa Rica Cuba Curaçao Cyprus Czech Republic Dominica Ecuador Ethiopia France Georgia Ghana Greece Guyana Hong Kong Hungary India Ireland Isle of Man Jamaica Japan Kenya Kuwait Laos Macao Mali Madagascar Malaysia Maldives Malta Mauritius Mexico Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Netherlands Nigeria Oman Pakistan Panama Paraguay Peru Philippines Puerto Rico Qatar Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Saudi Arabia Senegal Singapore Sierra Leone Slovakia South Africa Sri Lanka Suriname Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Uganda Ukraine United Kingdom United States Venezuela Vietnam Zambia Zimbabwe June 17 El Salvador Guatemala June 21 Egypt Jordan Lebanon Palestine Syria United Arab Emirates June 22 Guernsey Jersey June 23 Nicaragua Poland Last Sunday in June Jun 26 , 2016 Jun 25 , 2017 Jun 24 , 2018 Haiti Second Sunday in July Jul 10 , 2016 Jul 9 , 2017 Jul 8 , 2018 Uruguay Last Sunday in July Jul 31 , 2016 Jul 30 , 2017 Jul 29 , 2018 Dominican Republic August 8 Taiwan Mongolia Second Sunday in August Aug 14 , 2016 Aug 13 , 2017 Aug 12 , 2018 Brazil Samoa Last Monday in August Aug 29 , 2016 Aug 28 , 2017 Aug 27 , 2018 South Sudan First Sunday in September Sep 4 , 2016 Sep 3 , 2017 Sep 2 , 2018 Australia Fiji New Zealand Papua New Guinea Second Sunday in September Sep 11 , 2016 Sep 10 , 2017 Sep 9 , 2018 Latvia First Sunday in October Oct 2 , 2016 Oct 1 , 2017 Oct 7 , 2018 Luxembourg Second Sunday in November Nov 13 , 2016 Nov 12 , 2017 Nov 11 , 2018 Estonia ( Isadepäev ) Finland ( Isänpäivä ) Iceland Norway Sweden November 12 Indonesia December 5 Thailand ( The birthday of King Bhumibol ) December 26 Bulgaria Hindu calendar Definition Sample dates Country / territory Bhadrapada Amavasya ( Gokarna Aunsi ) Between August 30 and September 30 Nepal Islamic calendar Occurrence Sample dates Country / territory 13 Rajab , Ali Ibn Abi Talib birthday April 21 , 2016 April 10 , 2017 Iran Kuwait Bahrain Iraq Oman Qatar Egypt Yemen Syria Lebanon Somalia Sudan Mauritania * Officially , as the name suggests , the holiday celebrates people who are serving or were serving the Russian Armed Forces ( both men and women ) . But the congratulations are traditionally , nationally accepted by all fathers , other adult men and male children as well . * * In China during the Republican period prior to 1949 , Father 's Day on August 8 was first held in Shanghai in 1945 . International History and traditions ( edit ) Argentina ( edit ) Father 's Day in Argentina is celebrated on the third Sunday of June . There have been attempts to change the date to August 24 , to commemorate the day on which the Father of the Nation José de San Martín became a father . In 1953 , the proposal to celebrate Father 's Day in all educational establishments on August 24 , in honor of José de San Martín , was raised to the General Direction of Schools of Mendoza Province . The day was celebrated for the first time in 1958 , on the third Sunday of June , but it was not included in the school calendars due to pressure from several groups . Schools in the Mendoza Province continued to celebrate Father 's Day on August 24 , and , in 1982 , the provincial governor passed a law declaring Father 's Day in the province to be celebrated on that day . In 2004 , a proposal to change the date to August 24 were presented to the Argentine Chamber of Deputies as a single , unified project . Aruba ( edit ) In Aruba , Father 's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of June and is not a public holiday . Australia ( edit ) In Australia , Father 's Day is celebrated on the first Sunday of September , which is the first Sunday of Spring in Australia , and is not a public holiday . At school , children handcraft their present for their fathers . Consumer goods companies have all sorts of special offers for fathers : socks , ties , electronics , suits , and men 's healthcare products . Most families present fathers with gifts and cards , and share a meal to show appreciation , much like Mother 's Day . YMCA Victoria continues the tradition of honouring the role fathers and father figures play in parenting through the annual awarding of Local Community Father of the Year in 32 municipalities in Victoria . The Father 's Day Council of Victoria annually recognises fathers in the Father of the Year Award . Austria ( edit ) In Austria , Father 's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of June and it is not a public holiday . Belgium ( edit ) In Belgium , Father 's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of June and it is not a public holiday . Brazil ( edit ) In Brazil Father 's Day ( Dia dos Pais , in Portuguese ) is celebrated three months after Mother 's Day , on the second Sunday of August . Publicist Sylvio Bhering picked the day in honor of Saint Joachim , patron of fathers . While it is not an official holiday ( see Public holidays in Brazil ) , it is widely observed and typically involves spending time with and giving gifts to one 's father or father figure . Canada ( edit ) In Canada , Father 's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of June and is not a public holiday . Father 's Day typically involves spending time with one 's father or the father figures in one 's life . Small family gatherings and the giving of gifts may be part of the festivities organized for Father 's Day . China ( edit ) In People 's Republic of China , the official Father 's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of June and is not a public holiday . This date was set according to international norms . Prior to the People 's Republic , when the Republic of China ( 1912 - 1949 ) governed from Nanjing , Father 's Day was celebrated on August 8 . This was determined by the fact that the eighth ( ba ) day of the eighth ( ba ) month makes two `` eights '' ( 八 八 , ba - ba ) , which sounds similar to the colloquial word for `` daddy '' ( ba - ba , 爸爸 ) . It is still celebrated on this date in areas still under the control of the Republic of China , including in Taiwan . Costa Rica ( edit ) In Costa Rica , the Unidad Social Cristiana party presented a bill to change the celebration of Father 's Day from the third Sunday of June to March 19 , the day of Saint Joseph . That was in order to give tribute to this saint , who gave his name to the capital of the country San José , Costa Rica , and so family heads will be able to celebrate the Father 's Day at the same time as the Feast of Saint Joseph the Worker . The official date is still the third Sunday of June . Croatia ( edit ) In Croatia , according to the Roman Catholic tradition , fathers are celebrated on Saint Joseph 's Day ( Dan svetog Josipa ) , March 19 . It is not a public holiday . Denmark ( edit ) In Denmark , Father 's Day is celebrated on June 5 . It coincides with Constitution Day . Estonia ( edit ) In Estonia , Father 's day ( `` Isadepäev '' ) is celebrated on the second Sunday of November . It is an established flag day and a national holiday . Finland ( edit ) In Finland , Father 's Day ( Isänpäivä , Fars dag ) is celebrated on the second Sunday of November . It is an established flag day . France ( edit ) In France lighter manufacturer `` Flaminaire '' introduced the idea of father 's day first in 1949 for commercial reasons . Director `` Marcel Quercia '' wanted to sell their lighter in France . In 1950 , they introduced `` la Fête des Pères '' , which would take place every third Sunday of June ( following the American example ) . Their slogan `` Nos papas nous l'ont dit , pour la fête des pères , ils désirent tous un Flaminaire '' ( Our fathers told us , for father 's day , they all want a Flaminaire ) . In 1952 , the holiday was officially decreed . A national father 's day committee was set up to give a prize for fathers that deserved it most ( originally , candidates were nominated by the social services of each town hall 's / mayor 's office ) ; This complements `` la Fête des Mères '' ( Mother 's day ) which was made official in France in 1928 and added to the calendar in Vichy in 1941 . Germany ( edit ) Vatertag In Germany , Father 's Day ( Vatertag ) is celebrated differently from other parts of the world . It is always celebrated on Ascension Day ( the Thursday forty days after Easter ) , which is a federal holiday . Regionally , it is also called men 's day , Männertag , or gentlemen 's day , Herrentag . It is tradition for groups of males ( young and old but usually excluding pre-teenage boys ) to do a hiking tour with one or more smaller wagons , Bollerwagen , pulled by manpower . In the wagons are wine or beer ( according to region ) and traditional regional food , Hausmannskost . Many men use this holiday as an opportunity to get drunk . According to the Federal Statistical Office of Germany , alcohol - related traffic accidents multiply by three on this day . The tradition of getting drunk is especially prevalent in Eastern Germany . These traditions are probably rooted in Christian Ascension Day 's processions to the farmlands , which has been celebrated since the 18th century . Men would be seated in a wooden cart and carried to the village 's plaza , and the mayor would award a prize to the father who had the most children , usually a big piece of ham . In the late 19th century the religious component was progressively lost , especially in urban areas such as Berlin , and groups of men organized walking excursions with beer and ham . By the 20th century , alcohol consumption had become a major part of the tradition . Many people will take the following Friday off at work , and some schools are closed on that Friday as well ; many people then use the resulting four - day - long weekend for a short vacation . Haiti ( edit ) In Haiti , Father 's Day ( Fête des peres ) is celebrated on the last Sunday of June and is not a public holiday . Fathers are recognized and celebrated on this day with cards , gifts , breakfast , lunch brunch or early Sunday dinner ; whether enjoying the day at the beach or mountains , spending family time or doing favourite activities . Children exclaim `` bonne fête papa '' , while everyone wishes all fathers `` bonne Fête des Pères '' . ( Happy Father 's Day ) Hong Kong ( edit ) In Hong Kong , Father 's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of June and is not a public holiday . Hungary ( edit ) In Hungary , Father 's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of June and is not a public holiday . India ( edit ) India traditionally has a two - week celebration since ancient days dedicated to celebrate ancestors called the Pitru Paksha . Father 's Day is not celebrated in all of India . But is observed on the same day as the USA , the third Sunday of June by mostly westernized urban centers . The event is not a public holiday . The day is usually celebrated only in bigger cities of India like Chennai , Mumbai , New Delhi , Bengaluru , Kolkata , Hyderabad and others . After this day was first observed in the United States in 1908 and gradually gained popularity , Indian metropolitan cities , much later , followed suit by recognising this event . In India , the day is usually celebrated with children giving gifts like greeting cards , electronic gadgets , shirts , coffee mugs or books to their fathers . Indonesia ( edit ) In Indonesia , Father 's Day is celebrated on November 12 and is not a public holiday . Father 's Day in Indonesia was first declared in 2006 in Solo City Hall attended by hundreds of people from various community groups , including people from community of inter-religion communication . Because of its recent declaration , there is not very much hype about the celebration , compared to the celebration of Mother 's Day on December 22 . Ireland ( edit ) In Ireland , Father 's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of June and is not a public holiday . Israel ( edit ) In Israel , Father 's Day is usually celebrated on May 1 together with Workers ' Day or Labour Day . Italy ( edit ) In Italy , according to the Roman Catholic tradition , fathers are celebrated on Saint Joseph 's Day , commonly called Feast of Saint Joseph ( Festa di San Giuseppe ) , March 19 . It was a public holiday until 1977 . Japan ( edit ) Main article : Public holidays in Japan In Japan , Father 's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of June and is not a public holiday . Kazakhstan ( edit ) Kazakhstan continues the Soviet Union 's tradition of celebrating Defender of the Fatherland Day instead of Father 's Day like in Russia and other former soviet countries . It is usually called `` Men 's Day '' and it is considered equivalent of Father 's Day . In Kazakhstan this day is celebrated on May 7 . Kenya ( edit ) In Kenya , Father 's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of June and is not a public holiday . Korea ( edit ) In South Korea , Parents ' day is celebrated on May 8 and is not a public holiday . Latvia ( edit ) In Latvia , Father 's Day ( Tēvu diena ) is celebrated on the second Sunday of September and is not a public holiday . In Latvia people did not always celebrate this day because of the USSR 's influence with its own holidays . This day in Latvia was ' officially born ' in 2008 when it was celebrated and marked in the calendar for the first time on September 14 ( second September Sunday ) to promote the idea that man as the father must be satisfied and proud of his family and children , also , the father is important to gratitude and loving words from his family for devoted to continuous altruistic concerns . Because this day is new to the country it does not have established unique traditions , but people borrow ideas from other country 's Father 's Day traditions to congratulate fathers in Latvia . Lithuania ( edit ) In Lithuania , Father 's Day ( Tėvo diena ) is celebrated on the first Sunday of June and is a public holiday . Macao ( edit ) In Macau , Father 's Day ( Dia do Pai ) is celebrated on the third Sunday of June and is not a public holiday . Malaysia ( edit ) In Malaysia , Father 's Day falls on the third Sunday of June . Malta ( edit ) Malta has followed the international trend and celebrates Father 's Day on the third Sunday in June . As in the case of Mother 's Day , the introduction of Father 's Day celebrations in Malta was encouraged by Frans H Said ( Uncle Frans of the children 's radio programmes ) . The first mention of Father 's Day was in June 1977 , and the day is now part of the local events calendar . ( The Times of Malta 11 June 2017 ) ( Il - Mument - Maltese newspaper - 18 June 2017 ) Mexico ( edit ) In Mexico , Father 's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of June and is not a public holiday . Mongolia ( edit ) The Mongolian Men 's Association began the celebration of Father 's Day on 18 March . Nepal ( edit ) Main article : Gokarna Aunsi The Newar population ( natives of Kathmandu valley ) in Nepal honors fathers on the day of kusa aunsi , which occurs in late August or early September , depending on the year , since it depends on the lunar calendar . The Western - inspired celebration of Father 's Day that was imported into the country is always celebrated on the same day as Gokarna Aunsi . The rest of the population has also begun to celebrate the Gokarna Aunsi day It is commonly known as Abu ya Khwa Swoyegu in Nepal Bhasa or Buwaako mukh herne din ( बुवाको मुख हेर्ने दिन ) in Nepali ( literally `` day for looking at father 's face '' ) . On the new moon day ( Amavasya ) it is traditional to pay respect to one 's deceased father ; Hindus go to the Shiva temple of Gokarneswor Mahadev , in Gokarna , a suburb of Kathmandu while Buddhists go to Jan Bahal ( Seto Machhendranath or white Tara ) temple in Kathmandu . Traditionally , in the Kathmandu Valley , the south - western corner is reserved for women and women - related rituals , and the north - eastern is for men and men - related rituals . The worship place for Mata Tirtha Aunsi ( `` Mother Pilgrimage New Moon '' ) is located in Mata Tirtha in the south - western half of the valley , while the worship place for Gokarna Aunsi is located in the north - eastern half . This division is reflected in many aspects of the life in the Kathmandu Valley . Netherlands ( edit ) In the Netherlands , Father 's Day ( Vaderdag ) is celebrated on the third Sunday of June and is not a public holiday . Traditionally , as on Mother 's Day , fathers get breakfast in bed made by their children and families gather together and have dinner , usually at the grandparents ' house . In recent years , families also started having dinner out , and as on Mother 's Day , it is one of the busiest days for restaurants . At school , children handcraft their present for their fathers . Consumer goods companies have all sorts of special offers for fathers : socks , ties , electronics , suits , and men 's healthcare products . New Zealand ( edit ) In New Zealand , Father 's Day is celebrated on the first Sunday of September and it is not a public holiday . Fathers ' Day seems to have been first observed at St Matthew 's Church , Auckland on 14 July 1929 and first appeared in commercial advertising the following year . By 1931 other churches had adopted the day . In 1935 much of Australia moved to mark the day at the beginning of September and New Zealand followed , with a Wellington advert in 1937 , a Christchurch Salvation Army service in 1938 and in Auckland from 1939 . Norway ( edit ) In Norway , Father 's day ( Farsdag ) , is celebrated on the second Sunday of November . It is not a public holiday . Pakistan ( edit ) Father 's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of June . The Rutgers WPF launched a campaign titled ' Greening Pakistan - Promoting Responsible Fatherhood ' on Father 's Day ( Sunday June 18 , 2017 ) across Pakistan to promote active fatherhood and responsibility for the care and upbringing of children . Father 's Day is not a public holiday in Pakistan . Peru ( edit ) In Peru , Father 's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of June and is not a public holiday . People usually give a present to their fathers and spend time with him mostly during a family meal . Philippines ( edit ) In the Philippines , Father 's Day is officially celebrated every first Monday of December , but it is not a public holiday . It is more widely observed by the public on the 3rd Sunday of June perhaps due to American influence . Poland ( edit ) In Poland , Father 's Day is celebrated on June 23 and is not a public holiday . Portugal ( edit ) Father 's Day ( `` Dia do Pai '' ) is celebrated on March 19 ( see Roman Catholic tradition below ) in Portugal . Father 's Day is not a bank holiday . Roman Catholic tradition ( edit ) In the Roman Catholic tradition , Fathers are celebrated on Saint Joseph 's Day , commonly called the Feast of Saint Joseph , March 19 , though in certain countries Father 's Day has become a secular celebration . It is also common for Catholics to honor their `` spiritual father , '' their parish priest , on Father 's Day . Romania ( edit ) Beginning with 2010 , in Romania , Father 's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of May and it is recognized officially by the state . Out of the 27 states in the European Union , it was the only one without an official Father 's Day . Law 319 / 2009 made both Mother 's Day and Father 's Day official in Romania , and it was passed thanks to the campaigning from the Alliance Fighting Discrimination Against Fathers ( TATA ) Romanian Father 's day for 2012 was celebrated on May 13 . Russia ( edit ) Russia continues the Soviet Union 's tradition of celebrating Defender of the Fatherland Day instead of Father 's Day . It is usually called `` Men 's Day '' and it is considered the Russian equivalent of Father 's Day . American Samoa and Samoa ( edit ) In Samoa , Father 's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday in August , and as a recognised national holiday on the Monday following . Seychelles ( edit ) In Seychelles , Father 's Day is celebrated on June 16 and is not a public holiday . Singapore ( edit ) In Singapore , Father 's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of June but is not a public holiday , to celebrate all fathers for their numerous contributions . Slovakia ( edit ) In Slovakia , Father 's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of June.It is not a public holiday South Africa ( edit ) In South Africa , Father 's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of June . It is not a public holiday . South Sudan ( edit ) In South Sudan , Father 's Day is celebrated on the last Monday of August . The president , Salva Kiir Mayardit , proclaimed it before August 27 , 2012 . First celebrated on August 27 , 2012 , Father 's Day was not celebrated in South Sudan in 2011 due to the country 's independence . Spain ( edit ) Father 's Day , El Día del Padre , is observed on the feast day of Saint Joseph , which is March 19 . It is celebrated as a public holiday in some regions of Spain . Sri lanka ( edit ) Father 's Day ( In sinhala : Piyawarunge dhinaya , පියවරුන්ගේ දිනය & in Tamil : Thanthaiyar Thinam , தந்தையர் தினம் ) , is observed on the third Sunday of June . It is not a public holiday . Many schools hold special events to honor fathers . Sudan ( edit ) In Sudan , Father 's Day ( عيد الأب ) , is celebrated on the twenty - first of June . Sweden ( edit ) In Sweden , Father 's day ( Fars dag ) , is celebrated on the second Sunday of November , but is not a public holiday . Taiwan ( edit ) Main article : Public holidays in Taiwan In Taiwan , Father 's Day is not an official holiday , but is widely observed on August 8 , the eighth day of the eighth month of the year . In Mandarin Chinese , the pronunciation of the number eight is bā , and the pronunciation is very similar to the character `` 爸 '' `` bà '' , which means `` Pa '' or `` dad '' . The eighth day of the eighth month ( bā - bā ) is a pun for dad ( 爸爸 or `` bàba '' ) . The Taiwanese , therefore , sometimes refer to August 8 as `` Bābā Holiday '' as a pun for `` Dad 's Holiday '' ( 爸爸 節 ) or the more formal `` Father 's Day '' ( 父親 節 ) . Thailand ( edit ) In Thailand , the birthday of the king , is set as Father 's Day . December 5 is the birthday of the late king Bhumibol Adulyadej ( Rama IX ) . Traditionally , Thais celebrate by giving their father or grandfather a canna flower ( ดอก พุทธรักษา Dok Buddha Ruksa ) , which is considered a masculine flower ; however , this is not as commonly practiced today . Thai people will wear yellow on this day to show respect for the late king , because yellow is the color of the day for Monday , the day King Bhumibol Adulyadej was born . Thais flood the Sanam Luang , a massive park in front of the palace , to watch the king give his annual speech , and often stay until the evening , when there is a national ceremony . Thais will light candles and show respect to the king by declaring their faith . This ceremony happens in almost every village in Thailand , and even overseas at Thai organizations . It first gained nationwide popularity in the 1980s as part of a campaign by Prime Minister Prem Tinsulanonda to promote Thailand 's royal family . Mother 's Day is celebrated on the birthday of Queen Sirikit , August 12 . Trinidad and Tobago ( edit ) In Trinidad and Tobago , Father 's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday in June and is not a public holiday . Turkey ( edit ) In Turkey , Father 's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday in June and is not a public holiday . United Arab Emirates ( edit ) In United Arab Emirates , Father 's Day is celebrated on June 21 , generally coinciding with midsummer 's day . United Kingdom ( edit ) In the United Kingdom Father 's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of June . The day does not have a long tradition ; The English Year ( 2006 ) states that it entered British popular culture `` sometime after the Second World War , not without opposition '' . United States of America ( edit ) Main article : Father 's Day ( United States ) In the USA , Father 's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of June . Typically , families gather to celebrate the father figures in their lives . In recent years , retailers have adapted to the holiday by promoting greeting cards and gifts such as electronics and tools . Schools ( if in session ) and other children 's programs commonly have activities to make Father 's Day gifts . The U.S. Open golf tournament is scheduled to finish on Father 's Day , as was the 2016 NBA Finals . Ukraine ( edit ) In Ukraine , Father 's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of September . Venezuela ( edit ) In Venezuela , Father 's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of June and is not a public holiday . Traditionally , as on Mother 's Day , families gather together and have lunch , usually at the grandparents ' house . In recent years , families also started having lunch out , and as on Mother 's Day , it is one of the busiest days for restaurants . At school , children handcraft their present for their fathers . Consumer goods companies have all sorts of special offers for fathers : electronics , suits , and men 's healthcare products . See also ( edit ) Holidays portal Mother 's Day National Grandparents Day References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Myers , 1972 , p. 185 Jump up ^ Butler , Joey . `` Father 's Day has Methodist ties '' . The United Methodist Church . Retrieved June 15 , 2014 . On July 5 , 1908 , a Father 's Day sermon was preached at Williams Memorial Methodist Episcopal Church , South , thanks to the efforts of Grace Golden Clayton . In December 1907 , a terrible mine explosion in nearby Monongah claimed the lives of more than 360 men . Most of them had families , and the tragedy left 1,000 children fatherless . Clayton was distraught by the thought of all those children growing up without a father 's guidance , and she wanted to do something to honor the importance of fatherhood . She asked her pastor to set aside a special day to commemorate fathers . She chose the Sunday closest to the birthday of her late father , also a Methodist preacher . Clayton chose the Sunday nearest the birthday of her father , Methodist minister Fletcher Golden . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Vicki ( June 15 , 2003 ) . `` The first Father 's Day '' . The Journal . Retrieved November 7 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Barth , Kelly ( June 21 , 1987 ) . `` First Father 's Day service in 1908 '' . Dominion Post ( Morgantown , West Virginia ) . Retrieved November 7 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Reverend D.D. Meighen ( June 5 , 1908 ) . `` The First Father 's Day Service occurred in Fairmont , West Virginia , on July 5 , 1908 , at Williams Memorial Methodist Episcopal Church '' . Retrieved September 4 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Larossa , 1997 . pp. 172 -- 173 ^ Jump up to : Schmidt , 1997 , p. 276 . Jump up ^ `` Father 's Day ( United States ) '' . Retrieved May 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Father 's Day Turns 100 Years Old '' ( PDF ) . Spokane Regional Convention & Visitor Bureau . June 8 , 2010 . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Butler , Joey . `` Father 's Day has Methodist ties '' . The United Methodist Church . Retrieved June 15 , 2014 . In 1909 in Spokane , Wash. , Sonora Smart Dodd listened to a Mother 's Day sermon at Central Methodist Episcopal Church . Dodd 's own mother had died 11 years earlier , and her father had raised their six children alone . Dodd felt moved to honor her father , and fathers everywhere , with a special day , as well . She proposed her idea to local religious leaders , and it gained wide acceptance . June 19 , 1910 , was designated as the first Father 's Day , and sermons honoring fathers were preached throughout the city . Jump up ^ Schmidt , 1997 . p. 278 Jump up ^ Schmidt , 1997 . p. 279 Jump up ^ Schmidt , 1997 . pp. 275 , 283 -- 284 , 286 , 288 , 290 , 292 Jump up ^ Schmidt , 1997 . p. 275 , 288 -- 290 Jump up ^ Schmidt , 1997 . pp. 280 -- 283 ; Larossa , 1997 . p. 174 Jump up ^ Schmidt , 1997 . p. 283 -- 290 Jump up ^ Schmidt , 1997 . p. 286 ^ Jump up to : `` Father to have his day '' . The New York Times . October 3 , 1913 . ( ... ) a bill providing that `` The first Sunday in June in each and every year hereafter be designated as Father 's Day ( ... ) '' ^ Jump up to : Myers , 1972 . pp. 186 -- 187 ^ Jump up to : Nicholas K. Geranios ( Associated Press ) ( June 17 , 2007 ) , `` Father 's Day -- The un-Spokane history of Father 's Day '' , HamptonRoads.com ^ Jump up to : `` Father Finally Granted A Day '' , Nashua Telegraph , part of The Telegraph , June 18 , 1977 Jump up ^ Schmidt , 1997 . pp. 275 -- 276 Jump up ^ `` H. RES. 1274 . Commending Sonora Smart Dodd for her contribution in recognizing the importance of Father 's Day and recognizing the important role fathers play in our families . '' . Library of Congress . June 12 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Robert A. Saunders , Vlad Strukov ( 2010 ) , Historical Dictionary of the Russian Federation , Historical Dictionaries of Europe , Historical dictionaries of French history , 78 ( illustrated ed . ) , Scarecrow Press , p. 246 , ISBN 9780810854758 Jump up ^ `` 19 . ožujka -- dan kad se slave očevi '' ( in Croatian ) . dalje.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Se instituye el Día del Padre , Decreto Número 13 '' ( in Spanish ) . February 9 , 1960 . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2007 . Retrieved July 19 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Romania Celebrates Father 's Day on Second Sunday of May '' . Bucharest : mediafax.ro . May 4 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fars Dag '' ( in Danish ) . Dansk Historisk Fællesråd . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2016 . Retrieved June 20 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Argentina , el origen del Día del Padre , ayer Google en español lo tuvo en su Portal '' . June 16 , 2008 . Retrieved July 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Días Nacionales en Chile . '' . feriadoschilenos.cl . ^ Jump up to : `` Presentan en Costa Rica proyecto de ley para celebrar día del padre el día de San José '' . ACI Prensa . May 26 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Principales efemérides . Mes Junio '' ( in Spanish ) . Unión de Periodistas de Cuba . Retrieved June 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Notimex ( June 14 , 2008 ) . `` Preparados los capitalinos para festejar el día del padre '' . La Crónica de Hoy . Retrieved June 23 , 2008 . ( June 15 , 2008 was third Sunday of June ) ( in Spanish ) Jump up ^ `` Días Festivos para el mes de Junio del 2008 '' ( in Spanish ) . Biblioteca Nacional de Panamá . Retrieved June 23 , 2008 . link dead 18 June 2017 Jump up ^ `` Calendario Cívico Escolar '' ( in Spanish ) . Dirección Regional de Educación de Lima Metropolitana . Retrieved June 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Jerome Aning ( June 14 , 2008 ) . `` Daughter of missing NDF consultant believes he 's still alive '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Retrieved June 23 , 2008 . ( June 15 , 2008 was third sunday of June ) Jump up ^ Fathers Day Fest , Ukrainian Nationals Soccer Club ^ Jump up to : Simpson , Jacqueline ; Roud , Steve ( 2000 ) . A Dictionary of English Folklore . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 120 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 969104 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` 7 Ideas for a Zimbabwean Father 's Day '' . Zimbablog . Jump up ^ `` 17 de Junio , Día del Padre en El Salvador '' . Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de El Salvador . May 8 , 1969 . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2008 . Retrieved June 7 , 2008 . Asamblea Legislativa de la República de El Salvador . 08 de mayo de 1969 ( in Spanish ) Jump up ^ Marta Altolaguirre ( May 17 , 2008 ) . `` Reflexiones en el Día del Padre '' . El Periódico . Jump up ^ Tina Sinatra , Jeff Coplon ( 2000 ) , My father 's daughter : a memoir ( illustrated ed . ) , Simon & Schuster , p. 20 , ISBN 9780684870762 , I ( Tina Sinatra ) was born ( in Lebannon ) on June 20 , 1948 : Father 's Day . ^ Jump up to : Paul M. Handley ( 2006 ) . The King Never Smiles : a biography of Thailand 's Bhumibol Adulyadej . Yale University Press . p. 288 . ISBN 9780300106824 . ( online version ) ^ Jump up to : P. Ferguson ( 2007 ) . `` Festivals and ceremonies '' . World and Its Peoples : Eastern and Southern Asia . Marshall Cavendish Corporation . p. 536 . ISBN 9780761476313 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sesiones ordinarias 2004 Orden del día n ° 1798 : Día del Padre . Institúyese como tal el día 24 de agosto de cada año . '' . Cámara de Diputados de la Nación . November 7 , 2008 . Retrieved June 7 , 2008 . la presión de diversos grupos determinó el `` olvido '' de incluir esta disposición en el calendario escolar a partir de 1957 , y la omisión fue aprovechada para imponer el tercer domingo de junio como el Día del Padre norteamericano , en homenaje a mister John Bruce Dodd ( ... ) instituir el día 24 de agosto como el destinado a la celebración del Día del Padre en homenaje al general José de San Martín , padre de la patria . Jump up ^ `` Father 's Day Council of Victoria Inc . '' . Father 's Day Council of Victoria Inc . Jump up ^ Rodolfo Delgado Valverde . `` Proyecto de Ley . Celebración del 19 de Marzo como Día del Padre . Expediente 15911 . '' . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Agence France - Presse . `` German Minister Urges Fathers Not to Get Drunk on Father 's Day ! '' . Jump up ^ `` Der Tag der gefragten Väter '' , Tiroler Tageszeitung ( in German ) , June 9 , 2013 , Bei unseren deutschen Nachbarn ist der Vatertag -- der dort zu Christi Himmelfahrt gefeiert wird -- nicht von Ausflügen mit der Familie oder kleinen Geschenken der Kinder gekennzeichnet , sondern von einer Lokaltour in feucht - fröhlicher Männerrunde . Laut dem Statistischen Bundesamt gibt es an diesem Tag auch durchschnittlich dreimal so viele durch Alkohol bedingte Verkehrsunfälle als an anderen Tagen . ^ Jump up to : `` Booze Brothers : Father 's Day Debauchery in Deutschland '' . Spiegel . May 4 , 2006 . Retrieved June 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Von modischen Herrenpartien und der Erhöhung Jesu '' ( in German ) . Der Stern . May 12 , 2010 . Retrieved May 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pints for Papa : Father 's Day in Germany Is One Big Booze Fest '' . Spiegel . Retrieved June 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The origin story of Father 's Day '' . Bennett , Coleman & Co. Ltd . TNN . Jun 18 , 2015 . Retrieved 18 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Padmakshi Rana , Gokarna Aunsi ( Father Day ) , NepalHomePage Travel Guide Jump up ^ Gokarna Aunsi , the day for honouring fathers , nepalnews.com , September 8 , 2002 , archived from the original on September 19 , 2012 Jump up ^ Bradley Mayhew ; Joseph Bindloss ( 2009 ) . Lonely Planet Trekking in the Nepal Himalaya . Lonely Planet . p. 357 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74104 - 188 - 0 . Retrieved May 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ J.C. Heesterman ; Albert W. Van den Hoek ; Dirk H.A. Kolff ; Marianne S. Oort ( 1992 ) . Ritual , State , and History in South Asia : Essays in Honour of J.C. Heesterman . BRILL . p. 786 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 09467 - 3 . Retrieved May 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Zealand , National Library of New . `` FATHERS ' DAY SERVICE . ( New Zealand Herald , 1929 - 07 - 13 ) '' . paperspast.natlib.govt.nz . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ Zealand , National Library of New . `` Page 27 Advertisements Column 1 ( Auckland Star , 1930 - 06 - 12 ) - Milne & Choyce '' . paperspast.natlib.govt.nz . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 27 Aug 1935 - `` FATHERS ' DAY '' -- SEPTEMBER 1. `` . Trove . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ Zealand , National Library of New . `` Page 7 Advertisements Column 3 ( Evening Post , 1937 - 09 - 02 ) Woolworths , Wellington '' . paperspast.natlib.govt.nz . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ Zealand , National Library of New . `` Page 25 Advertisements Column 2 ( Press , 1938 - 09 - 03 ) Salvation Army , Linwood , Christchurch '' . paperspast.natlib.govt.nz . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ Zealand , National Library of New . `` FATHER 'S DAY . ( Auckland Star , 1939 - 08 - 22 ) '' . paperspast.natlib.govt.nz . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ Staff report ( June 15 , 2014 ) , `` Father 's Day tomorrow '' , Daily Times Jump up ^ Sehrish Wasif ( June 16 , 2013 ) , `` Celebrating Father 's Day : Honouring Pakistan 's courageous fathers '' , The Express Tribune Jump up ^ `` Proclamation No. 58 , s . 1998 '' . Official Gazette ( Philippines ) . December 11 , 1998 . Retrieved December 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kerry Tilby ( June 2007 ) . `` Father 's Day '' . Kiwi Families . Retrieved May 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Catholics Come Home to launch organization to encourage priests '' . Catholic News Agency . April 2010 . Retrieved June 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Father 's Day in Seychelles Jump up ^ `` Padres por horas '' , Faro de Vigo , May 19 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` El año 2013 contará con 8 festivos nacionales , uno menos que 2012 '' , El Huffington Post , November 3 , 2012 Jump up ^ Roud , Steve ( 2006 ) . The English Year . London : Penguin Books . p. 215 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 140 - 51554 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Father 's Day 2017 : How did it begin and where in the world is it celebrated ? '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 14 June 2017 . Bibliography ( edit ) Myers , Robert J. ; the editors of Hallmark Cards ( 1972 ) . Celebrations : The Complete Book of American Holidays . Doubleday & Company . pp. 184 -- 187 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 07677 - 0 . Schmidt , Leigh Eric ( 1997 ) . Consumer Rites : The Buying and Selling of American Holidays . Princeton University Press . pp. 275 -- 292 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 01721 - 2 . Larossa , Ralph ( 1997 ) . The Modernization of Fatherhood : A Social and Political History . University of Chicago Press . pp. 90 , 170 -- 192 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 46904 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Father 's Day . Father 's Day at DMOZ Proclamations by US Presidents on Father 's Day , from George W. Bush and Bill Clinton Holidays , observances , and celebrations in Algeria January New Year 's Day ( 1 ) Yennayer ( 14 ) February Valentine 's Day ( 14 ) Tafsut ( 28 ) March International Women 's Day ( 8 ) Victory Day ( 19 ) World Water Day ( 22 ) Maghrebi Blood Donation Day ( 30 ) Spring vacation ( 2 last weeks ) April April Fools ' Day ( 1 ) Knowledge Day ( 16 ) Berber Spring ( 20 ) Earth Day ( 22 ) Election Day ( Thursday ) May International Workers ' Day ( 1 ) World Press Freedom Day ( 3 ) Mother 's Day ( last Sunday ) June -- July -- August Summer vacation ( varies ) June Children 's Day ( 1 ) Father 's Day ( 21 ) July Independence Day ( 5 ) September International Day of Peace ( 21 ) October International Day of Non-Violence ( 2 ) Halloween ( 31 ) November Revolution Day ( 1 ) December Christmas Eve ( 24 ) Christmas ( 25 ) New Year 's Eve ( 31 ) Winter vacation ( 2 last weeks ) Varies ( year round ) Hijri New Year 's Day ( Muharram 1 ) Ashura ( Muharram 10 ) Mawlid ( Rabi ' al - Awwal 12 ) Ramadan ( Ramadan 1 ) Laylat al - Qadr ( Ramadan 27 ) Eid al - Fitr ( Shawwal 1 ) Day of Arafah ( Dhu al - Hijjah 9 ) Eid al - Adha ( Dhu al - Hijjah 10 ) Holi ( varies ) Bold indicates major holidays commonly celebrated in Algeria , which often represent the major celebrations of the month . See also : Lists of holidays . Holidays , observances , and celebrations in the United States January New Year 's Day ( federal ) Martin Luther King Jr . Day ( federal ) Confederate Heroes Day ( TX ) Fred Korematsu Day ( CA , FL , HI , VA ) Idaho Human Rights Day ( ID ) Inauguration Day ( federal quadrennial , DC area ) Kansas Day ( KS ) Lee -- Jackson Day ( formerly Lee -- Jackson -- King Day ) ( VA ) Robert E. Lee Day ( FL , GA ) Stephen Foster Memorial Day ( 36 ) The Eighth ( LA , former federal ) January -- February Super Bowl Sunday February American Heart Month Black History Month Washington 's Birthday / Presidents ' Day ( federal ) Valentine 's Day Georgia Day ( GA ) Groundhog Day Lincoln 's Birthday ( CA , CT , IL , IN , MO , NJ , NY , WV ) National Girls and Women in Sports Day National Freedom Day ( 36 ) Primary Election Day ( WI ) Ronald Reagan Day ( CA ) Rosa Parks Day ( CA , MO ) Susan B. Anthony Day ( CA , FL , NY , WI , WV , proposed federal ) February -- March Mardi Gras Ash Wednesday ( religious ) Courir de Mardi Gras ( religious ) Super Tuesday March Irish - American Heritage Month National Colon Cancer Awareness Month Women 's History Month St. Patrick 's Day ( religious ) Spring break ( week ) Casimir Pulaski Day ( IL ) Cesar Chavez Day ( CA , CO , TX , proposed federal ) Evacuation Day ( Suffolk County , MA ) Harriet Tubman Day ( NY ) Holi ( NY , religious ) Mardi Gras ( AL ( in two counties ) , LA ) Maryland Day ( MD ) National Poison Prevention Week ( week ) Prince Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole Day ( HI ) Saint Joseph 's Day ( religious ) Seward 's Day ( AK ) Texas Independence Day ( TX ) Town Meeting Day ( VT ) March -- April Easter ( religious ) Palm Sunday ( religious ) Passover ( religious ) Good Friday ( CT , NC , PR , religious ) Easter Monday ( religious ) April Confederate History Month 420 Day April Fools ' Day Arbor Day Confederate Memorial Day ( AL , FL , MS , SC ) Days of Remembrance of the Victims of the Holocaust ( week ) Earth Day Emancipation Day ( DC ) Thomas Jefferson 's Birthday ( AL ) Pascua Florida ( FL ) Patriots ' Day ( MA , ME ) San Jacinto Day ( TX ) Siblings Day Walpurgis Night ( religious ) May Asian Pacific American Heritage Month Jewish American Heritage Month Memorial Day ( federal ) Mother 's Day ( 36 ) Cinco de Mayo Harvey Milk Day ( CA ) Law Day ( 36 ) Loyalty Day ( 36 ) Malcolm X Day ( CA , IL , proposed federal ) May Day Military Spouse Day National Day of Prayer ( 36 ) National Defense Transportation Day ( 36 ) National Maritime Day ( 36 ) Peace Officers Memorial Day ( 36 ) Truman Day ( MO ) June Lesbian , Gay , Bisexual and Transgender Pride Month Father 's Day ( 36 ) Bunker Hill Day ( Suffolk County , MA ) Carolina Day ( SC ) Emancipation Day In Texas / Juneteenth ( TX ) Flag Day ( 36 , proposed federal ) Helen Keller Day ( PA ) Honor America Days ( 3 weeks ) Jefferson Davis Day ( AL , FL ) Kamehameha Day ( HI ) Odunde Festival ( Philadelphia , PA ) Senior Week ( week ) West Virginia Day ( WV ) July Independence Day ( federal ) Lā Hoʻihoʻi Ea ( HI , unofficial ) Parents ' Day ( 36 ) Pioneer Day ( UT ) July -- August Summer vacation August American Family Day ( AZ ) Barack Obama Day ( IL ) Bennington Battle Day ( VT ) Hawaii Admission Day / Statehood Day ( HI ) Lyndon Baines Johnson Day ( TX ) National Aviation Day ( 36 ) Service Reduction Day ( MD ) Victory over Japan Day ( RI , former federal ) Women 's Equality Day ( 36 ) September Prostate Cancer Awareness Month Labor Day ( federal ) California Admission Day ( CA ) Carl Garner Federal Lands Cleanup Day ( 36 ) Constitution Day ( 36 ) Constitution Week ( week ) Defenders Day ( MD ) Gold Star Mother 's Day ( 36 ) National Grandparents Day ( 36 ) National Payroll Week ( week ) Native American Day ( CA , TN , proposed federal ) Patriot Day ( 36 ) September -- October Hispanic Heritage Month Oktoberfest Rosh Hashanah ( religious ) Yom Kippur ( religious ) October Breast Cancer Awareness Month Disability Employment Awareness Month Filipino American History Month LGBT History Month Columbus Day ( federal ) Halloween Alaska Day ( AK ) Child Health Day ( 36 ) General Pulaski Memorial Day German - American Day Indigenous Peoples ' Day ( VT ) International Day of Non-Violence Leif Erikson Day ( 36 ) Missouri Day ( MO ) National School Lunch Week Native American Day ( SD ) Nevada Day ( NV ) Sweetest Day White Cane Safety Day ( 36 ) October -- November Diwali ( religious ) November Native American Indian Heritage Month Veterans Day ( federal ) Thanksgiving ( federal ) Day after Thanksgiving ( 24 ) Election Day ( CA , DE , HI , KY , MT , NJ , NY , OH , PR , WV , proposed federal ) Family Day ( NV ) Hanukkah ( religious ) Lā Kūʻokoʻa ( HI , unofficial ) Native American Heritage Day ( MD , WA ) Obama Day ( Perry County , AL ) December Christmas ( religious , federal ) Alabama Day ( AL ) Christmas Eve ( KY , NC , SC ) Day after Christmas ( KY , NC , SC , TX ) Festivus Hanukkah ( religious , week ) Indiana Day ( IN ) Kwanzaa ( religious , week ) National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day ( 36 ) New Year 's Eve Pan American Aviation Day ( 36 ) Rosa Parks Day ( OH , OR ) Wright Brothers Day ( 36 ) Varies ( year round ) Eid al - Adha ( religious ) Eid al - Fitr ( religious ) Ramadan ( religious , month ) Legend : ( federal ) = federal holidays , ( state ) = state holidays , ( religious ) = religious holidays , ( week ) = weeklong holidays , ( month ) = monthlong holidays , ( 36 ) = Title 36 Observances and Ceremonies Bold indicates major holidays commonly celebrated in the United States , which often represent the major celebrations of the month . See also : Lists of holidays , Hallmark holidays , public holidays in the United States , New Jersey , New York , Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands . Public holidays in Mexico Statutory holidays Año Nuevo Día de la Constitución Natalicio de Benito Juárez Día del Trabajo Día de Independencia Día de la Revolución Transmisión del Poder Ejecutivo Federal Navidad Civic holidays Día del Ejército Día de la Bandera Aniversario de la Expropiación petrolera Heroica Defensa de Veracruz Cinco de Mayo Natalicio de Miguel Hidalgo Día de la Marina Grito de Dolores Día de los Niños Héroes Consumación de la Independencia Natalicio de José Ma . Morelos y Pavón Descubrimiento de América Festivities Día de los Santos Reyes Día de San Valentín Día del Niño Día de las Madres Día del Maestro Día del estudiante Día del Padre Día de Todos los Santos Día de los Fieles Difuntos Día de la Virgen de Guadalupe Las Posadas Nochebuena Dia de los Santos Inocentes Family History Household Nuclear family Extended family Conjugal family Immediate family Matrifocal family Blended family Dysfunctional family Polyfidelitous families First - degree relatives Parent Father Mother Child Daughter Son Sibling Brother Sister Second - degree relatives Grandparent Grandchild Aunt Uncle Nephew and niece Third - degree relatives Great - grandparent Great - grandchild Grand - nephew and grand - niece Cousin Family - in - law Spouse Wife Husband Parents - in - law Siblings - in - law Stepfamily Stepfather Stepmother Stepchild Stepsibling Kinship Adoption Affinity Consanguinity Disownment Divorce Estrangement Fictive kinship Marriage Nurture kinship Lineage Bilateral descent Common ancestor Family name Family tree Genealogy Heirloom Heredity Inheritance Matrilineality Patrilineality Pedigree chart Progenitor Relationships Agape ( parental love ) Eros ( marital love ) Filial piety Philia ( friendly love ) Storge ( familial love ) Holidays Mother 's Day U.S. Father 's Day Siblings Day National Grandparents Day Wedding anniversary Related Sociology of the family Museum of Motherhood LCCN : sh85047457 GND : 4417078 - 6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Father%27s_Day&oldid=798764513 '' Categories : August observances Movable August observances December observances Family member holidays Fatherhood June observances Movable June observances Movable July observances March observances May observances Movable November observances November observances Observances in the United States by presidential proclamation October observances Movable September observances Sunday observances Observances set by the Islamic calendar Observances set by the Nepali calendar Non-Gregorian August observances Non-Gregorian September observances Movable October observances Hidden categories : CS1 Croatian - language sources ( hr ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) Articles with Spanish - language external links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Use mdy dates from June 2016 Articles needing additional references from June 2016 All articles needing additional references Infobox holiday ( other ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Articles with DMOZ links Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Holidays and observances by scheduling ( nth weekday of the month ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Avañe'ẽ বাংলা Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Napulitano Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt West - Vlams 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 September 2017 , at 18 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Father%2527s%20Day
| 2,016 |
|
among the following addressed delhi as one of the greatest cities in the world
|
History of Delhi
|
history of delhi
|
Historical Region of North India Delhi Location Delhi State established : 736 CE Language Khariboli , Hindi , Urdu , Punjabi , English Dynasties Tomara Dynasty ( 736 - 1160 ) Chauhans of Shakambhari ( 1160 - 1206 ) Mamluk ( 1206 -- 1289 ) Khalji ( 1290 -- 1320 ) Tughlaqs ( 1320 -- 1413 ) Sayyids ( 1414 -- 51 ) Lodis ( 1451 -- 1526 ) Mughals ( 1526 -- 1540 ) Suris ( 1540 - 1553 ) Hindu - Hemu ( 1553 -- 56 ) Mughals ( 1556 - 1757 ) Marathas ( 1757 - 1803 ) Company Rule ( 1803 - 1857 ) British ( 1857 -- 1947 ) Independence ( 1947 -- Present ) The Indian capital city of Delhi has a long history , and has been an important political centre of India as the capital of several empires . Much of Delhi 's ancient history finds no record and this may be regarded as a lost period of its history . Extensive coverage of Delhi 's history begins with the onset of the Delhi Sultanate in the 12th century . Since then , Delhi has been the centre of a succession of mighty empires and powerful kingdoms , making Delhi one of the longest serving Capitals and one of the oldest inhabited cities in the world . It is considered to be a city built , destroyed and rebuilt several times , as outsiders who successfully invaded the Indian Subcontinent would ransack the existing capital city in Delhi , and those who came to conquer and stay would be so impressed by the city 's strategic location as to make it their capital and rebuild it in their own way . The core of Delhi 's tangible heritage is Hindu , Islamic ( spanning over seven centuries of Islamic rule over the city ) with expansive British - era architecture in Lutyens ' Delhi dating to the British rule in India . Significant prehistoric sites in Delhi include Anangpur ( in the Badarpur region ) , as well as Harappan excavations near Narela and Nand Nagari . References to Delhi 's history in ancient literature are based on myths and legends . According to the Hindu epic Mahabharata , a city called Indraprastha , `` City of the God Indra '' , was the capital of the Pandavas . There is a strong belief that Purana Qila was built over the site of ancient Indraprastha . Northern Black Polished Ware ( c. 700 - 200 BCE ) have been excavated at the site , and pieces of Painted Grey Ware were found on the surface , suggesting an even older settlement , possibly going back to ca . 1000 BCE . In 1966 , an inscription of the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka ( 273 - 236 BCE ) was discovered near Srinivaspur . Two sandstone pillars inscribed with the edicts of Ashoka were brought to by Firuz Shah Tughluq in the 14th century . The famous Iron pillar near the Qutub Minar was commissioned by the emperor Kumara Gupta I of the Gupta dynasty ( 320 - 540 CE ) and transplanted to Delhi during the 10th century . Contents 1 Cities of Delhi 2 Early history 3 8th century to 16th century 4 16th century to 19th century 5 Further reading 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 External links Cities of Delhi ( edit ) Historic map of Shahjahanabad ( now known as Old Delhi ) , in 1863 It is popularly said that Delhi was the site for a total of seven different cities between 3000 BCE and the 17th century BCE , although taking smaller towns and strongholds into account , as many as 15 settlements can be identified . All the earlier locations of Delhi fall within an area commonly called the ' Delhi Triangle , ' bounded on the south and the west by the Aravalli Range , known as the Delhi Ridge , and to the east by the Yamuna River . Notable settlements to have been established in the region include : Indraprastha , supposedly built by the Pandavas . Surajkund ( Anangpur ) , Tomar city dating from the 9th or 10th century , where a large masonry tank can be found . Lalkot , built ca . 1052 A.D. by the Tomara ruler , Anangpal . In ca . 1180 A.D. Prithviraj Chauhan extended and fortified it as a defence against invaders ; the city then became known as Qila Rai Pithora . This area , now called as Mehrauli , was also the seat of the Mamluk ( Slave ) dynasty . Siri , first established as a camp for protection against invading Mongols by Alauddin Khalji , and fortified in about ca . 1303 A.D. Tughluqabad , built by Ghiyasuddin Tughluq in ca . 1320 A.D. A subsidiary fort Adilabad was built by his son Muhammad bin Tughlaq in ca . 1325 A.D. Jahanpanah , Refuge of the World , name given to the area enclosed by walling - in of the suburbs between Qila Rai Pithora and Siri , built by Muhammad bin Tughluq in ca . 1325 A.D. Ferozabad , built by Firuz Shah Tughluq in ca . 1354 A.D. ; all that remains is the palace , known as Feroz Shah Kotla . Feroz Shah 's building activity indicates that the suburbs were still occupied ; major mosques were built inside Jahanpanah ( Khirki and Begumpur ) and Nizamuddin ; and the area around Khalji reservoir Hauz Khas was developed . Dinpanah built by Humayun and Shergarh built by Sher Shah Suri , both in the area near the speculated site of the legendary Indraprastha ( 1538 -- 1545 ) . Shahjahanabad , the walled city built by Shah Jahan from 1638 to 1649 , containing the Lal Qila and the Chandni Chowk . It was the capital of the Mughal Empire during Shah Jahan 's reign . It is presently referred to as `` Old Delhi '' . Lutyens ' Delhi or New Delhi , the city built by the British on the south - west , declared Capital on 12 December 1911 . On 12 December 2011 New Delhi celebrated 100 years of serving as India 's National Capital . Early Political History of Delhi , 1060 - 1947 Modern Delhi , referred to as ' Dilli ' locally , derived from its historical name Dhili , is an amalgam all of the above . Officially , however , only seven of the above - mentioned settlements are recognised as historical cities with distinct identities and indigenous heritage : Qila Rai Pithora , Mehrauli , Siri , Tughlaqabad , Ferozabad , Dinpanah and Shahjahanabad . The rest are not officially identified as Cities of Delhi because of some specific reasons . Indraprastha , the legendary Ancient City is believed to have been established 5000 years ago ( c. 2800 BC ) , as per the ancient Indian text - the Mahabharata . Though very much a part of India 's very Ancient history , it lacks any tangible evidence to say without doubt that it existed . Archaeological evidence exists , but in such scarcity as be inconclusive . As acknowledged by British historian Michael Wood in his BBC documentary The Story of India , the excavated ceramic pottery from the site of today 's Purana Qila in Delhi and the excavated layers of the ancient city seem to match what the verses of the Mahabharata indicate . More possible evidence in its favour is the existence of a village named Indraprastha very close to the Purana Qila that was destroyed by the British during the construction of Lutyens ' Delhi . Jahanpanah is not considered as a City of Delhi because it is very much in ruins and too diffused now to be considered a distinct city . Moreover , sections of the city still standing are now counted in Siri or Mehrauli . Lodi Complex is not counted as a distinct city because their architectures are too few to be counted as a whole city . The Sayyid and Lodhi dynasties that followed the Tughlak dynasty were far more concerned with restoring stability than patronisation of arts or architecture . Tombs erected in the honour of the rulers are the only monuments of these times and these are scattered all over current South and Central Delhis . New Delhi , the Capital city of modern India is also not counted as a City of Delhi because the structures of those times are still in use as government buildings . So there seems no such thing as `` history '' about it . Early history ( edit ) The ancient Yogmaya Temple , claimed to be one of the five temples of Mahabharata days in Delhi . The iron pillar of Delhi , is said to have been fashioned at the time of Chandragupta Vikramaditya ( 375 -- 413 ) of the Gupta Empire . According to Indian folklore , Delhi was the site of the magnificent and opulent Indraprastha , capital of the Pandavas in the Indian epic Mahabharata , founded around 3500 BC . It was , one of the five prasthas or ` plains ' , which included Sonepat , Panipat , Tilpat ( near Faridabad ) , and Baghpat . 16th - century , Persian historian , Firishta , recorded a tradition that Delhi or Dilli was founded by a Raja Dhilu before the Yavana ( Greek ) invasions . However , it should be noted that the kings then referred to the initial Muslim invaders as Yavanas . Hindu texts state that the city of Delhi used to be referred to in Sanskrit as Hasthinapur , which means `` elephant - city '' . The name Delhi may be derived from the word ' Dhillika ' , though there are other theories . According to Satyarth Prakash ( 1874 ) of Swami Dayanand , Raja Dhilu ( King Dihlu ) founded ancient Delhi in 800 BCE . It was the name of the first medieval township of Delhi , located on the southwestern border of the present Delhi , in Mehrauli . This was the first in the series of seven medieval cities . It is also known as Yoginipura , that is , the fortress of the Yoginis ( female divinities ) . It gained importance during the time of Anangpal Tomar . In the 12th century , the city was included in the dominions of Prithviraj Chauhan . Pasanaha Chariu of Vibudh Shridhar ( VS 1189 - 1230 ) an Apabhramsha writer , provides the first reference to the legend of the origin of the name Dhilli for Delhi . हरियाणए देसे असंखगाम , गामियण जणि अणवरथ काम परचक्क विहट्टणु सिरिसंघट्टणु , जो सुरव इणा परिगणियं रिउ रुहिरावट्टणु बिउलु पवट्टणु , ढिल्ली नामेण जि भणियं Translation : There are countless villages in Haryana country . The villagers there work hard . They do n't accept domination of others , and are experts in making the blood of their enemies flow . Indra himself praises this country . The capital of this country is Dhilli . जहिं असिवर तोडिय रिउ कवालु , णरणाहु पसिद्धउ अणंगवालु वलभर कम्पाविउ णायरायु , माणिणियण मणसंजनीय Translation : The ruler Anangapal is famous , he can slay his enemies with his sword . The weight ( of the Iron pillar ) caused the Nagaraj to shake . A VS 1383 inscription in Delhi Museum confirms the founding of Delhi by the Tomars : देशोऽस्ति हरियानाख्यो पॄथिव्यां स्वर्गसन्निभः ढिल्लिकाख्या पुरी तत्र तोमरैरस्ति निर्मिता Prithviraj Raso also confirms the founding by the Tomars and the legend of the loose nail : हुं गड्डि गयौ किल्ली सज्जीव हल्लाय करी ढिल्ली सईव फिरि व्यास कहै सुनि अनंगराइ भवितव्य बात मेटी न जाइ 8th century to 16th century ( edit ) See also : Delhi Sultanate The bastion of Lal Kot fort in Delhi 's Mehrauli built by Tomara Rajput ruler , Anangpal in c . AD 736 . The Qutub Minar is the world 's tallest brick minaret at 72.5 metres , built by Qutb - ud - din Aibak of Turkic Slave dynasty in 1192 . The Tomar dynasty founded Lal Kot in 736 . The Prithviraj Raso names the Tomar Anangpal as the founder of Lal Kot , whose name is inscribed on Iron Pillar of Delhi at Qutb complex , ascribed to Chandra or Chandragupta II . Anangpal Tomar , who , according to historian Augustus Hoernle , was a Rajput ruler of Delhi , often described as the founder of Delhi , built the citadel some 10 kilometres from Suraj Kund . The Chauhan kings of Ajmer conquered Lal Kot in 1180 and renamed it Qila Rai Pithora . Museum and remnants of the walls at Qila Rai Pithora , the first city of Delhi , founded during the 10th century by Prithviraj Chauhan The Chauhan king Prithviraj III was defeated in 1192 by Muhammad Ghori . From 1206 , Delhi became the capital of the Delhi Sultanate under the Slave Dynasty . The first Sultan of Delhi , Qutb - ud - din Aybak , was a former slave who rose through the ranks to become a general , a governor and then Sultan of Delhi . Qutb - ud - din started the construction of the Qutub Minar , a recognisable symbol of Delhi , to commemorate his victory but died before its completion . In the Qutb complex he also constructed the Quwwat - al - Islam ( might of Islam ) , which is the earliest extant mosque in India . He was said to have destroyed twenty - seven Jain temples initially housed in the Qutb complex and pillaged exquisitely carved pillars and building material from their debris for this mosque , many of which can still be seen . After the end of the Slave dynasty , a succession of Turkic Central Asian and Afghan dynasties , the Khalji dynasty , the Tughluq dynasty , the Sayyid dynasty and the Lodi dynasty held power in the late medieval period and built a sequence of forts and townships in Delhi . In 1398 , Timur Lang invaded India on the pretext that the Muslim sultans of Delhi were too tolerant of their Hindu subjects . After defeating the armies of Nasiruddin Mahmud of Tughlaq dynasty , on 15 December 1398 , Timur entered Delhi on 18 December 1398 , and the city was sacked , destroyed , and left in ruins , and over 100,000 war prisoners were killed as well . In 1526 , following the First Battle of Panipat , Zahiruddin Babur , the former ruler of Fergana , defeated the last Afghan Lodi sultan and founded the Mughal dynasty which ruled from Delhi , Agra and Lahore . 16th century to 19th century ( edit ) The India Gate commemorates the 90,000 Indian soldiers who died in the Afghan Wars and World War I . Hemu , Hem Chandra Vikramaditya , the Hindu emperor of North India who resisted Mughals in the 16th century . Jama Masjid built by Shah Jahan , 1656 In the mid-16th century there was an interruption in the Mughal rule of India as Sher Shah Suri defeated Babur 's son Humayun and forced him to flee to Persia . Sher Shah Suri built the sixth city of Delhi , as well as the old fort known as Purana Qila , even though this city was settled since the ancient era . After Sher Shah Suri 's death in 1545 , his son Islam Shah took the reins of north India from Delhi . Islam Shah ruled from Delhi till 1553 when Hindu king Hem Chandra Vikramaditya , also called Hemu , became the Prime Minister and Chief of Army of Adil Shah . Hem Chandra fought and won 22 battles in all against rebels and twice against Akbar 's army in Agra and Delhi , without losing any . After defeating Akbar 's army on 7 October 1556 at Tughlakabad fort area in Battle of Delhi ( 1556 ) , Hemu acceded to Delhi throne and established Hindu Raj in North India for a brief period , and was bestowed with the title ' Vikramaditya ' , at his coronation in Purana Quila , Delhi . The third and greatest Mughal emperor , Akbar , moved the capital to Agra , resulting in a decline in the fortunes of Delhi . In the mid-17th century , the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan ( 1628 -- 1658 ) built the city that sometimes bears his name Shahjahanabad , the seventh city of Delhi that is more commonly known as the old city or old Delhi . This city contains a number of significant architectural features , including the Red Fort ( Lal Qila ) and the Jama Masjid . The old city served as the capital of the later Mughal Empire from 1638 onwards , when Shah Jahan transferred the capital back from Agra . Aurangzeb ( 1658 -- 1707 ) crowned himself as emperor in Delhi in 1658 at the Shalimar garden ( ' Aizzabad - Bagh ) with a second coronation in 1659 . After 1680 , the Mughal Empire 's influence declined rapidly as the Hindu Maratha Empire rose to prominence . Raghunath Rao , the Maratha peshwa who played a key role in capturing Delhi from the Afghans in the Second Battle of Delhi . In 1737 , Bajirao I marched towards Delhi with a huge army . The Marathas defeated the Mughals in the First Battle of Delhi . The Maratha forces sacked Delhi following their victory against the Mughals . In 1739 , the Mughal Empire lost the huge Battle of Karnal in less than three hours against the numerically outnumbered but military superior Persian army led by Nader Shah during his invasion after which he completely sacked and looted Delhi , the Mughal capital , followed by massacre for 2 days , killing over 30,000 civilians and carrying away immense wealth including the Peacock Throne , the Daria - i - Noor , and Koh - i - Noor . Nader eventually agreed to leave the city and India after forcing the Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah I to beg him for mercy and granting him the keys of the city and the royal treasury . A treaty signed in 1752 made Marathas the protector of the Mughal throne at Delhi . Ahmad Shah Durrani invaded North India for the fourth time in early 1757 . He entered Delhi in January 1757 and kept the Mughal emperor under arrest . In August 1757 , the Marathas once again attacked Delhi , decisively defeating Najib - ud - Daula and his Rohilla Afghan army in the Second Battle of Delhi . Thus , the Marathas established full control over the city . In 1803 , during the Second Anglo - Maratha War , the forces of British East India Company defeated the Maratha forces in the Third Battle of Delhi , ending the Maratha rule over the city . As a result , Delhi came under the control of British East India Company . Between 1836 and 1858 , Delhi was a part of what then known as the North - Western Provinces . Delhi passed into the direct control of British Government in 1857 after the Indian Rebellion of 1857 . The city received significant damage during the 1857 siege . Afterwards , the last titular Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar II was exiled to Rangoon and the remaining Mughal territories were annexed as a part of British India . Delhi today The Raj Ghat , where Mahatma Gandhi was cremated . Calcutta was declared the capital of British India but in 1911 at the Delhi Durbar of 1911 , held at the Coronation Park , King George V announced the shifting of the capital back to Delhi . Parts of the old city were New Delhi , a monumental new quarter of the city designed by the British architect Edwin Lutyens to house the government buildings was inaugurated in 1931 after its construction was delayed due to World War I. New Delhi was officially declared as the seat of the Government of India after independence in 1949 . During the Partition of India thousands of Hindu and Sikh refugees from West Punjab migrated to Delhi , and subsequently settled in North and West Delhi areas , while Hindus from East Pakistan , settled in the late 1960s at EPDP Colony ( EPDP : East Pakistan Displaced Persons ) in South Delhi , later named Chittaranjan Park in the 1980s . Further reading ( edit ) Hartcourt , A. , Assistant Commissioner Delhi ( 1873 ) . The New guide to Delhi . Lahore , Victoria Press . Fanshawe , H.C. ( 1902 ) . Delhi - Past and Present . London , J. Murray . Fraser , Lovat ( 1903 ) . At Delhi ( An account of the Delhi Durbar , 1903 ) . Bombay : Times of India Press and Thacker . Bardiar , Nilendra . Urban , Cultural , Economic and Social Transformation : History of New Delhi 1947 - 65 ) . New Delhi , Ruby Press & Co . Archived from the original on 15 April 2014 . Hearn , Gordon Risley ( 1906 ) . The Seven Cities of Delhi . W. Thacker & Co. , London . See also ( edit ) Agrasen ki Baoli Gates of Delhi Mehrauli Archaeological Park References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ List of cities by time of continuous habitation # Central and South Asia Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ ( 3 ) ^ Jump up to : Singh , Upinder ( 2006 ) . Delhi : Ancient History . Berghahn Books . ISBN 9788187358299 . ^ Jump up to : Bosworth , Clifford Edmund ( 2007 ) . Historic Cities of the Islamic World . BRILL . ISBN 9789004153882 . ^ Jump up to : Pletcher , Kenneth . The Geography of India : Sacred and Historic Places. 2010 : The Rosen Publishing Group . ISBN 9781615301423 . Jump up ^ New Delhi celebrates 100 years Jump up ^ Seven Cities of Delhi Jump up ^ Indraprastha did exist ! The Mahabharata is a reality ! - British historian Michael Wood Jump up ^ Indraprastha Village Jump up ^ Why Lodi Complex is n't counted as a distinct city ? Jump up ^ Balasubramaniam , R. 2002 Jump up ^ Arnold Silcock ; Maxwell Ayrton ( 2003 ) . Wrought iron and its decorative use : with 241 illustrations ( reprint ed . ) . Mineola , N.Y : Dover . p. 4 . ISBN 0 - 486 - 42326 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Gazetter , p. 233 Jump up ^ Satyarth Prakash - Swami Dayananda Saraswati . Jump up ^ Cohen , Richard J. `` An Early Attestation of the Toponym Ḍhillī '' . Journal of the American Oriental Society . 1989 : 513 -- 519 . Jump up ^ Ghosh , A. ( 1991 ) . Encyclopedia of Indian Archaeology . BRILL . p. 251 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 09264 - 1 . Jump up ^ http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/480820/Prithviraja-III Jump up ^ Jāvīd , ʻAlī . `` World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India '' . Pg. 107 . Google Books . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ Battuta 's Travels : Delhi , capital of Muslim India Archived 23 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The Islamic World to 1600 : The Mongol Invasions ( The Timurid Empire ) Archived 16 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Hunter , Sir William Wilson ( 1909 ) . `` The Indian Empire : Timur 's invasion 1398 '' . The Imperial Gazetteer of India . 2 . p. 366 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Amelia . Rajasthan , Delhi and Agra . Lonely Planet . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74104 - 690 - 8 . Jump up ^ Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707 - 1813 Jump up ^ History Modern India Jump up ^ Soul and Structure of Governance in India . Retrieved 2 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Gordon , Stewart . The Marathas 1600 -- 1818 , Volume 2 . Cambridge University Press , 1993 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 26883 - 7 . Jump up ^ The Pearson General Studies Manual 2009 , Showick Thorpe Edgar Thorpe Jump up ^ Mayaram , Shail . Against history , against state : counterperspectives from the margins Cultures of history . Columbia University Press , 2003 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 12731 - 8 . Jump up ^ A brief but fascinating account of the Indian contractors behind this constructed a Little Malice . Bibliography ( edit ) Kishore , Raghav ( 2016 ) . `` Planning , traffic and the city : railway development in colonial Delhi , c. 1899 -- 1905 '' . Urban History : 1 -- 17 . doi : 10.1017 / S0963926816000353 . `` History of Delhi District '' . The Imperial Gazetteer of India , Vol. 11 . Oxford at Clarendon Press . 1909 . p. 225 . Kapoor , Pramod ; Malvika Singh ; Rudrangshu Mukherjee ( 2009 ) . New Delhi : Making of a Capital . Lustre Press . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7436 - 574 - 3 . Byron , Robert ( 1931 ) . New Delhi . The Architectural Review , Westminster . External links ( edit ) Delhi ( 1938 ) , a documentary by BFI archives `` Scenes from Delhi ( Silent film , 18 : 16 - 23.27 ) '' . University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology Films . c. 1930 . Land and Acquisition Act of 1894 , under which the new city of Delhi was acquired The agreement of construction of new city of Delhi with original signatures of Herbert Baker and Edwin Luteyns Delhi topics Topics History Government Economy Tourism Education Sport Transport Neighbourhoods History Timeline Indraprastha Hastinapur Tomaras Chauhan Prithviraj Raso Islamic invasions of India Delhi Sultanate Slave dynasty Khalji dynasty Tughluq dynasty Sayyid dynasty Lodhi dynasty Sher Shah Suri Mughal dynasty Maratha Empire British East India Company Bahadur Shah Zafar Indian rebellion of 1857 British Raj Viceroy of India Indian independence movement Partition of India New Delhi Government and localities Government Legislative Assembly Lt. Governor Chief Minister High Court Delhi Commission for Women Districts District Centres Municipal Corporation Development Authority New Delhi Municipal Council Cantonment Board New Delhi Connaught Place Chandni Chowk Karol Bagh Chanakyapuri Lajpat Nagar Hauz Khas Buildings and landmarks Tourist attractions Agrasen ki Baoli Akshardham Temple Amar Jawan Jyoti Ashokan Edicts Bahá'í House of Worship Bara Gumbad Barakhamba Central Park ( Sunder Nursery ) Chausath Khamba Chhatarpur Temple Chor Minar Coronation Park Gates of Delhi Hanuman Temple , Connaught Place Hauz Khas Complex Hauz - i - Shamsi Hijron Ka Khanqah Humayun 's Tomb India Gate ISKCON Temple Jahanpanah Jahaz Mahal Jama Masjid Jamali Kamali Mosque and Tomb Jantar Mantar Khirki Masjid List of parks Mehrauli complex Metcalfe House Moth Ki Masjid Nizamuddin Dargah Parliament of India Purana Qila Qutb Minar Ramlila Maidan Raj Ghat Rajpath Rashtrapati Bhavan Red Fort Safdarjung 's Tomb Salimgarh Fort Shisha Gumbad Siri Fort Sultan Ghari Teen Murti Bhavan Vijay Chowk Yogmaya Temple Economy Stock Exchange Association Transport Air Indira Gandhi International Airport Safdarjung Airport Rail Anand Vihar Terminal Delhi Junction Hazrat Nizamuddin New Delhi Sarai Rohilla Delhi Light Rail Transit Delhi Metro Delhi Monorail Delhi Suburban Railway Road Delhi Transport Corporation Inter State Bus Terminals Delhi BRTS Culture Independence Day Republic Day Punjabi cuisine Dilli Haat Ghantewala Khari Baoli Hinduism Sikhism Islam Cinema Shopping Sports Teams Delhi cricket team Delhi Daredevils Hindustan Football Club New Delhi Heroes FC Delhi United S.C. Delhi Waveriders Delhi Smashers Delhi Dynamos FC Delhi football team Delhi Defenders Delhi Giants Delhi Wizards Garhwal F.C. Dabang Delhi Simla Youngs F.C. Stadiums Ambedkar Stadium Chhatrasal Stadium Delhi University Stadium Dr. Karni Singh Shooting Range Ferozshah Kotla Harbax Singh Stadium Indira Gandhi Arena Indira Gandhi Indoor Stadium Jamia Millia Islamia University Ground Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium Karnail Singh Stadium Dhyan Chand National Stadium Siri Fort Sports Complex SPM Swimming Pool Complex Talkatora Stadium Thyagaraj Sports Complex Yamuna Sports Complex Games 1951 Asian Games 1982 Asian Games 1987 Cricket World Cup 1989 Asian Athletics Championships 1996 Cricket World Cup 2010 Commonwealth Games 2010 Hockey World Cup 2011 Cricket World Cup Nehru Cup Delhi Half Marathon Districts Central Delhi East Delhi New Delhi North Delhi North East Delhi North West Delhi South Delhi South West Delhi West Delhi National Capital Region ( NCR ) Gurgaon Noida Faridabad Ghaziabad Greater Noida Other topics Famous people from Delhi Buildings and structures List of cities in India See also Hindu temples Landmarks Museums Neighbourhoods Power Plants Universities Delhi portal Historical regions of North India Ajmer Awadh Bagelkhand Bhojpur Braj Bundelkhand Delhi Doab Doaba Dhundhar Garhwal Gird Godwar Hadoti Jaisalmer Jangladesh Kumaon Magadha Mahakoshal Majha Malwa Malwa ( Punjab ) Marwar Mewar Mewat Mithila Nimar Purvanchal Rohilkhand Shekhawati Vagad History of India States Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Telangana Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal NCT Delhi Territories Andaman and Nicobar Islands Chandigarh Dadra and Nagar Haveli Daman and Diu Lakshadweep Puducherry History portal Delhi portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Delhi&oldid=855200091 '' Categories : New Delhi History of Delhi Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from March 2013 Use Indian English from June 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Français हिन्दी ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം ਪੰਜਾਬੀ தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 16 August 2018 , at 16 : 24 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Delhi
| 2,017 |
|||
one moment in time official music video whitney houston
|
One Moment in Time
|
one moment in time
|
`` I Know Him So Well '' ( 1988 ) `` One Moment in Time '' ( 1988 ) `` It Is n't , It Was n't , It Ai n't Never Gonna Be '' ( 1989 ) Music video `` One Moment in Time '' on YouTube `` One Moment in Time '' is a song by American singer Whitney Houston and written by Albert Hammond and John Bettis , produced by Narada Michael Walden for the 1988 Summer Olympics held in Seoul , South Korea . The song was Houston 's third number one in the UK Singles Chart , and reached number five on the US Billboard Hot 100 . The song was later included on the second disc of her first greatest hits Whitney : The Greatest Hits and also on The Ultimate Collection and on the second disc of I Will Always Love You : The Best of Whitney Houston . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Chart performance 3 Live performances 4 Other versions 5 In popular culture 6 Personnel 7 Track listing and formats 8 Charts and certifications 8.1 Chart positions 8.2 Year - end charts 8.3 Certifications 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The song 's melody was inspired by the timeless figure of Elvis Presley , with Hammond imagining it as being sung by Presley at the opening of the Olympics . It appeared on the album 1988 Summer Olympics Album : One Moment in Time , produced in conjunction with NBC Sports ' coverage of the Seoul games and which , in addition to Whitney Houston who sang it live at the main ceremony , also featured artists such as : The Four Tops , The Bee Gees , Eric Carmen , Taylor Dayne and the film composer John Williams . The track is an anthem for believing in yourself against all odds as Houston asks for `` One moment in time / when I 'm racing with destiny / Then , in that one moment of time , I will feel eternity . '' The video for the song does not show Houston performing the song but is a basic collage of clips from previous Olympic ceremonies . It opens with footage of Olympic games from 1924 and 1964 until the lighting of the cauldron from the 1988 games is shown which fades from black and white to color . As the song plays throughout , footage from the games in 1988 and 1984 are shown . When the chorus is sung for the last time , midway through it , scenes of the awarding from 1984 and 1988 are shown . The song video ends with the 1988 Olympic Cauldron blazing . Chart performance ( edit ) `` One Moment in Time '' was released by Arista Records on August 27 , 1988 as the first single from The 1988 Summer Olympics Album : One Moment in Time , the soundtrack to the Games in Seoul , South Korea . The song debuted at number 57 on the Billboard Hot 100 , the issue dated September 10 , 1988 . Nine weeks later , it peaked at number five on the chart , the issue date of November 12 , 1988 , becoming Houston 's tenth top 10 hit on the Hot 100 , and spent 17 weeks on the chart . It also debuted on the Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( formerly `` Hot Black Singles '' ) at number 78 , the issue dated September 17 , 1988 , and six weeks later reached a peak of 22 , her lowest position on the R&B chart at the time . On the issue date of November 5 , 1988 , the single peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary chart , making it her seventh number - one single on the chart , and stayed on the top for two weeks . It ranked number 89 on the Billboard Hot 100 Year - End chart of 1988 . Worldwide , it was a big hit . In the United Kingdom , the song entered the UK Singles Chart at number 24 , the week ending date of September 24 , 1988 , and within four weeks of its release reached the top position , a peak it maintained for two weeks , becoming Houston 's third UK number - one single . The single was certified Silver by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) for shipments of 200,000 copies on October 1 , 1988 . According to The Official Charts Company , the single has sold 400,000 copies in the country . In Germany , it debuted at number 58 on the Media Control Top 100 Singles chart , the week dated September 26 , 1988 , and the following week went straight into the top ten . On October 24 , 1988 , the fifth week of its release , the song reached number one on the chart and stayed there for two weeks , making it her second German number - one hit . The single was certified Gold for shipments of 250,000 copies or more by the Bundesverband Musikindustrie ( BVMI ) in 1988 . Across Europe , `` One Moment in Time '' was successful , topping the European Hot 100 Singles chart for five weeks . It peaked inside the top five in Austria , Belgium , Italy , Norway , Sweden , and Switzerland , and reached top ten in France and the Netherlands . But the single became a minor hit in Oceania region , peaking at number 53 and 34 on the singles chart , in Australia and New Zealand , respectively . The song re-entered the UK Singles Chart for week ending February 18 , 2012 following Houston 's death . Also following Houston 's death , Entertainment Weekly published a list of her 25 best songs and ranked it # 14 because : `` The Seoul Olympics needed an anthem , and Houston rose to meet the challenge with this majestic carpe diem chest - thumper . The song , a staple of sports montages , yielded one of Houston 's all - time best performances at the 1989 Grammys ceremony . '' Live performances ( edit ) 1989 : Houston performed the song at the opening of the 31st Grammy Awards on February 22 , 1989 , where she was nominated for Best Pop Vocal Performance , Female . This performance was broadcast live on CBS and released on the videos and CD : Grammy 's Greatest Moments , Vol II ( 1994 ) , and Whitney : The Greatest Hits ( 2000 ) . It also appears on the CD / DVD Live : Her Greatest Performances . 1990 : She also performed the song during Sammy Davis Jr. 's 60th Anniversary Celebration in Show Business , taped at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles on November 13 , 1989 and broadcast on ABC , February 4 , 1990 . 1992 : Houston performed the song live at the opening ceremony of the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona . 1997 : Houston performed the song again at the US Open Tennis Championships : the Arthur Ashe Stadium Inauguration Ceremonies on August 25 , 1997 . While the past US Open tennis champions appeared on screen , she dedicated the song to the legendary tennis players and about 23,000 audience . 2006 : Houston performed the song at the opening ceremony of the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin . Other versions ( edit ) A British pop group , the Shadows did an instrumental version on their 1989 album , Steppin ' to the Shadows : 16 Great Tracks As Only the Shadows Can Play Them . In popular culture ( edit ) The song was played during a montage of highlights at the end of NBC Sports ' coverage of the 1988 World Series after the Los Angeles Dodgers defeated the Oakland Athletics four games to one . The song was also played during the 1995 Baltimore Orioles game when Cal Ripken broke Lou Gehrig 's consecutive played games record . Appropriately for the song 's origins as an Olympic anthem , Olympic gold medal - winning heptathlete Denise Lewis selected the song as one of her eight Desert Island Discs in February 2012 . That same month , the song featured at the beginning of the 2012 Brit Awards at London 's O2 Arena in tribute to Houston who had died earlier in the month by playing the song accompanied with a 30 - second - video montage of her music videos . Personnel ( edit ) Whitney Houston : vocals , vocal arranger Narada Michael Walden : producer , arranger , drums Walter Afanasieff : keyboards Randy Jackson : Moog Source synth bass Robert `` Bongo Bob '' Smith : SP - 12 percussion , drum sampling , programming Ren Klyce : Fairlight synthesizer Vernon `` Ice '' Black : guitar The London Symphony Orchestra : orchestra Claytoven Richardson , Jeanie Tracy , Jim Gilstrap , Karen `` Kitty Beethoven '' Brewington , Lynette Stephens , Rosie Gaines , Walter Hawkins : background vocals Track listing and formats ( edit ) GER 12 '' maxi - vinyl / Maxi - CD single / UK 12 '' vinyl single ( Version 1 ) `` One Moment in Time '' by Whitney Houston ― 4 : 42 `` Midnight Wind '' by Tony Carey ― 5 : 03 `` Olympic Joy '' ( Instrumental ) by Kashif ― 4 : 03 UK 12 '' vinyl single ( Version 2 ) `` One Moment in Time '' by Whitney Houston ― 4 : 42 `` Olympic Joy '' ( Instrumental ) by Kashif ― 4 : 03 `` Rise to the Occasion '' by Jermaine Jackson & Lala ― 4 : 43 UK 12 '' vinyl single ( Version 3 ) `` One Moment in Time '' by Whitney Houston ― 4 : 42 `` Love Will Save the Day '' ( Jellybean Remix ) `` Olympic Joy '' ( Instrumental ) by Kashif ― 4 : 03 UK / Europe 7 '' vinyl single `` One Moment in Time '' by Whitney Houston ― 4 : 42 `` Olympic Joy '' ( Instrumental ) by Kashif ― 4 : 03 US 7 '' vinyl single `` One Moment in Time '' ― 4 : 42 `` Love Is a Contact Sport '' ― 4 : 16 GER 5 '' maxi - CD single `` One Moment in Time '' by Whitney Houston ― 4 : 42 `` Olympic Joy '' ( Instrumental ) by Kashif ― 4 : 03 `` Rise to the Occasion '' by Jermaine Jackson & Lala ― 4 : 43 `` One Moment in Time '' ( Instrumental ) ― 4 : 42 JPN 3 '' CD single `` One Moment in Time '' by Whitney Houston ― 4 : 42 `` Olympic Joy '' ( Instrumental ) by Kashif ― 4 : 03 Charts and certifications ( edit ) Chart positions ( edit ) Chart ( 1988 -- 1989 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 53 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 5 Belgium ( VRT Top 30 ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 22 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 5 France ( SNEP ) 8 Germany ( Media Control Top 100 ) Iceland ( RÚV ) 6 Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( Musica e dischi ) 5 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 6 New Zealand ( RIANZ ) 34 Norway ( VG - lista ) Spain ( AFYVE ) 7 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 5 US Radio & Records CHR / Pop Airplay Chart 7 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 22 Chart ( 2012 ) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 34 France ( SNEP ) 61 Ireland ( IRMA ) 42 Portugal ( AFYVE ) 41 Spain ( AFYVE ) 26 South Korea International Singles ( Gaon ) 90 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 18 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 40 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1988 ) Position Dutch Singles Chart 53 UK 14 US Billboard Hot 100 89 US Adult Contemporary Singles 50 US Pop Singles 89 Certifications ( edit ) Country Certification Shipments / sales France ( SNEP ) Silver 200,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 250,000 New Zealand ( RIANZ ) Silver 10,000 Sweden ( IFPI ) Gold 20,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 400,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 Worldwide 2,000,000 + See also ( edit ) List of European number - one hits of 1988 List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1988 ( U.S. ) List of number - one singles from the 1980s ( UK ) List of number - one hits of 1988 ( Germany ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gary Trust ( February 16 , 2010 ) . `` Going For The Gold ( & Platinum ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Billboard Hot 100 Singles chart listing for the week of September 10 , 1988 '' . Billboard . September 10 , 1988 . Retrieved January 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Billboard Hot 100 Singles chart listing for the week of November 12 , 1988 '' . Billboard . November 12 , 1988 . Retrieved January 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs chart listing for the week of September 17 , 1988 '' . Billboard . September 17 , 1988 . Retrieved January 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary chart listing for the week of November 5 , 1988 '' . Billboard . November 5 , 1988 . Retrieved January 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 - 2001 . Record Research . p. 119 . ^ Jump up to : `` Billboard Hot 100 Year - End chart of 1988 '' . Longboredsurfer.com . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2010 . Retrieved January 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 Official UK Singles Archive : the week ending 24th September , 1988 '' . The Official Charts Company . September 24 , 1988 . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2011 . Retrieved January 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 40 Official UK Singles Archive : the week ending 22nd October , 1988 '' . The Official Charts Company . October 22 , 1988 . Retrieved January 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` BPI certification searchable database '' . British Phonographic Industry . October 1 , 1988 . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2016 . Retrieved January 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Official UK Countdowns : Whitney Houston > Official Top 20 '' . MTV ( UK and Ireland ) . Retrieved January 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Media Control Top 100 Singles , the week date of October 3 , 1988 '' . Media Control GfK International . October 3 , 1988 . Retrieved January 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Official Media Control Top 100 Singles , the week date of October 31 , 1988 '' . Media Control GfK International . October 31 , 1988 . Retrieved January 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Gold / Platinum database ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved January 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' One Monet in Time '' performances on the Ö3 Austria Top 40 chart `` . Hitradio Ö3 . January 15 , 1989 . Retrieved January 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Radio 2 - Top 30 van zaterdag 5 November 1988 '' ( in Dutch ) . Radio 2 . November 5 , 1988 . Archived from the original on 9 April 2012 . Retrieved January 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' One Moment in Time '' performances on the Italian Musica e dischi Singles Chart `` . Musica e dischi . November 5 , 1988 . Retrieved January 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' One Moment in Time '' performances on the Norwegian VG - lista Singles chart `` . Verdens Gang . 39th week , 1988 . Retrieved January 26 , 2011 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` '' One Moment in Time '' performances on the Sverigetopplistan ( Swedish Singles Chart ) `` . Swedish Recording Industry Association . October 19 , 1988 . Retrieved January 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' One Moment in Time '' performances on the Schweizer Hitparade ( Swiss Singles Chart ) `` . Media Control AG . December 4 , 1988 . Retrieved January 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' One Moment in Time '' performances on the French SNEP Singles Chart `` . the Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . March 18 , 1989 . Retrieved January 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' One Moment in Time '' performances on the Dutch Top 40 `` . Radio 538 . October 29 , 1988 . Retrieved January 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Response from ARIA re : chart inquiry , received June 17 , 2014 '' . imgur.com . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2014 . Retrieved September 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' One Moment in Time '' performances on the RIANZ Singles Chart `` . Recording Industry Association of New Zealand . December 4 , 1988 . Retrieved January 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Griffiths , Peter ( February 19 , 2012 ) . `` Whitney Houston back in UK charts after funeral '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ Anderson , Kyle ; Goldblatt , Henry ; Greenblatt , Leah ; Rahman , Ray ( February 17 , 2012 ) . `` Whitney Houston : Her 25 Best Songs '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Jon Pareles ( February 23 , 1989 ) . `` Grammys to McFerrin and Chapman '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Grammy 's Greatest Moments , Vol 2 ( VHS , 1994 ) . Amazon.com . February 8 , 1994 . ISBN 6303029256 . Jump up ^ `` Grammy 's Greatest Moments , Vol 2 ( CD , 1994 ) '' . Amazon.com . February 9 , 1994 . Retrieved January 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Whitney Houston - Greatest Hits ( 2000 ) '' . Amazon.com . May 16 , 2000 . Retrieved January 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Aldore Collier ( December 4 , 1989 ) . Hollywood Honors Sammy Davis Jr. 's 60 Years in Show Business . Jet . Retrieved January 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ John J. O'Connor ( February 2 , 1990 ) . `` TV Weekend ; American Indian Dancers and Sammy Davis Tribute '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Clifford Krauss ( August 22 , 1997 ) . `` Arthur Ashe Stadium 's Opening Serve Is in Giuliani 's Court '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Steppin ' to the Shadows : 16 Great Tracks As Only the Shadows Can Play Them by The Shadows ( Audio CD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved January 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Telegraph Media Group Ltd . Brit Awards 2012 : Rhianna and Bruno Mars win international gongs at Brit Awards 2012 ; February 22 , 2012 ( Retrieved February 22 , 2012 ) . Jump up ^ One Moment in Time ( German 12 - inch Vinyl Single liner notes ) . Whitney Houston . Germany : Arista. 1988 . 611 725 . Jump up ^ One Moment in Time ( UK 12 - inch Vinyl Single ( Version 1 ) liner notes ) . Whitney Houston . United Kingdom : Arista Records . 1988 . 611 725 . Jump up ^ One Moment in Time ( UK 12 - inch Vinyl Single ( Version 2 ) liner notes ) . Whitney Houston . United Kingdom : Arista Records . 1988 . 611613 . Jump up ^ One Moment in Time ( UK 12 - inch Vinyl Single ( Version 3 ) liner notes ) . Whitney Houston . United Kingdom : Arista Records . 1989 . 611 866 . Jump up ^ One Moment in Time ( UK 7 - inch Vinyl Single liner notes ) . Whitney Houston . United Kingdom : Arista Records . 1989 . 111 613 . Jump up ^ One Moment in Time ( Europe 7 - inch Vinyl Single liner notes ) . Whitney Houston . Europe : Arista Records . 1988 . 111 725 . Jump up ^ One Moment in Time ( US 7 - inch Vinyl Single liner notes ) . Whitney Houston . United States : Arista Records . 1989 . AS1 - 9743 . Jump up ^ One Moment in Time ( German 5 - inch CD Single liner notes ) . Whitney Houston . Germany : Arista Records . 1989 . 661613 . Jump up ^ One Moment in Time ( Japanese 3 - inch CD Single liner notes ) . Whitney Houston . Japan : Arista Records . 1989 . A10D - 111 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Archived from the original on 2013 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ Pennanen , Timo ( 2006 ) . Sisältää hitin : Levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972 . Finland : Otava . p. 161 . ISBN 951 - 1 - 21053 - X . Jump up ^ `` Whitney Houston Chart History '' . RÚV . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Archived July 21 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . p. 694 . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Whitney Houston : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Whitney Houston '' . Jump up ^ `` One moment in time '' . Jump up ^ `` Whitney Houston Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Whitney Houston Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` South Korea Gaon International Chart ( Week : February 12 , 2012 to February 18 , 2012 ) '' . Gaon Chart . January 5 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2012 . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl - Jaaroverzichten - Single 1988 '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved June 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Scaping , Peter , ed. ( 1991 ) . `` Top 100 Singles : 1988 '' . BPI YearBook 1989 / 90 . London , England : British Phonographic Industry . pp. 64 -- 65 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9061 - 5410 - 6 . Jump up ^ Top 100 Adult Contemporary of 1988 Billboard Jump up ^ Top Pop Singles of 1988 Billboard . Jump up ^ French certifications Disqueenfrance.com . Retrieved December 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ InfoDisc . InfoDisc . May 22 , 1993 . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2013 . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( ' I Will Always Love You ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Nick Robertshaw ( August 9 , 1986 ) . Houston Attains Global Stardom . Billboard . Retrieved August 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Swedish certifications Ifpi.se Archived 2012 - 05 - 21 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved December 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` BPI certification for `` I Will Always Love You '' single ( searchable database ) `` . January 1 , 1993 . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2016 . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Official Charts Company ( 2 ) . Retrieved June 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved December 24 , 2008 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` '' My Love Is Your Love '' single ; triple platinum worldwide `` . Billboard . November 20 , 1999 . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . External links ( edit ) One Moment in Time at Discogs Whitney Houston Albums discography Singles discography Videography Live performances Awards and nominations List of songs Studio albums Whitney Houston Whitney I 'm Your Baby Tonight My Love Is Your Love Just Whitney ... One Wish : The Holiday Album I Look to You Soundtrack albums The Bodyguard The Preacher 's Wife Live albums Whitney Houston Live : Her Greatest Performances Compilation albums Whitney : The Greatest Hits Love , Whitney The Ultimate Collection I Will Always Love You : The Best of Whitney Houston Other releases Whitney : Dancin ' Special I Wish You Love : More from The Bodyguard Concert tours US Summer Tour The Greatest Love World Tour Moment of Truth World Tour Feels So Right Tour I 'm Your Baby Tonight World Tour The Bodyguard World Tour The Pacific Rim Tour The European Tour My Love Is Your Love World Tour Soul Divas Tour Nothing but Love World Tour Concerts and appearances Welcome Home Heroes with Whitney Houston The Concert for a New South Africa Whitney : Brunei The Royal Wedding Celebration Classic Whitney : Live from Washington , D.C. VH1 Divas Live ' 99 Achievements Chart records and achievements Grammy awards history American Music Awards history Related articles `` Dance with Somebody '' The Bodyguard ( musical ) Being Bobby Brown The Houstons : On Our Own Whitney : Can I Be Me Bobby Brown ( ex-husband ) Bobbi Kristina Brown ( daughter ) Cissy Houston ( mother ) Whitney ( 2015 film ) Whitney ( 2018 film ) Book Portal Whitney Houston singles Whitney Houston `` Hold Me '' `` Thinking About You '' `` You Give Good Love '' `` All at Once '' `` Saving All My Love for You '' `` How Will I Know '' `` Greatest Love of All '' Whitney `` I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' `` Did n't We Almost Have It All '' `` So Emotional '' `` Where Do Broken Hearts Go '' `` Love Will Save the Day '' `` I Know Him So Well '' I 'm Your Baby Tonight `` I 'm Your Baby Tonight '' `` All the Man That I Need '' `` Miracle '' `` My Name Is Not Susan '' `` I Belong to You '' `` We Did n't Know '' The Bodyguard `` I Will Always Love You '' `` I 'm Every Woman '' `` I Have Nothing '' `` Run to You '' `` Queen of the Night '' Waiting to Exhale `` Exhale ( Shoop Shoop ) '' `` Count On Me '' `` Why Does It Hurt So Bad '' The Preacher 's Wife `` I Believe in You and Me '' `` Step by Step '' `` My Heart Is Calling '' My Love Is Your Love `` When You Believe '' `` Heartbreak Hotel '' `` It 's Not Right but It 's Okay '' `` My Love Is Your Love '' `` I Learned from the Best '' Whitney : The Greatest Hits `` Could I Have This Kiss Forever '' `` If I Told You That '' `` Fine '' `` Same Script , Different Cast '' Just Whitney ... `` Whatchulookinat '' `` One of Those Days '' `` Try It on My Own '' `` Love That Man '' One Wish : The Holiday Album `` One Wish ( for Christmas ) '' I Look to You `` I Look to You '' `` Million Dollar Bill '' Sparkle `` Celebrate '' `` His Eye Is on the Sparrow '' I Will Always Love You : The Best of Whitney Houston `` I Look to You '' Other / featured / promotional singles `` One Moment in Time '' `` It Is n't , It Was n't , It Ai n't Never Gonna Be '' `` The Star Spangled Banner '' `` Something in Common '' `` I Did n't Know My Own Strength '' `` Memories '' Albert Hammond Studio albums It Never Rains in Southern California The Free Electric Band Albert Hammond Other albums It Never Rains in Southern California Singles `` Down by the River '' `` It Never Rains in Southern California '' `` The Free Electric Band '' `` I 'm a Train '' `` 99 Miles From L.A. '' `` When I 'm Gone '' `` Your World and My World '' Songwriting `` Be Tender with Me Baby '' `` Do n't Turn Around '' `` Gimme Dat Ding '' `` I Do n't Wanna Live Without Your Love '' `` I Do n't Wanna Lose You '' `` I Need to Be in Love '' `` It Is n't , It Was n't , It Ai n't Never Gonna Be '' `` Just Walk Away '' `` Little Arrows '' `` Lonely Is the Night '' `` Love Thing '' `` Make Me an Island '' `` Nothing 's Gonna Stop Us Now '' `` One Moment in Time '' `` Room in Your Heart '' `` Tall , Dark Handsome Stranger '' `` The Air That I Breathe '' `` To All the Girls I 've Loved Before '' `` Way of the World '' `` When I Need You '' `` When You Tell Me That You Love Me '' `` Where Were You '' `` You 're Such a Good Looking Woman '' Languages `` Cantaré , cantarás '' `` Sensualité '' `` Y Tú También Llorarás '' Related articles Albert Hammond , Jr . John Bettis Mike Hazlewood Holly Knight Carole Bayer Sager The Family Dogg Diane Warren Major League Baseball on NBC Related programs Baseball Night in America ( 1994 -- 1995 ) Major League Baseball : An Inside Look ( 1979 -- 1989 ) Major League Baseball Game of the Week ( 1957 -- 1964 ; 1966 -- 1989 ) Major League Baseball on NBC Radio ( 1927 -- 1938 ; 1957 -- 1975 ) Monday Night Baseball ( 1967 -- 1975 ) Misc . programs Gillette Cavalcade of Sports USA Thursday Game of the Week ( 1979 -- 1983 ) Related articles The Baseball Network World Series television ratings Television contracts NBC 's owned & operated TV stations W2XBS ( later WNBT ) ( New York Yankees , 1939 -- 1945 ) WCAU 10 ( Philadelphia Phillies , 2014 -- present ) KCST 39 ( later KNSD ) ( San Diego Padres , 1971 -- 1972 ; 1984 -- 1986 ) KNTV 11 ( San Francisco Giants , 2008 -- present ) NBC Sports Bay Area ( San Francisco Giants ) California ( Oakland Athletics ) Chicago ( Chicago Cubs & White Sox ) Philadelphia ( Philadelphia Phillies ) New York ( New York Mets ) Sponsors Ford Gillette National Bohemian Commentators The Baseball Network All - Star Game ALCS ALDS NLCS NLDS World Series Key figures Mel Allen Jim Britt Jack Buck Skip Caray Bob Carpenter Bob Costas Dick Enberg Bill Enis Joe Garagiola Curt Gowdy Greg Gumbel Merle Harmon Ernie Harwell Charlie Jones George Kell Jon Miller Monte Moore Bob Neal Lindsey Nelson Bill O'Donnell Jay Randolph Ted Robinson Vin Scully Jim Simpson Chuck Thompson Gary Thorne Pete van Wieren Bob Wolff Jim Woods Color commentators Sal Bando Bucky Dent Larry Dierker Don Drysdale Leo Durocher Joe Garagiola Ken Harrelson Fred Haney Tommy Hutton Jim Kaat Sandy Koufax Tony Kubek Ron Luciano John Lowenstein Mickey Mantle Tim McCarver Joe Morgan Bobby Murcer Wes Parker Pee Wee Reese Al Rosen Tom Seaver Mike Shannon Joe Torre Bob Uecker Bill Veeck Maury Wills Guest commentators Rick Dempsey Barry Larkin Ronald Reagan Mike Schmidt Don Sutton Bobby Valentine Hosts Mike Adamle Marv Albert Len Berman Jimmy Cefalo Gayle Gardner Bryant Gumbel Bill Macatee Keith Olbermann Ahmad Rashād Hannah Storm Field reporters Johnny Bench Jim Gray Jimmy Roberts Craig Sager Bob Wischusen Lore Regular season games # 715 ( 1974 ) `` The Sandberg Game '' ( 1984 ) Tie - breaker games 1951 National League tie - breaker series ( Games 2 - 3 ) 1962 National League tie - breaker series LCS games `` Go crazy folks ! '' ( 1985 ) Jeffrey Maier ( 1996 ) `` Grand Slam Single '' ( 1999 ) World Series games Subway Series `` The Catch ( 1954 ) '' Don Larsen 's Perfect Game ( 1956 ) `` Shoe polish incident '' ( 1969 ) `` Fisk Waves it Fair '' ( 1975 ) Michael Sergio ( 1986 ) `` It gets through Buckner ! '' ( 1986 ) Kirk Gibson 's home run ( 1988 ) All - Century Team ( 1999 ) Music `` Broken Wings '' `` Do n't Let Me Be Misunderstood '' `` Do n't Look in My Eyes '' `` Fame '' `` Limelight '' `` One Moment in Time '' `` The Stuff That Dreams Are Made Of '' Instrumentals The Adventures of Brisco County , Jr . `` Chase '' `` Do n't Turn Away '' `` Take Me Out to the Ball Game '' The Untouchables World Series 1947 ( Games 1 & 5 ) 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1995 ( Games 2 -- 3 , & 6 ) 1997 1999 AL Championship 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1977 1979 1981 1985 1989 1995 ( Games 3 -- 6 ) 1998 2000 NL Championship 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1977 1979 1981 1985 1989 1995 ( Games 3 -- 4 ) 1997 1999 AL Division Series 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 NL Division Series 1981 1995 1997 1998 1999 All - Star Game 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 : First -- Second 1960 : First -- Second 1961 : First -- Second 1962 : First -- Second 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1977 1979 1981 1985 1989 1994 1998 2000 Seasons Pre-Game of the Week 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 Game of the Week era 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 ( All - Star Game and World Series only ) 1966 ( exclusive coverage begins ) 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 The Baseball Network era 1994 1995 No regular season coverage 1997 1998 1999 2000 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=One_Moment_in_Time&oldid=849688212 '' Categories : Whitney Houston songs 1988 singles 1989 singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Germany Songs written by Albert Hammond Olympic theme songs 1988 Summer Olympics Official championship anthems Contemporary R&B ballads Soul ballads Songs with lyrics by John Bettis Song recordings produced by Narada Michael Walden NBC Sports Arista Records singles 1988 songs Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 errors : dates Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles needing additional references from December 2009 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing additional references from June 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Português Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 10 July 2018 , at 17 : 27 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One%20Moment%20in%20Time
| 2,018 |
|||
who played holland and van owen in payback
|
Payback ( 1999 film )
|
payback ( 1999 film )
|
Payback is a 1999 American neo-noir crime film written and directed by Brian Helgeland in his directorial debut , and starring Mel Gibson , Gregg Henry , Maria Bello , and David Paymer . It was based on the novel The Hunter by Donald E. Westlake using the pseudonym Richard Stark , which had earlier been adapted into the 1967 film noir classic Point Blank , directed by John Boorman and starring Lee Marvin . In 2006 , Helgeland issued a director 's cut that differs substantially from the version released by the studio .
|
Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Editing 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical reception 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) In a kitchen of an underground abortionist , a former medical doctor puts on surgical gloves and drinks a glass of whiskey . Face down on the kitchen table is a barely conscious Porter , severely wounded with two large bullet wounds in his back . The doctor pours whiskey on Porter 's back to sterilize the area and digs out the bullets . Porter spends five months recuperating . Porter begins tracking down gangster Val Resnick and Lynn , his estranged wife and a heroin addict , both of whom betrayed Porter following a $140,000 heist from the local Chinese triads . After Lynn shot Porter and the two left him for dead , Val rejoined the Outfit , using $130,000 of the heist money to repay an outstanding debt . Porter is intent on reclaiming his $70,000 cut . Porter first tracks down and confronts his wife Lynn , who has become a prostitute . After seeing how low she has sunk , Porter takes pity on Lynn and confines her to her bedroom , only to discover the next day that she has died from a heroin overdose . Porter enlists the help of Rosie , a call girl , who is affiliated with the Outfit . Porter once served as her limo driver , during which time they had a one - night stand . Lynn 's jealousy and the fact that Porter had cheated on her with Rosie led to Resnick and her double - crossing Porter . To get to Resnick , Porter must deal with a lowlife drug dealer and gambler named Arthur Stegman , crime bosses from the Outfit , the Triads , and two corrupt police detectives named Hicks and Leary . Resnick is seeing a dominatrix named Pearl , who has connections with the Triads , when Porter violently re-enters his life . Resnick goes to the Outfit to explain why Porter is demanding $70,000 . Resnick is killed by Porter in Rosie 's apartment when Porter catches him abusing Rosie . Porter then kills three of the Outfit 's hitmen , who have been sent to kill him . That evening , Porter confronts Carter in his office and threatens to kill him if he refuses to pay the $70,000 . Carter explains to Porter that he is only an underboss and is not authorized to make any financial decisions . Porter then makes Carter phone the boss . Porter hears the boss , Bronson , refuse over the phone , so he carries out his threat and kills Carter . With the aid of Rosie , he kidnaps Bronson 's son Johnny . He arranges for Hicks and Leary to be busted by their own colleagues in Internal Affairs by planting Leary 's fingerprints on the gun Porter used to kill Resnick . He steals Hicks 's badge , then leaves it with the gun in Resnick 's hand . The next day , Bronson and his associate Fairfax join the hunt . Porter is captured by the Outfit 's men after a shootout involving Stegman , Pearl , and the Triads , which ends with Stegman and all of Pearl 's men being killed . Porter is taken to a warehouse , where he is beaten and tortured for several hours , to force him to give up the location of Bronson 's son . Porter is locked inside a car trunk and taken by Bronson and his men to an apartment that had previously been rigged with plastic explosives . After his captors meet an explosive demise , Porter is picked up by Rosie . Taking the $70,000 the mob owed him , they drive off to Canada to begin a new life . Cast ( edit ) Mel Gibson as Porter Gregg Henry as Val Resnick Maria Bello as Rosie Lucy Liu as Pearl Deborah Kara Unger as Lynn Porter David Paymer as Arthur Stegman Bill Duke as Detective Hicks Jack Conley as Detective Leary John Glover as Phil William Devane as Carter James Coburn as Justin Fairfax Kris Kristofferson as Bronson Trevor St. John as Johnny Bronson Freddy Rodriguez as Valet Manu Tupou as Pawnbroker Production ( edit ) The film was shot during September / November 1997 , in Chicago and Los Angeles , though neither city is referred to in the film . Although credited as director , Brian Helgeland 's cut of the film was not the theatrical version released to audiences . After the end of principal photography , Helgeland 's version was deemed too dark for the mainstream public . Following a script rewrite by Terry Hayes , director Helgeland was replaced by the production designer John Myhre , who reshot 30 % of the film . The intent was to make the Porter character accessible . The film 's tagline became : `` Get Ready to Root for the Bad Guy . '' A potentially controversial scene which arguably involves spousal abuse was excised and more plot elements were added to the third act . After 10 days of reshoots , a new opening scene and voiceover track also were added , and Kris Kristofferson walked on as a new villain . Helgeland 's version , Straight Up : The Director 's Cut , was released on DVD , Blu - ray , and HD DVD on April 10 , 2007 , after an October 2006 run at the Austin Film Festival . The Director 's Cut version features a female Bronson , voiced by Sally Kellerman , does not include the voice - over by Porter and several Bronson - related scenes , and has an entirely different , ambiguous ending . A June 4 , 2012 , look at `` movies improved by directors ' cuts '' by The A.V. Club described Payback : Straight Up as `` a marked improvement on the unrulier original . '' Editing ( edit ) Mel Gibson stated in a short interview released as a DVD extra that it `` would 've been ideal to shoot in black and white . '' He noted that `` people want a color image '' and that the actual film used a bleach bypass process to tint the film . In addition to this , the production design used muted shades of red , brown , and grey for costumes , sets , and cars for further effect . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) Payback was well received at the box office . The film made $21,221,526 in its opening weekend in North America . It eventually grossed $81,526,121 in North America and $80,100,000 in other territories , totaling $161,626,121 worldwide . Critical reception ( edit ) The film garnered mixed reviews among critics . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported that 54 % of 74 sampled critics gave Payback positive reviews , and that it got a rating average of 5.8 out of 10 . The critical consensus states `` Sadistic violence and rote humor saddle a predictable action premise . '' Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B - '' on an A+ to F scale . Roger Ebert gave the film a three - star rating ( out of four ) in his review , writing , `` There is much cleverness and ingenuity in ' Payback , ' but Mel Gibson is the key . The movie would n't work with an actor who was heavy on his feet , or was too sincere about the material . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/319838/Payback/ ^ Jump up to : `` Payback ( 1999 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Payback : Straight Up - The Director 's Cut '' . High - Def Digest . April 6 , 2007 . Retrieved September 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Faraci , Devin ( April 6 , 2007 ) . `` Exclusive Interview : Brian Helgeland ( Payback Director 's Cut DVD ) '' . CHUD.com . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2011 . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Abel , Glenn ( April 16 , 2007 ) . `` Mel Gibson 's lost kick - ass film '' . DVD Spin Doctor . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2011 . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The kindest cut : 14 - plus movies improved by directors ' cuts '' . The A.V. Club . June 4 , 2012 . Retrieved September 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mel Gibson ( 1999 ) . Payback ( DVD ) . Warner Home Video . EAN 7321900173438 . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Payback ( 1999 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved December 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( February 5 , 1999 ) . `` Payback Movie Review & Film Summary ( 1999 ) '' . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Payback on IMDb Payback at Box Office Mojo Payback at Metacritic Payback at Rotten Tomatoes Donald E. Westlake Parker series Novels The Hunter The Man with the Getaway Face Films Made in U.S.A. Point Blank The Split The Outfit Slayground Payback Parker Graphic novels Richard Stark 's Parker : The Hunter Screenplays Cops And Robbers ( 1973 ) Hot Stuff ( 1979 ) The Stepfather ( 1987 ) Why Me ? ( 1990 ) The Grifters ( 1990 ) Ripley Under Ground ( 2005 ) Other works John Dortmunder series Films directed by Brian Helgeland Payback ( 1999 ) A Knight 's Tale ( 2001 ) The Order ( 2003 ) 42 ( 2013 ) Legend ( 2015 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Payback_(1999_film)&oldid=855867370 '' Categories : 1999 films English - language films 1990s action thriller films 1990s crime thriller films American films American action thriller films American crime thriller films American gangster films Directorial debut films Films about identity theft Films about revenge Films based on American novels Films based on crime novels Films based on works by Donald E. Westlake Films set in the 1970s Heist films Heroic bloodshed films Icon Productions films Neo-noir Paramount Pictures films Triad films Warner Bros. films Films directed by Brian Helgeland Films produced by Bruce Davey Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Català Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Italiano Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Українська 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 August 2018 , at 10 : 37 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payback%20%281999%20film%29
| 2,019 |
||
when did the transcontinental railroad stop being used
|
First Transcontinental railroad
|
first transcontinental railroad
|
First Transcontinental Railroad The ceremony for the driving of the `` Last Spike '' at Promontory Summit , Utah , May 10 , 1869 Overview Locale United States Termini Omaha , Nebraska ( Council Bluffs , Iowa ) Oakland Long Wharf ( San Francisco Bay ) Operation Opened May 10 , 1869 ; 148 years ago ( 1869 - 05 - 10 ) Owner U.S. Government Operator ( s ) Central Pacific Union Pacific Technical Line length 3,007 km ( 1,868 mi ) Track gauge 1,435 mm ( 4 ft 8 ⁄ in ) standard gauge Map of the line Transcontinental Railroad 75th Anniversary Issue stamp of 1944 The First Transcontinental Railroad ( also called the Great Transcontinental Railroad , known originally as the `` Pacific Railroad '' and later as the `` Overland Route '' ) was a 1,912 - mile ( 3,077 km ) continuous railroad line constructed between 1863 and 1869 that connected the existing eastern U.S. rail network at Omaha , Nebraska / Council Bluffs , Iowa with the Pacific coast at the Oakland Long Wharf on San Francisco Bay . The rail line was built by three private companies over public lands provided by extensive US land grants . Construction was financed by both state and US government subsidy bonds as well as by company issued mortgage bonds . The Western Pacific Railroad Company built 132 mi ( 212 km ) of track from Oakland / Alameda to Sacramento , California . The Central Pacific Railroad Company of California ( CPRR ) constructed 690 mi ( 1,110 km ) eastward from Sacramento to Promontory Summit , Utah Territory ( U.T. ) . The Union Pacific built 1,085 mi ( 1,746 km ) from the road 's eastern terminus at Council Bluffs near Omaha , Nebraska westward to Promontory Summit . The railroad opened for through traffic on May 10 , 1869 when CPRR President Leland Stanford ceremonially drove the gold `` Last Spike '' ( later often referred to as the `` Golden Spike '' ) with a silver hammer at Promontory Summit . The coast - to - coast railroad connection revolutionized the settlement and economy of the American West . It brought the western states and territories into alignment with the northern Union states and made transporting passengers and goods coast - to - coast considerably quicker and less expensive . Paddle steamers linked Sacramento to the cities and their harbor facilities in the San Francisco Bay until 1869 , when the CPRR completed and opened the WP grade ( which the CPRR had acquired control of in 1867 -- 68 ) to Alameda and Oakland . The first transcontinental rail passengers arrived at the Pacific Railroad 's original western terminus at the Alameda Mole on September 6 , 1869 where they transferred to the steamer Alameda for transport across the Bay to San Francisco . The road 's rail terminus was moved two months later to the Oakland Long Wharf about a mile to the north . Service between San Francisco and Oakland Pier continued to be provided by ferry . The CPRR eventually purchased 53 miles of UPRR - built grade from Promontory Summit ( MP 828 ) to Ogden , U.T. ( MP 881 ) , which became the interchange point between trains of the two roads . The transcontinental line was popularly known as the Overland Route after the principal passenger rail service that operated over the length of the line until 1962 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 1.1 Preliminary exploration 1.2 Possible routes 2 Key individuals 2.1 Asa Whitney 2.2 Theodore Judah 2.3 The Big Four 2.4 Thomas Durant 3 Authorization and funding 3.1 Federal financing 3.2 Union Pacific financing 3.3 Central Pacific financing 3.4 Land grants 3.5 Railroad self - dealing 3.6 Labor and wages 4 Transcontinental route 4.1 Construction begun 4.2 Rail standards 4.3 Time zones and telegraph usage 4.4 Union Pacific route 4.5 Central Pacific route 5 Construction 5.1 Labor 5.2 Central Pacific construction 5.3 Union Pacific construction 5.4 The `` Last Spike '' ceremony 6 Aftermath 6.1 Railroad developments 6.2 Crédit Mobilier 6.3 Visible remains 6.4 Current passenger service 7 In popular culture 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Origins ( edit ) Title page of Dr. Hartwell Carver 's 1847 Pacific Railroad proposal to Congress Building a railroad line that connected the United States coast - to - coast was advocated in 1832 when Dr. Hartwell Carver published an article in the New York Courier & Enquirer advocating building a transcontinental railroad from Lake Michigan to Oregon . In 1847 he submitted to the U.S. Congress a `` Proposal for a Charter to Build a Railroad from Lake Michigan to the Pacific Ocean '' , seeking a congressional charter to support his idea . Preliminary exploration ( edit ) The official poster announcing the Pacific Railroad 's grand opening . Congress agreed to support the idea . Under the direction of the Department of War , the Pacific Railroad Surveys were conducted from 1853 through 1855 . These included an extensive series of expeditions of the American West seeking possible routes . A report on the explorations described alternative routes and included an immense amount of information about the American West , covering at least 400,000 sq mi ( 1,000,000 km ) . It included the region 's natural history and illustrations of reptiles , amphibians , birds , and mammals . The report failed however to include detailed topographic maps of potential routes needed to estimate the feasibility , cost and select the best route . The survey was detailed enough to determine that the best southern route lay south of the Gila River boundary with Mexico in mostly vacant desert , through the future territories of Arizona and New Mexico . This in part motivated the United States to complete the Gadsden Purchase . In 1856 the Select Committee on the Pacific Railroad and Telegraph of the US House of Representatives published a report recommending support for a proposed Pacific railroad bill : The necessity that now exists for constructing lines of railroad and telegraphic communication between the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of this continent is no longer a question for argument ; it is conceded by every one . In order to maintain our present position on the Pacific , we must have some more speedy and direct means of intercourse than is at present afforded by the route through the possessions of a foreign power . Possible routes ( edit ) The U.S. Congress was strongly divided on where the eastern terminus of the railroad should be -- in a southern or northern city . Three routes were considered : A northern route roughly along the Missouri River through present - day northern Montana to Oregon Territory . This was considered impractical due to the rough terrain and extensive winter snows . A central route following the Platte River in Nebraska through to the South Pass in Wyoming , following most of the Oregon Trail. Snow on this route remained a concern . A southern route across Texas , New Mexico Territory , the Sonora desert , connecting to Los Angeles , California . Surveyors found during a 1848 survey that the best route lay south of the border between the United States and Mexico . This was resolved by the Gadsden Purchase in 1853 . Once the central route was chosen , it was immediately obvious that the western terminus should be Sacramento . But there was considerable difference of opinion about the eastern terminus . Three locations along 250 miles ( 400 km ) of Missouri River were considered : St. Joseph , Missouri , accessed via the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad . Kansas City , Kansas / Leavenworth , Kansas accessed via the Leavenworth , Pawnee and Western Railroad , controlled by Thomas Ewing Jr. and later by John C. Fremont . Council Bluffs , Iowa / Omaha , Nebraska , accessed via an extension of Union Pacific financier Thomas C. Durant 's proposed Mississippi and Missouri Railroad and the new Union Pacific Railroad , also controlled by Durant . Council Bluffs had several advantages : It was well north of the Civil War fighting in Missouri ; it was the shortest route to South Pass in the Rockies in Wyoming ; and it would follow a fertile river that would encourage settlement . Durant had hired Lincoln in 1857 when he was an attorney to represent him in a business matter about a bridge over the Missouri . Now Lincoln was responsible for choosing the eastern terminus , and he relied on Durant 's counsel . Durant advocated for Omaha , and he was so confident of the choice that he began buying up land in Nebraska . Key individuals ( edit ) Leland Stanford and the officers of the CPRR in 1870 Asa Whitney ( edit ) One of the most prominent champions of the central route railroad was Asa Whitney . He envisioned a route from Chicago and the Great Lakes to northern California , paid for by the sale of land to settlers along the route . Whitney traveled widely to solicit support from businessmen and politicians , printed maps and pamphlets , and submitted several proposals to Congress , all at his own expense . In June 1845 , he led a team along part of the proposed route to assess its feasibility . Legislation to begin construction of the Pacific Railroad ( called the Memorial of Asa Whitney ) was first introduced to Congress by Representative Zadock Pratt . Congress did not immediately act on Whitney 's proposal . Theodore Judah ( edit ) Main article : Theodore Judah Theodore Judah , architect of the Transcontinental Railroad and first chief engineer of the Central Pacific . Lewis M. Clement , Chief Assistant Engineer and Superintendent of Track The next big champion of the central route was Theodore Judah , who undertook to survey a manageable route through what was one of the chief obstacles of a central route to California , the high and rugged Sierra Nevada . In 1852 , Judah was chief engineer for the newly formed Sacramento Valley Railroad , the first railroad built west of the Mississippi River . Although the railroad later went bankrupt once the easy placer gold deposits around Placerville , California were depleted , Judah was convinced that a properly financed railroad could pass from Sacramento through the Sierra Nevada mountains to reach the Great Basin and hook up with rail lines coming from the East . In 1856 , Judah wrote a 13,000 - word proposal in support of a Pacific railroad and distributed it to Cabinet secretaries , congressmen and other influential people . In September 1859 , Judah was chosen to be the accredited lobbyist for the Pacific Railroad Convention , which indeed approved his plan to survey , finance and engineer the road . Judah returned to Washington in December 1859 . He had a lobbying office in the United States Capitol , received an audience with President James Buchanan , and represented the Convention before Congress . Judah returned to California in 1860 . He continued to search for a more practical route through the Sierra suitable for a railroad . In mid-1860 , local miner Daniel Strong had surveyed a route over the Sierra for a wagon toll road , which he realized would also suit a railroad . He described his discovery in a letter to Judah . Together , they formed an association to solicit subscriptions from local merchants and businessmen to support their proposed railroad . From January or February 1861 until July , Judah and Strong led a 10 - person expedition to survey the route for the railroad over the Sierra Nevada through Clipper Gap and Emigrant Gap , over Donner Pass , and south to Truckee . They discovered a way across the Sierras that was gradual enough to be made suitable for a railroad , although it still needed a lot of work . The Big four ( edit ) Main articles : The Big Four and Central Pacific Railroad Leland Stanford 's official gubernatorial portrait Four northern California businessmen formed the Central Pacific Railroad : Leland Stanford , ( 1824 -- 1893 ) , President ; Collis Potter Huntington , ( 1821 -- 1900 ) , Vice President ; Mark Hopkins , ( 1813 -- 1878 ) , Treasurer ; Charles Crocker , ( 1822 -- 1888 ) , Construction Supervisor . All became substantially wealthy from their association with the railroad . Thomas Durant ( edit ) Main articles : Thomas C. Durant and Union Pacific Railroad Dr. Thomas C. Durant Former ophthalmologist Dr. Thomas Clark `` Doc '' Durant was nominally only a vice president of Union Pacific , so he installed a series of respected men like John Adams Dix as president of the railroad . Durant and its financing arrangements were , unlike those of the CPRR , mired in controversy and scandals . Authorization and funding ( edit ) Main article : Pacific Railroad Act In February 1860 , Iowa Representative Samuel Curtis introduced a bill to fund the railroad . It passed the House but died when it could not be reconciled with the Senate version due to opposition from southern states who wanted a southern route near the 42nd parallel . Curtis tried and failed again in 1861 . After the southern states seceded from the Union , the House of Representatives approved the bill on May 6 , 1862 , and the Senate on June 20 . Lincoln signed the Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 into law on July 1 . It authorized creation of two companies , the Central Pacific in the west and the Union Pacific in the mid-west , to build the railroad . The legislation called for building and operating a new railroad from the Missouri River at Council Bluffs , Iowa , west to Sacramento , California , and on to San Francisco Bay . A second law to supplement the first was passed in 1864 . Federal financing ( edit ) To finance the project , the act authorized the federal government to issue 30 - year U.S. government bonds ( at 6 % interest ) . The railroad companies were paid $16,000 / mile ( approximately $436,000 today ) for track laid on a level grade , $32,000 / mile ( about $872,000 today ) for track laid in foothills , and $48,000 / mile ( or about $1,307,000 today ) for track laid in mountains . The two railroad companies sold similar amounts of company - backed bonds and stock . Union Pacific financing ( edit ) While the federal legislation for the Union Pacific required that no partner was to own more than 10 percent of the stock , the UP had problems selling its stock . One of the few subscribers was Mormon leader Brigham Young , who also supplied crews for building much of the railroad through Utah . Durant enticed other investors by offering to front money for the stock they purchased in their names . This scheme enabled Durant to control about half of the railroad stock . The initial construction of UP grade traversed land owned by Durant . Durant 's railroad was paid by the mile , and to further inflate its profits , the UP built oxbows of unneeded track , and by July 4 , 1865 , it had only reached 40 miles ( 64 km ) from Omaha after 21⁄2 years of construction . Durant manipulated market prices on his stocks by spreading rumors about which railroads he had an interest in were being considered for connection with the Union Pacific . First he touted rumors that his fledgling M&M Railroad had a deal in the works , while secretly buying stock in the depressed Cedar Rapids and Missouri Railroad . Then he circulated rumors that the CR&M had plans to connect to the Union Pacific , at which point he began buying back the M&M stock at depressed prices . It 's estimated his scams produced over $5 million in profits for him and his cohorts . Central Pacific financing ( edit ) Collis Huntington , a Sacramento hardware merchant , heard Judah 's presentation about the railroad at the St. Charles Hotel in November 1860 . He invited Judah to his office to hear his proposal in detail . Huntington persuaded Judah to accept financing from himself and four others : Mark Hopkins , his business partner ; James Bailey , a jeweler ; Leland Stanford , a grocer ; and Charles Crocker , a dry - goods merchant . They initially invested $1,500 each and formed a board of directors . These investors became known as The Big Four , and their railroad was called the Central Pacific Railroad . Each eventually made millions of dollars from their investments and control of the Central Pacific Railroad . Before major construction could begin , Judah traveled back to New York City to raise funds to buy out The Big Four . However , shortly after arriving in New York , Judah died on November 2 , 1863 , of yellow fever that he had contracted while traveling over the Panama Railroad 's transit of the Isthmus of Panama . The CPRR Engineering Department was taken over by his successor Samuel S. Montegue , as well as Canadian trained Chief Assistant Engineer ( later Acting Chief Engineer ) Lewis Metzler Clement who also became Superintendent of Track . Land grants ( edit ) To allow the companies to raise additional capital , Congress granted the railroads a 400 - foot ( 120 m ) right - of - way corridor , lands for additional facilities like sidings and maintenance yards . They were also granted alternate sections of government - owned lands -- 6,400 acres ( 2,600 ha ) per mile ( 1.6 km ) -- for 10 miles ( 16 km ) on both sides of the track , forming a checkerboard pattern , leaving federal land between those of the railroad . The exception was in cities , at rivers , or on non-government property . The railroads sold bonds based on the value of the lands , and in areas with good land like the Sacramento Valley and Nebraska sold the land to settlers , contributing to a rapid settlement of the West . The total area of the land grants to the Union Pacific and Central Pacific was larger than the area of the state of Texas : federal government land grants totaled about 203,128,500 square miles , and state government land grants totaled about 76,565,000 square miles . It was far from a given that the railroads operating in the thinly - settled west would make enough money to repay their construction and operation . If the railroad companies failed to sell the land granted them within three years , they were required to sell it at prevailing government price for homesteads : $1.25 per 1 acre ( 0.40 ha ) . If they failed to repay the bonds , all remaining railroad property , including trains and tracks , would revert to the U.S. government . To encourage settlement in the west , Congress ( 1861 -- 1863 ) passed the Homestead Acts which granted an applicant 160 acres ( 65 ha ) of land with the requirement that the applicant improve the land . This incentive encouraged thousands of settlers to move west . Railroad self - dealing ( edit ) The federal legislation lacked adequate oversight and accountability . The two companies took advantage of these weaknesses in the legislation to manipulate the project and produce extra profit for themselves . Despite the generous subsidies offered by the federal government , the railroad capitalists knew they would not turn a profit on the railroad business for many months , possibly years . They determined to make a profit on the construction itself . Both groups of financiers formed independent companies to complete the project , and they controlled management of the new companies along with the railroad ventures . This self - dealing allowed them to build in generous profit margins paid out by the railroad companies . In the west , the four men heading the Central Pacific chose a simple name for their company , the `` Contract and Finance Company . '' In the east , the Union Pacific selected a foreign name , calling their construction firm `` Crédit Mobilier of America . '' The latter company was later implicated in a far - reaching scandal , described later . Labor and wages ( edit ) Most of the engineers and surveyors who were hired by the Union Pacific had been employed during the U.S. Civil War to repair and operate the over 2,000 miles ( 3,200 km ) of railroad line the U.S. Military Railroad controlled by the end of the war . The UP also utilized their experience repairing and building truss bridges during the war . Most of the semi-skilled workers on the Union Pacific were recruited from the many soldiers discharged from the Union and Confederate armies along with emigrant Irishmen . Pacific Railroad Bond , City and County of San Francisco , 1865 After 1864 , the Central Pacific Railroad received the same Federal financial incentives as the Union Pacific Railroad , along with some construction bonds granted by the state of California and the city of San Francisco . The Central Pacific hired some Canadian and British engineers and surveyors with extensive experience building railroads , but it had a difficult time finding semi-skilled labor . Most Caucasians in California preferred to work in the mines or agriculture . The railroad experimented by hiring local emigrant Chinese as manual laborers , many of whom were escaping the poverty and terrors of the Taiping Rebellion in the Guangdong province in China . When they proved themselves as workers , the CPRR from that point forward preferred to hire Chinese , and even set up recruiting efforts in Canton . Despite their small stature and lack of experience , the Chinese laborers were responsible for most of the heavy manual labor , since only a very limited amount of that work could be done by animals , simple machines , or black powder . The railroad also hired some black people escaping the aftermath of the American Civil War . Most of the black and white workers were paid $30 per month and given food and lodging . Most Chinese were initially paid $31 per month and provided lodging , but they preferred to cook their own meals . In 1867 the CPRR raised their wage to $35 ( equivalent to $610 in 2017 ) per month after a strike . Transcontinental route ( edit ) Profile of the Pacific Railroad from Council Bluffs / Omaha to San Francisco . Harper 's Weekly December 7 , 1867 Construction begun ( edit ) The Central Pacific broke ground on January 8 , 1863 . Due to the lack of transportation alternatives from the manufacturing centers on the east coast , virtually all of their tools and machinery including rails , railroad switches , railroad turntables , freight and passenger cars , and steam locomotives were transported first by train to east coast ports . They were then loaded on ships which either sailed around South America 's Cape Horn , or offloaded the cargo at the Isthmus of Panama , where it was sent across via paddle steamer and the Panama Railroad . The Panama Railroad gauge was 5 ft ( 1524 mm ) , which was incompatible with the 4 ft 8 1 ⁄ 2 inch ( 1435mm ) gauge used by the CPRR equipment . The latter route was about twice as expensive per pound . Once the machinery and tools reached the San Francisco Bay area , they were put aboard river paddle steamers which transported them up the final 130 miles ( 210 km ) of the Sacramento River to the new state capital in Sacramento . Many of these steam engines , railroad cars , and other machinery were shipped dismantled and had to be reassembled . Wooden timbers for railroad ties , trestles , bridges , firewood , and telegraph poles were harvested in California and transported to the project site . The Union Pacific Railroad did not start construction for another 18 months until July 1865 . They were delayed by difficulties obtaining financial backing and the unavailability of workers and materials due to the Civil War . Their start point in the new city of Omaha , Nebraska was not yet connected via railroad to Council Bluffs , Iowa . Equipment needed to begin work was initially delivered to Omaha and Council Bluffs by paddle steamers on the Missouri River . The Union Pacific was so slow in beginning construction during 1865 that they sold two of the four steam locomotives they had purchased . After the U.S. Civil War ended on June 22 , 1865 , the Union Pacific still competed for railroad supplies with companies who were building or repairing railroads in the south , and prices rose . Rail standards ( edit ) First Day Cover for the 75th Anniversary of the Driving of the Last Spike ( May 10 , 1944 ) At that time in the United States , there were two primary standards for track gauge , as defined by the distance between the two rails . In England , the standard gauge was 4 ft 8 1 ⁄ 2 inch ( 1.435 m ) , and this had been adopted by the majority of northern railways . But much of the south had adopted a 5 - foot gauge . Transferring railway cars across a break of gauge required changing out the wheel trucks . Alternatively , cargo was offloaded and reloaded , a time - consuming effort that delayed cargo shipments . For the transcontinental railroad , the builders adopted the English standard , what is now called standard gauge . The Bessemer process and open hearth furnace steel - making were in use by 1865 , but the advantages of steel rails which lasted much longer than iron rails had not yet been demonstrated . The rails used initially in building the rail way were nearly all made of iron of a flat - bottomed modified I - beam profile weighing 56 pounds ( 25 kg ) per 1 yard ( 0.91 m ) or 66 pounds ( 30 kg ) per 1 yard ( 0.91 m ) . The railroad companies were intent on completing the project as rapidly as possible at a minimum cost . Within a few years , nearly all railroads converted to steel rails . Time zones and telegraph usage ( edit ) Time was not standardized across the United States until about 1883 . In 1865 , each railroad set its own time to minimize scheduling errors . To communicate easily up and down the line , the railroads built telegraph lines alongside the railroad . These lines eventually superseded the original First Transcontinental Telegraph which followed much of the Mormon Trail up the North Platte River and across the very thinly populated Central Nevada Route through central Utah and Nevada . The telegraph lines along the railroad were easier to protect and maintain . Many of the original telegraph lines were abandoned as the telegraph business was consolidated with the railroad telegraph lines . Union Pacific route ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Route of the first American transcontinental railroad from Sacramento , California , to Council Bluffs , Iowa . Other railroads connected at Council Bluffs to cities throughout the East and Midwest . The Union Pacific 's 1,087 miles ( 1,749 km ) of track started at MP 0.0 in Council Bluffs , Iowa , on the eastern side of the Missouri River . Omaha was chosen by President Abraham Lincoln as the location of its Transfer Depot where up to seven railroads could transfer mail and other goods to Union Pacific trains bound for the west . Trains were initially transported across the Missouri River by ferry before they could access the western tracks beginning in Omaha , Nebraska Territory . The river froze in the winter , and the ferries were replaced by sleighs . A bridge was not built until 1872 , when the 2,750 - foot - long ( 840 m ) Union Pacific Missouri River Bridge was completed . After the rail line 's initial climb through the Missouri River bluffs west of Omaha and out of the Missouri River Valley , the route bridged the Elkhorn River and then crossed over the new 1,500 feet ( 460 m ) Loup River bridge as it followed the north side of the Platte River valley west through Nebraska along the general path of the Oregon , Mormon and California Trails . By December 1865 , the Union Pacific had only completed 40 miles ( 64 km ) of track , reaching Fremont , Nebraska , and a further 10 miles ( 16 km ) of roadbed . At the end of 1865 , Peter A. Dey , Chief Engineer of the Union Pacific , resigned over a routing dispute with Thomas C. Durant , one of the chief financiers of the Union Pacific . With the end of the Civil War and increased government supervision in the offing , Durant hired his former M&M engineer Grenville M. Dodge to build the railroad , and the Union Pacific began a mad dash west . Former Union General John `` Jack '' Casement was hired as the new Chief Engineer of the Union Pacific . He equipped several railroad cars to serve as portable bunkhouses for the workers and gathered men and supplies to push the railroad rapidly west . Among the bunkhouses Casement added a galley car to prepare meals , and he even provided for a herd of cows to be moved with the railhead and bunk cars to provide fresh meat . Hunters were hired to provide buffalo meat from the large herds of American bison . The small survey parties who scouted ahead to locate the roadbed were sometimes attacked and killed by raiding Native Americans . In response , the U.S. Army instituted active cavalry patrols that grew larger as the Native Americans grew more aggressive . Temporary , `` Hell on wheels '' towns , made mostly of canvas tents , accompanied the railroad as construction headed west . The Platte River was too shallow and meandering to provide river transport , but the Platte river valley headed west and sloped up gradually at about 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) per 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) , often allowing to lay a mile ( 1.6 km ) of track a day or more in 1866 as the Union Pacific finally started moving rapidly west . Building bridges to cross creeks and rivers was the main source of delays . Near where the Platte River splits into the North Platte River and South Platte River , the railroad bridged the North Platte River over a 2,600 - foot - long ( 790 m ) bridge ( nicknamed 1⁄2 mile bridge ) . It was built across the shallow but wide North Platte resting on piles driven by steam pile drivers . Here they built the `` railroad '' town of North Platte , Nebraska in December 1866 after completing about 240 miles ( 390 km ) of track that year . In late 1866 , former Major General Grenville M. Dodge was appointed Chief Engineer on the Union Pacific , but hard working General `` Jack '' Casement continued to work as chief construction `` boss '' and his brother Daniel Casement continued as financial officer . The original emigrant route across Wyoming of the Oregon , Mormon and California Trails , after progressing up the Platte River valley , went up the North Platte River valley through Casper , Wyoming , along the Sweetwater River and over the Continental Divide at 7,412 feet ( 2,259 m ) South Pass . The original westward travellers in their ox and mule pulled wagons tried to stick to river valleys to avoid as much road building as possible -- gradients and sharp corners were usually of little or no concern to them . The ox and mule pulled wagons were the original off - road vehicles in their day , since nearly all of the Emigrant Trails went cross country over rough , un-improved trails . The route over South Pass 's main advantage for wagons pulled by oxen or mules was a shorter elevation over an `` easy '' pass to cross and its `` easy '' connection to nearby river valleys on both sides of the continental divide for water and grass . The emigrant trails were closed in winter . The North Platte / South Pass route was far less beneficial for a railroad , as it was about 150 miles ( 240 km ) longer and much more expensive to construct up the narrow , steep and rocky canyons of the North Platte . The route along the North Platte was also further from Denver , Colorado , and went across difficult terrain , while a railroad connection to that City was already being planned for and surveyed . Efforts to survey a new , shorter , `` better '' route had been under way since 1864 . By 1867 , a new route was found and surveyed that went along part of the South Platte River in western Nebraska and after entering what is now the state of Wyoming , ascended a gradual sloping ridge between Lodgepole Creek and Crow Creek to 8,200 feet ( 2,500 m ) Evans pass ( also called Sherman 's Pass ) which was discovered by the Union Pacific employed English surveyor and engineer , James Evans , in about 1864 . This pass now is marked by the Ames Monument ( 41.131281 , - 105.398045 lat. , long . ) marking its significance and commemorating two of the main backers of the Union Pacific Railroad . From North Platte , Nebraska ( elevation 2,834 feet ( 864 m ) ) , the railroad proceeded westward and upward along a new path across the Nebraska Territory and Wyoming Territory ( then part of the Dakota Territory ) along the north bank of the South Platte River and into what would become the state of Wyoming at Lone Pine , Wyoming . Evans Pass was located between what would become the new `` railroad '' towns of Cheyenne and Laramie . Connecting to this pass , about 15 miles ( 24 km ) west of Cheyenne , was the one place across the Laramie Mountains that had a narrow `` guitar neck '' of land that crossed the mountains without serious erosion at the so - called `` gangplank '' ( 41.099746 , - 105.153205 lat. , long . ) discovered by Major General Grenville Dodge in 1865 when he was in the U.S. Army . The new route surveyed across Wyoming was over 150 miles ( 240 km ) shorter , had a flatter profile , allowed for cheaper and easier railroad construction , and also went closer by Denver and the known coalfields in the Wasatch and Laramie Ranges . The railroad gained about 3,200 feet ( 980 m ) in the 220 miles ( 350 km ) climb to Cheyenne from North Platte , Nebraska -- about 15 feet ( 4.6 m ) per mile ( 1.6 km ) -- a very gentle slope of less than one degree average . This `` new '' route had never become an emigrant route because it lacked the water and grass to feed the emigrants ' oxen and mules . Steam locomotives did not need grass , and the railroad companies could drill wells for water if necessary . Coal had been discovered in Wyoming and reported on by John C. Frémont in his 1843 expedition across Wyoming , and was already being exploited by Utah residents from towns like Coalville , Utah and later Kemmerer , Wyoming by the time the Transcontinental railroad was built . Union Pacific needed coal to fuel its steam locomotives on the almost treeless plains across Nebraska and Wyoming . Coal shipments by rail were also looked on as a potentially major source of income -- this potential is still being realized . Dale Creek Bridge The Union Pacific reached the new railroad town of Cheyenne in December 1867 , having laid about 270 miles ( 430 km ) that year . They paused over the winter , preparing to push the track over Evans ( Sherman 's ) pass . At 8,247 feet ( 2,514 m ) , Evans / Sherman 's pass is the highest point reached on the transcontinental railroad . About 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) beyond Evans / Sherman 's pass , the railroad had to build an extensive bridge over the Dale Creek canyon ( 41.103803 , − 105.454797 , lat. , long . ) . The Dale Creek Crossing was one of their more difficult railroad engineering challenges . Dale Creek Bridge was 650 - foot ( 200 m ) long and 125 feet ( 38 m ) above Dale Creek . The bridge components were pre-built of timber in Chicago , Illinois and then shipped on rail cars to Dale Creek for assembly . The eastern and western approaches to the bridge site , near the highest elevation on the transcontinental railroad , required cutting through granite for nearly a mile on each side . The initial Dale Creek bridge had a train speed limit of 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) per hour across the bridge . Beyond Dale Creek , railroad construction paused at what became the town of Laramie , Wyoming to build a bridge across the Laramie River . Located 35 miles ( 56 km ) from Evans pass , Union Pacific connected the new `` railroad '' town of Cheyenne to Denver and its Denver Pacific Railway and Telegraph Company railroad line in 1870 . Elevated 6,070 feet ( 1,850 m ) above sea level , and sitting on the new Union Pacific route with a connection to Denver , Cheyenne was chosen to become a major railroad center and was equipped with extensive railroad yards , maintenance facilities and a Union Pacific presence . Its location made it a good base for helper locomotives to couple to trains with snowplows to help clear the tracks of snow or help haul heavy freight over Evans pass . The Union Pacific 's junction with the Denver Railroad with its connection to Kansas City , Kansas , Kansas City , Missouri and the railroads east of the Missouri River again increased Cheyenne 's importance as the junction of two major railroads . Cheyenne later became Wyoming 's largest city and the capital of the new state of Wyoming . The railroad established many townships along the way : Fremont , Elkhorn , Grand Island , North Platte , Ogallala and Sidney as the railroad followed the Platte River across Nebraska territory . The railroad even dipped into what would become the new state of Colorado after crossing the North Platte River as it followed the South Platte River west into what would become Julesburg before turning northwest along Lodgepole Creek into Wyoming . In the Dakota Territory ( Wyoming ) the new towns of Cheyenne , Laramie , Rawlins ( named for Union General John Aaron Rawlins , who camped in the locality in 1867 . ) , Green River and Evanston ( named after James Evans ) were established , as well as many more fuel and water stops . The Green River was crossed with a new bridge , and the new `` railroad '' town of Green River constructed there after the tracks reached the Green River on October 1 , 1868 -- the last big river to cross . On December 4 , 1868 , the Union Pacific reached Evanston , having laid almost 360 miles ( 580 km ) of track over the Green River and the Laramie Plains that year . By 1871 , Evanston became a significant maintenance shop town equipped to carry out extensive repairs on the cars and steam locomotives . In the Utah Territory , the railroad once again diverted from the main emigrant trails to cross the Wasatch Mountains and went down the rugged Echo Canyon ( Summit County , Utah ) and Weber River canyon . To speed up construction as much as possible , Union Pacific contracted several thousand Mormon workers to cut , fill , trestle , bridge , blast and tunnel its way down the rugged Weber River Canyon to Ogden , Utah , ahead of the railroad construction . The Mormon and Union Pacific rail work was joined in the area of the present - day border between Utah and Wyoming . The longest of four tunnels built in Weber Canyon was 757 - foot - long ( 231 m ) Tunnel 2 . Work on this tunnel started in October 1868 and was completed six months later . Temporary tracks were laid around it and Tunnels 3 ( 508 feet ( 155 m ) ) , 4 ( 297 feet ( 91 m ) ) and 5 ( 579 feet ( 176 m ) ) to continue work on the tracks west of the tunnels . The tunnels were all made with the new dangerous nitroglycerine explosive , which expedited work but caused some fatal accidents . While building the railroad along the rugged Weber River Canyon , Mormon workers signed the Thousand Mile Tree which was lone tree alongside the track 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) from Omaha . A historic marker has been placed there . The tracks reached Ogden , Utah , on March 27 , 1869 , although finishing work would continue on the tracks , tunnels and bridges in Weber Canyon for over a year . From Ogden , the railroad went north of the Great Salt Lake to Brigham City and Corinne using Mormon workers , before finally connecting with the Central Pacific Railroad at Promontory Summit in Utah territory on May 10 , 1869 . Some Union Pacific officers declined to pay the Mormons all of the agreed upon construction costs of the work through Weber Canyon , and beyond , claiming Union Pacific poverty despite the millions they had extracted through the Crédit Mobilier of America scandal . Only partial payment was secured through court actions against Union Pacific . The portion of the original railroad around the north shore of the Great Salt Lake is no longer used . In 1904 , the Lucin Cutoff , a causeway across the center of the Great Salt Lake to Promontory Point , bypassed Promontory Summit . The cutoff shortened the rail route by approximately 43 miles ( 69 km ) . Central Pacific route ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Central Pacific Rail road at Cape Horn circa 1880 The Central Pacific laid 690 miles ( 1,110 km ) of track , starting in Sacramento , California , in 1863 and continuing over the rugged 7,000 - foot ( 2,100 m ) Sierra Nevada mountains at Donner Pass into the new state of Nevada . The elevation change from Sacramento ( elev. 40 ft or 12 m ) to Donner Summit ( elev . 7,000 ft or 2,100 m ) had to be accomplished in about 90 miles ( 140 km ) with an average elevation change of 76 feet per mile ( 14 meters per km ) , and there were only a few places in the Sierra where this type of `` ramp '' existed . The discovery and detailed map survey with profiles and elevations of this route over the Sierra Nevada is credited to Theodore Judah , chief engineer of the Central Pacific Railroad until his death in 1863 . This route is up a ridge between the North fork of the American River on the south and Bear River ( Feather River ) and South Yuba River on the north . As the railroad climbed out of Sacramento up to Donner Summit , there was only one 3 - mile ( 4.8 km ) section near `` Cape Horn CPRR '' where the railroad grade slightly exceeded two percent . 1864 advertisement for the opening of the Dutch Flat Wagon Road . In June 1864 , the Central Pacific railroad entrepreneurs opened Dutch Flat and Donner Lake Wagon Road ( DFDLWR ) . Costing about $300,000 and a years worth of work , this toll road wagon route was opened over much of the route the Central Pacific railroad ( CPRR ) would use over Donner Summit to carry freight and passengers needed by the CPRR and to carry other cargo over their toll road to and from the ever advancing railhead and over the Sierra to the gold and silver mining towns of Nevada . As the railroad advanced , their freight rates with the combined rail and wagon shipments would become much more competitive . The volume of the toll road freight traffic to Nevada was estimated to be about $13,000,000 a year as the Comstock Lode boomed , and getting even part of this freight traffic would help pay for the railroad construction . When the railroad reached Reno , it had the majority of all Nevada freight shipments , and the price of goods in Nevada dropped significantly as the freight charges to Nevada dropped significantly . The rail route over the Sierras followed the general route of the Truckee branch of the California Trail , going east over Donner Pass and down the rugged Truckee River valley . The route over the Sierra had been plotted out by Judah in preliminary surveys before his death in 1863 . Judah 's deputy , Samuel S. Montague was appointed as Central Pacific 's new Chief Engineer , with Lewis M. Clement as Assistant Chief Engineer and Charles Cadwalader as second assistant . To build the new railroad , detailed surveys had to be run that showed where the cuts , fills , trestles , bridges and tunnels would have to be built . Work that was identified as taking a long time was started as soon as its projected track location could be ascertained and work crews , supplies and road work equipment found to be sent ahead . Tunnels , trestles and bridges were nearly all built this way . The spread - out nature of the work resulted in the work being split into two divisions , with L.M. Clement taking the upper division from Blue Cañon to Truckee and Cadwalader taking the lower division from Truckee to the Nevada border . Other assistant engineers were assigned to specific tasks such as building a bridge , tunnel or trestle which was done by the workers under experienced supervisors . The CPRR grade at Donner Summit as it appeared in 1869 and 2003 In total , the Central Pacific had eleven tunnel projects ( Nos. 3 through 13 ) under construction in the Sierra from 1865 -- 68 , with seven tunnels located in a 2 - mile ( 3.2 km ) stretch on the east side of Donner Summit . The tunnels were usually built by drilling a series of holes in the tunnel face , filling them with black powder and detonating it to break the rock free . The black powder was provided by the California Powder Works near Santa Cruz , California . These works had started production in 1864 after the U.S. Civil War had cut off shipments of black powder from the East to the mining and railroad industry of California and Nevada . The Central Pacific was a prolific user of black powder , often using up to 500 kegs of 25 pounds ( 11 kg ) each per day . The summit tunnel ( Number 6 ) , 1,660 feet ( 510 m ) , was started in late 1865 , well ahead of the railhead . Through solid granite , the summit tunnel progressed at a rate of only about 0.98 feet ( 0.30 m ) per day per face as it was being worked by three eight - hour shifts of workers , hand drilling holes with a rock drill and hammer , filling them with black powder and trying to blast the granite loose . One crew worked drilling holes on the faces and another crew collected and removed the loosened rock after each explosion . The workers were pulled off the summit tunnel and the track grading east of Donner Pass in the winter of 1865 -- 66 as there was no way to supply them , nor quarters they could have lived in . The crews were transferred to work on bridges and track grading on the Truckee River canyon . The vertical central shaft of the CPRR `` Summit Tunnel '' ( Tunnel # 6 ) at Donner Summit which allowed drilling and excavation to be carried out on four faces at once In 1866 they put in a 125 - foot ( 38 m ) vertical shaft in the center of the summit tunnel and started work towards the east and west tunnel faces , giving four working faces on the summit tunnel to speed up progress . A steam engine off an old locomotive was brought up with much effort over the wagon road and used as a winch driver to help remove loosened rock from the vertical shaft and two working faces . By the winter of 1866 -- 67 , work had progressed sufficiently and a camp had been built for workers on the summit tunnel which allowed work to continue . The cross section of a tunnel face was a 16 - foot - wide ( 4.9 m ) , 16 - foot - high ( 4.9 m ) oval with an 11 - foot ( 3.4 m ) vertical wall . Progress on the tunnel sped up to over 1.5 feet ( 0.46 m ) per day per face when they started using the newly invented nitroglycerin -- manufactured near the tunnel . They used nitroglycerin to deepen the summit tunnel to the required 16 - foot ( 4.9 m ) height after the four tunnel faces met , and made even faster progress . Nearly all other tunnels were worked on both tunnel faces and met in the middle . Depending on the material the tunnels penetrated , they were left unlined or lined with brick , rock walls or timber and post . Some tunnels were designed to bend in the middle to align with the track bed curvature . Despite this potential complication , nearly all the different tunnel center lines met within 2 inches ( 5.1 cm ) or so . The detailed survey work that made these tunnel digs as precise as required were nearly all done by the Canadian born and trained Lewis Clement , the CPRR 's Chief Assistant Engineer and Superintendent of Track , and his assistants . Hills or ridges in front of the railroad road bed would have to have a flat - bottomed , V shaped `` cut '' made to get the railroad through the ridge or hill . The type of material determined the slope of the V and how much material would have to be removed . Ideally , these cuts would be matched with valley fills that could use the dug out material to bring the road bed up to grade -- cut and fill construction . In the 1860s there was no heavy equipment that could be used to make these cuts or haul it away to make the fills . The options were to dig it out by pick and shovel , haul the hillside material by wheelbarrow and / or horse or mule cart or blast it loose . To blast a V shaped cut out , they had to drill several holes up to 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) deep in the material , fill them with black powder , and blast the material away . Since the Central Pacific was in a hurry , they were profligate users of black powder to blast their way though the hills . The only disadvantage came when a nearby valley needed fill to get across it . The explosive technique often blew most of the potential fill material down the hillside , making it unavailable for fill . Initially , many valleys were bridged by `` temporary '' trestles that could be rapidly built and were later replaced by much lower maintenance and permanent solid fill . The existing railroad made transporting and putting material in valleys much easier -- load it on railway dump cars , haul where needed and dump it over the side of the trestle . The Summit Tunnel at Donner Summit , West Portal ( Composite image with the tracks removed in 1993 digitally restored ) The route down the eastern Sierras was done on the south side of Donner Lake with a series of switchbacks carved into the mountain . The Truckee River , which drains Lake Tahoe , had already found and scoured out the best route across the Carson Range of mountains east of the Sierras . The route down the rugged Truckee River Canyon , including required bridges , was done ahead of the main summit tunnel completion . To expedite the building of the railroad through the Truckee River canyon , the Central Pacific hauled two small locomotives , railcars , rails and other material on wagons and sleighs to what is now Truckee , California and worked the winter of 1867 -- 68 on their way down Truckee canyon ahead of the tracks being completed to Truckee . In Truckee canyon , five Howe truss bridges had to be built . This gave them a head start on getting to the `` easy '' miles across Nevada . In order to keep the higher portions of the Sierra grade open in the winter , 37 miles ( 60 km ) of timber snow sheds were built between Blue Cañon and Truckee in addition to utilizing snowplows pushed by locomotives , as well as manual shovelling . With the advent of more efficient oil fired steam and later diesel electric power to drive plows , flangers , spreaders , and rotary snow plows , most of the wooden snowsheds have long since been removed as obsolete . Tunnels 1 -- 5 and 13 of the original 1860s tunnels on Track 1 of the Sierra grade remain in use today , while additional new tunnels were later driven when the grade was double tracked over the first quarter of the twentieth century . In 1993 , the Southern Pacific Railroad ( which operated the CPRR - built Oakland -- Ogden line until its 1996 merger with the UP ) closed and pulled up the 6.7 - mile ( 10.8 km ) section of Track # 1 over the summit running between the Norden complex ( Shed 26 , MP 192.1 ) and the covered crossovers in Shed # 47 ( MP 198.8 ) about a mile east of the old flyover at Eder , bypassing and abandoning the tunnel 6 -- 8 complex , the concrete snowsheds just beyond them , and tunnels 9 -- 12 ending at MP 195.7 , all of which had been located on Track 1 within two miles of the summit . Since then all east - and westbound traffic has been run over the Track # 2 grade crossing the summit about one mile ( 1.6 km ) south of Donner Pass through the 10,322 - foot - long ( 3,146 m ) Tunnel # 41 ( aka `` The Big Hole '' ) running under Mt . Judah between Soda Springs and Eder , which was opened in 1925 when the summit section of the grade was double tracked . This routing change was made because the Track 2 and Tunnel 41 Summit crossing is far easier and less expensive to maintain and keep open in the harsh Sierra winters . On June 18 , 1868 , the Central Pacific reached Reno , Nevada , after completing 132 miles ( 212 km ) of railroad up and over the Sierras from Sacramento , California . By then the railroad had already been prebuilt down the Truckee River on the much flatter land from Reno to Wadsworth , Nevada , where they bridged the Truckee for the last time . From there , they struggled across a forty mile desert to the end of the Humboldt river at the Humboldt Sink . From the end of the Humboldt , they continued east over the Great Basin Desert bordering the Humboldt River to Wells , Nevada . One of the most troublesome problems found on this route along the Humboldt was at Palisade Canyon ( near Carlin , Nevada ) , where for 12 miles ( 19 km ) the line had to be built between the river and basalt cliffs . From Wells , Nevada to Promontory Summit , the Railroad left the Humboldt and proceeded across the Nevada and Utah desert . Water for the steam locomotives was provided by wells , springs , or pipelines to nearby water sources . Water was often pumped into the water tanks with windmills . Train fuel and water spots on the early trains with steam locomotives may have been as often as every 10 miles ( 16 km ) . On one memorable occasion , not far from Promontory , the Central Pacific crews organized an army of workers and five train loads of construction material , and laid 10 miles ( 16 km ) of track on a prepared rail bed in one day -- - a record that still stands today . The Central Pacific and Union Pacific raced to get as much track laid as possible , and the Central Pacific laid about 560 miles ( 900 km ) of track from Reno to Promontory Summit in the one year before the Last Spike was driven on May 10 , 1869 . Central Pacific had 1,694 freight cars available by May 1869 , with more under construction in their Sacramento yard . Major repairs and maintenance on the Central Pacific rolling stock was done in their Sacramento maintenance yard . Near the end of 1869 , Central Pacific had 162 locomotives , of which 2 had two drivers ( drive wheels ) , 110 had four drivers , and 50 had six drivers . The steam locomotives had been purchased in the eastern states and shipped to California by sea . Thirty - six additional locomotives were built and coming west , and twenty - eight more were under construction . There was a shortage of passenger cars and more had to be ordered . The first Central Pacific sleeper , the `` Silver Palace Sleeping Car '' , arrived at Sacramento on June 8 , 1868 . The CPRR route passed through Newcastle and Truckee in California , Reno , Wadsworth , Winnemucca , Battle Mountain , Elko and Wells in Nevada ( with many more fuel and water stops ) , before connecting with the Union Pacific line at Promontory Summit in the Utah Territory . When the eastern end of the CPRR was extended to Ogden by purchasing the Union Pacific Railroad line from Promontory for about $2.8 million in 1870 , it ended the short period of a boom town for Promontory , extended the Central Pacific tracks about 60 miles ( 97 km ) and made Ogden a major terminus on the transcontinental railroad , as passengers and freight switched railroads there . CPRR issued ticket for passage from Reno to Virginia City , NV on the V&TRR , 1878 Subsequent to the railhead 's meeting at Promontory Summit , U.T. , the San Joaquin River Bridge at Mossdale Crossing ( near present - day Lathrop , California ) was completed on September 8 , 1869 . As a result , the western part of the route was extended from Sacramento to the Alameda Terminal in Alameda , California , and shortly thereafter , to the Oakland Long Wharf at Oakland Point in Oakland , California , and on to San Jose , California . Train ferries transferred some railroad cars to and from the Oakland wharves and tracks to wharves and tracks in San Francisco . Before the CPRR was completed , developers were building other feeder railroads like the Virginia and Truckee Railroad to the Comstock Lode diggings in Virginia City , Nevada , and several different extensions in California and Nevada to reach other cities there . Some of their main cargo was the thousands of cords of firewood needed for the many steam engines and pumps , cooking stoves , heating stoves etc. in Comstock Lode towns and the tons of ice needed by the miners as they worked ever deeper into the `` hot '' Comstock Lode ore body . In the mines , temperatures could get above 120 ° F ( 49 ° C ) at the work face and a miner often used over 100 pounds ( 45 kg ) of ice per shift . This new railroad connected to the Central Pacific near Reno , and went through Carson City , the new capital of Nevada . After the transcontinental railroads were completed , many other railroads were built to connect up to other population centers in Utah , Wyoming , Kansas , Colorado , Oregon , Washington territories , etc . In 1869 , the Kansas Pacific Railway started building the Hannibal Bridge , a swing bridge across the Missouri River between Kansas City , Missouri and Kansas City , Kansas which connected railroads on both sides of the Missouri while still allowing passage of paddle steamers on the river . After completion , this became another major east - west railroad . To speed completion of the Kansas Pacific Railroad to Denver , construction started east from Denver in March 1870 to meet the railroad coming west from Kansas city . The two crews met at a point called Comanche Crossing , Kansas Territory , on August 15 , 1870 . Denver was now firmly on track to becoming the largest city and the future capital of Colorado . The Kansas Pacific Railroad linked with the Denver Pacific Railway via Denver to Cheyenne in 1870 . The original transcontinental railroad route did not pass through the two biggest cities in the so - called Great American Desert -- Denver , Colorado , and Salt Lake City , Utah . Feeder railroad lines were soon built to service these two and other cities and states along the route . Modern - day Interstate 80 roughly follows the path of the railroad from Sacramento across modern day California , Nevada , Wyoming and Nebraska , with a few exceptions . Most significantly , the two routes are different between Wells , Nevada and Echo , Utah . In this area the freeway passes along the south shore of the Great Salt Lake and passes through Salt Lake City , cresting the Wasatch Mountains at Parley 's Summit . The railroad was originally routed along the north shore , and later with the Lucin Cutoff directly across the center of the Great Salt Lake , passing through the city of Ogden instead of Salt Lake City . The railroad crosses the Wasatch Mountains via a much gentler grade through Weber Canyon . Most of the other deviations are in mountainous areas where interstate highways allow for grades up to six - percent grades , which allows them to go many places the railroads had to go around , since their goal was to hold their grades to less than two percent . Construction ( edit ) The Jupiter , which carried Leland Stanford ( one of the `` Big Four '' owners of the Central Pacific ) and other railway officials to the Last Spike Ceremony . Most of the capital investment needed to build the railroad was generated by selling government - guaranteed bonds ( granted per mile of completed track ) to interested investors . The Federal donation of right - of - way saved money and time as it did not have to be purchased from others . The financial incentives and bonds would hopefully cover most of the initial capital investment needed to build the railroad . The bonds would be paid back by the sale of government - granted land , as well as prospective passenger and freight income . Most of the engineers and surveyors who figured out how and where to build the railroad on the Union Pacific were engineering college trained . Many of Union Pacific engineers and surveyors were Union Army veterans ( including two generals ) who had learned their railroad trade keeping the trains running and tracks maintained during the U.S. Civil War . After securing the finances and selecting the engineering team , the next step was to hire the key personnel and prospective supervisors . Nearly all key workers and supervisors were hired because they had previous railroad on - the - job training , knew what needed to be done and how to direct workers to get it done . After the key personnel were hired , the semi-skilled jobs could be filled if there was available labor . The engineering team 's main job was to tell the workers where to go , what to do , how to do it , and provide the construction material they would need to get it done . Survey teams were put out to produce detailed contour maps of the options on the different routes . The engineering team looked at the available surveys and chose what was the `` best '' route . Survey teams under the direction of the engineers closely led the work crews and marked where and by how much hills would have to be cut and depressions filled or bridged . Coordinators made sure that construction and other supplies were provided when and where needed , and additional supplies were ordered as the railroad construction consumed the supplies . Specialized bridging , explosive and tunneling teams were assigned to their specialized jobs . Some jobs like explosive work , tunneling , bridging , heavy cuts or fills were known to take longer than others , so the specialized teams were sent out ahead by wagon trains with the supplies and men to get these jobs done by the time the regular track - laying crews arrived . Finance officers made sure the supplies were paid for and men paid for their work . An army of men had to be coordinated and a seemingly never - ending chain of supplies had to be provided . The Central Pacific road crew set a track - laying record by laying 10 mi ( 16 km ) of track in a single day , commemorating the event with a signpost beside the track for passing trains to see . In addition to the track - laying crews , other crews were busy setting up stations with provisions for loading fuel , water and often also mail , passengers and freight . Personnel had to be hired to run these stations . Maintenance depots had to be built to keep all of the equipment repaired and operational . Telegraph operators had to be hired to man each station to keep track of where the trains were so that trains could run in each direction on the available single track without interference or accidents . Sidings had to be built to allow trains to pass . Provision had to be made to store and continually pay for coal or wood needed to run the steam locomotives . Water towers had to be built for refilling the water tanks on the engines , and provision made to keep them full . Labor ( edit ) The majority of the Union Pacific track across the Nebraska and Wyoming territories was built by veterans of the Union and Confederate armies , as well as many recent immigrants . Brigham Young , President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints , landed contracts with the Union Pacific that offered jobs for around 2,000 members of the church with the hope that the railroad would support commerce in Utah . Church members built most of the road through Utah . Construction superintendent Durant repeatedly failed to pay the wages agreed upon . The Union Pacific train carrying him to the final spike ceremony was held up by a strike by unpaid workers in Piedmont , Wyoming until he paid them for their work . Representatives of Brigham Young had less success , and failed in court to force him to honor the contract . Chinese railroad workers greet a train on a snowy day . The manual labor to build the Central Pacific 's roadbed , bridges and tunnels was done primarily by many thousands of emigrant workers from China under the direction of skilled non-Chinese supervisors . The Chinese were commonly referred to at the time as `` Celestials '' and China as the `` Celestial Kingdom . '' Labor - saving devices in those days consisted primarily of wheelbarrows , horse or mule pulled carts , and a few railroad pulled gondolas . The construction work involved an immense amount of manual labor . Initially , Central Pacific had a hard time hiring and keeping unskilled workers on its line , as many would leave for the prospect of far more lucrative gold or silver mining options elsewhere . Despite the concerns expressed by Charles Crocker , one of the `` big four '' and a general contractor , that the Chinese were too small in stature and lacking previous experience with railroad work , they decided to try them anyway . After the first few days of trial with a few workers , with noticeably positive results , Crocker decided to hire as many as he could , looking primarily at the California labor force , where the majority of Chinese worked as independent gold miners or in the service industries ( e.g. : laundries and kitchens ) . Most of these Chinese workers were represented by a Chinese `` boss '' who translated , collected salaries for his crew , kept discipline and relayed orders from an American general supervisor . Most Chinese workers spoke only rudimentary or no English , and the supervisors typically only learned rudimentary Chinese . Many more workers were imported from the Guangdong Province of China , which at the time , beside great poverty , suffered from the violence of the Taiping Rebellion . Most Chinese workers were planning on returning with their new found `` wealth '' when the work was completed . Most of the men received between one and three dollars per day , the same as unskilled white workers ; but the workers imported directly from China sometimes received less . A diligent worker could save over $20 per month after paying for food and lodging -- a `` fortune '' by Chinese standards . A snapshot of workers in late 1865 showed about 3,000 Chinese and 1,700 white workers employed on the railroad . Nearly all of the white workers were in supervisory or skilled craft positions and made more money than the Chinese . Most of the early work on the Central Pacific consisted of constructing the railroad track bed , cutting and / or blasting through or around hills , filling in washes , building bridges or trestles , digging and blasting tunnels and then laying the rails over the Sierra Nevada ( U.S. ) mountains . Once the Central Pacific was out of the Sierras and the Carson Range , progress sped up considerably as the railroad bed could be built over nearly flat ground . In those days , the Central Pacific once did a section of 10 miles ( 16 km ) of track in one day as a `` demonstration '' of what they could do on flat ground like most of the Union Pacific had in Wyoming and Nebraska . The track laying was divided up into various parts . In advance of the track layers , surveyors consulting with engineers determined where the track would go . Workers then built and prepared the roadbed , dug or blasted through hills , filled in washes , built trestles , bridges or culverts across streams or valleys , made tunnels if needed , and laid the ties . The actual track - laying gang would then lay rails on the previously laid ties positioned on the roadbed , drive the spikes , and bolt the fishplate bars to each rail . At the same time , another gang would distribute telegraph poles and wire along the grade , while the cooks prepared dinner and the clerks busied themselves with accounts , records , using the telegraph line to relay requests for more materials and supplies or communicate with supervisors . Usually the workers lived in camps built near their work site . Supplies were ordered by the engineers and hauled by rail , possibly then to be loaded on wagons if they were needed ahead of the railhead . Camps were moved when the railhead moved a significant distance . Later , as the railroad started moving long distances every few days , some railroad cars had bunkhouses built in them that moved with the workers -- the Union Pacific had used this technique since 1866 . Almost all of the roadbed work had to be done manually , using shovels , picks , axes , two - wheeled dump carts , wheelbarrows , ropes , scrapers , etc. , with initially only black powder available for blasting . Carts pulled by mules , and horses were about the only labor saving devices available then . Lumber and ties were usually provided by independent contractors who cut , hauled and sawed the timber as required . CPRR Tunnel # 3 near Cisco , California ( MP 180.1 ) opened in 1866 and remains in daily use today . Tunnels were blasted through hard rock by drilling holes in the rock face by hand and filling them with black powder . Sometimes cracks were found which could be filled with powder and blasted loose . The loosened rock would be collected and hauled out of the tunnel for use in a fill area or as roadbed , or else dumped over the side as waste . A foot or so advance on a tunnel face was a typical day 's work . Some tunnels took almost a year to finish and the Summit Tunnel , the longest , took almost two years . In the final days of working in the Sierras , the recently invented nitroglycerin explosive was introduced and used on the last tunnels including Summit Tunnel . Supply trains carried all the necessary material for the construction up to the railhead , with mule or horse - drawn wagons carrying it the rest of the ways if required . Ties were typically unloaded from horse - drawn or mule - drawn wagons and then placed on the track ballast and levelled to get ready for the rails . Rails , which weighed the most , were often kicked off the flatcars and carried by gangs of men on each side of the rail to where needed . The rails just in front of the rail car would be placed first , measured for the correct gauge with gauge sticks and then nailed down on the ties with spike mauls . The fishplates connecting the ends of the rails would be bolted on and then the car pushed by hand to the end of the rail and rail installation repeated . Track ballast was put between the ties as they progressed . Where a proper railbed had already been prepared , the work progressed rapidly . Constantly needed supplies included `` food , water , ties , rails , spikes , fishplates , nuts and bolts , track ballast , telegraph poles , wire , fire wood ( or coal on the UP ) and water for the steam train locomotives , etc . '' After a flatcar was unloaded , it would usually be hooked to a small locomotive and pulled back to a siding , so another flatcar with rails etc. could be advanced to the railhead . Since juggling railroad cars took time on flat ground , where wagon transport was easier , the rail cars would be brought to the end of the line by steam locomotive , unloaded , and the flat car returned immediately to a siding for another loaded car of either ballast or rails . Temporary sidings were often installed where it could be easily done to expedite getting needed supplies to the railhead . The railroad tracks , spikes , telegraph wire , locomotives , railroad cars , supplies etc. were imported from the east on sailing ships that sailed the about 18,000 miles ( 29,000 km ) and about 200 day trip around Cape Horn . Some freight was put on Clipper ships which could do the trip in about 120 days . Some passengers and high priority freight were shipped over the newly ( 1855 ) completed Panama Railroad across the Isthmus of Panama . Using paddle steamers to and from Panama , this short cut could be done in as little as 40 days . Supplies were normally offloaded at the Sacramento , California docks where the railroad started . Central Pacific construction ( edit ) On January 8 , 1863 , Governor Leland Stanford ceremoniously broke ground in Sacramento , California , to begin construction of the Central Pacific Railroad . After great initial progress along the Sacramento Valley , construction was slowed , first by the foothills of the Sierra Nevada , then by cutting a railroad bed up the mountains themselves . As they progressed higher in the mountains , winter snowstorms and a shortage of reliable labor compounded the problems . Consequently , after a trial crew of Chinese workers was hired and found to work successfully , the Central Pacific expanded its efforts to hire more emigrant laborers -- mostly Chinese . Emigrants from poverty stricken regions of China , many of which suffered from the strife of the Taiping Rebellion , seemed to be more willing to tolerate the living and working conditions on the railroad construction , and progress on the railroad continued . The increasing necessity for tunneling as they proceeded up the mountains then began to slow progress of the line yet again . Example of hand drilled granite from within Tunnel # 6 , the `` Summit Tunnel '' . The first step of construction was to survey the route and determine the locations where large excavations , tunnels and bridges would be needed . Crews could then start work in advance of the railroad reaching these locations . Supplies and workers were brought up to the work locations by wagon teams and work on several different sections proceeded simultaneously . One advantage of working on tunnels in winter was that tunnel work could often proceed since the work was nearly all `` inside '' . Unfortunately , living quarters would have to be built outside and getting new supplies was difficult . Working and living in winter in the presence of snow slides and avalanches caused some deaths . To carve a tunnel , one worker held a rock drill on the granite face while one to two other workers swung eighteen - pound sledgehammers to sequentially hit the drill which slowly advanced into the rock . Once the hole was about 10 inches ( 25 cm ) deep , it would be filled with black powder , a fuse set and then ignited from a safe distance . Nitroglycerin , which had been invented less than two decades before the construction of the first transcontinental railroad , was used in relatively large quantities during its construction . This was especially true on the Central Pacific Railroad , which owned its own nitroglycerin plant to ensure it had a steady supply of the volatile explosive . This plant was operated by Chinese laborers as they were willing workers even under the most trying and dangerous of conditions . However , Chinese laborers did far more than mix the volatile ingredients of nitroglycerin for the Central Pacific . Their hard work was also crucial in the construction of 15 tunnels along the railroad 's line through the Sierra Nevada mountains . These tunnels were about 32 feet ( 10 m ) high and 16 feet ( 5 m ) wide . When tunnels with vertical shafts were dug to increase construction speed , and tunneling began in the middle of the tunnel , at first hand - powered derricks were used to help remove loose rocks up the vertical shafts . These derricks were later replaced with steam hoists as work progressed . By using vertical shafts , four faces of the tunnel could be worked at the same time , two in the middle and one at each end . The average daily progress in some tunnels was only 0.85 feet ( 26 cm ) a day per face , which was very slow , or 1.18 feet ( 36 cm ) daily according to historian George Kraus . J.O. Wilder , a Central Pacific - Southern Pacific employee , commented that `` The Chinese were as steady , hard - working a set of men as could be found . With the exception of a few whites at the west end of Tunnel No. 6 , the laboring force was entirely composed of Chinamen with white foremen and a `` boss / translator '' . A single foreman ( often Irish ) with a gang of 30 to 40 Chinese men generally constituted the force at work at each end of a tunnel ; of these , 12 to 15 men worked on the heading , and the rest on the bottom , removing blasted material . When a gang was small or the men were needed elsewhere , the bottoms were worked with fewer men or stopped so as to keep the headings going . '' The laborers usually worked three shifts of 8 hours each per day , while the foremen worked in two shifts of 12 hours each , managing the laborers . Once out of the Sierras , construction was much easier and faster . Horace Hamilton Minkler , track foreman for the Central Pacific , laid the last rail and tie before the Last Spike was driven . CPRR snow gallery under construction in 1868 . In order to keep the CPRR 's Sierra grade open during the winter months , beginning in 1867 , 37 miles of massive wooden snow sheds and galleries were built between Blue Cañon and Truckee , covering cuts and other points where there was danger of avalanches . 2,500 men and six material trains were employed in this work , which was completed in 1869 . The sheds were built with two sides and a steep peaked roof , mostly of locally cut hewn timber and round logs. Snow galleries had one side and a roof that sloped upward until it met the mountain side , thus permitting avalanches to slide over the galleries , some of which extended up the mountainside as much as two hundred feet ( 60 m ) . Masonry walls such as the `` Chinese Walls '' at Donner Summit were built across canyons to prevent avalanches from striking the side of the vulnerable wooden construction . A few concrete sheds ( mostly at crossovers ) are still in use today . Union Pacific construction ( edit ) Grenville M. Dodge wearing a major general 's uniform The major investor in the Union Pacific was Thomas Clark Durant , who had made his stake money by smuggling Confederate cotton with the aid of Grenville M. Dodge . Durant chose routes that would favor places where he held land , and he announced connections to other lines at times that suited his share dealings . He paid an associate to submit the construction bid to another company he controlled , Crédit Mobilier , manipulating the finances and government subsidies and making himself another fortune . Durant hired Dodge as chief engineer and Jack Casement as construction boss . In the East , the progress started in Omaha , Nebraska , by the Union Pacific Railroad which initially proceeded very quickly because of the open terrain of the Great Plains . This changed , however , as the work entered Indian - held lands . The Native Americans saw the railroad as a violation of their treaties with the United States . War parties began to raid the moving labor camps that followed the progress of the line . Union Pacific responded by increasing security and hiring marksmen to kill American Bison , which were both a physical threat to trains and the primary food source for many of the Plains Indians . The Native Americans then began killing laborers when they realized that the so - called `` Iron Horse '' threatened their existence . Security measures were further strengthened , and progress on the railroad continued . The `` Last Spike '' ceremony ( edit ) Main article : Golden spike Golden spike , one of four ceremonial spikes driven at the completion ( but not the final one ) The Last Spike by Thomas Hill ( 1881 ) Six years after the groundbreaking , laborers of the Central Pacific Railroad from the west and the Union Pacific Railroad from the east met at Promontory Summit , Utah Territory . It was here on May 10 , 1869 , that Leland Stanford drove The Last Spike ( or golden spike ) that joined the rails of the transcontinental railroad . The spike is now on display at the Cantor Arts Center at Stanford University , while a second `` Last '' Golden Spike is also on display at the California State Railroad Museum in Sacramento . In perhaps the world 's first live mass - media event , the hammers and spike were wired to the telegraph line so that each hammer stroke would be heard as a click at telegraph stations nationwide -- the hammer strokes were missed , so the clicks were sent by the telegraph operator . As soon as the ceremonial `` Last Spike '' had been replaced by an ordinary iron spike , a message was transmitted to both the East Coast and West Coast that simply read , `` DONE . '' Travel from coast to coast was reduced from six months or more to just one week . Aftermath ( edit ) Railroad developments ( edit ) Display ads for the CPRR and UPRR the week the rails were joined on May 10 , 1869 UPRR & CPRR `` Great American Over-Land Route '' Timetable cover 1881 When the last spike was driven , the rail network was not yet connected to the Atlantic or Pacific but merely connected Omaha to Sacramento . To get from Sacramento to the Pacific , the Central Pacific purchased the struggling Western Pacific Railroad ( unrelated to the railroad of the same name that would later parallel its route ) and resumed construction on it , which had halted in 1866 due to funding troubles . In November 1869 , the Central Pacific finally connected Sacramento to the east side of San Francisco Bay by rail at Oakland , California , where freight and passengers completed their transcontinental link to the city by ferry . The original route from the Central Valley to the Bay skirted the Delta by heading south out of Sacramento through Stockton and crossing the San Joaquin River at Mossdale , then climbed over the Altamont Pass and reached the East Bay through Niles Canyon . The Western Pacific was originally chartered to go to San Jose , but the Central Pacific decided to build along the East Bay instead , as going from San Jose up the Peninsula to San Francisco itself would have brought it into conflict with competing interests . The railroad entered Alameda and Oakland from the south , roughly paralleling what would later become U.S. Route 50 and later still Interstates 5 , 205 , and 580 . A more direct route was obtained with the purchase of the California Pacific Railroad , crossing the Sacramento River and proceeding southwest through Davis to Benicia , where it crossed the Carquinez Strait by means of an enormous train ferry , then followed the shores of the San Pablo and San Francisco bays to Richmond and the Port of Oakland ( paralleling U.S. Route 40 which ultimately became Interstate 80 ) . In 1930 , a rail bridge across the Carquinez replaced the Benicia ferries . Very early on , the Central Pacific learned that it would have trouble maintaining an open track in winter across the Sierras . At first they tried plowing the road with special snowplows mounted on their steam engines . When this was only partially successful , an extensive process of building snow sheds over some of the track was instituted to protect it from deep snows and avalanches . These eventually succeeded at keeping the tracks clear for all but a few days of the year . Both railroads soon instituted extensive upgrade projects to build better bridges , viaducts and dugways as well as install heavier duty rails , stronger ties , better road beds etc . The original track had often been laid as fast as possible with only secondary attention to maintenance and durability . The primary incentive had been getting the subsidies , which meant that upgrades of all kinds were routinely required in the following years . Frontispiece of Crofutt 's Great Trans - Continental Tourist 's Guide , 1870 The Union Pacific would not connect Omaha to Council Bluffs until completing the Union Pacific Missouri River Bridge in 1872 . Several years after the end of the Civil War , the competing railroads coming from Missouri finally realized their initial strategic advantage and a building boom ensued . In July 1869 , the H&SJ finished the Hannibal Bridge in Kansas City which was the first bridge to cross the Missouri River . This in turn connected to Kansas Pacific trains going from Kansas City to Denver , which in turn had built the Denver Pacific Railway connecting to the Union Pacific . In August 1870 , the Kansas Pacific drove the last spike connecting to the Denver Pacific line at Strasburg , Colorado and the first true Atlantic to Pacific United States railroad was completed . Kansas City 's head start in connecting to a true transcontinental railroad contributed to it rather than Omaha becoming the dominant rail center west of Chicago . The Kansas Pacific became part of the Union Pacific in 1880 . On June 4 , 1876 , an express train called the Transcontinental Express arrived in San Francisco via the First Transcontinental Railroad only 83 hours and 39 minutes after it had left New York City . Only ten years before , the same journey would have taken months over land or weeks on ship , possibly all the way around South America . The Central Pacific got a direct route to San Francisco when it was merged with the Southern Pacific Railroad to create the Southern Pacific Company in 1885 . The Union Pacific initially took over the Southern Pacific in 1901 but was forced by the U.S. Supreme Court to divest it because of monopoly concerns . The two railroads would once again unite in 1996 when the Southern Pacific was sold to the Union Pacific . Having been bypassed with the completion of the Lucin Cutoff in 1904 , the Promontory Summit rails were pulled up in 1942 to be recycled for the World War II effort . This process began with a ceremonial `` undriving '' at the Last Spike location . In 1957 , Congress authorized the Golden Spike National Historic Site . On May 10 , 2006 , on the anniversary of the driving of the spike , Utah announced that its state quarter design would be a representation of the driving of the Last ( Golden ) Spike . Crédit Mobilier ( edit ) Oakes Ames Main article : Crédit Mobilier of America scandal Despite the transcontinental success and millions in government subsidies , the Union Pacific faced bankruptcy less than three years after the Last Spike as details surfaced about overcharges that Crédit Mobilier had billed Union Pacific for the formal building of the railroad . The scandal hit epic proportions in the United States presidential election , 1872 , which saw the re-election of Ulysses S. Grant and became the biggest scandal of the Gilded Age . It would not be resolved until the death of the congressman who was supposed to have reined in its excesses but instead wound up profiting from it . Durant had initially come up with the scheme to have Crédit Mobilier subcontract to do the actual track work . Durant gained control of the company after buying out employee Herbert Hoxie for $10,000 . Under Durant 's guidance , Crédit Mobilier was charging Union Pacific often twice or more the customary cost for track work ( thus in effect paying himself to build the railroad ) . The process mired down Union Pacific work . Lincoln asked Massachusetts Congressman Oakes Ames , who was on the railroad committee , to clean things up and get the railroad moving . Ames got his brother Oliver Ames Jr. named president of the Union Pacific , while he himself became president of Crédit Mobilier . Ames then in turn gave stock options to other politicians while at the same time continuing the lucrative overcharges . The scandal was to implicate Vice President Schuyler Colfax ( who was cleared ) and future President James Garfield among others . The scandal broke in 1872 when the New York Sun published correspondence detailing the scheme between Henry S. McComb and Ames . In the ensuing Congressional investigation , it was recommended that Ames be expelled from Congress , but this was reduced to a censure and Ames died within three months . Durant later left the Union Pacific and a new rail baron Jay Gould became the dominant stockholder . As a result of the Panic of 1873 , Gould was able to pick up bargains , among them the control of the Union Pacific Railroad and Western Union . Visible remains ( edit ) Visible remains of the historic line are still easily located -- hundreds of miles are still in service today , especially through the Sierra Nevada Mountains and canyons in Utah and Wyoming . While the original rail has long since been replaced because of age and wear , and the roadbed upgraded and repaired , the lines generally run on top of the original , handmade grade . Vista points on Interstate 80 through California 's Truckee Canyon provide a panoramic view of many miles of the original Central Pacific line and of the snow sheds which made winter train travel safe and practical . In areas where the original line has been bypassed and abandoned , primarily in Utah , the road grade is still obvious , as are numerous cuts and fills , especially the Big Fill a few miles east of Promontory . The sweeping curve which connected to the east end of the Big Fill now passes a Thiokol rocket research and development facility . The Last Spike site is preserved as a National Historical Site , with replica engines of Union Pacific No. 119 and Central Pacific Jupiter having been built by O'Connor Engineering Laboratories . The engines are fired up periodically by the National Park Service for the public . Current passenger service ( edit ) Amtrak 's California Zephyr , a daily passenger service from Emeryville , California ( San Francisco Bay Area ) to Chicago , uses the First Transcontinental Railroad from Sacramento to central Nevada . Because this rail line currently operates in a directional running setup across most of Nevada , the California Zephyr will switch to the Central Corridor at either Winnemucca or Wells . In popular culture ( edit ) The joining of the Union Pacific line with the Central Pacific line in May 1869 at Promontory Summit , Utah , was one of the major inspirations for French writer Jules Verne 's book entitled Around the World in Eighty Days , published in 1873 . While not exactly accurate , John Ford 's 1924 silent movie The Iron Horse captures the fervent nationalism that drove public support for the project . Among the cooks serving the film 's cast and crew between shots were some of the Chinese laborers who worked on the Central Pacific section of the railroad . Poster for the film Union Pacific . The feat is depicted in various movies , including the 1939 film Union Pacific , starring Joel McCrea and Barbara Stanwyck and directed by Cecil B. DeMille , which depicts the fictional Central Pacific investor Asa Barrows obstructing attempts of the Union Pacific to reach Ogden , Utah . The 1939 movie is said to have inspired the Union Pacific Western television series starring Jeff Morrow , Judson Pratt and Susan Cummings which aired in syndication from 1958 until 1959 . The 1962 film How the West Was Won has a whole segment devoted to the construction ; one of the movie 's most famous scenes , filmed in Cinerama , is of a buffalo stampede over the railroad . The construction of what presumably is -- or is suggested to be -- the Transcontinental Railroad provides the backdrop of the 1968 epic spaghetti western Once Upon a Time in the West , directed by Italian director Sergio Leone . Kristiana Gregory 's book The Great Railroad Race ( part of the `` Dear America '' series ) is written as the fictional diary of Libby West , who chronicles the end of the railroad construction and the excitement which engulfed the country at the time . Graham Masterton 's 1981 novel A Man of Destiny ( published in the UK as Railroad ) is a fictionalised account of the line 's construction . In the 1999 Will Smith film , Wild Wild West , the joining ceremony is the setting of an assassination attempt on then U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant by the film 's antagonist Dr. Miguelito Quixote Loveless . The building of the railway is covered by the 2004 BBC documentary series Seven Wonders of the Industrial World in episode 6 , `` The Line '' . The series American Experience also documents the railway in the episode titled `` Transcontinental Railroad '' . The main character in The Claim ( 2000 ) is a surveyor for the Central Pacific Railroad , and the film is partially about the efforts of a frontier mayor to have the railroad routed through his town . The popular British television show Doctor Who featured the Transcontinental Railroad in a BBC audio book entitled The Runaway Train , read by Matt Smith and written for audio by Oli Smith . The children 's book Ten Mile Day by Mary Ann Fraser tells the story of the record setting push by the Central Pacific in which they set a record by laying 10 miles ( 16 km ) of track in a single day on April 28 , 1869 , to settle a $10,000 bet . The construction of the Transcontinental Railroad provides the setting for the AMC television series Hell on Wheels . Thomas Durant is a regular character in the series and is portrayed by actor Colm Meaney . In 2015 , a Lego model depicting the Golden Spike Ceremony , the event that symbolically marked the completion of the First Transcontinental Railroad , was submitted to the Lego Ideas website . In the 2002 DreamWorks Animation movie , Spirit : Stallion of the Cimarron , the main character , the horse Spirit , is delivered with other horses to pull a steam locomotive at a work site for the Transcontinental Railroad . Wikimedia Commons has media related to First Transcontinental Railroad . See also ( edit ) History portal Trains portal United States portal History of rail transportation in California Chin Lin Sou Interstate 80 -- contemporary New York - to - San Francisco transport link ( highway ) List of heritage railroads in the United States Overland Route ( Union Pacific Railroad ) Transcontinental railroad Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The total value of the thirty year 6 % US Government subsidy bonds issued to the three companies was $55,092,192 and the amount of federal lands specified by Pacific Railroad Acts of 1862 and 1864 to which the UPRR , CPRR and WPRR were entitled was 21,100,000 acres ( 8,500,000 hectares ) of which 2,390,009 acres ( 967,202 hectares ) had been patented as of March 1876 . Jump up ^ `` The charter of the last - named Company ( Western Pacific Railroad ) contemplated a line from Sacramento toward San Francisco , making the circuit of the Bay of that name ( to San José ) . Their franchise has recently ( late 1867 ) been assigned to parties in the interest of the Central Pacific Railroad Company ; and it is probable that this line will be formally incorporated with the Central Pacific Railroad , and the road extended from Sacramento to San Francisco by the `` best , most direct and practicable route '' so soon as the overland connection is completed . In the meantime the travel is abundantly accommodated by first - class steamers . '' -- Central Pacific Railroad Company of California `` Railroad Across the Continent , with an account of the Central Pacific Railroad of California '' , pp. 9 - 10 , New York : Brown & Hewitt , Printers . September 1868 . Jump up ^ The legal `` date of completion '' of the WPRR grade was subsequently designated to be January 22 , 1870 . The formal consolidation of the Central Pacific Railroad of California with the Western Pacific Railroad Co. , San Joaquin Valley Railroad Co. , and San Francisco , Oakland & Alameda Railroad Co. under the name of the Central Pacific Railroad Company became effective on June 22 , 1870 with the filing of Articles of Consolidation drawn under the laws of California with the California Secretary of State . Jump up ^ The new terminus opened on November 8 , later deemed to be two days after the official `` completion date '' of the Pacific Railroad . Section 6 of the Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 , et seq . required that an official date of completion be determined for the purpose of determining how other provisions of the Acts would be carried out . November 6 , 1869 was confirmed as being that date by the US Supreme Court in Part I of the Court 's Opinion and Order dated January 27 , 1879 , in re Union Pacific Railroad vs. United States ( 99 U.S. 402 ) . Jump up ^ Later , the Northern Pacific Railway ( NP ) found and built a better route across the northern tier of the western United States from Minnesota to the Pacific Coast . It was approved by Congress in 1864 and given nearly 40 million acres ( 160,000 km ) of land grants , which it used to raise money in Europe . Construction began in 1870 and the main line opened all the way from the Great Lakes to the Pacific Ocean on September 8 , 1883 . Jump up ^ The southern route was constructed in 1880 when the Southern Pacific Railroad crossed Arizona territory . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Vernon , Edward ( Ed ) `` Travelers ' Official Railway Guide of the United States and Canada '' Philadelphia : The National General Ticket Agents ' Association . June , 1870 , Tables 215 , 216 Jump up ^ Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 , § 2 & § 3 Jump up ^ Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 , § 5 & § 6 Jump up ^ `` FIRST MORTGAGE BONDS OF THE CENTRAL PACIFIC RAILROAD , Business Prospects and Operations of the Company . Remarkable Exhibit of Earnings , &c. , for Quarter Ending Sept. 30 , 1867 CPRR.org Jump up ^ $1,000 Pacific Railroad Bond , City and County of San Francisco , June 24 , 1864 CPRR.org Jump up ^ `` Report on the Pacific Railroads '' , US House of Representatives , Committee on the Judiciary , House Ex . Doc . # 440 , 44th Congress , First Session , April 25 , 1876 , pp. 3 , 6 ^ Jump up to : Executive Order of Abraham Lincoln , President of the United States , Fixing the Point of Commencement of the Union Pacific Railroad at Council Bluffs , Iowa , dated March 7 , 1864 ( 38th Congress , 1st Session SENATE Ex . Doc . No. 27 ) . Jump up ^ Cooper , Bruce C. , `` Riding the Transcontinental Rails : Overland Travel on the Pacific Railroad 1865 -- 1881 '' ( 2005 ) , Polyglot Press , Philadelphia , ISBN 1 - 4115 - 9993 - 4 . p. 11 . Jump up ^ `` Appleton 's Railway and Steam Navigation Guide '' . New York : D. Appleton & Co. , December 1870 . p. 236 . Jump up ^ Bowman , J.N. `` Driving the Last Spike at Promontory , 1869 California Historical Society Quarterly , Vol . XXXVI , No. 2 , June 1957 , pp. 96 -- 106 , and Vol . XXXVI , No. 3 , September 1957 , pp. 263 -- 274 . Jump up ^ Hill , Thomas `` The Last Spike '' San Francisco : Thomas Hill ( privately published ) . January 1881 . Jump up ^ Letter from Charles F. Conant , Assistant Secretary , US Department of the Treasury , to US Rep. William Lawrence ( R - OH8 ) , March 9 , 1876 Jump up ^ Letter from Z.B. Sturgus , Chief , Lands and Railroad Division , Office of the Secretary , US Department of the Interior , to US Rep. William Lawrence ( R - OH8 ) , April 28 , 1876 Jump up ^ Speech by Rep. William A. Piper ( D - CA1 ) in the US House of Representatives , April 8 , 1876 Jump up ^ Works Progress Administration ( 2001 ) . San Francisco in the 1930s : The WPA Guide to the City by the Bay . Berkeley , California : University of California Press . p. 32 . ISBN 9780520948877 . Jump up ^ Scott , Mel ( 1985 ) . The San Francisco Bay Area : A Metropolis in Perspective ( second ed . ) . Berkeley , California : University of California Press . p. 50 . ISBN 9780520055124 . Jump up ^ The Official `` Date of Completion '' of the Transcontinental Railroad under the Provisions of the Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 , et seq. , as Established by the Supreme Court of the United States to be November 6 , 1869 . ( 99 U.S. 402 ) 1879 Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum Jump up ^ `` Union Pacific R. Co. v. United States , 99 U.S. 402 , 25 L. Ed . 274 , 1878 U.S. LEXIS 1556 -- CourtListener.com '' . CourtListener . Jump up ^ Cooper , Bruce Clement ( Ed ) , The Classic Western American Railroad Routes . New York : Chartwell Books ( US ) / Bassingbourn : Worth Press ( UK ) ; 2010 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7858 - 2573 - 9 ; ISBN 0 - 7858 - 2573 - 8 ; BINC : 3099794 . pp. 44 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Carver , Dr. Hartwell `` Proposal for a Charter to Build a Railroad from Lake Michigan to the Pacific Ocean '' Washington , DC , January 18 , 1847 Centpacrr.com Jump up ^ `` Dr. Hartwell Carver 's Proposal to Build a Railroad from Lake Michigan to the Pacific Ocean '' CPRR.org Jump up ^ `` Reports of Explorations and Surveys , to ascertain the most practicable and economical route for a railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean , made under the direction of the Secretary of War , in 1853 - 4 . '' 12 Volumes . Washington , DC : US Government Printing Office , 1855 -- 61 Jump up ^ Woodward , C. Vann `` Reunion and Reaction : The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction '' . Oxford : Oxford University Press ( 1991 ) p. 92 Jump up ^ `` Report of the Select Committee on the Pacific Railroad and Telegraph '' US House of Representatives , 36th Congress , 1st Session , No. 358 . August 16 , 1856 . Jump up ^ Zelizer , Julian E. ( Ed ) `` The American Congress : The Building of Democracy '' . Kerr , K. Austin , Chapter 17 : Railroad Policy ( pp. 286 - 297 ) . New York : Houghton Mifflin Co. ( 2004 ) . p. 288 Jump up ^ Gadsden Purchase , 1853 -- 1854 U.S. Department of State , Office of the Historian . Jump up ^ Whitney , Asa `` A project for a railroad to the Pacific '' . New York : George W. Wood ( 1849 ) p. 55 Jump up ^ `` PBS American Experience -- Transcontinental Railroad -- Whitney Biography '' . Jump up ^ Markham , Edwin `` The Romance of the ' C.P. ' '' SUCCESS ( magazine ) . New York : The Success Company , Vol . VI , Number 106 , March , 1903 . pp. 127 - 130 ^ Jump up to : `` A Memorial and Biographical History of Northern California : Illustrated . Containing a History of This Important Section of the Pacific Coast from the Earliest Period of Its Occupancyand Biographical Mention of Many of Its Most Eminent Pioneers and Also of Prominent Citizens of Today '' . Chicago : Lewis Publishing Company . ( 1891 ) pp. 214 - 221 Jump up ^ `` An Act to aid in the construction of a railroad and telegraph line from the Missouri river to the Pacific ocean , and to secure to the government the use of the same for postal , military , and other purposes 12 Stat. 489 , July 1 , 1862 . Jump up ^ Pacific Railroad Acts accessed March 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Klein , Maury . `` Financing the Transcontinental Railroad '' . New York City , New York : The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History . Retrieved 4 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Stewart , John J. `` The Iron Trail to the Golden Spike '' Chapter 7 `` Utah 's Role in the Pacific Railroad '' p. 175 , Salt Lake City , Utah : Deseret Book Co. ( 1969 ) . Jump up ^ `` PBS American Experience -- Transcontinental Railroad -- Durant Biography '' . Jump up ^ `` In Memoriam , Theodore D. Judah , Died November 2 , 1863 '' . ^ Jump up to : Cooper , Bruce C. Lewis Metzler Clement : A Pioneer of the Central Pacific Railroad The Central Pacific Photographic History Museum . Jump up ^ Ambrose , Stephen , 2000 , p. 376 . Jump up ^ Map of Land Grants to Railroads accessed January 29 , 2009 Jump up ^ The Silent Spikes : Chinese Laborers and the Construction of North American Railroads , comp. and ed . Huang Annian , trans . Zhang Juguo ( n.p. : China Intercontinental Press , 2006 ) , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Military Bridges : With Suggestions for New Expedients and Constructions for Crossing Streams and Chasms ; Including , Also , Designs for Trestle and Truss Bridges for Military Railroads , Adapted Especially to the Wants of the Service in the United States . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Workers of the Union Pacific Railroad accessed March 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kraus , George ( 1969 ) . `` Chinese Laborers and the Construction of the Central Pacific '' ( PDF ) . Utah Historical Quarterly . 37 ( 1 ) : 41 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Reef , Catherine `` Working in America '' , p. 79 . New York : Infobase Publishing , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Picture of black workers on the CPR '' . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Harris , Robert L. , `` THE PACIFIC RAILROAD -- UNOPEN '' . The Overland Monthly , September 1869 . pp. 244 -- 252 . Jump up ^ Central Pacific Railroad : Statement Made to the President of the United States , and Secretary of the Interior , of the Progress of the Work . Sacramento : H.S. Crocker & Company . October 10 , 1865 . p. 12 . Jump up ^ Daspit , Tom . `` The Days They Changed the Gauge '' . Retrieved 10 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Transcontinental Telegraph Line ( U.S. ) '' . Engineering and Technology History Wiki . Retrieved 6 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Union Pacific Timeline accessed March 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Klein , Maury ( 2006 ) ( 1987 ) . Union Pacific : Volume I , 1862 -- 1893 . U of Minnesota press . pp. 100 -- 101 . ISBN 1452908737 . Jump up ^ Ambrose , Stephen E. ( 2000 ) . Nothing Like It In the World . pp. 217 -- 219 . Jump up ^ North Platte Bridge accessed March 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Discovery of Evans Pass accessed March 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gankplank discovery accessed March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pride and pitfalls along a coast to coast track , by Michael Kenney . Boston Globe . January 10 , 2000 . A book review : Empire Express : Building the First Transcontinental Railroad , by David Haward Bain . Jump up ^ `` UP construction '' . Jump up ^ Ambrose , Stephen E ( 2001 ) . Nothing like it in the world : the men who built the transcontinental railroad , 1863 -- 1869 . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 0317 - 3 . Jump up ^ Stewart , George R. ( 1970 ) American Place - Names , p. 401 , New York , NY : Oxford University Press . ^ Jump up to : Mormon workers on UP transcontinental tracks ( 1 ) accessed August 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Construction on Echo and Weber Canyon ( 2 ) accessed March 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ F.V. Hayden & Daniel M. Davis . `` Sun Pictures of Rocky Mountain Scenery , Photographic Collection '' . Utah State University Special Collections and Archives . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Union Pacific Map '' . Central Pacific Railroad Museum . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ Promotory Summit - NPS ( 3 ) accessed February 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cape Horn CPRR ( 4 ) accessed March 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dutch Flat and Donner Lake Wagon Road ( 5 ) Accessed July 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ California Powder Works ( 6 ) accessed March 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Use of Black Powder and Nitroglycerine on the Transcontinental Railroad ( 7 ) accessed March 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ California Newspapers , 1865 -- 66 ( 8 ) accessed March 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Norden at 39 ° 19 ′ 03 '' N 120 ° 21 ′ 30 '' W / 39.3176 ° N 120.3584 ° W / 39.3176 ; - 120.3584 Jump up ^ Shed 47 visible at 39 ° 18 ′ 42 '' N 120 ° 16 ′ 08 '' W / 39.3116 ° N 120.269 ° W / 39.3116 ; - 120.269 Jump up ^ East end of Tunnel 41 at 39 ° 18 ′ 04 '' N 120 ° 18 ′ 01 '' W / 39.301 ° N 120.3003 ° W / 39.301 ; - 120.3003 with former track 1 passing above . Jump up ^ Cooper , Bruce C. ( August 2003 ) . `` Summit Tunnel & Donner Pass '' . CPRR.org . Jump up ^ Constructing the Central Pacific Railroad ( 9 ) accessed March 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Central Pacific Railroad Map '' . Central Pacific Railroad Museum . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` PBS -- General Article : Workers of the Central Pacific Railroad '' . Jump up ^ Arrington , Leonard J. ( 2005 ) . Great Basin Kingdom : An Economic History of the Latter - day Saints , 1830 - 1900 ( New ed . ) . Urbana , IL : University of Illinois Press . p. 261 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 07283 - 3 . LCCN 2004015281 . Under the terms of the contract the Mormons were to do all the grading , tunneling , and bridge masonry on the U.P. line for the 150 - odd miles from the head of Echo Canyon through Weber Canyon to the shores of the Great Salt Lake . Jump up ^ Allen , James B. ; Glen M. Leonard ( 1976 ) . The Story of the Latter - day Saints . Salt Lake City , Utah : Deseret Book Company . pp. 328 -- 329 . Jump up ^ Ambrose , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Griswold , Wesley A Work of Giants . New York : McGraw - Hill , 1962 . pg. 109 - 111 ^ Jump up to : Alta California ( San Francisco ) , November 9 , 1868 . Jump up ^ Kraus , High Road to Promontory , p. 110. ; Robert West Howard , The Great Iron Trail : The Story of the First Transcontinental Railroad ( New York : G.P. Putnam 's Sons , 1962 ) , p. 231 . Jump up ^ Ambrose , Nothing Like It in the World , pp. 160 , 201 . Jump up ^ Howard , Robert The Great Iron Trail . New York : G.P. Putnam 's Sons , 1962 . pg. 222 Jump up ^ Howard , Robert The Great Iron Trail . New York : G.P. Putnam 's Sons , 1962 . pg. 222 ^ Jump up to : Tzu - Kuei , `` Chinese Workers and the First Transcontinental Railroad of the United States of America '' , p. 128 . ^ Jump up to : Kraus , `` Chinese Laborers and the Construction of the Central Pacific , '' p. 49 . Jump up ^ John R. Gillis , `` TUNNELS OF THE PACIFIC RAILROAD . '' Van Nostrand 's Eclectic Engineering Magazine , January 5 , 1870 , pp. 418 -- 423 . Jump up ^ Galloway , C.E. , John Debo The First Transcontinental Railroad . New York : Simmons - Boardman , ( 1950 ) . Ch. 7 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Bruce C. `` CPRR Summit Tunnel ( # 6 ) , Tunnels # 7 & # 8 , Snowsheds , `` Chinese '' Walls , Donner Trail , and Dutch Flat Donner - Lake Wagon Road at Donner Pass '' CPRR.org Jump up ^ `` Period construction images of snowsheds at Cisco and Donner Summit '' CPRR.org Jump up ^ `` People & Events : Thomas Clark Durant ( 1820 -- 1885 ) '' . American Experience : Transcontinental Railroad . PBS . 2003 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` See the `` Lost '' Golden Spike at the Museum '' California State Railroad Museum . Jump up ^ Central Pacific snow sheds ( 10 ) accessed January 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Omaha '' . The Wheeling Daily Intelligencer . Wheeling , West Virginia . March 26 , 1872 . p. 1 . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . Jump up ^ United States National Park Service ( 2002 - 09 - 28 ) . `` Promontory After May 10 , 1869 '' . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` People & Events : Oakes Ames ( 1804 -- 1873 ) -- American Experience Transcontinental Railroad '' . Jump up ^ Panic on Wall Street : A History of America 's Financial Disasters , p. 193 , Robert Sobel , Beard Books , 1999 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 893122 - 46 - 8 . Jump up ^ Pentrex , 1997 . Jump up ^ `` Colored Steam Locomotives , '' SteamLocomotive.com ( http://www.steamlocomotive.com/colored/ ) Retrieved 8 - 17 - 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Question : Engineering Drawings for the Jupiter and No. 119 , '' CPRR Discussion Group ( http://discussion.cprr.net/2005/10/question-engineering-drawings-for.html ) , Retrieved 8 - 17 - 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Spike , '' National Park Service , Dept. of the Interior , Golden Spike National Historic Site , Brigham City , UT ( http://www.nps.gov/gosp/historyculture/upload/jupiter%202.pdf ) , Retrieved 8 - 17 - 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Union Pacific 's 119 '' Golden Spike Pictures ( `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2011 . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . ) , Retrieved 8 - 17 - 2011 . Jump up ^ Gest , Gerald M. , Promontory 's Locomotives , pp. 12 -- 43 , Golden West Books , San Marino , CA , 1980 . Jump up ^ `` Central Pacific Jupiter and Union Pacific 119 at Promontory , UT , 6 - 8 - 09 '' . video . Retrieved 11 - 24 - 2011 -- via YouTube . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Dowty , Robert R. , Rebirth of the Jupiter and the 119 : Building the Replica Locomotives at Golden Spike , pp. 5 -- 46 , Southwest Parks & Monuments Ass'n. , 1994 . Jump up ^ `` Promontory Locomotive Project : Plans for the Jupiter and No. 119 , '' DVD , Western National Parks Ass'n . Jump up ^ `` Eureka County , Yucca Mountain Existing Transportation Corridor Study '' . Eureka County -- Yucca Mountain Project . 2005 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ William Butcher ( translation and introduction ) . Around the World in Eighty Days , Oxford Worlds Classics , 1995 , Introduction . Jump up ^ `` Golden Spike Ceremony '' . Jump up ^ `` Man wants Utah railroad moment to get the Lego treatment '' . Further reading ( edit ) External video Booknotes interview with David Haward Bain on Empire Express : Building the First Transcontinental Railroad , March 5 , 2000 , C - SPAN Allen , James B. ; Glen M. Leonard ( 1976 ) . The Story of the Latter - day Saints . Salt Lake City , Utah : Deseret Book Company . Ambrose , Stephen E. ( 2000 ) . Nothing Like It In The World ; The men who built the Transcontinental Railroad 1863 -- 1869 . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 684 - 84609 - 8 . Bain , David Haward ( 1999 ) . Empire Express ; Building the first Transcontinental Railroad . Viking Penguin . ISBN 0 - 670 - 80889 - X . Beebe , Lucius ( 1969 ) . The Central Pacific & The Southern Pacific Railroads : Centennial Edition . Howell - North . ISBN 0 - 8310 - 7034 - X . Cooper , Bruce C. , `` Riding the Transcontinental Rails : Overland Travel on the Pacific Railroad 1865 -- 1881 '' ( 2005 ) , Polyglot Press , Philadelphia ISBN 1 - 4115 - 9993 - 4 Cooper , Bruce Clement ( Ed ) , `` The Classic Western American Railroad Routes '' . New York : Chartwell Books / Worth Press , 2010 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7858 - 2573 - 9 ; ISBN 0 - 7858 - 2573 - 8 ; BINC : 3099794 . Duran , Xavier , `` The First U.S. Transcontinental Railroad : Expected Profits and Government Intervention , '' Journal of Economic History , 73 ( March 2013 ) , 177 -- 200 . Lee , Willis T. ; Ralph W. Stone & Hoyt S. Gale ( 1916 ) . Guidebook of the Western United States , Part B . The Overland Route . USGS Bulletin 612 . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2012 . White , Richard . Railroaded : The Transcontinentals and the Making of Modern America ( 2010 ) Willumson , Glenn . Iron Muse : Photographing the Transcontinental Railroad ( University of California Press ; 2013 ) 242 pages ; studies the production , distribution , and publication of images of the railroad in the 19th and early 20th centuries . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to First Transcontinental Railroad . For maps and railroad pictures of this era shortly after the advent of photography see : Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum CPRR Railroad Map collection / museum 1871 CPRR & UPRR Overland Railroad Map `` Map of the Central Pacific Railroad and its Connections '' published in the California Mail Bag San Francisco News Letter and California Advertiser , Vol. 1 , No. 4 , Oct -- Nov. 1871 . accessed May 1 , 2013 . Union Pacific Railroad picture Museum Excursion to the 100th Meridian -- 1866 accessed March 1 , 2013 . The Pacific Tourist Williams , Henry T. ; published by Adams & Bishop , New York , 1881 ed . Gives insights to travel in the late 1880s on the transcontinental railroad . `` I Hear the Locomotives : The Impact of the Transcontinental Railroad '' Golden Spike National Historical Site in Utah Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum Union Pacific Railroad History The Transcontinental Railroad Pacific Railway Act and related resources at the Library of Congress Chinese - American Contribution to transcontinental railroad Linda Hall Library 's Transcontinental Railroad educational site with free , full - text access to 19th century American railroad periodicals Maps Route map at the Library of Congress Map of Union Pacific Railroad with Dates Abandoned route of the transcontinental railroad in Utah ( with map ) Rail transport in North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands List of United States railroads by political division Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Washington , D.C. Puerto Rico Railroads in Omaha Depots 34th Street Station Amtrak Station Burlington Station Florence Depot Gibson Station Omaha Quartermaster Depot Ralston Station Union Station Webster Street Station Major carriers Union Pacific Burlington North Western Missouri Pacific Rock Island Milwaukee Illinois Central Great Western Wabash Minor carriers Brandon Railroad Amtrak Omaha Traction Company Omaha Belt Line Omaha Zoo Railroad Omaha Road Omaha and Republican Valley Railway South Omaha Terminal Railway Omaha Southern Railway Chicago Great Western Railway Omaha , Lincoln and Beatrice Railway Burlington and Missouri River Railroad Facilities First Transcontinental Railroad Original Union Pacific Headquarters Union Pacific Center Union Pacific Harriman Dispatch Center Union Pacific Shops Omaha Rail and Commerce Historic District Kenefick Park Burlington Headquarters Building Public transportation Omaha and Council Bluffs Street Railway Omaha and Southern Interurban Railway Omaha Cable Tramway Omaha Horse Railway Omaha Traction Company Bridges Union Pacific Missouri River Bridge East Omaha Bridge O Street Viaduct Manufacturing McKeen Motor Car Company Nebraska Rail Car Related templates Transportation Boulevards Bridges Streetcars Streets Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_Transcontinental_Railroad&oldid=837287413 '' Categories : First Transcontinental Railroad History of rail transportation in the United States Railway lines in the United States Southern Pacific Railroad Union Pacific Railroad American Old West History of United States expansionism History of the United States ( 1865 -- 1918 ) Rail lines receiving land grants Rail transportation in California Rail transportation in Nevada Railway lines in Omaha , Nebraska Rail transportation in Utah 1869 in the United States 1860s in California Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 errors : dates Use mdy dates from May 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from October 2016 Articles needing additional references from May 2016 All articles needing additional references All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Citation overkill Articles tagged with the inline citation overkill template from January 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Български Català Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Ελληνικά Español Français Italiano Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 21 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First%20Transcontinental%20Railroad
| 2,020 |
|||
what kind of story is the great gatsby
|
The Great Gatsby is a 1925 novel written by American author F. Scott Fitzgerald that follows a cast of characters living in the fictional town of West and East Egg on prosperous Long Island in the summer of 1922 . The story primarily concerns the young and mysterious millionaire Jay Gatsby and his quixotic passion and obsession for the beautiful former debutante Daisy Buchanan . Considered to be Fitzgerald 's magnum opus , The Great Gatsby explores themes of decadence , idealism , resistance to change , social upheaval , and excess , creating a portrait of the Jazz Age or the Roaring Twenties that has been described as a cautionary tale regarding the American Dream .
|
a cautionary tale regarding the American Dream .
|
The Great Gatsby
|
the great gatsby
|
The Great Gatsby is a 1925 novel written by American author F. Scott Fitzgerald that follows a cast of characters living in the fictional town of West and East Egg on prosperous Long Island in the summer of 1922 . The story primarily concerns the young and mysterious millionaire Jay Gatsby and his quixotic passion and obsession for the beautiful former debutante Daisy Buchanan . Considered to be Fitzgerald 's magnum opus , The Great Gatsby explores themes of decadence , idealism , resistance to change , social upheaval , and excess , creating a portrait of the Jazz Age or the Roaring Twenties that has been described as a cautionary tale regarding the American Dream .
|
Fitzgerald -- inspired by the parties he had attended while visiting Long Island 's north shore -- began planning the novel in 1923 , desiring to produce , in his words , `` something new -- something extraordinary and beautiful and simple and intricately patterned . '' Progress was slow , with Fitzgerald completing his first draft following a move to the French Riviera in 1924 . His editor , Maxwell Perkins , felt the book was vague and persuaded the author to revise over the following winter . Fitzgerald was repeatedly ambivalent about the book 's title and he considered a variety of alternatives , including titles that referenced the Roman character Trimalchio ; the title he was last documented to have desired was Under the Red , White , and Blue . First published by Scribner 's in April 1925 , The Great Gatsby received mixed reviews and sold poorly ; in its first year , the book sold only 20,000 copies . Fitzgerald died in 1940 , believing himself to be a failure and his work forgotten . However , the novel experienced a revival during World War II , and became a part of American high school curricula and numerous stage and film adaptations in the following decades . Today , The Great Gatsby is widely considered to be a literary classic and a contender for the title `` Great American Novel . '' In 1998 , the Modern Library editorial board voted it the 20th century 's best American novel and second best English - language novel of the same time period . Contents ( hide ) 1 Historical context 2 Plot summary 3 Major characters 4 Writing and production 5 Cover art 6 Title 7 Themes 8 Reception 9 Legacy and modern analysis 10 Adaptations 10.1 Ballet 10.2 Computer games 10.3 Film and television 10.4 Literature 10.5 Opera 10.6 Radio 10.7 Theater 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 13.1 Bibliography 14 Further reading 15 External links Historical context ( edit ) Set on the prosperous Long Island of 1922 , The Great Gatsby provides a critical social history of America during the Roaring Twenties within its fictional narrative . That era , known for profound economic prosperity , the development of jazz music flapper culture , new technologies in communication ( motion pictures , broadcast radio , recorded music ) forging a genuine mass culture ; and bootlegging , along with other criminal activity , is plausibly depicted in Fitzgerald 's novel . Fitzgerald uses many of these societal developments of the 1920s that were to build Gatsby 's stories from many of the simple details like automobiles to broader themes like Fitzgerald 's discreet allusions to the organized crime culture which was the source of Gatsby 's fortune . Fitzgerald depicts the garish society of the Roaring Twenties by placing the book 's plotline within the historical context of the era . Fitzgerald 's visits to Long Island 's north shore and his experience attending parties at mansions inspired The Great Gatsby 's setting . Today , there are a number of theories as to which mansion was the inspiration for the book . One possibility is Land 's End , a notable Gold Coast Mansion where Fitzgerald may have attended a party . Many of the events in Fitzgerald 's early life are reflected throughout The Great Gatsby . Fitzgerald was a young man from Minnesota , and like Nick , he was educated at an Ivy League school , Princeton ( in Nick 's case , Yale ) . Fitzgerald is also similar to Jay Gatsby , in that he fell in love while stationed far from home in the military and fell into a life of decadence trying to prove himself to the girl he loved . Fitzgerald became a second lieutenant and was stationed at Camp Sheridan , in Montgomery , Alabama . There he met and fell in love with a wild seventeen - year - old beauty named Zelda Sayre . Zelda finally agreed to marry him , but her preference for wealth , fun , and leisure led her to delay their wedding until he could prove a success . Like Nick in The Great Gatsby , Fitzgerald found this new lifestyle seductive and exciting , and , like Gatsby , he had always idolized the very rich . In many ways , The Great Gatsby represents Fitzgerald 's attempt to confront his conflicting feelings about the Jazz Age . Like Gatsby , Fitzgerald was driven by his love for a woman who symbolized everything he wanted , even as she led him toward everything he despised . In her book Careless People : Murder , Mayhem and the Invention of ' The Great Gatsby ( 2013 ) , Sarah Churchwell speculates that parts of the ending of The Great Gatsby were based on the Hall - Mills Case . Based on her forensic search for clues , she asserts that the two victims in the Hall - Mills murder case inspired the characters who were murdered in The Great Gatsby . Plot summary ( edit ) In the summer of 1922 , Nick Carraway , a Yale graduate and veteran of the Great War from the Midwest -- who serves as the novel 's narrator -- takes a job in New York as a bond salesman . He rents a small house on Long Island , in the fictional village of West Egg , next door to the lavish mansion of Jay Gatsby , a mysterious multi-millionaire who holds extravagant parties but does not participate in them . Nick drives around the bay to East Egg for dinner at the home of his cousin , Daisy Fay Buchanan , and her husband , Tom , a college acquaintance of Nick 's . They introduce Nick to Jordan Baker , an attractive , cynical young golfer . She reveals to Nick that Tom has a mistress , Myrtle Wilson , who lives in the `` valley of ashes '' , an industrial dumping ground between West Egg and New York City . Not long after this revelation , Nick travels to New York City with Tom and Myrtle to an apartment where Tom keeps his affairs with Myrtle and others . At Tom 's New York apartment , a vulgar and bizarre party takes place . It ends with Tom breaking Myrtle 's nose after she annoys him by saying Daisy 's name several times . The Plaza Hotel in the early - 1920s Nick eventually receives an invitation to one of Gatsby 's parties . Nick encounters Jordan Baker at the party and they meet Gatsby himself , an aloof and surprisingly young man who recognizes Nick from their same division in the Great War . Through Jordan , Nick later learns that Gatsby knew Daisy through a purely chance meeting in 1917 when Daisy and her friends were doing volunteer services ' work with young officers headed to Europe . From their brief meetings and casual encounters at that time , Gatsby became ( and still is ) deeply in love with Daisy . Gatsby had hoped that his wild parties would attract an unsuspecting Daisy , who lived across the bay , to appear at his doorstep and allow him to present himself as a man of wealth and position . Having developed a budding friendship with Nick , Gatsby uses him to arrange a reunion between himself and Daisy . Nick invites Daisy to have tea at his house without telling her that Gatsby will also be there . After an initially awkward reunion , Gatsby and Daisy begin an affair over the summer . At a luncheon at the Buchanans ' house , Daisy speaks to Gatsby with such undisguised intimacy that Tom realizes she is in love with Gatsby . Though Tom is himself involved in an extramarital affair , he is outraged by his wife 's infidelity . He forces the group to drive into New York City and confronts Gatsby in a suite at the Plaza Hotel , asserting that he and Daisy have a history that Gatsby could never understand . In addition to that , he announces to his wife that Gatsby is a criminal whose fortune comes from bootlegging alcohol and other illegal activities . Daisy realizes that her allegiance is to Tom , and Tom contemptuously sends her back to East Egg with Gatsby , attempting to prove that Gatsby can not hurt her . On the way back , Gatsby 's car strikes and kills Tom 's mistress , Myrtle . Nick later learns from Gatsby that Daisy , not Gatsby himself , was driving the car at the time of the accident . Myrtle 's husband , George Wilson , falsely concludes that the driver of the yellow car is the secret lover he suspects she has . He learns that the yellow car is Gatsby 's , fatally shoots him and then turns the gun on himself . Nick stages an unsettlingly small funeral for Gatsby which none of Gatsby 's associates or partygoers attend . Later , Nick runs into Tom in New York and finds out that Tom had told George that the yellow car was Gatsby 's and gave him Gatsby 's address . Disillusioned with the East , Nick moves back to the Midwest . Major characters ( edit ) Nick Carraway -- a Yale University graduate originating from the Midwest , a World War I veteran , and , at the start of the plot , a newly arrived resident of West Egg , who is aged 29 ( later 30 ) . He also serves as the first - person narrator of the novel . He is Gatsby 's next - door neighbor and a bond salesman . He is easy - going , occasionally sarcastic , and somewhat optimistic , although this latter quality fades as the novel progresses . He is a more grounded character than the others , and more practical , and is always in awe of other characters ' lifestyles and morals . Jay Gatsby ( originally James `` Jimmy '' Gatz ) -- a young , mysterious millionaire with shady business connections ( later revealed to be a bootlegger ) , originally from North Dakota . He is obsessed with Daisy Buchanan , a beautiful debutante from Louisville , Kentucky whom he had met when he was a young military officer stationed at the Army 's Camp Taylor in Louisville during World War I . The character is based on the bootlegger and former World War I officer , Max Gerlach , according to Some Sort of Epic Grandeur , Matthew J. Bruccoli 's biography of F. Scott Fitzgerald . Gatsby is said to have briefly studied at Trinity College , Oxford in England after the end of World War I . Daisy Fay Buchanan -- an attractive though shallow and self - absorbed , young Louisville , Kentucky debutante and socialite , identified as a flapper . She is Nick 's second cousin , once removed , and the wife of Tom Buchanan . Daisy once had a romantic relationship with Gatsby , before she married Tom . Her choice between Gatsby and Tom is one of the central conflicts in the novel . Daisy is believed to have been inspired by Fitzgerald 's own youthful romances with Ginevra King . Thomas `` Tom '' Buchanan -- a millionaire who lives on East Egg , and Daisy 's husband . Tom is an imposing man of muscular build with a `` husky tenor '' voice and arrogant demeanor . He is a former football star at Yale University . Buchanan has parallels with William Mitchell , the Chicagoan who married Ginevra King . Buchanan and Mitchell were both Chicagoans with an interest in polo . Like Ginevra 's father , whom Fitzgerald resented , Buchanan attended Yale and is a white supremacist . Jordan Baker -- A professional golfer and Daisy Buchanan 's long - time friend with a sarcastic streak and an aloof attitude . She is Nick Carraway 's girlfriend for most of the novel , though they grow apart towards the end . She has a slightly shady reputation amongst the New York social elite , due to her habit of being evasive and untruthful with her friends and lovers . She established herself as a professional golfer in a predominantly male sport . With great success came criticism as she faced a scandal of cheating , which harmed her reputation as a golfer . Fitzgerald told Maxwell Perkins that Jordan was based on the golfer Edith Cummings , a friend of Ginevra King . Her name is a play on the two popular automobile brands , the Jordan Motor Car Company and the Baker Motor Vehicle , alluding to Jordan 's `` fast '' reputation and the freedom now presented to Americans , especially women , in the 1920s . George B. Wilson -- a mechanic and owner of a garage . He is disliked by both his wife , Myrtle Wilson , and Tom Buchanan , who describes him as `` so dumb he does n't know he 's alive '' . At the end of the novel , he kills Gatsby , wrongly believing he had been driving the car that killed Myrtle , and then kills himself . Myrtle Wilson -- George 's wife , and Tom Buchanan 's mistress . Myrtle , who possesses a fierce vitality , is desperate to find refuge from her complacent marriage . She is accidentally killed by Gatsby 's car ( driven by Daisy , though Gatsby insists he would take the blame for the accident ) . Meyer Wolfshiem -- a Jewish friend and mentor of Gatsby 's , described as a gambler who fixed the World Series . Wolfshiem appears only twice in the novel , the second time refusing to attend Gatsby 's funeral . He is a clear allusion to Arnold Rothstein , a New York crime kingpin who was notoriously blamed for the Black Sox Scandal which tainted the 1919 World Series . Writing and production ( edit ) The now - demolished Beacon Towers served as an inspiration for Gatsby 's home Oheka Castle was another North Shore inspiration for the novel 's setting Fitzgerald began planning his third novel in June 1922 , but it was interrupted by production of his play , The Vegetable , in the summer and fall . The play failed miserably , and Fitzgerald worked that winter on magazine stories struggling to pay his debt caused by the production . The stories were , in his words , `` all trash and it nearly broke my heart , '' although included among those stories was `` Winter Dreams '' , which Fitzgerald later described as `` a sort of first draft of the Gatsby idea '' . After the birth of their child , the Fitzgeralds moved to Great Neck , New York , on Long Island , in October 1922 . The town was used as the scene of The Great Gatsby . Fitzgerald 's neighbors in Great Neck included such prominent and newly wealthy New Yorkers as writer Ring Lardner , actor Lew Fields , and comedian Ed Wynn . These figures were all considered to be `` new money '' , unlike those who came from Manhasset Neck or Cow Neck Peninsula , places which were home to many of New York 's wealthiest established families , and which sat across the bay from Great Neck . This real - life juxtaposition gave Fitzgerald his idea for `` West Egg '' and `` East Egg '' . In this novel , Great Neck ( King 's Point ) became the `` new money '' peninsula of West Egg and Port Washington ( Sands Point ) the old - money East Egg . Several mansions in the area served as inspiration for Gatsby 's home , such as Oheka Castle and Beacon Towers , since demolished . By mid-1923 , Fitzgerald had written 18,000 words for his novel but discarded most of his new story as a false start , some of which resurfaced in the 1924 short story `` Absolution '' . Work on The Great Gatsby began in earnest in April 1924 . Fitzgerald wrote in his ledger , `` Out of woods at last and starting novel . '' He decided to make a departure from the writing process of his previous novels and told Perkins that the novel was to be a `` consciously artistic achievement '' and a `` purely creative work -- not trashy imaginings as in my stories but the sustained imagination of a sincere and yet radiant world . '' He added later , during editing , that he felt `` an enormous power in me now , more than I 've ever had . '' Soon after this burst of inspiration , work slowed while the Fitzgeralds made a move to the French Riviera , where a serious crisis in their relationship soon developed . By August , however , Fitzgerald was hard at work and completed what he believed to be his final manuscript in October , sending the book to his editor , Maxwell Perkins , and agent , Harold Ober , on October 30 . The Fitzgeralds then moved to Rome for the winter . Fitzgerald made revisions through the winter after Perkins informed him in a November letter that the character of Gatsby was `` somewhat vague '' and Gatsby 's wealth and business , respectively , needed `` the suggestion of an explanation '' and should be `` adumbrated '' . Content after a few rounds of revision , Fitzgerald returned the final batch of revised galleys in the middle of February 1925 . Fitzgerald 's revisions included an extensive rewriting of Chapter VI and VIII . Despite this , he refused an offer of $10,000 for the serial rights in order not to delay the book 's publication . He had received a $3,939 advance in 1923 and $1,981.25 upon publication . Cover art ( edit ) The cover of the first printing of The Great Gatsby is among the most celebrated pieces of art in American literature . It depicts disembodied eyes and a mouth over a blue skyline , with images of naked women reflected in the irises . A little - known artist named Francis Cugat was commissioned to illustrate the book while Fitzgerald was in the midst of writing it . The cover was completed before the novel ; Fitzgerald was so enamored with it that he told his publisher he had `` written it into '' the novel . Fitzgerald 's remarks about incorporating the painting into the novel led to the interpretation that the eyes are reminiscent of those of fictional optometrist Dr. T.J. Eckleburg ( depicted on a faded commercial billboard near George Wilson 's auto repair shop ) which Fitzgerald described as `` blue and gigantic -- their retinas are one yard high . They look out of no face , but instead , from a pair of enormous yellow spectacles which pass over a non-existent nose . '' Although this passage has some resemblance to the painting , a closer explanation can be found in the description of Daisy Buchanan as the `` girl whose disembodied face floated along the dark cornices and blinding signs . '' Ernest Hemingway wrote in A Moveable Feast that when Fitzgerald lent him a copy of The Great Gatsby to read , he immediately disliked the cover , but `` Scott told me not to be put off by it , that it had to do with a billboard along a highway in Long Island that was important in the story . He said he had liked the jacket and now he did n't like it . '' Title ( edit ) Fitzgerald had difficulty choosing a title for his novel and entertained many choices before reluctantly choosing The Great Gatsby , a title inspired by Alain - Fournier 's Le Grand Meaulnes . Prior , Fitzgerald shifted between Gatsby ; Among Ash - Heaps and Millionaires ; Trimalchio ; Trimalchio in West Egg ; On the Road to West Egg ; Under the Red , White , and Blue ; The Gold - Hatted Gatsby ; and The High - Bouncing Lover . The titles The Gold - Hatted Gatsby and The High - Bouncing Lover came from Fitzgerald 's epigraph for the novel , one which he wrote himself under the pen name of Thomas Parke D'Invilliers . He initially preferred titles referencing Trimalchio , the crude parvenu in Petronius ' Satyricon , and even refers to Gatsby as Trimalchio once in the novel : `` It was when curiosity about Gatsby was at its highest that the lights in his house failed to go on one Saturday night -- and , as obscurely as it had begun , his career as Trimalchio was over . '' Unlike Gatsby 's spectacular parties , Trimalchio participated in the audacious and libidinous orgies he hosted but , according to Tony Tanner 's introduction to the Penguin edition , there are subtle similarities between the two . In November 1924 , Fitzgerald wrote to Perkins that `` I have now decided to stick to the title I put on the book ... Trimalchio in West Egg '' but was eventually persuaded that the reference was too obscure and that people would not be able to pronounce it . His wife , Zelda , and Perkins both expressed their preference for The Great Gatsby and the next month Fitzgerald agreed . A month before publication , after a final review of the proofs , he asked if it would be possible to re-title it Trimalchio or Gold - Hatted Gatsby but Perkins advised against it . On March 19 , 1925 , Fitzgerald expressed intense enthusiasm for the title Under the Red , White and Blue , but it was at that stage too late to change . The Great Gatsby was published on April 10 , 1925 . Fitzgerald remarked that `` the title is only fair , rather bad than good . '' Early drafts of the novel entitled Trimalchio : An Early Version of The Great Gatsby have been published . A notable difference between the Trimalchio draft and The Great Gatsby is a less complete failure of Gatsby 's dream in Trimalchio . Another difference is that the argument between Tom Buchanan and Jay Gatsby is more even , although Daisy still returns to Tom . Themes ( edit ) Sarah Churchwell sees The Great Gatsby as a `` cautionary tale of the decadent downside of the American dream . '' The story deals with the limits and realities of America 's ideals of social and class mobility ; and the inevitably hopeless lower class aspirations to rise above the station ( s ) of their birth . The book in stark relief through the narrator , Nick Carraway , observes that : `` ... a sense of the fundamental decencies is parcelled out unequally at birth . '' Using elements of irony and tragic ending , it also delves into themes of excesses of the rich , and recklessness of youth . Others , like journalist Nick Gillespie , see The Great Gatsby as a story `` underlying permanence of class differences ; even in the face of a modern economy 's attempt to assert that the class structure is based ; not on status and inherited position ; but , upon the innovation and the ability of literally anyone , to succeed by meeting the ever - changing demands and tastes of consumers ' needs . '' This interpretation asserts that The Great Gatsby captures the American experience because it is a story about change and those who resist it ; whether the change comes in the form of a new wave of immigrants ( Southern Europeans in the early 20th century , Latin Americans today ) , the nouveau riche , or successful minorities , Americans from the 1920s to the 21st century have plenty of experience with changing economic and social circumstances . As Gillespie states , `` While the specific terms of the equation are always changing , it 's easy to see echoes of Gatsby 's basic conflict between established sources of economic and cultural power and upstarts in virtually all aspects of American society . '' Because this concept is particularly American and can be seen throughout American history , readers are able to relate to The Great Gatsby ( which has lent the novel an enduring popularity ) . Later critical writings on The Great Gatsby , following the novel 's revival , focus in particular on Fitzgerald 's disillusionment with the American Dream -- life , liberty and the pursuit of happiness -- in the context of the hedonistic Jazz Age , a name for the era which Fitzgerald claimed to have coined . In 1970 , Roger Pearson published the article Gatsby : False prophet of the American Dream , in which he states that Fitzgerald `` has come to be associated with this concept of the AMERICAN Dream more than any other writer of the twentieth century '' . Pearson goes on to suggest that Gatsby 's failure to realize the American dream demonstrates that it no longer exists except in the minds of those as materialistic as Gatsby . He concludes that the American dream pursued by Gatsby `` is , in reality , a nightmare '' , bringing nothing but discontent and disillusionment to those who chase it as they realize its unsustainability and ultimately its unattainability . In addition to exploring the trials and tribulations of achieving the great American dream during the Jazz Age , The Great Gatsby explores societal gender expectations as a theme , exemplifying in Daisy Buchanan 's character the marginalization of women in the East Egg social class that Fitzgerald depicts . As an upper - class , white woman living in East Egg during this time period in America , Daisy must adhere to certain societal expectations , including but certainly not limited to actively filling the role of dutiful wife , mother , keeper of the house , and charming socialite . As the reader finds in the novel , many of Daisy 's choices , ultimately culminating in the tragedy of the plot and misery for all those involved , can be at least partly attributed to her prescribed role as a `` beautiful little fool '' who is completely reliant on her husband for financial and societal security . For instance , one could argue that Daisy 's ultimate decision to remain with her husband despite her feelings for Gatsby can be attributed to the status , security , and comfort that her marriage to Tom Buchanan provides . Additionally , the theme of the female familial role within The Great Gatsby goes hand in hand with that of the ideal family unit associated with the great American dream - a dream that goes unrealized for Gatsby and Daisy in Fitzgerald 's prose . Reception ( edit ) The Great Gatsby was published by Charles Scribner 's Sons on April 10 , 1925 . Fitzgerald called Perkins on the day of publication to monitor reviews : `` Any news ? '' `` Sales situation doubtful , '' read a wire from Perkins on April 20 , `` ( but ) excellent reviews . '' Fitzgerald responded on April 24 , saying the cable `` depressed '' him , closing the letter with `` Yours in great depression . '' Fitzgerald had hoped the novel would be a great commercial success , perhaps selling as many as 75,000 copies . By October , when the original sale had run its course , the book had sold fewer than 20,000 copies . Despite this , Scribner 's continually kept the book in print ; they carried the original edition on their trade list until 1946 , by which time Gatsby was in print in three other forms and the original edition was no longer needed . Fitzgerald received letters of praise from contemporaries T.S. Eliot , Edith Wharton , and Willa Cather regarding the novel ; however , this was private opinion , and Fitzgerald feverishly demanded the public recognition of reviewers and readers . The Great Gatsby received mixed reviews from literary critics of the day . Generally the most effusive of the positive reviews was Edwin Clark of The New York Times , who felt the novel was `` A curious book , a mystical , glamourous ( sic ) story of today . '' Similarly , Lillian C. Ford of the Los Angeles Times wrote , `` ( the novel ) leaves the reader in a mood of chastened wonder , '' calling the book `` a revelation of life '' and `` a work of art . '' The New York Post called the book `` fascinating ... His style fairly scintillates , and with a genuine brilliance ; he writes surely and soundly . '' The New York Herald Tribune was unimpressed , but referred to The Great Gatsby as `` purely ephemeral phenomenon , but it contains some of the nicest little touches of contemporary observation you could imagine - so light , so delicate , so sharp ... a literary lemon meringue . '' In The Chicago Daily Tribune , H.L. Mencken called the book `` in form no more than a glorified anecdote , and not too probable at that , '' while praising the book 's `` careful and brilliant finish . '' Several writers felt that the novel left much to be desired following Fitzgerald 's previous works and promptly criticized him . Harvey Eagleton of The Dallas Morning News believed the novel signaled the end of Fitzgerald 's success : `` One finishes Great Gatsby with a feeling of regret , not for the fate of the people in the book , but for Mr. Fitzgerald . '' John McClure of The Times - Picayune said that the book was unconvincing , writing , `` Even in conception and construction , The Great Gatsby seems a little raw . '' Ralph Coghlan of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch felt the book lacked what made Fitzgerald 's earlier novels endearing and called the book `` a minor performance ... At the moment , its author seems a bit bored and tired and cynical . '' Ruth Snyder of New York Evening World called the book 's style `` painfully forced '' , noting that the editors of the paper were `` quite convinced after reading The Great Gatsby that Mr. Fitzgerald is not one of the great American writers of to - day . '' The reviews struck Fitzgerald as completely missing the point : `` All the reviews , even the most enthusiastic , not one had the slightest idea what the book was about . '' Fitzgerald 's goal was to produce a literary work which would truly prove himself as a writer , and Gatsby did not have the commercial success of his two previous novels , This Side of Paradise and The Beautiful and Damned . Although the novel went through two initial printings , some of these copies remained unsold years later . Fitzgerald himself blamed poor sales on the fact that women tended to be the main audience for novels during this time , and Gatsby did not contain an admirable female character . According to his own ledger , now made available online by University of South Carolina 's Thomas Cooper library , he earned only $2,000 from the book . Although 1926 brought Owen Davis ' stage adaption and the Paramount - issued silent film version , both of which brought in money for the author , Fitzgerald still felt the novel fell short of the recognition he hoped for and , most importantly , would not propel him to becoming a serious novelist in the public eye . For several years afterward , the general public believed The Great Gatsby to be nothing more than a nostalgic period piece . Legacy and modern analysis ( edit ) In 1940 , Fitzgerald suffered a third and final heart attack , and died believing his work forgotten . His obituary in The New York Times mentioned Gatsby as Fitzgerald `` at his best '' . A strong appreciation for the book had developed in underground circles ; future writers Edward Newhouse and Budd Schulberg were deeply affected by it and John O'Hara showed the book 's influence . The republication of Gatsby in Edmund Wilson 's edition of The Last Tycoon in 1941 produced an outburst of comment , with the general consensus expressing the sentiment that the book was an enduring work of fiction . In 1942 , a group of publishing executives created the Council on Books in Wartime . The Council 's purpose was to distribute paperback books to soldiers fighting in the Second World War . The Great Gatsby was one of these books . The books proved to be `` as popular as pin - up girls '' among the soldiers , according to the Saturday Evening Post 's contemporary report . 155,000 copies of Gatsby were distributed to soldiers overseas. . By 1944 , full - length articles on Fitzgerald 's works were being published , and the following year , `` the opinion that Gatsby was merely a period piece had almost entirely disappeared . '' This revival was paved by interest shown by literary critic Edmund Wilson , who was Fitzgerald 's friend . In 1951 , Arthur Mizener published The Far Side of Paradise , a biography of Fitzgerald . He emphasized The Great Gatsby 's positive reception by literary critics , which may have influenced public opinion and renewed interest in it . By 1960 , the book was steadily selling 50,000 copies per year , and renewed interest led The New York Times editorialist Arthur Mizener to proclaim the novel `` a classic of twentieth - century American fiction '' . The Great Gatsby has sold over 25 million copies worldwide as of 2013 , annually sells an additional 500,000 copies , and is Scribner 's most popular title ; in 2013 , the e-book alone sold 185,000 copies . Scribner 's copyright is scheduled to expire in 2020 , according to Maureen Corrigan 's book about the making of The Great Gatsby , So We Read On . Adaptations ( edit ) Ballet ( edit ) In 2009 , BalletMet premiered a version at the Capitol Theatre in Columbus , Ohio . It was choreographed by Jimmy Orrante . In 2010 , The Washington Ballet premiered a version at the Kennedy Center . It was popularly demanded for an encore run the following year . In 2013 , the Northern Ballet premiered a version of The Great Gatsby at Leeds Grand Theatre in the UK , with choreography and direction by David Nixon , a musical score by Richard Rodney Bennett , and set designs by Jerome Kaplan . Nixon also created the scenario and costumes designs . Computer games ( edit ) In 2010 , Oberon Media released a casual hidden object game called Classic Adventures : The Great Gatsby . The game was released for iPad in 2012 . In 2011 , as a tribute to old NES games , developer Charlie Hoey and editor Pete Smith created an 8 - bit - style online game of The Great Gatsby . Ian Crouch of The New Yorker compared it to The Adventures of Tom Sawyer ( 1989 ) for the NES . Film and television ( edit ) The Great Gatsby has resulted in a number of film and television adaptations : The Great Gatsby ( 1926 ) , by Herbert Brenon -- a silent movie of a stage adaptation , starring Warner Baxter , Lois Wilson , and William Powell . It is a famous example of a lost film . Reviews suggest that it may have been the most faithful adaptation of the novel , but a trailer of the film at the National Archives is all that is known to exist . The Great Gatsby ( 1949 ) , by Elliott Nugent -- starring Alan Ladd , Betty Field , and Macdonald Carey . The Great Gatsby ( 1974 ) , by Jack Clayton -- starring Robert Redford , Mia Farrow , and Sam Waterston , with a script by Francis Ford Coppola . The Great Gatsby ( 2000 ) , by Robert Markowitz -- a made - for - TV movie starring Toby Stephens , Mira Sorvino , and Paul Rudd . The Great Gatsby ( 2013 ) , by Baz Luhrmann -- starring Leonardo DiCaprio , Carey Mulligan , and Tobey Maguire . Literature ( edit ) The Double Bind ( 2007 ) by Chris Bohjalian imagines the later years of Daisy and Tom Buchanan 's marriage as a social worker in 2007 investigates the possibility that a deceased elderly homeless person is Daisy 's son . Great ( 2014 ) by Sara Benincasa is a modern - day young adult fiction retelling of The Great Gatsby with a female Gatsby ( Jacinta Trimalchio ) . Opera ( edit ) The New York Metropolitan Opera commissioned John Harbison to compose an operatic treatment of the novel to commemorate the 25th anniversary of James Levine 's debut . The work , called The Great Gatsby , premiered on December 20 , 1999 . Radio ( edit ) On January 1 , 1950 , an hour - long adaptation was broadcast on CBS ' Family Hour of Stars starring Kirk Douglas as Gatsby . In October 2008 , the BBC World Service commissioned and broadcast an abridged 10 - part reading of the story , read from the view of Nick Carraway by Trevor White . In May 2012 , BBC Radio 4 broadcast The Great Gatsby , a Classic Serial dramatisation by Robert Forrest . Theater ( edit ) The 1926 stage adaptation of Owen Davis , subsequently developed , became the 1926 film version . The play , directed by George Cukor , opened on Broadway on February 2 , 1926 and ran for 112 performances . A successful tour later in the year included the performances Chicago , 1 August 20 through 2 October . In July 2006 , Simon Levy 's stage adaptation , the only one authorized and granted exclusive rights by the Fitzgerald Estate , had its world premiere at The Guthrie Theater to commemorate the opening of its new theatre , directed by David Esbjornson . It was subsequently produced by Seattle Repertory Theatre . In 2012 , a revised / reworked version was produced at Arizona Theatre Company and Grand Theatre in London , Ontario , Canada . Gatz by Elevator Repair Service earned the # 1 in the best in 2010 NYC theatre from The New York Times ' Ben Brantley . An award - winning Off - Broadway production . See also ( edit ) Novels portal 1920s portal Le Monde 's 100 Books of the Century Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The spelling `` Wolfshiem '' appears throughout Fitzgerald 's original manuscript , while `` Wolfsheim '' was introduced by an editor ( Edmund Wilson ) in the second edition and appears in later Scribner 's editions . Jump up ^ The original edition used the anatomically incorrect word `` retinas '' , while some later editions have used the word `` irises '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Karolides , Nicholas J. ; Bald , Margaret ; Sova , Dawn B. ( 2011 ) . 120 Banned Books : Censorship Histories of World Literature ( Second ed . ) . Checkmark Books . p. 499 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 8232 - 2 . Rather than a celebration of such decadence , the novel functions as a cautionary tale in which an unhappy fate is inevitable for the poor and striving individual , and the rich are allowed to continue without penalty their careless treatment of others ' lives . Jump up ^ Hoover , Bob ( 10 May 2013 ) . `` ' The Great Gatsby ' still challenges myth of American Dream '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved 10 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Something Extraordinary '' . Letters of Note . Images by Gareth M. lettersofnote.com. 25 March 2013 . Retrieved 24 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Best Novels '' . Modern Library . Retrieved 14 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bruccoli 2000 , pp. 53 -- 54 Jump up ^ Gross , Dalton ( 1998 ) . Understanding the Great Gatsby : A Student Casebook to Issues , Sources , and Historical Documents . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . p. 167 . Jump up ^ Kellogg , Carolyn . `` Last gasp of the Gatsby house '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 26 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : SparkNotes Editors . `` The Great Gatsby : Context '' . SparkNotes . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 25 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Powers , Thomas ( July 4 , 2013 ) . `` The Road to West Egg '' . London Review of Books . 13 . pp. 9 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Sarah Churchwell ( June 17 , 2014 ) . `` Murder , Mayhem , and the Invention of The Great Gatsby '' . The Leonard Lopate Show . Jump up ^ David Holowka ( December 17 , 2009 ) . `` The Iron Triangle , part 1 / Wilson 's Garage '' . ArchiTakes . Jump up ^ Conor , Liz ( 22 June 2004 ) . The Spectacular Modern Woman : Feminine Visibility in the 1920s . Indiana University Press . p. 301 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 21670 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Bruccoli 2000 , pp. 9 -- 11 Jump up ^ Fitzgerald , F. Scott ( 1991 ) . Bruccoli , Matthew J. , ed . The Great Gatsby . The Cambridge Edition of the Works of F. Scott Fitzgerald . Cambridge : Cambridge Univ . Press . p. 184 . ISBN 9780521402309 . This name combines two automobile makes : the sporty Jordan and the conservative Baker electric . Jump up ^ Fitzgerald , F. Scott ( 2006 ) . Bloom , Harold , ed . The Great Gatsby . New York : Chelsea House Publishers . p. 95 . ISBN 9781438114545 . Jump up ^ Fitzgerald , F. Scott ( 1997 ) . Tredell , Nicolas , ed. F. Scott Fitzgerald : The Great Gatsby . Columbia Critical Guides . New York : Columbia University Press . p. 184 . ISBN 9780231115353 . ISSN 1559 - 3002 . Jump up ^ F. Scott Fitzgerald : The Great Gatsby . Cambridge University Press . 1991 . p. liv . Jump up ^ F. Scott Fitzgerald : The Great Gatsby . Cambridge University Press . 1991 . p. 148 . Jump up ^ Bruccoli 2000 , p. 29 Jump up ^ Mizener , Arthur ( 24 April 1960 ) . `` Gatsby , 35 Years Later '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 29 July 2013 . He had begun to plan the novel in June , 1923 , saying to Maxwell Perkins , ' I want to write something new -- something extraordinary and beautiful and simple and intricately patterned . ' But that summer and fall was devoted to the production of his play , ' The Vegetable . ' Jump up ^ Curnutt , Kirk ( 2004 ) . A Historical Guide to F. Scott Fitzgerald . Oxford University Press . p. 58 . ISBN 0195153030 . Retrieved 11 October 2013 . The failure of The Vegetable in the fall of 1923 caused Fitzgerald , who was by then in considerable debt , to shut himself in a stuffy room over a garage in Great Neck , New York , and write himself out of the red by turning out ten short stories for the magazine market . ^ Jump up to : Mizener , Arthur ( 24 April 1960 ) . `` Gatsby , 35 Years Later '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 12 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Fitzgerald , F. Scott ( 1963 ) . Turnbull , Andrew , ed . The Letters of F. Scott Fitzgerald . Charles Scribner 's Sons . p. 189 . 3 . ' Winter Dreams ' ( a sort of first draft of the Gatsby idea from Metropolitan 1923 ) Jump up ^ Murphy , Mary Jo ( 30 September 2010 ) . `` Eyeing the Unreal Estate of Gatsby Esq '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Bruccoli 2000 , pp. 38 -- 39 Jump up ^ Bruccoli 2000 , p. 45 Jump up ^ Randall , Mónica ( 2003 ) . The Mansions of Long Island 's Gold Coast . Rizzoli . pp. 275 -- 277 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8478 - 2649 - 0 . Jump up ^ West , James L.W. , III ( 2000 ) . Trimalchio : An Early Version of The Great Gatsby . The Cambridge Edition of the Works of F. Scott Fitzgerald . Cover Design by Dennis M. Arnold . Cambridge University Press . p. xi . ISBN 0 - 521 - 89047 - 0 . Retrieved 27 July 2013 . He produces 18,000 words ; most of this material is later discarded , but he salvages the short story `` Absolution , '' published in June 1924 . Jump up ^ Haglund , David ( 7 May 2013 ) . `` The Forgotten Childhood of Jay Gatsby '' . Slate . Jump up ^ Eble , Kenneth ( Winter 1974 ) . `` The Great Gatsby '' . College Literature. 1 ( 1 ) : 37 . ISSN 0093 - 3139 . JSTOR 25111007 . consciously artistic achievement Jump up ^ Flanagan , Thomas ( 21 December 2000 ) . `` Fitzgerald 's ' Radiant World ' '' . The New York Review of Books . Retrieved 24 May 2013 . He may have been remembering Fitzgerald 's words in that April letter : So in my new novel I 'm thrown directly on purely creative work -- not trashy imaginings as in my stories but the sustained imagination of a sincere yet radiant world . Jump up ^ Leader , Zachary ( 21 September 2000 ) . `` Daisy packs her bags '' . London Review of Books . 22 ( 18 ) : 13 -- 15 . ISSN 0260 - 9592 . Retrieved 24 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Tate , Mary Jo ( 2007 ) . Critical Companion to F. Scott Fitzgerald : A Literary Reference to His Life and Work . Infobase Publishing . p. 326 . ISBN 9781438108452 . They lived in ROME from October 1924 to February 1925 ... Jump up ^ Perkins , Maxwell Evarts ( 2004 ) . Bruccoli , Matthew Joseph ; Baughman , Judith S. , eds . The Sons of Maxwell Perkins : Letters of F. Scott Fitzgerald , Ernest Hemingway , Thomas Wolfe , and Their Editor . Univ. of South Carolina Press . pp. 27 -- 30 . ISBN 9781570035487 . Jump up ^ Bruccoli 2000 , pp. 54 -- 56 Jump up ^ Fitzerald , F. Scott . `` F. Scott Fitzgerald 's ledger '' . Irvin Department of Rare Books and Special Collections . University of South Carolina . Retrieved 29 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Zuckerman , Esther . `` The Finances of F. Scott Fitzgerald , Handwritten by Fitzgerald '' . The Atlantic Wire . The Atlantic Media Company . Retrieved 29 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Scribner , Charles , III ( Winter 1992 ) . `` Celestial Eyes : From Metamorphosis to Masterpiece '' ( PDF ) . Princeton University Library Chronicle. 53 ( 2 ) : 140 -- 155 . Retrieved 27 July 2013 . ( originally published as a brochure on 24 October 1991 to celebrate the Cambridge Edition of The Great Gatsby ) Jump up ^ Scribner , Charles , III ( Winter 1992 ) . `` Celestial Eyes : From Metamorphosis to Masterpiece '' ( PDF ) . Princeton University Library Chronicle. 53 ( 2 ) : 140 -- 155 . Retrieved 27 July 2013 . We are left then with the enticing possibility that Fitzgerald 's arresting image was originally prompted by Cugat 's fantastic apparitions over the valley of ashes ; in other words , that the author derived his inventive metamorphosis from a recurrent theme of Cugat 's trial jackets , one which the artist himself was to reinterpret and transform through subsequent drafts . ( originally published as a brochure on 24 October 1991 to celebrate the Cambridge Edition of The Great Gatsby ) Jump up ^ Hemingway , Ernest ( 1964 ) . A Moveable Feast . New York : Scribner . p. 176 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 82499 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson , Kurt ( 25 November 2010 ) . `` American Icons : The Great Gatsby '' . Studio 360 . 14 : 26 . Archived from the original on 13 October 2013 . Retrieved 22 May 2013 . ( Donald Skemer ( introduced 12 : 59 ) speaking ) He went through many many titles , uh , including Under the Red , White , and Blue and Trimalchio and Gold - hatted Gatsby ... ( James West ( introduced at 12 : 11 ) speaking ) The High Bouncing Lover . And , uh , he in the end did n't think that The Great Gatsby was a very good title , was dissatisfied with it . Jump up ^ `` The girl at the Grand Palais '' . The Economist. 22 December 2012 . Retrieved 27 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Vanderbilt , Arthur T. ( 1999 ) . The Making of a Bestseller : From Author to Reader . McFarland . p. 96 . ISBN 0786406631 . A week later , in his next letter , he was floundering : ' I have not decided to stick to the title I put on the book , Trimalchio in West Egg . The only other titles that seem to fit it are Trimalchio and On the Road to West Egg . I had two others , Gold - hatted Gatsby and The High - bouncing Lover , but they seemed too slight . ' Jump up ^ Wulick , Dr. Anna . `` Understanding The Great Gatsby First Line and Epigraph '' . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ F. Scott Fitzgerald , Chapter 7 opening sentence , The Great Gatsby Jump up ^ Tanner 's introduction to the Penguin edition ( 2000 ) , p. vii -- viii . Jump up ^ Hill , W. Speed ; Burns , Edward M. ; Shillingsburg , Peter L. ( 2002 ) . Text : An Interdisciplinary Annual of Textual Studies . 14 . University of Michigan Press . ISBN 0472112724 ... , because in early November he wrote Perkins that `` I have now decided to stick to the title I put on the book . Trimalchio in West Egg . Jump up ^ Fitzgerald , Francis Scott ; Perkins , Maxwell ( 1971 ) . Kuehl , John ; Bryer , Jackson R. , eds . Dear Scott / Dear Max : the Fitzgerald - Perkins correspondence . Macmillan Publishing Company . p. 87 . When Ring Lardner came in the other day I told him about your novel and he instantly balked at the title . ' No one could pronounce it , ' he said ; so probably your change is wise on other than typographical counts . Jump up ^ Bruccoli 2002 , pp. 206 -- 07 Jump up ^ Tate , Mary Jo ( 2007 ) . Critical Companion to F. Scott Fitzgerald : A Literary Reference to His Life and Work . Infobase Publishing . p. 87 . ISBN 9781438108452 . He settled on The Great Gatsby in December 1924 , but in January and March 1925 he continued to express his concern to Perkins about the title , cabling from CAPRI on March 19 : ' CRAZY ABOUT TITLE UNDER THE RED WHITE AND BLUE STOP WHART ( sic ) WOULD DELAY BE ' Jump up ^ Lipton , Gabrielle . `` Where Is Jay Gatsby 's Mansion ? '' . slate.com . The Slate Group , a Division of the Washington Post Company . Retrieved 6 May 2013 . However , nearing the time of publication , Fitzgerald , who despised the title The Great Gatsby and toiled for months to think of something else , wrote to Perkins that he had finally found one : Under the Red , White , and Blue . Unfortunately , it was too late to change . Jump up ^ Churchwell , Sarah ( 3 May 2013 ) . `` What makes The Great Gatsby great ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 11 October 2013 . At the last minute , he had asked his editor if they could change the new novel 's title to Under the Red , White and Blue , but it was too late . Jump up ^ Lazo , Caroline Evensen ( 2003 ) . F. Scott Fitzgerald : Voice of the Jazz Age . Twenty - First Century Books . p. 75 . ISBN 0822500744 . When the book was published on April 10 , 1924 , the critics raved . Jump up ^ Bruccoli 2002 , pp. 215 -- 17 Jump up ^ West , James L.W. , III ( 2000 ) . Trimalchio : An Early Version of The Great Gatsby . The Cambridge Edition of the Works of F. Scott Fitzgerald . Cover Design by Dennis M. Arnold . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 89047 - 0 . Retrieved 27 July 2013 . Jump up ^ West , James L.W. , III ( 10 April 2013 ) . `` What Baz Luhrmann Asked Me About The Great Gatsby '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 27 July 2013 . Luhrmann was also interested in Trimalchio , the early version of The Great Gatsby that I published in 2000 as a volume in the Cambridge Edition . Jump up ^ Alter , Alexandra ( 19 April 2013 ) . `` A Darker , More Ruthless Gatsby '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on 3 July 2013 . Retrieved 11 July 2013 . Gatsby comes across as more confident and aggressive in ' Trimalchio ' during a confrontation with romantic rival Tom Buchanan at the Plaza Hotel , challenging Tom 's assertion that Gatsby and Daisy 's affair is ' a harmless little flirtation . ' Jump up ^ Fitzgerald , F. Scott . The Great Gatsby . New York : Scribner , 2004 . Print . Jump up ^ Churchwell , Sarah ( 3 May 2013 ) . `` What makes The Great Gatsby great ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 11 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Symkus , Ed ( 4 May 2013 ) . `` ' Gatsby ' : What 's so great ? '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Gillespie , Nick ( 2 May 2013 ) . `` The Great Gatsby 's Creative Destruction '' . Reason . Retrieved 12 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Pearson , Roger L. `` Gatsby : False Prophet of the American Dream . '' The English Journal 59.5 ( 1970 ) : n . pag . JSTOR . Web . 12 Apr. 2015 . Jump up ^ Leland , Person S. `` ' Herstory ' and Daisy Buchanan . '' American Literature , Vol. 50 , No. 2 , ( May , 1978 ) , pp. 250 -- 257 . Web . ^ Jump up to : O'Meara , Lauraleigh ( 2002 ) . Lost City : Fitzgerald 's New York ( 1st paperback ed . ) . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 86701 - 6 . Retrieved 21 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Clark , Edwin ( 19 April 1925 ) . `` Scott Fitzgerald Looks Into Middle Age '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 11 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Ford , Lillian C. ( 10 May 1925 ) . `` The Seamy Side of Society '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 11 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Books On Our Table '' . The New York Post . 5 May 1925 . Jump up ^ `` Turns with a Bookworm '' . New York Herald Tribune . 12 April 1925 . Jump up ^ Mencken , H.L. ( 3 May 1925 ) . `` Scott Fitzgerald and His Work '' . The Chicago Daily Tribune . Jump up ^ Eagleton , Harvey ( 10 May 1925 ) . `` Profits of the New Age III . F. Scott Fitzgerald '' . The Dallas Morning News . Jump up ^ McClure , John ( 31 May 1925 ) . `` Literature - And Less '' . The Times - Picayune . Jump up ^ Coghlan , Ralph ( 25 April 1925 ) . `` F. Scott Fitzgerald '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Jump up ^ Snyder , Ruth ( 15 April 1925 ) . `` A Minute or Two with Books - F. Scott Fitzgerald Ventures '' . New York Evening World . Jump up ^ Mizener 1951 , p. 167 ^ Jump up to : Bruccoli 2000 , p. 175 Jump up ^ Howell , Peter ( 5 May 2013 ) . `` Five things you did n't know about The Great Gatsby '' . The Star . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Donahue , Deirdre ( 7 May 2013 ) . `` The Great Gatsby by the numbers '' . USA Today . Retrieved 12 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Scott Fitzgerald , Author , Dies at 44 '' . New York Times . 23 December 1940 . Retrieved 30 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Mizener , Arthur ( 24 April 1960 ) . `` Gatsby , 35 Years Later '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 12 May 2013 . Writers like John O'Hara were showing its influence and younger men like Edward Newhouse and Budd Schulberg , who would presently be deeply affected by it , were discovering it . Jump up ^ Wittels , David ( 23 June 1945 ) . `` What the G.I. Reads '' . The Saturday Evening Post . Jump up ^ Cole , John Y. , ed. ( 1984 ) . Books in Action : the Armed Services Editions . Washington : Library of Congress . p. 28 . ISBN 0844404667 . Retrieved 22 May 2013 . One hundred fifty - five thousand ASE copies of The Great Gatsby were distributed - as against the twenty - five thousand copies of the novel printed by Scribners between 1925 and 1942 . Jump up ^ Verghis , Sharon ( 4 May 2013 ) . `` Careless people of F Scott Fitzgerald 's Great Gatsby have a modern equivalent '' . The Australian . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Bruccoli 2000 , p. 217 Jump up ^ Mizener 1951 , p. 183 Jump up ^ Corrigan , Maureen ( 2014 ) . So We Read On : How the Great Gatsby Came to Be and Why It Endures . New York : Little , Brown . p. 265 . ISBN 9780316230070 . Jump up ^ Grossberg , Michael ( 20 April 2009 ) . `` Literary classic ' Great Gatsby ' to come to life on BalletMet stage '' . The Columbus Dispatch . Retrieved 28 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Washington Ballet : The Great Gatsby '' . Kennedy Center . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ Aguirre , Abby ( 2011 - 11 - 04 ) . `` Gatsby En Pointe '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ Norman , Neil ( 2013 - 05 - 17 ) . `` Dance Review : The Great Gatsby '' . The Sunday Express . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Great Gatsby 's Ballet Makeover '' . Vogue. 2013 - 03 - 07 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ Carter , Vanessa ( 15 July 2010 ) . `` Classic Adventures : The Great Gatsby '' . gamezebo.com . Retrieved 20 April 2013 . The game loosely follows the narrative of the F. Scott Fitzgerald classic , ... Jump up ^ Paskin , Willa ( 15 July 2010 ) . `` The Great Gatsby , Now a Video Game -- Vulture '' . Nymag.com . Retrieved 30 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Classic Adventures : The Great Gatsby for iPhone / iPad Reviews '' . Metacritic. 2012 - 12 - 08 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ Bell , Melissa ( 15 February 2011 ) . `` Great Gatsby ' Nintendo ' game released online '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 15 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Crouch , Ian ( 16 February 2011 ) . `` Nintendo Lit : Gatsby and Tom Sawyer '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved 24 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Dixon , Wheeler Winston ( 2003 ) . `` The Three Film Versions of The Great Gatsby : A Vision Deferred '' . Literature / Film Quarterly . Salisbury , Maryland . 31 ( 4 ) . Archived from the original on 13 October 2013 . Retrieved 11 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Carole ( 18 March 2007 ) . `` The Double Bind By Chris Bohjalian '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved 22 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Wakeman , Jessica ( 8 April 2014 ) . `` FRISKY Q&A : GREAT AUTHOR SARA BENINCASA TALKS YOUNG ADULT FICTION , ZELDA FITZGERALD & WOMEN IN COMEDY '' . Retrieved 29 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Stevens , David ( 29 December 1999 ) . `` Harbison Mixes Up A Great ' Gatsby ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 8 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Family Hour Of Stars '' . radioechoes.com . Jump up ^ `` BBC World Service programmes -- The Great Gatsby '' . Bbc.co.uk. 2007 - 12 - 10 . Retrieved 30 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Radio 4 -- Classic Serial , The Great Gatsby , Episode 1 '' . Bbc.co.uk. 2012 - 05 - 12 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ Playbill , reproduction of original program , Ambassador Theatre 1926 . http://www.playbill.com/production/the-great-gatsby-ambassador-theatre-vault-0000001115 Jump up ^ The Great Gatsby -- A Reader 's Guide -- The Play ( 1926 ) . ^ Jump up to : Levy , Simon . `` The Great Gatsby Play Official Website '' . Thegreatgatsbyplay.com . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Arizona Theatre Company '' . Arizonatheatre.org . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 06 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ Brantley , Ben ( 2010 - 12 - 16 ) . `` Hath Not a Year Highlights ? Even This One ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 01 . Bibliography ( edit ) Batchelor , Bob ( 2013 ) . Gatsby : The Cultural History of the Great American Novel . Lanham , Maryland : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0810891951 . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Bruccoli , Matthew Joseph , ed. ( 2000 ) . F. Scott Fitzgerald 's The Great Gatsby : A Literary Reference . New York : Carroll & Graf Publishers . ISBN 0 - 7867 - 0996 - 0 . Bruccoli , Matthew Joseph ( 2002 ) . Some Sort of Epic Grandeur : The Life of F. Scott Fitzgerald ( 2nd rev . ed . ) . Columbia , SC : University of South Carolina Press . ISBN 1 - 57003 - 455 - 9 . Retrieved 25 February 2013 . Mizener , Arthur ( 1951 ) . `` The Far Side of Paradise : A Biography of F. Scott Fitzgerald '' . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . Drudzina , Douglas ( 2006 ) . Teaching F. Scott Fitzgerald 's The Great Gatsby from Multiple Critical Perspectives . Prestwick House , Inc . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58049 - 174 - 7 . Further reading ( edit ) McCullen , Bonnie Shannon ( 2007 ) . `` This Tremendous Detail : The Oxford Stone in the House of Gatsby '' . In Assadi , Jamal ; Freedman , William . A Distant Drummer : Foreign Perspectives on F. Scott Fitzgerald . New York : Peter Lang . pp. 11 -- 20 . ISBN 978 - 0820488516 . External links ( edit ) Bibliowiki has original media or text related to this article : The Great Gatsby ( in the public domain in Canada ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Great Gatsby The Great Gatsby overview Fitzgerald , F. Scott . The Great Gatsby ( plain text ed . ) . Project Gutenberg Australia . `` In Gatsby 's Tracks -- Locating the Valley of Ashes '' . litkicks.com . The Great Gatsby Play -- Authorized and Granted Exclusive Rights by the Fitzgerald Estate Conversations from Penn State : Writers of the Lost Generation with Linda Patterson Miller discussing F. Scott Fitzgerald and his relationships with other writers of the `` Lost Generation '' Oloizia , Jeff ; Dhanraj , Emanuel ( 9 April 2013 ) . `` A Book by Its Covers '' ( interactive photo gallery ) . T : The New York Times Style Magazine . An Index to The Great Gatsby The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald Characters Jay Gatsby Nick Carraway Daisy Buchanan Films The Great Gatsby ( 1926 ) The Great Gatsby ( 1949 ) The Great Gatsby ( 1974 ) The Great Gatsby ( 2000 ) The Great Gatsby ( 2013 ) Other The Great Gatsby : Music from Baz Luhrmann 's Film The Great Gatsby ( opera ) Francis Cugat Works by F. Scott Fitzgerald Novels This Side of Paradise ( 1920 ) The Beautiful and Damned ( 1922 ) The Great Gatsby ( 1925 ) Tender Is the Night ( 1934 ) The Last Tycoon ( unfinished ) ( 1941 ) Short story collections Flappers and Philosophers ( 1920 ) `` The Offshore Pirate '' `` The Ice Palace '' `` Head and Shoulders '' `` The Cut - Glass Bowl '' `` Bernice Bobs Her Hair '' `` Benediction '' Tales of the Jazz Age ( 1922 ) `` May Day '' The Diamond as Big as the Ritz `` The Curious Case of Benjamin Button '' All the Sad Young Men ( 1926 ) `` The Rich Boy '' `` Winter Dreams '' `` The Baby Party '' `` Absolution '' `` The Adjuster '' Taps at Reveille ( 1935 ) `` The Freshest Boy '' `` First Blood '' `` Crazy Sunday '' `` Babylon Revisited '' Posthumous works Babylon Revisited and Other Stories ( 1960 ) The Basil and Josephine Stories ( 1962 ) The Pat Hobby Stories ( 1973 ) The Short Stories of F. Scott Fitzgerald ( 1989 ) Plays The Vegetable , or From President to Postman ( 1923 ) Essay collections The Crack - Up ( 1945 ) Bibliography of F. Scott Fitzgerald BNF : cb119466792 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Great_Gatsby&oldid=843499446 '' Categories : The Great Gatsby 1925 American novels Charles Scribner 's Sons books 1922 in fiction Modernist novels Adultery in novels American novels adapted into films Metafictional novels Murder - suicide in fiction Novels by F. Scott Fitzgerald Novels set in the Roaring Twenties Novels set in New York City Long Island in fiction Novels adapted into television programs Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Good articles Use American English from May 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Articles with Bibliowiki links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 45 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 15 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Great%20Gatsby
| 2,021 |
a large structure composed of protein and rna that assembles proteins
|
Protein complex
|
protein complex
|
A protein complex or multiprotein complex is a group of two or more associated polypeptide chains . Different polypeptide chains may have different functions . This is distinct from a multienzyme complex , in which multiple catalytic domains are found in a single polypeptide chain .
|
Protein complexes are a form of quaternary structure . Proteins in a protein complex are linked by non-covalent protein -- protein interactions , and different protein complexes have different degrees of stability over time . These complexes are a cornerstone of many ( if not most ) biological processes and together they form various types of molecular machinery that perform a vast array of biological functions . The cell is seen to be composed of modular supramolecular complexes , each of which performs an independent , discrete biological function . Through proximity , the speed and selectivity of binding interactions between enzymatic complex and substrates can be vastly improved , leading to higher cellular efficiency . Unfortunately , many of the techniques used to break open cells and isolate proteins are inherently disruptive to such large complexes , so it is often difficult to determine the components of a complex . Examples of protein complexes include the proteasome for molecular degradation and most RNA polymerases . In stable complexes , large hydrophobic interfaces between proteins typically bury surface areas larger than 2500 square Ås . Contents ( hide ) 1 Function 2 Types of protein complexes 2.1 Obligate vs non-obligate protein complex 2.2 Transient vs permanent / stable protein complex 2.3 Fuzzy complex 3 Essential proteins in protein complexes 4 Homomultimeric and heteromultimeric proteins 5 Structure determination 6 Assembly 6.1 Evolutionary significance of multiprotein complex assembly 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Function ( edit ) Protein complex formation sometimes serves to activate or inhibit one or more of the complex members and in this way , protein complex formation can be similar to phosphorylation . Individual proteins can participate in the formation of a variety of different protein complexes . Different complexes perform different functions , and the same complex can perform very different functions that depend on a variety of factors . Some of these factors are : Which cellular compartment the complex exists in when it is contained Which stage in the cell cycle the complexes are present The nutritional status of the cell Others Many protein complexes are well understood , particularly in the model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae ( a strain of yeast ) . For this relatively simple organism , the study of protein complexes is now being performed genome wide and the elucidation of most protein complexes of the yeast is ongoing . Types of protein complexes ( edit ) Obligate vs non-obligate protein complex ( edit ) If a protein can form a stable well - folded structure on its own ( without any other associated protein ) in vivo , then the complexes formed by such proteins are termed `` non-obligate protein complexes '' . However , some proteins ca n't be found to create a stable well - folded structure alone , but can be found as a part of a protein complex which stabilizes the constituent proteins . Such protein complexes are called `` obligate protein complexes '' . Transient vs permanent / stable protein complex ( edit ) Transient protein complexes form and break down transiently in vivo , whereas permanent complexes have a relatively long half - life . Typically , the obligate interactions ( protein -- protein interactions in an obligate complex ) are permanent , whereas non-obligate interactions have been found to be either permanent or transient . Note that there is no clear distinction between obligate and non-obligate interaction , rather there exist a continuum between them which depends on various conditions e.g. pH , protein concentration etc . However , there are important distinctions between the properties of transient and permanent / stable interactions : stable interactions are highly conserved but transient interactions are far less conserved , interacting proteins on the two sides of a stable interaction have more tendency of being co-expressed than those of a transient interaction ( in fact , co-expression probability between two transiently interacting proteins is not higher than two random proteins ) , and transient interactions are much less co-localized than stable interactions . Though , transient by nature , transient interactions are very important for cell biology : human interactome is enriched in such interactions , these interactions are the dominating players of gene regulation and signal transduction , and proteins with intrinsically disordered regions ( IDR : regions in protein that show dynamic inter-converting structures in the native state ) are found to be enriched in transient regulatory and signaling interactions . Fuzzy complex ( edit ) Fuzzy protein complexes have more than one structural form or dynamic structural disorder in the bound state . This means that proteins may not fold completely in either transient or permanent complexes . Consequently , specific complexes can have ambiguous interactions , which vary according to the environmental signals . Hence different ensemble of structures result in different ( even opposite ) biological functions . Post-translational modifications , protein interactions or alternative splicing modulate the conformational ensembles of fuzzy complexes , to fine - tune affinity or specificity of interactions . These mechanisms are often used for regulation within the eukaryotic transcription machinery . Essential proteins in protein complexes ( edit ) Essential proteins in yeast complexes occur much less randomly than expected by chance . Modified after Ryan et al. 2013 Although some early studies suggested a strong correlation between essentiality and protein interaction degree ( the `` centrality - lethality '' rule ) subsequent analyses have shown that this correlation is weak for binary or transient interactions ( e.g. , yeast two - hybrid ) . However , the correlation is robust for networks of stable co-complex interactions . In fact , a disproportionate number of essential genes belong to protein complexes . This led to the conclusion that essentiality is a property of molecular machines ( i.e. complexes ) rather than individual components . Wang et al. ( 2009 ) noted that larger protein complexes are more likely to be essential , explaining why essential genes are more likely to have high co-complex interaction degree . Ryan et al. ( 2013 ) referred to the observation that entire complexes appear essential as `` modular essentiality '' . These authors also showed that complexes tend to be composed of either essential or non-essential proteins rather than showing a random distribution ( see Figure ) . However , this not an all or nothing phenomenon : only about 26 % ( 105 / 401 ) of yeast complexes consist of solely essential or solely nonessential subunits . In humans , genes whose protein products belong to the same complex are more likely to result in the same disease phenotype . Homomultimeric and heteromultimeric proteins ( edit ) The subunits of a multimeric protein may be identical as in a homomultimeric ( homooligomeric ) protein or different as in a heteromultimeric protein . Many soluble and membrane proteins form homomultimeric complexes in a cell , majority of proteins in the Protein Data Bank are homomultimeric . Homooligomers are responsible for the diversity and specificity of many pathways , may mediate and regulate gene expression , activity of enzymes , ion channels , receptors , and cell adhesion processes . The voltage - gated potassium channels in the plasma membrane of a neuron are heteromultimeric proteins composed of four of forty known alpha subunits . Subunits must be of the same subfamily to form the multimeric protein channel . The tertiary structure of the channel allows ions to flow through the hydrophobic plasma membrane . Connexons are an example of a homomultimeric protein composed of six identical connexins . A cluster of connexons forms the gap - junction in two neurons that transmit signals through an electrical synapse . Structure determination ( edit ) The molecular structure of protein complexes can be determined by experimental techniques such as X-ray crystallography , Single particle analysis or nuclear magnetic resonance . Increasingly the theoretical option of protein -- protein docking is also becoming available . One method that is commonly used for identifying the meomplexes immunoprecipitation . Recently , Raicu and coworkers developed a method to determine the quaternary structure of protein complexes in living cells . This method is based on the determination of pixel - level Förster resonance energy transfer ( FRET ) efficiency in conjunction with spectrally resolved two - photon microscope . The distribution of FRET efficiencies are simulated against different models to get the geometry and stoichiometry of the complexes . Assembly ( edit ) Proper assembly of multiprotein complexes is important , since misassembly can lead to disastrous consequences . In order to study pathway assembly , researchers look at intermediate steps in the pathway . One such technique that allows one to do that is electrospray mass spectrometry , which can identify different intermediate states simultaneously . This has led to the discovery that most complexes follow an ordered assembly pathway . In the cases where disordered assembly is possible , the change from an ordered to a disordered state leads to a transition from function to dysfunction of the complex , since disordered assembly leads to aggregation . The structure of proteins play a role in how the multiprotein complex assembles . The interfaces between proteins can be used to predict assembly pathways . The intrinsic flexibility of proteins also plays a role : more flexible proteins allow for a greater surface area available for interaction . While assembly is a different process from disassembly , the two are reversible in both homomeric and heteromeric complexes . Thus , the overall process can be referred to as ( dis ) assembly . Evolutionary significance of multiprotein complex assembly ( edit ) In homomultimeric complexes , the homomeric proteins assemble in a way that mimics evolution . That is , an intermediate in the assembly process is present in the complex 's evolutionary history . The opposite phenomenon is observed in heteromultimeric complexes , where gene fusion occurs in a manner that preserves the original assembly pathway . See also ( edit ) Heterotetramer Biomolecular complex Protein subunit References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Price NC , Stevens L ( 1999 ) . Fundamentals of enzymology : The cell and molecular biology of catalytic protein . Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 850229 - X . Jump up ^ Hartwell LH , Hopfield JJ , Leibler S , Murray AW ( December 1999 ) . `` From molecular to modular cell biology '' . Nature . 402 ( 6761 Suppl ) : C47 -- 52 . doi : 10.1038 / 35011540 . PMID 10591225 . Jump up ^ Pereira - Leal JB , Levy ED , Teichmann SA ( March 2006 ) . `` The origins and evolution of functional modules : lessons from protein complexes '' . Philos . Trans . R. Soc . Lond . B Biol. Sci. 361 ( 1467 ) : 507 -- 17 . doi : 10.1098 / rstb. 2005.1807 . PMC 1609335 . PMID 16524839 . ^ Jump up to : Amoutzias G , Van de Peer Y ( 2010 ) . `` Single - Gene and Whole - Genome Duplications and the Evolution of Protein -- Protein Interaction Networks . Evolutionary genomics and systems biology '' . Caetano - Anolles / Evolutionary Genomics : 413 -- 429 . doi : 10.1002 / 9780470570418. ch19 . Jump up ^ Nooren IM , Thornton JM ( July 2003 ) . `` Diversity of protein interactions '' . EMBO J. 22 ( 14 ) : 3486 -- 92 . doi : 10.1093 / emboj / cdg359 . PMC 165629 . PMID 12853464 . Jump up ^ Brown KR , Jurisica I ( 2007 ) . `` Unequal evolutionary conservation of human protein interactions in interologous networks '' . Genome Biol. 8 ( 5 ) : R95 . doi : 10.1186 / gb - 2007 - 8 - 5 - r95 . PMC 1929159 . PMID 17535438 . Jump up ^ Tompa P , Fuxreiter M ( January 2008 ) . `` Fuzzy complexes : polymorphism and structural disorder in protein - protein interactions '' . Trends Biochem. Sci. 33 ( 1 ) : 2 -- 8 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tibs. 2007.10. 003 . PMID 18054235 . Jump up ^ Fuxreiter M ( January 2012 ) . `` Fuzziness : linking regulation to protein dynamics '' . Mol Biosyst. 8 ( 1 ) : 168 -- 77 . doi : 10.1039 / c1mb05234a . PMID 21927770 . Jump up ^ Fuxreiter M , Simon I , Bondos S ( August 2011 ) . `` Dynamic protein - DNA recognition : beyond what can be seen '' . Trends Biochem. Sci. 36 ( 8 ) : 415 -- 23 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tibs. 2011.04. 006 . PMID 21620710 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan , C.J. ; Krogan , N.J. ; Cunningham , P ; Cagney , G ( 2013 ) . `` All or nothing : Protein complexes flip essentiality between distantly related eukaryotes '' . Genome Biology and Evolution. 5 ( 6 ) : 1049 -- 59 . doi : 10.1093 / gbe / evt074 . PMC 3698920 . PMID 23661563 . Jump up ^ Jeong , H ; Mason , S.P. ; Barabási , A.L. ; Oltvai , Z.N. ( 2001 ) . `` Lethality and centrality in protein networks '' . Nature . 411 ( 6833 ) : 41 -- 2 . doi : 10.1038 / 35075138 . PMID 11333967 . Jump up ^ Yu , H ; Braun , P ; Yildirim , M.A. ; Lemmens , I ; Venkatesan , K ; Sahalie , J ; Hirozane - Kishikawa , T ; Gebreab , F ; Li , N ; Simonis , N ; Hao , T ; Rual , J.F. ; Dricot , A ; Vazquez , A ; Murray , R.R. ; Simon , C ; Tardivo , L ; Tam , S ; Svrzikapa , N ; Fan , C ; De Smet , A.S. ; Motyl , A ; Hudson , M.E. ; Park , J ; Xin , X ; Cusick , M.E. ; Moore , T ; Boone , C ; Snyder , M ; Roth , F.P. ( 2008 ) . `` High - quality binary protein interaction map of the yeast interactome network '' . Science . 322 ( 5898 ) : 104 -- 10 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1158684 . PMC 2746753 . PMID 18719252 . Jump up ^ Zotenko , E ; Mestre , J ; O'Leary , D.P. ; Przytycka , T.M. ( 2008 ) . `` Why do hubs in the yeast protein interaction network tend to be essential : Reexamining the connection between the network topology and essentiality '' . PLoS Computational Biology . 4 ( 8 ) : e1000140 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pcbi. 1000140 . PMC 2467474 . PMID 18670624 . ^ Jump up to : Hart , G.T. ; Lee , I ; Marcotte , E.R. ( 2007 ) . `` A high - accuracy consensus map of yeast protein complexes reveals modular nature of gene essentiality '' . BMC Bioinformatics. 8 : 236 . doi : 10.1186 / 1471 - 2105 - 8 - 236 . PMC 1940025 . PMID 17605818 . Jump up ^ Wang , H ; Kakaradov , B ; Collins , S.R. ; Karotki , L ; Fiedler , D ; Shales , M ; Shokat , K.M. ; Walther , T.C. ; Krogan , N.J. ; Koller , D ( 2009 ) . `` A complex - based reconstruction of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae interactome '' . Molecular & Cellular Proteomics. 8 ( 6 ) : 1361 -- 81 . doi : 10.1074 / mcp. M800490 - MCP200 . PMC 2690481 . PMID 19176519 . Jump up ^ Fraser , H.B. ; Plotkin , J.B. ( 2007 ) . `` Using protein complexes to predict phenotypic effects of gene mutation '' . Genome Biology . 8 ( 11 ) : R252 . doi : 10.1186 / gb - 2007 - 8 - 11 - r252 . PMC 2258176 . PMID 18042286 . Jump up ^ Lage , K ; Karlberg , E.O. ; Størling , Z.M. ; Olason , P.I. ; Pedersen , A.G. ; Rigina , O ; Hinsby , A.M. ; Tümer , Z ; Pociot , F ; Tommerup , N ; Moreau , Y ; Brunak , S ( 2007 ) . `` A human phenome - interactome network of protein complexes implicated in genetic disorders '' . Nature Biotechnology . 25 ( 3 ) : 309 -- 16 . doi : 10.1038 / nbt1295 . PMID 17344885 . Jump up ^ Oti , M ; Brunner , H.G. ( 2007 ) . `` The modular nature of genetic diseases '' . Clinical Genetics . 71 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 11 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1399 - 0004.2006. 00708. x . PMID 17204041 . Jump up ^ Hashimoto K , Nishi H , Bryant S , Panchenko AR ( June 2011 ) . `` Caught in self - interaction : evolutionary and functional mechanisms of protein homooligomerization '' . Phys Biol. 8 ( 3 ) : 035007 . doi : 10.1088 / 1478 - 3975 / 8 / 3 / 035007 . PMC 3148176 . PMID 21572178 . Jump up ^ Raicu V , Stoneman MR , Fung R , Melnichuk M , Jansma DB , Pisterzi LF , Rath S , Fox , M , Wells , JW , Saldin DK ( 2008 ) . `` Determination of supramolecular structure and spatial distribution of protein complexes in living cells '' . Nature Photonics. 3 : 107 -- 113 . doi : 10.1038 / nphoton. 2008.291 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Dobson , Christopher M ( December 2003 ) . `` Protein folding and misfolding '' . Nature . 426 ( 6968 ) : 884 -- 90 . doi : 10.1038 / nature02261 . PMID 14685248 . ^ Jump up to : Marsh JA , Hernández H , Hall Z , Ahnert SE , Perica T , Robinson CV , Teichmann SA ( Apr 2013 ) . `` Protein complexes are under evolutionary selection to assemble via ordered pathways '' . Cell. 153 ( 2 ) : 461 -- 470 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cell. 2013.02. 044 . PMC 4009401 . PMID 23582331 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Sudha , Govindarajan ; Nussinov , Ruth ; Srinivasan , Narayanaswamy . `` An overview of recent advances in structural bioinformatics of protein - protein interactions and a guide to their principles '' . Progress in biophysics and molecular biology . 116 ( 2 - 3 ) : 141 -- 50 . doi : 10.1016 / j. pbiomolbio. 2014.07. 004 . PMID 25077409 . Jump up ^ Marsh , Joseph ; Teichmann , Sarah A ( May 2014 ) . `` Protein flexibility facilitates quaternary structure assembly and evolution '' . PLOS Biology . 12 ( 5 ) : e1001870 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pbio. 1001870 . PMC 4035275 . PMID 24866000 . Jump up ^ Levy , Emmanuel D ; Boeri Erba , Elisabetta ; Robinson , Carol V ; Teichmann , Sarah A ( July 2008 ) . `` Assembly reflects evolution of protein complexes '' . Nature . 453 ( 7199 ) : 1262 -- 5 . doi : 10.1038 / nature06942 . PMC 2658002 . PMID 18563089 . External links ( edit ) Multiprotein Complexes at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Protein_complex&oldid=811979715 '' Categories : Protein complexes Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Galego Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 November 2017 , at 05 : 09 . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%20complex
| 2,022 |
||
explain the way in which the court of appeals works in the federal judicial system
|
Federal judiciary of the United States
|
federal judiciary of the united states
|
House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Kennedy Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government Other countries Atlas This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The federal judiciary of the United States is one of the three co-equal branches of the federal government of the United States organized under the United States Constitution and laws of the federal government . Article III of the Constitution requires the establishment of a Supreme Court and permits the Congress to create other federal courts , and place limitations on their jurisdiction . Article III federal judges are appointed by the President with the consent of the Senate to serve until they resign , are impeached and convicted , retire , or die . Contents 1 Courts 1.1 Other tribunals 2 Judges 3 Administration 4 Legal procedure 5 History 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Courts ( edit ) Further information : Federal tribunals in the United States Civil procedure in the United States Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Doctrines of civil procedure Jurisdiction Venue Pleadings Motions Service of process Complaint Answer Counterclaim Crossclaim Pre-trial procedure Discovery Interrogatories Depositions Request for admissions Request for production Resolution without trial Default judgment Summary judgment Voluntary dismissal Involuntary dismissal Settlement Trial Parties Jury Burden of proof Judgment Appeal Mandamus Certiorari The federal courts are composed of three levels of courts . The United States district courts ( one in each of the 94 federal judicial districts , as well three territorial courts ) are general federal trial courts , although in many cases Congress has diverted original jurisdiction to specialized courts , such as the Court of International Trade , the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court , the Alien Terrorist Removal Court , or to Article I or Article IV tribunals . The district courts usually have jurisdiction to hear appeals from such tribunals ( unless , for example , appeals are to the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit . ) The United States courts of appeals are the intermediate federal appellate courts . They operate under a system of mandatory review which means they must hear all appeals of right from the lower courts . In some cases , Congress has diverted appellate jurisdiction to specialized courts , such as the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review . The Supreme Court of the United States is the court of last resort . It is generally an appellate court that operates under discretionary review , which means that the Court can choose which cases to hear , by granting writs of certiorari . There is therefore generally no basic right of appeal that extends automatically all the way to the Supreme Court . In a few situations ( like lawsuits between state governments or some cases between the federal government and a state ) it sits as a court of original jurisdiction . Other tribunals ( edit ) Besides these federal courts , described as Article III courts , there are other adjudicative bodies described as Article I or Article IV courts in reference to the article of the Constitution from which the court 's authority stems . There are a number of Article I courts with appellate jurisdiction over specific subject matter including the Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims and the Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces , as well as Article I courts with appellate jurisdiction over specific geographic areas such as the District of Columbia Court of Appeals . The Article I courts with original jurisdiction over specific subject matter include the bankruptcy courts ( for each district court ) , the immigration courts , the Court of Federal Claims , and the Tax Court . Article IV courts include the High Court of American Samoa and territorial courts such as the District Court for the Northern Mariana Islands , District Court of Guam , and District Court of the Virgin Islands . Judges ( edit ) Further information : United States federal judge Federal judges , like Supreme Court Justices , are appointed by the President with the consent of the Senate to serve until they resign , are impeached and convicted , retire , or die . Parts of this article ( those related to vacancy numbers ) need to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( January 2018 ) In April 2013 , about 10 percent of federal seats were vacant , with 85 of 856 positions unfilled and 4 vacancies on the prestigious Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit . The high vacancy rate has been attributed to politics , particularly Senate filibustering of potential appointees by Senators . In many cases there is no nominee for the position ; however , the Senate has a tradition of senatorial courtesy in which nominees are only considered if the home senators approve . In May 2013 Congressional Research Service published a paper analyzing the vacancies and appointment process . Under Article I of the federal Constitution , Congress also has the power to establish other tribunals , which are usually quite specialized , within the executive branch to assist the President in the execution of his or her powers . Judges who staff them normally serve terms of fixed duration , as do magistrate judges who assist Article III judges . Judges in Article I tribunals attached to executive branch agencies are referred to as administrative law judges ( ALJs ) and are generally considered to be part of the executive branch even though they exercise quasi-judicial powers . With limited exceptions , they can not render final judgments in cases involving life , liberty , and private property rights , but may make preliminary rulings subject to review by an Article III judge . Administration ( edit ) The Judicial Conference of the United States is the policymaking body of the U.S. federal courts . The Conference is responsible for creating and revising federal procedural rules pursuant to the Rules Enabling Act . The Administrative Office of the United States Courts is the primary support agency for the U.S. federal courts . It is directly responsible to the Judicial Conference . The AO prepares the judiciary 's budget , provides and operates secure court facilities , and provides the clerical and administrative staff essential to the efficient operation of the courts . The judicial councils are panels within each circuit charged with making `` necessary and appropriate orders for the effective and expeditious administration of justice '' . The Federal Judicial Center is the primary research and education agency for the U.S. federal courts . The Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation transfers and consolidates cases in multiple judicial districts that share common factual issues . The United States Marshals Service is responsible for providing protection for the federal judiciary and transporting federal prisoners . The Supreme Court Police provide security for the Supreme Court building . Legal procedure ( edit ) The Supreme Court has interpreted the Constitution as placing some additional restrictions on the federal courts . For example , the doctrines of mootness , ripeness , and standing prohibit district courts from issuing advisory opinions . Other doctrines , such as the abstention doctrine and the Rooker - Feldman doctrine limit the power of lower federal courts to disturb rulings made by state courts . The Erie doctrine requires federal courts to apply substantive state law to claims arising from state law ( which may be heard in federal courts under supplemental or diversity jurisdiction ) . In difficult cases , the federal courts must either guess as to how a court of that state would decide the issue or , if that state accepts certified questions from federal courts when state law is unclear or uncertain , ask an appellate court of that state to decide the issue . Notably , the only federal court that can issue proclamations of federal law that bind state courts is the Supreme Court itself . Decisions of the lower federal courts , whether on issues of federal law or state law ( i.e. , the question was not certified to a state court ) , are persuasive but not binding authority in the states in which those federal courts sit . Some commentators assert that another limitation upon federal courts is executive nonacquiescence in judicial decisions , where the executive simply refuses to accept them as binding precedent . In the context of administration of U.S. internal revenue laws by the Internal Revenue Service , nonacquiescences ( published in a series of documents called Actions on Decisions ) `` generally do not affect the application of stare decisis or the rule of precedent '' . The IRS `` will recognize these principles and generally concede issues accordingly during administrative proceedings . '' In rare cases , however , the IRS may continue to litigate a legal issue in a given circuit even where the IRS has already lost a case on that issue in that circuit . History ( edit ) The Articles of Confederation provided a clear basis for the initial establishment of United States of America judicial authority by Congress prior to the Constitution . This authority , enumerated by Article IX , allowed for the establishment of United States jurisdiction in the trial of piracies and felonies committed on the high seas , final appeals from state court decisions in all cases of captures of enemy ships , last resort for resolution of disputes between two or more states ( including disputes over borders and jurisdiction ) , and final determination of controversies between private parties arising from conflicting land grants issued by two or more states prior to settlement of which state actually has jurisdiction over the territory . The Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture was the first United States Court established by the United States . Additional United States courts were established to adjudicate border disputes between the states of Connecticut and Pennsylvania , New York and Massachusetts , Georgia and South Carolina . Lastly , a United States court was established for the Northwest Territory . When the Constitution came into force in 1789 , Congress gained the authority to establish the federal judicial system as a whole . Only the Supreme Court was established by the Constitution itself . The Judiciary Act of 1789 created the first inferior ( i.e. , lower ) federal courts established pursuant to the Constitution and provided for the first Article III judges . Virtually all U.S. law schools offer an elective course that focuses specifically on the powers and limitations of U.S. federal courts , with coverage of topics such as justiciability , abstention doctrines , the abrogation doctrine , and habeas corpus . See also ( edit ) PACER ( Public Access to Court Electronic Records ) CM / ECF ( Case Management / Electronic Case Files ) List of courts of the United States ( outline of all state and federal courts in the United States ) Federal Rules of Civil Procedure State supreme courts of the United States Uniformity and jurisdiction in U.S. federal court tax decisions United States Marshals Service References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The Editorial Board . ( 2013 ) . Courts Without Judges . NYTimes . Jump up ^ Wheeler R. ( 2013 ) What 's Behind all Those Judicial Vacancies Without Nominees ? . Brookings Institution . Jump up ^ McMillion BJ. ( 2013 ) . President Obama 's First - Term U.S. Circuit and District Court Nominations : An Analysis and Comparison with Presidents Since Reagan . CRS . Jump up ^ People v. Leonard , 40 Cal . 4th 1370 , 1416 ( 2007 ) ( Ninth Circuit decisions do not bind Supreme Court of California ) . Jump up ^ Gregory C. Sisk , Litigation with the Federal Government ( Philadelphia : American Law Institute , 2006 ) , 418 - 425 . Jump up ^ Robert J. Hume , How Courts Impact Federal Administrative Behavior ( New York : Routledge , 2009 ) , 92 - 106 . Jump up ^ Mitchell Rogovin & Donald L. Korb , `` The Four R 's Revisited : Regulations , Rulings , Reliance , and Retroactivity in the 21st Century : A View From Within '' , 46 Duquesne Law Review 323 , 366 - 367 ( 2008 ) . Jump up ^ Michael L. Wells , A Litigation - Oriented Approach to Teaching Federal Courts , 53 St. Louis U.L.J. 857 ( 2009 ) . Further reading ( edit ) Federal Court Concepts , Georgia Tech Creating the Federal Judicial System Debates on the Federal Judiciary : A Documentary History History of the Courts of the Federal Judiciary CourtWEB , Online Federal Court Opinions Information System External links ( edit ) Official website Law of the United States Constitutional law Federalism Separation of powers Civil rights Courts of the United States Federal courts Supreme ( SCOTUS ) Appeals District ( list ) Bankruptcy Claims International Trade Tax State courts State supreme Education Law school Law School Admission Test Admission to the bar United States articles History By event Timeline of U.S. history Pre-Columbian era Colonial era Thirteen Colonies military history Continental Congress American Revolution War American frontier Confederation Period Drafting and ratification of Constitution Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Mexican -- American War Civil War Reconstruction Era Indian Wars Gilded Age Progressive Era African - American civil rights movement 1865 -- 1896 / 1896 -- 1954 / 1954 -- 1968 Spanish -- American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front Nazism in the United States American Century Cold War Korean War Space Race Feminist Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War ( 1991 -- 2008 ) War on Terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War Recent events ( 2008 -- present ) By topic Outline of U.S. history Demographic Discoveries Economic debt ceiling Inventions before 1890 1890 -- 1945 1946 -- 91 after 1991 Military Postal Technological and industrial Geography Territory counties federal district federal enclaves Indian reservations insular zones minor outlying islands populated places states Earthquakes Extreme points Islands Mountains peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky National Park Service National Parks Regions East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western Longest rivers Arkansas Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Red ( South ) Rio Grande Yukon Time Water supply and sanitation Politics Federal Executive Cabinet Civil service Executive departments Executive Office Independent agencies Law enforcement President of the United States Public policy Legislative House of Representatives current members Speaker Senate current members President pro tempore Vice President Judicial Courts of appeals District courts Supreme Court Law Bill of Rights civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Constitution federalism preemption separation of powers Federal Reporter United States Code United States Reports Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency Defense Intelligence Agency Federal Bureau of Investigation National Geospatial - Intelligence Agency National Reconnaissance Office National Security Agency Office of the Director of National Intelligence Uniformed Armed Forces Army Marine Corps Navy Air Force Coast Guard National Guard NOAA Corps Public Health Service Corps 51st state political status of Puerto Rico District of Columbia statehood movement Elections Electoral College Foreign relations Foreign policy Hawaiian sovereignty movement Ideologies anti-Americanism exceptionalism nationalism Local government Parties Democratic Republican Third parties Red states and blue states Purple America Scandals State government governor state legislature state court Uncle Sam Economy By sector Agriculture Banking Communications Energy Insurance Manufacturing Mining Tourism Trade Transportation Companies by state Currency Exports Federal budget Federal Reserve System Financial position Labor unions Public debt Social welfare programs Taxation Unemployment Wall Street Society Culture Americana Architecture Cinema Cuisine Dance Demography Education Family structure Fashion Flag Folklore Languages American English Indigenous languages ASL Black American Sign Language HSL Plains Sign Talk Arabic Chinese French German Italian Russian Spanish Literature Media Journalism Internet Newspapers Radio Television Music Names People Philosophy Public holidays Religion Sexuality Sports Theater Visual art Social class Affluence American Dream Educational attainment Homelessness Home - ownership Household income Income inequality Middle class Personal income Poverty Professional and working class conflict Standard of living Wealth Issues Ages of consent Capital punishment Crime incarceration Criticism of government Discrimination Ableism affirmative action antisemitism intersex rights Islamophobia LGBT rights racism same - sex marriage Drug policy Energy policy Environmental movement Gun politics Health care abortion health insurance hunger obesity smoking Human rights Immigration illegal International rankings National security Mass surveillance Terrorism Separation of church and state Outline Index Book Portal Judiciaries of North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Judiciaries of the United States States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. Insular areas American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States&oldid=854442412 '' Categories : United States federal courts Judicial branch of the United States government Courts in the United States Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2013 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles in need of updating from January 2018 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Languages Deutsch فارسی Français 한국어 Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Русский Simple English Türkçe 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 11 : 17 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal%20judiciary%20of%20the%20United%20States
| 2,023 |
|||
what are the five formulas that include pi
|
List of formulae involving π
|
list of formulae involving π
|
The following is a list of significant formulae involving the mathematical constant π . The list contains only formulae whose significance is established either in the article on the formula itself , the article Pi , or the article Approximations of π .
|
Contents ( hide ) 1 Euclidean geometry 2 Physics 3 Formulae yielding π 3.1 Integrals 3.2 Efficient infinite series 3.3 Other infinite series 3.4 Machin - like formulae 3.5 Infinite series 3.6 Infinite products 3.7 Continued fractions 3.8 Miscellaneous 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading Euclidean geometry ( edit ) π = C d ( \ displaystyle \ pi = ( \ frac ( C ) ( d ) ) ) where C is the circumference of a circle , d is the diameter . A = π r 2 ( \ displaystyle A = \ pi r ^ ( 2 ) ) where A is the area of a circle and r is the radius . V = 4 3 π r 3 ( \ displaystyle V = ( 4 \ over 3 ) \ pi r ^ ( 3 ) ) where V is the volume of a sphere and r is the radius . S A = 4 π r 2 ( \ displaystyle SA = 4 \ pi r ^ ( 2 ) ) where SA is the surface area of a sphere and r is the radius . Physics ( edit ) The cosmological constant : Λ = 8 π G 3 c 2 ρ ( \ displaystyle \ Lambda = ( ( 8 \ pi G ) \ over ( 3c ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ rho ) Heisenberg 's uncertainty principle : Δ x Δ p ≥ h 4 π ( \ displaystyle \ Delta x \ , \ Delta p \ geq ( \ frac ( h ) ( 4 \ pi ) ) ) Einstein 's field equation of general relativity : R μ ν − 1 2 g μ ν R + Λ g μ ν = 8 π G c 4 T μ ν ( \ displaystyle R_ ( \ mu \ nu ) - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) g_ ( \ mu \ nu ) R+ \ Lambda g_ ( \ mu \ nu ) = ( 8 \ pi G \ over c ^ ( 4 ) ) T_ ( \ mu \ nu ) ) Coulomb 's law for the electric force : F = q 1 q 2 4 π ε 0 r 2 ( \ displaystyle F = ( \ frac ( q_ ( 1 ) q_ ( 2 ) ) ( 4 \ pi \ varepsilon _ ( 0 ) r ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) Magnetic permeability of free space : μ 0 = 4 π ⋅ 10 − 7 N / A 2 ( \ displaystyle \ mu _ ( 0 ) = 4 \ pi \ cdot 10 ^ ( - 7 ) \ , \ mathrm ( N / A ^ ( 2 ) ) ) Period of a simple pendulum with small amplitude : T ≈ 2 π L g ( \ displaystyle T \ approx 2 \ pi ( \ sqrt ( \ frac ( L ) ( g ) ) ) ) The buckling formula : F = π 2 E I L 2 ( \ displaystyle F = ( \ frac ( \ pi ^ ( 2 ) EI ) ( L ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) Formulae yielding π ( edit ) Integrals ( edit ) ∫ − ∞ ∞ sech ( x ) d x = π ( \ displaystyle \ int _ ( - \ infty ) ^ ( \ infty ) \ operatorname ( sech ) ( x ) \ , dx = \ pi ) ∫ − ∞ ∞ ∫ t ∞ e − 1 / 2 t 2 − x 2 + x t d x d t = ∫ − ∞ ∞ ∫ t ∞ e − t 2 − 1 / 2 x 2 + x t d x d t = π ( \ displaystyle \ int _ ( - \ infty ) ^ ( \ infty ) \ int _ ( t ) ^ ( \ infty ) e ^ ( - 1 / 2t ^ ( 2 ) - x ^ ( 2 ) + xt ) \ , dx \ , dt = \ int _ ( - \ infty ) ^ ( \ infty ) \ int _ ( t ) ^ ( \ infty ) e ^ ( - t ^ ( 2 ) - 1 / 2x ^ ( 2 ) + xt ) \ , dx \ , dt = \ pi ) ∫ − 1 1 1 − x 2 d x = π 2 ( \ displaystyle \ int _ ( - 1 ) ^ ( 1 ) ( \ sqrt ( 1 - x ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ , dx = ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 2 ) ) ) ∫ − 1 1 d x 1 − x 2 = π ( \ displaystyle \ int _ ( - 1 ) ^ ( 1 ) ( \ frac ( dx ) ( \ sqrt ( 1 - x ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) = \ pi ) ∫ − ∞ ∞ d x 1 + x 2 = π ( \ displaystyle \ int _ ( - \ infty ) ^ ( \ infty ) ( \ frac ( dx ) ( 1 + x ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = \ pi ) ( integral form of arctan over its entire domain , giving the period of tan ) . ∫ − ∞ ∞ e − x 2 d x = π ( \ displaystyle \ int _ ( - \ infty ) ^ ( \ infty ) e ^ ( - x ^ ( 2 ) ) \ , dx = ( \ sqrt ( \ pi ) ) ) ( see Gaussian integral ) . ∮ d z z = 2 π i ( \ displaystyle \ oint ( \ frac ( dz ) ( z ) ) = 2 \ pi i ) ( when the path of integration winds once counterclockwise around 0 . See also Cauchy 's integral formula ) . ∫ − ∞ ∞ sin x x d x = π ( \ displaystyle \ int _ ( - \ infty ) ^ ( \ infty ) ( \ frac ( \ sin x ) ( x ) ) \ , dx = \ pi ) ∫ 0 1 x 4 ( 1 − x ) 4 1 + x 2 d x = 22 7 − π ( \ displaystyle \ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( 1 ) ( x ^ ( 4 ) ( 1 - x ) ^ ( 4 ) \ over 1 + x ^ ( 2 ) ) \ , dx = ( 22 \ over 7 ) - \ pi ) ( see also Proof that 22 / 7 exceeds π ) . Efficient infinite series ( edit ) ∑ k = 0 ∞ k ! ( 2 k + 1 ) ! ! = ∑ k = 0 ∞ 2 k k ! 2 ( 2 k + 1 ) ! = π 2 ( \ displaystyle \ sum _ ( k = 0 ) ^ ( \ infty ) ( \ frac ( k ! ) ( ( 2k + 1 ) ! ! ) ) = \ sum _ ( k = 0 ) ^ ( \ infty ) ( \ frac ( 2 ^ ( k ) k ! ^ ( 2 ) ) ( ( 2k + 1 ) ! ) ) = ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 2 ) ) ) ( see also Double factorial ) 12 ∑ k = 0 ∞ ( − 1 ) k ( 6 k ) ! ( 13591409 + 545140134 k ) ( 3 k ) ! ( k ! ) 3 640320 3 k + 3 / 2 = 1 π ( \ displaystyle 12 \ sum _ ( k = 0 ) ^ ( \ infty ) ( \ frac ( ( - 1 ) ^ ( k ) ( 6k ) ! ( 13591409 + 545140134k ) ) ( ( 3k ) ! ( k ! ) ^ ( 3 ) 640320 ^ ( 3k + 3 / 2 ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ pi ) ) ) ( see Chudnovsky algorithm ) 2 2 9801 ∑ k = 0 ∞ ( 4 k ) ! ( 1103 + 26390 k ) ( k ! ) 4 396 4 k = 1 π ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 2 ( \ sqrt ( 2 ) ) ) ( 9801 ) ) \ sum _ ( k = 0 ) ^ ( \ infty ) ( \ frac ( ( 4k ) ! ( 1103 + 26390k ) ) ( ( k ! ) ^ ( 4 ) 396 ^ ( 4k ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ pi ) ) ) ( see Srinivasa Ramanujan , Ramanujan -- Sato series ) 3 6 5 ∑ k = 0 ∞ ( ( 4 k ) ! ) 2 ( 6 k ) ! 9 k + 1 ( 12 k ) ! ( 2 k ) ! ( 127169 12 k + 1 − 1070 12 k + 5 − 131 12 k + 7 + 2 12 k + 11 ) = π ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ sqrt ( 3 ) ) ( 6 ^ ( 5 ) ) ) \ sum _ ( k = 0 ) ^ ( \ infty ) ( \ frac ( ( ( 4k ) ! ) ^ ( 2 ) ( 6k ) ! ) ( 9 ^ ( k + 1 ) ( 12k ) ! ( 2k ) ! ) ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( 127169 ) ( 12k + 1 ) ) - ( \ frac ( 1070 ) ( 12k + 5 ) ) - ( \ frac ( 131 ) ( 12k + 7 ) ) + ( \ frac ( 2 ) ( 12k + 11 ) ) \ right ) = \ pi ) The following are efficient for calculating arbitrary binary digits of π : ∑ k = 0 ∞ 1 16 k ( 4 8 k + 1 − 2 8 k + 4 − 1 8 k + 5 − 1 8 k + 6 ) = π ( \ displaystyle \ sum _ ( k = 0 ) ^ ( \ infty ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 16 ^ ( k ) ) ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( 4 ) ( 8k + 1 ) ) - ( \ frac ( 2 ) ( 8k + 4 ) ) - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 8k + 5 ) ) - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 8k + 6 ) ) \ right ) = \ pi ) ( see Bailey -- Borwein -- Plouffe formula ) 1 2 6 ∑ n = 0 ∞ ( − 1 ) n 2 10 n ( − 2 5 4 n + 1 − 1 4 n + 3 + 2 8 10 n + 1 − 2 6 10 n + 3 − 2 2 10 n + 5 − 2 2 10 n + 7 + 1 10 n + 9 ) = π ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ^ ( 6 ) ) ) \ sum _ ( n = 0 ) ^ ( \ infty ) ( \ frac ( ( ( - 1 ) ) ^ ( n ) ) ( 2 ^ ( 10n ) ) ) \ left ( - ( \ frac ( 2 ^ ( 5 ) ) ( 4n + 1 ) ) - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 4n + 3 ) ) + ( \ frac ( 2 ^ ( 8 ) ) ( 10n + 1 ) ) - ( \ frac ( 2 ^ ( 6 ) ) ( 10n + 3 ) ) - ( \ frac ( 2 ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 10n + 5 ) ) - ( \ frac ( 2 ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 10n + 7 ) ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 10n + 9 ) ) \ right ) = \ pi ) Other infinite series ( edit ) ζ ( 2 ) = 1 1 2 + 1 2 2 + 1 3 2 + 1 4 2 + ⋯ = π 2 6 ( \ displaystyle \ zeta ( 2 ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 1 ^ ( 2 ) ) ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ^ ( 2 ) ) ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 ^ ( 2 ) ) ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 4 ^ ( 2 ) ) ) + \ cdots = ( \ frac ( \ pi ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 6 ) ) ) ( see also Basel problem and Riemann zeta function ) ζ ( 4 ) = 1 1 4 + 1 2 4 + 1 3 4 + 1 4 4 + ⋯ = π 4 90 ( \ displaystyle \ zeta ( 4 ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 1 ^ ( 4 ) ) ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ^ ( 4 ) ) ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 ^ ( 4 ) ) ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 4 ^ ( 4 ) ) ) + \ cdots = ( \ frac ( \ pi ^ ( 4 ) ) ( 90 ) ) ) ζ ( 2 n ) = ∑ k = 1 ∞ 1 k 2 n = 1 1 2 n + 1 2 2 n + 1 3 2 n + 1 4 2 n + ⋯ = ( − 1 ) n + 1 B 2 n ( 2 π ) 2 n 2 ( 2 n ) ! ( \ displaystyle \ zeta ( 2n ) = \ sum _ ( k = 1 ) ^ ( \ infty ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( k ^ ( 2n ) ) ) \ , = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 1 ^ ( 2n ) ) ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ^ ( 2n ) ) ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 ^ ( 2n ) ) ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 4 ^ ( 2n ) ) ) + \ cdots = ( - 1 ) ^ ( n + 1 ) ( \ frac ( B_ ( 2n ) ( 2 \ pi ) ^ ( 2n ) ) ( 2 ( 2n ) ! ) ) ) , where B is a Bernoulli number . ∑ n = 1 ∞ 3 n − 1 4 n ζ ( n + 1 ) = π ( \ displaystyle \ sum _ ( n = 1 ) ^ ( \ infty ) ( \ frac ( 3 ^ ( n ) - 1 ) ( 4 ^ ( n ) ) ) \ , \ zeta ( n + 1 ) = \ pi ) ∑ n = 0 ∞ ( ( − 1 ) n 2 n + 1 ) 1 = 1 1 − 1 3 + 1 5 − 1 7 + 1 9 − ⋯ = arctan 1 = π 4 ( \ displaystyle \ sum _ ( n = 0 ) ^ ( \ infty ) ( \ left ( ( \ frac ( ( - 1 ) ^ ( n ) ) ( 2n + 1 ) ) \ right ) ) ^ ( 1 ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 1 ) ) - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 5 ) ) - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 7 ) ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 9 ) ) - \ cdots = \ arctan ( 1 ) = ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 4 ) ) ) ( see Leibniz formula for pi ) ∑ n = 1 ∞ ( − 1 ) n + 1 n 2 = 1 1 2 − 1 2 2 + 1 3 2 − 1 4 2 + ⋯ = π 2 12 ( \ displaystyle \ sum _ ( n = 1 ) ^ ( \ infty ) ( \ frac ( ( - 1 ) ^ ( n + 1 ) ) ( n ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 1 ^ ( 2 ) ) ) - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ^ ( 2 ) ) ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 ^ ( 2 ) ) ) - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 4 ^ ( 2 ) ) ) + \ cdots = ( \ frac ( \ pi ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 12 ) ) ) ∑ n = 1 ∞ 1 ( 2 n ) 2 = 1 2 2 + 1 4 2 + 1 6 2 + 1 8 2 + ⋯ = π 2 24 ( \ displaystyle \ sum _ ( n = 1 ) ^ ( \ infty ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( ( 2n ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ^ ( 2 ) ) ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 4 ^ ( 2 ) ) ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 6 ^ ( 2 ) ) ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 8 ^ ( 2 ) ) ) + \ cdots = ( \ frac ( \ pi ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 24 ) ) ) ∑ n = 0 ∞ ( ( − 1 ) n 2 n + 1 ) 2 = 1 1 2 + 1 3 2 + 1 5 2 + 1 7 2 + ⋯ = π 2 8 ( \ displaystyle \ sum _ ( n = 0 ) ^ ( \ infty ) ( \ left ( ( \ frac ( ( - 1 ) ^ ( n ) ) ( 2n + 1 ) ) \ right ) ) ^ ( 2 ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 1 ^ ( 2 ) ) ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 ^ ( 2 ) ) ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 5 ^ ( 2 ) ) ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 7 ^ ( 2 ) ) ) + \ cdots = ( \ frac ( \ pi ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 8 ) ) ) ∑ n = 0 ∞ ( ( − 1 ) n 2 n + 1 ) 3 = 1 1 3 − 1 3 3 + 1 5 3 − 1 7 3 + ⋯ = π 3 32 ( \ displaystyle \ sum _ ( n = 0 ) ^ ( \ infty ) ( \ left ( ( \ frac ( ( - 1 ) ^ ( n ) ) ( 2n + 1 ) ) \ right ) ) ^ ( 3 ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 1 ^ ( 3 ) ) ) - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 ^ ( 3 ) ) ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 5 ^ ( 3 ) ) ) - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 7 ^ ( 3 ) ) ) + \ cdots = ( \ frac ( \ pi ^ ( 3 ) ) ( 32 ) ) ) ∑ n = 0 ∞ ( ( − 1 ) n 2 n + 1 ) 4 = 1 1 4 + 1 3 4 + 1 5 4 + 1 7 4 + ⋯ = π 4 96 ( \ displaystyle \ sum _ ( n = 0 ) ^ ( \ infty ) ( \ left ( ( \ frac ( ( - 1 ) ^ ( n ) ) ( 2n + 1 ) ) \ right ) ) ^ ( 4 ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 1 ^ ( 4 ) ) ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 ^ ( 4 ) ) ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 5 ^ ( 4 ) ) ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 7 ^ ( 4 ) ) ) + \ cdots = ( \ frac ( \ pi ^ ( 4 ) ) ( 96 ) ) ) ∑ n = 0 ∞ ( ( − 1 ) n 2 n + 1 ) 5 = 1 1 5 − 1 3 5 + 1 5 5 − 1 7 5 + ⋯ = 5 π 5 1536 ( \ displaystyle \ sum _ ( n = 0 ) ^ ( \ infty ) ( \ left ( ( \ frac ( ( - 1 ) ^ ( n ) ) ( 2n + 1 ) ) \ right ) ) ^ ( 5 ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 1 ^ ( 5 ) ) ) - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 ^ ( 5 ) ) ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 5 ^ ( 5 ) ) ) - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 7 ^ ( 5 ) ) ) + \ cdots = ( \ frac ( 5 \ pi ^ ( 5 ) ) ( 1536 ) ) ) ∑ n = 0 ∞ ( ( − 1 ) n 2 n + 1 ) 6 = 1 1 6 + 1 3 6 + 1 5 6 + 1 7 6 + ⋯ = π 6 960 ( \ displaystyle \ sum _ ( n = 0 ) ^ ( \ infty ) ( \ left ( ( \ frac ( ( - 1 ) ^ ( n ) ) ( 2n + 1 ) ) \ right ) ) ^ ( 6 ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 1 ^ ( 6 ) ) ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 ^ ( 6 ) ) ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 5 ^ ( 6 ) ) ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 7 ^ ( 6 ) ) ) + \ cdots = ( \ frac ( \ pi ^ ( 6 ) ) ( 960 ) ) ) ∑ n = 0 ∞ 1 ( 4 n + 1 ) ( 4 n + 3 ) = 1 1 ⋅ 3 + 1 5 ⋅ 7 + 1 9 ⋅ 11 + ⋯ = π 8 ( \ displaystyle \ sum _ ( n = 0 ) ^ ( \ infty ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( ( 4n + 1 ) ( 4n + 3 ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 1 \ cdot 3 ) ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 5 \ cdot 7 ) ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 9 \ cdot 11 ) ) + \ cdots = ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 8 ) ) ) π = 1 + 1 2 + 1 3 + 1 4 − 1 5 + 1 6 + 1 7 + 1 8 + 1 9 − 1 10 + 1 11 + 1 12 − 1 13 + ⋯ ( \ displaystyle \ pi = ( 1 ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 4 ) ) - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 5 ) ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 6 ) ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 7 ) ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 8 ) ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 9 ) ) - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 10 ) ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 11 ) ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 12 ) ) - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 13 ) ) + \ cdots ) ( Euler , 1748 ) After the first two terms , the signs are determined as follows : If the denominator is a prime of the form 4m - 1 , the sign is positive ; if the denominator is a prime of the form 4m + 1 , the sign is negative ; for composite numbers , the sign is equal the product of the signs of its factors . Also : ∑ n = 1 ∞ F 2 n n 2 ( 2 n n ) = 4 π 2 25 5 ( \ displaystyle \ sum _ ( n = 1 ) ^ ( \ infty ) ( \ frac ( F_ ( 2n ) ) ( n ^ ( 2 ) ( \ binom ( 2n ) ( n ) ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( 4 \ pi ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 25 ( \ sqrt ( 5 ) ) ) ) ) where F n ( \ displaystyle F_ ( n ) ) is the n - th Fibonacci number . Some formulas relating π and harmonic numbers are given here . Machin - like formulae ( edit ) See also : Machin - like formula π 4 = arctan 1 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 4 ) ) = \ arctan 1 ) π 4 = arctan 1 2 + arctan 1 3 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 4 ) ) = \ arctan ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) + \ arctan ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ) ) π 4 = 2 arctan 1 2 − arctan 1 7 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 4 ) ) = 2 \ arctan ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) - \ arctan ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 7 ) ) ) π 4 = 2 arctan 1 3 + arctan 1 7 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 4 ) ) = 2 \ arctan ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ) + \ arctan ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 7 ) ) ) π 4 = 4 arctan 1 5 − arctan 1 239 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 4 ) ) = 4 \ arctan ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 5 ) ) - \ arctan ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 239 ) ) ) ( the original Machin 's formula ) π 4 = 5 arctan 1 7 + 2 arctan 3 79 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 4 ) ) = 5 \ arctan ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 7 ) ) + 2 \ arctan ( \ frac ( 3 ) ( 79 ) ) ) π 4 = 6 arctan 1 8 + 2 arctan 1 57 + arctan 1 239 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 4 ) ) = 6 \ arctan ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 8 ) ) + 2 \ arctan ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 57 ) ) + \ arctan ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 239 ) ) ) π 4 = 12 arctan 1 49 + 32 arctan 1 57 − 5 arctan 1 239 + 12 arctan 1 110443 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 4 ) ) = 12 \ arctan ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 49 ) ) + 32 \ arctan ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 57 ) ) - 5 \ arctan ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 239 ) ) + 12 \ arctan ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 110443 ) ) ) π 4 = 44 arctan 1 57 + 7 arctan 1 239 − 12 arctan 1 682 + 24 arctan 1 12943 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 4 ) ) = 44 \ arctan ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 57 ) ) + 7 \ arctan ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 239 ) ) - 12 \ arctan ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 682 ) ) + 24 \ arctan ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 12943 ) ) ) π 2 = ∑ n = 0 ∞ arctan 1 F 2 n + 1 = arctan 1 1 + arctan 1 2 + arctan 1 5 + arctan 1 13 + ⋯ ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 2 ) ) = \ sum _ ( n = 0 ) ^ ( \ infty ) \ arctan ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( F_ ( 2n + 1 ) ) ) = \ arctan ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 1 ) ) + \ arctan ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) + \ arctan ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 5 ) ) + \ arctan ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 13 ) ) + \ cdots ) where F n ( \ displaystyle F_ ( n ) ) is the n - th Fibonacci number . Infinite series ( edit ) Some infinite series involving pi are : π = 1 Z ( \ displaystyle \ pi = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( Z ) ) ) Z = ∑ n = 0 ∞ ( ( 2 n ) ! ) 3 ( 42 n + 5 ) ( n ! ) 6 16 3 n + 1 ( \ displaystyle Z = \ sum _ ( n = 0 ) ^ ( \ infty ) ( \ frac ( ( ( 2n ) ! ) ^ ( 3 ) ( 42n + 5 ) ) ( ( n ! ) ^ ( 6 ) ( 16 ) ^ ( 3n + 1 ) ) ) ) π = 4 Z ( \ displaystyle \ pi = ( \ frac ( 4 ) ( Z ) ) ) Z = ∑ n = 0 ∞ ( − 1 ) n ( 4 n ) ! ( 21460 n + 1123 ) ( n ! ) 4 441 2 n + 1 2 10 n + 1 ( \ displaystyle Z = \ sum _ ( n = 0 ) ^ ( \ infty ) ( \ frac ( ( - 1 ) ^ ( n ) ( 4n ) ! ( 21460n + 1123 ) ) ( ( n ! ) ^ ( 4 ) ( 441 ) ^ ( 2n + 1 ) ( 2 ) ^ ( 10n + 1 ) ) ) ) π = 4 Z ( \ displaystyle \ pi = ( \ frac ( 4 ) ( Z ) ) ) Z = ∑ n = 0 ∞ ( 6 n + 1 ) ( 1 2 ) n 3 4 n ( n ! ) 3 ( \ displaystyle Z = \ sum _ ( n = 0 ) ^ ( \ infty ) ( \ frac ( ( 6n + 1 ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) _ ( n ) ^ ( 3 ) ) ( ( 4 ^ ( n ) ) ( n ! ) ^ ( 3 ) ) ) ) π = 32 Z ( \ displaystyle \ pi = ( \ frac ( 32 ) ( Z ) ) ) Z = ∑ n = 0 ∞ ( 5 − 1 2 ) 8 n ( 42 n 5 + 30 n + 5 5 − 1 ) ( 1 2 ) n 3 64 n ( n ! ) 3 ( \ displaystyle Z = \ sum _ ( n = 0 ) ^ ( \ infty ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( ( \ sqrt ( 5 ) ) - 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) ^ ( 8n ) ( \ frac ( ( 42n ( \ sqrt ( 5 ) ) + 30n + 5 ( \ sqrt ( 5 ) ) - 1 ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) _ ( n ) ^ ( 3 ) ) ( ( 64 ^ ( n ) ) ( n ! ) ^ ( 3 ) ) ) ) π = 27 4 Z ( \ displaystyle \ pi = ( \ frac ( 27 ) ( 4Z ) ) ) Z = ∑ n = 0 ∞ ( 2 27 ) n ( 15 n + 2 ) ( 1 2 ) n ( 1 3 ) n ( 2 3 ) n ( n ! ) 3 ( \ displaystyle Z = \ sum _ ( n = 0 ) ^ ( \ infty ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( 2 ) ( 27 ) ) \ right ) ^ ( n ) ( \ frac ( ( 15n + 2 ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) _ ( n ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ) \ right ) _ ( n ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ) \ right ) _ ( n ) ) ( ( n ! ) ^ ( 3 ) ) ) ) π = 15 3 2 Z ( \ displaystyle \ pi = ( \ frac ( 15 ( \ sqrt ( 3 ) ) ) ( 2Z ) ) ) Z = ∑ n = 0 ∞ ( 4 125 ) n ( 33 n + 4 ) ( 1 2 ) n ( 1 3 ) n ( 2 3 ) n ( n ! ) 3 ( \ displaystyle Z = \ sum _ ( n = 0 ) ^ ( \ infty ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( 4 ) ( 125 ) ) \ right ) ^ ( n ) ( \ frac ( ( 33n + 4 ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) _ ( n ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ) \ right ) _ ( n ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ) \ right ) _ ( n ) ) ( ( n ! ) ^ ( 3 ) ) ) ) π = 85 85 18 3 Z ( \ displaystyle \ pi = ( \ frac ( 85 ( \ sqrt ( 85 ) ) ) ( 18 ( \ sqrt ( 3 ) ) Z ) ) ) Z = ∑ n = 0 ∞ ( 4 85 ) n ( 133 n + 8 ) ( 1 2 ) n ( 1 6 ) n ( 5 6 ) n ( n ! ) 3 ( \ displaystyle Z = \ sum _ ( n = 0 ) ^ ( \ infty ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( 4 ) ( 85 ) ) \ right ) ^ ( n ) ( \ frac ( ( 133n + 8 ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) _ ( n ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 6 ) ) \ right ) _ ( n ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( 5 ) ( 6 ) ) \ right ) _ ( n ) ) ( ( n ! ) ^ ( 3 ) ) ) ) π = 5 5 2 3 Z ( \ displaystyle \ pi = ( \ frac ( 5 ( \ sqrt ( 5 ) ) ) ( 2 ( \ sqrt ( 3 ) ) Z ) ) ) Z = ∑ n = 0 ∞ ( 4 125 ) n ( 11 n + 1 ) ( 1 2 ) n ( 1 6 ) n ( 5 6 ) n ( n ! ) 3 ( \ displaystyle Z = \ sum _ ( n = 0 ) ^ ( \ infty ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( 4 ) ( 125 ) ) \ right ) ^ ( n ) ( \ frac ( ( 11n + 1 ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) _ ( n ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 6 ) ) \ right ) _ ( n ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( 5 ) ( 6 ) ) \ right ) _ ( n ) ) ( ( n ! ) ^ ( 3 ) ) ) ) π = 2 3 Z ( \ displaystyle \ pi = ( \ frac ( 2 ( \ sqrt ( 3 ) ) ) ( Z ) ) ) Z = ∑ n = 0 ∞ ( 8 n + 1 ) ( 1 2 ) n ( 1 4 ) n ( 3 4 ) n ( n ! ) 3 9 n ( \ displaystyle Z = \ sum _ ( n = 0 ) ^ ( \ infty ) ( \ frac ( ( 8n + 1 ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) _ ( n ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 4 ) ) \ right ) _ ( n ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ) \ right ) _ ( n ) ) ( ( n ! ) ^ ( 3 ) ( 9 ) ^ ( n ) ) ) ) π = 3 9 Z ( \ displaystyle \ pi = ( \ frac ( \ sqrt ( 3 ) ) ( 9Z ) ) ) Z = ∑ n = 0 ∞ ( 40 n + 3 ) ( 1 2 ) n ( 1 4 ) n ( 3 4 ) n ( n ! ) 3 49 2 n + 1 ( \ displaystyle Z = \ sum _ ( n = 0 ) ^ ( \ infty ) ( \ frac ( ( 40n + 3 ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) _ ( n ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 4 ) ) \ right ) _ ( n ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ) \ right ) _ ( n ) ) ( ( n ! ) ^ ( 3 ) ( 49 ) ^ ( 2n + 1 ) ) ) ) π = 2 11 11 Z ( \ displaystyle \ pi = ( \ frac ( 2 ( \ sqrt ( 11 ) ) ) ( 11Z ) ) ) Z = ∑ n = 0 ∞ ( 280 n + 19 ) ( 1 2 ) n ( 1 4 ) n ( 3 4 ) n ( n ! ) 3 99 2 n + 1 ( \ displaystyle Z = \ sum _ ( n = 0 ) ^ ( \ infty ) ( \ frac ( ( 280n + 19 ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) _ ( n ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 4 ) ) \ right ) _ ( n ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ) \ right ) _ ( n ) ) ( ( n ! ) ^ ( 3 ) ( 99 ) ^ ( 2n + 1 ) ) ) ) π = 2 4 Z ( \ displaystyle \ pi = ( \ frac ( \ sqrt ( 2 ) ) ( 4Z ) ) ) Z = ∑ n = 0 ∞ ( 10 n + 1 ) ( 1 2 ) n ( 1 4 ) n ( 3 4 ) n ( n ! ) 3 9 2 n + 1 ( \ displaystyle Z = \ sum _ ( n = 0 ) ^ ( \ infty ) ( \ frac ( ( 10n + 1 ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) _ ( n ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 4 ) ) \ right ) _ ( n ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ) \ right ) _ ( n ) ) ( ( n ! ) ^ ( 3 ) ( 9 ) ^ ( 2n + 1 ) ) ) ) π = 4 5 5 Z ( \ displaystyle \ pi = ( \ frac ( 4 ( \ sqrt ( 5 ) ) ) ( 5Z ) ) ) Z = ∑ n = 0 ∞ ( 644 n + 41 ) ( 1 2 ) n ( 1 4 ) n ( 3 4 ) n ( n ! ) 3 5 n 72 2 n + 1 ( \ displaystyle Z = \ sum _ ( n = 0 ) ^ ( \ infty ) ( \ frac ( ( 644n + 41 ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) _ ( n ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 4 ) ) \ right ) _ ( n ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ) \ right ) _ ( n ) ) ( ( n ! ) ^ ( 3 ) 5 ^ ( n ) ( 72 ) ^ ( 2n + 1 ) ) ) ) π = 4 3 3 Z ( \ displaystyle \ pi = ( \ frac ( 4 ( \ sqrt ( 3 ) ) ) ( 3Z ) ) ) Z = ∑ n = 0 ∞ ( − 1 ) n ( 28 n + 3 ) ( 1 2 ) n ( 1 4 ) n ( 3 4 ) n ( n ! ) 3 3 n 4 n + 1 ( \ displaystyle Z = \ sum _ ( n = 0 ) ^ ( \ infty ) ( \ frac ( ( - 1 ) ^ ( n ) ( 28n + 3 ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) _ ( n ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 4 ) ) \ right ) _ ( n ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ) \ right ) _ ( n ) ) ( ( n ! ) ^ ( 3 ) ( 3 ^ ( n ) ) ( 4 ) ^ ( n + 1 ) ) ) ) π = 4 Z ( \ displaystyle \ pi = ( \ frac ( 4 ) ( Z ) ) ) Z = ∑ n = 0 ∞ ( − 1 ) n ( 20 n + 3 ) ( 1 2 ) n ( 1 4 ) n ( 3 4 ) n ( n ! ) 3 2 2 n + 1 ( \ displaystyle Z = \ sum _ ( n = 0 ) ^ ( \ infty ) ( \ frac ( ( - 1 ) ^ ( n ) ( 20n + 3 ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) _ ( n ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 4 ) ) \ right ) _ ( n ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ) \ right ) _ ( n ) ) ( ( n ! ) ^ ( 3 ) ( 2 ) ^ ( 2n + 1 ) ) ) ) π = 72 Z ( \ displaystyle \ pi = ( \ frac ( 72 ) ( Z ) ) ) Z = ∑ n = 0 ∞ ( − 1 ) n ( 4 n ) ! ( 260 n + 23 ) ( n ! ) 4 4 4 n 18 2 n ( \ displaystyle Z = \ sum _ ( n = 0 ) ^ ( \ infty ) ( \ frac ( ( - 1 ) ^ ( n ) ( 4n ) ! ( 260n + 23 ) ) ( ( n ! ) ^ ( 4 ) 4 ^ ( 4n ) 18 ^ ( 2n ) ) ) ) π = 3528 Z ( \ displaystyle \ pi = ( \ frac ( 3528 ) ( Z ) ) ) Z = ∑ n = 0 ∞ ( − 1 ) n ( 4 n ) ! ( 21460 n + 1123 ) ( n ! ) 4 4 4 n 882 2 n ( \ displaystyle Z = \ sum _ ( n = 0 ) ^ ( \ infty ) ( \ frac ( ( - 1 ) ^ ( n ) ( 4n ) ! ( 21460n + 1123 ) ) ( ( n ! ) ^ ( 4 ) 4 ^ ( 4n ) 882 ^ ( 2n ) ) ) ) where ( x ) n ( \ displaystyle ( x ) _ ( n ) ) is the Pochhammer symbol for the rising factorial . See also Ramanujan -- Sato series . Infinite products ( edit ) π 4 = 3 4 ⋅ 5 4 ⋅ 7 8 ⋅ 11 12 ⋅ 13 12 ⋅ 17 16 ⋅ 19 20 ⋅ 23 24 ⋅ 29 28 ⋅ 31 32 ⋯ ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 4 ) ) = ( \ frac ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ) \ cdot ( \ frac ( 5 ) ( 4 ) ) \ cdot ( \ frac ( 7 ) ( 8 ) ) \ cdot ( \ frac ( 11 ) ( 12 ) ) \ cdot ( \ frac ( 13 ) ( 12 ) ) \ cdot ( \ frac ( 17 ) ( 16 ) ) \ cdot ( \ frac ( 19 ) ( 20 ) ) \ cdot ( \ frac ( 23 ) ( 24 ) ) \ cdot ( \ frac ( 29 ) ( 28 ) ) \ cdot ( \ frac ( 31 ) ( 32 ) ) \ cdots ) ( Euler ) where the numerators are the odd primes ; each denominator is the multiple of four nearest to the numerator . ∏ n = 1 ∞ 4 n 2 4 n 2 − 1 = 2 1 ⋅ 2 3 ⋅ 4 3 ⋅ 4 5 ⋅ 6 5 ⋅ 6 7 ⋅ 8 7 ⋅ 8 9 ⋯ = 4 3 ⋅ 16 15 ⋅ 36 35 ⋅ 64 63 ⋯ = π 2 ( \ displaystyle \ prod _ ( n = 1 ) ^ ( \ infty ) ( \ frac ( 4n ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 4n ^ ( 2 ) - 1 ) ) = ( \ frac ( 2 ) ( 1 ) ) \ cdot ( \ frac ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ) \ cdot ( \ frac ( 4 ) ( 3 ) ) \ cdot ( \ frac ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ) \ cdot ( \ frac ( 6 ) ( 5 ) ) \ cdot ( \ frac ( 6 ) ( 7 ) ) \ cdot ( \ frac ( 8 ) ( 7 ) ) \ cdot ( \ frac ( 8 ) ( 9 ) ) \ cdots = ( \ frac ( 4 ) ( 3 ) ) \ cdot ( \ frac ( 16 ) ( 15 ) ) \ cdot ( \ frac ( 36 ) ( 35 ) ) \ cdot ( \ frac ( 64 ) ( 63 ) ) \ cdots = ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 2 ) ) ) ( see also Wallis product ) Viète 's formula : 2 2 ⋅ 2 + 2 2 ⋅ 2 + 2 + 2 2 ⋅ ⋯ = 2 π ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ sqrt ( 2 ) ) ( 2 ) ) \ cdot ( \ frac ( \ sqrt ( 2 + ( \ sqrt ( 2 ) ) ) ) ( 2 ) ) \ cdot ( \ frac ( \ sqrt ( 2 + ( \ sqrt ( 2 + ( \ sqrt ( 2 ) ) ) ) ) ) ( 2 ) ) \ cdot \ cdots = ( \ frac ( 2 ) ( \ pi ) ) ) Continued fractions ( edit ) π = 3 + 1 2 6 + 3 2 6 + 5 2 6 + 7 2 6 + ⋱ ( \ displaystyle \ pi = ( 3 + ( \ cfrac ( 1 ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 6 + ( \ cfrac ( 3 ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 6 + ( \ cfrac ( 5 ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 6 + ( \ cfrac ( 7 ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 6 + \ ddots \ , ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) π = 4 1 + 1 2 3 + 2 2 5 + 3 2 7 + 4 2 9 + ⋱ ( \ displaystyle \ pi = ( \ cfrac ( 4 ) ( 1 + ( \ cfrac ( 1 ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 3 + ( \ cfrac ( 2 ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 5 + ( \ cfrac ( 3 ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 7 + ( \ cfrac ( 4 ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 9 + \ ddots ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) π = 4 1 + 1 2 2 + 3 2 2 + 5 2 2 + 7 2 2 + ⋱ ( \ displaystyle \ pi = ( \ cfrac ( 4 ) ( 1 + ( \ cfrac ( 1 ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 + ( \ cfrac ( 3 ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 + ( \ cfrac ( 5 ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 + ( \ cfrac ( 7 ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 + \ ddots ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 2 π = 6 + 2 2 12 + 6 2 12 + 10 2 12 + 14 2 12 + 18 2 12 + ⋱ ( \ displaystyle 2 \ pi = ( 6 + ( \ cfrac ( 2 ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 12 + ( \ cfrac ( 6 ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 12 + ( \ cfrac ( 10 ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 12 + ( \ cfrac ( 14 ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 12 + ( \ cfrac ( 18 ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 12 + \ ddots ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) For more on the third identity , see Euler 's continued fraction formula . ( See also Continued fraction and Generalized continued fraction . ) Miscellaneous ( edit ) n ! ∼ 2 π n ( n e ) n ( \ displaystyle n ! \ sim ( \ sqrt ( 2 \ pi n ) ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( n ) ( e ) ) \ right ) ^ ( n ) ) ( Stirling 's approximation ) e i π + 1 = 0 ( \ displaystyle e ^ ( i \ pi ) + 1 = 0 ) ( Euler 's identity ) ∑ k = 1 n φ ( k ) ∼ 3 n 2 π 2 ( \ displaystyle \ sum _ ( k = 1 ) ^ ( n ) \ varphi ( k ) \ sim ( \ frac ( 3n ^ ( 2 ) ) ( \ pi ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ( see Euler 's totient function ) ∑ k = 1 n φ ( k ) k ∼ 6 n π 2 ( \ displaystyle \ sum _ ( k = 1 ) ^ ( n ) ( \ frac ( \ varphi ( k ) ) ( k ) ) \ sim ( \ frac ( 6n ) ( \ pi ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ( see Euler 's totient function ) Γ ( 1 2 ) = π ( \ displaystyle \ Gamma \ left ( ( 1 \ over 2 ) \ right ) = ( \ sqrt ( \ pi ) ) ) ( see also Gamma function ) π = Γ ( 1 / 4 ) 4 / 3 agm ( 1 , 2 ) 2 / 3 2 ( \ displaystyle \ pi = ( \ frac ( \ Gamma \ left ( ( 1 / 4 ) \ right ) ^ ( 4 / 3 ) \ operatorname ( agm ) ( 1 , ( \ sqrt ( 2 ) ) ) ^ ( 2 / 3 ) ) ( 2 ) ) ) ( where agm is the arithmetic -- geometric mean ) lim n → ∞ 1 n 2 ∑ k = 1 n ( n mod k ) = 1 − π 2 12 ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( n \ rightarrow \ infty ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( n ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ sum _ ( k = 1 ) ^ ( n ) ( n \ ; ( \ bmod ( \ ; ) ) k ) = 1 - ( \ frac ( \ pi ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 12 ) ) ) ( where mod is the modulo function which gives the rest of a division this formula is getting better for higher n ) π = lim n → ∞ 4 n 2 ∑ k = 1 n n 2 − k 2 ( \ displaystyle \ pi = \ lim _ ( n \ rightarrow \ infty ) ( \ frac ( 4 ) ( n ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ sum _ ( k = 1 ) ^ ( n ) ( \ sqrt ( n ^ ( 2 ) - k ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ( Riemann sum to evaluate the area of the unit circle ) π = lim n → ∞ 2 4 n n ( 2 n n ) 2 ( \ displaystyle \ pi = \ lim _ ( n \ rightarrow \ infty ) ( \ frac ( 2 ^ ( 4n ) ) ( n ( 2n \ choose n ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ( by Stirling 's approximation ) See also ( edit ) List of topics related to π References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cetin Hakimoglu - Brown Derivation of Rapidly Converging Infinite Series Jump up ^ Weisstein , Eric W. `` Pi Formulas '' , MathWorld Jump up ^ Carl B. Boyer , A History of Mathematics , Chapter 21. , p. 488 - 489 Jump up ^ Simon Plouffe / David Bailey . `` The world of Pi '' . Pi314.net . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 29 . `` Collection of series for π '' . Numbers.computation.free.fr . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 29 . Further reading ( edit ) Peter Borwein , The Amazing Number Pi Kazuya Kato , Nobushige Kurokawa , Saito Takeshi : Number Theory 1 : Fermat 's Dream . American Mathematical Society , Providence 1993 , ISBN 0 - 8218 - 0863 - X . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= List_of_formulae_involving_π&oldid = 830246604 '' Categories : Pi Mathematics - related lists Pi algorithms Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català 日本 語 Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 March 2018 , at 17 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20formulae%20involving%20%25CF%2580
| 2,024 |
||
general council of the churches of god 7th day
|
Church of God ( Seventh - Day )
|
church of god ( seventh - day )
|
The Churches of God ( 7th Day ) movement is composed of a number of sabbath - keeping churches , among which the General Conference of the Church of God , or simply CoG7 , is the best - known organization . Like the Seventh Day Baptists and the Seventh - day Adventist Church , the Churches of God ( Seventh Day ) observe Sabbath , the seventh day of the week ( Saturday ) .
|
Gilbert Cranmer Contents ( hide ) 1 Church of God ( Seventh Day ) 2 The division of 1933 3 1940s reunification 4 `` Back to Salem '' movement of 1950 5 Membership 6 Doctrine and practices 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Church of God ( Seventh Day ) ( edit ) The Church of God ( Seventh Day ) represents a line of Sabbatarian Adventists that rejected the visions and teachings of Ellen G. White before the formation of the Seventh - day Adventist Church in 1863 . Robert Coulter , ex-president and official historian of the General Conference of the Church of God ( Seventh Day ) , in his book The Journey : A History of the Church of God ( Seventh Day ) ( 2014 ) credits Gilbert Cranmer ( 1814 -- 1903 ) of Michigan as being the founder of the church . Cranmer was a Christian Connection minister and a Biblical Unitarian . He was introduced to Sabbath keeping in 1852 by Joseph Bates , known as the founder and developer of Sabbatarian Adventism . In 1858 , five years before the founding of the Seventh - day Adventist Church , a group led by Cranmer separated from the Adventists who supported James Springer White and Ellen G. White . Another independent Sabbatarian Adventist body formed in Iowa in 1860 , and joined with the Church of God ( Seventh Day ) in 1863 . A publication called The Hope of Israel ( now The Bible Advocate ) was started in 1863 , and this publication extended the influence of the body into other areas . Through this publication , the doctrines of the second advent and seventh - day Sabbath were promoted , and other Christians were invited to gather for meetings . This extended the movement into Missouri , Nebraska and other places , and in 1884 the General Conference of the Church of God was organized . They incorporated in 1899 , and `` ( Seventh Day ) '' was added to the name in 1923 . Offices were established in Stanberry , Missouri . A.N. Dugger and C.O. Dodd ( 1935 ) wrote a book attempting to trace the Church 's history back to the Apostles through various medieval groups that they believed were Sabbath - keeping . In the case of some of these groups , such as the Waldensians and Paulicians , that claim is disputed . A well - publicized member of the church was evangelist Herbert W. Armstrong ( 1893 -- 1986 ) . In 1927 Armstrong was challenged by his wife , Loma , to find a Biblical justification for keeping Sunday as the Christian Sabbath day . Loma had come under the influence of Emma Runcorn , a member of the Seventh Day church in the Willamette Valley of Oregon . Runcorn and her husband Ora were lay leaders in the Oregon conference . Armstrong soon became a minister for that church and a writer for the Bible Advocate journal . Within a few years , Armstrong began teaching the British - Israel Theory -- the alternative history that regarded the nations of Western Europe and North America as the literal descendants of the `` Lost Ten Tribes '' of Israel -- and the mandatory keeping of the Feast Days in Leviticus 23 . Armstrong disassociated himself from the Church of God ( 7th Day ) - Salem Conference over these two issues , which were not original doctrines of the Churches of God ( 7th Day ) ; years later , Church of God ( 7th Day ) revoked his ministerial credentials with their Church , but by this time he was well - established in his own church , the Radio Church of God . The division of 1933 ( edit ) The following information concerning the division of 1933 is taken from an online history book , History of the Seventh Day Church of God , by Richard C. Nickels . The undivided conference named `` Church of God ( Seventh Day ) '' remained until 1933 . According to Church of God historian A.N. Dugger , this is how the division occurred : Church of God members across the United States simultaneously felt the need for a `` Bible Organization '' of the Church of God . The idea was also to move the world headquarters to Jerusalem . The time and place chosen to perform this work of `` reorganization '' was Salem , West Virginia , on November 4 , 1933 . More and more had been exerted by about half of the membership for more unity , when some on the other hand felt that they were denied freedom of expression . On the one side , Dugger and others held to `` reorganization '' of church government , clean meats , no tobacco , and Passover on Nisan 14 . On the other hand , Burt F. Marrs led a group of `` independents '' who were pro-pork and tobacco , and felt Passover should be on Nisan 15 . On November 4 , 1933 , in Salem , the Salem Conference headquarters were started . On November 6 , the Bible Advocate was printed at Salem , with the continuing volume number as the one still being published in Stanberry . Shortly thereafter , the number sequence was changed due to copyright laws . From 1933 to 1949 there were two separate Church of God organizations , one at Stanberry , Missouri , and the other at Salem , West Virginia . The headquarters in Salem still exists today and is still formally organized under the apostolic model ( twelve apostles , seventy elders and `` seven men to place over the business affairs of the church '' ) . The Salem Conference has members worldwide . Dugger was for a time part of the Salem Conference , but was never part of the Church Council of the Twelve as the Church was organized . 1940s reunification ( edit ) The following information concerning the reunification in the 1940s is taken from History of the Seventh Day Church of God by Richard C. Nickels . The first attempt for a merger between the Stanberry and Salem Conferences occurred in 1942 . A copyright lawsuit concerning the Bible Advocate magazine and the publication of the Bible Home Instructor hindered the merger . In 1947 , the Salem Council of Ministers asked Stanberry to appoint a committee to meet with their committee to discuss a new attempt for a merger . The two churches met at Fairview , Oklahoma , on February 12 -- 17 , 1948 . Because of the laws under which the Stanberry group was incorporated , the earliest possible time the union of the two groups could take place was August 1949 . The merger was voted on August 12 -- 20 , 1949 , and the first issue of the combined Bible Advocate came out on October 3 , 1949 . Charles Monroe , who wrote A Synoptic History of the Churches of God in the Latter Days , ( Facts of Our Faith , January , 1969 , pages 12 -- 25 ) related , `` the merger did not unite all of the Church of God . '' `` Back to Salem '' movement of 1950 ( edit ) The following information concerning the `` Back to Salem '' Movement of 1950 are taken from History of the Seventh Day Church of God by Richard C. Nickels . As early as 1949 , ministers F.L. Summers and his son - in - law Chris Royer went back to Salem and established a headquarters there . The `` Back to Salem '' movement broke into at least three factions : 1 . The original Salem people who stayed at Salem with it as headquarters ; 2 . Dugger and Severson , who went to Jerusalem ; and 3 . Olson and Groshans , who formed the Seventh Day Church of God in Caldwell , Idaho . The Salem Conference started to publishe a magazine , The Advocate of Truth , in February 1950 . Salem is purported to believe that the saints will be raptured to the sea of glass while the seven last plagues will be poured out . It differs with the Denver Group in the date for the annual Lord 's Supper , which they calculate according to the spring equinox . In September , 1952 , Dugger , after returning from an extended trip to Nigeria to visit Church of God groups , decided to move to Jerusalem to start The Mount Zion Reporter in 1953 . Possibly doctrinal issues led to Dugger 's exit to Israel . The 1948 / 49 Stanberry Merger of the Church of God ( Seventh Day ) , also known as the Denver Group , contains the largest number of Church of God people today , but it is not the only significant Church of God center . The Stanberry conference , with headquarters moved to Denver , Colorado , typically uses the name General Conference of the Church of God ( Seventh - Day ) , with `` Seventh '' spelled out and often with a hyphen . A number of Churches of God ( 7th Day ) are independent or affiliated with groups previously associated with the Jerusalem headquarters . These usually follow a set of 40 points of doctrine . Delivery of certificate as Religious Association to the Church of God ( Seventh Day ) in Mexico . Conference linked to the Denver Group ( CoG7 ) and part of the International Ministerial Congress . Membership ( edit ) As of 2010 , the Church of God ( Seventh Day ) has 233 congregations in the United States and Canada , with an estimated 14,000 members . As for the Denver Conference , the worldwide membership in its International Ministerial Congress is over 200,000 members , with affiliated ministries in more than 40 countries . Central offices for the North American conference are in Denver as of 2015 , with Elder Loren Stacy serving as its president . The Denver Conference is a member of the Bible Sabbath Association ( org. 1943 ) , an organization promoting `` fellowship and cooperation between Sabbath - keepers of various groups . '' Doctrine and practices ( edit ) This section mainly uses the General Conference of the Church of God ( Seventh Day ) ( Denver Conference ) Statement of Faith as a reference . Although the doctrinal beliefs among the different Churches of God ( 7th Day ) or ( Seventh Day ) are very similar , some major points of disagreement still remain , either concerning christological beliefs or church organization . Outlining some beliefs of the Churches of God ( 7th Day ) , the Statement of Faith of the General Conference of the Church of God ( Seventh Day ) - Denver Conference states the following : Christology has been a long debated issue in the Churches of God ( 7th Day ) . Cranmer , the founder of the Church of God ( Seventh Day ) , left the Methodist Church to join the Christian Connection `` over the doctrine of the Trinity '' . Cranmer was a Biblical Unitarian . He did not believe Jesus preexisted his birth and he `` believed the Father alone is God '' Today , according to the Denver Conference , God is revealed in Scripture as Father and Son . From eternity the Son existed with Father and shared His glory ( Section 2 ) . This christological belief is a departure from their long - held doctrinal beliefs in that regard . The Denver Conference , part of the greatest Church of God ( 7th Day ) movement , had an arian christology for much of the twentieth century , before leaving part of their heritage and reverting to a more classical view of Christ . NOTA BENE : The Salem Conference , the Churches previously affiliated or linked to the Jerusalem Conference and a number of independent Churches of God ( 7th Day ) still believe that Jesus Christ , as the Word of God , is a created being . Some independent churches or individuals retain a Biblical Unitarian christology . A position paper written by the Jerusalem Conference states the following : `` The Amen , the faithful and the true witness is no one else but Jesus Christ and speaking of himself he said , he is `` the beginning of the creation of God '' i.e. the very first manifested act of YHWH was the creation of his son Yehoshua ( Jesus ) . Do other scriptures support this ? Col 1 : 15 `` Who is the image of the invisible God , the firstborn of every creature '' . A creature is life which has been created , whether terrestrial or celestial : Colossians support Revelation , it says of Christ he is `` the firstborn of every creature : '' A recently published book by individuals related to the Churches of God ( 7th Day ) movement affirms that : There is a lot of confusion in Christendom concerning Yeshua the Messiah . Some believe Yeshua to be one and the same with the Father . Others believe in a triune God . To make Yeshua equal to God is actually the equivalent of breaking the first of the Ten Words , `` Thou shalt have no other gods before me '' ( Exod. 20 : 3 ) . According to the Denver Conference , salvation is by God 's grace , received by faith in Jesus Christ apart from good works , human merit , or ceremony ( Section 4 ) . Obedience to the moral law , while not a means to salvation , is encouraged as an important part of Christian living . Eating of unclean meats such as pork and shellfish is discouraged , as is the observance of Christmas and Easter , due to their pagan roots ( Section 10 ) . The Salem Conference and churches associated with the Jerusalem Conference strongly discourage the use of tobacco , alcohol and any other drugs as well . Furthermore , according to the Salem Conference , `` There are three basic precepts that we must follow in order to obtain salvation and receive the gift of eternal life '' : 1 ) To love the LORD your God ; 2 ) to accept Jesus Christ as your personal savior , repent of our sins , and become baptized in the name of the `` Lord Jesus Christ '' ; and 3 ) to continually strive for a better understanding of God 's truth . According to this same Conference , `` The key point here is that in order to be approved unto God , we must study his word . Our salvation depends upon it . '' . Mankind is mortal , and the soul is unconscious in death ( Section 3 ) . The wicked who reject Christ until the end will face the judgment of annihilation , not eternal torment in hellfire ( Section 12 ) . Two church ordinances are observed -- baptism by immersion and an annual Lord 's supper service ( with washing of feet ) , observed annually on the day of Jesus 's death , Nisan 14 ( Section 6 ) . On tithing , the Denver Conference differs from the Salem Conference and the churches associated with the Jerusalem headquarters . The Salem and Jerusalem Churches of God ( 7th Day ) still believe tithing to be an obligation for believers today . According to the Salem Conference : `` All members of God 's church are required to contribute a tenth part of their increase to the work of the church '' , a statement to which the Jerusalem Churches and other churches more or less related to that conference agree as stated in their 40 Points of Doctrine that reads : `` The paying of tithes on all increase is a continued obligation . This portion of our earnings belongs to יהוה , and should be placed in his work . Malachi 3 : 10 ; Matthew 23 : 23 '' . All three groups object to military service and participation in physical warfare . The Salem and Jerusalem Conferences have a stronger stance on the question , condemning participation in `` carnal warfare '' rather than simply discouraging it . A peculiarity , the Church of God ( 7th Day ) - Salem Conference is organized according to the `` apostolic model . '' They currently have twelve apostles , seventy prophets and seven stewards . This belief may be found on page 13 of their doctrinal statement of beliefs . An article for their FAQs section states : Jesus Christ is the head of the Church of God ( 7th Day ) . Jesus set the organization of the church to have twelve apostles who are responsible for governing the church and seventy ministers to help spread the gospel . Seven stewards were then choosen ( sic ) by the apostles to oversee the financial matters of the church . Members of the twelve and seventy are to be chosen by God through the casting of lots . '' Still another group , with headquarters located in Meridian , Idaho , object to the hierarchical form of church governance found in the Denver Conference and in the Salem Conference . This group , the General Council Churches Of God ( Seventh Day ) Inc. , favors a congregationalist polity for the Church . According to them : The Church of God ( 7th day ) is , historically , congregational in polity . We desire that our churches and their members continue to enjoy this blessed freedom of local autonomy . The Jerusalem Conference still believe that headcovering is mandatory for women in public worship . See also ( edit ) Adventist Millerites Sabbath in Christianity Sacred Name Movement References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Robert Coulter , `` The Journey : A History of the Church of God ( Seventh Day ) '' ( 2014 ) , p. 17 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 615 - 99123 - 8 Jump up ^ Robert Co ulter , `` The Journey : A History of the Church of God ( Seventh Day ) '' ( 2014 ) , p. 22 - 36 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 615 - 99123 - 8 ^ Jump up to : Robert Coulter , `` The Journey : A History of the Church of God ( Seventh Day ) '' ( 2014 ) p. 186 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 615 - 99123 - 8 Jump up ^ Robert Coulter , `` The Journey : A History of the Church of God ( Seventh Day ) '' ( 2014 ) , p. 52 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 615 - 99123 - 8 Jump up ^ A history of the True Religion Traced From 33 A.D. to Date , A. Dugger and C.O. Dodd , Bible Advocate 1935 Jump up ^ Giorgio Tourn You are my Witnesses : The Waldensians Across Eight Centuries . Torino , Italy : Claudiana Editrice , 1989 . ISBN 88 - 7016 - 089 - 0 Jump up ^ Frederick Cornwallis Conybeare `` Was the Sabbath observed in the early Armenian church ? '' p. clxii in The Key of Truth . A Manual of the Paulician Church of Armenia . Jump up ^ A Brief Biography of Herbert W. Armstrong ( 1892 - 1986 ) . ( online page ) ( biography ) , Giving & Sharing . ^ Jump up to : X . The Division of 1933 - Stanberry and Salem ( online page ) ( online history book ) , Giving & Sharing . Jump up ^ Church of God ( 7th Day ) - Salem Conference . Jump up ^ X . The Division of 1933 - Stanberry and Salem ( online page ) ( online book ) , Giving & Sharing . Jump up ^ XII . The Merger : 1948 - 1949 ( online page ) ( online history book ) , Giving & Sharing . Jump up ^ XIII . The Post Merger Period , 1949 to 1973 ( online page ) ( online history book ) , Giving & Sharing . ^ Jump up to : 40 Points of Doctrine ( article ) , Mount Zion Church of God ( 7th day ) Winnipeg . Jump up ^ Guerrero , Fidel ( 2005 ) . Historia de la Iglesia de Dios ( 7 ° día ) en México . Cuernavaca , México : Verdad Presente . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Data from the National Council of Churches ' Historic Archive CD and Yearbook of American & Canadian Churches Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Robert Coulter , `` The Journey : A History of the Church of God ( Seventh Day ) '' ( 2014 ) , p. 185 - 200 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 615 - 99123 - 8 Jump up ^ Robert Coulter , `` The Journey : A History of the Church of God ( Seventh Day ) '' ( 2014 ) , p. 25 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 615 - 99123 - 8 ^ Jump up to : Questions & Answers ( magazine ) ( article ) , Bible Advocate . Jump up ^ Doctrine of the Trinity ( PDF ) ( Bible study tract ) . Jump up ^ Who is Jesus Christ ? ( online document ) . Jump up ^ DOCTRINAL BELIEFS of the JOPLIN CHURCH OF GOD ( Seventh Day ) - Jesus , the Son of God ( online article ) . Jump up ^ Mount Zion Church of God ( 7th Day ) Winnipeg , About Us : A Brief History and Description of the Mount Zion Church of God ( 7th Day ) . ( online page ) ( online presentation page ) . Jump up ^ Yvinec - Dunlop , David and Jamie ; `` Church of God Study Guide '' ; Beth - El Publishing House ( 2016 ) , p. 45 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4834 - 5812 - 0 ( sc ) - ISBN 978 - 1 - 4834 - 5811 - 3 ( e ) . Yeshua , the Firstborn of a New Creation , retrieved 2017 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ What are the Church 's beliefs on alcohol and tobacco ? ( online study article ) . Jump up ^ What are the keys to receiving salvation ? ( online study essay ) . Jump up ^ What tithe are we commanded to give to the Lord ? ( online page ) ( online study article ) . Jump up ^ What are the Church 's beliefs regarding carnal warfare and military service ? ( online page ) ( online study article ) . Jump up ^ How should the Church of God be organized ? ( online page ) ( online study article ) . Jump up ^ A DECLARATION Of Things Most Commonly Believed Among Us - CHURCH OF GOD ( 7TH DAY ) Headquarters Meridian , Idaho ( online PDF ) ( online document ) . Jump up ^ Head Covering ( online doctrinal position paper ) . External links ( edit ) Church of God ( Seventh - Day ) Church of God 7th Day ( Jerusalem ) Church of God ( 7th Day ) General Council of the Churches of God , 7th Day Church of God ( Seventh - Day ) - UK Profile of the Church of God ( Seventh - Day ) on the Association of Religion Data Archives website Church of God ( Seventh - Day ) - Jamaica A history of the True Religion Traced From 33 A.D. to Date Various information , rare literature and grave sites of the Church of God pioneers and wives History of the Seventh Day Church of God by Richard C Nickels Meridian Church of God Seventh Day Church of God ( hide ) Sabbath - keeping churches Adventist Seventh - day Adventist Church General Conference of the Church of God ( Seventh - Day ) Seventh Day Adventist Reform Movement Shepherd 's Rod True and Free Seventh - day Adventists Adventist Church of Promise United Seventh - Day Brethren Adventist Worldwide Church of God offshoots Church of the Great God Living Church of God Philadelphia Church of God United Church of God Global Church of God Grace Communion International Church of God International ( USA ) Church of God , a Worldwide Association Restored Church of God Church of God Fellowship Non-Adventist Seventh Day Baptists True Jesus Church World Mission Society Church of God Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints ( Strangite ) Observe both Saturday and Sunday Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church Iglesia ni Cristo Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Church_of_God_(Seventh-Day)&oldid=833708017 '' Categories : Adventism Religious organizations established in 1884 Seventh - day denominations Christian denominations established in the 19th century Nontrinitarian denominations Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Magyar Polski Português Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 2 April 2018 , at 01 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church%20of%20God%20%28Seventh-Day%29
| 2,025 |
||
in korea what do you call someone older than you
|
Korean honorifics
|
korean honorifics
|
The Korean language reflects the important observance of a speaker or writer 's relationships with both the subject of the sentence and the audience . Korean grammar uses an extensive system of honorifics to reflect the speaker 's relationship to the subject of the sentence and speech levels to reflect the speaker 's relationship to the audience . Originally , the honorifics expressed the differences in social status between speakers . In contemporary Korean culture , honorifics are used to differentiate between formal and informal speech based on the level of familiarity between the speaker and the listener .
|
Contents ( hide ) 1 Honorific nouns 2 Honorific verbs 3 Honorific forms of address 3.1 - ssi 3.2 - nim 3.3 - ya / - a 3.4 Seonbae -- hubae 3.5 - gun / - yang 3.6 Less common forms of address 3.7 Relative honorifics 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading Honorific nouns ( edit ) When talking about someone superior in status , a speaker or writer must indicate the subject 's superiority by using special nouns or verb endings . Generally , someone is superior in status if he or she is an older relative , a stranger of roughly equal or greater age , an employer , a teacher , a customer , or the like . Someone is equal or inferior in status if he or she is a younger stranger , a student , an employee or the like . The use of wrong speech levels or diction is likely to be considered insulting , depending on the degree of difference between the used form and the expected form . One way of using honorifics is to use special `` honorific '' nouns in place of regular ones . A common example is using 진지 ( jinji ) instead of 밥 ( bap ) for `` food '' . Often , honorific nouns are used to refer to relatives . The honorific suffix - 님 ( - nim ) is affixed to many kinship terms to make them honorific . Thus , someone may address his own grandmother as 할머니 ( halmeoni ) but refer to someone else 's grandmother as 할머님 ( halmeonim ) . Base noun Honorific English translation 할아버지 ( harabeoji ) 할아버님 ( har - abeonim ) grandfather 할머니 ( halmeoni ) 할머님 ( halmeonim ) grandmother 아버지 ( abeoji ) 아버님 ( abeonim ) father 어머니 ( eomeoni ) 어머님 ( eomeonim ) mother 형 ( hyeong ) 형님 ( hyeongnim ) a male 's older brother 누나 ( nuna ) 누님 ( nunim ) a male 's older sister 오빠 ( oppa ) 오라버니 ( orabeoni ) a female 's older brother 언니 ( eonni ) a female 's older sister 아들 ( adeul ) 아드님 ( adeunim ) son 딸 ( ttal ) 따님 ( ttanim ) daughter Honorific verbs ( edit ) All verbs and adjectives can be converted into an honorific form by adding the infix - 시 - ( - si - ) or - 으시 - ( - eusi - ) after the stem and before the ending . Thus , 가다 ( gada , `` to go '' ) becomes 가시다 ( gasida ) . A few verbs have suppletive honorific forms : Base verb / adjective Regular honorific English translation 가다 ( gada ) 가시다 ( gasida ) `` to go '' 받다 ( batda ) 받으시 다 ( badeusida ) `` to receive '' 작다 ( jakda ) 작으시 다 ( jageusida ) `` ( to be ) small '' Base verb / adjective Suppletive honorific English translation 있다 ( itda ) 계시다 ( gyesida ) `` to be '' 마시다 ( masida ) 드시다 ( deusida ) `` to drink '' 먹다 ( meokda ) 드시다 ( deusida ) `` to eat '' 먹다 ( meokda ) 잡수 시다 ( japsusida ) `` to eat '' 자다 ( jada ) 주무 시다 ( jumusida ) `` to sleep '' 배고프다 ( baegopeuda ) 시장 하시다 ( sijanghasida ) `` to be hungry '' A few verbs have suppletive humble forms , used when the speaker is referring to him / herself in polite situations . These include 드리다 ( deurida ) and 올리다 ( ollida ) for 주다 ( juda , `` give '' ) . 드리다 ( deurida ) is substituted for 주다 ( juda ) when the latter is used as an auxiliary verb , while 올리다 ( ollida , literally `` raise up '' ) is used for 주다 ( juda ) in the sense of `` offer '' . Honorific forms of address ( edit ) Pronouns in Korean have their own set of polite equivalents ( e.g. , 저 ( jeo ) is the humble form of 나 ( na , `` I '' ) and 저희 ( jeohui ) is the humble form of 우리 ( uri , `` we '' ) ) . However , Korean language allows for coherent syntax without pronouns , effectively making Korean a so - called pro-drop language , thus Koreans usually avoid using the second - person singular pronoun , especially when using honorific forms . Third - Person Pronouns are occasionally avoided as well , mainly to maintain sense of politeness . Although honorific form of 너 ( neo , singular `` you '' ) is 당신 ( dangsin , literally , `` friend '' or `` dear '' ) , that term is used only as a form of address in a few specific social contexts , such as between two married couples or in an ironic sense between strangers . Other words are usually substituted where possible ( e.g. , the person 's name , a kinship term , a professional title , the plural 여러분 yeoreobun , or no word at all , relying on context to supply meaning instead ) . - Ssi ( edit ) - ssi ( 씨 ) is the most commonly used honorific used amongst people of approximately equal speech level . It is attached at the end of the full name , such as Ho Yonghwan - ssi , or simply after the first name , Yonghwan - ssi if the speaker is more familiar with someone . Appending - ssi to the surname , for instance Ho - ssi , can be quite rude , as it indicates the speaker considers himself to be of a higher social status than the person he is speaking to . - Nim ( edit ) - nim ( Hangul : 님 ) is the highest form of honorifics and above - ssi , but is still used as a commonplace honorific for guests , customers , clients , and unfamiliar individuals . - nim is also used towards someone who is revered and admired for having a significant amount of skill , intellect , knowledge , etc. and is used for people who are of a higher rank than oneself . Examples include family members ( eomeo - nim 어머님 & abeo - nim 아버님 ) , teachers ( seonsaeng - nim 선생님 ) , holy men ( e.g. pastors -- moksa - nim 목사님 ) , and the Christian God ( haneu - nim 하느님 / hana - nim 하나님 ) . - nim will follow addressees ' names on letters / emails and postal packages . - Ya / - a ( edit ) - ya or - a ( Hangul : 야 , 아 ) is a casual title used at the end of names . It is not gender exclusive . If a name ends in a consonant - a is used ( e.g. Gangcheol - a 강철 아 ) , while - ya is used if the name ends in a vowel ( e.g. Cheolsu - ya 철수 야 ) . - ya / - a is used only between close friends and people who are familiar with each other , and its use between strangers or distant acquaintances would be considered extremely rude . - ya / - a is only used hierarchically horizontally or downwards : an adult or parent may use it for young children , and those with equal social standing may use it with each other , but a young individual will not use - ya or - a towards one who is older than their self . Seonbae -- hubae ( edit ) Seonbae ( 선배 ) is used to address senior colleagues or mentor figures relating to oneself ( e.g. older students in school , older / more experienced athletes , mentors , senior colleagues in academia , business , work , etc . ) . As with English titles such as Doctor , Seonbae can be used either by itself or as a title . Hubae ( 후배 ) is used to refer to juniors . However , an individual is not addressed as such directly , as the term is mainly used in the third person . - Gun / - yang ( edit ) - gun ( 군 ) is used moderately in formal occasions ( such as weddings ) , for young , unmarried males . - gun is also used to address young boys by an adult . - yang ( 양 ) is the female equivalent of 군 and is used to address young girls . Both are used in a similar fashion to - ssi , succeeding either the whole name or the first name in solitude . Less common forms of address ( edit ) Gwiha ( 귀하 ) can be seen commonly in formal letters , often used by a company to a client . Gakha ( 각하 ) is used only in extremely formal occasions , usually when addressing Presidents or High Officials or Bishops and Archbishops . Somewhat avoided nowadays due to its connotations to Imperial Japan . Hapha ( 합하 ) was used to adress the father of the king who was not a king ( Daewongun ) , or the oldest son of the crown prince . Jeoha ( 저하 ) was only used when addressing the crown prince . Jeonha ( 전하 ) was only used when addressing Kings , now mostly used to address Cardinals . Pyeha ( 폐하 ) was used only when addressing Emperors . Seongha ( 성하 ) is used when addressing Popes , Patriarchates or the Dalai Lama . Is the equivalent of the English word `` His Holiness '' or `` His Beautitude '' . Nari ( 나리 ) or alternatively , naeuri ( 나으리 ) , was used by commoners in the Joseon Dynasty to refer to people of higher status but below daegam ( 대감 ) , English equivalent of `` His Excellency '' . The honorific is of native Korean origin . Relative honorifics ( edit ) When speaking to someone about another person , you must calculate the relative difference in position between the person you 're referring to and the person you are speaking to . This is known as apjonbeop 압존 법 or `` relative honorifics '' . For example , one must change the post positional particle and verb if the person you are speaking to is a higher position ( age , title , etc . ) than the person you are referring to . `` 부장님 , 이 과장님 께서는 지금 자리 에 안 계십니다 ( bujangnim , I gwajangnimkkeseoneun jigeum jarie an gyeshimnida ) '' This means , `` General Manager , Manager Lee is not at his desk now '' , with the bolded parts elevating the Manager higher than the General Manager , even though they both are in a higher position than you . The General Manager would be offended by the fact that you elevated the Manager above him . Most Koreans perfect this while working at their first company job as it is confusing even for them . See also ( edit ) Korean speech levels References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ri , Ui - do ( 리의도 ) ( 2005 ) . Proper Procedures for Korean Usage ( 올바른 우리말 사용법 , Olbareun urimal sayongbeop ) ( in Korean ) . Seoul : Yedam . p. 182 . ISBN 89 - 5913 - 118 - 0 . Jump up ^ http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=33802 Further reading ( edit ) Sohn , Ho - min ( 2006 ) . Korean Language in Culture and Society . University of Hawai'i Press : KLEAR Textbooks . hide Honorifics by language Canadian Chinese English French German Hokkien Indian Italian Japanese Korean Sinhala Slavic Tamil Thai Jump up ^ `` Korean Translation '' . Lingua Asia . Retrieved 2 May 2016 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Korean_honorifics&oldid=850156627 '' Categories : Honorifics by country Korean language Hidden categories : CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) Wikipedia articles needing rewrite from January 2015 All articles needing rewrite Wikipedia articles needing style editing from January 2015 All articles needing style editing Articles needing additional references from May 2008 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles containing Korean - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Қазақша Latviešu Magyar Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 14 July 2018 , at 00 : 48 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean%20honorifics
| 2,026 |
||
when does april come into grey's anatomy
|
April Kepner Grey 's Anatomy character The Season 9 Gallery Picture of Sarah Drew as Dr. April Kepner First appearance `` Invasion '' 6x05 , October 15 , 2009 ( as recurring cast ) `` With You I 'm Born Again '' 7x01 , September 23 , 2010 ( as main cast ) Created by Shonda Rhimes Portrayed by Sarah Drew Information Nickname ( s ) Virgin Mary Apes Shepherd 's flunkey Ducky Dud Keps The Machine Occupation Attending trauma surgeon Interim Chief of General Surgery ( former ) Title M.D. F.A.C.S. Family Joe Kepner ( Father ) Karen Kepner ( Mother ) Libby , Kimmie and Alice ( sisters ) Spouse ( s ) Jackson Avery ( divorced ) Significant other ( s ) Matthew Taylor ( ex-fiancé ) Children Samuel Norbert Avery ( son , with Jackson ; deceased ) Harriet Kepner - Avery ( daughter , with Jackson ) Religion Christianity
|
April Kepner
|
april kepner
|
April Kepner M.D. , is a fictional character from the television medical drama Grey 's Anatomy which airs on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) in the United States . The character was created by series producer Shonda Rhimes and is portrayed by actress Sarah Drew . She was introduced in the episode `` Invasion '' as a former surgical resident at Mercy West Hospital who joins the staff at Seattle Grace Mercy West after the two hospitals merge to compensate for the absence of some of the central cast members , and was created to be disliked by her colleagues . The character was originally set to appear in two episodes , Drew 's contract was extended to the remainder of the sixth season , with her becoming a series regular in the seventh season . The character 's focal storyline involved her struggle with fitting into the new work environment , her religious beliefs and balancing her duties as the hospital 's chief resident and her friendship with her colleagues and as of the end of season eight , her relationship with her best friend and now ex-husband Jackson Avery .
|
Although initially focusing on neurosurgery during her residency , Kepner finally settles on trauma surgery as a specialty . After failing her boards , Kepner departs upon her contract 's expiration , but returns as a surgical attending when Chief Hunt offers her job back . Characterizing the character , ABC noted her determination , thoroughness , and intelligence as her main traits , while her insecurity , over-eagerness and vulnerability were highlighted as her main weakness . The character received mixed reviews from critics . Contents ( hide ) 1 Storylines 2 Development 2.1 Casting and creation 2.2 Characterization 2.3 Relationships 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Storylines ( edit ) ( hide ) This section has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This section may be too long to read and navigate comfortably . Please consider splitting content into sub-articles , condensing it , or adding or removing subheadings . ( November 2014 ) This section describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( November 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) April Kepner was born in Columbus , Ohio on April 23 , 1982 . Her mother Karen is a teacher and her father Joe is a farmer . She is the second of four daughters ; her sisters are Libby , Kimmie , and Alice . Kepner is initially a surgical resident at Mercy West Hospital . She joins the staff at Seattle Grace Mercy West after the merger of the two hospitals , alongside Jackson Avery ( Jesse Williams ) , Reed Adamson ( Nora Zehetner ) , and Charles Percy ( Robert Baker ) . Kepner is first shown to possess a red diary , in which she writes all her feelings and thoughts which is stolen by Lexie Grey ( Chyler Leigh ) . Grey uses the personal information written in the notebook to unnerve and blackmail Kepner but later apologizes . After she made a mistake that led to a patient 's death , she is fired . However , Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) rehires her when he becomes the new Chief of Surgery . As she is not confident anymore , she spends her time doing errands for Shepherd and develops a crush on him , earning her the nickname `` Shepherd 's flunky '' . In the season six finale , she discovers the body of her best friend Reed Adamson , who has been shot . She later runs into the shooter , Gary Clark , who lets her go after she tells him about her life after remembering a technique she says she learned from Oprah . Following the shooting , Kepner and Avery move into Meredith Grey 's ( Ellen Pompeo ) house . Kepner reveals that she is a virgin because she is a Christian and made a promise to God to stay a virgin until she was married , she also states that she thinks men find her annoying after yelling at Alex , Meredith , Lexie and Jackson about secrets , she claims that the fact that she is a 28 year old virgin is not a drinks conversation . She shows potential as a trauma surgeon during a trauma drill . She develops feelings for Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) who almost makes her lose her virginity . When Avery , now her best friend finds out about this , he assaults Karev . Later , Kepner agrees to go on a date with Robert Stark , believing him to have a good side . Her fellow residents make fun of her which prompts her to break up with him . April also impresses Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) and she is ultimately granted the position of Chief Resident in the season seven finale . Kepner initially struggles with her new status as her fellow doctors do not listen to her and do not take her seriously . As the end of the fifth year of residency is near , the surgical residents , including Kepner , prepare for their boards exams for the different fellowships they plan on joining . The night before taking the exam , April loses her virginity to Avery . This causes her to re-evaluate her faith during her Boards Exams , making the examiners feel uncomfortable . It is revealed that she is the only one out of the residents to have failed her Boards Exams . She receives phone calls from other hospital retracting their offers of fellowships and is laid off from Seattle Grace . Although Avery has true feelings for her , she pushes him away because she believes that he feels guilty for having sex with her . As a celebration of the conclusion of their residencies , the former chief of surgery Richard Webber ( James Pickens , Jr . ) organizes his annual dinner for them . The eighth season ends with Kepner , Avery , Karev and Webber waiting for Meredith and Yang , who are victims of an aviation accident . Months later , Hunt goes to visit April , who had moved back to her parents ' farm in Moline , Ohio . In the wake of the tragic aviation accident , he offers her an attending position at the hospital . When she gets back to Seattle Grace , she resumes her sexual relationship with Avery , despite claiming she wants to re-virginise. April has a pregnancy scare and Jackson promises that he will be there every step of the way , even marry her , if she tests positive . When April finds out that she is not pregnant , she is overjoyed , but inadvertently hurts Jackson 's feelings by saying that they dodged a bullet , seemingly thrilled that they do n't have to get married anymore . Jackson breaks up with April . April suggests to Jackson that they each take a date to Bailey 's wedding in an attempt to move on . Jackson takes intern Stephanie ; the two bond and eventually have sex . When Jackson tells April that he is sleeping with somebody else , she is visibly crushed and tells him that they ca n't be friends again until she has gotten over him . In the next episode , a very attractive paramedic named Matthew ( Justin Bruening ) asks April out for coffee and they start seeing each other . Shortly afterwards she turns to Jackson for dating advice and it is hinted that Jackson is still in love with her when he shows signs of jealousy but Jackson overcomes his jealousy and they then re-establish their friendship . She confesses to Matthew that she is not a virgin anymore as she led him to believe and he breaks up with her because she lied to him . However , in the next episode , Matthew forgives April and they get back together . He asks her to marry him through a flash mob and she says yes . In the season 9 finale , April thinks she lost Jackson when a bus blew up and tells him she loves him , but he only has a few injuries . She remains engaged to Matthew while Jackson dates Stephanie . At the wedding , Jackson realizes he still loves April and stands up professing his love . Jackson and April are seen driving off together at the start of the following episode and later it is revealed that they have secretly eloped . At first April and Jackson do not tell their friends about their marriage , but later they do because of a new rule at the hospital . Catherine Avery is not at all happy about her son 's elopement with April , and the fact that there was n't a prenuptial agreement . They soon make up after April signs a postnuptial agreement . Jackson and April soon hit a rough patch when they realize that they have different views in the way their children should be raised religious . Not long after their fight , April realizes she is pregnant . April and Jackson 's baby is diagnosed during pregnancy with Osteogenesis Imperfecta type 2 , and learn that the baby will not survive long after birth . Jackson believes that termination is the best option , however April would rather give birth to the baby knowing it will not live very long . They scheduled an induction for the next day , at the beginning of the appointment they are asked to sign their baby 's death certificate , which is too hard for the couple to bear . April does n't sign the papers and returns to work the same day praying for a miracle , while at work she has a heart to heart with a lady who lost her fiancé the night before . They decide to give birth to the baby via induction at 24 weeks gestation having it baptized right then . She gave birth to Samuel Norbert Avery , and he died a few hours after birth . In the following weeks after Samuel 's death , April and Jackson find it hard to be around each other and be intimate with one another . After April tries to seduce Jackson in a supply closet , Jackson asks if she is sure she wants this so soon after the death of their son , leaving April to storm out in anger . In the series 11 finale April decides to join Owen Hunt for 3 months as a trauma surgeon with the army ; this not being well received by Jackson . But after April states she needs this in order to grieve Samuel - Jackson lets her leave . Over the following months April lengthens her stay in the army , this having a strain on her and Jackson 's marriage as Jackson can rarely get a hold of her or talk to her over the phone . On Christmas Day after already being away for some time , April announces to Jackson while on video chat that she is staying for a longer service period , Jackson becomes angry with April but the conversation is cut short by sounds of gunfire and explosions from April 's base camp , leaving her to terminate the call ; meanwhile Jackson is unsure whether his wife is hurt or if she is ever coming home . On Valentine 's Day April returns to the hospital surprising Jackson , and they embrace in the foyer . In Season 12 , April and Jackson go through divorce proceedings started by Jackson . The morning before they sign the divorce papers , April discovers that she is expecting a second baby . She does not inform Jackson , and he is told by Arizona Robbins , which leads to additional tension . After Catherine Avery convinces Jackson to fight for full custody of his unborn child , April takes out a restraining order against him . The Averys ' lawyer asks for all documentation of their marriage , when reading through their wedding vows , Jackson realizes that they should fix the situation for their child . He and April decide to raise their son or daughter together as friends . Complications arise when April 's water breaks and when rushed to the hospital , she appears to be in critical condition ; however she survives the delivery ( via c - section ) and she and Jackson are shown their new daughter . Development ( edit ) Casting and creation ( edit ) `` I think it 's a really fun character and , of course , getting to be on that show is wonderful and exciting for any actress in Hollywood . '' Drew on her role in Grey 's Anatomy . Drew was cast in late September 2009 and first appeared on the show in the fifth episode of the sixth season as one of the residents from the Mercy West Hospital after its merger with Seattle Grace . Drew was brought aboard Grey 's Anatomy after former collaborations with the Series ' producer and creator Shonda Rhimes ; she was formally featured as a guest in two episodes of Private Practice in 2008 and was one of the main cast in Rhimes television pilot Inside the Box ( 2009 ) which was eventually not picked up by ABC . Her casting came after the absence of some of the central cast members , notably Katherine Heigl departure after her maternity leave and Ellen Pompeo 's absence due to pregnancy . Drew was originally contracted to guest star in a multi-episodes story arc where her character would be eventually fired from the series after two episodes . She explained : `` I came on to the show and I was told from day one that I was only going to be there for two episodes . I did not expect anything beyond that . The morning my firing episode aired , my agent got a call that they were talking about a contract and I was just completely floored . '' However she was promoted to a series regular on June 9 , 2010 for the seventh season of the show . Rhimes said in the wake of the news : `` Kepner has really been folded into the group '' of Grey 's Anatomy adding `` It 'll depend on what the studio and the network decide to do with those actors , but I fully advocate to have ( the characters ) '' . Drew received the call for her promotion the morning after the sixth episode of season six was telecast on October 29 , 2009 . She described the call as a `` totally happy surprise '' . Characterization ( edit ) `` I love the idea that there 's this person that everybody kind of hates , yet they all have to deal with , ( and even ) lean on . She is one of them , even though they find her terribly annoying , and I think that that 's sort of charming . '' Drew 's character has been called intelligent , hardworking , thorough and determined by Grey 's Anatomy executives . But she is also considered vulnerable , insecure , sensitive and overly eager by her colleagues . Of the character , Drew said : `` April is a very , very good doctor . She really knows what she 's doing , she 's worked really hard , and she certainly wants to do her best and stick around . '' but also described her as `` annoying '' , `` neurotic '' and `` really insecure '' . In the eighth season , April 's position as chief resident and her struggle to get a handle on her fellow residents formed the central arc of her storyline . Rhimes explained : `` Watching April try to be in charge of Cristina and Alex and Jackson is a pretty impossible task , and it 's made for comedy , it 's one of the funniest things we 're working on this season . '' One of Kepner 's central characteristics is her religious belief , notably her chastity and her instance on saving herself for someone she truly loves . In an interview , Drew assessed that : There certainly has never been a 28 - year - old virgin on Grey 's . I do n't even think there 's been a 28 - year - old virgin on television . Unless it 's someone who is sort of a recluse . A normal , smart , doctor .... pretty , healthy ... that in and of itself is really fascinating , and really interesting , and totally different . It 's neat to see someone who is just totally clueless in that area . Everyone else ( On Grey ' Anatomy ) seems like they know exactly what they 're doing . April is totally , totally clueless . Shonda told one of the directors , there are virgins that have sort of done everything else . But not April . April 's really pretty much done nothing . She 's completely untouched . '' Relationships ( edit ) April and Jackson ( Jesse Williams ) 's sexual encounter makes her re-evaluate her faith and jeopardizes the course of her career . Kepner entertained several relationships throughout her time on Grey 's Anatomy . In her early appearances , she is introduced as the best friend and roommate of her fellow Mercy West resident , Reed Adamson . In the season six finale , when Reed is tragically murdered by Gary Clark during the shooting , April is the first to find her when she trips over her dead body . In season seven April forms a friendship with Meredith Grey and she eventually moves into her house . Ellen Pompeo offered regarding their bond : `` Meredith will accept April in order to get the audience to accept her , '' and Drew further explained : `` She 's being plugged into the community . Meredith has really taken her under her wing , is really looking out for her . Having Meredith come around to April helps the audience come around to April . '' She first develops a crush on Derek Shepherd in season six . Carina MacKenzie from The Los Angeles Times called it `` ridiculous '' and added : `` April is drooling all over Chief McDreamy . Vomit . ( ... ) She 's been reduced to a 12 - year - old with hearts in her eyes and a painful inability to be subtle . '' Drew herself was skeptical about it , saying : `` The biggest thing that people did not like about my character was they thought I was a threat for the Mer / Der relationship , which I kind of found was super ridiculous ( ... ) I never saw it as anything that would ever transpire into something that might threaten them . I only saw it as a really pathetic little crush . '' She briefly has feelings for Alex Karev who almost makes her lose her virginity when he tries to sleep with her in Something 's Gotta Give . Wetpaint commented that he made her feel `` worthless and unwanted when she was at her most vulnerable . '' Kepner also briefly dates Dr. Robert Stark , a senior pediatric surgical attending . After her fellow residents make fun of her , she breaks up with him , creating a coldness between them . However , it is Stark who recommends her as chief resident to Dr. Hunt . Drew stated : `` She sees a side to Dr. Stark that he does n't show to anyone else at the hospital , and she finds that part endearing ... I think they enjoy the companionship . '' In the end of season eight , Kepner embarks on a relationship with her best friend turned lover Jackson Avery ( Williams ) , who she loses her virginity to and that eventually leads her to reflect on her faith and fail her boards . Critics praised the chemistry between April and Jackon . Rhimes commented on the dynamic between the two in season nine and said : `` I think it 's going to be funny , sexy , and good . '' Reception ( edit ) Kepner 's crush on Shepherd in season six was disliked among television critics . The character received mixed reviews from critics and fans alike . Initially , Carina MacKenzie of the Los Angeles Times highly praised the characterization of Kepner . writing : `` One of my favorite Mercy Westers is intern April ( Sarah Drew ) . Her saccharine - sweet attitude and wide - eyed insincerity were hilarious , as was her super-mysterious hot pink notebook full of morale - boosting platitudes . '' However , she criticized the later development of her story , especially her crush on Derek Shepherd calling it `` vomit '' PopSugar noted similarities between Kepner and Lexie Grey , stating : `` Am I the only one who thinks the new doctor is kind of like Lexie 2.0 ? Their dynamic reminded me of when Lexie first started and tries really hard to make nice with Mere , but gets the cold shoulder in return . '' Mariella Mosthof from Wetpaint stated : `` Despite her obnoxious yet well - meaning tendencies , we briefly flirted with the idea of liking April 's character last season , and it looks like there 's plenty of opportunity for her to come back and charm us again yet again this time around . '' Reviewing the first part of the eight season , Courtney Morrison of TV Fanatic wrote : `` Although the girl has grown in terms of likeability , her downfalls still outweigh the positives . She does n't really bring too much to the table . She was n't the best choice for Chief Resident ; she does n't seem to be on the same level surgical wise and she has n't carried a story on her own that makes us care about her . '' Kepner was included in TV Guide 's list of The Most Loathed TV Characters , adding : `` The extremely neurotic April ( she makes Liz Lemon look laid back ) has slowly made strides with fans thanks to her personal setbacks -- she lost her treasured virginity to her best friend and failed her boards -- but she still has a long way to go . '' Entertainment Weekly also named her one of the `` 21 Most Annoying TV Characters Ever '' , commenting : `` April 's lightened up a little this season ( season 9 ) , but a few episodes of sympathetic behavior ca n't erase the painful memories of Seattle Grace - Mercy West 's most irritating doctor being . '' TV Fanatic included her in their list of Worst Character on TV . Christina Tran commented : `` Could she be any more annoying ? ! ? '' Drew stated that it was initially `` hard '' for her as an actress to play an unpopular character but deemed her `` interesting '' and when she was informed by the writers that her character would get Dr. Shepherd ( Dempsey ) shot in the season six finale , her reaction was : `` Oh , come on , guys , really ? They already hate my character , now they 're going to hate her even more ! '' Critics reception gradually changed positively . Entertainment Weekly noted : `` April was chirpy , irritating , and immature , and her crush on Derek did n't endear her to us either . But these days , we say hooray for April ; since Meredith declared that the two of them are pals , April 's become a lot more tolerable , instead of being Lexie 2.0 . '' Courtney Morrison of TVFanatic wrote : `` April has grown since her character was introduced . She 's no longer much less annoying than she used to be , and she 's honest . A girl with principles is a girl you want to do well . '' and described her and Avery as `` a couple for whom viewers can root '' . The Hollywood Reporter also remarked : `` It 's nice to see April with a bit of a backbone and putting Alex in his place as the newfound confidence suits her well . '' References ( edit ) Specific Jump up ^ `` Character Bios '' . American Broadcasting Company . Retrieved 2009 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Marsi , Steve ( October 21 , 2009 ) . `` Sarah Drew Previews Character , Grey 's Anatomy Role '' . TV Fanatic . SheKnows Entertainment . Retrieved October 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Marsi , Steve ( November 15 , 2010 ) . `` Sarah Drew Dishes on Dream Grey 's Anatomy Gig '' . TV Fanatic . SheKnows Entertainment . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Brian Tanen ( writer ) , Chandra Wilson ( director ) ( October 21 , 2010 ) . `` Almost Grown '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 7 . Episode 05 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Sarah Drew '' . Retrieved October 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Most Loathed TV Characters Pictures , April Photos '' . TV Guide . Retrieved September 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : MacKenzi , Carina ( October 16 , 2009 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Mercy West is in , Izzie Stevens is out '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Archived from the original on 18 October 2009 . Retrieved October 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Shonda Rhimes ( writer ) ; Rob Corn ( director ) ( May 20 , 2010 ) . `` Death and All His Friends '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 6 . Episode 24 . ABC . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' promotes Sarah Drew '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . June 9 , 2010 . Retrieved June 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 8 , 2010 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Exclusive : Jesse Williams Gets Full - Time Upgrade '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Samson , Janalen ( April 26 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Interview with Sarah Drew : April is ' Super Freaked - Out ' '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved September 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : Shonda Rhimes Talks Mer - Der 's Struggle , Cristina 's Pregnancy '' . Retrieved October 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` April Kapner Bio '' . American Broadcasting Company . Retrieved October 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Diaz , Glenn ( June 27 , 2010 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Sarah Drew Knows April is ' Annoying ' '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved October 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` What is in store for April this season '' . Wetpaint . The Cambio Network . August 31 , 2011 . Retrieved October 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Marsi , Steve ( July 29 , 2011 ) . `` Will Grey 's Anatomy Incorporate Sarah Drew 's Pregnancy ? '' . TV Fanatic . Retrieved October 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sarah Drew Exclusive : `` I had no idea ... '' `` . The Star Scoop . October 28 , 2010 . Retrieved October 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wightman , Catriona ( August 24 , 2010 ) . `` Pompeo : ' Grey 's Meredith , April will bond ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Clarendon , Dan ( November 12 , 2010 ) . `` Top 5 OMG Moments From Grey 's Anatomy Season 7 , Episode 8 : `` Something 's Gotta Give '' `` . Wetpaint . The Cambio Network . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` April and Stark ? ! Sarah Drew Speaks on Unexpected Grey 's Anatomy Romance '' . TV Fanatic . SheKnows Entertainment . March 1 , 2011 . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Highfill , Samantha ( October 1 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Spoiler : Will April and Jackson Get Together in Season 9 ? - Grey 's Anatomy '' . Wetpaint . The Cambio Network . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Morrison , Courtney ( October 21 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Round Table : `` Love the One You 're With '' `` . TV Fanatic . SheKnows Entertainment . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' boss Shonda Rhimes explains Eric Dane 's exit , teases unique season opener '' . EW.com . July 28 , 2012 . Retrieved October 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie , Carina ( April 30 , 2010 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : He 's a Sloan all right '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Rundown , `` Invasion '' `` . PopSugar . Sugar Inc . October 20 , 2009 . Retrieved July 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Morrison , Courtney ( November 18 , 2011 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Midseason Report Card : B + '' . TV Fanatic . Retrieved March 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 21 Most Annoying TV Characters Ever '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . April 1 , 2013 . Retrieved April 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Staff Round Table : Worst Character on TV '' . TV Fanatic . SheKnows Entertainment . May 3 , 2012 . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lyons , Margaret ( November 4 , 2010 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : 10 Reasons We Love It Again ! - Finally , April Is Less Annoying '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved October 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Morrison , Courtney ( October 18 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Review : Nothing Left To Squeeze '' . TV Fanatic . SheKnows Entertainment . Retrieved October 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( October 25 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Recap : Get Up , Stand Up '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved October 28 , 2012 . General `` April Kepner 's Character Journey '' . ABC . 2012 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Episode Recap Guide '' . ABC . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy portal Fictional characters portal April Kepner on IMDb April Kepner at ABC.com ( hide ) Grey 's Anatomy Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Characters ( cast members ) Meredith Grey Cristina Yang Izzie Stevens Alex Karev George O'Malley Miranda Bailey Richard Webber Derek Shepherd Preston Burke Addison Montgomery Mark Sloan Callie Torres Lexie Grey Erica Hahn Owen Hunt Sadie Harris Arizona Robbins Teddy Altman Jackson Avery April Kepner Amelia Shepherd Stephanie Edwards Maggie Pierce Other Awards and nominations Soundtrack Video game Private Practice A Corazón Abierto ( Mexican telenovela ) A Corazón Abierto ( Colombian telenovela ) Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=April_Kepner&oldid=804205965 '' Categories : Grey 's Anatomy characters Fictional surgeons Fictional characters introduced in 2009 Fictional characters from Ohio Fictional female doctors Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles that may be too long from November 2014 Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from November 2014 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017 , at 13 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April%20Kepner
| 2,027 |
|
who got ticket to finale in rising star season2
|
Order Contestant Song Votes Experts ' Choices hide Result Shankar Mahadevan Monali Thakur Diljit Dosanjh Vishnumaya Ramesh Hai Rama 85 % Advanced to Top 3 Zaid Ali Jag Ghoomeya 80 % Third Runner - Up Rohanpreet Singh Haule Haule 83 % Advanced to Top 3 Hemant Brijwasi Saanware 88 % Advanced to Top 3
|
Rising Star India ( season 2 )
|
rising star india ( season 2 )
|
Rising Star is the second Indian version of the international franchise series Rising Star , a reality television singing competition. This is first time when Rising Star does not come with any present sponsor . This season earlier had an age limit of 4 - 13 years but when singers more than 13 years of age came for audition , the channel decided to change the age limit to 4 years and above . It is based on the Israeli singing competition HaKokhav HaBa ( meaning The Next Star ) made by Keshet Broadcasting Ltd .
|
The program format lets the viewers vote for contestants live via the television channel 's mobile app . The show premiered on 20 January 2018 on Colors TV . This is the first reality television show in India which involves Live Audience Voting through Voot App . Popular playback singer and music director Shankar Mahadevan , playback singer and actor Monali Thakur and actor - singer Diljit Dosanjh return as the experts in the show . The show is hosted by TV Actor Ravi Dubey . The winner of Rising Star Season 2 is Hemant Brijwasi . Contents ( hide ) 1 Format 1.1 The Auditions 1.2 The Duels 2 Series details 2.1 The Live Auditions 2.2 Duels Ki Takkar 2.2. 1 Episode 7 : 10 February 2018 2.2. 2 Episode 8 : 11 February 2018 2.2. 3 Episode 9 : 17 February 2018 2.2. 4 Episode 10 : 18 February 2018 2.3 India 's Favourite 16 + Duets Challenge 2.4 Tribute to Sridevi 2.4. 1 Episode 12 : 3 March 2018 2.4. 2 Episode 13 : 4 March 2018 2.5 Hero No. 1 ( Ep14 ) & Salaam - E-Ishq ( Ep15 ) 2.5. 1 Episode 14 : 10 March 2018 2.5. 2 Episode 15 : 11 March 2018 2.6 Guru Sishya ( Ep16 ) & Bachpan Ke Suhane Din ( Ep17 ) 2.6. 1 Episode 16 : 17 March 2018 2.6. 2 Episode 17 : 18 March 2018 2.7 Rekha Special 2.7. 1 Episode 18 : 24 March 2018 2.7. 2 Episode 19 : 25 March 2018 2.8 Top 8 2.8. 1 Episode 20 : 31 March 2018 2.8. 2 Episode 21 : 1 April 2018 2.9 Ticket To Finale 2.9. 1 Episode 22 : 7 April 2018 2.9. 2 Episode 23 : 8 April 2018 2.9. 3 Face - off for the Ticket to Finale 2.10 Finale Week 2.10. 1 Episode 24 : 14 April 2018 2.11 Grand Finale 2.11. 1 Episode 25 : 15 April 2018 2.11. 2 Face - off 3 References Format ( edit ) In contrast to other singing competition TV shows which feature a cast of celebrity judges , Rising Star features a cast of celebrity experts and considers the viewers at home the judges . During each performance , the audience at home is able to decide in real time whether or not a contestant is sent through to the next round by using a mobile voting app . While the viewers at home are considered the `` judges '' , the expert panelists also may influence the vote but with continuously decreasing percentage votes over the total public vote and not exceeding 5 % of the total voting power . The auditions ( edit ) The first round where the acts are individually called to perform . As a reportage of the announced performer is shown , viewers are invited to register for voting for that specific act . Following a countdown of three seconds , the candidate has to start performing behind a screen called `` The Wall '' . With start of performance , the voting kicks in . Registered voters have the option of voting just `` Yes '' or `` No '' . Non-votes are also considered `` No '' votes . If an expert votes `` Yes '' , another 5 % is added to the tally of the contestant . The contestants also see random photos of voters in their favour . Faces of panelists voting `` Yes '' is also be shown in larger frames . Once the contestant reaches 80 % of `` Yes '' votes , the wall is raised and the contestant goes to the next round of the competition . The Duels ( edit ) Contestants who make it through the auditions are paired by the judges to face off in a duel . The first contestant sings with the wall up and sets the benchmark for the second contestant . The second contestant sings with the wall down . If the second contestant betters the first contestant 's vote total , the wall rises and the second contestant was through to the next round while the first contestant is eliminated ; if the second contestant fails to raise the wall , the second contestant is eliminated and the first contestant goes through . Series details ( edit ) The Live auditions ( edit ) The Live auditions began on 20 January 2018 and went on till 4 February 2018 . Episode Date Contestant Age ( in years ) From Song Votes Expert 's Choices hide Result Shankar Mahadevan Monali Thakur Diljit Dosanjh Jan 20 Rohanpreet Singh 23 Patiala Dil Diyan Gallan 95 % Advanced Mamta Raut 31 Ranchi Baghban 86 % Advanced Aman Biswal 12 Bhubaneshwar Om Namah Shivay + Albela Sajan 89 % Advanced Debanjali Chaterjee 29 Kolkata Har Kisi Ko 90 % Advanced Sriprasanna Pendyalaya 21 Visakhapatnam Sun Saathiya 94 % Advanced Friendship Band 24 - 27 Lucknow Mehbooba Mehbooba + ... 80 % Advanced Jan 21 Dr. Sudeep Ranjan 24 Boko , Assam Khamoshiyan 93 % Advanced Soham & Chaitanya 10 & 12 Alandi , Pune Dagabaaz Re 94 % Advanced Iswari Behera 21 Sambhalpur , Odisha Dua 77 % Eliminated Srushti & Varsha Barlemwar 23 & 48 Nagpur Saiyaan Dil Mein Aana Re 66 % Eliminated Ridham Kalyan 18 Amritsar Aaj Ibaadat 83 % Advanced Rajnigandha Shekhawat 43 Jaipur , Rajasthan Badrinath Ki Dulhania + Holiya Me Ude Re Gulal 74 % Eliminated Ashwin Prabhu 22 Bengaluru Tumse Milke Dil Ka Hai Jo Haal 89 % Advanced Afreen Group 18 - 24 Jalandar Naina Thag Lenge + Kajra Re 94 % Advanced Jan 27 Nigam Brothers 22 & 31 Lucknow Dil Se Re + Maa Tujhe Salaam 91 % Advanced Prakruthi Reddy 8 Bangalore , Karnataka Nagada Sang Dhol 67 % Eliminated Alankar Mahtolia 23 New Delhi Chunar 86 % Advanced Manganiyar Fusion 21 - 27 Jaisalmer , Rajasthan Saree Ke Fall Sa 90 % Advanced Raenit Singh 23 New Delhi Moh Moh Ke Dhaage 94 % Advanced Raman Kapoor 27 Gurugram , Haryana Rang De Basanti 80 % Advanced Mohd Rehan Quraishi 28 Lucknow Aas Paas Khuda 73 % Eliminated Jan 28 Sindhu Wadekar 60 Maharashtra Hansta Hua Noorani Chehra 95 % Advanced Akhtar Brothers 21 & 23 Punjab Sultan 93 % Advanced Shashank Sekhar 28 Bhubaneswar Teri Meri Kahaani 94 % Advanced Vishnumaya Ramesh 12 Kerala Jiya Jale 93 % Advanced Jyoti Sharma 18 Guwahati Parda Parda 66 % Eliminated The Harmony Chorus 10 - 16 Bengaluru Kal Ho Naa Ho + Choti Si Aasha + Taare Zameen Par 93 % Advanced Sakshi Ratti 21 Ludhiana , Punjab Kamli 66 % Eliminated Sagar Mhatre 20 Navi Mumbai , Maharashtra Dil Ki Tapish 94 % Advanced Feb 3 Zaid Ali 10 Muzaffarnagar , Uttar Pradesh Mere Rashke Qamar 91 % Advanced Vishal Srivastava 34 New Delhi Ab Tere Bin 63 % Eliminated Arya Nandini 17 Ambikapur , Chhattisgarh Ghoomar 91 % Advanced Jaya Piyush 40 Mumbai Hothon Mein Aisi Baat 92 % Advanced Anmol Jaswal 19 Jammu Sapnon Se Bhare Naina 76 % Eliminated Mehrnangori Rustam 23 Tajikistan Khatooba 74 % Eliminated Kumar Sahil 25 Kangra , Himachal Pradesh Ramta Jogi 78 % Eliminated Feb 4 Chetan Brijvasi 11 Mathura Haanikaarak Bapu 93 % Advanced Ajay Brijvasi 14 Mathura Dil Haara 94 % Advanced Hosiyaar Brijvasi 16 Mathura O saiyaan 94 % Advanced Hemant Brijvasi 20 Mathura Tashan Mein 94 % Advanced Akhil Pillai 27 Alpeyi , Kerala Bulleya 69 % Eliminated Supriya Joshi 34 Mumbai Gulaabo 88 % Advanced Archit Patidia 21 Ahmedabad , Gujarat Maduban Me Radhika Nache 94 % Advanced Duels Ki Takkar ( edit ) The top 31 scorers from the auditions moved on to the second round named ' Duels Ki Takkar ' which began on 10 February 2018 . The contestants who qualify from this round move on to the quarterfinals . Episode 7 : 10 February 2018 ( edit ) Guests : Manish Paul and Iulia Vântur Order Contestant Song Votes Experts ' Choices hide Result Shankar Mahadevan Monali Thakur Diljit Dosanjh Dr. Sudeep Ranjan Saawariya 63 % Advanced Ashwin Prabhu Ae Dil Hai Mushkil 50 % Eliminated Vishnumaya Ramesh Kehna Ki Kya 93 % Advanced Soham & Chaitanya Khaike Paan Banaraswala 89 % Eliminated Debanjali Chaterjee Jiya Re 68 % Eliminated Mamta Raut Saiyyan 85 % Advanced Rohanpreet Singh Aaj Din Chadheya 92 % Advanced Raenit Singh Janam Janam 90 % Eliminated Episode 8 : 11 February 2018 ( edit ) Guest : Sukhwinder Singh Order Contestant Song Votes Experts ' Choices hide Result Shankar Mahadevan Monali Thakur Diljit Dosanjh Afreen Group Chand Sifarish + Aaj Phir 90 % Advanced Ajay Brijvasi Lagan Lagi 88 % Eliminated Hosiyaar Brijvasi Darmiyaan 70 % Advanced Raman Kapoor Main Jahan Rahoon 48 % Eliminated Supriya Joshi Maahi Ve 60 % Eliminated Hemant Brijvasi Upar Khuda 94 % Advanced Zaid Ali Saiyyan 88 % Advanced Chetan Brijvasi Jee Karda 87 % Eliminated Episode 9 : 17 February 2018 ( edit ) Guest : Gurdas Mann Order Contestant Song Votes Experts ' Choices hide Result Shankar Mahadevan Monali Thakur Diljit Dosanjh Akhtar Brothers Chaiyya Chaiyya 92 % Advanced Nigam Brothers Khalbali + Pathaka Guddi + Nadan 83 % Eliminated Arya Nandini Barso Re 56 % Eliminated Alankar Mahtolia Abhi Mujh Mein Kahin 66 % Advanced Ridham Kalyan Ainvayi Ainvayi 90 % Advanced Sagar Mhatre Laaga Chunari Mein Daag 75 % Advanced Archit Patidia Bhor Bhaye 52 % Eliminated Episode 10 : 18 February 2018 ( edit ) Guest : Sonakshi Sinha & Raftaar Order Contestant Song Votes Experts ' Choices hide Result Shankar Mahadevan Monali Thakur Diljit Dosanjh rowspan = `` 2 '' % Advanced Manganiyar Fusion Sawar Loon + Tere Mast Mast ... 88.49 % Eliminated Sriprasanna Pendyalaya Ni Main Samajhh Gayi 72 % Eliminated Shashank Sekhar Muskurane 89 % Advanced Jaya Piyush Rangeela re 90 % Advanced Friendship Band Yamma Yamma + Shaan Se 49 % ... Eliminated Sindhu Wadekar O Mungada Mungada 77 % Eliminated Aman Biswal Bol Do Na Zara 87 % Advanced India 's favourite 16 + duets challenge ( edit ) The Top 16 contestants compete in this round . Eight teams of two perform in duets . The first team perform with the wall up and set the target percentage . The next teams perform with the wall down and attempt to beat the target score . The duo with the least score move to the Red Sofa ( unsafe zone ) . The team with the lowest score gets eliminated . Episode 11 : 24 February 2018 Guest : Richa Sharma Order Contestant Song Votes Experts ' Choices hide Result Shankar Mahadevan Monali Thakur Diljit Dosanjh Afreen Group Billo Rani + Humka Peeni Hain 89 % Advanced Mamta Raut Rohanpreet Singh Samjhawan 90 % Advanced Vishnumaya Ramesh Jaya Piyush Manwa Lage 88 % Advanced Shashank Sekhar Dr. Sudeep Ranjan Jai Ho + Roobaroo 86 % Advanced The Harmony Chorus 5 Zaid Ali Arziyan 92 % Advanced Hosiyaar Brijvasi 6 Akhtar Brothers Mast Kalandar 94 % Advanced Hemant Brijvasi 7 Alankar Mahtolia Dhan The Nan 54 % Eliminated Ridham Kalyan 8 Sagar Mhatre Tere Naina 88 % Advanced Aman Biswal Tribute to sridevi ( edit ) The Top 14 contestants compete in this round . As the round progresses , the contestant who receives less votes at that point of the competition moves to the Red Sofa . At the end of the episode , the contestant who sits on the Red Sofa gets eliminated . Episode 12 : 3 March 2018 ( edit ) Guest : Alka Yagnik Order Contestant Song Votes Experts ' Choices hide Result Shankar Mahadevan Monali Thakur Diljit Dosanjh The Harmony Chorus English Vinglish + Na Jaane + Navrai Majhi 87 % Advanced Mamta Raut Morni Baaga Ma Bole 84 % Advanced Rohanpreet Singh Aye Zindagi Gale Laga Le 90 % Advanced Jaya Piyush Mere Haathon Mein 65 % Advanced 5 Hosiyaar Brijvasi Lagi Aaj Sawan Ki 53 % Eliminated 6 Aman Biswal Surmayee Ankhyion Mein 91 % Advanced 7 Akhtar Brothers Mujhe Ek Pal Chain Na Aaye 90 % Advanced Episode 13 : 4 March 2018 ( edit ) Guest : Kavita Krishnamurthy Order Contestant Song Votes Experts ' Choices hide Result Shankar Mahadevan Monali Thakur Diljit Dosanjh Afreen Group Naino Mein + Main Teri Dushman 85 % Advanced Vishnumaya Ramesh Hawa Hawai 93 % Advanced Shashank Shekhar Neele Neele Ambar Par 88 % Advanced Zaid Ali Tu Mujhe Kabool 90 % Advanced 5 Sagar Mhatre Kabhi Main Kahoon Kabhi Tu 51 % Eliminated 6 Hemant Brijvasi Meri Zindagi Ek Pyaas 93 % Advanced 7 Dr. Sudeep Ranjan Kate Nahin Kat Te 78 % Advanced Hero No 1 ( ep14 ) & salaam - e-ishq ( ep15 ) ( edit ) The Top 12 contestants compete in this round . As the round progresses , the contestant who receives less votes at that point of the competition moves to the Red Sofa . At the end of the episode , the contestant who sits on the Red Sofa gets eliminated . Episode 14 : 10 March 2018 ( edit ) Guest : Govinda Order Contestant Song Votes Experts ' Choices hide Result Shankar Mahadevan Monali Thakur Diljit Dosanjh Shashank Shekhar Main Toh Raste Se Ha Raha Tha 85 % Advanced Mamta Raut Prem Jaal 88 % Advanced Vishnumaya Ramesh Sona Kitna Sona Hai 88 % Advanced Afreen Group UP Wala Thumka + Suno Sasur Ji 87 % Advanced 5 Hemant Brijvasi Kaha Raja Bhoj Kaha Gangu Teli 93 % Advanced 6 Aman Biswal Kisi Disco Mein Jaaye 83 % Eliminated Episode 15 : 11 March 2018 ( edit ) Guest : Tiger Shroff and Disha Patani Order Contestant Song Votes Experts ' Choices hide Result Shankar Mahadevan Monali Thakur Diljit Dosanjh Rohanpreet Singh Channa Mereya 92 % Advanced Jaya Piyush O Mere Sona Re Sona Re 84 % Advanced Akhtar Brothers Mera Yaar 90 % Advanced Zaid Ali Main Nikla Gaddi Leke 94 % Advanced 5 The Harmony Chorus Mere Mehboob + Maahi Ve + Mehndi 83 % Advanced 6 Dr. Sudeep Ranjan I Love You 54 % Eliminated Guru sishya ( ep16 ) & bachpan ke suhane din ( ep17 ) ( edit ) Wild Card Twist : Some of the eliminated contestants were brought back for another chance . Raenit Singh , Aman Biswal & Chetan Brijvasi . The Top 12 contestants compete in this round . As the round progresses , the contestant who receives less votes at that point of the competition moves to the Red Sofa . At the end of the episode , the contestant who sits on the Red Sofa gets eliminated . Episode 16 : 17 March 2018 ( edit ) Guest : Rani Mukerji WILD CARD Order Contestant Song Votes Experts ' Choices hide Result Shankar Mahadevan Monali Thakur Diljit Dosanjh Chetan Brijvasi Baawre 83 % Won Re-entry Raenit Singh Kurbaan Hua 84 % Won Re-entry Aman Biswal Bijuria 79 % Could n't make a come - back Top 12 Order Contestant Song Votes Experts ' Choices hide Result Shankar Mahadevan Monali Thakur Diljit Dosanjh Mamta Raut Aga Bai 86.96 % Advanced The Harmony Chorus O Humdum Sonio Re + Dhakka Laga Mukka 86.86 % Advanced Vishnumaya Ramesh Chupske Se 91 % Advanced Jaya Piyush Hum Tum 75 % Eliminated 5 Akhtar Brothers Jiya Lage Na 91 % Advanced Episode 17 : 18 March 2018 ( edit ) Guest : Shaan & Manish Paul Order Contestant Song Votes Experts ' Choices hide Result Shankar Mahadevan Monali Thakur Diljit Dosanjh Zaid Ali Piya Haji Ali 93 % Advanced Rohanpreet Singh Layi Vi Na Gayi 90 % Advanced Shashank Shekhar Hamari Adhuri Kahani 65 % Eliminated Chetan Brijvasi Dus Bahane 83 % Advanced 5 Raenit Singh Jab Se Tere Naina 74 % Advanced 6 Afreen Group Tharki Chokro 88 % Advanced 7 Hemant Brijvasi Slow Motion Angreza 94 % Advanced Rekha special ( edit ) The Top 10 contestants compete in this round . As the round progresses , the contestant who receives less votes at that point of the competition moves to the Red Sofa . At the end of the episode , the contestant who sits on the Red Sofa gets eliminated . Episode 18 : 24 March 2018 ( edit ) Guest : Rekha Order Contestant Song Votes Experts ' Choices hide Result Shankar Mahadevan Monali Thakur Diljit Dosanjh Vishnumaya Ramesh Dil Cheez Kya Hai 91 % Advanced Rohanpreet Singh Rafta Rafta 88.95 % Advanced Zaid Ali Agar Tum Na Hote 88.78 % Advanced Mamta Raut Ho Pardesia 75 % Eliminated 5 The Harmony Chorus Kaisi Paheli Zindagani 83 % Advanced Episode 19 : 25 March 2018 ( edit ) Guest : Season One Contestants Order Contestant Season 1 Contestant Song Votes Experts ' Choices hide Result Shankar Mahadevan Monali Thakur Diljit Dosanjh Akhtar Brothers Diljot Qawwali Group ( 8th Place ) Aaya Tere Dar Par Deewana 90 % Advanced Chetan Brijvasi Bannet Dosanjh ( Winner ) Dard - e-Disco & Swag Se Swagat 88 % Advanced Hemant Brijvasi Maithili Thakur ( Runner - up ) Mere Dholna 93 % Advanced Raenit Singh Ameya Date ( 6th Place ) Zaalima 83 % Eliminated 5 Afreen Group Afsana Khan ( 7th Place ) Ghagra & Kajra Mohabbat Wala 86 % Advanced Top 8 ( edit ) The Top 8 contestants compete in this round . As the round progresses , the contestant who receives less votes at that point of the competition moves to the Red Sofa . At the end of the episode , the contestant who sits on the Red Sofa gets eliminated . Episode 20 : 31 March 2018 ( edit ) Guest : Udit Narayan Order Contestant Song Votes Experts ' Choices hide Result Shankar Mahadevan Monali Thakur Diljit Dosanjh Rohanpreet Singh Pehla Nasha 90 % Advanced The Harmony Chorus Gun Gun Guna + Ghanan Ghanan 75 % Eliminated Chetan Brijvasi Tatad Tatad 83 % Advanced Vishnumaya Ramesh Kuhu Kuhu Bole Koyalia 88 % Advanced 5 Akhtar Brothers Kawa Kawa 87 % Advanced 6 Zaid Ali Laal Ishq 89 % Advanced 7 Hemant Brijvasi Satrangi Re 92 % Advanced 8 Afreen Group Tu Cheej Badi Hai + Koi Jaane Koi Na Jaane 80 % Advanced Episode 21 : 1 April 2018 ( edit ) Order Contestant Song Votes Experts ' Choices hide Result Shankar Mahadevan Monali Thakur Diljit Dosanjh Vishnumaya Ramesh Bhare Naina 90 % Advanced Chetan Brijwasi Malhari 58 % Advanced Rohanpreet Singh Bol Na Halke Halke 92 % Advanced Zaid Ali Maula Mere Lele Meri Jaan 91 % Advanced 5 Hemant Brijwasi Rut Aa Gayi Re 89 % Advanced 6 Akhtar Brothers Deva Shree Ganesha 88 % Advanced 7 Afreen Group Afreen Afreen 53 % Eliminated Ticket to Finale ( edit ) The contestants compete to earn a direct entry to the finale week . In each episode , the contestant sitting on Golden Sofa ( the contestant with the highest score ) will move on to compete for the Ticket To Finale . Episode 22 : 7 April 2018 ( edit ) Order Contestant Song Votes Experts ' Choices hide Result Shankar Mahadevan Monali Thakur Diljit Dosanjh Akhtar Brothers Shah Ka Rutba 80 % Beaten by Vishnumaya Chetan Brijwasi Suno Na Sangemarmar 71 % Could n't beat the score of 80 % Vishnumaya Ramesh Mohe Rang Do Laal 86.04 % Beated by Zaid Ali Zaid Ali O Re Piya 86.50 % Beaten by Hemant 5 Rohanpreet Singh Aaoge Jab Tum 84 % Could n't beat the score of 86 % 6 Hemant Brijwasi Bheegi Bheegi 88 % Advanced to compete for the Ticket To Finale Episode 23 : 8 April 2018 ( edit ) Order Contestant Song Votes Experts ' Choices hide Result Shankar Mahadevan Monali Thakur Diljit Dosanjh Chetan Brijwasi Manma emotion + Aashiq surrender 75 % Beaten by Zaid Ali Zaid Ali Surili Ankhyion Wale 88.2 % Beated by Vishnumaya Ramesh Rohanpreet Singh Jeena Jeena 84 % Could n't beat the score of 88 % Vishnumaya Ramesh Satyam Shivam Sundaram 88.51 % Advanced to compete for the Ticket To Finale 5 Akhtar Brothers Jugni 84 % Could n't beat the score of 88 % Face - off for the Ticket to Finale ( edit ) The two top scorers of Saturday and Sunday episode participate in a face - off round . Order Contestant Song Votes Experts ' Choices hide Result Shankar Mahadevan Monali Thakur Diljit Dosanjh Vishnumaya Ramesh Sun Raha Hai Na Tu 74 % Could n't win the ticket to finale Hemant Brijwasi Piya Re 89 % Won Ticket To Finale Finale week ( edit ) Episode 24 : 14 April 2018 ( edit ) Guest : Alia Bhatt The Top 5 contestants except for Ticket to Finale winner Hemant Brijwasi were divided into two batches . Batch A - Zaid Ali , Chetan Brijwasi & Vishnumaya Ramesh and Batch B - Akhtar Brothers & Rohanpreet Singh . The contestant with the lowest score in each batch will be eliminated , making the Top 4 . Batch Order Contestant Song Votes Experts ' Choices hide Result Shankar Mahadevan Monali Thakur Diljit Dosanjh Zaid Ali Teri Deewani 88 % Advanced to Top 4 Chetan Brijwasi Afghan Jalebi 63 % Eliminated Vishnumaya Ramesh Bairi Piya 88 % Advanced to Top 4 Rohanpreet Singh Tum Hi Ho 89 % Advanced to Top 4 5 Akhtar Brothers Barson Yaaron 79 % Eliminated Grand Finale ( edit ) Episode 25 : 15 April 2018 ( edit ) The Top 4 finalists compete in the first round . The Top 3 contestants proceed to the Face - off round . Order Contestant Song Votes Experts ' Choices hide Result Shankar Mahadevan Monali Thakur Diljit Dosanjh Vishnumaya Ramesh Hai Rama 85 % Advanced to Top 3 Zaid Ali Jag Ghoomeya 80 % Third Runner - Up Rohanpreet Singh Haule Haule 83 % Advanced to Top 3 Hemant Brijwasi Saanware 88 % Advanced to Top 3 Face - off ( edit ) The Top 3 scorers of the episode participate in a face - off round . In this round , the experts have no voting power and the votes accumulated are only from the audience . Order Contestant Song Votes hide Result Hemant Brijwasi Alvida 86 % Winner Rohanpreet Singh Khuda Jaane 78.39 % Runner Up Vishnumaya Ramesh Silsila Ye Chaahat Ka 78.1 % Second Runner Up References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ABC 's ' Rising Star ' Judges Explain Why This Singing Competition Will Be Different '' . The Wrap . Retrieved June 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ABC 's ' Rising Star ' Trailer : You 're the Judge of the New Singing Competition '' . Variety . Retrieved June 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Rising Star ' trailer : Ludacris is tired of waiting for results '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 10 , 2014 . ( hide ) Rising Star Seasons Winners Bannet Dosanjh Hemant Brijwasi Runners - up Maithili Thakur Related articles Rising Star Keshet Media Group Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rising_Star_India_(season_2)&oldid=839101315 '' Categories : 2018 Indian television seasons Indian reality television series Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2018 All articles needing additional references Use Indian English from October 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from October 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 May 2018 , at 07 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rising%20Star%20India%20%28season%202%29
| 2,028 |
|
besides arthropods what other major groups make up the invertebrates
|
Arthropod
|
arthropod
|
Condylipoda Latreille , 1802
|
An arthropod ( from Greek ἄρθρον arthron , `` joint '' and πούς pous , `` foot '' ) is an invertebrate animal having an exoskeleton ( external skeleton ) , a segmented body , and paired jointed appendages . Arthropods form the phylum Arthropoda , which includes insects , arachnids , myriapods , and crustaceans . Arthropods are characterized by their jointed limbs and cuticle made of chitin , often mineralised with calcium carbonate . The arthropod body plan consists of segments , each with a pair of appendages . The rigid cuticle inhibits growth , so arthropods replace it periodically by moulting . Their versatility has enabled them to become the most species - rich members of all ecological guilds in most environments . They have over a million described species , making up more than 80 % of all described living animal species , some of which , unlike most animals , are very successful in dry environments . Arthropods range in size from the microscopic crustacean Stygotantulus up to the Japanese spider crab . Arthropods ' primary internal cavity is a hemocoel , which accommodates their internal organs , and through which their haemolymph -- analogue of blood -- circulates ; they have open circulatory systems . Like their exteriors , the internal organs of arthropods are generally built of repeated segments . Their nervous system is `` ladder - like '' , with paired ventral nerve cords running through all segments and forming paired ganglia in each segment . Their heads are formed by fusion of varying numbers of segments , and their brains are formed by fusion of the ganglia of these segments and encircle the esophagus . The respiratory and excretory systems of arthropods vary , depending as much on their environment as on the subphylum to which they belong . Their vision relies on various combinations of compound eyes and pigment - pit ocelli : in most species the ocelli can only detect the direction from which light is coming , and the compound eyes are the main source of information , but the main eyes of spiders are ocelli that can form images and , in a few cases , can swivel to track prey . Arthropods also have a wide range of chemical and mechanical sensors , mostly based on modifications of the many setae ( bristles ) that project through their cuticles . Arthropods ' methods of reproduction and development are diverse ; all terrestrial species use internal fertilization , but this is often by indirect transfer of the sperm via an appendage or the ground , rather than by direct injection . Aquatic species use either internal or external fertilization . Almost all arthropods lay eggs , but scorpions give birth to live young after the eggs have hatched inside the mother . Arthropod hatchlings vary from miniature adults to grubs and caterpillars that lack jointed limbs and eventually undergo a total metamorphosis to produce the adult form . The level of maternal care for hatchlings varies from nonexistent to the prolonged care provided by scorpions . The evolutionary ancestry of arthropods dates back to the Cambrian period . The group is generally regarded as monophyletic , and many analyses support the placement of arthropods with cycloneuralians ( or their constituent clades ) in a superphylum Ecdysozoa . Overall , however , the basal relationships of Metazoa are not yet well resolved . Likewise , the relationships between various arthropod groups are still actively debated . Arthropods contribute to the human food supply both directly as food , and more importantly indirectly as pollinators of crops . Some species are known to spread severe disease to humans , livestock , and crops . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Description 2.1 Diversity 2.2 Segmentation 2.3 Exoskeleton 2.4 Moulting 2.5 Internal organs 2.6 Senses 2.6. 1 Optical 2.6. 2 Olfaction 3 Reproduction and development 4 Evolution 4.1 Last common ancestor 4.2 Fossil record 4.3 Evolutionary family tree 5 Classification 6 Interaction with humans 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 9.1 Bibliography 10 External links Etymology ( edit ) The word arthropod comes from the Greek ἄρθρον árthron , `` joint '' , and πούς pous ( gen . podos ) , i.e. `` foot '' or `` leg '' , which together mean `` jointed leg '' . Description ( edit ) Arthropods are invertebrates with segmented bodies and jointed limbs . The exoskeleton or cuticles consists of chitin , a polymer of glucosamine . The cuticle of many crustaceans , beetle mites , and millipedes ( except for bristly millipedes ) is also biomineralized with calcium carbonate . Diversity ( edit ) Estimates of the number of arthropod species vary between 1,170,000 and 5 to 10 million and account for over 80 % of all known living animal species . The number of species remains difficult to determine . This is due to the census modeling assumptions projected onto other regions in order to scale up from counts at specific locations applied to the whole world . A study in 1992 estimated that there were 500,000 species of animals and plants in Costa Rica alone , of which 365,000 were arthropods . They are important members of marine , freshwater , land and air ecosystems , and are one of only two major animal groups that have adapted to life in dry environments ; the other is amniotes , whose living members are reptiles , birds and mammals . One arthropod sub-group , insects , is the most species - rich member of all ecological guilds in land and freshwater environments . The lightest insects weigh less than 25 micrograms ( millionths of a gram ) , while the heaviest weigh over 70 grams ( 2.5 oz ) . Some living crustaceans are much larger ; for example , the legs of the Japanese spider crab may span up to 4 metres ( 13 ft ) , with the heaviest of all living arthropods being the American lobster , topping out at over 20 kg ( 44 lbs ) . Segmentation ( edit ) Head _______________________ Thorax _______________________ Abdomen _______________________ Segments and tagmata of an arthropod = Body = Coxa ( base ) = Gill branch / / = Gill filaments = Leg branch Structure of a biramous appendage The embryos of all arthropods are segmented , built from a series of repeated modules . The last common ancestor of living arthropods probably consisted of a series of undifferentiated segments , each with a pair of appendages that functioned as limbs . However , all known living and fossil arthropods have grouped segments into tagmata in which segments and their limbs are specialized in various ways ; The three - part appearance of many insect bodies and the two - part appearance of spiders is a result of this grouping ; in fact there are no external signs of segmentation in mites . Arthropods also have two body elements that are not part of this serially repeated pattern of segments , an acron at the front , ahead of the mouth , and a telson at the rear , behind the anus . The eyes are mounted on the acron . Originally it seems that each appendage bearing segment had two separate pairs of appendages ; and upper and a lower pair . These would later fuse into a single pair of biramous appendages , with the upper branch acting as a gill while the lower branch was used for locomotion . In some segments of all known arthropods the appendages have been modified , for example to form gills , mouth - parts , antennae for collecting information , or claws for grasping ; arthropods are `` like Swiss Army knives , each equipped with a unique set of specialized tools . '' In many arthropods , appendages have vanished from some regions of the body ; it is particularly common for abdominal appendages to have disappeared or be highly modified . Trilobitomorpha Chelicerata x Ci Crustacea Mnd Mx Mx Tracheata x Mnd Mx Mx = acron = segments included in head = body segments x = lost during development = eyes = nephridia O = nephridia lost during development A = Antenna L = Leg C = Chelicera P = Pedipalp Ci = Chilarium Mnd = Mandible Mx = Maxilla The arthropod head problem The most conspicuous specialization of segments is in the head . The four major groups of arthropods -- Chelicerata ( includes spiders and scorpions ) , Crustacea ( shrimps , lobsters , crabs , etc . ) , Tracheata ( arthropods that breathe via channels into their bodies ; includes insects and myriapods ) , and the extinct trilobites -- have heads formed of various combinations of segments , with appendages that are missing or specialized in different ways . In addition , some extinct arthropods , such as Marrella , belong to none of these groups , as their heads are formed by their own particular combinations of segments and specialized appendages . Working out the evolutionary stages by which all these different combinations could have appeared is so difficult that it has long been known as `` the arthropod head problem '' . In 1960 , R.E. Snodgrass even hoped it would not be solved , as he found trying to work out solutions to be fun . Exoskeleton ( edit ) Main article : Arthropod exoskeleton Illustration of an idealized arthropod exoskeleton . Arthropod exoskeletons are made of cuticle , a non-cellular material secreted by the epidermis . Their cuticles vary in the details of their structure , but generally consist of three main layers : the epicuticle , a thin outer waxy coat that moisture - proofs the other layers and gives them some protection ; the exocuticle , which consists of chitin and chemically hardened proteins ; and the endocuticle , which consists of chitin and unhardened proteins . The exocuticle and endocuticle together are known as the procuticle . Each body segment and limb section is encased in hardened cuticle . The joints between body segments and between limb sections are covered by flexible cuticle . The exoskeletons of most aquatic crustaceans are biomineralized with calcium carbonate extracted from the water . Some terrestrial crustaceans have developed means of storing the mineral , since on land they can not rely on a steady supply of dissolved calcium carbonate . Biomineralization generally affects the exocuticle and the outer part of the endocuticle . Two recent hypotheses about the evolution of biomineralization in arthropods and other groups of animals propose that it provides tougher defensive armor , and that it allows animals to grow larger and stronger by providing more rigid skeletons ; and in either case a mineral - organic composite exoskeleton is cheaper to build than an all - organic one of comparable strength . The cuticle may have setae ( bristles ) growing from special cells in the epidermis . Setae are as varied in form and function as appendages . For example , they are often used as sensors to detect air or water currents , or contact with objects ; aquatic arthropods use feather - like setae to increase the surface area of swimming appendages and to filter food particles out of water ; aquatic insects , which are air - breathers , use thick felt - like coats of setae to trap air , extending the time they can spend under water ; heavy , rigid setae serve as defensive spines . Although all arthropods use muscles attached to the inside of the exoskeleton to flex their limbs , some still use hydraulic pressure to extend them , a system inherited from their pre-arthropod ancestors ; for example , all spiders extend their legs hydraulically and can generate pressures up to eight times their resting level . Moulting ( edit ) Main article : Ecdysis Cicada climbing out of its exoskeleton while attached to tree The exoskeleton can not stretch and thus restricts growth . Arthropods therefore replace their exoskeletons by moulting , or shedding the old exoskeleton after growing a new one that is not yet hardened . Moulting cycles run nearly continuously until an arthropod reaches full size . In the initial phase of moulting , the animal stops feeding and its epidermis releases moulting fluid , a mixture of enzymes that digests the endocuticle and thus detaches the old cuticle . This phase begins when the epidermis has secreted a new epicuticle to protect it from the enzymes , and the epidermis secretes the new exocuticle while the old cuticle is detaching . When this stage is complete , the animal makes its body swell by taking in a large quantity of water or air , and this makes the old cuticle split along predefined weaknesses where the old exocuticle was thinnest . It commonly takes several minutes for the animal to struggle out of the old cuticle . At this point , the new one is wrinkled and so soft that the animal can not support itself and finds it very difficult to move , and the new endocuticle has not yet formed . The animal continues to pump itself up to stretch the new cuticle as much as possible , then hardens the new exocuticle and eliminates the excess air or water . By the end of this phase , the new endocuticle has formed . Many arthropods then eat the discarded cuticle to reclaim its materials . Because arthropods are unprotected and nearly immobilized until the new cuticle has hardened , they are in danger both of being trapped in the old cuticle and of being attacked by predators . Moulting may be responsible for 80 to 90 % of all arthropod deaths . Internal organs ( edit ) = heart = gut = brain / ganglia 0 = eye Basic arthropod body structure Arthropod bodies are also segmented internally , and the nervous , muscular , circulatory , and excretory systems have repeated components . Arthropods come from a lineage of animals that have a coelom , a membrane - lined cavity between the gut and the body wall that accommodates the internal organs . The strong , segmented limbs of arthropods eliminate the need for one of the coelom 's main ancestral functions , as a hydrostatic skeleton , which muscles compress in order to change the animal 's shape and thus enable it to move . Hence the coelom of the arthropod is reduced to small areas around the reproductive and excretory systems . Its place is largely taken by a hemocoel , a cavity that runs most of the length of the body and through which blood flows . See also : Hemolymph See also : hemocyte Arthropods have open circulatory systems , although most have a few short , open - ended arteries . In chelicerates and crustaceans , the blood carries oxygen to the tissues , while hexapods use a separate system of tracheae . Many crustaceans , but few chelicerates and tracheates , use respiratory pigments to assist oxygen transport . The most common respiratory pigment in arthropods is copper - based hemocyanin ; this is used by many crustaceans and a few centipedes . A few crustaceans and insects use iron - based hemoglobin , the respiratory pigment used by vertebrates . As with other invertebrates , the respiratory pigments of those arthropods that have them are generally dissolved in the blood and rarely enclosed in corpuscles as they are in vertebrates . The heart is typically a muscular tube that runs just under the back and for most of the length of the hemocoel . It contracts in ripples that run from rear to front , pushing blood forwards . Sections not being squeezed by the heart muscle are expanded either by elastic ligaments or by small muscles , in either case connecting the heart to the body wall . Along the heart run a series of paired ostia , non-return valves that allow blood to enter the heart but prevent it from leaving before it reaches the front . Arthropods have a wide variety of respiratory systems . Small species often do not have any , since their high ratio of surface area to volume enables simple diffusion through the body surface to supply enough oxygen . Crustacea usually have gills that are modified appendages . Many arachnids have book lungs . Tracheae , systems of branching tunnels that run from the openings in the body walls , deliver oxygen directly to individual cells in many insects , myriapods and arachnids . Living arthropods have paired main nerve cords running along their bodies below the gut , and in each segment the cords form a pair of ganglia from which sensory and motor nerves run to other parts of the segment . Although the pairs of ganglia in each segment often appear physically fused , they are connected by commissures ( relatively large bundles of nerves ) , which give arthropod nervous systems a characteristic `` ladder - like '' appearance . The brain is in the head , encircling and mainly above the esophagus . It consists of the fused ganglia of the acron and one or two of the foremost segments that form the head -- a total of three pairs of ganglia in most arthropods , but only two in chelicerates , which do not have antennae or the ganglion connected to them . The ganglia of other head segments are often close to the brain and function as part of it . In insects these other head ganglia combine into a pair of subesophageal ganglia , under and behind the esophagus . Spiders take this process a step further , as all the segmental ganglia are incorporated into the subesophageal ganglia , which occupy most of the space in the cephalothorax ( front `` super-segment '' ) . There are two different types of arthropod excretory systems . In aquatic arthropods , the end - product of biochemical reactions that metabolise nitrogen is ammonia , which is so toxic that it needs to be diluted as much as possible with water . The ammonia is then eliminated via any permeable membrane , mainly through the gills . All crustaceans use this system , and its high consumption of water may be responsible for the relative lack of success of crustaceans as land animals . Various groups of terrestrial arthropods have independently developed a different system : the end - product of nitrogen metabolism is uric acid , which can be excreted as dry material ; the Malpighian tubule system filters the uric acid and other nitrogenous waste out of the blood in the hemocoel , and dumps these materials into the hindgut , from which they are expelled as feces . Most aquatic arthropods and some terrestrial ones also have organs called nephridia ( `` little kidneys '' ) , which extract other wastes for excretion as urine . Senses ( edit ) Optical ( edit ) Main article : Arthropod eye The stiff cuticles of arthropods would block out information about the outside world , except that they are penetrated by many sensors or connections from sensors to the nervous system . In fact , arthropods have modified their cuticles into elaborate arrays of sensors . Various touch sensors , mostly setae , respond to different levels of force , from strong contact to very weak air currents . Chemical sensors provide equivalents of taste and smell , often by means of setae . Pressure sensors often take the form of membranes that function as eardrums , but are connected directly to nerves rather than to auditory ossicles . The antennae of most hexapods include sensor packages that monitor humidity , moisture and temperature . Head of a wasp with three ocelli ( centre ) , and compound eyes at the left and right Most arthropods have sophisticated visual systems that include one or more usually both of compound eyes and pigment - cup ocelli ( `` little eyes '' ) . In most cases ocelli are only capable of detecting the direction from which light is coming , using the shadow cast by the walls of the cup . However , the main eyes of spiders are pigment - cup ocelli that are capable of forming images , and those of jumping spiders can rotate to track prey . Compound eyes consist of fifteen to several thousand independent ommatidia , columns that are usually hexagonal in cross section . Each ommatidium is an independent sensor , with its own light - sensitive cells and often with its own lens and cornea . Compound eyes have a wide field of view , and can detect fast movement and , in some cases , the polarization of light . On the other hand , the relatively large size of ommatidia makes the images rather coarse , and compound eyes are shorter - sighted than those of birds and mammals -- although this is not a severe disadvantage , as objects and events within 20 centimetres ( 7.9 in ) are most important to most arthropods . Several arthropods have color vision , and that of some insects has been studied in detail ; for example , the ommatidia of bees contain receptors for both green and ultra-violet . Most arthropods lack balance and acceleration sensors , and rely on their eyes to tell them which way is up . The self - righting behavior of cockroaches is triggered when pressure sensors on the underside of the feet report no pressure . However , many malacostracan crustaceans have statocysts , which provide the same sort of information as the balance and motion sensors of the vertebrate inner ear . The proprioceptors of arthropods , sensors that report the force exerted by muscles and the degree of bending in the body and joints , are well understood . However , little is known about what other internal sensors arthropods may have . Olfaction ( edit ) Further information : Insect olfaction Reproduction and development ( edit ) Compsobuthus werneri female with young ( white ) A few arthropods , such as barnacles , are hermaphroditic , that is , each can have the organs of both sexes . However , individuals of most species remain of one sex their entire lives . A few species of insects and crustaceans can reproduce by parthenogenesis , especially if conditions favor a `` population explosion '' . However , most arthropods rely on sexual reproduction , and parthenogenetic species often revert to sexual reproduction when conditions become less favorable . Aquatic arthropods may breed by external fertilization , as for example frogs also do , or by internal fertilization , where the ova remain in the female 's body and the sperm must somehow be inserted . All known terrestrial arthropods use internal fertilization . Opiliones ( harvestmen ) , millipedes , and some crustaceans use modified appendages such as gonopods or penises to transfer the sperm directly to the female . However , most male terrestrial arthropods produce spermatophores , waterproof packets of sperm , which the females take into their bodies . A few such species rely on females to find spermatophores that have already been deposited on the ground , but in most cases males only deposit spermatophores when complex courtship rituals look likely to be successful . The nauplius larva of a penaeid shrimp Most arthropods lay eggs , but scorpions are ovoviparous : they produce live young after the eggs have hatched inside the mother , and are noted for prolonged maternal care . Newly born arthropods have diverse forms , and insects alone cover the range of extremes . Some hatch as apparently miniature adults ( direct development ) , and in some cases , such as silverfish , the hatchlings do not feed and may be helpless until after their first moult . Many insects hatch as grubs or caterpillars , which do not have segmented limbs or hardened cuticles , and metamorphose into adult forms by entering an inactive phase in which the larval tissues are broken down and re-used to build the adult body . Dragonfly larvae have the typical cuticles and jointed limbs of arthropods but are flightless water - breathers with extendable jaws . Crustaceans commonly hatch as tiny nauplius larvae that have only three segments and pairs of appendages . Evolution ( edit ) See also : Phylogeny of insects Last common ancestor ( edit ) The last common ancestor of all arthropods is reconstructed as a modular organism with each module covered by its own sclerite ( armor plate ) and bearing a pair of biramous limbs . However , whether the ancestral limb was uniramous or biramous is far from a settled debate . This Ur - arthropod had a ventral mouth , pre-oral antennae and dorsal eyes at the front of the body . It was assumed it was a non-discriminatory sediment feeder , processing whatever sediment came its way for food , but fossil findings hints that the last common ancestor of both arthropods and priapulida shared the same specialized mouth apparatus ; a circular mouth with rings of teeth used for capturing prey and was therefore carnivorous . Fossil record ( edit ) Marrella , one of the puzzling arthropods from the Burgess Shale It has been proposed that the Ediacaran animals Parvancorina and Spriggina , from around 555 million years ago , were arthropods . Small arthropods with bivalve - like shells have been found in Early Cambrian fossil beds dating 541 to 539 million years ago in China and Australia . The earliest Cambrian trilobite fossils are about 530 million years old , but the class was already quite diverse and worldwide , suggesting that they had been around for quite some time . Re-examination in the 1970s of the Burgess Shale fossils from about 505 million years ago identified many arthropods , some of which could not be assigned to any of the well - known groups , and thus intensified the debate about the Cambrian explosion . A fossil of Marrella from the Burgess Shale has provided the earliest clear evidence of moulting . The earliest fossil crustaceans date from about 511 million years ago in the Cambrian , and fossil shrimp from about 500 million years ago apparently formed a tight - knit procession across the seabed . Crustacean fossils are common from the Ordovician period onwards . They have remained almost entirely aquatic , possibly because they never developed excretory systems that conserve water . Arthropods provide the earliest identifiable fossils of land animals , from about 419 million years ago in the Late Silurian , and terrestrial tracks from about 450 million years ago appear to have been made by arthropods . Arthropods were well pre-adapted to colonize land , because their existing jointed exoskeletons provided protection against desiccation , support against gravity and a means of locomotion that was not dependent on water . Around the same time the aquatic , scorpion - like eurypterids became the largest ever arthropods , some as long as 2.5 metres ( 8.2 ft ) . The oldest known arachnid is the trigonotarbid Palaeotarbus jerami , from about 420 million years ago in the Silurian period . Attercopus fimbriunguis , from 386 million years ago in the Devonian period , bears the earliest known silk - producing spigots , but its lack of spinnerets means it was not one of the true spiders , which first appear in the Late Carboniferous over 299 million years ago . The Jurassic and Cretaceous periods provide a large number of fossil spiders , including representatives of many modern families . Fossils of aquatic scorpions with gills appear in the Silurian and Devonian periods , and the earliest fossil of an air - breathing scorpion with book lungs dates from the Early Carboniferous period . The oldest definitive insect fossil is the Devonian Rhyniognatha hirsti , dated at 396 to 407 million years ago , but its mandibles are of a type found only in winged insects , which suggests that the earliest insects appeared in the Silurian period . The Mazon Creek lagerstätten from the Late Carboniferous , about 300 million years ago , include about 200 species , some gigantic by modern standards , and indicate that insects had occupied their main modern ecological niches as herbivores , detritivores and insectivores . Social termites and ants first appear in the Early Cretaceous , and advanced social bees have been found in Late Cretaceous rocks but did not become abundant until the Middle Cenozoic . Evolutionary family tree ( edit ) The velvet worm ( Onychophora ) is closely related to arthropods From 1952 to 1977 , zoologist Sidnie Manton and others argued that arthropods are polyphyletic , in other words , that they do not share a common ancestor that was itself an arthropod . Instead , they proposed that three separate groups of `` arthropods '' evolved separately from common worm - like ancestors : the chelicerates , including spiders and scorpions ; the crustaceans ; and the uniramia , consisting of onychophorans , myriapods and hexapods . These arguments usually bypassed trilobites , as the evolutionary relationships of this class were unclear . Proponents of polyphyly argued the following : that the similarities between these groups are the results of convergent evolution , as natural consequences of having rigid , segmented exoskeletons ; that the three groups use different chemical means of hardening the cuticle ; that there were significant differences in the construction of their compound eyes ; that it is hard to see how such different configurations of segments and appendages in the head could have evolved from the same ancestor ; and that crustaceans have biramous limbs with separate gill and leg branches , while the other two groups have uniramous limbs in which the single branch serves as a leg . onychophorans , including Aysheaia and Peripatus armored lobopods , including Hallucigenia and Microdictyon anomalocarid - like taxa , including modern tardigrades as well as extinct animals like Kerygmachela and Opabinia Anomalocaris arthropods , including living groups and extinct forms such as trilobites Simplified summary of Budd 's `` broad - scale '' cladogram ( 1996 ) Further analysis and discoveries in the 1990s reversed this view , and led to acceptance that arthropods are monophyletic , in other words they do share a common ancestor that was itself an arthropod . For example , Graham Budd 's analyses of Kerygmachela in 1993 and of Opabinia in 1996 convinced him that these animals were similar to onychophorans and to various Early Cambrian `` lobopods '' , and he presented an `` evolutionary family tree '' that showed these as `` aunts '' and `` cousins '' of all arthropods . These changes made the scope of the term `` arthropod '' unclear , and Claus Nielsen proposed that the wider group should be labelled `` Panarthropoda '' ( `` all the arthropods '' ) while the animals with jointed limbs and hardened cuticles should be called `` Euarthropoda '' ( `` true arthropods '' ) . A contrary view was presented in 2003 , when Jan Bergström and Xian - Guang Hou argued that , if arthropods were a `` sister - group '' to any of the anomalocarids , they must have lost and then re-evolved features that were well - developed in the anomalocarids . The earliest known arthropods ate mud in order to extract food particles from it , and possessed variable numbers of segments with unspecialized appendages that functioned as both gills and legs . Anomalocarids were , by the standards of the time , huge and sophisticated predators with specialized mouths and grasping appendages , fixed numbers of segments some of which were specialized , tail fins , and gills that were very different from those of arthropods . This reasoning implies that Parapeytoia , which has legs and a backward - pointing mouth like that of the earliest arthropods , is a more credible closest relative of arthropods than is Anomalocaris . In 2006 , they suggested that arthropods were more closely related to lobopods and tardigrades than to anomalocarids . In 2014 , research indicated that tardigrades were more closely related to arthropods than velvet worms . Protostomes Chaetognatha Spiralia ( annelids , molluscs , brachiopods , etc . ) Ecdysozoa Nematoida ( nematodes and close relatives ) Scalidophora ( priapulids and Kinorhyncha , and Loricifera ) Panarthropoda Onychophorans Tactopoda Tardigrades Euarthropoda Chelicerates Mandibulata † Euthycarcinoids Myriapods Pancrustacea Crustaceans Hexapods Relationships of Ecdysozoa to each other and to annelids , etc. , including euthycarcinoids Higher up the `` family tree '' , the Annelida have traditionally been considered the closest relatives of the Panarthropoda , since both groups have segmented bodies , and the combination of these groups was labelled Articulata . There had been competing proposals that arthropods were closely related to other groups such as nematodes , priapulids and tardigrades , but these remained minority views because it was difficult to specify in detail the relationships between these groups . In the 1990s , molecular phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences produced a coherent scheme showing arthropods as members of a superphylum labelled Ecdysozoa ( `` animals that moult '' ) , which contained nematodes , priapulids and tardigrades but excluded annelids . This was backed up by studies of the anatomy and development of these animals , which showed that many of the features that supported the Articulata hypothesis showed significant differences between annelids and the earliest Panarthropods in their details , and some were hardly present at all in arthropods . This hypothesis groups annelids with molluscs and brachiopods in another superphylum , Lophotrochozoa . If the Ecdysozoa hypothesis is correct , then segmentation of arthropods and annelids either has evolved convergently or has been inherited from a much older ancestor and subsequently lost in several other lineages , such as the non-arthropod members of the Ecdysozoa . Classification ( edit ) See also : List of arthropod orders Arthropods belong to phylum Euarthropoda . The phylum is sometimes called Arthropoda , but strictly this term denotes a ( putative - see Tactopoda ) clade that also encompasses Phylum Onychophora . Euarthropoda is typically subdivided into five subphyla , of which one is extinct : Trilobites are a group of formerly numerous marine animals that disappeared in the Permian -- Triassic extinction event , though they were in decline prior to this killing blow , having been reduced to one order in the Late Devonian extinction . Chelicerates include horseshoe crabs , spiders , mites , scorpions and related organisms . They are characterised by the presence of chelicerae , appendages just above / in front of the mouth . Chelicerae appear in scorpions and horseshoe crabs as tiny claws that they use in feeding , but those of spiders have developed as fangs that inject venom . Myriapods comprise millipedes , centipedes , and their relatives and have many body segments , each segment bearing one or two pairs of legs ( or in a few cases being legless ) . They are sometimes grouped with the hexapods . Crustaceans are primarily aquatic ( a notable exception being woodlice ) and are characterised by having biramous appendages . They include lobsters , crabs , barnacles , crayfish , shrimp and many others . Hexapods comprise insects and three small orders of insect - like animals with six thoracic legs . They are sometimes grouped with the myriapods , in a group called Uniramia , though genetic evidence tends to support a closer relationship between hexapods and crustaceans . Aside from these major groups , there are also a number of fossil forms , mostly from the Early Cambrian , which are difficult to place , either from lack of obvious affinity to any of the main groups or from clear affinity to several of them . Marrella was the first one to be recognized as significantly different from the well - known groups . The phylogeny of the major extant arthropod groups has been an area of considerable interest and dispute . Recent studies strongly suggest that Crustacea , as traditionally defined , is paraphyletic , with Hexapoda having evolved from within it , so that Crustacea and Hexapoda form a clade , Pancrustacea . The position of Myriapoda , Chelicerata and Pancrustacea remains unclear as of April 2012 . In some studies , Myriapoda is grouped with Chelicerata ( forming Myriochelata ) ; in other studies , Myriapoda is grouped with Pancrustacea ( forming Mandibulata ) , or Myriapoda may be sister to Chelicerata plus Pancrustacea . Panarthropoda Onychophora Tactopoda Tardigrada Euarthropoda Chelicerata Mandibulata Myriapoda Pancrustacea Ostracoda , Branchiura , Pentastomida , Mystacocarida Copepoda , Malacostraca , Thecostraca Branchiopoda , Cephalocarida Hexapoda , Remipedia traditional Crustacea Phylogenetic relationships of the major extant arthropod groups according to Regier et al. ( 2010 ) ; traditional subphyla in bold The placement of the extinct trilobites is also a frequent subject of dispute . One of the newer hypotheses is that the chelicerae have originated from the same pair of appendages that evolved into antennae in the ancestors of Mandibulata , which would place trilobites , which had antennae , closer to Mandibulata than Chelicerata . Since the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature recognises no priority above the rank of family , many of the higher - level groups can be referred to by a variety of different names . Interaction with humans ( edit ) Insects and scorpions on sale in a food stall in Bangkok See also : Entomophagy and Pollinator decline Crustaceans such as crabs , lobsters , crayfish , shrimp , and prawns have long been part of human cuisine , and are now raised commercially . Insects and their grubs are at least as nutritious as meat , and are eaten both raw and cooked in many cultures , though not most European , Hindu , and Islamic cultures . Cooked tarantulas are considered a delicacy in Cambodia , and by the Piaroa Indians of southern Venezuela , after the highly irritant hairs -- the spider 's main defense system -- are removed . Humans also unintentionally eat arthropods in other foods , and food safety regulations lay down acceptable contamination levels for different kinds of food material . The intentional cultivation of arthropods and other small animals for human food , referred to as minilivestock , is now emerging in animal husbandry as an ecologically sound concept . Commercial butterfly breeding provides Lepidoptera stock to butterfly conservatories , educational exhibits , schools , research facilities , and cultural events . However , the greatest contribution of arthropods to human food supply is by pollination : a 2008 study examined the 100 crops that FAO lists as grown for food , and estimated pollination 's economic value as € 153 billion , or 9.5 % of the value of world agricultural production used for human food in 2005 . Besides pollinating , bees produce honey , which is the basis of a rapidly growing industry and international trade . The red dye cochineal , produced from a Central American species of insect , was economically important to the Aztecs and Mayans . While the region was under Spanish control , it became Mexico 's second most - lucrative export , and is now regaining some of the ground it lost to synthetic competitors . The blood of horseshoe crabs contains a clotting agent , Limulus Amebocyte Lysate , which is now used to test that antibiotics and kidney machines are free of dangerous bacteria , and to detect spinal meningitis and some cancers . Forensic entomology uses evidence provided by arthropods to establish the time and sometimes the place of death of a human , and in some cases the cause . Recently insects have also gained attention as potential sources of drugs and other medicinal substances . The relative simplicity of the arthropods ' body plan , allowing them to move on a variety of surfaces both on land and in water , have made them useful as models for robotics . The redundancy provided by segments allows arthropods and biomimetic robots to move normally even with damaged or lost appendages . Diseases transmitted by insects Disease Insect Cases per year Deaths per year Malaria Anopheles mosquito 267 M 1 to 2 M Yellow fever Aedes mosquito 4,432 1,177 Filariasis Culex mosquito 250 M unknown Although arthropods are the most numerous phylum on Earth , and thousands of arthropod species are venomous , they inflict relatively few serious bites and stings on humans . Far more serious are the effects on humans of diseases carried by blood - sucking insects . Other blood - sucking insects infect livestock with diseases that kill many animals and greatly reduce the usefulness of others . Ticks can cause tick paralysis and several parasite - borne diseases in humans . A few of the closely related mites also infest humans , causing intense itching , and others cause allergic diseases , including hay fever , asthma , and eczema . Many species of arthropods , principally insects but also mites , are agricultural and forest pests . The mite Varroa destructor has become the largest single problem faced by beekeepers worldwide . Efforts to control arthropod pests by large - scale use of pesticides have caused long - term effects on human health and on biodiversity . Increasing arthropod resistance to pesticides has led to the development of integrated pest management using a wide range of measures including biological control . Predatory mites may be useful in controlling some mite pests . See also ( edit ) Arthropods portal Invertebrate paleontology Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` It would be too bad if the question of head segmentation ever should be finally settled ; it has been for so long such fertile ground for theorizing that arthropodists would miss it as a field for mental exercise . '' Jump up ^ The fossil was originally named Eotarbus but was renamed when it was realized that a Carboniferous arachnid had already been named Eotarbus . Jump up ^ For a mention of insect contamination in an international food quality standard , see sections 3.1. 2 and 3.1. 3 of Codex 152 of 1985 of the Codex Alimentarius Jump up ^ For examples of quantified acceptable insect contamination levels in food see the last entry ( on `` Wheat Flour '' ) and the definition of `` Extraneous material '' in Codex Alimentarius , and the standards published by the FDA . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : J. Ortega - Hernández , `` Making sense of ' lower ' and ' upper ' stem - group Euarthropoda , with comments on the strict use of the name Arthropoda von Siebold , 1848 , '' Biol. Rev. , vol. 91 , no . 1 , pp. 255 -- 273 , 2016 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Garwood , R ; Sutton , M ( 18 February 2012 ) , `` The enigmatic arthropod Camptophyllia '' ( PDF ) , Palaeontologia Electronica , 15 ( 2 ) : 12 , doi : 10.1111 / 1475 - 4983.00174 Jump up ^ `` Arthropoda '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Jump up ^ Valentine , J.W. ( 2004 ) , On the Origin of Phyla , University of Chicago Press , p. 33 , ISBN 0 - 226 - 84548 - 6 Jump up ^ Cutler , B. ( August 1980 ) , `` Arthropod cuticle features and arthropod monophyly '' , Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences , 36 ( 8 ) : 953 , doi : 10.1007 / BF01953812 Jump up ^ Anna Thanukos , The Arthropod Story , University of California , Berkeley , retrieved 2008 - 09 - 29 Jump up ^ Ødegaard , Frode ( December 2000 ) , `` How many species of arthropods ? Erwin 's estimate revised . '' ( PDF ) , Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 71 ( 4 ) : 583 -- 597 , doi : 10.1006 / bijl. 2000.0468 ^ Jump up to : Thompson , J.N. ( 1994 ) , The Coevolutionary Process , University of Chicago Press , p. 9 , ISBN 0 - 226 - 79760 - 0 ^ Jump up to : Ruppert , Fox & Barnes ( 2004 ) , pp. 518 -- 522 ^ Jump up to : Schmidt - Nielsen , K. ( 1984 ) , `` The strength of bones and skeletons '' , Scaling : Why is Animal Size So Important ? , Cambridge University Press , pp. 42 -- 55 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 31987 - 0 Jump up ^ Williams , D.M. ( April 21 , 2001 ) , `` Largest '' , Book of Insect Records , University of Florida , retrieved 2009 - 06 - 10 ^ Jump up to : Gould ( 1990 ) , pp. 102 -- 106 Jump up ^ `` Giant sea creature hints at early arthropod evolution '' . Jump up ^ Shubin , N. ; Tabin , C. & Carroll , S. ( 2000 ) , `` Fossils , Genes and the Evolution of Animal Limbs '' , in Gee , H. , Shaking the Tree : Readings from Nature in the History of Life , University of Chicago Press , p. 110 , ISBN 0 - 226 - 28497 - 2 ^ Jump up to : Whittington , H.B. ( 1971 ) , `` Redescription of Marrella splendens ( Trilobitoidea ) from the Burgess Shale , Middle Cambrian , British Columbia '' , Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin , 209 : 1 -- 24 Summarised in Gould ( 1990 ) , pp. 107 -- 121 . Jump up ^ Budd , G.E. ( 16 May 2002 ) , `` A palaeontological solution to the arthropod head problem '' , Nature , 417 ( 6886 ) : 271 -- 275 , Bibcode : 2002Natur. 417 ... 271B , PMID 12015599 , doi : 10.1038 / 417271a Jump up ^ Snodgrass , R.E. ( 1960 ) , `` Facts and theories concerning the insect head '' , Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections , 142 : 1 -- 61 ^ Jump up to : Wainwright , S.A. ; Biggs , W.D. & Gosline , J.M. ( 1982 ) , Mechanical Design in Organisms , Princeton University Press , pp. 162 -- 163 , ISBN 0 - 691 - 08308 - 8 Jump up ^ Lowenstam , H.A. & Weiner , S. ( 1989 ) , On biomineralization , Oxford University Press , p. 111 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 504977 - 2 Jump up ^ Dzik , J ( 2007 ) , `` The Verdun Syndrome : simultaneous origin of protective armour and infaunal shelters at the Precambrian -- Cambrian transition '' , in Vickers - Rich , Patricia ; Komarower , Patricia , The Rise and Fall of the Ediacaran Biota ( PDF ) , Special publications , 286 , London : Geological Society , pp. 405 -- 414 , ISBN 9781862392335 , OCLC 156823511 , doi : 10.1144 / SP286. 30 CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Cohen , B.L. ( 2005 ) , `` Not armour , but biomechanics , ecological opportunity and increased fecundity as keys to the origin and expansion of the mineralized benthic metazoan fauna '' ( PDF ) , Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 85 ( 4 ) : 483 -- 490 , doi : 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.2005. 00507. x Jump up ^ Bengtson , S. ( 2004 ) , Lipps , J.H. ; Waggoner , B.M. , eds. , `` Neoproterozoic -- Cambrian Biological Revolutions '' ( PDF ) , Paleontological Society Papers , 10 : 67 -- 78 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2017 - 02 - 11 contribution = ignored ( help ) Jump up ^ Barnes , R.S.K. ; Calow , P. ; Olive , P. ; Golding , D. & Spicer , J. ( 2001 ) , `` Invertebrates with Legs : the Arthropods and Similar Groups '' , The Invertebrates : A Synthesis , Blackwell Publishing , p. 168 , ISBN 0 - 632 - 04761 - 5 Jump up ^ Parry , D.A. & Brown , R.H.J. ( 1959 ) , `` The hydraulic mechanism of the spider leg '' ( PDF ) , Journal of Experimental Biology , 36 ( 2 ) : 423 -- 433 ^ Jump up to : Ruppert , Fox & Barnes ( 2004 ) , pp. 523 -- 524 ^ Jump up to : Ruppert , Fox & Barnes ( 2004 ) , pp. 527 -- 528 ^ Jump up to : Garwood , Russell J. ; Edgecombe , Greg ( 2011 ) . `` Early Terrestrial Animals , Evolution , and Uncertainty '' . Evolution , Education , and Outreach. 4 ( 3 ) : 489 -- 501 . doi : 10.1007 / s12052 - 011 - 0357 - y . Jump up ^ Ruppert , Fox & Barnes ( 2004 ) , pp. 530 , 733 Jump up ^ Ruppert , Fox & Barnes ( 2004 ) , pp. 531 -- 532 ^ Jump up to : Ruppert , Fox & Barnes ( 2004 ) , pp. 529 -- 530 ^ Jump up to : Ruppert , Fox & Barnes ( 2004 ) , pp. 532 -- 537 Jump up ^ Ruppert , Fox & Barnes ( 2004 ) , pp. 578 -- 580 Jump up ^ Völkel , R. ; Eisner , M. & Weible , K.J. ( June 2003 ) , `` Miniaturized imaging systems '' ( PDF ) , Microelectronic Engineering , 67 -- 68 : 461 -- 472 , doi : 10.1016 / S0167 - 9317 ( 03 ) 00102 - 3 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 10 - 01 ^ Jump up to : Ruppert , Fox & Barnes ( 2004 ) , pp. 537 -- 539 Jump up ^ Olive , P.J.W. ( 2001 ) , `` Reproduction and LifeCycles in Invertebrates '' , Encyclopedia of Life Sciences , John Wiley & Sons , Ltd. , ISBN 0470016175 , doi : 10.1038 / npg. els. 0003649 Jump up ^ Lourenço , W.R. ( 2002 ) , `` Reproduction in scorpions , with special reference to parthenogenesis '' , in Toft , S. ; Scharff , N. , European Arachnology 2000 ( PDF ) , Aarhus University Press , pp. 71 -- 85 , ISBN 87 - 7934 - 001 - 6 Jump up ^ Truman , J.W. & Riddiford , L.M ( September 1999 ) , `` The origins of insect metamorphosis '' ( PDF ) , Nature , 401 ( 6752 ) : 447 -- 452 , Bibcode : 1999Natur. 401 ... 447T , PMID 10519548 , doi : 10.1038 / 46737 Jump up ^ Smith , G. , Diversity and Adaptations of the Aquatic Insects ( PDF ) , New College of Florida , archived ( PDF ) from the original on 3 October 2008 , retrieved 2008 - 09 - 28 ^ Jump up to : Bergström , Jan ; Hou , Xian - Guang ( 2005 ) , `` Early Palaeozoic non-lamellipedian arthropods '' , in Stefan Koenemann ; Ronald A. Jenner , Crustacea and Arthropod Relationships , Crustacean Issues , 16 , Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis , pp. 73 -- 93 , ISBN 0 - 8493 - 3498 - 5 , doi : 10.1201 / 9781420037548. ch4 Jump up ^ `` Arthropod ancestor had the mouth of a penis worm - Natural History Museum '' . Jump up ^ Glaessner , M.F. ( 1958 ) , `` New fossils from the base of the Cambrian in South Australia '' ( PDF ) , Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia , 81 : 185 -- 188 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 12 - 16 Jump up ^ Lin , J.P. ; Gon , S.M. ; Gehling , J.G. ; Babcock , L.E. ; Zhao , Y.L. ; Zhang , X.L. ; Hu , S.X. ; Yuan , J.L. ; Yu , M.Y. ; Peng , J. ( 2006 ) , `` A Parvancorina - like arthropod from the Cambrian of South China '' , Historical Biology , 18 ( 1 ) : 33 -- 45 , doi : 10.1080 / 08912960500508689 Jump up ^ McMenamin , M.A.S ( 2003 ) , `` Spriggina is a trilobitoid ecdysozoan '' ( abstract ) , Abstracts with Programs , Geological Society of America , 35 ( 6 ) : 105 Jump up ^ Braun , A. ; J. Chen ; D. Waloszek ; A. Maas ( 2007 ) , `` First Early Cambrian Radiolaria '' ( PDF ) , Special Publications , Geological Society , London , 286 : 143 -- 149 , doi : 10.1144 / SP286. 10 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 07 - 18 Jump up ^ Yuan , X. ; Xiao , S. ; Parsley , R.L. ; Zhou , C. ; Chen , Z. ; Hu , J. ( April 2002 ) , `` Towering sponges in an Early Cambrian Lagerstätte : Disparity between nonbilaterian and bilaterian epifaunal tierers at the Neoproterozoic - Cambrian transition '' , Geology , 30 ( 4 ) : 363 -- 366 , ISSN 0091 - 7613 , doi : 10.1130 / 0091 - 7613 ( 2002 ) 030 2.0.CO ; 2 Jump up ^ Skovsted , Christian ; Brock , Glenn ; Paterson , John ( 2006 ) , `` Bivalved arthropods from the Lower Cambrian Mernmerna Formation of South Australia and their implications for the identification of Cambrian ' small shelly fossils ' '' , Association of Australasian palaeontologists memoirs , 32 : 7 -- 41 , ISSN 0810 - 8889 Jump up ^ Betts , Marissa ; Topper , Timothy ; Valentine , James ; Skovsted , Christian ; Paterson , John ; Brock , Glenn ( January 2014 ) , `` A new early Cambrian bradoriid ( Arthropoda ) assemblage from the northern Flinders Ranges , South Australia '' , Gondwana Research , 25 ( 1 ) : 420 -- 437 , doi : 10.1016 / j. gr. 2013.05. 007 Jump up ^ Lieberman , B.S. ( March 1 , 1999 ) , `` Testing the Darwinian legacy of the Cambrian radiation using trilobite phylogeny and biogeography '' , Journal of Paleontology , 73 ( 2 ) : 176 Jump up ^ Whittington , H.B. ( 1979 ) . Early arthropods , their appendages and relationships . In M.R. House ( Ed . ) , The origin of major invertebrate groups ( pp. 253 -- 268 ) . The Systematics Association Special Volume , 12 . London : Academic Press . Jump up ^ Whittington , H.B. ; Geological Survey of Canada ( 1985 ) , The Burgess Shale , Yale University Press , ISBN 0 - 660 - 11901 - 3 , OCLC 15630217 Jump up ^ Gould ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ García - Bellido , D.C. ; Collins , D.H. ( May 2004 ) , `` Moulting arthropod caught in the act '' , Nature , 429 ( 6987 ) : 40 , PMID 15129272 , doi : 10.1038 / 429040a Jump up ^ Budd , G.E. ; Butterfield , N.J. & Jensen , S. ( December 2001 ) , `` Crustaceans and the `` Cambrian Explosion '' `` , Science , 294 ( 5549 ) : 2047 , PMID 11739918 , doi : 10.1126 / science. 294.5549. 2047a Jump up ^ Callaway , E. ( 9 October 2008 ) , Fossilised shrimp show earliest group behaviour , New Scientist , archived from the original on 15 October 2008 , retrieved 2008 - 10 - 21 Jump up ^ Zhang , X. - G. ; Siveter , D.J. ; Waloszek , D. & Maas , A. ( October 2007 ) , `` An epipodite - bearing crown - group crustacean from the Lower Cambrian '' , Nature , 449 ( 7162 ) : 595 -- 598 , PMID 17914395 , doi : 10.1038 / nature06138 Jump up ^ Pisani , D. ; Poling , L.L. ; Lyons - Weiler M. ; Hedges , S.B. ( 2004 ) , `` The colonization of land by animals : molecular phylogeny and divergence times among arthropods '' , BMC Biology , 2 : 1 , PMC 333434 , PMID 14731304 , doi : 10.1186 / 1741 - 7007 - 2 - 1 Jump up ^ Cowen , R. ( 2000 ) , History of Life ( 3rd ed . ) , Blackwell Science , p. 126 , ISBN 0 - 632 - 04444 - 6 Jump up ^ Braddy , S.J. ; Markus Poschmann , M. & Tetlie , O.E. ( 2008 ) , `` Giant claw reveals the largest ever arthropod '' , Biology Letters , 4 ( 1 ) : 106 -- 109 , PMC 2412931 , PMID 18029297 , doi : 10.1098 / rsbl. 2007.0491 Jump up ^ Dunlop , J.A. ( September 1996 ) , `` A trigonotarbid arachnid from the Upper Silurian of Shropshire '' ( PDF ) , Palaeontology , 39 ( 3 ) : 605 -- 614 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 12 - 16 Jump up ^ Dunlop , J.A. , `` A replacement name for the trigonotarbid arachnid Eotarbus Dunlop '' , Palaeontology , 42 ( 1 ) : 191 , doi : 10.1111 / 1475 - 4983.00068 Jump up ^ Selden , P.A. & Shear , W.A. ( December 2008 ) , `` Fossil evidence for the origin of spider spinnerets '' , PNAS , 105 : 20781 -- 5 , PMC 2634869 , PMID 19104044 , doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0809174106 Jump up ^ Selden , P.A. ( February 1996 ) , `` Fossil mesothele spiders '' , Nature , 379 ( 6565 ) : 498 -- 499 , doi : 10.1038 / 379498b0 Jump up ^ Vollrath , F. & Selden , P.A. ( December 2007 ) , `` The Role of Behavior in the Evolution of Spiders , Silks , and Webs '' ( PDF ) , Annual Review of Ecology , Evolution , and Systematics , 38 : 819 -- 846 , doi : 10.1146 / annurev. ecolsys. 37.091305. 110221 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 12 - 09 Jump up ^ Jeram , A.J. ( January 1990 ) , `` Book - lungs in a Lower Carboniferous scorpion '' , Nature , 343 ( 6256 ) : 360 -- 361 , doi : 10.1038 / 343360a0 Jump up ^ Engel , M.S. ; Grimaldi , D.A. ( February 2004 ) , `` New light shed on the oldest insect '' , Nature , 427 ( 6975 ) : 627 -- 630 , PMID 14961119 , doi : 10.1038 / nature02291 Jump up ^ Labandeira , C. & Eble , G.J. ( 2000 ) , `` The Fossil Record of Insect Diversity and Disparity '' , in Anderson , J. ; Thackeray , F. ; van Wyk , B. & de Wit , M. , Gondwana Alive : Biodiversity and the Evolving Biosphere ( PDF ) , Witwatersrand University Press ^ Jump up to : Budd , G.E. ( 1996 ) , `` The morphology of Opabinia regalis and the reconstruction of the arthropod stem - group '' , Lethaia , 29 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 14 , doi : 10.1111 / j. 1502 - 3931.1996. tb01831. x Jump up ^ Gillott , C. ( 1995 ) , Entomology , Springer , pp. 17 -- 19 , ISBN 0 - 306 - 44967 - 6 Jump up ^ Adrain , J. ( 15 March 1999 ) , Book Review : Arthropod Fossils and Phylogeny , edited by Gregory D. Edgecomb , Palaeontologia Electronica , archived from the original on 8 September 2008 , retrieved 2008 - 09 - 28 The book is G.D. , ed. ( 1998 ) , Arthropod Fossils and Phylogeny , Columbia University Press , p. 347 Jump up ^ Chen , J. - Y. ; Edgecombe , G.D. ; Ramsköld , L. ; Zhou , G. - Q. ( 2 June 1995 ) , `` Head segmentation in Early Cambrian Fuxianhuia : implications for arthropod evolution '' , Science , 268 ( 5215 ) : 1339 -- 1343 , PMID 17778981 , doi : 10.1126 / science. 268.5215. 1339 Jump up ^ Budd , G.E. ( 1993 ) , `` A Cambrian gilled lobopod from Greenland '' , Nature , 364 ( 6439 ) : 709 -- 711 , doi : 10.1038 / 364709a0 Jump up ^ Nielsen , C. ( 2001 ) , Animal Evolution : Interrelationships of the Living Phyla ( 2nd ed . ) , Oxford University Press , pp. 194 -- 196 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 850681 - 2 Jump up ^ Bergström , J. & Hou , X. - G. ( 2003 ) , `` Arthropod origins '' ( PDF ) , Bulletin of Geosciences , 78 ( 4 ) : 323 -- 334 Jump up ^ Hou , X. - G. ; Bergström , J. & Jie , Y. ( 2006 ) , `` Distinguishing anomalocaridids from arthropods and priapulids '' , Geological Journal , 41 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 259 -- 269 , doi : 10.1002 / gj. 1050 Jump up ^ `` Misunderstood worm - like fossil finds its place in the Tree of Life '' . 17 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Telford , M.J. ; Bourlat , S.J. ; Economou , A. ; Papillon , D. & Rota - Stabelli , O. ( January 2008 ) , `` The evolution of the Ecdysozoa '' , Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences , 363 ( 1496 ) : 1529 -- 1537 , PMC 2614232 , PMID 18192181 , doi : 10.1098 / rstb. 2007.2243 Jump up ^ Vaccari , N.E. ; Edgecombe , G.D. & Escudero , C. ( 29 July 2004 ) , `` Cambrian origins and affinities of an enigmatic fossil group of arthropods '' , Nature , 430 ( 6999 ) : 554 -- 557 , PMID 15282604 , doi : 10.1038 / nature02705 Jump up ^ Schmidt - Rhaesa , A. ; Bartolomaeus , T. ; Lemburg , C. ; Ehlers , U. & Garey , J.R. ( January 1999 ) , `` The position of the Arthropoda in the phylogenetic system '' , Journal of Morphology , 238 ( 3 ) : 263 -- 285 , doi : 10.1002 / ( SICI ) 1097 - 4687 ( 199812 ) 238 : 3 3.0.CO ; 2 - L Jump up ^ `` Arthropoda '' . Integrated Taxonomic Information System . Retrieved 2006 - 0 - 8 - 15 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Carapelli , Antonio ; Liò , Pietro ; Nardi , Francesco ; van der Wath , Elizabeth ; Frati , Francesco ( 16 August 2007 ) , `` Phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial protein coding genes confirms the reciprocal paraphyly of Hexapoda and Crustacea '' , BMC Evolutionary Biology , 7 ( Suppl 2 ) : S8 , PMC 1963475 , PMID 17767736 , doi : 10.1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 7 - S2 - S8 ^ Jump up to : Regier ; Shultz , J.W. ; Zwick , A. ; Hussey , A. ; Ball , B. ; Wetzer , R. ; Martin , J.W. ; Cunningham , C.W. ; et al. ( 2010 ) , `` Arthropod relationships revealed by phylogenomic analysis of nuclear protein - coding sequences '' , Nature , 463 ( 7284 ) : 1079 -- 1084 , PMID 20147900 , doi : 10.1038 / nature08742 ^ Jump up to : von Reumont , Bjoern M. ; Jenner , Ronald A. ; Wills , Matthew A. ; Dell'Ampio , Emiliano ; Pass , Günther ; Ebersberger , Ingo ; Meyer , Benjamin ; Koenemann , Stefan ; Iliffe , Thomas M. ; Stamatakis , Alexandros ; Niehuis , Oliver ; Meusemann , Karen ; Misof , Bernhard ( 2011 ) , `` Pancrustacean phylogeny in the light of new phylogenomic data : support for Remipedia as the possible sister group of Hexapoda '' , Molecular Biology and Evolution , 29 : 1031 -- 45 , PMID 22049065 , doi : 10.1093 / molbev / msr270 Jump up ^ Alexandre Hassanin ( 2006 ) , `` Phylogeny of Arthropoda inferred from mitochondrial sequences : Strategies for limiting the misleading effects of multiple changes in pattern and rates of substitution '' ( PDF ) , Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution , 38 ( 1 ) : 100 -- 116 , PMID 16290034 , doi : 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2005.09. 012 Jump up ^ Giribet , G. ; S. Richter ; G.D. Edgecombe ; W.C. Wheeler ( 2005 ) , `` The position of crustaceans within Arthropoda -- Evidence from nine molecular loci and morphology '' ( PDF ) , Crustacean Issues , 16 : 307 -- 352 , doi : 10.1201 / 9781420037548. ch13 Jump up ^ Jenner , R.A. ( 2006 ) , `` Challenging received wisdoms : Some contributions of the new microscopy to the new animal phylogeny '' , Integrative and Comparative Biology , 46 ( 2 ) : 93 -- 103 , PMID 21672726 , doi : 10.1093 / icb / icj014 Jump up ^ `` PALAEONTOLOGY ( online ) - Article : Fossil Focus > Fossil Focus : Chelicerata '' . 31 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Reece & Mitchell ( July 30 , 2006 ) , Arthropoda CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Wickins , J.F. & Lee , D. O'C. ( 2002 ) , Crustacean Farming : Ranching and Culture ( 2nd ed . ) , Blackwell , ISBN 978 - 0 - 632 - 05464 - 0 Jump up ^ Bailey , S. , Bugfood II : Insects as Food ! ? ! , University of Kentucky Department of Entomology , retrieved 2008 - 10 - 03 Jump up ^ Unger , L. , Bugfood III : Insect Snacks from Around the World , University of Kentucky Department of Entomology , archived from the original on 10 October 2008 , retrieved 2008 - 10 - 03 Jump up ^ Rigby , R. ( September 21 , 2002 ) , `` Tuck into a Tarantula '' , Sunday Telegraph , retrieved 2009 - 08 - 24 Jump up ^ Spiderwomen serve up Cambodia 's creepy caviar , ABC News Online , September 2 , 2002 , archived from the original on June 3 , 2008 , retrieved 2009 - 08 - 24 Jump up ^ Ray , N. ( 2002 ) , Lonely Planet Cambodia , Lonely Planet Publications , p. 308 , ISBN 1 - 74059 - 111 - 9 Jump up ^ Weil , C. ( 2006 ) , Fierce Food , Plume , ISBN 0 - 452 - 28700 - 6 , archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 11 , retrieved 2008 - 10 - 03 Jump up ^ R.L. Taylor ( 1975 ) , Butterflies in My Stomach ( or : Insects in Human Nutrition ) , Woodbridge Press Publishing Company , Santa Barbara , California Jump up ^ Codex commission for food hygiene ( 1985 ) , `` Codex Standard 152 of 1985 ( on `` Wheat Flour '' ) '' ( PDF ) , Codex Alimentarius , Food and Agricultural Organisation , retrieved 2010 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Complete list of Official Standards '' , Codex Alimentarius , Food and Agricultural Organisation , archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 31 , retrieved 2010 - 05 - 08 Jump up ^ The Food Defect Action Levels , U.S. Food and Drug Administration , archived from the original on 18 December 2006 , retrieved 2006 - 12 - 16 Jump up ^ Paoletti , M.G. ( 2005 ) , Ecological implications of minilivestock : potential of insects , rodents , frogs , and snails , Science Publishers , p. 648 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 57808 - 339 - 8 Jump up ^ Gallai , N. ; Salles , J. - M. ; Settele , J. & Vaissière , B.E. ( August 2008 ) , `` Economic valuation of the vulnerability of world agriculture confronted with pollinator decline '' , Ecological Economics , 68 ( 3 ) : 810 -- 821 , doi : 10.1016 / j. ecolecon. 2008.06. 014 Free summary at Gallai , N. ; Salles , J. ; Settele , J. ; Vaissiere , B. ( 2009 ) , `` Economic value of insect pollination worldwide estimated at 153 billion euros '' , Ecological Economics , 68 ( 3 ) : 810 -- 821 , doi : 10.1016 / j. ecolecon. 2008.06. 014 , retrieved 2008 - 10 - 03 Jump up ^ Apiservices -- International honey market -- World honey production , imports & exports , retrieved 2008 - 10 - 03 Jump up ^ Threads In Tyme , LTD , Time line of fabrics , archived from the original on October 28 , 2005 , retrieved 2005 - 07 - 14 Jump up ^ Jeff Behan , The bug that changed history , archived from the original on 21 June 2006 , retrieved 2006 - 06 - 26 Jump up ^ Canary Islands cochineal producers homepage , archived from the original on 24 June 2005 , retrieved 2005 - 07 - 14 Jump up ^ Heard , W. , Coast ( PDF ) , University of South Florida , retrieved 2008 - 08 - 25 Jump up ^ Hall , R.D. ; Castner , J.L. ( 2000 ) , `` Introduction '' , in Byrd , J.H. ; Castner , J.L. , Forensic Entomology : the Utility of Arthropods in Legal Investigations , CRC Press , pp. 3 -- 4 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8493 - 8120 - 1 Jump up ^ Dossey , Aaron ( December 2010 ) , `` Insects and their chemical weaponry : New potential for drug discovery '' , Natural Product Reports , Royal Society of Chemistry , 27 : 1737 -- 1757 , PMID 20957283 , doi : 10.1039 / C005319H Jump up ^ Spagna , J.C. ; Goldman D.I. ; Lin P. - C. ; Koditschek D.E. ; R.J. Full ( March 2007 ) , `` Distributed mechanical feedback in arthropods and robots simplifies control of rapid running on challenging terrain '' ( PDF ) , Bioinspiration & Biomimetics , 2 ( 1 ) : 9 -- 18 , PMID 17671322 , doi : 10.1088 / 1748 - 3182 / 2 / 1 / 002 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 03 - 10 Jump up ^ Kazuo Tsuchiya ; Shinya Aoi & Katsuyoshi Tsujita ( 2006 ) , `` A Turning Strategy of a Multi-legged Locomotion Robot '' , Adaptive Motion of Animals and Machines , pp. 227 -- 236 , doi : 10.1007 / 4 - 431 - 31381 - 8_20 ^ Jump up to : Hill , D. ( 1997 ) , The Economic Importance of Insects , Springer , pp. 77 -- 92 , ISBN 0 - 412 - 49800 - 6 Jump up ^ Goodman , Jesse L. ; Dennis , David Tappen ; Sonenshine , Daniel E. ( 2005 ) , Tick - borne diseases of humans , ASM Press , p. 114 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 55581 - 238 - 6 , retrieved 2010 - 03 - 29 Jump up ^ Potter , M.F. , Parasitic Mites of Humans , University of Kentucky College of Agriculture , retrieved 2008 - 10 - 25 Jump up ^ Klenerman , Paul ; Lipworth , Brian ; authors , House dust mite allergy , NetDoctor , archived from the original on 11 February 2008 , retrieved 2008 - 02 - 20 ^ Jump up to : Kogan , M. ; Croft , B.A. ; Sutherst , R.F. ( 1999 ) , `` Applications of ecology for integrated pest management '' , in Huffaker , Carl B. ; Gutierrez , A.P. , Ecological Entomology , John Wiley & Sons , pp. 681 -- 736 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 24483 - 7 Jump up ^ Gorham , J. Richard ( 1991 ) , `` Insect and Mite Pests in Food : An Illustrated Key '' ( PDF ) , Agriculture Handbook Number 655 , United States Department of Agriculture , pp. 1 -- 767 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 25 , 2007 , retrieved 2010 - 05 - 06 Jump up ^ Jong , D.D. ; Morse , R.A. & Eickwort , G.C. ( January 1982 ) , `` Mite Pests of Honey Bees '' , Annual Review of Entomology , 27 : 229 -- 252 , doi : 10.1146 / annurev. en. 27.010182. 001305 Jump up ^ Metcalf , Robert Lee ; Luckmann , William Henry ( 1994 ) , Introduction to insect pest management , Wiley - IEEE , p. 4 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 58957 - 0 Jump up ^ Shultz , J.W. ( 2001 ) , `` Chelicerata ( Arachnids , Including Spiders , Mites and Scorpions ) '' , Encyclopedia of Life Sciences , John Wiley & Sons , Ltd. , ISBN 0470016175 , doi : 10.1038 / npg. els. 0001605 Jump up ^ Osakabe , M. ( 2002 ) , `` Which predatory mite can control both a dominant mite pest , Tetranychus urticae , and a latent mite pest , Eotetranychus asiaticus , on strawberry ? '' , Experimental and Applied Acarology , 26 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 219 -- 230 , doi : 10.1023 / A : 1021116121604 Bibliography ( edit ) Gould , S.J. ( 1990 ) , Wonderful Life : The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History , Hutchinson Radius , ISBN 0 - 09 - 174271 - 4 Ruppert , E.E. ; R.S. Fox ; R.D. Barnes ( 2004 ) , Invertebrate Zoology ( 7th ed . ) , Brooks / Cole , ISBN 0 - 03 - 025982 - 7 External links ( edit ) The Wikibook Dichotomous Key has a page on the topic of : Arthropoda Wikimedia Commons has media related to Arthropoda . Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Arthropoda . Wikispecies has information related to : Arthropoda Arthropod at the Encyclopedia of Life Venomous Arthropods chapter in United States Environmental Protection Agency and University of Florida / Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences National Public Health Pesticide Applicator Training Manual Arthropods -- Arthropoda Insect Life Forms Extant phyla of kingdom Animalia Domain Archaea Bacteria Eukaryota ( Supergroup Plant Hacrobia Heterokont Alveolata Rhizaria Excavata Amoebozoa Opisthokonta Animal Fungi ) n i m l i Porifera ( sponges ) Diploblasts Ctenophora ( comb jellies ) ParaHoxozoa Placozoa ( Trichoplax ) Planulozoa Cnidaria ( jellyfish and relatives ) Bilateria ( see below ↓ ) ( hide ) Bilateria Xenacoelomorpha Xenoturbellida ( Xenoturbella ) Acoelomorpha acoels nemertodermatids p h r o z o Deuterostomia Chordata lancelets tunicates craniates / vertebrates Ambulacraria Echinodermata ( starfish and relatives ) Hemichordata acorn worms pterobranchs r o o s o m i Ecdysozoa Scalidophora Kinorhyncha ( mud dragons ) Priapulida ( penis worms ) Loricifera Nematoida Nematoda ( roundworms ) Nematomorpha ( horsehair worms ) Panarthropoda Arthropoda ( arthropods ) Tardigrada ( waterbears ) Onychophora ( velvet worms ) p i r l i Gnathifera 1 Chaetognatha ( arrow worms ) Gnathostomulida ( jaw worms ) Micrognathozoa ( Limnognathia ) Syndermata Rotifera Acanthocephala Platytrochozoa R + M Mesozoa Orthonectida Dicyemida or Rhombozoa Rouphozoa 1 Platyhelminthes ( flatworms ) Gastrotricha ( hairybacks ) Lophotrochozoa Cycliophora ( Symbion ) Mollusca ( molluscs ) A + N Annelida ( ringed worms ) Nemertea ( ribbon worms ) Lophophorata E + B Entoprocta or Kamptozoa Bryozoa or Ectoprocta ( moss animals ) Brachiozoa Brachiopoda ( lamp shells ) Phoronida ( horseshoe worms ) Major groups within phyla Sponges Calcareous Hexactinellid Demosponge Homoscleromorpha Cnidarians Anthozoa inc . corals Medusozoa inc . jellyfish Myxozoa Vertebrates Jawless fish Cartilaginous fish Bony fish Amphibians Reptiles / Birds Mammals Echinoderms Sea lilies Asterozoa inc . starfish Echinozoa Nematodes Chromadorea Enoplea Secernentea Arthropods Chelicerates / Arachnids Myriapods Crustaceans Hexapods / Insects Platyhelminths Turbellaria Trematoda Monogenea Cestoda Bryozoans Phylactolaemata Stenolaemata Gymnolaemata Annelids Polychaetes Clitellata Echiura Molluscs Gastropods Cephalopods Bivalves Chitons Tusk shells Phyla with ≥ 5000 extant species bolded See also Parazoa and Eumetazoa Radiata Platyzoa Monoblastozoa ( nomen dubium ) 1 Platyzoa Extant Arthropoda classes by subphylum Kingdom Animalia Subkingdom Eumetazoa ( unranked ) Bilateria ( unranked ) Protostomia Superphylum Ecdysozoa Chelicerata Pycnogonida ( sea spiders ) Euchelicerata Merostomata ( horseshoe crabs ) 1 Arachnida ( spiders , scorpions , ticks , mites ) Myriapoda Chilopoda ( centipedes ) Diplopoda ( millipedes ) Pauropoda ( pauropods ) Symphyla ( symphylans or garden centipedes ) Pancrustacea ( Crustacea + + Hexapoda ) Oligostraca Ostracoda ( seed shrimps ) Mystacocarida 2 Ichthyostraca 2 Pentastomida ( tongue worms ) Branchiura ( fish lice ) Altocrustacea Multicrustacea Malacostraca ( woodlice , shrimps , crayfish , lobsters , crabs ) Copepoda ( copepods ) 2 Thecostraca ( barnacles and relatives ) 2 + Tantulocarida 2 Allotriocarida Cephalocarida ( horseshoe shrimps ) Branchiopoda ( fairy , tadpole , clam shrimps , water fleas ) Unnamed clade Remipedia Hexapoda Protura ( coneheads ) 3 Collembola ( springtails ) 3 Diplura ( two - pronged bristletails ) 3 Insecta ( insects ) 1contains the only extant order Xiphosura 2 Maxillopoda 3 Entognatha italic are paraphyletic groups Sources : Edgecombe et al. ( 2014 ) , Petrunina ( 2012 ) for pancrustaceans . Taxon identifiers Wd : Q1360 ADW : Arthropoda BugGuide : 3 EoL : 164 Fossilworks : 18891 ITIS : 82696 NCBI : 6656 WoRMS : 1065 GND : 4021279 - 8 NDL : 00570835 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthropod&oldid=804766771 '' Categories : Arthropods Extant Cambrian first appearances Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter CS1 errors : chapter ignored CS1 errors : dates Articles with ' species ' microformats Articles containing Greek - language text Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2012 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Cebuano Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Кырык мары Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Lea faka - Tonga Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt West - Vlams Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 00 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropod
| 2,029 |
||
what is the use of file class in java
|
A Java class file is a file ( with the . class filename extension ) containing Java bytecode that can be executed on the Java Virtual Machine ( JVM ) . A Java class file is usually produced by a Java compiler from Java programming language source files (. java files ) containing Java classes ( alternatively , other JVM languages can also be used to create class files ) . If a source file has more than one class , each class is compiled into a separate class file .
|
Java class file
|
java class file
|
A Java class file is a file ( with the . class filename extension ) containing Java bytecode that can be executed on the Java Virtual Machine ( JVM ) . A Java class file is usually produced by a Java compiler from Java programming language source files (. java files ) containing Java classes ( alternatively , other JVM languages can also be used to create class files ) . If a source file has more than one class , each class is compiled into a separate class file .
|
JVMs are available for many platforms , and a class file compiled on one platform will execute on a JVM of another platform . This makes Java applications platform - independent . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 File layout and structure 2.1 Sections 2.2 Magic Number 2.3 General layout 2.4 Representation in a C - like programming language 2.5 The constant pool 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading History ( edit ) On 11 December 2006 , the class file format was modified under Java Specification Request ( JSR ) 202 . File layout and structure ( edit ) Sections ( edit ) There are 10 basic sections to the Java Class File structure : Magic Number : 0xCAFEBABE Version of Class File Format : the minor and major versions of the class file Constant Pool : Pool of constants for the class Access Flags : for example whether the class is abstract , static , etc . This Class : The name of the current class Super Class : The name of the super class Interfaces : Any interfaces in the class Fields : Any fields in the class Methods : Any methods in the class Attributes : Any attributes of the class ( for example the name of the sourcefile , etc . ) Magic number ( edit ) Class files are identified by the following 4 byte header ( in hexadecimal ) : CA FE BA BE ( the first 4 entries in the table below ) . The history of this magic number was explained by James Gosling referring to a restaurant in Palo Alto : `` We used to go to lunch at a place called St Michael 's Alley . According to local legend , in the deep dark past , the Grateful Dead used to perform there before they made it big . It was a pretty funky place that was definitely a Grateful Dead Kinda Place . When Jerry died , they even put up a little Buddhist-esque shrine . When we used to go there , we referred to the place as Cafe Dead . Somewhere along the line it was noticed that this was a HEX number . I was re-vamping some file format code and needed a couple of magic numbers : one for the persistent object file , and one for classes . I used CAFEDEAD for the object file format , and in grepping for 4 character hex words that fit after `` CAFE '' ( it seemed to be a good theme ) I hit on BABE and decided to use it . At that time , it did n't seem terribly important or destined to go anywhere but the trash - can of history . So CAFEBABE became the class file format , and CAFEDEAD was the persistent object format . But the persistent object facility went away , and along with it went the use of CAFEDEAD - it was eventually replaced by RMI . General layout ( edit ) Because the class file contains variable - sized items and does not also contain embedded file offsets ( or pointers ) , it is typically parsed sequentially , from the first byte toward the end . At the lowest level the file format is described in terms of a few fundamental data types : u1 : an unsigned 8 - bit integer u2 : an unsigned 16 - bit integer in big - endian byte order u4 : an unsigned 32 - bit integer in big - endian byte order table : an array of variable - length items of some type . The number of items in the table is identified by a preceding count number , but the size in bytes of the table can only be determined by examining each of its items . Some of these fundamental types are then re-interpreted as higher - level values ( such as strings or floating - point numbers ) , depending on context . There is no enforcement of word alignment , and so no padding bytes are ever used . The overall layout of the class file is as shown in the following table . byte offset size type or value description 0 4 bytes u1 = 0xCA hex magic number ( CAFEBABE ) used to identify file as conforming to the class file format u1 = 0xFE hex u1 = 0xBA hex u1 = 0xBE hex 2 bytes u2 minor version number of the class file format being used 5 6 2 bytes u2 major version number of the class file format being used . Java SE 10 = 54 ( 0x36 hex ) , Java SE 9 = 53 ( 0x35 hex ) , Java SE 8 = 52 ( 0x34 hex ) , Java SE 7 = 51 ( 0x33 hex ) , Java SE 6.0 = 50 ( 0x32 hex ) , Java SE 5.0 = 49 ( 0x31 hex ) , JDK 1.4 = 48 ( 0x30 hex ) , JDK 1.3 = 47 ( 0x2F hex ) , JDK 1.2 = 46 ( 0x2E hex ) , JDK 1.1 = 45 ( 0x2D hex ) . For details of earlier version numbers see footnote 1 at The JavaTM Virtual Machine Specification 2nd edition 7 8 2 bytes u2 constant pool count , number of entries in the following constant pool table . This count is at least one greater than the actual number of entries ; see following discussion . 9 10 cpsize ( variable ) table constant pool table , an array of variable - sized constant pool entries , containing items such as literal numbers , strings , and references to classes or methods . Indexed starting at 1 , containing ( constant pool count - 1 ) number of entries in total ( see note ) . ... ... ... 10 + cpsize 2 bytes u2 access flags , a bitmask 11 + cpsize 12 + cpsize 2 bytes u2 identifies this class , index into the constant pool to a `` Class '' - type entry 13 + cpsize 14 + cpsize 2 bytes u2 identifies super class , index into the constant pool to a `` Class '' - type entry 15 + cpsize 16 + cpsize 2 bytes u2 interface count , number of entries in the following interface table 17 + cpsize 18 + cpsize isize ( variable ) table interface table , an array of variable - sized interfaces ... ... ... 18 + cpsize+isize 2 bytes u2 field count , number of entries in the following field table 19 + cpsize+isize 20 + cpsize+isize fsize ( variable ) table field table , variable length array of fields ... ... ... 20 + cpsize+isize+fsize 2 bytes u2 method count , number of entries in the following method table 21 + cpsize+isize+fsize 22 + cpsize+isize+fsize msize ( variable ) table method table , variable length array of methods ... ... ... 22 + cpsize+isize+fsize+msize 2 bytes u2 attribute count , number of entries in the following attribute table 23 + cpsize+isize+fsize+msize 24 + cpsize+isize+fsize+msize asize ( variable ) table attribute table , variable length array of attributes ... ... ... Representation in a C - like programming language ( edit ) Since C does n't support multiple variable length arrays within a struct , the code below wo n't compile and only serves as a demonstration . struct Class_File_Format ( u4 magic_number ; u2 minor_version ; u2 major_version ; u2 constant_pool_count ; cp_info constant_pool ( constant_pool_count - 1 ) ; u2 access_flags ; u2 this_class ; u2 super_class ; u2 interfaces_count ; u2 interfaces ( interfaces_count ) ; u2 fields_count ; field_info fields ( fields_count ) ; u2 methods_count ; method_info methods ( methods_count ) ; u2 attributes_count ; attribute_info attributes ( attributes_count ) ; ) The constant pool ( edit ) The constant pool table is where most of the literal constant values are stored . This includes values such as numbers of all sorts , strings , identifier names , references to classes and methods , and type descriptors . All indexes , or references , to specific constants in the constant pool table are given by 16 - bit ( type u2 ) numbers , where index value 1 refers to the first constant in the table ( index value 0 is invalid ) . Due to historic choices made during the file format development , the number of constants in the constant pool table is not actually the same as the constant pool count which precedes the table . First , the table is indexed starting at 1 ( rather than 0 ) , but the count should actually be interpreted as the maximum index plus one . Additionally , two types of constants ( longs and doubles ) take up two consecutive slots in the table , although the second such slot is a phantom index that is never directly used . The type of each item ( constant ) in the constant pool is identified by an initial byte tag . The number of bytes following this tag and their interpretation are then dependent upon the tag value . The valid constant types and their tag values are : Tag byte Additional bytes Description of constant 2 + x bytes ( variable ) UTF - 8 ( Unicode ) string : a character string prefixed by a 16 - bit number ( type u2 ) indicating the number of bytes in the encoded string which immediately follows ( which may be different than the number of characters ) . Note that the encoding used is not actually UTF - 8 , but involves a slight modification of the Unicode standard encoding form . 4 bytes Integer : a signed 32 - bit two 's complement number in big - endian format 4 bytes Float : a 32 - bit single - precision IEEE 754 floating - point number 5 8 bytes Long : a signed 64 - bit two 's complement number in big - endian format ( takes two slots in the constant pool table ) 6 8 bytes Double : a 64 - bit double - precision IEEE 754 floating - point number ( takes two slots in the constant pool table ) 7 2 bytes Class reference : an index within the constant pool to a UTF - 8 string containing the fully qualified class name ( in internal format ) ( big - endian ) 8 2 bytes String reference : an index within the constant pool to a UTF - 8 string ( big - endian too ) 9 4 bytes Field reference : two indexes within the constant pool , the first pointing to a Class reference , the second to a Name and Type descriptor . ( big - endian ) 10 4 bytes Method reference : two indexes within the constant pool , the first pointing to a Class reference , the second to a Name and Type descriptor . ( big - endian ) 11 4 bytes Interface method reference : two indexes within the constant pool , the first pointing to a Class reference , the second to a Name and Type descriptor . ( big - endian ) 12 4 bytes Name and type descriptor : two indexes to UTF - 8 strings within the constant pool , the first representing a name ( identifier ) and the second a specially encoded type descriptor . 15 3 bytes Method handle : this structure is used to represent a method handle and consists of one byte of type descriptor , followed by an index within the constant pool . 16 2 bytes Method type : this structure is used to represent a method type , and consists of an index within the constant pool . 18 4 bytes InvokeDynamic : this is used by an invokedynamic instruction to specify a bootstrap method , the dynamic invocation name , the argument and return types of the call , and optionally , a sequence of additional constants called static arguments to the bootstrap method . There are only two integral constant types , integer and long . Other integral types appearing in the high - level language , such as boolean , byte , and short must be represented as an integer constant . Class names in Java , when fully qualified , are traditionally dot - separated , such as `` java. lang. Object '' . However within the low - level Class reference constants , an internal form appears which uses slashes instead , such as `` java / lang / Object '' . The Unicode strings , despite the moniker `` UTF - 8 string '' , are not actually encoded according to the Unicode standard , although it is similar . There are two differences ( see UTF - 8 for a complete discussion ) . The first is that the codepoint U + 0000 is encoded as the two - byte sequence C0 80 ( in hex ) instead of the standard single - byte encoding 00 . The second difference is that supplementary characters ( those outside the BMP at U + 10000 and above ) are encoded using a surrogate - pair construction similar to UTF - 16 rather than being directly encoded using UTF - 8 . In this case each of the two surrogates is encoded separately in UTF - 8 . For example , U + 1D11E is encoded as the 6 - byte sequence ED A0 B4 ED B4 9E , rather than the correct 4 - byte UTF - 8 encoding of F0 9D 84 9E . See also ( edit ) Java portal Java bytecode References ( edit ) Jump up ^ JSR 202 Java Class File Specification Update Jump up ^ James Gosling private communication to Bill Bumgarner Jump up ^ http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/10-relnote-issues-4108729.html#Remaining Jump up ^ https://bugs.openjdk.java.net/browse/JDK-8148785 ^ Jump up to : http://docs.oracle.com/javase/specs/jvms/se7/html/jvms-4.html#jvms-4.4 Further reading ( edit ) Tim Lindholm , Frank Yellin ( 1999 ) . The Java Virtual Machine Specification ( Second ed . ) . Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 201 - 43294 - 3 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 13 . The official defining document of the Java Virtual Machine , which includes the class file format . Both the first and second editions of the book are freely available online for viewing and / or download . ( hide ) Java Platforms Java language JVM Micro Edition Standard Edition Enterprise Edition Java Card Android SDK Oracle technologies Squawk Java Development Kit OpenJDK Java virtual machine JavaFX Maxine VM Platform technologies Applets Servlets MIDlets JSP Web Start ( JNLP ) Major third - party technologies Blackdown Eclipse GNU Classpath GWT Harmony Hibernate IcedTea Jazelle Spring Struts TopLink WildFly History Java version history Java Community Process Sun Microsystems Free Java implementations Major JVM languages BeanShell Clojure Groovy Oxygene JRuby Jython Kotlin Processing Rhino Scala Tcl / Java Conferences JavaOne Devoxx Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Java_class_file&oldid=831861926 '' Categories : Computer file formats Java platform Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Français മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 March 2018 , at 15 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java%20class%20file
| 2,030 |
|
what is the main island in the bahamas
|
The closest island to the United States is Bimini , which is also known as the gateway to the Bahamas . The island of Abaco is to the east of Grand Bahama . The southeasternmost island is Inagua . The largest island is Andros Island . Other inhabited islands include Eleuthera , Cat Island , Rum Cay , Long Island , San Salvador Island , Ragged Island , Acklins , Crooked Island , Exuma , Berry Islands and Mayaguana . Nassau , capital city of the Bahamas , lies on the island of New Providence .
|
The Bahamas
|
the bahamas
|
Coordinates : 24 ° 15 ′ N 76 ° 00 ′ W / 24.250 ° N 76.000 ° W / 24.250 ; - 76.000
|
Commonwealth of The Bahamas Flag Coat of arms Motto : `` Forward , Upward , Onward , Together '' Anthem : `` March On , Bahamaland '' Royal anthem : `` God Save the Queen '' Capital and largest city Nassau 25 ° 4 ′ N 77 ° 20 ′ W / 25.067 ° N 77.333 ° W / 25.067 ; - 77.333 Official languages English Vernacular language English Ethnic groups ( 2016 ) 92.7 % African 4.7 % European 2.1 % Mixed 1.9 % Other Demonym Bahamian Government Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy Monarch Elizabeth II Governor - General Dame Marguerite Pindling Prime Minister Hubert Minnis Legislature Parliament Upper house Senate Lower house House of Assembly Independence from the United Kingdom 10 July 1973 Area Total 13,878 km ( 5,358 sq mi ) ( 155th ) Water ( % ) 28 % Population 2016 estimate 391,232 ( 177th ) 2010 census 351,461 Density 25.21 / km ( 65.3 / sq mi ) ( 181st ) GDP ( PPP ) 2018 estimate Total $9.792 billion Per capita $26,005 GDP ( nominal ) 2018 estimate Total $9.529 billion Per capita $25,306 HDI ( 2015 ) 0.792 high 58th Currency Bahamian dollar ( BSD ) ( US dollars widely accepted ) Time zone EST ( UTC − 5 ) Summer ( DST ) EDT ( UTC − 4 ) Drives on the left Calling code + 1 242 ISO 3166 code BS Internet TLD . bs ^ Also referred to as Bahamian dialect or Bahamianese The Bahamas ( / bəˈhɑːməz / ( listen ) ) , known officially as the Commonwealth of The Bahamas , is an archipelagic state within the Lucayan Archipelago . It consists of more than 700 islands , cays , and islets in the Atlantic Ocean , and is located north of Cuba and Hispaniola ( Haiti and the Dominican Republic ) , northwest of the Turks and Caicos Islands , southeast of the United States state of Florida , and east of the Florida Keys . The capital is Nassau on the island of New Providence . The designation of `` the Bahamas '' can refer either to the country or to the larger island chain that it shares with the Turks and Caicos Islands . The Royal Bahamas Defence Force describes the Bahamas territory as encompassing 470,000 km ( 180,000 sq mi ) of ocean space . The Bahamas is the site of Columbus ' first landfall in the New World in 1492 . At that time , the islands were inhabited by the Lucayan , a branch of the Arawakan - speaking Taino people . Although the Spanish never colonised The Bahamas , they shipped the native Lucayans to slavery in Hispaniola . The islands were mostly deserted from 1513 until 1648 , when English colonists from Bermuda settled on the island of Eleuthera . The Bahamas became a British crown colony in 1718 , when the British clamped down on piracy . After the American War of Independence , the Crown resettled thousands of American Loyalists in the Bahamas ; they brought their slaves with them and established plantations on land grants . Africans constituted the majority of the population from this period . The slave trade was abolished by the British in 1807 ; slavery in the Bahamas was abolished in 1834 . Subsequently , the Bahamas became a haven for freed African slaves ; the Royal Navy resettled Africans there liberated from illegal slave ships , American slaves and Seminoles escaped here from Florida , and the government freed American slaves carried on United States domestic ships that had reached the Bahamas due to weather . Today , Afro - Bahamians make up nearly 90 % of the population . The Bahamas became an independent Commonwealth realm in 1973 , retaining the British monarch , then and currently Queen Elizabeth II , as its head of state . In terms of gross domestic product per capita , The Bahamas is one of the richest countries in the Americas ( following the United States and Canada ) , with an economy based on tourism and finance . Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 18th -- 19th centuries 2.2 20th century 2.3 Post-Second World War 3 Geography 3.1 Castaway Cay 3.2 Climate 4 Geology 5 Government and politics 5.1 Political culture 5.2 Foreign relations 5.3 Armed forces 5.4 Administrative divisions 5.5 National flag 5.6 Coat of arms 5.7 National flower 6 Economy 6.1 Tourism 6.2 Financial services 6.3 Agriculture 7 Demographics 7.1 Racial and ethnic groups 7.2 Languages 7.3 Religion 8 Culture 8.1 Sport 9 Education 10 In popular culture 11 Notable residents 12 See also 13 References 14 Bibliography 15 Further reading 15.1 General history 15.2 Economic history 15.3 Social history 16 External links Etymology ( edit ) The name Bahamas is most likely derived from either the Taíno ba ha ma ( `` big upper middle land '' ) , which was a term for the region used by the indigenous Native Americans , or possibly from the Spanish baja mar ( `` shallow water or sea '' or `` low tide '' ) reflecting the shallow waters of the area . Alternatively , it may originate from Guanahani , a local name of unclear meaning . A peculiarity of the name is that the word The is a formal part of the abbreviated name and is , therefore , capitalised . So in contrast to `` the Congo '' and `` the United Kingdom '' , it is proper to write `` The Bahamas '' . History ( edit ) Main article : History of The Bahamas This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A depiction of Columbus ' first landing , claiming possession of the New World for Spain in caravels ; the Niña and the Pinta , on Watling Island , an island of The Bahamas that the natives called Guanahani and that he named San Salvador , on 12 October 1492 . Taino people moved into the uninhabited southern Bahamas from Hispaniola and Cuba around the 11th century , having migrated there from South America . They came to be known as the Lucayan people . An estimated 30,000 Lucayan inhabited the Bahamas at the time of Christopher Columbus ' arrival in 1492 . Columbus 's first landfall in the New World was on an island he named San Salvador ( known to the Lucayan as Guanahani ) . Some researchers believe this site to be present - day San Salvador Island ( formerly known as Watling 's Island ) , situated in the southeastern Bahamas . An alternative theory holds that Columbus landed to the southeast on Samana Cay , according to calculations made in 1986 by National Geographic writer and editor Joseph Judge , based on Columbus 's log . Evidence in support of this remains inconclusive . On the landfall island , Columbus made first contact with the Lucayan and exchanged goods with them . The Spanish forced much of the Lucayan population to Hispaniola for use as forced labour . The slaves suffered from harsh conditions and most died from contracting diseases to which they had no immunity ; half of the Taino died from smallpox alone . The population of the Bahamas was severely diminished . In 1648 , the Eleutherian Adventurers , led by William Sayle , migrated from Bermuda . These English Puritans established the first permanent European settlement on an island which they named Eleuthera -- the name derives from the Greek word for freedom . They later settled New Providence , naming it Sayle 's Island after one of their leaders . To survive , the settlers salvaged goods from wrecks . In 1670 , King Charles II granted the islands to the Lords Proprietors of the Carolinas in North America . They rented the islands from the king with rights of trading , tax , appointing governors , and administering the country . In 1684 Spanish corsair Juan de Alcon raided the capital , Charles Town ( later renamed Nassau ) . In 1703 , a joint Franco - Spanish expedition briefly occupied the Bahamian capital during the War of the Spanish Succession . 18th -- 19th centuries ( edit ) Sign at Bill Baggs Cape Florida State Park commemorating hundreds of African - American slaves who escaped to freedom in the early 1820s in the Bahamas During proprietary rule , the Bahamas became a haven for pirates , including the infamous Blackbeard ( circa 1680 -- 1718 ) . To put an end to the ' Pirates ' republic ' and restore orderly government , Britain made the Bahamas a crown colony in 1718 under the royal governorship of Woodes Rogers . After a difficult struggle , he succeeded in suppressing piracy . In 1720 , Rogers led local militia to drive off a Spanish attack . During the American War of Independence in the late 18th century , the islands became a target for American naval forces under the command of Commodore Esek Hopkins . US Marines occupied the capital of Nassau for a fortnight . In 1782 , following the British defeat at Yorktown , a Spanish fleet appeared off the coast of Nassau . The city surrendered without a fight . Spain returned possession of the Bahamas to Britain the following year , under the terms of the Treaty of Paris . Before the news was received , however , the islands were recaptured by a small British force led by Andrew Deveaux . After American independence , the British resettled some 7,300 Loyalists with their slaves in the Bahamas , and granted land to the planters to help compensate for losses on the continent . These Loyalists , who included Deveaux , established plantations on several islands and became a political force in the capital . European Americans were outnumbered by the African - American slaves they brought with them , and ethnic Europeans remained a minority in the territory . In 1807 , the British abolished the slave trade , followed by the United States the next year . During the following decades , the Royal Navy intercepted the trade ; they resettled in the Bahamas thousands of Africans liberated from slave ships . In the 1820s during the period of the Seminole Wars in Florida , hundreds of American slaves and African Seminoles escaped from Cape Florida to the Bahamas . They settled mostly on northwest Andros Island , where they developed the village of Red Bays . From eyewitness accounts , 300 escaped in a mass flight in 1823 , aided by Bahamians in 27 sloops , with others using canoes for the journey . This was commemorated in 2004 by a large sign at Bill Baggs Cape Florida State Park . Some of their descendants in Red Bays continue African Seminole traditions in basket making and grave marking . The United States ' National Park Service , which administers the National Underground Railroad Network to Freedom , is working with the African Bahamian Museum and Research Center ( ABAC ) in Nassau on development to identify Red Bays as a site related to American slaves ' search for freedom . The museum has researched and documented the African Seminoles ' escape from southern Florida . It plans to develop interpretive programs at historical sites in Red Bay associated with the period of their settlement in the Bahamas . In 1818 , the Home Office in London had ruled that `` any slave brought to the Bahamas from outside the British West Indies would be manumitted . '' This led to a total of nearly 300 slaves owned by US nationals being freed from 1830 to 1835 . The American slave ships Comet and Encomium used in the United States domestic coastwise slave trade , were wrecked off Abaco Island in December 1830 and February 1834 , respectively . When wreckers took the masters , passengers and slaves into Nassau , customs officers seized the slaves and British colonial officials freed them , over the protests of the Americans . There were 165 slaves on the Comet and 48 on the Encomium . Britain finally paid an indemnity to the United States in those two cases in 1855 , under the Treaty of Claims of 1853 , which settled several compensation cases between the two nations . Slavery was abolished in the British Empire on 1 August 1834 . After that British colonial officials freed 78 American slaves from the Enterprise , which went into Bermuda in 1835 ; and 38 from the Hermosa , which wrecked off Abaco Island in 1840 . The most notable case was that of the Creole in 1841 : as a result of a slave revolt on board , the leaders ordered the American brig to Nassau . It was carrying 135 slaves from Virginia destined for sale in New Orleans . The Bahamian officials freed the 128 slaves who chose to stay in the islands . The Creole case has been described as the `` most successful slave revolt in U.S. history '' . These incidents , in which a total of 447 slaves belonging to US nationals were freed from 1830 to 1842 , increased tension between the United States and Great Britain . They had been co-operating in patrols to suppress the international slave trade . But , worried about the stability of its large domestic slave trade and its value , the United States argued that Britain should not treat its domestic ships that came to its colonial ports under duress , as part of the international trade . The United States worried that the success of the Creole slaves in gaining freedom would encourage more slave revolts on merchant ships . 20th century ( edit ) The Duke of Windsor and Governor of the Bahamas from 1940 to 1945 In August 1940 , the Duke of Windsor was appointed Governor of the Bahamas . He arrived in the colony with his wife , the Duchess . Although disheartened at the condition of Government House , they `` tried to make the best of a bad situation '' . He did not enjoy the position , and referred to the islands as `` a third - class British colony '' . He opened the small local parliament on 29 October 1940 . The couple visited the `` Out Islands '' that November , on Axel Wenner - Gren 's yacht , which caused controversy ; the British Foreign Office strenuously objected because they had been advised ( mistakenly ) by United States intelligence that Wenner - Gren was a close friend of the Luftwaffe commander Hermann Göring of Nazi Germany . The Duke was praised at the time for his efforts to combat poverty on the islands . A 1991 biography by Philip Ziegler , however , described him as contemptuous of the Bahamians and other non-European peoples of the Empire . He was praised for his resolution of civil unrest over low wages in Nassau in June 1942 , when there was a `` full - scale riot '' . Ziegler said that the Duke blamed the trouble on `` mischief makers -- communists '' and `` men of Central European Jewish descent , who had secured jobs as a pretext for obtaining a deferment of draft '' . The Duke resigned from the post on 16 March 1945 . Post-second World War ( edit ) Sign at the entrance of the Sir Roland Symonette Park in North Eleuthera district commemorating Sir Roland Theodore Symonette , the Bahamas ' first Premier Modern political development began after the Second World War . The first political parties were formed in the 1950s . The British Parliament authorised the islands as internally self - governing in 1964 , with Sir Roland Symonette , of the United Bahamian Party , as the first Premier . A new constitution granting the Bahamas internal autonomy went into effect on 7 January 1964 . In 1967 , Lynden Pindling of the Progressive Liberal Party , became the first native born Premier of the majority native Bahamian colony ; in 1968 the title of the position was changed to Prime Minister . In 1968 , Pindling announced that the Bahamas would seek full independence . A new constitution giving the Bahamas increased control over its own affairs was adopted in 1968 . The British House of Lords voted to give the Bahamas its independence on 22 June 1973 . Prince Charles delivered the official documents to Prime Minister Lynden Pindling , officially declaring the Bahamas a fully independent nation on 10 July 1973 . It joined the Commonwealth of Nations on the same day . Sir Milo Butler was appointed the first Governor - General of the Bahamas ( the official representative of Queen Elizabeth II ) shortly after independence . The Bahamas joined the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank on 22 August 1973 , and it joined the United Nations on 18 September 1973 . Based on the twin pillars of tourism and offshore finance , the Bahamian economy has prospered since the 1950s . Significant challenges in areas such as education , health care , housing , international narcotics trafficking and illegal immigration from Haiti continue to be issues . The University of The Bahamas ( UB ) is the national higher education / tertiary system . Offering baccalaureate , masters and associate degrees , UB has three campuses , and teaching and research centres throughout the Bahamas . The University of The Bahamas was chartered on 10 November 2016 . Geography ( edit ) Main article : Geography of the Bahamas The Bahamas from space . NASA Aqua satellite image , 2009 The country lies between latitudes 20 ° and 28 ° N , and longitudes 72 ° and 80 ° W . In 1864 , the Governor of the Bahamas reported that there were 29 islands , 661 cays , and 2,387 rocks in the colony . The closest island to the United States is Bimini , which is also known as the gateway to the Bahamas . The island of Abaco is to the east of Grand Bahama . The southeasternmost island is Inagua . The largest island is Andros Island . Other inhabited islands include Eleuthera , Cat Island , Rum Cay , Long Island , San Salvador Island , Ragged Island , Acklins , Crooked Island , Exuma , Berry Islands and Mayaguana . Nassau , capital city of the Bahamas , lies on the island of New Providence . All the islands are low and flat , with ridges that usually rise no more than 15 to 20 m ( 49 to 66 ft ) . The highest point in the country is Mount Alvernia ( formerly Como Hill ) on Cat Island . It has an elevation of 63 metres ( 207 ft ) . Damaged homes in the Bahamas in the aftermath of Hurricane Wilma in 2005 To the southeast , the Turks and Caicos Islands , and three more extensive submarine features called Mouchoir Bank , Silver Bank and Navidad Bank , are geographically a continuation of the Bahamas . Castaway Cay ( edit ) Main article : Castaway Cay Disney has its own private island in the Bahamas called Castaway Cay . It is located near Great Abaco Island and was formerly known as Gorda Cay . In 1997 , The Walt Disney Company purchased a 99 - year land lease for the cay from the Bahamian government , set to expire in 2096 . Climate ( edit ) See also : Geography of the Bahamas § Climate The climate of the Bahamas is tropical savannah climate or Aw according to Köppen climate classification . The low latitude , warm tropical Gulf Stream , and low elevation give the Bahamas a warm and winterless climate . As such , there has never been a frost or freeze reported in the Bahamas , although every few decades low temperatures can fall below 10 ° C ( 50 ° F ) for a few hours when a severe cold outbreak comes off the North American mainland . There is only an 8 ° C difference between the warmest month and coolest month in most of the Bahama islands . As with most tropical climates , seasonal rainfall follows the sun , and summer is the wettest season . The Bahamas are often sunny and dry for long periods of time , and average more than 3,000 hours or 340 days of sunlight annually . Tropical storms and hurricanes can on occasion impact the Bahamas . In 1992 , Hurricane Andrew passed over the northern portions of the islands , and Hurricane Floyd passed near the eastern portions of the islands in 1999 . hide Climate data for Nassau Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° C ( ° F ) 25.4 ( 77.7 ) 25.5 ( 77.9 ) 26.6 ( 79.9 ) 27.9 ( 82.2 ) 29.7 ( 85.5 ) 31.0 ( 87.8 ) 32.0 ( 89.6 ) 32.1 ( 89.8 ) 31.6 ( 88.9 ) 29.9 ( 85.8 ) 27.8 ( 82 ) 26.2 ( 79.2 ) 28.8 ( 83.9 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) 21.4 ( 70.5 ) 21.4 ( 70.5 ) 22.3 ( 72.1 ) 23.8 ( 74.8 ) 25.6 ( 78.1 ) 27.2 ( 81 ) 28.0 ( 82.4 ) 28.1 ( 82.6 ) 27.7 ( 81.9 ) 26.2 ( 79.2 ) 24.2 ( 75.6 ) 22.3 ( 72.1 ) 24.8 ( 76.7 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 17.3 ( 63.1 ) 17.3 ( 63.1 ) 17.9 ( 64.2 ) 19.6 ( 67.3 ) 21.4 ( 70.5 ) 23.3 ( 73.9 ) 24.0 ( 75.2 ) 24.0 ( 75.2 ) 23.7 ( 74.7 ) 22.5 ( 72.5 ) 20.6 ( 69.1 ) 18.3 ( 64.9 ) 20.8 ( 69.5 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 39.4 ( 1.551 ) 49.5 ( 1.949 ) 54.4 ( 2.142 ) 69.3 ( 2.728 ) 105.9 ( 4.169 ) 218.2 ( 8.591 ) 160.8 ( 6.331 ) 235.7 ( 9.28 ) 164.1 ( 6.461 ) 161.8 ( 6.37 ) 80.5 ( 3.169 ) 49.8 ( 1.961 ) 1,389.4 ( 54.701 ) Average precipitation days 8 6 7 8 10 15 17 19 17 15 10 8 140 Mean monthly sunshine hours 220.1 220.4 257.3 276.0 269.7 231.0 272.8 266.6 213.0 223.2 222.0 213.9 2,886 Source : World Meteorological Organization ( UN ) , Hong Kong Observatory ( sun only ) Average Sea Temperature Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 23 ° C 73 ° F 23 ° C 73 ° F 24 ° C 75 ° F 26 ° C 79 ° F 27 ° C 81 ° F 28 ° C 82 ° F 28 ° C 82 ° F 28 ° C 82 ° F 28 ° C 82 ° F 27 ° C 81 ° F 26 ° C 79 ° F 24 ° C 75 ° F Geology ( edit ) The Bahamas is part of the Lucayan Archipelago , which continues into the Turks and Caicos Islands , the Mouchoir Bank , the Silver Bank , and the Navidad Bank . The Bahamas Platform , which includes the Bahamas , Southern Florida , Northern Cuba , the Turks and Caicos , and the Blake Plateau , formed about 150 Ma , not long after the formation of the North Atlantic . The 6.4 km thick limestones , which predominately make up The Bahamas , date back to the Cretaceous . These limestones would have been deposited in shallow seas , assumed to be a stretched and thinned portion of the North American continental crust . Sediments were forming at about the same rate as the crust below was sinking due to the added weight . Thus , the entire area consisted of a large marine plain with some islands . Then , at about 80 Ma , the area became flooded by the Gulf Stream . This resulted in the drowning of the Blake Plateau , the separation of The Bahamas from Cuba and Florida , the separation of the southeastern Bahamas into separate banks , the creation of the Cay Sal Bank , plus the Little and Great Bahama Banks . Sedimentation from the `` carbonate factory '' of each bank , or atoll , continues today at the rate of about 2 cm per kyr . Coral reefs form the `` retaining walls '' of these atolls , within which oolites and pellets form . Coral growth was greater through the Tertiary , until the start of the Ice Ages , and hence those deposits are more abundant below a depth of 36 m . In fact , an ancient extinct reef exists half a km seaward of the present one , 30 m below sea level . Oolites form when oceanic water penetrate the shallow banks , increasing the temperature about 3 ° C and the salinity by 0.5 per cent . Cemented ooids are referred to as grapestone . Additionally , giant stromatolites are found off the Exuma Cays . Sea level changes resulted in a drop in sea level , causing wind blown oolite to form sand dunes with distinct cross-bedding . Overlapping dunes form oolitic ridges , which become rapidly lithified through the action of rainwater , called eolianite . Most islands have ridges ranging from 30 to 45 m , though Cat Island has a ridge 60 m in height . The land between ridges is conducive to the formation of lakes and swamps . Solution weathering of the limestone results in a `` Bahamian Karst '' topography . This includes potholes , Blue holes such as Dean 's Blue Hole , sinkholes , beachrock such as the Bimini Road ( `` pavements of Atlantis '' ) , limestone crust , caves due to the lack of rivers , and sea caves . Several blue holes are aligned along the South Andros Fault line . Tidal flats and tidal creeks are common , but the more impressive drainage patterns are formed by troughs and canyons such as Great Bahama Canyon with the evidence of turbidity currents and turbidite deposition . The stratigraphy of the islands consists of the Middle Pleistocene Owl 's Hole Formation , overlain by the Late Pleistocene Grotto Beach Formation , and then the Holocene Rice Bay Formation . However , these units are not necessarily stacked on top of each other but can be located laterally . The oldest formation , Owl 's Hole , is capped by a terra rosa paleosoil , as is the Grotto Beach , unless eroded . The Grotto Beach Formation is the most widespread . Government and politics ( edit ) Main article : Politics of the Bahamas The Bahamian Parliament , located in Nassau The Bahamas is a parliamentary constitutional monarchy headed by Queen Elizabeth II in her role as Queen of the Bahamas . Political and legal traditions closely follow those of the United Kingdom and the Westminster system . The Bahamas is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations as a Commonwealth realm , retaining the Queen as head of state ( represented by a Governor - General ) . Legislative power is vested In a bicameral parliament , which consists of a 38 - member House of Assembly ( the lower house ) , with members elected from single - member districts , and a 16 - member Senate , with members appointed by the Governor - General , including nine on the advice of the Prime Minister , four on the advice of the Leader of Her Majesty 's Loyal Opposition , and three on the advice of the Prime Minister after consultation with the Leader of the Opposition . The House of Assembly carries out all major legislative functions . As under the Westminster system , the Prime Minister may dissolve Parliament and call a general election at any time within a five - year term . The Prime Minister is the head of government and is the leader of the party with the most seats in the House of Assembly . Executive power is exercised by the Cabinet , selected by the Prime Minister and drawn from his supporters in the House of Assembly . The current Governor - General is Dame Marguerite Pindling , and the current Prime Minister is The Rt . Hon . Hubert Minnis M.P. . Constitutional safeguards include freedom of speech , press , worship , movement and association . The Judiciary of the Bahamas is independent of the executive and the legislature . Jurisprudence is based on English law . Political culture ( edit ) The Bahamas has a two - party system dominated by the centre - left Progressive Liberal Party and the centre - right Free National Movement . A handful of splinter parties have been unable to win election to parliament . These parties have included the Bahamas Democratic Movement , the Coalition for Democratic Reform , Bahamian Nationalist Party and the Democratic National Alliance . Foreign Relations ( edit ) Further information : Foreign relations of the Bahamas The Bahamas has strong bilateral relationships with the United States and the United Kingdom , represented by an ambassador in Washington and High Commissioner in London . The Bahamas also associates closely with other nations of the Caribbean Community ( CARICOM ) . Armed forces ( edit ) Main article : Royal Bahamas Defence Force HMBS Nassau ( P - 61 ) Its military is the Royal Bahamas Defence Force ( the RBDF ) , the navy of the Bahamas which includes a land unit called Commando Squadron ( Regiment ) and an Air Wing ( Air Force ) . Under the Defence Act , the RBDF has been mandated , in the name of the Queen , to defend the Bahamas , protect its territorial integrity , patrol its waters , provide assistance and relief in times of disaster , maintain order in conjunction with the law enforcement agencies of the Bahamas , and carry out any such duties as determined by the National Security Council . The Defence Force is also a member of the Caribbean Community ( CARICOM ) 's Regional Security Task Force . The RBDF came into existence on 31 March 1980 . Their duties include defending the Bahamas , stopping drug smuggling , illegal immigration and poaching , and providing assistance to mariners . The Defence Force has a fleet of 26 coastal and inshore patrol craft along with 3 aircraft and over 1,100 personnel including 65 officers and 74 women . Administrative divisions ( edit ) Main article : Local government in the Bahamas Districts of the Bahamas The districts of the Bahamas provide a system of local government everywhere except New Providence ( which holds 70 % of the national population ) , whose affairs are handled directly by the central government . In 1996 , the Bahamian Parliament passed the `` Local Government Act '' to facilitate the establishment of Family Island Administrators , Local Government Districts , Local District Councillors and Local Town Committees for the various island communities . The overall goal of this act is to allow the various elected leaders to govern and oversee the affairs of their respective districts without the interference of Central Government . In total , there are 32 districts , with elections being held every five years . There are 110 Councillors and 281 Town Committee members are elected to represent the various districts . Each Councillor or Town Committee member is responsible for the proper use of public funds for the maintenance and development of their constituency . The Bahamas uses drive - on - the - Left traffic rules throughout the Commonwealth . The districts other than New Providence are : Acklins Berry Islands Bimini Black Point , Exuma Cat Island Central Abaco Central Andros Central Eleuthera City of Freeport , Grand Bahama Crooked Island East Grand Bahama Exuma Grand Cay , Abaco Harbour Island , Eleuthera Hope Town , Abaco Inagua Long Island Mangrove Cay , Andros Mayaguana Moore 's Island , Abaco North Abaco North Andros North Eleuthera Ragged Island Rum Cay San Salvador South Abaco South Andros South Eleuthera Spanish Wells , Eleuthera West Grand Bahama National flag ( edit ) Main article : Flag of the Bahamas National flag of the Bahamas The colours of the Bahamian flag symbolise the strength of the Bahamian people ; the design reflects aspects of the natural environment ( sun and sea ) and economic and social development . The flag is a black equilateral triangle against the mast , superimposed on a horizontal background made up of three equal stripes of aquamarine , gold and aquamarine . Coat of arms ( edit ) Main article : Coat of arms of the Bahamas Bahamian Coat of Arms The coat of arms of the Bahamas contains a shield with the national symbols as its focal point . The shield is supported by a marlin and a flamingo , which are the national animals of the Bahamas . The flamingo is located on the land , and the marlin on the sea , indicating the geography of the islands . On top of the shield is a conch shell , which represents the varied marine life of the island chain . The conch shell rests on a helmet . Below this is the actual shield , the main symbol of which is a ship representing the Santa María of Christopher Columbus , shown sailing beneath the sun . Along the bottom , below the shield appears a banner upon which is the national motto : `` Forward , Upward , Onward Together . '' National flower ( edit ) The yellow elder was chosen as the national flower of the Bahamas because it is native to the Bahama islands , and it blooms throughout the year . Selection of the yellow elder over many other flowers was made through the combined popular vote of members of all four of New Providence 's garden clubs of the 1970s -- the Nassau Garden Club , the Carver Garden Club , the International Garden Club and the Y.W.C.A. Garden Club . They reasoned that other flowers grown there -- such as the bougainvillea , hibiscus and poinciana -- had already been chosen as the national flowers of other countries . The yellow elder , on the other hand , was unclaimed by other countries ( although it is now also the national flower of the United States Virgin Islands ) and also the yellow elder is native to the family islands . Economy ( edit ) Main article : Economy of the Bahamas By the terms of GDP per capita , the Bahamas is one of the richest countries in the Americas . It was revealed in the Panama Papers that The Bahamas is the jurisdiction with the most offshore entities or companies . Tourism ( edit ) Cruise ships in Nassau Harbour The Bahamas relies on tourism to generate most of its economic activity . Tourism as an industry not only accounts for over 60 % of the Bahamian GDP , but provides jobs for more than half the country 's workforce . The Bahamas attracted 5.8 million visitors in 2012 , more than 70 % of whom were cruise visitors . Financial services ( edit ) After tourism , the next most important economic sector is banking and international financial services , accounting for some 15 % of GDP . The government has adopted incentives to encourage foreign financial business , and further banking and finance reforms are in progress . The government plans to merge the regulatory functions of key financial institutions , including the Central Bank of the Bahamas ( CBB ) and the Securities and Exchange Commission . The Central Bank administers restrictions and controls on capital and money market instruments . The Bahamas International Securities Exchange consists of 19 listed public companies . Reflecting the relative soundness of the banking system ( mostly populated by Canadian banks ) , the impact of the global financial crisis on the financial sector has been limited . A proportional representation of the Bahamas exports . The economy has a very competitive tax regime . The government derives its revenue from import tariffs , VAT , licence fees , property and stamp taxes , but there is no income tax , corporate tax , capital gains tax , or wealth tax . Payroll taxes fund social insurance benefits and amount to 3.9 % paid by the employee and 5.9 % paid by the employer . In 2010 , overall tax revenue as a percentage of GDP was 17.2 % . Agriculture ( edit ) Further information : Agriculture in the Bahamas Agriculture is the third largest sector of the Bahamian economy , representing 5 -- 7 % of total GDP . An estimated 80 % of the Bahamian food supply is imported . Major crops include onions , okra , tomatoes , oranges , grapefruit , cucumbers , sugar cane , lemons , limes , and sweet potatoes . Demographics ( edit ) Main article : Demographics of the Bahamas The Bahamas has an estimated population of 391,232 , of which 25.9 % are under 14 , 67.2 % 15 to 64 and 6.9 % over 65 . It has a population growth rate of 0.925 % ( 2010 ) , with a birth rate of 17.81 / 1,000 population , death rate of 9.35 / 1,000 , and net migration rate of − 2.13 migrant ( s ) / 1,000 population . The infant mortality rate is 23.21 deaths / 1,000 live births . Residents have a life expectancy at birth of 69.87 years : 73.49 years for females , 66.32 years for males . The total fertility rate is 2.0 children born / woman ( 2010 ) . The most populous islands are New Providence , where Nassau , the capital and largest city , is located ; and Grand Bahama , home to the second largest city of Freeport . Racial and ethnic groups ( edit ) According to the 99 % response rate obtained from the race question on the 2010 Census questionnaire , 90.6 % of the population identified themselves as being Black , 4.7 % White and 2.1 % of a mixed race ( Black and White ) . Three centuries prior , in 1722 when the first official census of the Bahamas was taken , 74 % of the population was White and 26 % Black . Afro - Bahamian children at a local school Since the colonial era of plantations , Africans or Afro - Bahamians have been the largest ethnic group in the Bahamas , whose primary ancestry was based in West Africa . The first Africans to arrive to the Bahamas were freed slaves from Bermuda ; they arrived with the Eleutheran Adventurers looking for new lives . The Haitian community in the Bahamas is also largely of African descent and numbers about 80,000 . Due to an extremely high immigration of Haitians to the Bahamas , the Bahamian government started deporting illegal Haitian immigrants to their homeland in late 2014 . The White Bahamian population are mainly the descendants of the English Puritans looking to flee religious persecution in England and American Loyalists escaping the American Revolution who arrived in 1649 and 1783 , respectively . Many Southern Loyalists went to the Abaco Islands , half of whose population was of European descent as of 1985 . The term white is usually used to identify Bahamians with Anglo ancestry , as well as `` light - skinned '' Afro - Bahamians . Sometimes Bahamians use the term Conchy Joe to describe people of Anglo descent . A small portion of the Euro - Bahamian population is descended from Greek labourers who came to help develop the sponging industry in the 1900s . They make up less than 1 % of the nation 's population , but have still preserved their distinct Greek Bahamian culture . Bahamians typically identify themselves simply as either black or white . Languages ( edit ) The official language of the Bahamas is English . Many people speak an English - based creole language called Bahamian dialect ( known simply as `` dialect '' ) or `` Bahamianese . '' Laurente Gibbs , a Bahamian writer and actor , was the first to coin the latter name in a poem and has since promoted its usage . Both are used as autoglossonyms . Haitian Creole , a French - based creole language is spoken by Haitians and their descendants , who make up of about 25 % of the total population . It is known simply as Creole to differentiate it from Bahamian English . Also note that the Bahamas was once under British rule and therefore the English taught in the Bahamian schools is still `` British - based '' . Religion ( edit ) Further information : Religion in the Bahamas Religion in the Bahamas ( 2010 ) Protestant ( 80 % ) Roman Catholic ( 14.5 % ) Other Christian ( 1.3 % ) Unaffiliated ( 3.1 % ) Other religion ( 1.1 % ) According to International Religious Freedom Report 2008 prepared by United States Bureau of Democracy , Human Rights and Labor , the islands ' population is predominantly Christian . Protestant denominations are widespread and collectively account for more than 70 % of the population , with Baptists representing 35 % of the population , Anglicans 15 % , Pentecostals 8 % , Church of God 5 % , Seventh - day Adventists 5 % and Methodists 4 % . There is also a significant Roman Catholic community accounting for about 14 % . There are also smaller communities of Jews , Muslims , Baha'is , Hindus , Rastafarians and practitioners of Obeah . Culture ( edit ) Main articles : Culture of the Bahamas and Music of the Bahamas Junkanoo celebration in Nassau In the less developed outer islands ( or Family Islands ) , handicrafts include basketry made from palm fronds . This material , commonly called `` straw '' , is plaited into hats and bags that are popular tourist items . Another use is for so - called `` Voodoo dolls '' , even though such dolls are the result of the American imagination and not based on historic fact . A form of folk magic ( obeah ) is practised by some Bahamians , mainly in the Family Islands ( out - islands ) of the Bahamas . The practice of obeah is illegal in the Bahamas and punishable by law . Junkanoo is a traditional Afro - Bahamian street parade of ' rushing ' , music , dance and art held in Nassau ( and a few other settlements ) every Boxing Day and New Year 's Day . Junkanoo is also used to celebrate other holidays and events such as Emancipation Day . Regattas are important social events in many family island settlements . They usually feature one or more days of sailing by old - fashioned work boats , as well as an onshore festival . Many dishes are associated with Bahamian cuisine , which reflects Caribbean , African and European influences . Some settlements have festivals associated with the traditional crop or food of that area , such as the `` Pineapple Fest '' in Gregory Town , Eleuthera or the `` Crab Fest '' on Andros . Other significant traditions include story telling . Bahamians have created a rich literature of poetry , short stories , plays and short fictional works . Common themes in these works are ( 1 ) an awareness of change , ( 2 ) a striving for sophistication , ( 3 ) a search for identity , ( 4 ) nostalgia for the old ways and ( 5 ) an appreciation of beauty . Some contributing writers are Susan Wallace , Percival Miller , Robert Johnson , Raymond Brown , O.M. Smith , William Johnson , Eddie Minnis and Winston Saunders . Bahamas culture is rich with beliefs , traditions , folklore and legend . The most well - known folklore and legends in the Bahamas includes Lusca in Andros Bahamas , Pretty Molly on Exuma Bahamas , the Chickcharnies of Andro Bahamas , and the Lost City of Atlantis on Bimini Bahamas . Sport ( edit ) Sport is a significant part of Bahamian culture . The national sport is cricket . Cricket has been played in the Bahamas from 1846 , the oldest sport being played in the country today . The Bahamas Cricket Association was formed in 1936 , and from the 1940s to the 1970s , cricket was played amongst many Bahamians . Bahamas is not a part of the West Indies Cricket Board , so players are not eligible to play for the West Indies cricket team . The late 1970s saw the game begin to decline in the country as teachers , who had previously come from the United Kingdom with a passion for cricket , were replaced by teachers who had been trained in the United States . The Bahamian physical education teachers had no knowledge of the game and instead taught track and field , basketball , baseball , softball , volleyball and football where primary and high schools compete against each other . Today cricket is still enjoyed by a few locals and immigrants in the country usually from Jamaica , Guyana , Haiti and Barbados . Cricket is played on Saturdays and Sundays at Windsor Park and Haynes Oval . The only other sporting event that began before cricket was horse racing , which started in 1796 . The most popular spectator sports are those imported from United States , such as basketball , American football and baseball , rather than from Great Britain , due to the country 's close proximity to the United States , unlike their other Caribbean counterparts , where cricket , rugby , and netball have proven to be more popular . Dexter Cambridge , Rick Fox , Ian Lockhart , Magnum Rolle , Buddy Hield and Deandre Ayton are a few Bahamians who joined Bahamian Mychal Thompson of the Los Angeles Lakers in the NBA ranks . Over the years American football has become much more popular than soccer , though not implemented in the high school system yet . Leagues for teens and adults have been developed by the Bahamas American Football Federation . However soccer , as it is commonly known in the country , is still a very popular sport amongst high school pupils . Leagues are governed by the Bahamas Football Association . Recently the Bahamian government has been working closely with Tottenham Hotspur of London to promote the sport in the country as well as promoting the Bahamas in the European market . In 2013 ' Spurs ' became the first Premier League club to play an exhibition match in the Bahamas , facing the Jamaican national team . Joe Lewis , the owner of the club , is based in the Bahamas . Other popular sports are swimming , tennis and boxing , where Bahamians have enjoyed some degree of success at the international level . Other sports such as golf , rugby league , rugby union , beach soccer , and netball are considered growing sports . Athletics , commonly known as ' track and field ' in the country , is the most successful sport by far amongst Bahamians . Bahamians have a strong tradition in the sprints and jumps . Track and field is probably the most popular spectator sport in the country next to basketball due to their success over the years . Triathlons are gaining popularity in Nassau and the Family Islands . Bahamians have gone on to win numerous track and field medals at the Olympic Games , IAAF World Championships in Athletics , Commonwealth Games and Pan American Games . Frank Rutherford is the first athletics olympic medallist for the country . He won a bronze medal for triple jump during the 1992 Summer Olympics . Pauline Davis - Thompson , Debbie Ferguson , Chandra Sturrup , Savatheda Fynes and Eldece Clarke - Lewis teamed up for the first athletics Olympic Gold medal for the country when they won the 4 × 100 m relay at the 2000 Summer Olympics . They are affectionately known as the `` Golden Girls '' . Tonique Williams - Darling became the first athletics individual Olympic gold medallist when she won the 400m sprint in 2004 Summer Olympics . In 2007 , with the disqualification of Marion Jones , Pauline Davis - Thompson was advanced to the gold medal position in the 200 metres at the 2000 Olympics , predating William - Darling . The Bahamas were hosts of the first men 's senior FIFA tournament to be staged in the Caribbean , the 2017 FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup . Education ( edit ) Main article : Education in the Bahamas According to 1995 estimates , 98.2 % of the adult population is literate . In popular culture ( edit ) Scenes from the final Jaws film ( Jaws : The Revenge ) were filmed on a New Providence Island beach now known as `` Jaws Beach '' . The fourth official James Bond film , Thunderball ( 1965 ) , was partly filmed in Nassau , where much of the story is set . Eon Productions were to return for filming underwater sequences in the famously clear waters , even when a Bond film 's story was set elsewhere ; for example , for The Spy Who Loved Me ( 1977 ) . The unofficial remake of Thunderball , Never Say Never Again ( 1983 ) , was similarly partly filmed in the islands , though this version of the story was not as extensively set there . Zeus and Roxanne is a 1997 family comedy / adventure film directed by George T. Miller . It revolves around the friendship between the title characters , a dog and a dolphin , respectively . It stars Steve Guttenberg and Kathleen Quinlan . Parts of the Movie was filmed in Grand Bahama . Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest is a 2006 American fantasy swashbuckler film , the second installment of the Pirates of the Caribbean film series and the sequel to Pirates of the Caribbean . Parts of the movie was filmed in The Bahamas After the Sunset is a 2004 action comedy film starring Pierce Brosnan as Max Burdett , a master thief caught in a pursuit with FBI agent Stan Lloyd , played by Woody Harrelson . The film was directed by Brett Ratner and shot in the Bahamas . Into the Blue a 2005 American action - thriller film starring Paul Walker , Jessica Alba , Scott Caan , Ashley Scott , Josh Brolin , and James Frain . The film was directed by John Stockwell was filmed in the Bahamas Tyler Perry 's Why Did I Get Married ? is a 2007 American comedy - drama film adaptation written , produced , directed , and starring Tyler Perry . Parts of the film was filmed in Eleuthera The twenty - first official James Bond film , Casino Royale ( 2006 ) , was in part set and filmed in the islands . The Beatles ' film Help ! was filmed in part on New Providence Island and Paradise Island also in 1965 . Nassau is featured in the 2013 video game Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag as a pirate haven , housing the main protagonists . Historical pirates are encountered there such as Benjamin Hornigold , Edward Teach / Blackbeard , Charles Vane , `` Calico '' Jack Rackham , Anne Bonney and Mary Read . Notable residents ( edit ) Sidney Poitier ( born 1927 ) , Bahamian - American actor , film director , author , and diplomat Denis Shapovalov ( born 1999 ) , Israeli - Canadian tennis player Lexi Wilson ( born 1991 ) , Bahamian model and beauty pageant titleholder See also ( edit ) West Indies portal Caricom portal Commonwealth realms portal Bahamas portal New Spain portal Bahamas -- Wikipedia book Outline of the Bahamas Index of Bahamas - related articles Bibliography of the Bahamas References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bahamas , The . CIA World Factbook . Jump up ^ Bahamas Department of Statistics , PDF document retrieved 20 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` GENERAL SITUATION AND TRENDS '' . Pan American Health Organization . Jump up ^ `` Mission to Long Island in the Bahamas '' . Evangelical Association of the Caribbean . Jump up ^ `` 1973 : Bahamas ' sun sets on British Empire '' . BBC News . 9 July 1973 . Retrieved 1 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Population Prospects : The 2017 Revision '' . ESA.UN.org ( custom data acquired via website ) . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Bahamas '' . International Monetary Fund . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Human Development Report '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Development Programme. 2016 . Retrieved 23 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Ethnologue - Bahamas : Languages ( 18th ed . ) Jump up ^ Official government website . `` The Constitution '' . Retrieved 29 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Country Comparison : : GDP -- per capita ( PPP ) . CIA World Factbook . Jump up ^ Peter Barratt ( 2004 ) . Bahama Saga : The epic story of The Bahama Islands . p. 47 . Jump up ^ Harper , Douglas . `` bahamas '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Jump up ^ Markham , Clements R. ( 1893 ) . The Journal of Christopher Columbus ( during His First Voyage , 1492 -- 93 ) . London : The Hakluyt Society . p. 35 . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Schools Grapple With Columbus 's Legacy : Intrepid Explorer or Ruthless Conqueror ? '' , Education Week , 9 October 1991 Jump up ^ Dumene , Joanne E. ( 1990 ) . `` Looking for Columbus '' . Five Hundred Magazine . 2 ( 1 ) : 11 -- 15 . Archived from the original on 19 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Diocesan History '' . Copyright 2009 Anglican Communications Department . 2009 . Archived from the original on 5 May 2009 . Retrieved 7 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Woodard , Colin ( 2010 ) . The Republic of Pirates . Harcourt , Inc . pp. 166 -- 168 , 262 -- 314 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 15 - 603462 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Baggs Cape Florida State Park '' , Network to Freedom , National Park Service , 2010 , accessed 10 April 2013 Jump up ^ Vignoles , Charles Blacker ( 1823 ) Observations on the Floridas , New York : E. Bliss & E. White , pp. 135 -- 136 Jump up ^ Howard , R. ( 2006 ) . `` The `` Wild Indians '' of Andros Island : Black Seminole Legacy in the Bahamas `` . Journal of Black Studies . 37 ( 2 ) : 275 . doi : 10.1177 / 0021934705280085 . Jump up ^ Partners : `` African Bahamian Museum and Research Center ( ABAC ) '' , Network to Freedom , National Park Service , accessed 10 April 2013 Jump up ^ Appendix : `` Brigs Encomium and Enterprise '' , Register of Debates in Congress , Gales & Seaton , 1837 , pp. 251 -- 253 . Note : In trying to retrieve American slaves off the Encomium from colonial officials ( who freed them ) , the U.S. consul in February 1834 was told by the Lieutenant Governor that `` he was acting in regard to the slaves under an opinion of 1818 by Sir Christopher Robinson and Lord Gifford to the British Secretary of State '' . Jump up ^ Horne , p. 103 Jump up ^ Horne , p. 137 Jump up ^ Register of Debates in Congress , Gales & Seaton , 1837 , The section , `` Brigs Encomium and Enterprise '' , has a collection of lengthy correspondence between US ( including M. Van Buren ) , Vail , the U.S. chargé d'affaires in London , and British agents , including Lord Palmerston , sent to the Senate on 13 February 1837 , by President Andrew Jackson , as part of the continuing process of seeking compensation . Jump up ^ Horne , pp. 107 -- 108 Jump up ^ Williams , Michael Paul ( 11 February 2002 ) . `` Brig Creole slaves '' . Richmond Times - Dispatch . Richmond , VA . Retrieved 2 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Higham , pp. 300 -- 302 Jump up ^ Bloch , Michael ( 1982 ) . The Duke of Windsor 's War , London : Weidenfeld and Nicolson . ISBN 0 - 297 - 77947 - 8 , p. 364 . ^ Jump up to : Higham , pp. 307 -- 309 Jump up ^ Bloch , Michael ( 1982 ) . The Duke of Windsor 's War . London : Weidenfeld and Nicolson . ISBN 0 - 297 - 77947 - 8 , pp. 154 -- 159 , 230 -- 233 Jump up ^ Higham , pp. 331 -- 332 Jump up ^ Ziegler , Philip ( 1991 ) . King Edward VIII : The Official Biography . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 0 - 394 - 57730 - 2 . pp. 471 -- 472 Jump up ^ Matthew , H.C.G. ( September 2004 ; online edition January 2008 ) `` Edward VIII , later Prince Edward , Duke of Windsor ( 1894 -- 1972 ) '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press , doi : 10.1093 / ref : odnb / 31061 , retrieved 1 May 2010 ( Subscription required ) Jump up ^ Higham , p. 359 places the date of his resignation as 15 March , and that he left on 5 April . Jump up ^ `` Bahaman Proposes Independence Move '' . The Washington Post . United Press International . 19 August 1966 . p . A20 . Jump up ^ BIgart , Homer ( 7 January 1968 ) . `` Bahamas Will Ask Britain For More Independence '' . The New York Times . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Armstrong , Stephen V. ( 28 September 1968 ) . `` Britain and Bahamas Agree on Constitution '' . The Washington Post . p . A13 . Jump up ^ `` British grant independence to Bahamas '' . The Baltimore Afro - American . 23 June 1973 . p. 22 . Jump up ^ `` Bahamas gets deed '' . Chicago Defender . United Press International . 11 July 1973 . p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` Bahama Independence '' . Tri-State Defender . Memphis , Tennessee . 14 July 1973 . p. 16 . Jump up ^ `` Bahamas Joins IMF , World Bank '' . The Washington Post . 23 August 1973 . p . C2 . Jump up ^ Alden , Robert ( 19 September 1973 ) . `` 2 Germanys Join U.N. as Assembly Opens 28th Year '' . The New York Times . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Albury , Paul ( 1975 ) . The Story of the Bahamas . London : MacMillan Caribbean , p. 6 Jump up ^ `` Caribbean Islands -- Bahamas ( rev. 2015 ) '' . Retrieved 4 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Weather Information for Nassau '' . worldweather.org . Jump up ^ `` Climatological Information for Nassau , Bahamas '' ( 1961 -- 1990 ) -- Hong Kong Observatory ^ Jump up to : Carew , James ; Mylroie , John ( 1997 ) . Vacher , H.L. ; Quinn , T. , eds . Geology of Bahamas , in Geology and Hydrology of Carbonate Islands , Developments in Sedimentology 54 . Amsterdam : Elsevier Science B.V. pp. 91 -- 139 . ISBN 9780444516442 . ^ Jump up to : Sealey , Neil ( 2006 ) . Bahamian Landscapes ; An Introduction to the Geology and Physical Geography of The Bahamas . Oxford : Macmillan Education . pp. 1 -- 24 . ISBN 9781405064064 . Jump up ^ `` Bahamas 1973 ( rev. 2002 ) '' . Constitute . Retrieved 17 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Family Island District Councillors & Town Committee Members . Bahamas.gov.bs . Retrieved on 20 April 2014 . Jump up ^ ASJ - Bahamas National Coat of Arms . Bahamasschools.com . Retrieved on 20 April 2014 . Jump up ^ ASJ - Bahamas Symbol -- Flower . Bahamasschools.com . Retrieved on 20 April 2014 . Jump up ^ GDP ( current US $ ) Data Table . World Bank , Retrieved on 20 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Panama Papers '' . The International Consortium of Investigative Journalists . Jump up ^ `` The Bahamas -- Economy '' , Encyclopedia of the Nations , Retrieved 21 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Contributions Table '' . The National Insurance Board of The Commonwealth of The Bahamas . 11 May 2010 . Retrieved 22 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Country Comparison `` Total fertility rate '' , CIA World Factbook . Jump up ^ `` NEW PROVIDENCE '' . Government of the Bahamas . Retrieved 15 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` GRAND BAHAMA '' . Government of the Bahamas . Retrieved 15 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : The Commonwealth of the Bahamas ( August 2012 ) . `` 2010 Census of Population and Housing '' ( PDF ) . pp. 10 and 82 . In 1722 when the first official census of the Bahamas was taken , 74 % of the population was European or native British and 26 % was African or mixed . Three centuries later , and according to the 99 % response rate obtained from the race question on the 2010 Census questionnaire , 90.6 % of the population identified themselves as being Afro - Bahamian , about five percent ( 4.7 % ) Euro - Bahamian and two percent ( 2 % ) of a mixed race ( African and European ) and ( 1 % ) other races and ( 1 % ) not stated . Jump up ^ Davis , Nick ( 20 September 2009 ) , `` Bahamas outlook clouds for Haitians '' , BBC . Jump up ^ `` The Names of Loyalist Settlers and Grants of Land Which They Received from the British Government : 1778 -- 1783 '' . Jump up ^ Christmas , Rachel J. and Christmas , Walter ( 1984 ) Fielding 's Bermuda and the Bahamas 1985 . Fielding Travel Books . p. 158 . ISBN 0 - 688 - 03965 - 0 ^ Jump up to : Schreier , Daniel ; Trudgill , Peter ; Schneider , Edgar W. ; Williams , Jeffrey P. , eds. ( 2010 ) . `` The Lesser - Known Varieties of English : An Introduction '' . Cambridge University Press . p. 162 . ISBN 9781139487412 . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Hackert , Stephanie , ed. ( 2010 ) . `` ICE Bahamas : Why and how ? '' ( PDF ) . University of Augsburg . pp. 41 -- 45 . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff , ed. ( 27 February 2013 ) . `` SWAA students have accomplished Bahamian playwright , actor and poet Laurente Gibbs as Guest Speaker '' . Eleuthera News . Retrieved 1 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Collie , Linda ( 2003 ) . `` Preserving Our Heritage : Language Arts , an Integrated Approach , Part 1 '' . Heinemann . pp. 26 -- 29 . ISBN 9780435984809 . Retrieved 1 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Michaelis , Susanne Maria ; Maurer , Philippe ; Haspelmath , Martin ; Huber , Magnus , eds. ( 2013 ) . `` The Survey of Pidgin and Creole Languages , Volume 1 '' . OUP Oxford . pp. 127 -- 129 . ISBN 9780199691401 . Retrieved 1 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Osiapem , Iyabo F. , ed. ( 2006 ) . `` Book Review : Urban Bahamian Creole : System and Variation '' . Journal of English Linguistics. 34 : 362 -- 366 . doi : 10.1177 / 0075424206292990 . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Religion in Bahamas '' . Pew Global Religious Futures . Jump up ^ United States Bureau of Democracy , Human Rights and Labor . Bahamas : International Religious Freedom Report 2008 . This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . Jump up ^ Hurbon , Laennec ( 1995 ) . `` American Fantasy and Haitian Vodou . '' Sacred Arts of Haitian Vodou . Ed . Donald J. Cosentino . Los Angeles : UCLA Fowler Museum of Cultural History , 181 -- 97 . Jump up ^ `` International Religious Freedom Report 2005 -- Bahamas '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 22 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Practising Obeah , etc . '' , Ch. 84 Penal Code . laws.bahamas.gov.bs Jump up ^ Collinwood , Dean W. and Dodge , Steve ( 1989 ) Modern Bahamian Society , Caribbean Books , ISBN 0931209013 . Jump up ^ Collinwood , Dean ; Phillips , Rick ( 1990 ) . `` The National Literature of the New Bahamas '' . Weber Studies . 7 ( 1 ) : 43 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Cricket -- Government -- Non-Residents . Bahamas.gov.bs . Retrieved on 20 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Call to continue to develop softball The Tribune . Tribune242.com ( 1 February 2013 ) . Retrieved on 20 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Team Bahamas ratified for volleyball championships '' , The Tribune ( 12 July 2013 ) . Retrieved on 20 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Bahamas -- Football Association . Bahamasfa.com . Retrieved on 20 April 2014 . Jump up ^ The Bahamas Basketball Federation . The Bahamas Basketball Federation . Retrieved on 20 April 2014 . Jump up ^ IFAF -- Federations . Ifaf.info . Retrieved on 20 April 2014 . Jump up ^ www. Baseball Bahamas.net . www. Baseball Bahamas.net . Retrieved on 20 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Bahamas Basketball Federation '' . The Bahamas Basketball Federation . Retrieved on 20 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Parrish , Gary ( 16 June 2016 ) . `` NBA Mock Draft 2016 : Denzel Valentine takes big dive due to possible knee issue '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 16 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Fred Sturrup , `` American Football Expanding Locally '' , The Nassau Guardian . 17 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` From Champions League heartache to paradise ... but why are Spurs in the Bahamas for post-season tour ? '' . Daily Mail . London . Jump up ^ Home . Bahamas Swimming Federation ( 6 April 2014 ) . Retrieved on 20 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Bahamas Tennis . Bahamas Tennis . Retrieved on 20 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Boxing -- Government -- Non-Residents . Bahamas.gov.bs . Retrieved on 20 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Golf -- Government -- Non-Residents . Bahamas.gov.bs . Retrieved on 20 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Rugby -- Government -- Non-Residents . Bahamas.gov.bs . Retrieved on 20 April 2014 . Jump up ^ RugbyBahamas -- . Rugbybahamas.com . Retrieved on 20 April 2014 . Jump up ^ FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup 2013 -- CONCACAF Qualifier Bahamas . beachsoccer.com Jump up ^ `` Elite Bahamian Education Program -- About Us '' . Frankrutherfordfoundation.com . Retrieved on 20 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Inspiration '' , The Tribune . ( 9 August 2012 ) . Retrieved on 20 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Olympic champion Tonique Williams - Darling looks forward to World Athletics Final '' . International Association of Athletics Federations ( 26 August 2004 ) . Retrieved on 20 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ethics : Executive Committee unanimously supports recommendation to publish report on 2018 / 2022 FIFA World Cup TM bidding process '' . FIFA.com. 19 December 2014 . Bibliography ( edit ) Horne , Gerald ( 2012 ) . Negro Comrades of the Crown : African Americans and the British Empire Fight the U.S. Before Emancipation . NYU Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 4463 - 5 . Higham , Charles ( 1988 ) . The Dutchess of Windsor : The Secret Life . McGraw Hill . ISBN 0471485233 . Further reading ( edit ) General History ( edit ) Cash Philip et al. ( Don Maples , Alison Packer ) . The Making of The Bahamas : A History for Schools . London : Collins , 1978 . Miller , Hubert W . The Colonization of The Bahamas , 1647 -- 1670 , The William and Mary Quarterly 2 no. 1 ( January 1945 ) : 33 -- 46 . Craton , Michael . A History of The Bahamas . London : Collins , 1962 . Craton , Michael and Saunders , Gail . Islanders in the Stream : A History of the Bahamian People . Athens : University of Georgia Press , 1992 Collinwood , Dean . `` Columbus and the Discovery of Self , '' Weber Studies , Vol. 9 No. 3 ( Fall ) 1992 : 29 -- 44 . Dodge , Steve . Abaco : The History of an Out Island and its Cays , Tropic Isle Publications , 1983 . Dodge , Steve . The Compleat Guide to Nassau , White Sound Press , 1987 . Boultbee , Paul G . The Bahamas . Oxford : ABC - Clio Press , 1990 . Wood , David E. , comp. , A Guide to Selected Sources to the History of the Seminole Settlements of Red Bays , Andros , 1817 -- 1980 , Nassau : Department of Archives Economic History ( edit ) Johnson , Howard . The Bahamas in Slavery and Freedom . Kingston : Ian Randle Publishing , 1991 . Johnson , Howard . The Bahamas from Slavery to Servitude , 1783 -- 1933 . Gainesville : University of Florida Press , 1996 . Alan A. Block . Masters of Paradise , New Brunswick and London , Transaction Publishers , 1998 . Storr , Virgil H. Enterprising Slaves and Master Pirates : Understanding Economic Life in the Bahamas . New York : Peter Lang , 2004 . Social History ( edit ) Johnson , Wittington B. Race Relations in the Bahamas , 1784 -- 1834 : The Nonviolent Transformation from a Slave to a Free Society , Fayetteville : University of Arkansas , 2000 . Shirley , Paul . `` Tek Force Wid Force '' , History Today 54 , no . 41 ( April 2004 ) : 30 -- 35 . Saunders , Gail . The Social Life in the Bahamas 1880s -- 1920s . Nassau : Media Publishing , 1996 . Saunders , Gail . Bahamas Society After Emancipation . Kingston : Ian Randle Publishing , 1990 . Curry , Jimmy . Filthy Rich Gangster / First Bahamian Movie . Movie Mogul Pictures : 1996 . Curry , Jimmy . To the Rescue / First Bahamian Rap / Hip Hop Song . Royal Crown Records , 1985 . Collinwood , Dean . The Bahamas Between Worlds , White Sound Press , 1989 . Collinwood , Dean and Steve Dodge . Modern Bahamian Society , Caribbean Books , 1989 . Dodge , Steve , Robert McIntire and Dean Collinwood . The Bahamas Index , White Sound Press , 1989 . Collinwood , Dean . `` The Bahamas , '' in The Whole World Handbook 1992 -- 1995 , 12th ed. , New York : St. Martin 's Press , 1994 . Collinwood , Dean . `` The Bahamas , '' chapters in Jack W. Hopkins , ed. , Latin American and Caribbean Contemporary Record , Vols. 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , Holmes and Meier Publishers , 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , 1986 . Collinwood , Dean . `` Problems of Research and Training in Small Islands with a Social Science Faculty , '' in Social Science in Latin America and the Caribbean , UNESCO , No. 48 , 1982 . Collinwood , Dean and Rick Phillips , `` The National Literature of the New Bahamas , '' Weber Studies , Vol. 7 , No. 1 ( Spring ) 1990 : 43 -- 62 . Collinwood , Dean . `` Writers , Social Scientists and Sexual Norms in the Caribbean , '' Tsuda Review , No. 31 ( November ) 1986 : 45 -- 57 . Collinwood , Dean . `` Terra Incognita : Research on the Modern Bahamian Society , '' Journal of Caribbean Studies , Vol. 1 , Nos. 2 -- 3 ( Winter ) 1981 : 284 -- 297 . Collinwood , Dean and Steve Dodge . `` Political Leadership in the Bahamas , '' The Bahamas Research Institute , No. 1 , May 1987 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutBahamasat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Official website Wikimedia Atlas of Bahamas `` Bahamas '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . The Bahamas from UCB Libraries GovPubs The Bahamas at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) The Bahamas from the BBC News Key Development Forecasts for The Bahamas from International Futures Maps of the Bahamas from the American Geographical Society Library The Bahamas articles History Colonial heads Eleutheran Adventurers Raid on Charles Town Battle of Nassau ( 1720 ) Raid of Nassau Capture of the Bahamas ( 1782 ) Capture of the Bahamas ( 1783 ) American Civil War Geography Cities Nassau Freeport Islands New Providence Grand Bahama Rivers Wildlife birds mammals Politics Defence Force Elections Foreign relations Governor - General Law Judiciary Supreme Court Chief Justice Enforcement Capital punishment Local government Monarchy Parliament Political parties Prime Minister Security and intelligence Economy Agriculture Communications Dollar ( currency ) Stock exchange Transport Society Demographics Ethnic groups Education Languages Religion LGBT rights in the Bahamas Culture Coat of Arms Creole Flag Films Music Television Anthem National Song Pledge Outline Index Bibliography Book Category Portal Articles relating to the Bahamas Geographic locale Lat. and Long . 25 ° 4 ′ N 77 ° 20 ′ W / 25.067 ° N 77.333 ° W / 25.067 ; - 77.333 ( Nassau ) Caribbean articles History Timeline Taíno -- Arawak Spanish Caribbean ( 1492 -- 1898 ) Dutch Caribbean ( 1554 -- 1863 ) British Caribbean ( 1586 -- 1834 ) French Caribbean ( 1625 -- 1817 ) Baltic - German Caribbean ( 1654 - 1689 ) Danish Caribbean ( 1672 -- 1917 ) German Caribbean ( 1685 - 1693 ) Swedish Caribbean ( 1784 -- 1878 ) By topic Afro - Caribbean Territorial evolution Geography Regions Antilles Greater Antilles Lesser Antilles Leeward Leeward Antilles Windward Caribbean Basin Caribbean Lowlands Caribbean Plate Caribbean Sea Caribbean South America Southern Caribbean By topic Bioregion Earthquakes Extreme points Islands by area Metropolitan areas Mountains Rivers Ultras sovereign states dependent territories Politics African - Caribbean leftism Caribbean Community CARIFORUM Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States Sovereign states and dependent territories Western Caribbean Zone Economy Airlines Airports Central banks and currencies Citrus Fishing Stock exchanges Eastern Caribbean Securities Exchange Sugar in Cuba in the Danish West Indies Telecommunications Tourism Culture Afro - Caribbean Art Beer Cuisine Literature Music People Sport Stadiums Television stations Demographics Languages Pre-Arawakan Population Diseases Religion Category Portal Countries and dependencies of North America Sovereign states Entire Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama St. Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States In part Colombia San Andrés and Providencia France Guadeloupe Martinique Caribbean Netherlands Bonaire Saba Sint Eustatius Dependencies Denmark Greenland France Clipperton Island St. Barthélemy St. Martin St. Pierre and Miquelon Netherlands Aruba Curaçao Sint Maarten United Kingdom Anguilla Bermuda British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Montserrat Turks and Caicos Islands United States Navassa Island Puerto Rico United States Virgin Islands Venezuela Federal Dependencies Nueva Esparta International membership Caribbean Community ( CARICOM ) Secretariat ( Secretary - General ) Members Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Dominica Grenada Guyana Haiti Jamaica Montserrat St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago Associate members Anguilla Bermuda British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Turks and Caicos Islands Observers Aruba Colombia Curaçao Dominican Republic Mexico Puerto Rico Sint Maarten Venezuela Institutions Common Fund for Commodities ( CFC ) Court of Justice ( CCJ ) Disaster Emergency Management ( CDEMA ) Examinations Council ( CXC ) Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology Public Health Agency ( CARPHA ) Single Market and Economy ( CSME ) Related organizations CARIFORUM Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States ( OECS ) Member of the Community but not of the CARICOM Single Market and Economy ( CSME ) British overseas territory awaiting entrustment to join the CSME Commonwealth realms and dominions Current Antigua and Barbuda ( monarchy ) Australia ( monarchy ) Bahamas ( monarchy ) Barbados ( monarchy ) Belize ( monarchy ) Canada ( monarchy ) Grenada ( monarchy ) Jamaica ( monarchy ) Realm of New Zealand Cook Islands New Zealand Niue Papua New Guinea ( monarchy ) Saint Kitts and Nevis ( monarchy ) Saint Lucia ( monarchy ) Saint Vincent and the Grenadines ( monarchy ) Solomon Islands ( monarchy ) Tuvalu ( monarchy ) United Kingdom ( monarchy ) Former Ceylon Fiji ( monarchy ) The Gambia Ghana Guyana India Ireland ( monarchy ) Kenya Malawi Malta ( monarchy ) Mauritius Newfoundland Nigeria Pakistan Rhodesia Sierra Leone South Africa ( monarchy ) Tanganyika Trinidad and Tobago Uganda Annexed by Canada in 1949 Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence in 1965 , but this was not recognised internationally . Declared itself a republic in 1970 . Members of the Commonwealth of Nations Sovereign states ( Members ) Antigua and Barbuda Australia Bahamas Bangladesh Barbados Belize Botswana Brunei Cameroon Canada Cyprus Dominica Fiji Ghana Grenada Guyana India Jamaica Kenya Kiribati Lesotho Malawi Malaysia Malta Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Nauru New Zealand Nigeria Pakistan Papua New Guinea Rwanda St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Solomon Islands South Africa Sri Lanka Swaziland Tanzania The Gambia Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tuvalu Uganda United Kingdom Vanuatu Zambia Dependencies of Members Australia Ashmore and Cartier Islands Australian Antarctic Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Coral Sea Islands Heard Island and McDonald Islands Norfolk Island New Zealand Cook Islands Niue Ross Dependency Tokelau United Kingdom Akrotiri and Dhekelia Anguilla Bermuda British Antarctic Territory British Indian Ocean Territory British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Falkland Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Montserrat Pitcairn Islands St. Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Turks and Caicos Islands Source : Commonwealth Secretariat - Member States Dialects and accents of Modern English by continent Europe United Kingdom England Varieties by common name Barrovian Black Country Brummie Bristolian Cheshire Cockney `` Mockney '' Cornish Cumbrian East Anglian East Midlands Essex Estuary Geordie Kentish Lancastrian Mackem Mancunian Multicultural London Norfolk Northern Pitmatic Potteries Received Pronunciation Scouse Southern Suffolk Sussex West Country `` Mummerset '' West Midlands Yorkshire Varieties by geographic location East of England Essex Norfolk Suffolk East Midlands North Cheshire Cumbria Barrow Lancashire Manchester Merseyside Northumbria Sunderland Tyneside Pitmatic Yorkshire South Kent London Cockney Multicultural London Sussex Thames Estuary West Country Bristol Cornwall Dorset West Midlands Black Country Birmingham Stoke - on - Trent Scotland & Northern Ireland Scottish Highlands Wales Abercraf Cardiff Gower Port Talbot Ireland Dublin South & West Ulster Elsewhere Channel Islands Gibraltar Isle of Man Malta North and South America United States Varieties by common name African American Vernacular Appalachian Baltimorese Boston Cajun California Chicago ; Detroit ; Great Lakes Chicano General American Hoi Toider Indian ; Native American Maine Miami Midland Midwestern New England New Mexican New York Old Southern Northwestern Philadelphia Pennsylvania Dutch Pittsburghese Rhode Island Southern Texan Upper Midwestern Western Vermont Yat Yeshivish Yooper Varieties by geographic location Delaware Valley ; Mid-Atlantic Pennsylvania Dutch Philadelphia ; South Jersey Baltimore Midland Midwest Great Lakes ; Inland North Upper Midwest Upper Peninsula of Michigan New England Boston Maine Rhode Island Vermont New York City ; Northeastern New Jersey New York Latino North South Acadiana Appalachia Chesapeake ; Pamlico Miami New Orleans Tangier Texas West California New Mexico Pacific Northwest Western Pennsylvania Canada Aboriginal Atlantic Cape Breton Newfoundland Lunenburg Standard Ottawa Valley Pacific Northwest Quebec Caribbean Bahamas Barbados Dominican Republic Jamaica Puerto Rico Trinidad Elsewhere Bermuda Falkland Islands Guyana Oceania Australia Aboriginal Broad ; Strine General South Australian Torres Strait West Australian Elsewhere Fiji New Zealand Palau Solomon Islands Other continents Africa Cameroon Ghana Kenya Liberia Malawi Namibia Nigeria Sierra Leone South Africa White Cultivated General Broad Cape Flats Black Indian Uganda Asia Bangladesh Brunei Burma or Myanmar Hong Kong India Malaysia Nepal Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka English - speaking world Click on a coloured area to see an article about English in that country or region Further links Articles English - speaking world History of the English language British Empire English in the Commonwealth of Nations Anglosphere Lists List of countries by English - speaking population List of countries where English is an official language Countries and territories where English is the national language or the native language of the majority Africa Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Americas Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda The Bahamas Barbados Belize Bermuda British Virgin Islands Canada Cayman Islands Dominica Falkland Islands Grenada Guyana Jamaica Montserrat Saba Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands United States United States Virgin Islands Europe Guernsey Ireland Isle of Man Jersey United Kingdom Oceania Australia New Zealand Norfolk Island Pitcairn Islands Countries and territories where English is an official language , but not the majority first language Africa Botswana Cameroon The Gambia Ghana Kenya Lesotho Liberia Malawi Mauritius Namibia Nigeria Rwanda Sierra Leone Somaliland South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Americas Puerto Rico Asia Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Special Administrative Region India Pakistan Philippines Singapore Europe Gibraltar Akrotiri and Dhekelia Malta Oceania American Samoa Cook Islands Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru Niue Northern Mariana Islands Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tokelau Tuvalu Vanuatu Dependencies shown in italics . BNE : XX450739 BNF : cb15322056w ( data ) GND : 4069081 - 7 HDS : 3381 LCCN : n79081362 NARA : 10044661 NDL : 00575689 SUDOC : 027552357 VIAF : 131337264 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Bahamas&oldid=856486403 '' Categories : The Bahamas Countries in the Caribbean Archipelagoes of the Atlantic Ocean English - speaking countries and territories Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations Member states of the Caribbean Community Member states of the United Nations Small Island Developing States Former English colonies Populated places established in 1647 1647 establishments in North America 1647 establishments in the British Empire States and territories established in 1973 1973 establishments in North America 1970s establishments in the Caribbean Countries in North America Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages EngvarB from October 2015 Use dmy dates from March 2018 Coordinates on Wikidata Pages using infobox country with unknown parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Articles including recorded pronunciations ( English ) Articles containing Taino - language text Articles containing Spanish - language text Articles needing additional references from July 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with HDS identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Languages Acèh Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés Armãneashti Arpetan Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bamanankan বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Dolnoserbski ཇོང ་ ཁ Eesti Ελληνικά Эрзянь Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara Eʋegbe فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gagauz Gàidhlig Galego गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî Хальмг 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kinyarwanda Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Кырык мары Ladino Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lingála Livvinkarjala Lumbaart Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Dorerin Naoero Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norfuk / Pitkern Norsk Norsk nynorsk Novial Occitan Олык марий Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ पालि پنجابی Papiamentu Patois Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Qırımtatarca Română Rumantsch Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English SiSwati Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు Tetun ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro 文言 Winaray Wolof 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 डोटेली Lingua Franca Nova 185 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 August 2018 , at 15 : 40 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Bahamas
| 2,031 |
|
when was the united states postal service started
|
The U.S. Mail traces its roots to 1775 during the Second Continental Congress , when Benjamin Franklin was appointed the first postmaster general . The Post Office Department was created in 1792 from Franklin 's operation , elevated to a cabinet - level department in 1872 , and transformed in 1971 into the U.S. Postal Service as an independent agency .
|
1792
|
United States Postal Service
|
united states postal service
|
The United States Postal Service ( USPS ; also known as the Post Office , U.S. Mail , or Postal Service ) is an independent agency of the United States federal government responsible for providing postal service in the United States , including its insular areas and associated states . It is one of the few government agencies explicitly authorized by the United States Constitution .
|
The U.S. Mail traces its roots to 1775 during the Second Continental Congress , when Benjamin Franklin was appointed the first postmaster general . The Post Office Department was created in 1792 from Franklin 's operation , elevated to a cabinet - level department in 1872 , and transformed in 1971 into the U.S. Postal Service as an independent agency . The USPS as of February 2015 has 617,254 active employees and operated 211,264 vehicles in 2014 . The USPS is the operator of the largest civilian vehicle fleet in the world . The USPS is legally obligated to serve all Americans , regardless of geography , at uniform price and quality . The USPS still has exclusive access to letter boxes marked `` U.S. Mail '' and personal letterboxes in the United States , but now has to compete against private package delivery services , such as United Parcel Service and FedEx . Since the early 1980s , many of the direct tax subsidies to the Post Office ( with the exception of subsidies for costs associated with the disabled and overseas voters ) have been reduced or eliminated in favor of indirect subsidies , in addition to the advantages associated with a government - enforced monopoly on the delivery of first - class mail . Since the 2006 all - time peak mail volume , after which Congress passed the Postal Accountability and Enhancement Act ( which mandated $5.5 billion per year to be paid into an account to fully prefund employee retirement health benefits , a requirement exceeding that of other government and private organizations ) , revenue dropped sharply due to recession - influenced declining mail volume , prompting the postal service to look to other sources of revenue while cutting costs to reduce its budget deficit . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Foundations 1.2 19th century 1.3 20th century 2 Current operations 2.1 Five - year plans 2.2 Initiatives 3 Budget 3.1 Revenue decline and planned cuts 3.1. 1 Declining mail volume 3.1. 2 Internal streamlining and delivery slowdown 3.1. 3 Post office closures 3.1. 4 Elimination of Saturday delivery averted 3.2 Retirement funding and payment defaults 3.3 Rate increases 3.4 Reform packages , delivery changes , and alcohol delivery 4 Governance and organization 5 Universal service obligation and monopoly status 5.1 Legal basis and rationale 5.2 2008 report on universal postal service and the postal monopoly 5.3 Competitors 5.4 Alternative transmission methods 5.5 Criticism of the universal service requirement and the postal monopoly 6 Law enforcement agencies 6.1 Postal Inspection Service 6.2 Office of Inspector General 7 How delivery services work 7.1 Elements of addressing and preparing domestic mail 7.1. 1 Delivery Point Validation 7.2 Paying postage 7.2. 1 Postage meters 7.2. 2 PC postage 7.3 Other electronic postage payment methods 7.3. 1 Stamp copyright and reproduction 7.4 Service level choices 7.4. 1 General domestic services 7.4. 2 Bulk mail 7.4. 3 Extra services 7.5 International services 7.5. 1 The discontinuation of international surface mail 7.6 Sorting and delivery process 7.6. 1 Types of postal facilities 7.6. 1.1 Automated Postal Centers 7.6. 2 Evolutionary Network Development ( END ) program 7.6. 3 Airline and rail division 7.6. 4 Parcel forwarding and private interchange 7.7 Delivery timing 7.7. 1 Delivery days 7.7. 2 Direct delivery vs. customer pickup 7.7. 3 Special delivery 7.7. 4 Same - day trials 7.7. 5 Forwarding and holds 8 Financial services 9 Employment in the USPS 9.1 Workplace violence 10 In fiction 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links History ( edit ) Further information : Postage stamps and postal history of the United States Foundations ( edit ) Running pony logo used by the U.S. Post Office Department before the creation of the USPS In the early years of the North American colonies , many attempts were made to initiate a postal service . These early attempts were of small scale and usually involved a colony , Massachusetts Bay Colony for example , setting up a location in Boston where one could post a letter back home to England . Other attempts focused on a dedicated postal service between two of the larger colonies , such as Massachusetts and Virginia , but the available services remained limited in scope and disjointed for many years . For example , informal independently - run postal routes operated in Boston as early as 1639 , with a Boston to New York City service starting in 1672 . A central postal organization came to the colonies in 1691 , when Thomas Neale received a 21 - year grant from the British Crown for a North American Postal Service . On February 17 , 1691 , a grant of letters patent from the joint sovereigns , William III and Mary II , empowered him : `` to erect , settle , and establish within the chief parts of their majesties ' colonies and plantations in America , an office or offices for receiving and dispatching letters and pacquets , and to receive , send , and deliver the same under such rates and sums of money as the planters shall agree to give , and to hold and enjoy the same for the term of twenty - one years . '' The patent included the exclusive right to establish and collect a formal postal tax on official documents of all kinds . The tax was repealed a year later . Neale appointed Andrew Hamilton , Governor of New Jersey , as his deputy postmaster . The first postal service in America commenced in February 1692 . Rates of postage were fixed and authorized , and measures were taken to establish a post office in each town in Virginia . Massachusetts and the other colonies soon passed postal laws , and a very imperfect post office system was established . Neale 's patent expired in 1710 , when Parliament extended the English postal system to the colonies . The chief office was established in New York City , where letters were conveyed by regular packets across the Atlantic . Before the Revolution , there was only a trickle of business or governmental correspondence between the colonies . Most of the mail went back and forth to counting houses and government offices in London . The revolution made Philadelphia , the seat of the Continental Congress , the information hub of the new nation . News , new laws , political intelligence , and military orders circulated with a new urgency , and a postal system was necessary . Journalists took the lead , securing post office legislation that allowed them to reach their subscribers at very low cost , and to exchange news from newspapers between the thirteen states . Overthrowing the London - oriented imperial postal service in 1774 -- 1775 , printers enlisted merchants and the new political leadership , and created a new postal system . The United States Post Office ( USPO ) was created on July 26 , 1775 , by decree of the Second Continental Congress . Benjamin Franklin headed it briefly . Before the Revolution , individuals like Benjamin Franklin and William Goddard were the colonial postmasters who managed the mails then and were the general architects of a postal system that started out as an alternative to the Crown Post . The official post office was created in 1792 as the Post Office Department ( USPOD ) . It was based on the Constitutional authority empowering Congress `` To establish post offices and post roads '' . The 1792 law provided for a greatly expanded postal network , and served editors by charging newspapers an extremely low rate . The law guaranteed the sanctity of personal correspondence , and provided the entire country with low - cost access to information on public affairs , while establishing a right to personal privacy . Rufus Easton was appointed by Thomas Jefferson first postmaster of St. Louis under the recommendation of Postmaster General Gideon Granger . Rufus Easton was the first postmaster and built the first post office west of the Mississippi . At the same time Easton was appointed by Thomas Jefferson , judge of Louisiana Territory , the largest territory in North America . Bruce Adamson wrote that : `` Next to Benjamin Franklin , Rufus Easton was one of the most colorful people in United States Postal History . '' It was Easton who educated Abraham Lincoln 's Attorney General , Edward Bates . In 1815 Edward Bates moved into the Easton home and lived there for years at Third and Elm . Today this is the site of the Jefferson Memorial Park . In 1806 Postmaster General Gideon Granger wrote a three - page letter to Easton , begging him not to partake in a duel with vice-president Aaron Burr . Two years earlier it was Burr who had shot and killed Alexander Hamilton . Many years later in 1852 , Easton 's son , Major - General Langdon Cheves Easton , was commissioned by William T. Sherman , at Fort Union to deliver a letter to Independence , Missouri . Sherman wrote : `` In the Spring of 1852 , General Sherman mentioned that the quartermaster , Major L.C. Easton , at Fort Union , New Mexico , had occasion to send some message east by a certain date , and contracted with Aubrey to carry it to the nearest post office ( then Independence , Missouri ) , making his compensation conditional on the time consumed . He was supplied with a good horse , and an order on the outgoing trains for exchange . Though the whole route was infested with hostile Indians , and not a house on it , Aubrey started alone with his rifle . He was fortunate in meeting several outward - bound trains , and thereby made frequent changes of horses , some four or five , and reached Independence in six days , having hardly rested or slept the whole way . '' To cover long distances , the Post Office used a hub - and - spoke system , with Washington as the hub and chief sorting center . By 1869 , with 27,000 local post offices to deal with , it had changed to sorting mail en route in specialized railroad mail cars , called Railway Post Offices , or RPOs . The system of postal money orders began in 1864 . Free mail delivery began in the larger cities in 1863 . 19th century ( edit ) The postal system played a crucial role in national expansion . It facilitated expansion into the West by creating an inexpensive , fast , convenient communication system . Letters from early settlers provided information and boosterism to encourage increased migration to the West , helped scattered families stay in touch and provide assistance , assisted entrepreneurs in finding business opportunities , and made possible regular commercial relationships between merchants in the west and wholesalers and factories back east . The postal service likewise assisted the Army in expanding control over the vast western territories . The widespread circulation of important newspapers by mail , such as the New York Weekly Tribune , facilitated coordination among politicians in different states . The postal service helped integrate established areas with the frontier , creating a spirit of nationalism and providing a necessary infrastructure . The Post Office in the 19th century was a major source of federal patronage . Local postmasterships were rewards for local politicians -- often the editors of party newspapers . About three quarters of all federal civilian employees worked for the Post Office . In 1816 it employed 3341 men , and in 1841 , 14,290 . The volume of mail expanded much faster than the population , as it carried annually 100 letters and 200 newspapers per 1000 white population in 1790 , and 2900 letters and 2700 newspapers per thousand in 1840 . The Post Office Department was enlarged during the tenure of President Andrew Jackson . As the Post Office expanded , difficulties were experienced due to a lack of employees and transportation . The Post Office 's employees at that time were still subject to the so - called `` spoils '' system , where faithful political supporters of the executive branch were appointed to positions in the post office and other government corporations as a reward for their patronage . These appointees rarely had prior experience in postal service and mail delivery . This system of political patronage was replaced in 1883 , after passage of the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act . In 1823 , ten years after the Post Office had first begun to use steamboats to carry mail between post towns where no roads existed , waterways were declared post roads . Once it became clear that the postal system in the United States needed to expand across the entire country , the use of the railroad to transport the mail was instituted in 1832 , on one line in Pennsylvania . All railroads in the United States were designated as post routes , after passage of the Act of July 7 , 1838 . Mail service by railroad increased rapidly thereafter . ~ Benjamin Franklin ~ George Washington ~ The First U.S. Postage Stamps Issued 1847 The first stamp issues were authorized by an act of Congress and approved on March 3 , 1847 . The earliest known use of the Franklin 5 ¢ is July 7 , 1847 , while the earliest known use of the Washington 10 ¢ is July 2 , 1847 . Remaining in postal circulation for only a few years , these issues were declared invalid for postage on July 1 , 1851 . An Act of Congress provided for the issuance of stamps on March 3 , 1847 , and the Postmaster General immediately let a contract to the New York City engraving firm of Rawdon , Wright , Hatch , and Edson . The first stamp issue of the U.S. was offered for sale on July 1 , 1847 , in New York City , with Boston receiving stamps the following day and other cities thereafter . The 5 - cent stamp paid for a letter weighing less than 1 oz ( 28 g ) and traveling less than 300 miles , the 10 - cent stamp for deliveries to locations greater than 300 miles , or twice the weight deliverable for the 5 - cent stamp . In 1847 , the U.S. Mail Steamship Company acquired the contract which allowed it to carry the U.S. mails from New York , with stops in New Orleans and Havana , to the Isthmus of Panama for delivery in California . The same year , the Pacific Mail Steamship Company had acquired the right to transport mail under contract from the United States Government from the Isthmus of Panama to California . In 1855 , William Henry Aspinwall completed the Panama Railway , providing rail service across the Isthmus and cutting to three weeks the transport time for the mails , passengers and goods to California . This remained an important route until the completion of the transcontinental railroad in 1869 . Railroad companies greatly expanded mail transport service after 1862 , and the Railway Mail Service was inaugurated in 1869 . Rail cars designed to sort and distribute mail while rolling were soon introduced . RMS employees sorted mail `` on - the - fly '' during the journey , and became some of the most skilled workers in the postal service . An RMS sorter had to be able to separate the mail quickly into compartments based on its final destination , before the first destination arrived , and work at the rate of 600 pieces of mail an hour . They were tested regularly for speed and accuracy . Parcel Post service began with the introduction of International Parcel Post between the USA and foreign countries in 1887 . That same year , the U.S. Post Office ( predecessor of the USPS ) and the Postmaster General of Canada established parcel - post service between the two nations . A bilateral parcel - post treaty between the independent ( at the time ) Kingdom of Hawaii and the USA was signed on 19 December 1888 and put into effect early in 1889 . Parcel - post service between the USA and other countries grew with the signing of successive postal conventions and treaties . While the Post Office agreed to deliver parcels sent into the country under the UPU treaty , it did not institute a domestic parcel - post service for another twenty - five years . 20th century ( edit ) The advent of Rural Free Delivery ( RFD ) in the U.S. in 1896 , and the inauguration of a domestic parcel post service by Postmaster General Frank H. Hitchcock in 1913 , greatly increased the volume of mail shipped nationwide , and motivated the development of more efficient postal transportation systems . Many rural customers took advantage of inexpensive Parcel Post rates to order goods and products from businesses located hundreds of miles away in distant cities for delivery by mail . From the 1910s to the 1960s , many college students and others used parcel post to mail home dirty laundry , as doing so was less expensive than washing the clothes themselves . After four - year - old Charlotte May Pierstorff was mailed from her parents to her grandparents in Idaho in 1914 , mailing of people was prohibited . In 1917 , the Post Office imposed a maximum daily mailable limit of two hundred pounds per customer per day after a business entrepreneur , W.H. Coltharp , used inexpensive parcel - post rates to ship more than eighty thousand masonry bricks some four hundred seven miles via horse - drawn wagon and train for the construction of a bank building in Vernal , Utah . The advent of parcel post also led to the growth of mail order businesses that substantially increased rural access to modern goods over what was typically stocked in local general stores . Historic Mineral Wells , Texas post office built between 1911 and 1913 In 1912 , carrier service was announced for establishment in towns of second and third class with $100,000 appropriated by Congress . From January 1 , 1911 , until July 1 , 1967 , the United States Post Office Department operated the United States Postal Savings System . An Act of Congress of June 25 , 1910 , established the Postal Savings System in designated Post Offices , effective January 1 , 1911 . The legislation aimed to get money out of hiding , attract the savings of immigrants accustomed to the postal savings system in their native countries , provide safe depositories for people who had lost confidence in banks , and furnish more convenient depositories for working people . The law establishing the system directed the Post Office Department to redeposit most of the money in the system in local banks , where it earned 2.5 percent interest . The system paid 2 - percent interest per year on deposits . The half percent difference in interest was intended to pay for the operation of the system . Certificates were issued to depositors as proof of their deposit . Depositors in the system were initially limited to hold a balance of $500 , but this was raised to $1,000 in 1916 and to $2,500 in 1918 . The initial minimum deposit was $1 . In order to save smaller amounts for deposit , customers could purchase a 10 - cent postal savings card and 10 - cent postal savings stamps to fill it . The card could be used to open or add to an account when its value , together with any attached stamps , amounted to one or more dollars , or it could be redeemed for cash . At its peak in 1947 , the system held almost $3.4 billion in deposits , with more than four million depositors using 8,141 postal units . The Post Office Department played an important intelligence role during World War I , implementing the Espionage and Trading with the Enemy Acts , monitoring foreign mail and acting as counter-espionage to help secure allied victory . On August 12 , 1918 , the Post Office Department took over airmail service from the United States Army Air Service ( USAAS ) . Assistant Postmaster General , Otto Praeger , appointed Benjamin B. Lipsner to head the civilian - operated Air Mail Service . One of Lipsner 's first acts was to hire four pilots , each with at least 1,000 hours flying experience , paying them an average of $4,000 per year ( $65.1 thousand today ) . The Post Office Department used new Standard JR - 1B biplanes specially modified to carry the mail while the war was still in progress , but following the war operated mostly World War I surplus military de Havilland DH - 4 aircraft . During 1918 , the Post Office hired an additional 36 pilots . In its first year of operation , the Post Office completed 1,208 airmail flights with 90 forced landings . Of those , 53 were due to weather and 37 to engine failure . By 1920 , the Air Mail service had delivered 49 million letters . Domestic air mail became obsolete in 1975 , and international air mail in 1995 , when the USPS began transporting First - Class mail by air on a routine basis . The Post Office was one of the first government departments to regulate obscene materials on a national basis . When the U.S. Congress passed the Comstock laws of 1873 , it became illegal to send through the U.S. mail any material considered obscene or indecent , or which promoted abortion issues , birth control , or alcohol consumption . On March 18 , 1970 , postal workers in New York City -- upset over low wages and poor working conditions , and emboldened by the Civil Rights movement -- organized a strike against the United States government . The strike initially involved postal workers in only New York City , but it eventually gained support of over 210,000 United States Post Office Department workers across the nation . While the strike ended without any concessions from the Federal government , it did ultimately allow for postal worker unions and the government to negotiate a contract which gave the unions most of what they wanted , as well as the signing of the Postal Reorganization Act by President Richard Nixon on August 12 , 1970 . The Act replaced the cabinet - level Post Office Department with a new federal agency , the United States Postal Service , and took effect on July 1 , 1971 . Current operations ( edit ) USPS service delivery truck The United States Postal Service employs some 617,000 workers , making it the third - largest civilian employer in the United States behind the federal government and Wal - Mart . In a 2006 U.S. Supreme Court decision , the Court noted : `` Each day , according to the Government 's submissions here , the United States Postal Service delivers some 660 million pieces of mail to as many as 142 million delivery points . '' As of 2016 , the USPS operates 31,585 post offices and locations in the U.S. , and delivers 153.4 billion pieces of mail annually . The USPS operates one of the largest civilian vehicle fleets in the world , with an estimated 227,896 vehicles , the majority of which are the easily identified Chevrolet / Grumman LLV ( long - life vehicle ) , and the newer Ford / Utilimaster FFV ( flex - fuel vehicle ) , originally also referred to as the CRV ( carrier route vehicle ) . It is by geography and volume the globe 's largest postal system , delivering 47 % of the world 's mail . For every penny increase in the national average price of gasoline , the USPS spends an extra US $8 million per year to fuel its fleet . The number of gallons of fuel used in 2009 was 444 million , at a cost of US $1.1 billion . The fleet is notable in that many of its vehicles are right - hand drive , an arrangement intended to give drivers the easiest access to roadside mailboxes . Some Rural Letter Carriers use personal vehicles . Standard postal - owned vehicles do not have license plates . These vehicles are identified by a seven digit number displayed on the front and rear . A fleet of post office vehicles at the James Griffith Station in Spring Branch , Houston The Department of Defense and the USPS jointly operate a postal system to deliver mail for the military ; this is known as the Army Post Office ( for Army and Air Force postal facilities ) and the Fleet Post Office ( for Navy , Marine Corps and Coast Guard postal facilities ) . In February 2013 , the Postal Service announced that on Saturdays it would only deliver packages , mail - order medicines , Priority Mail , and Express Mail , effective August 10 , 2013 . However , this change was reversed by federal law in the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act , 2013 . They now deliver packages on Sunday -- only for Amazon.com . During the four weeks preceding Christmas since 2013 , packages from all mail classes and senders were delivered on Sunday in some areas . Parcels are also delivered on holidays , with the exception of Thanksgiving and Christmas . Five - year plans ( edit ) In October 2016 , the Postal Service released Future Ready , a five - year plan required by law starting in 1993 . The plan outlines the Postal Service 's goals for the next five years . 1 . Deliver a world - class customer experience . 2 . Equip , empower , and engage employees . 3 . Innovate faster to deliver value . 4 . Invest in our future platforms . Initiatives ( edit ) In 2011 , numerous media outlets reported that the USPS was going out of business . The USPS 's strategy came under fire as new technologies emerged and the USPS was not finding ways to generate new sources of revenue . Budget ( edit ) In 2016 , the Postal Service collected $71.49 billion in revenue . Revenue decline and planned cuts ( edit ) In 2016 , the USPS had its fifth straight annual operating loss , in the amount of $5.59 billion , of which $5.8 billion was the accrual of unpaid mandatory retiree health payments . Declining mail volume ( edit ) First Class mail volume peaked in 2001 and has declined 29 % from 1998 to 2008 , due to the increasing use of email and the World Wide Web for correspondence and business transactions . FedEx and United Parcel Service ( UPS ) directly compete with USPS Express Mail and package delivery services , making nationwide deliveries of urgent letters and packages . Lower volume means lower revenues to support the fixed commitment to deliver to every address once a day , six days a week . According to an official report on November 15 , 2012 , the U.S. Postal Service lost $15.9 billion its 2012 fiscal year . Internal streamlining and delivery slowdown ( edit ) In response , the USPS has increased productivity each year from 2000 to 2007 , through increased automation , route re-optimization , and facility consolidation . Despite these efforts , the organization saw an $8.5 billion budget shortfall in 2010 , and was losing money at a rate of about $3 billion per quarter in 2011 . On December 5 , 2011 the USPS announced it would close more than half of its mail processing centers , eliminate 28,000 jobs and reduce overnight delivery of First - Class Mail . This will close down 252 of its 461 processing centers . ( At peak mail volume in 2006 , the USPS operated 673 facilities . ) As of May 2012 , the plan was to start the first round of consolidation in summer 2012 , pause from September to December , and begin a second round in February 2014 ; 80 % of first class mail would still be delivered overnight through the end of 2013 . New delivery standards were issued in January 2015 , and the majority of single - piece ( not presorted ) first - class mail is now being delivered in two days instead of one . Large commercial mailers can still have first - class mail delivered overnight if delivered directly to a processing center in the early morning , though as of 2014 this represented only 11 % of first - class mail . Unsorted first - class mail will continued to be delivered anywhere in the contiguous United States within three days . Post Office closures ( edit ) In July 2011 , the USPS announced a plan to close about 3,700 small post offices . Various representatives in Congress protested , and the Senate passed a bill that would have kept open all post offices farther than 10 miles from the next office . In May 2012 , the service announced it had modified its plan . Instead , rural post offices would remain open with reduced retail hours ( some as little as two hours per day ) unless there was a community preference for a different option . In a survey of rural customers , 20 % preferred the `` Village Post Office '' replacement ( where a nearby private retail store would provide basic mail services with expanded hours ) , 15 % preferred merger with another Post Office , and 11 % preferred expanded rural delivery services . Approximately 40 % of postal revenue already comes from online purchases or private retail partners including Walmart , Staples , Office Depot , Walgreens , Sam 's Club , Costco , and grocery stores . The National Labor Relations Board agreed to hear the American Postal Workers Union 's arguments that these counters should be manned by postal employees who earn far more and have `` a generous package of health and retirement benefits '' . Elimination of Saturday delivery averted ( edit ) On January 28 , 2009 , Postmaster General John E. Potter testified before the Senate that , if the Postal Service could not readjust its payment toward the contractually funding earned employee retiree health benefits , as mandated by the Postal Accountability & Enhancement Act of 2006 , the USPS would be forced to consider cutting delivery to five days per week during June , July , and August . H.R. 22 , addressing this issue , passed the House of Representatives and Senate and was signed into law on September 30 , 2009 . However , Postmaster General Potter continued to advance plans to eliminate Saturday mail delivery . On June 10 , 2009 , the National Rural Letter Carriers ' Association ( NRLCA ) was contacted for its input on the USPS 's current study of the effect of five - day delivery along with developing an implementation plan for a five - day service plan . A team of Postal Service headquarters executives and staff has been given a time frame of sixty days to complete the study . The current concept examines the effect of five - day delivery with no business or collections on Saturday , with Post Offices with current Saturday hours remaining open . On Thursday , April 15 , 2010 , the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform held a hearing to examine the status of the Postal Service and recent reports on short and long term strategies for the financial viability and stability of the USPS entitled `` Continuing to Deliver : An Examination of the Postal Service 's Current Financial Crisis and its Future Viability . '' At which , PMG Potter testified that by the year 2020 , the USPS cumulative losses could exceed $238 billion , and that mail volume could drop 15 percent from 2009 . In February 2013 , the USPS announced that in order to save about $2 billion per year , Saturday delivery service would be discontinued except for packages , mail - order medicines , Priority Mail , Express Mail , and mail delivered to Post Office boxes , beginning August 10 , 2013 . However the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act , 2013 , passed in March , reversed the cuts to Saturday delivery . Retirement funding and payment defaults ( edit ) The Postal Accountability and Enhancement Act of 2006 ( PAEA ) obligates the USPS to fund the present value of earned retirement obligations ( essentially past promises which have not yet come due ) within a ten - year time span . In contrast , private businesses in the United States have no legal obligation to pay for retirement costs at promise - time rather than retirement - time , but about one quarter do . The Office of Personnel Management ( OPM ) is the main bureaucratic organization responsible for the human resources aspect of many federal agencies and their employees . The PAEA created the Postal Service Retiree Health Benefit Fund ( PSRHB ) after Congress removed the Postal Service contribution to the Civil Service Retirement System ( CSRS ) . Most other employees that contribute to the CSRS have 7 % deducted from their wages . Currently all new employees contribute into Federal Employee Retirement System ( FERS ) once they become a full - time regular employees . On September 30 , 2014 , the USPS failed to make a $5.7 billion payment on this debt , the fourth such default . Rate increases ( edit ) Congress has limited rate increases for First - Class Mail to the cost of inflation , unless approved by the Postal Regulatory Commission . A 3 ¢ surcharge above inflation increased the 1 oz ( 28 g ) rate to 49 ¢ in January , 2014 , but this was approved by the Commission for two years only . Reform packages , delivery changes , and alcohol delivery ( edit ) Comprehensive reform packages considered in the 113th Congress include S. 1486 and H.R. 2748 . These include the efficiency measure , supported by Postmaster General Patrick Donahoe of ending door - to - door delivery of mail for some or most of the 35 million addresses that currently receive it , replacing that with either curbside boxes or nearby `` cluster boxes '' . This would save $4.5 billion per year out of the $30 billion delivery budget ; door - to - door city delivery costs annually on average $353 per stop , curbside $224 , and cluster box $160 ( and for rural delivery , $278 , $176 , and $126 , respectively ) . S. 1486 , also with the support of Postmaster Donahoe , would also allow the USPS to ship alcohol in compliance with state law , from manufacturers to recipients with ID to show they are over 21 . This is projected to raise approximately $50 million per year . ( Shipping alcoholic beverages is currently illegal under 18 U.S.C. § 1716 ( f ) . ) In 2014 , the Postal Service was requesting reforms to worker 's compensation , moving from a pension to defined contribution retirement savings plan , and paying senior retiree health care costs out of Medicare funds , as is done for private - sector workers . Governance and organization ( edit ) The Board of Governors of the United States Postal Service sets policy , procedure , and postal rates for services rendered , and has a similar role to a corporate board of directors . Of the eleven members of the Board , nine are appointed by the President and confirmed by the United States Senate ( see 39 U.S.C. § 202 ) . The nine appointed members then select the United States Postmaster General , who serves as the board 's tenth member , and who oversees the day - to - day activities of the service as Chief Executive Officer ( see 39 U.S.C. § § 202 -- 203 ) . The ten - member board then nominates a Deputy Postmaster General , who acts as Chief Operating Officer , to the eleventh and last remaining open seat . The independent Postal Regulatory Commission ( formerly the Postal Rate Commission ) is also controlled by appointees of the President confirmed by the Senate . It oversees postal rates and related concerns , having the authority to approve or reject USPS proposals . The USPS is often mistaken for a government - owned corporation ( e.g. , Amtrak ) because it operates much like a business . It is , however , an `` establishment of the executive branch of the Government of the United States '' , ( 39 U.S.C. § 201 ) as it is controlled by Presidential appointees and the Postmaster General . As a government agency , it has many special privileges , including sovereign immunity , eminent domain powers , powers to negotiate postal treaties with foreign nations , and an exclusive legal right to deliver first - class and third - class mail . Indeed , in 2004 , the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in a unanimous decision that the USPS was not a government - owned corporation , and therefore could not be sued under the Sherman Antitrust Act . The U.S. Supreme Court has also upheld the USPS 's statutory monopoly on access to letter boxes against a First Amendment freedom of speech challenge ; it thus remains illegal in the U.S. for anyone , other than the employees and agents of the USPS , to deliver mailpieces to letter boxes marked `` U.S. Mail '' . The Postal Service also has a Mailers ' Technical Advisory Committee and local Postal Customer Councils , which are advisory and primarily involve business customers . Universal Service obligation and monopoly status ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Legal basis and rationale ( edit ) Article I , section 8 , Clause 7 of the United States Constitution grants Congress the power to establish post offices and post roads , which has been interpreted as a de facto Congressional monopoly over the delivery of first class residential mail -- which has been defined as non-urgent residential letters ( not packages ) . Accordingly , no other system for delivering first class residential mail -- public or private -- has been tolerated , absent Congress 's consent . The mission of the Postal Service is to provide the American public with trusted universal postal service . While not explicitly defined , the Postal Service 's universal service obligation ( USO ) is broadly outlined in statute and includes multiple dimensions : geographic scope , range of products , access to services and facilities , delivery frequency , affordable and uniform pricing , service quality , and security of the mail . While other carriers may claim to voluntarily provide delivery on a broad basis , the Postal Service is the only carrier with a legal obligation to provide all the various aspects of universal service . Proponents of universal service principles claim that since any obligation must be matched by the financial capability to meet that obligation , the postal monopoly was put in place as a funding mechanism for the USO , and it has been in place for over a hundred years . It consists of two parts : the Private Express Statutes ( PES ) and the mailbox access rule . The PES refers to the Postal Service 's monopoly on the delivery of letters , and the mailbox rule refers to the Postal Service 's exclusive access to customer mailboxes . Proponents of universal service principles further claim that eliminating or reducing the PES or mailbox rule would affect the ability of the Postal Service to provide affordable universal service . If , for example , the PES and the mailbox rule were to be eliminated , and the USO maintained , then either billions of dollars in tax revenues or some other source of funding would have to be found . Some proponents of universal service principles suggest that private communications that are protected by the veil of government promote the exchange of free ideas and communications . This separates private communications from the ability of a private for - profit or non-profit organization to corrupt . Security for the individual is in this way protected by the United States Post Office , maintaining confidentiality and anonymity , as well as government employees being much less likely to be instructed by superiors to engage in nefarious spying . It is seen by some as a dangerous step to extract the universal service principle from the post office , as the untainted nature of private communications is preserved as assurance of the protection of individual freedom of privacy . However , as the recent notice of a termination of mail service to residents of the Frank Church -- River of No Return Wilderness indicates , mail service has been contracted to private firms such as Arnold Aviation for many decades . KTVB - TV reported : `` We can not go out every week and pick up our mail ... it 's impossible '' , said Heinz Sippel . `` Everyone gets their mail . Why ca n't we ? '' said Sue Anderson . Getting mail delivered , once a week , by airplane is not a luxury , it 's a necessity for those who live in Idaho 's vast wilderness -- those along the Salmon and Selway rivers . It 's a service that 's been provided to them for more than half a century -- mostly by Ray Arnold of Arnold Aviation . The decision was reversed ; U.S. Postmaster General John Potter indicated that acceptable service to back country customers could not be achieved in any other fashion than continuing an air mail contract with Arnold Aviation to deliver the mail . 2008 report on universal Postal Service and the Postal monopoly ( edit ) The Postal Act of 2006 required the Postal Regulatory Commission ( PRC ) to submit a report to the President and Congress on universal postal service and the postal monopoly in December 2008 . The report must include any recommended changes . The Postal Service report supports the requirement that the PRC is to consult with and solicit written comments from the Postal Service . In addition , the Government Accountability Office is required to evaluate broader business model issues by 2011 . On October 15 , 2008 , the Postal Service submitted a report to the PRC on its position related to the Universal Service Obligation ( USO ) . It said no changes to the USO and restriction on mailbox access were necessary at this time , but increased regulatory flexibility was required to ensure affordable universal service in the future . In 2013 , the Postal Service announced that starting August 2013 , Saturday delivery would be discontinued . Obligations of the USO include uniform prices , quality of service , access to services , and six - day delivery to every part of the country . To assure financial support for these obligations , the postal monopoly provides the Postal Service the exclusive right to deliver letters and restricts mailbox access solely for mail . The report argued that eliminating or reducing either aspect of the monopoly `` would have a devastating impact on the ability ... to provide the affordable universal service that the country values so highly . '' Relaxing access to the mailbox would also pose security concerns , increase delivery costs , and hurt customer service , according to the Post Office . The report notes : It is somewhat misleading to characterize the mailbox rule as a `` monopoly , '' because the enforcement of 18 U.S.C. § 1725 leaves customers with ample alternative means of delivering their messages . Customers can deliver their messages either by paying postage , by placing messages on or under a door or a doormat , by using newspaper or non-postal boxes , by telephoning or emailing , by engaging in person - to - person delivery in public areas , by tacking or taping their notices on a door post , or by placing advertisements in local newspapers . These methods are comparable in efficacy to communication via the mailbox . Most of these alternatives are not actually free in some communities . For example , in the Chicago metropolitan area and many other major metros one must get a background check from police and pay a daily fee for the right to solicit or post commercial messages on private property . Regarding the monopoly on delivery of letters , the report notes that the monopoly is not complete , as there is an exception for letters where either the amount paid for private carriage of the letter equals at least six times the current rate for the first ounce of a single - piece First - Class Mail letter ( also known as the `` base rate '' or `` base tariff '' ) or the letter weighs at least 12.5 ounces . The Postal Service said that the USO should continue to be broadly defined and there should be no changes to the postal monopoly . Any changes would have far - reaching effects on customers and the trillion dollar mailing industry . `` A more rigidly defined USO would ... ultimately harm the American public and businesses , '' according to the report , which cautions that any potential change must be studied carefully and the effects fully understood . Competitors ( edit ) USPS Terminal Annex building in Los Angeles FedEx and United Parcel Service ( UPS ) directly compete with USPS Express Mail and package delivery services , making nationwide deliveries of urgent letters and packages . Due to the postal monopoly , they are not allowed to deliver non-urgent letters and may not directly ship to U.S. Mail boxes at residential and commercial destinations . However , both companies have transit agreements with the USPS in which an item can be dropped off with either FedEx or UPS who will then provide shipment up to the destination post office serving the intended recipient where it will be transferred for delivery to the U.S. Mail destination , including Post Office Box destinations . These services also deliver packages which are larger and heavier than USPS will accept . DHL Express was the third major competitor until February 2009 , when it ceased domestic delivery operations in the United States . A variety of other transportation companies in the United States move cargo around the country , but either have limited geographic scope for delivery points , or specialize in items too large to be mailed . Many of the thousands of courier companies focus on same - day delivery , for example , by bicycle messenger . Although USPS and FedEx are direct competitors , USPS contracts with FedEx for air transport of 2 -- 3 Day Priority Mail and Priority Mail Express ( typically delivered overnight ) . Alternative transmission methods ( edit ) The Post Office Department owned and operated the first public telegraph lines in the United States , starting in 1844 from Washington to Baltimore , and eventually extending to New York , Boston , Buffalo , and Philadelphia . In 1847 the telegraph system was privatized , except for a period during World War I , when it was used to accelerate the delivery of letters arriving at night . Between 1942 and 1945 `` V - Mail '' ( for `` Victory Mail '' ) service was available for military mail . Letters were converted into microfilm and reprinted near the destination , to save room on transport vehicles for military cargo . From 1982 to 1985 Electronic Computer Originated Mail , known as E-COM was accepted for bulk mailings . Text was transmitted electronically to one of 25 post offices nationwide . The Postal Service would print the mail and put it in special envelopes bearing a blue E-COM logo . Delivery was assured within 2 days . To improve accuracy and efficiency , the Postal Service introduced the Intelligent Mail program to complement the ZIP code system . This system , which was intended to replace the depreciated POSTNET system , allows bulk mailers to use pre-printed bar codes to assist in mail delivery and sorting . Additional features , called Enhanced , or Full - Service , Intelligent Mail Barcodes allow for mail tracking of bulk mail through the postal system up to the final delivery Post Office . Criticism of the universal Service requirement and the Postal monopoly ( edit ) Critics of the universal service requirement and the statutory postal monopoly include several professional economists advocating for the privatization of the mail delivery system , or at least a relaxation of the universal service model that currently exists . Rick Geddes argued in 2000 : First , basic economics implies that rural customers are unlikely to be without service under competition ; they would simply have to pay the true cost of delivery to them , which may or may not be lower than under monopoly . Second , basic notions of fairness imply that the cross-subsidy should be eliminated . To the extent that people make choices about where they live , they should assume the costs of that decision . Third , there is no reason why the government monopoly is necessary to ensure service to sparsely populated areas . The government could easily award competitive contracts to private firms for that service . Fourth , early concerns that rural residents of the United States would somehow become isolated without federally subsidized mail delivery today are simply unfounded ... Once both sender and receiver have access to a computer , the marginal cost of sending an electronic message is close to zero . Furthermore , some economists have argued that because public enterprises may pursue objectives different than profit maximization , they might have more of an incentive than profit - maximizing firms to behave anticompetitively through policies such as predatory pricing , misstating costs , and creating barriers to entry . To resolve those issues , one economist proposes a cost - allocation model that would determine the optimal allocation of USPS 's common costs by finding the share of costs that would maximize USPS profits from its competitive products . Postal regulators could use such a cost model to ensure that the Postal Service is not abusing its statutory monopoly by subsidizing price cuts in competitive product markets with revenue obtained from the monopolized market . Law enforcement agencies ( edit ) Postal Inspection Service ( edit ) The United States Postal Inspection Service ( USPIS ) is one of the oldest law enforcement agencies in the U.S. Founded by Benjamin Franklin , its mission is to protect the Postal Service , its employees , and its customers from crime and protect the nation 's mail system from criminal misuse . Postal Inspectors enforce over 200 federal laws providing for the protection of mail in investigations of crimes that may adversely affect or fraudulently use the U.S. Mail , the postal system or postal employees . The USPIS has the power to enforce the USPS monopoly by conducting search and seizure raids on entities they suspect of sending non-urgent mail through overnight delivery competitors . According to the American Enterprise Institute , a private conservative think tank , the USPIS raided Equifax offices in 1993 to ascertain if the mail they were sending through Federal Express was truly `` extremely urgent . '' It was found that the mail was not , and Equifax was fined $30,000 . Lastly , the PIS oversees the activities of the Postal Police Force who patrol in and around selected high - risk postal facilities in major metropolitan areas in the United States and its territories . Office of Inspector General ( edit ) The United States Postal Service Office of Inspector General ( OIG ) was authorized by law in 1996 . Prior to the 1996 legislation , the Postal Inspection Service performed the duties of the OIG . The Inspector General , who is independent of postal management , is appointed by and reports directly to the nine presidentially appointed , Senate -- confirmed members of the Board of Governors of the United States Postal Service . The primary purpose of the OIG is to prevent , detect and report fraud , waste and program abuse , and promote efficiency in the operations of the Postal Service . The OIG has `` oversight '' responsibility for all activities of the Postal Inspection Service . How delivery services work ( edit ) Elements of addressing and preparing Domestic mail ( edit ) This article appears to contradict the article Address ( geography ) # United States . Please see discussion on the linked talk page . ( January 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) See also : Address ( geography ) § United States All mailable articles ( e.g. , letters , flats , machinable parcels , irregular parcels , etc . ) shipped within the United States must comply with an array of standards published in the USPS Domestic Mail Manual ( DMM ) . Before addressing the mailpiece , one must first comply with the various mailability standards relating to attributes of the actual mailpiece such as : minimum / maximum dimensions and weight , acceptable mailing containers , proper mailpiece sealing / closure , utilization of various markings , and restrictions relating to various hazardous ( e.g. , explosives , flammables , etc . ) and restricted ( e.g. , cigarettes , smokeless tobacco , etc . ) materials , as well as others articulated in § 601 of the DMM . The USPS specifies the following key elements when preparing the face of a mailpiece : Proper Placement : The Delivery Address should be left - justified and located roughly in the center of mailpiece 's largest side . More precisely , on a letter - size piece , the recommended address placement is within the optical character reader ( OCR ) read area , which is a space on the address side of the mailpiece defined by these boundaries : Left -- 1 / 2 inch ( 13 mm ) from the left edge of the piece ; Right -- 1 / 2 inch ( 13 mm ) from the right edge of the piece ; Top -- 2 - 3 / 4 inches ( 70 mm ) from the bottom edge of the piece ; Bottom -- 5 / 8 inch ( 16 mm ) from the bottom edge of the piece . Preferred placement of a return address is in the upper left portion of the mailpiece -- on the side of the piece bearing postage . Finally , postage ( e.g. , stamps , meter imprints , information - based indicia ( IBI ) , etc . ) is to be affixed in the upper right corner of the address side of the mail cover . It should be noted that any stamp / indicia partly concealed or otherwise obscured by an overlapping stamp / indicia may not be counted as valid postage . Delivery Address ( party receiving mail ) : The mail piece must have the address of the intended recipient , visible and legible , only on the side of the mail piece bearing postage . Generally , the name of the addressee should be included above the address itself . A ZIP + 4 code will facilitate delivery . Return Address ( party sending mail ) : A return address tells the USPS where the sender wants the mail returned if it is undeliverable . Usage of a return address is required for some postal services ( including Priority Mail , Express Mail , Periodicals in envelopes or wrappers , Insured Mail , Registered Mail , and parcel services ) . Postage Payment : All mailpieces must include appropriate valid postage . Postage payment may be in the form of stamps , stamped stationery , precanceled stamps , postage meter imprints & PC Postage products ( `` Postage Evidencing Systems '' ) , or permit imprint ( indicia ) . Members of the U.S. Congress , among others , have franking privileges , which require only a signature . Domestic First - Class Mail costs 50 ¢ for envelopes ( 35 ¢ for post cards ) and upwards , depending on the weight and dimensions of the letter and the class . Mail going to naval vessels is known as the Fleet Post Office ( FPO ) and to Army or Air Force installations use the city abbreviation APO ( Army Post Office or Air Force Post Office ) . Undeliverable mail that could not be readily returned , including mail without a return address , is treated as dead mail at a Mail Recovery Center in Atlanta , Georgia or Saint Paul , Minnesota . Sticker promoting ZIP code use The format of the address is as follows Line 1 : Name of recipient Line 2 : Street address or P.O. Box Line 3 : City , State ( ISO 3166 - 2 : US code or APO / FPO code ) and ZIP + 4 code Example Clifford Clavin 789 Beacon Street Boston MA 02186 - 1234 The USPS maintains a list of proper abbreviations . The format of a return address is similar . Though some style manuals recommend using a comma between the city and state name when typesetting addresses in other contexts , for optimal automatic character recognition , the Post Office does not recommend this when addressing mail . The official recommendation is to use all upper case block letters with proper formats and abbreviations , and leave out all punctuation except for the hyphen in the ZIP + 4 code . If the address is unusually formatted or illegible enough , it will require hand - processing , delaying that particular item . The USPS publishes the entirety of their postal addressing standards . Postal address verification tools and services are offered by the USPS and third party companies to help ensure mail is deliverable by fixing formatting , appending information such as ZIP code and validating the address is a valid delivery point . Customers can look up ZIP codes and verify addresses using USPS Web Tools available on the official USPS website and Facebook page , as well as on third - party sites . Delivery point validation ( edit ) Delivery Point Validation ( DPV ) provides the highest level of address accuracy checking . In a DPV process , the address is checked against the AMS data file to ensure that it exists as an active delivery point . The USPS does not offer DPV validation on their website however there are companies that offer services to perform DPV verification . Paying postage ( edit ) The actual postage can be paid via : Stamps purchased online at usps.com , at a Post Office , from a stamp vending machine or `` Automated Postal Center '' which can also handle packages , or from a third party ( such as a grocery store ) Pre-cancelled stamps for bulk mailings Postal meter Prepaid envelope Shipping label purchased online and printed by the customer on standard paper ( e.g. with Click - N - Ship , or via a third - party such as PayPal or Amazon shipping ) All unused U.S. postage stamps issued since 1861 are still valid as postage at their indicated value . Stamps with no value shown or denominated by a letter are also still valid , although the value depends upon the particular stamp . For some stamps issued without a printed value , the current value is the original value . But some stamps beginning in 1988 or earlier , including `` Forever Stamps '' that were issued beginning in April 2007 , and all 1st class mail 1st ounce stamps beginning 2011 - 01 - 21 , the value is the current value of a 1st class mail 1st ounce stamps . ( The USPS calls these `` Forever Stamps '' . The generic name is non-denominated postage . ) Forever stamps are sold at the First - Class Mail postage rate at the time of purchase , but will always be valid for First - Class Mail ( 1 oz and under ) , no matter how rates rise in the future . Britain has had a similar stamp since 1989 . The cost of mailing a 1 oz ( 28 g ) First - Class letter increased to 50 cents on 28 January 2018 Postage meters ( edit ) Main article : Postage meter A postage meter is a mechanical device used to create and apply physical evidence of postage ( or franking ) to mailed matter . Postage meters are regulated by a country 's postal authority ; for example , in the United States , the United States Postal Service specifies the rules for the creation , support , and use of postage meters . A postage meter imprints an amount of postage , functioning as a postage stamp , a cancellation and a dated postmark all in one . The meter stamp serves as proof of payment and eliminates the need for adhesive stamps . PC postage ( edit ) In addition to using standard stamps , postage can now be printed in the form of an electronic stamp , or e-stamp , from a personal computer using a system called Information Based Indicia . This online PC Postage method relies upon application software on the customer 's computer contacting a postal security device at the office of the postal service . Other electronic postage payment methods ( edit ) Electronic Verification System ( eVS ) is the Postal Service 's integrated mail management technology that centralizes payment processing and electronic postage reports . Part of an evolving suite of USPS electronic payment services called PostalOne ! , eVS allows mailers shipping large volumes of parcels through the Postal Service a way to circumvent use of hard - copy manifests , postage statements and drop - shipment verification forms . Instead , mailers can pay postage automatically through a centralized account and track payments online . Beginning in August 2007 , the Postal Service began requiring mailers shipping Parcel Select packages using a permit imprint to use eVS for manifesting their packages . Stamp copyright and reproduction ( edit ) All U.S. postage stamps issued under the former United States Post Office Department and other postage items that were released before 1978 are not subject to copyright , but stamp designs since 1978 are copyrighted . The United States Copyright Office in section 313.6 ( C ) ( 1 ) of the Third Edition of the Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices holds that `` Works prepared by officers or employees of the U.S. Postal Service ... are not considered works of the U.S. Government '' and are therefore eligible for registration . Thus , the USPS holds copyright to such materials released since 1978 under Title 17 of the United States Code . Written permission is required for use of copyrighted postage stamp images , although under USPS rules , permission is `` generally '' not required for `` educational use '' , `` news reporting '' or `` philatelic advertising use , '' but users must cite USPS as the source of the image and include language such as `` © United States Postal Service . All rights reserved . '' Service level choices ( edit ) This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may only interest a specific audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( September 2016 ) General Domestic services ( edit ) Former Tyvek envelope design for Express Mail before July 28 , 2013 As of April 2011 , domestic postage levels for low - volume mailers include : Priority Mail Express ( Formerly Express Mail ) : Overnight delivery guaranteed to most locations Sunday , holiday and 10 : 30 am delivery available for additional charge . $100 insurance included . Tracking included . Flat Rate envelopes are available . Otherwise , pricing varies by weight and distance . Priority Mail : Day specific delivery service ranging from 1 -- 3 days depending on origin of shipment ( not guaranteed ) As of January 27 , 2013 , tracking via Delivery Confirmation is now included on all Priority Mail shipments . Flat Rate envelopes and boxes ( various sizes ) are available free from the Postal Store . Otherwise , pricing varies by weight , size and distance . $50 insurance for retail / $100 insurance for commercial starting on July 28 , 2013 . Tracking Included First - Class Mail 2 -- 3 day delivery . In most cases for letters and small packages . Rate varies by size and weight , but not distance . Postcards ( 5 '' × 3.5 '' × 0.007 to 6 '' × 4.25 '' × 0.016 '' ( 127 × 89 × 0.18 to 152 × 108 × 0.4 mm ) ) : 34 ¢ Letters ( up to 11.5 '' × 6.125 '' × 0.25 `` , 3.5 oz ( 292 × 156 × 6.4 mm , 100 g ) ) : 50 ¢ + 20 ¢ for each additional ounce Large Envelope or Flat ( up to 15 '' × 12 '' × 0.75 `` , 13 oz ( 381 × 305 × 19 mm , 370 g ) ) : 90 ¢ + 20 ¢ each additional ounce ( 28 g ) . Must be rectangular , uniformly thick , and not too rigid . Package / Parcel ( Up to 108 inches ( 270 cm ) length plus girth , 13 ounces ( 370 g ) : $1.95 + 17 ¢ each additional ounce ( 28 g ) over 3 ounces ( 84 g ) ) USPS Retail Ground ( formerly Parcel Post ) Slowest but cheapest service for packages too large or heavy for First Class -- uses surface transport . 2 -- 9 day service to contiguous U.S. , 4 -- 14 days internal to AK / HI / territories , 3 -- 6 weeks between mainland and outlying areas ( travels by ship ) . Variable pricing by weight , size and distance . Free forwarding if recipient has filed change - of - address form , or return if the item is undeliverable . Media Mail -- formerly `` Book Rate '' Books and recorded media only . No advertising . Pricing by weight only . Transit time similar to Parcel Post . Cheaper than Parcel Post but only due to increased restrictions on package contents . Library Mail Similar to Media Mail , but cheaper and restricted to academic institutions , public libraries , museums , etc . The Post Office will not deliver packages heavier than 70 pounds ( 32 kg ) or if the length ( the package 's longest dimension ) plus the girth ( the measurement around the package at its largest point in the two shorter dimensions ) is greater than 108 inches ( 270 cm ) combined ( 130 inches ( 330 cm ) for Parcel Post ) Bulk mail ( edit ) See also : Bulk mail USPS Dodge Caravan used for residential delivery in Omaha , Nebraska USPS - operated minivan serving in the LLV 's role Discounts are available for large volumes of mail . Depending on the postage level , certain conditions might be required or optional for an additional discount : Minimum number of pieces Weight limits Ability for the USPS to process by machine Addresses formatting standardized USPS - readable barcode Sorted by three - digit ZIP code prefix , five - digit ZIP code , ZIP + 4 , or 11 - digit delivery point Delivered in trays , bundles , or pallets partitioned by destination Delivered directly to a regional Bulk Mail Center , destination SCF , or destination Post Office Certification of mailing list accuracy and freshness ( e.g. correct ZIP codes , purging of stale addresses , processing of change - of - address notifications ) In addition to bulk discounts on Express , Priority , and First - Class Mail , the following postage levels are available for bulk mailers : Periodicals Standard Mail ( A ) Automation Enhanced Carrier Route Regular Standard Mail ( B ) Parcel Post Bound Printed Matter -- Cheaper than Media Mail , for advertising catalogs , phone books , etc. up to 15 lb Special Standard Mail Library Mail Nonprofit Extra services ( edit ) A Long Life Vehicle seen in Guam Depending on the type of mail , additional services are available for an additional fee : Certificate of Mailing provides proof of the date a package was mailed . Certified Mail provides proof of mailing , and a delivery record . Used for serving legal documents and for sending U.S. Government classified information , up to the `` confidential '' level . Collect on Delivery ( C.O.D. ) allows merchants to offer customers an option to pay upon delivery , up to $1000 . Includes insurance . USPS Tracking provides proof of delivery to sorting facilities , local post office and destination , but no signature is required . Insurance is shipping insurance against loss or damage for the value of the goods mailed . Amount of coverage can be specified , up to $5,000 . Registered Mail is used for highly valuable or irreplaceable items , and classified information up to the `` secret '' level . Registered mail is transported separately from other mail , in locked containers . Tracking is included and insurance up to $25,000 is available . Restricted Delivery requires delivery to a specific person or their authorized agent , not just to a mailbox . Return Receipt actively sends signature confirmation back to the sender by postcard or emailed PDF ( as opposed to merely putting this information into the online tracking system ) . Signature Confirmation requires a delivery signature , which is kept on file . The online tracking system displays the first initial and last name of the signatory . Special Handling is for unusual items , like live animals . International services ( edit ) In May 2007 , the USPS restructured international service names to correspond with domestic shipping options . Formerly , USPS International services were categorized as Airmail ( Letter Post ) , Economy ( Surface ) Parcel Post , Airmail Parcel Post , Global Priority , Global Express , and Global Express Guaranteed Mail . The former Airmail ( Letter Post ) is now First - Class Mail International , and includes small packages weighing up to four pounds ( 1.8 kg ) . Economy Parcel Post was discontinued for international service , while Airmail Parcel Post was replaced by Priority Mail International . Priority Mail International Flat - Rate packaging in various sizes was introduced , with the same conditions of service previously used for Global Priority . Global Express is now Express Mail International , while Global Express Guaranteed is unchanged . The international mailing classes with a tracking ability are Express , Express Guaranteed , and Priority ( except that tracking is not available for Priority Mail International Flat Rate Envelopes or Priority Mail International Small Flat Rate Boxes ) . One of the major changes in the new naming and services definitions is that USPS - supplied mailing boxes for Priority and Express mail are now allowed for international use . These services are offered to ship letters and packages to almost every country and territory on the globe . The USPS provides much of this service by contracting with a private parcel service , FedEx . An m - bag The USPS provides an M - bag service for international shipment of printed matter ; previously surface M - bags existed , but with the 2007 elimination of surface mail , only airmail M - bags remain . The term `` M - bag '' is not expanded in USPS publications ; M - bags are simply defined as `` direct sacks of printed matter ... sent to a single foreign addressee at a single address '' ; however , the term is sometimes referred to informally as `` media bag '' , as the bag can also contain `` discs , tapes , and cassettes '' , in addition to books , for which the usual umbrella term is `` media '' ; some also refer to them as `` mail bags '' . Military mail is billed at domestic rates when being sent from the United States to a military outpost , and is free when sent by deployed military personnel . The overseas logistics are handled by the Military Postal Service Agency in the Department of Defense . Outside of forward areas and active operations , military mail First - Class takes 7 -- 10 days , Priority 10 -- 15 days , and Parcel Post about 24 days . Three independent countries with a Compact of Free Association with the U.S. ( Palau , the Marshall Islands , and the Federated States of Micronesia ) have a special relationship with the United States Postal Service : Each associated state maintains its own government - run mail service for delivery to and pickup from retail customers . The associated states are integrated into the USPS addressing and ZIP code system . The USPS is responsible for transporting mail between the United States and the associated states , and between the individual states of the Federated States of Micronesia . The associated states synchronize postal services and rates with the USPS . The USPS treats mail to and from the associated states as domestic mail , ( as of November 19 , 2007 , after a 23 - month period of being treated as international mail ) . Incoming mail does require customs declarations because , like some U.S. territories , the associated states are outside the main customs territory of the United States . The discontinuation of International surface mail ( edit ) For more information about surface mail , see Surface mail . In 2007 , the US Postal Service discontinued its outbound international surface mail ( `` sea mail '' ) service , mainly because of increased costs . Returned undeliverable surface parcels had become an expensive problem for the USPS . The discontinuation has been criticized by independent booksellers , by other small businesses which ship internationally , by the Peace Corps , and by military personnel . Domestic surface mail ( now `` Retail Ground '' or `` Commercial Parcel Select '' ) remains available . Alternatives to international surface mail include : International Surface Air Lift . This service is available to commercial senders only . The service includes neither tracking nor insurance ; but it may be possible to purchase shipping insurance from a third - party company . USPS Commercial ePacket . This service is available to commercial senders only . The service is trackable . Ordinary first - class international airmail . Sorting and delivery process ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Mail flow through national infrastructure Processing of standard sized envelopes and cards is highly automated , including reading of handwritten addresses . Mail from individual customers and public postboxes is collected by mail carriers into plastic tubs , which are taken to one of approximately 251 Processing and Distribution Centers ( P&DC ) across the United States . Each P&DC sorts mail for a given region ( typically with a radius of around 200 miles ( 320 km ) ) and connects with the national network for interregional mail . The USPS has consolidated mail sorting for large regions into the P&DCs on the basis that most mail is addressed to faraway destinations , but for cities at the edge of a P&DC 's region , this means all locally addressed mail must now travel long distances ( that is , to and from the P&DC for sorting ) to reach nearby addresses . At the P&DC , mail is emptied into hampers which are then automatically dumped into a Dual Pass Rough Cull System ( DPRCS ) . As mail travels through the DPRCS , large items , such as packages and mail bundles , are removed from the stream . As the remaining mail enters the first machine for processing standard mail , the Advanced Facer - Canceler System ( AFCS ) , pieces that passed through the DPRCS but do not conform to physical dimensions for processing in the AFCS ( e.g. , large envelopes or overstuffed standard envelopes ) are automatically diverted from the stream . Mail removed from the DPRCS and AFCS is manually processed or sent to parcel sorting machines . In contrast to the previous system , which merely canceled and postmarked the upper right corner of the envelope , thereby missing any stamps which were inappropriately placed , the Advanced Facer - Canceler System locates indicia ( stamp or metered postage mark ) , regardless of the orientation of the mail as it enters the machine , and cancels it by applying a postmark . Detection of indicia enables the AFCS to determine the orientation of each mailpiece and sort it accordingly , rotating pieces as necessary so all mail is sorted right - side up and faced in the same direction in each output bin . Mail is output by the machine into three categories : mail already affixed with a bar code and addressed ( such as business reply envelopes and cards ) ; mail with machine printed ( typed ) addresses ; and mail with handwritten addresses . Additionally , machines with a recent Optical Character Recognition ( OCR ) upgrade have the capability to read the address information , including handwritten , and sort the mail based on local or outgoing ZIP codes . Mail with typed addresses goes to a Multiline Optical Character Reader ( MLOCR ) which reads the ZIP Code and address information and prints the appropriate bar code onto the envelope . Mail ( actually the scanned image of the mail ) with handwritten addresses ( and machine - printed ones that are not easily recognized ) goes to the Remote Bar Coding System . It also corrects spelling errors and , where there is an error , omission , or conflict in the written address , identifies the most likely correct address . When it has decided on a correct address , it prints the appropriate bar code onto the envelopes , similarly to the MLOCR system . RBCS also has facilities in place , called Remote Encoding Centers , that have humans look at images of mail pieces and enter the address data . The address data is associated with the image via an ID Tag , a fluorescent barcode printed by mail processing equipment on the back of mail pieces . Processed mail is imaged by the Mail Isolation Control and Tracking ( MICT ) system to allow easier tracking of hazardous substances . Images are taken at more than 200 mail processing centers , and are destroyed after being retained for 30 days . If a customer has filed a change of address card and his or her mail is detected in the mailstream with the old address , the mailpiece is sent to a machine that automatically connects to a Computerized Forwarding System database to determine the new address . If this address is found , the machine will paste a label over the former address with the current address . The mail is returned to the mailstream to forward to the new location . Mail with addresses that can not be resolved by the automated system are separated for human intervention . If a local postal worker can read the address , he or she manually sorts it out according to the ZIP code on the article . If the address can not be read , mail is either returned to the sender ( First - Class Mail with a valid return address ) or is sent to the Mail Recovery Center in Atlanta , Georgia ( formerly known as the dead letter office ) . At this office , the mail is opened to try to find an address to forward to . If an address is found , the contents are resealed and delivered . Otherwise , the items are held for 90 days in case of inquiry by the customer ; if they are not claimed , they are either destroyed or auctioned off at the monthly Postal Service Unclaimed Parcel auction to raise money for the service . Once the mail is bar coded , it is automatically sorted by a Delivery Bar Code Sorter ( DBCS ) that reads the bar code , identifies the destination of the mailpiece , and sends it to an appropriate tray that corresponds to the next segment of its journey . Regional mail is either trucked to the appropriate local post office , or kept in the building for carrier routes served directly from the P&DC . Out - of - region mail is trucked to the airport and then flown , usually as baggage on commercial airlines , to the airport nearest the destination station . At the destination P&DC , mail is once again read by a DBCS which sorts items to local post offices ; this includes grouping mailpieces by individual mail carrier . At the carrier route level , 95 % of letters arrive pre-sorted ; the remaining mail must be sorted by hand . The Post Office is working to increase the percentage of automatically sorted mail , including a pilot program to sort `` flats '' . FedEx provides air transport service to USPS for Priority and Express Mail . Priority Mail and Express Mail are transported from Priority Mail processing centers to the closest FedEx - served airport , where they are handed off to FedEx . FedEx then flies them to the destination airport and hands them back to USPS for transport to the local post office and delivery . Types of Postal facilities ( edit ) Historic main post office in Tomah , Wisconsin A typical post office station in the Spring Branch area of Houston , Texas A combined Post Office , Customs House , and Federal Court House in Galveston , Texas A 24 - hour Automated Postal Center kiosk inside the Webster , Texas main post office Although its customer service centers are called post offices in regular speech , the USPS recognizes several types of postal facilities , including the following : A main post office ( formerly known as a general post office ) is the primary postal facility in a community . A station or post office station is a postal facility that is not the main post office , but that is within the corporate limits of the community . A branch or post office branch is a postal facility that is not the main post office and that is outside the corporate limits of the community . A classified unit is a station or branch operated by USPS employees in a facility owned or leased by the USPS . A contract postal unit ( or CPU ) is a station or branch operated by a contractor , typically in a store or other place of business . A community post office ( or CPO ) is a contract postal unit providing services in a small community in which other types of post office facilities have been discontinued . A finance unit is a station or branch that provides window services and accepts mail , but does not provide delivery . A village post office ( VPO ) is an entity such as a local business or government center that provides postal services through a contract with the USPS . First introduced in 2011 as an integral part of the USPS plan to close low volume post offices , village post offices will fill the role of the post office within a ZIP code . A processing and distribution center ( P&DC , or processing and distribution facility , formerly known as a General Mail Facility ) is a central mail facility that processes and dispatches incoming and outgoing mail to and from a designated service area ( 251 nationwide ) . A sectional center facility ( SCF ) is a P&DC for a designated geographical area defined by one or more three - digit ZIP code prefixes . An international service center ( ISC ) is an international mail processing facility . There are only five such USPS facilities in the United States , located in Chicago , New York , Miami , Los Angeles and San Francisco . A network distribution center , formerly known as a bulk mail center ( BMC ) , is a central mail facility that processes bulk rate parcels as the hub in a hub and spoke network . An auxiliary sorting facility ( ASF ) is a central mail facility that processes bulk rate parcels as spokes in a hub and spoke network . A remote encoding center ( REC ) is a facility at which clerks receive images of problem mail pieces ( those with hard - to - read addresses , etc . ) via secure Internet - type feeds and manually type the addresses they can decipher , using a special encoding protocol . The mail pieces are then sprayed with the correct addresses or are sorted for further handling according to the instructions given via encoding . The total number of RECs is down from 55 in 1998 to just 1 center in December 2016 . The last REC is in Salt Lake City , Utah . While common usage refers to all types of postal facilities as `` substations '' , the USPS Glossary of Postal Terms does not define or even list that word . Post Offices often share facilities with other governmental organizations located within a city 's central business district . In those locations , often Courthouses and Federal Buildings , the building is owned by the General Services Administration while the U.S. Postal Services operates as a tenant . The USPS retail system has approximately 36,000 post offices , stations , and branches . Automated Postal Centers ( edit ) In the year 2004 , the USPS began deploying Automated Postal Centers ( APCs ) . APCs are unattended kiosks that are capable of weighing , franking , and storing packages for later pickup as well as selling domestic and international postage stamps . Since its introduction , APCs do not take cash payments -- they only accept credit or debit cards . Similarly , traditional vending machines are available at many post offices to purchase stamps , though these are being phased out in many areas . Due to increasing use of Internet services , as of June 2009 , no retail post office windows are open 24 hours ; overnight services are limited to those provided by an Automated Postal Center . Evolutionary network development ( end ) program ( edit ) In February 2006 , the USPS announced that they plan to replace the nine existing facility - types with five processing facility - types : Regional Distribution Centers ( RDCs ) , which will process all classes of parcels and bundles and serve as Surface Transfer Centers ; Local Processing Centers ( LPCs ) , which will process single - piece letters and flats and cancel mail ; Destination Processing Centers ( DPC ) , sort the mail for individual mail carriers ; Airport Transfer Centers ( ATCs ) , which will serve as transfer points only ; and Remote Encoding Centers ( RECs ) . Over a period of years , these facilities are expected to replace Processing & Distribution Centers , Customer Service Facilities , Bulk Mail Centers , Logistic and Distribution Centers , annexes , the Hub and Spoke Program , Air Mail Centers , and International Service Centers . The changes are a result of the declining volumes of single - piece First - Class Mail , population shifts , the increase in drop shipments by advertising mailers at destinating postal facilities , advancements in equipment and technology , redundancies in the existing network , and the need for operational flexibility . Airline and rail division ( edit ) A former United States Postal Service Boeing 727 - 200 aircraft at Miami International Airport in 1999 The United States Postal Service does not directly own or operate any aircraft or trains , although both were formerly operated . The mail and packages are flown on airlines with which the Postal Service has a contractual agreement . The contracts change periodically . Contract airlines have included : UPS , Emery Worldwide , Ryan International Airlines , FedEx Express , American Airlines , United Airlines , and Express One International . The Postal Service also contracts with Amtrak to carry some mail between certain cities such as Chicago and Minneapolis -- Saint Paul . The last air delivery route in the continental U.S. , to residents in the Frank Church -- River of No Return Wilderness , was scheduled to be ended in June 2009 . The weekly bush plane route , contracted out to an air taxi company , had in its final year an annual cost of $46,000 , or $2400 / year per residence , over ten times the average cost of delivering mail to a residence in the United States . This decision has been reversed by the U.S. Postmaster General . Parcel forwarding and private interchange ( edit ) Private US parcel forwarding or US mail forwarding companies focusing on personal shopper , relocation , Ex-pat and mail box services often interface with the United States Postal Service for transporting of mail and packages for their customers . Delivery timing ( edit ) USPS contractor - driven semi-trailer truck seen near Mendota , California USPS Ford Windstar used for residential delivery in Olympia , Washington 1998 United States Postal Service Ford Windstar , showing the larger driver 's side door Delivery days ( edit ) From 1810 , mail was delivered seven days a week . In 1828 , local religious leaders noticed a decline in Sunday - morning church attendance because of local post offices ' doubling as gathering places . These leaders appealed to the government to intervene and close post offices on Sundays . The government , however , declined , and mail was delivered 7 days a week until 1912 . Today , U.S. Mail ( with the exception of Express Mail ) is not delivered on Sunday , except in a few towns in which the local religion has had an effect on the policy , such as Loma Linda , California , which has a significant Seventh - day Adventist population and where U.S. Mail is delivered Sunday through Friday , with the exception of observed federal holidays . Saturday delivery was temporarily suspended in April 1957 , because of lack of funds , but quickly restored . Budget problems prompted consideration of dropping Saturday delivery starting around 2009 . This culminated in a 2013 announcement that regular mail services would be cut to five days a week , which was reversed by Congress before it could take effect . ( See the section Revenue decline and planned cuts . ) Direct delivery vs. customer pickup ( edit ) Originally , mail was not delivered to homes and businesses , but to post offices . In 1863 , `` city delivery '' began in urban areas with enough customers to make this economical . This required streets to be named , houses to be numbered , with sidewalks and lighting provided , and these street addresses to be added to envelopes . The number of routes served expanded over time . In 1891 , the first experiments with Rural Free Delivery began in less densely populated areas . There is currently an effort to reduce direct delivery in favor of mailbox clusters . To compensate for high mail volume and slow long - distance transportation which saw mail arrive at post offices throughout the day , deliveries were made multiple times a day . This ranged from twice for residential areas to up to seven times for the central business district of Brooklyn , New York . In the late 19th century , mail boxes were encouraged , saving carriers the time it took to deliver directly to the addressee in person ; in the 1910s and 1920s , they were phased in as a requirement for service . In the 1940s , multiple daily deliveries began to be reduced , especially on Saturdays . By 1990 , the last twice - daily deliveries in New York City were eliminated . Today , mail is delivered once a day on - site to most private homes and businesses . The USPS still distinguishes between city delivery ( where carriers generally walk and deliver to mailboxes hung on exterior walls or porches , or to commercial reception areas ) and rural delivery ( where carriers generally drive ) . With `` curbside delivery '' , mailboxes are at the ends of driveways , on the nearest convenient road . `` Central point delivery '' is used in some locations , where several nearby residences share a `` cluster '' of individual mailboxes in a single housing . Some customers choose to use post office boxes for an additional fee , for privacy or convenience . This provides a locked box at the post office to which mail is addressed and delivered ( usually earlier in the day than home delivery ) . Customers in less densely populated areas where there is no city delivery and who do not qualify for rural delivery may receive mail only through post office boxes . High - volume business customers can also arrange for special pick - up . Another option is the old - style general delivery , for people who have neither post office boxes nor street addresses . Mail is held at the post office until they present identification and pick it up . Some customers receive free post office boxes if the USPS declines to provide door - to - door delivery to their location or a nearby box . People with medical problems can request door - to - door delivery . Homeless people are also eligible for post office boxes at the discretion of the local postmaster , or can use general delivery . Special delivery ( edit ) From 1885 to 1997 , a service called special delivery was available , which caused a separate delivery to the final location earlier in the day than the usual daily rounds . Same - day trials ( edit ) In December 2012 , the USPS began a limited one - year trial of same - day deliveries directly from retailers or distribution hubs to residential addresses in the same local area , a service it dubbed `` Metro Post '' . The trial was initially limited to San Francisco and the only retailer to participate in the first few weeks was 1 - 800 - FLOWERS . In March 2013 , the USPS faced new same - day competition for e-commerce deliveries from Google Shopping Express . In November 2013 , the Postal Service began regular package delivery on Sundays for Amazon customers in New York and Los Angeles , which it expanded to 15 cities in May 2014 . Amazon Sunday delivery has now been expanded to most major markets as of September , 2015 . Other competition in this area includes online grocers such as AmazonFresh , Webvan , and delivery services operated by grocery stores like Peapod and Safeway . Forwarding and holds ( edit ) Residential customers can fill out a form to forward mail to a new address , and can also send pre-printed forms to any of their frequent correspondents . They can also put their mail on `` hold '' , for example , while on vacation . The Post Office will store mail during the hold , instead of letting it overflow in the mailbox . These services are not available to large buildings and customers of a commercial mail receiving agency , where mail is subsorted by non-Post Office employees into individual mailboxes . Financial services ( edit ) Postal money orders provide a safe alternative to sending cash through the mail , and are available in any amount up to $1,000 . Like a bank cheque , money orders are cashable only by the recipient . Unlike a personal bank check , they are prepaid and therefore can not be returned because of insufficient funds . Money orders are a declining business for the USPS , as companies like PayPal , PaidByCash and others are offering electronic replacements . From 1911 to 1967 , the Postal Service also operated the United States Postal Savings System , not unlike a savings and loan association with the amount of the deposit limited . A January 2014 report by the Inspector General of the USPS suggested that the agency could earn $8.9 billion per year in revenue by providing financial services , especially in areas where there are no local banks but there is a local post office , and to customers who currently do not have bank accounts . Employment in the USPS ( edit ) A Rural Letter Carrier from Fort Myers , Florida The Postal Service is the nation 's second - largest civilian employer . As of 2011 , it employed 574,000 personnel , divided into offices , processing centers , and actual post offices . The United States Postal Service would rank 29th on the 2010 Fortune 500 list , if considered a private company . Labor unions representing USPS employees include : The American Postal Workers Union ( APWU ) , which represents postal clerks and maintenance , motor vehicle , mail equipment shops , material distribution centers , and operating services and facilities services employees , postal nurses , and IT and accounting ; the National Association of Letter Carriers ( NALC ) , which represents city letter carriers ; the National Rural Letter Carriers ' Association ( NRLCA ) , which represents rural letter carriers ; and the National Postal Mail Handlers Union ( NPMHU ) . USPS employees are divided into three major crafts according to the work they engage in : Mail carriers , also referred to as mailmen or letter carriers , prepare and deliver mail and parcels . They are divided into two categories : City Letter Carriers , who are represented by the NALC , and Rural Letter Carriers , who are represented by the NRLCA . City Carriers are paid hourly with automatic overtime paid after 8 hours or 40 hours a week of duty . City Carriers are required to work in any kind of weather , daylight or dark and carry three bundles of mail ( letters in one hand , magazines in the other and advertisements in a mailbag ) in addition to parcels up to a total of 70 lbs . Mail routes are outfitted with a number of scanpoints ( mailbox barcodes ) on random streets every 30 to 40 minutes apart to keep track of the Carriers ' whereabouts up until the last 5 minutes of any given workday . Rural carriers are under a form of salary called `` evaluated hours '' , usually with overtime built into their pay . The evaluated hours are created by having all mail counted for a period of two or four weeks , and a formula used to create the set dollar amount they will be paid for each day worked until the next time the route is counted . Mail handlers and processors , prepare , separate , load and unload mail and parcels , by delivery ZIP code and station , for the clerks . They work almost exclusively at the plants or larger mail facilities now after having their duties excessed and reassigned to clerks in Post Offices and Station branches . Clerks , have a dual function by design of where their assignment is . Window clerks directly handle customer service needs at the counter , sort box mail and also sort first class letters , standard and bulk - rate mail for the carriers on the work floor . Clerks may also work alongside mail handlers in large sorting facilities , outside of the public view , sorting mail . Data Conversion Operators , who encode address information at Remote Encoding Centers , are also members of the clerk craft . Mail handlers and Clerks are represented by the NPMHU and the APWU respectively . Other non-managerial positions in the USPS include : Maintenance and custodians , who see to the overall operation and cleaning of mail sorting machines , work areas , public parking and general facility operations . City Carrier Assistants . ( CCA 's ) With the Das Arbitration award the designation of PTF City Carrier has been abolished . TE City Carriers will have the opportunity to become CCA 's . A CCA is a non-career employee who is hired for a 360 - day term , similar to what TE 's had . CCA 's earn annual leave . CCA 's , unlike TE 's do have a direct path to becoming career employees . When excess City Carrier positions exist the CCA in that work installation with the highest `` relative standing '' will be promoted to a career employee and be assigned to the vacant position . Career , Part Time Flexible and Transitional employees ( Career , PTF & TE ) There are a variety of other non-managerial positions in such crafts as accounting , information technology , and the remote encoding center . These are under a different contract than plant workers or mail carriers . Though the USPS employs many individuals , as more Americans send information via email , fewer postal workers are needed to work dwindling amounts of mail . Post offices and mail facilities are constantly downsizing , replacing craft positions with new machines and consolidating mail routes through the MIARAP ( Modified Interim Alternate Route Adjustment Process ) agreement . A major round of job cuts , early retirements , and a construction freeze were announced on March 20 , 2009 . Workplace violence ( edit ) Main article : List of postal killings § United States In the early 1990s , widely publicized workplace shootings by disgruntled employees at USPS facilities led to a Human Resource effort to provide care for stressed workers and resources for coworker conflicts . Due to media coverage , postal employees gained a reputation among the general public as more likely to be mentally ill . The USPS Commission on a Safe and Secure Workplace found that `` Postal workers are only a third as likely as those in the national workforce to be victims of homicide at work . '' In the documentary Murder by Proxy : How America Went Postal , it was argued that this number failed to factor out workers killed by external subjects rather than by fellow employees . This series of events in turn has influenced American culture , as seen in the slang term `` going postal '' ( see Patrick Sherrill for information on his August 20 , 1986 , rampage ) and the computer game Postal . Also , in the opening sequence of Naked Gun 331⁄3 : The Final Insult , a yell of `` Disgruntled postal workers '' is heard , followed by the arrival of postal workers with machine guns . In an episode of Seinfeld , the mailman character , Newman , explained in a dramatic monologue that postal workers `` go crazy and kill everyone '' because the mail never stops . In The Simpsons episode `` Sunday , Cruddy Sunday , '' Nelson Muntz asks Postmaster Bill if he has `` ever gone on a killing spree '' ; Bill replies , `` The day of the gun - toting , disgruntled postman shooting up the place went out with the Macarena '' . The series of massacres led the US Postal Service to issue a rule prohibiting the possession of any type of firearms ( except for those issued to Postal Inspectors ) in all designated USPS facilities . In 2016 , video footage was released showing a group of police officers from the New York City Police Department ( NYPD ) arresting a US Postal Service worker while he was in the middle of his deliveries . The footage showed that the officers were dressed in civilian clothing . The NYPD is reportedly investigating alleged disorderly conduct . In fiction ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the film Miracle on 34th Street ( 1947 ) , the identity of Kris Kringle ( played by Edmund Gwenn ) as the one and only `` Santa Claus '' was validated by a state court , based on the delivery of 21 bags of mail ( famously carried into the courtroom ) to the character in question . The contention was that it would have been illegal for the United States Post Office to deliver mail that was addressed to `` Santa Claus '' to the character `` Kris Kringle '' unless he were , in fact , the one and only Santa Claus . Judge Henry X . Harper ( played by Gene Lockhart ) ruled that since the U.S. Government had demonstrated through the delivery of the bags of mail that Kris Kringle was Santa Claus , the State of New York did not have the authority to overrule that decision . The novel Post Office ( 1971 ) , written by poet and novelist Charles Bukowski , is a semi-autobiographical account of his life over the years as a mail carrier . Bukowski would , under duress , quit and years later return as a mail clerk . His personal account would detail the work at lengths as frustrating , menial , boring , and degrading . The novel Waiting for the Earthquake ( 1977 ) by Lawrence Swaim is about the 1970 postal strike from the point of view of a young union official in a postal union . The Postal Inspectors plant an informer in his union , and the novel revolves around the fallout from this action , as well as the social chaos and racial tensions in American society in 1970 . David Brin 's novel The Postman ( 1985 ) portrays the United States Postal Service and its returned services as a staple to revive the United States government in a post-apocalyptic world . It was adapted as a film starring Kevin Costner and Larenz Tate in 1997 . The comedy film Dear God ( 1996 ) , starring Greg Kinnear and Laurie Metcalf , portrays a group of quirky postal workers in a dead letter office that handle letters addressed to the Easter Bunny , Elvis , and even God himself . The Inspectors ( 1998 ) is a made for TV crime film about US Postal Inspectors and their exploits trying to catch a mailbomb suspect . The Inspectors 2 : A Shred of Evidence ( 2002 ) is a sequel to the 1998 made for TV crime film . In 2015 , The Inspectors , which depicts a group of postal inspectors investigating postal crimes , debuted on CBS . The series uses the USPIS seal and features messages and tips from the Chief Postal Inspector at the end of each episode . See also ( edit ) Government of the United States portal Philately portal List of U.S. state abbreviations United States Postal Service creed USPS Post Office Box Lobby Recycling program Unions of the U.S. Postal Service American Postal Workers Union National Association of Letter Carriers National Postal Mail Handlers Union National Rural Letter Carriers ' Association History American Letter Mail Company History of United States postage rates Owney ( dog ) Post Office Murals Postage stamps and postal history of the United States Railway Mail Service International associations Universal Postal Union Postal Union of the Americas , Spain and Portugal Mail bag types Catcher pouch Mail pouch Mail sack Mail satchel Pony Express mochila Portmanteau Workplace violence `` Going postal '' List of postal killings References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The history of the United States Postal Service : 1775 -- 2006 '' . USPS . May 2007 . Retrieved March 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Size and scope '' . About USPS . United States Postal Service . September 30 , 2016 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` FY2017 Annual Report to Congress '' ( PDF ) . usps.com . United States Postal Service . 2017 . p. 6 . Jump up ^ `` Universal Service and the Postal Monopoly : A Brief History '' ( PDF ) . The United States Postal Service . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The U.S. Postal Service ; PBS '' . PBS . 2011 - 11 - 13 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` USPS : By the Numbers '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2011 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ Rep. Thomas `` Tom '' Davis ( R - VA11 , 1995 -- 2008 ) . `` PAEA : Overfunding of Retired Employee Health Benefits '' . Govtrack.us . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ Mariano , Willoughby . `` PolitiFact Georgia Bishop signs letter saying post office faces big pension burden '' . Retrieved 8 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` USPS Comments re : 2011 Rate Increase PRC Remand '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ Liberto , Jennifer ( August 12 , 2011 ) . `` Clock ticking on Postal Service budget crisis '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Smith , Aaron ( May 11 , 2009 ) . `` U.S. Postal Service find ways to save money '' . CNN . Retrieved May 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Our Postal System Francis C. Huebner . Records of the Columbia Historical Society , Washington , DC Vol. 9 ( 1906 ) , pp. 126 -- 74 . Historical Society of Washington , DC . Jump up ^ Joseph M. Adelman , `` ' A Constitutional Conveyance of Intelligence , Public and Private ' : The Post Office , the Business of Printing , and the American Revolution , '' Enterprise & Society ( 2010 ) 11 # 4 pp 709 -- 752 . in Project MUSE Jump up ^ Richard John , `` How the Post Office Made America , '' New York Times Feb 8 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` For Which Stand ; The Life and Papers of Rufus Easton , '' by Bruce Campbell Adamson and Professor William Foley ; See William T. Sherman 's Memoirs Jump up ^ Leonard D. White , The Republican Era : A study in administrative history : 1869 -- 1901 ( 1963 ) , p 259 Jump up ^ William H. Bergmann , `` Delivering a Nation through the Mail , '' Ohio Valley History ( 2008 ) 8 # 3 pp 1 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Richard John , Spreading the News ( 1995 ) pp 3 -- 4 Jump up ^ `` Classbrain '' Jump up ^ `` Steamboat Subjects on United States Postage Stamps -- Who We Are -- USPS '' . United States Postal Service . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Postal Museum '' . SI . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2008 . Retrieved October 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ History of the United States Postal Service 1775 -- 1993 , p. 1 Jump up ^ `` Publication 100 : U.S. Postage Stamps '' . An American History 1775 -- 2006 . USPS . November 2012 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Scotts US Postage Stamp Catalogue Jump up ^ `` National Postal Museum '' . Postalmuseum.si.edu . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2008 . Retrieved October 25 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : The New York Times . `` The Parcel Post System '' . 24 April 1887 Jump up ^ `` Post Office In Paradise , Mail Rates During the UPU Period '' . Post Office in Paradise . 10 July 2000 . Retrieved 11 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Parcel Post : Delivery of Dreams : Introduction '' . Smithsonian Institution Libraries. 2004 . Retrieved 11 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Parcel Post : Delivery of Dreams '' . Sil.si.edu . Retrieved October 25 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Parcel Post : Delivery of Dreams : Introduction '' . Smithsonian Institution Libraries. 2004 . Retrieved 18 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Heidelbaugh , Lynn ( September 2007 ) . `` Laundry Box '' . National Postal Museum , The Smithsonian . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2012 . Retrieved 21 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Precious Packages -- America 's Parcel Post Service '' . National Postal Museum . 2012 . Retrieved 12 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Servies , Tony ( 11 July 2008 ) . `` The Bank That Was Sent Through the Post Office '' . stampsofdistinction.com . Retrieved 12 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` One hundred years ago this month : September 20 '' . Emmitsburg News - Journal . September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` '' Postal Savings System '' by HISTORIAN , UNITED STATES POSTAL SERVICE , JULY 2008 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` United States Postal Inspection Service '' . ^ Jump up to : `` The Post Office Flies The Mail '' . U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Comstock Law of ( 1873 ) '' . Law.jrank.org . Retrieved October 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Corporate Fact Sheet '' ( PDF ) . Wal - Mart . July 17 , 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 25 , 2009 . Retrieved August 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dolan v. United States Postal Service , 546 U.S. 481 ( 2006 ) . Update : In 2016 , the figure for number of delivery points was 156.1 million ( See citation name = sizescope2016 ) . Jump up ^ Johnson , Erica ( June 20 , 2008 ) . `` Gas Prices Affecting Mail '' . Keloland Television . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Postal Facts 2010 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Postal Service . 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 July 2010 . Retrieved 28 September 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Postal Service Announces New Delivery Schedule '' . United States Postal Service . Retrieved February 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Postal Service : Saturday letter delivery to end in August '' . CBS News . February 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Statement from the U.S. Postal Service Board of Governors '' . 2013 - 04 - 10 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon Sunday delivery : Key facts to know as USPS rolls out service nationally '' . GeekWire. 2014 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Postal Service to Deliver Packages on Sundays Before Christmas '' . NBC Chicago . 2013 - 12 - 14 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Future Ready : Fiscal Years 2017 to 2021 '' ( PDF ) . United states Postal Service . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ Government Performance and Results Act 0f 1993 , P.L. 103 - 62 , ( ( 1 ) ) Jump up ^ Hartung , Adam ( 6 December 2011 ) . `` Why the Postal Service Is Going Out of Business '' . Forbes . Retrieved 23 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Devin ( 5 July 2012 ) . `` The postal service is running out of options '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . Retrieved 23 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Schmid , Randolph E. ( 10 November 2011 ) . `` Postal Service Struggles : What Would The U.S. Do Without Mail ? '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 23 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Kolodny , Lora ( 15 September 2011 ) . `` Can Technology Save The U.S. Postal Service ? '' . fastcompany.com . Retrieved 23 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` United States Postal Service FY2016 Annual Report to Congress '' ( PDF ) . United States Postal Service . Retrieved 28 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` First Class Mail Volume , 1926 -- 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 14 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` USPS -- Area Mail Processing '' . USPS. 2009 . Retrieved August 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Annual Report to Congress and Comprehensive Statement - Home '' . about.usps.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Comprehensive Statement on Postal Operations 2008 '' . USPS. 2008 . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2009 . Retrieved August 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ McElhatton , Jim `` Postal Service Reports $8 billion in Losses '' , The Washington Times , November 12 , 2010 , accessed August 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NACS Magazine Going Postal '' . Nacsonline.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ Postal Service to Delay Cutbacks Until Mid-May , Staving Off Bankruptcy , Fox News . Accessed : 13 December 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS . `` FACT SHEET : MODIFIED NETWORK REALIGNMENT PLAN '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ USPS ( 2012 - 05 - 17 ) . `` Postal Service Moves Ahead with Modified Network Consolidation Plan '' . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` USPS Delivery Standards and Statistics fact sheet '' . USPS. 2015 - 03 - 23 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Key facts on network rationalization '' . USPS. 2015 - 03 - 23 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Sanburn , Josh ( 2013 - 04 - 12 ) . `` Post Office Keeps Saturday Delivery Thanks to Congress '' . Time Magazine . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ USPS . `` FACT SHEET / New Strategy Preserves Post Offices in Rural America '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : USPS . `` New Strategy to Preserve the Nation 's Smallest Post Offices '' . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ HANANEL , SAM ( 19 January 2014 ) . `` Unions Angered by Postal Service 's Staples Outlets '' . abcnews.go.com . Associated Press . Retrieved 19 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Rein , Lisa ( 8 July 2015 ) . `` USPS 's controversial deal with Staples headed to showdown over legality '' . www.washingtonpost.com . The Washington Post . Retrieved 8 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Postmaster General / CEO John E. Potter Before the Subcommittee on Federal Financial Management '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 30 , 2009 . Retrieved January 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Postal Accountability & Enhancement Act of 2006 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 1 , 2008 . Retrieved February 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Text of the Postal Accountability and Enhancement Act '' . www.govtrack.us . United States Government . Retrieved 8 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Statement of Postmaster General / CEO John E. Potter Before the Committee on Government on Oversight & Government Reform United States House of Representatives & Subcommittee on Federal Workforce , Postal Service , and the District of Columbia '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 9 , 2010 . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Postal Service Announces New Delivery Schedule '' . 2013 - 02 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Postal Service to end Saturday mail delivery in bid to cut costs '' . Fox News . February 6 , 2013 . Retrieved February 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Postal Civil Service Retirement System Funding Reform Act of 2003 '' ( PDF ) . 2003 - 04 - 23 . Retrieved 26 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Barro , Josh ( 2012 - 08 - 02 ) . `` Understanding the Post Office 's Benefits Mess '' . Bloomberg View . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` CSRS '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Postal Service Reports Revenue Increase , $5.5 Billion Loss in Fiscal 2014 '' . USPS. 2014 - 11 - 14 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Pence , Herbert ( 6 November 2011 ) . `` Congress did n't do US Postal Service any favors '' . Nashua Telegraph . Retrieved 25 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Bradley Klapper ( 2013 - 12 - 24 ) . `` First - class stamps to cost 49 cents as of Jan. 26 '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Text -- S. 1486 -- 113th Congress ( 2013 -- 2014 ) : Postal Reform Act of 2014 '' . USA Congress . 2014 - 07 - 31 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Text -- H.R. 2748 -- 113th Congress ( 2013 -- 2014 ) : Postal Reform Act of 2013 '' . USA Congress . 2013 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Andrew Miga ( 2013 - 08 - 02 ) . `` USPS suggests lifting alcohol delivery ban '' . Spokesman - Review . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Liberto , Jennifer ( 2013 - 07 - 23 ) . `` Postal Service moving away from at - your - door delivery '' . CNN . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` The Postal Service delivers the last mile , almost : Changing modes of delivery '' . Save the Post Office . 2013 - 06 - 10 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` S 1486 - Postal Reform Act of 2014 '' . Scribd.com. 2013 - 08 - 01 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Andrew Miga ( 2013 - 08 - 02 ) . `` U.S. Postal Service Wants To Deliver Alcohol To Your Doorstep '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Postal Service Testifies Before Congress Urging Elimination of Unfunded Liabilities '' . USPS. 2014 - 03 - 13 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ United States Postal Serv . v. Flamingo Indus . ( USA ) Ltd. , 540 U.S. 736 ( 2004 ) . Jump up ^ United States Postal Serv . v. Greenburgh Civic Ass'ns , 453 U.S. 114 ( 1981 ) . Jump up ^ USPS.com Archived May 9 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... USPS.com ( September 17 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution of the United States : A Transcription '' . National Archives . 2015 - 11 - 04 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Mission statement '' ( PDF ) . about.usps.com . Jump up ^ `` Report On Universal Postal Service and The Postal Monopoly '' ( PDF ) . USPS . Retrieved 28 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Report On Universal Postal Service and The Postal Monopoly '' ( PDF ) . USPS . October 2008 . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Postal Service to renew Idaho back country mail route Archived March 15 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Alyson Outen , KTVB - TV , April 10 , 2009 Jump up ^ Minnick , Walt ( 2009 - 05 - 07 ) . `` Idaho delegation gets reversal on backcountry mail delivery decision '' . Press Releases . Congressman Walt Minnick . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 05 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ USPS.com Archived June 23 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... USPS.com ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FedEx SmartPost ® Shipping & Tracking for Low Weight Packages '' . FedEx . Retrieved April 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` UPS Mail Innovations -- Overview '' . United Parcel Service . Retrieved April 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Priority Mail - USPS '' . www.usps.com . Jump up ^ `` Priority Mail Express - USPS '' . www.usps.com . Jump up ^ `` Telegraph : Early Postal Role '' ( PDF ) . Postal History . USPS . July 2008 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` V - Mail '' ( PDF ) . Postal History . USPS . July 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 05 - 08 . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` E-COM , Electronic Computer Originated Mail '' ( PDF ) . USPS . July 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 05 - 08 . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Intelligent Mail '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ Geddes , Rick . `` Do Vital Economists Reach a Policy Conclusion on Postal Reform ? '' ( April 2004 ) . econjournalwatch.org Jump up ^ `` Neither Snow nor Sleet ... Can Dampen This Monopoly '' . Hoover Institution . Jump up ^ Sappington , David E.M. ; Sidak , J. Gregory ( 2003 ) . `` Incentives for Anticompetitive Behavior by Public Enterprises '' ( PDF ) . Review of Industrial Organization . 22 : 183 , 184 . Jump up ^ Sidak , J. Gregory ( 2015 ) . `` Maximizing the Postal Service 's Profits from Competitive Products '' . Journal of Competition Law & Economics . 11 ( 3 ) : 617 . doi : 10.1093 / joclec / nhv026 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ Id . Jump up ^ `` Who We Are '' . USPS.com . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2007 . Retrieved March 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Geddes , Rick ( June 1 , 2003 ) . `` Opportunities for Anticompetitive Behavior in Postal Services '' . American Enterprise Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Why Ca n't You Start a Rival Post Office ? '' . 19 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Mailing Standards of the United States Postal Service Domestic Mail Manual ( DMM ) -- § 600 : Basic Standards For All Mailing Services . Pe.usps.com . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS Domestic Mail Manual ( DMM ) -- § 101 : Physical Standards . Pe.usps.com . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS Domestic Mail Manual ( DMM ) -- § 601 : Mailability . Pe.usps.com ( August 20 , 1912 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS Domestic Mail Manual ( DMM ) -- Section 102.2. 1 : Exhibit 2.1 OCR Read Area . Pe.usps.com . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS Domestic Mail Manual ( DMM ) -- § 602.1. 5 : Elements of Addressing -- Return Address . Pe.usps.com . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS Domestic Mail Manual ( DMM ) -- Section 102.2. 1 : Exhibit 2.1 OCR Read Area . Pe.usps.com . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A Customer 's Guide to Mailing '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2009 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 25 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ USPS Domestic Mail Manual ( DMM ) -- § 602.1. 5.3 Addressing -- Required Use of Return Addresses . Pe.usps.com . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS Domestic Mail Manual ( DMM ) -- § 604 Postage Payment Methods . Pe.usps.gov . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS list of abbreviations . Usps.com . Retrieved on September 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ USPS postal addressing standards . Pe.usps.gov . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Zip '' . USPS . Retrieved 9 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 Comprehensive Statement on Postal Operations Chapter 2 Postal Operations '' . USPS . Retrieved 9 September 2016 . 2004 Comprehensive Statement on Postal Operations Chapter 2 Postal Operations Jump up ^ USPS.com Archived July 23 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... USPS.com ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS.com Archived July 1 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... USPS.com ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Postal Rates Set to Go Up on May 14 . March 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ New Prices Coming May 12 , 2008 Archived August 4 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine ... Usps.com ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` USPS announces new 2018 prices '' . about.usps.com . Jump up ^ van Tilborg , Henk C.A. ( 2005 ) . `` Electronic Postage '' . Encyclopedia of cryptography and security . Springer . ISBN 0 - 387 - 23473 - X . Jump up ^ Advanced Preparation and Special Postage Payment Systems -- Manifest Mailing System -- Electronic Verification System . Pe.usps.gov . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS Memo To Mailers -- August 2006 `` Making It E-Easy For High - Volume Shippers '' Archived August 22 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Stamp Collecting : What other stamp materials can I collect ? '' . United States Postal Service . Retrieved July 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices , § 313.6 ( C ) ( 1 ) '' ( PDF ) . United States Copyright Office . December 22 , 2014 . pp. 36 -- 37 . Retrieved July 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rights and Permission Overview '' . United States Postal Service . Retrieved June 18 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : USPS FAQ -- Domestic Classes of Mail Estimated Delivery Time Archived 2013 - 04 - 10 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ `` Postage Payment for Bound Printed Matter Limited to Permit Imprint '' . USPS . September 11 , 2008 . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ USPS.com Archived June 9 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine ... USPS.com ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Executive Order No. 10501 . Fas.org . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS.com Archived July 23 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... USPS.com ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` International Delivery Options '' . USPS . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2010 . Retrieved September 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ USPS International Mail Manual , Issue 35 . Pe.usps.gov . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ First - Class Mail International . USPS ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Archived June 9 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ USPS.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ USPS press release , June 8 , 2004 , Release No. 40 , FedEx to deliver premium postal int'l service Archived May 8 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved October 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Styling for `` M - bag '' is inconsistent -- the term is styled both as M - bag ( with a hyphen ) and M -- bag ( with an en - dash ) . ^ Jump up to : Postal Explorer > IMM Issue 37 -- International Mail Manual > 2 Conditions for Mailing > 260 Direct Sacks of Printed Matter to One Addressee ( M -- bags ) Jump up ^ Airmail M - Bags . Usps.com ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS FAQ -- Mailing to military personnel . Faq.usps.com . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. and Palau Agreement '' . US Department of the Interior . 2011 - 11 - 30 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Under Construction '' . Mipsa.biz . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2014 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` FSM Communications '' . Government of the Federated States of Micronesia . Archived from the original on 2015 - 09 - 24 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` USPS Domestic Mail Service Returns to the FSM and RMI '' . US Embassy in Kolonia. 2007 - 11 - 05 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 02 - 27 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` USPS International Mail - Frequently Asked Questions '' . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ DWTripp . `` USPS mail changes - international surface mail going away '' . BoardGameGeek `` Chit Chat '' forum . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Internal newsletters detailed a huge loss for the USPS in the failed delivery of packages sent from the USA via surface . Since the USPS can not dictate how scores of different countries handle surface mail , and since it 's agreements required the USPS to take back undeliverable parcels , the losses were mounting . Jump up ^ `` Why nobody offers USPS International Surface Air Lift for international shipment ? '' . BoardGameGeek `` General Gaming '' forum . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . The reason , probably , why no other dealers offer it : ... it is very difficult and time - consuming to do . Plus , there is no tracking , no insurance , and lots of complaints -- as those packages can easily take 60 days to arrive . ^ Jump up to : Author unknown ( date unknown ) . Direct Marketing Direct Mail . Allbusiness.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 07 - 08 from `` Equipment Scheduling at Mail Processing and Distribution Centers '' . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2008 . Retrieved April 4 , 2009 ... Jump up ^ Wade , Madison ( 9 April 2015 ) . `` Changes announced for Redding mail processing center '' . KRCR News Channel ABC 7 . Redding : Bonten Media Group . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Benda , David ( 23 February 2012 ) . `` Mail sorting facility will close ; move will affect 90 jobs in Redding '' . Redding Record - Searchlight . Gannett . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Miga , Andrew ( 2 August 2013 ) . `` AP Interview : Postal Service takes photos of all mail , keeps images for up to a month '' . Yahoo ! News . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ USPS.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 07 - 08 from `` Comprehensive Statement on Postal Operations 2008 '' . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2009 . Retrieved March 31 , 2009 ... ^ Jump up to : Publication 32 -- Glossary of Postal Terms Archived May 8 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... ( PDF ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` USPS VPO Fact Sheet '' ( PDF ) . usps.com . July 26 , 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 5 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Fact Sheet : Processing Facilities '' ( PDF ) . USPS News Kit : Our Future Network ( PDF ) . United States Postal Service . Jump up ^ `` USPS Postal News Release No. 08 - 063 '' . usps.com . June 5 , 2008 . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ Piper , Matthew . `` The first and last of its kind , a Salt Lake City postal facility looks to grow '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Federal Buildings : Galveston U.S. Post Office and Courthouse '' . General Services Administration . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ USPS.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 07 - 08 from `` Comprehensive Statement on Postal Operations 2008 '' . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2009 . Retrieved April 5 , 2009 ... Jump up ^ `` Lunewsviews.com '' . Lunewsviews.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ USPS.com Archived July 23 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... USPS.com ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Corley , Cheryl ( June 5 , 2009 ) . `` Chicago 's 24 - Hour Postal Service Comes To An End '' . All Things Considered . National Public Radio . Jump up ^ `` Lunewsviews.com '' . Lunewsviews.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` USPS '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Air mail route grounded for Central Idaho backcountry , an April 2009 article from the Idaho Statesman Jump up ^ `` Idaho delegation gets reversal on backcountry mail delivery decision '' . Press release . House.gov . May 7 , 2009 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 27 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Forward Mail USPS '' . www.usps.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : About.com , `` Sunday Mail Service in a Christian Nation '' , Austin Cline , February 19 , 2006 Archived September 6 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved October 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Unlikely Alliance That Ended Sunday Mail Delivery ... in 1912 '' . Jump up ^ USPS -- Express Mail Delivery Chart Archived September 29 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved October 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Historyorb.com , events April 13 . Jump up ^ Historyorb.com , events April 15 ^ Jump up to : `` City Delivery '' ( PDF ) . Postal History . USPS . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Deliveries per Day Archived May 9 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... ( PDF ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Home Delivery Archived July 23 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... USPS ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS FAQ -- Caller Service , multiple pickups for a fee Jump up ^ USPS FAQ -- Firm Holdout Service , free pickup once a day Jump up ^ USPS FAQ -- Do I qualify for free box service ? Archived 2012 - 03 - 24 at the Wayback Machine ... Faq.usps.com ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS FAQ -- Hardship / Medical Problems Archived 2012 - 03 - 24 at the Wayback Machine ... Faq.usps.com ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS FAQ -- Mail service available for the homeless Archived 2012 - 03 - 24 at the Wayback Machine ... Faq.usps.com ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Post office tests same - day delivery '' . Associated Press . 2012 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ Target ( 2011 - 03 - 28 ) . `` USPS.com ® -- Metro Post '' . Usps.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ Kenneth Corbin ( 2013 - 01 - 14 ) . `` USPS Adding Retailers to Same Day Delivery Trial http://www.ecommercebytes.com/cab/abn/y13/m01/i14/s04 '' . EcommerceBytes.com . Jump up ^ Joseph Adinolfi ( 2013 - 11 - 14 ) . `` Terms Of Deal For US Postal Service ( USPS ) To Deliver Amazon ( AMZN ) Packages Not Revealed By USPS Or Amazon '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Bishop , Todd ( 2014 - 05 - 07 ) . `` Amazon and USPS expand Sunday delivery to 15 more cities , will reach ' large portion ' of U.S. this year '' . GeekWire . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ USPS FAQ -- Commercial Mail Receiving Agency ( CMRA ) Archived 2012 - 03 - 24 at the Wayback Machine ... Faq.usps.com ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Domestic Money Orders Archived July 23 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... USPS ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Postal Savings System by HISTORIAN , UNITED STATES POSTAL SERVICE , JULY 2008 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Providing Non-Bank Financial Services for the Underserved '' ( PDF ) . 2014 - 01 - 17 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2011 Postal Facts '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Postal Service . 2011 . Retrieved November 17 , 2011 . -- There is also a web version of the content . Jump up ^ Collective Bargaining Agreement between APWU and USPS Jump up ^ `` IT / ASC & OS Employees '' . APWU . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Postal service to slash more than 3,000 jobs , offer early retirements '' . CNN . March 20 , 2009 . Retrieved May 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Human Resources '' . About.usps.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ USPS Commission on a Safe and Secure Workplace , January 31 , 2006 Archived June 29 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved October 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Vick , Karl , `` Violence at work tied to loss of esteem '' , St. Petersburg Times , Dec 17 , 1993 Jump up ^ `` The Year in Review 1993 '' , Los Angeles Times , December 31 , 1993 Jump up ^ `` The Simpsons Episode Scripts : AABF08 -- Sunday , Cruddy Sunday '' . Springfieldspringfield.co.uk . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` 43 Firearms Postal Explorer '' . pe.usps.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Postal worker speaks out on controversial NYPD arrest caught on video '' . 28 March 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Adelman , Joseph M. `` ' A Constitutional Conveyance of Intelligence , Public and Private ' : The Post Office , the Business of Printing , and the American Revolution , '' Enterprise & Society ( 2010 ) 11 # 4 pp 709 -- 752 . in Project MUSE Fuller , Wayne . American Mail : Enlarger of the Common Life ( 1972 ) Gallagher , Winifred . How the Post Office Created America ( New York : Penguin , 2017 ) . 326 pp Henkin , David M. The Postal Age : The Emergence of Modern Communications in Nineteenth - Century America ( 2007 ) excerpt and text search John , Richard R. Spreading the News : The American Postal System From Franklin to Morse ( 1998 ) excerpt and text search Kielbowicz , Richard . `` The Press , Post Office , and Flow of News in the Early Republic , '' Journal of the Early Republic ( 1983 ) 3 : 255 -- 80 . Kielbowicz , Richard . News in the Mail : The Press , Post Office , and Public Information , 1700 - 1860s ( 1989 ) excerpt and text search Leonard , Devin ( 2016 ) . Neither Snow nor Rain : A History of the United States Postal Service . Grove Press . ISBN 978 - 0802124586 . McCaleb , Walter Flavius . `` The Organization of the Post-Office Department of the Confederacy , '' American Historical Review ( 1906 ) 12 # 1 pp. 66 -- 74 in JSTOR Musacco Ph. D , Stephen . `` Beyond Going Postal : Shifting from Workplace Tragedies and Toxic Work Environments to a Safe and Healthy Organization '' , ( 2009 ) Booksurge Publishing , Book Trailer Rich , Wesley Everett . The History of the United States Post Office to the Year 1829 ( Harvard University Press , 1924 ) Smith , William . `` The Colonial Post-Office , '' American Historical Review ( 1916 ) 21 # 2 pp. 258 -- 275 in JSTOR United States Postal Service ( May 2007 ) . The United States Postal Service : An American History 1775 -- 2006 ( PDF ) . United States Postal Service . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 31 . Publication 100 White , Leonard D . The Federalists : A study in administrative history : 1789 -- 1801 ( 1948 ) , pp 173 -- 98 White , Leonard D . The Jeffersonians : A study in administrative history : 1801 -- 29 ( 1950 ) , pp 299 -- 335 White , Leonard D . The Jacksonians : A study in administrative history : 1829 -- 61 ( 1954 ) , pp 251 -- 83 White , Leonard D . The Republican Era : A study in administrative history : 1869 -- 1901 ( 1963 ) , pp 257 -- 77 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Postal Service . Official website ( Mobile ) United States Postal Service in the Federal Register United States Postal Service Organizations American Letter Mail Company American Postal Workers Union Board of Governors of the United States Postal Service Bureau of Transportation Citizens ' Stamp Advisory Committee National Alliance of Postal and Federal Employees National Association of Letter Carriers National Association of Presort Mailers National Postal Mail Handlers Union National Rural Letter Carriers ' Association Postal Regulatory Commission Postal Transportation Service PostalWatch Incorporated United States Postal Inspection Service United States Postal Service Office of Inspector General Systems Address Management System Advanced Facer - Canceler System Coding Accuracy Support System Flats Sequencing System Locatable Address Conversion System United States Postal Savings System Services Click - N - Ship Express mail in the United States National Change Of Address Permit mail Permit Reply Mail Postal notes Railway Mail Service Registered mail Special Delivery Special handling Facilities Air Mail Facility Boat Railway Post Office Community post office Dead letter office Highway Post Office J.W. Westcott II List of United States Post Offices National Postal Museum Network Distribution Center Railway mail service library Red Brick Roads Sectional center facility Streetcar Railway Post Office Terminal Railway Post Office Legal Comstock laws Post Office Act Postal Reorganization Act Postal Service Act Private Express Statutes Rural Post `` Good '' Roads Act of 1916 Title 39 of the United States Code Related Airmails of the United States CAR - RT SORT Catcher pouch Cimarron Redoubt Domestic Mail Manual Facing Identification Mark Flats Grumman LLV Information - Based Indicia The Inspectors Intelligent Mail barcode Label 228 List of postal killings List of U.S. state abbreviations List of United States airmail stamps Mail bag Mail cover Mail hook Mail Isolation Control and Tracking Mail jumping Mail pouch Mail sack Mail satchel The Mail Story Nixie ORM - D Owney ( dog ) Pony Express mochila Postage stamps and postal history of the United States Postal Alpha Numeric Encoding Technique Postal Clause Postal worker Postmaster General Prohibitory Order Remote Bar Coding System Rural Free Delivery Rural letter carrier STD - 4C United States post office murals List of murals USPS Post Office Box Lobby Recycling program United States Postal Service creed Mail and postal systems History Timeline of postal history African countries Asian countries European countries Oceania countries American countries Components Advertising mail Bulk mail Envelope Indicia Information - Based Indicia Letter box Mail Mail bag Meter stamp Packstation Parcel Post box / Mailbox Post office Post-office box Postage meter Postage stamp Postal code Postmark Delivery Airmail Express Package delivery Registered Surface Surface Air Lifted ( SAL ) Staff Mail carrier Postal worker Postmaster Postmaster General Processing Intelligent Mail barcode Mail Isolation Control and Tracking Multiline Optical Character Reader Mail cover Mail sorter PLANET POSTNET Institutions and systems Postal entities Postal museums Postal services Postal systems by country Trade unions Related Courier Philately Stamp collecting List of entities that have issued postage stamps A -- E F -- L M -- Z Commons Postage stamps and postal history of the Americas Anguilla Antigua Argentina Aruba Bahamas Barbados Belize ( British Honduras ) Bermuda Bolivia Brazil British Guiana British Virgin Islands Canada British Columbia New Brunswick Newfoundland Nova Scotia Prince Edward Island Canal Zone Caribbean Netherlands Cayman Islands Chile Colombia Antioquia Bolívar Boyacá Cundinamarca Santander Tolima Confederate States Costa Rica Cuba Curaçao Danish West Indies Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Falkland Islands Grenada Guadeloupe Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Leeward Islands Martinique Mexico Montserrat Netherlands Antilles Nevis Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Puerto Rico Sint Maarten Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos United States Uruguay Venezuela See also Africa Asia Europe Oceania Portal WikiProject VIAF : 134186571 ISNI : 0000 0004 0630 4902 GND : 254685 - 1 SUDOC : 029875412 BNF : cb12140932j ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Postal_Service&oldid=836889955 '' Categories : United States Postal Service Independent agencies of the United States government Postal organisations Express mail Postal system of the United States 1775 establishments in the Thirteen Colonies 1971 establishments in the United States Hidden categories : Articles with inconsistent citation formats Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Articles with dead external links from January 2016 Articles with dead external links from July 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Articles needing additional references from November 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from April 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012 Articles contradicting other articles Wikipedia articles needing style editing from April 2015 All articles needing style editing Wikipedia articles in need of updating from September 2016 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles needing additional references from March 2014 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles needing additional references from July 2014 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Afrikaans Asturianu Català Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 April 2018 , at 13 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States%20Postal%20Service
| 2,032 |
how old was harrison ford when he was indiana jones
|
Harrison Ford
|
harrison ford
|
Harrison Ford Harrison Ford in 2017 ( 1942 - 07 - 13 ) July 13 , 1942 ( age 76 ) Chicago , Illinois , U.S. Occupation Actor producer Years active 1966 -- present Spouse ( s ) Mary Marquardt ( m . 1964 ; div. 1979 ) Melissa Mathison ( m . 1983 ; div. 2004 ) Calista Flockhart ( m . 2010 ) Children 5 Harrison Ford ( born July 13 , 1942 ) is an American actor , director , writer and film producer . He gained worldwide fame for his starring roles as Han Solo in the Star Wars film series and as the title character of the Indiana Jones film series . Five of his movies are within the 30 top grossing movies of all time at the US box office ( when adjusted for inflation ) . Ford is also known for playing Rick Deckard in the neo-noir dystopian science fiction film Blade Runner ( 1982 ) and its sequel Blade Runner 2049 ( 2017 ) ; John Book in the thriller Witness ( 1985 ) , for which he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor ; and Jack Ryan in the action films Patriot Games ( 1992 ) and Clear and Present Danger ( 1994 ) . His career spans six decades and includes roles in several Hollywood blockbusters ; including the epic war film Apocalypse Now ( 1979 ) ; the legal drama Presumed Innocent ( 1990 ) ; the action film The Fugitive ( 1993 ) ; the political action thriller Air Force One ( 1997 ) ; and the psychological thriller What Lies Beneath ( 2000 ) . Seven of his films have been inducted into the National Film Registry : American Graffiti ( 1973 ) , The Conversation ( 1974 ) , Star Wars ( 1977 ) , Apocalypse Now ( 1979 ) , The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) , Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) and Blade Runner ( 1982 ) . As of 2016 , the U.S. domestic box - office grosses of Ford 's films total over US $4.7 billion , with worldwide grosses surpassing $6 billion , making Ford the second highest - grossing U.S. domestic box - office star . Ford is married to actress Calista Flockhart . Contents 1 Early life 2 Early career 3 Milestone franchises 3.1 Star Wars 3.2 Indiana Jones 4 Other film work 4.1 1990s -- 2010s 5 Personal life 5.1 Marriages and family 5.2 Back injury 5.3 Ankle injury 5.4 Aviation 5.4. 1 Incidents 6 Activism 6.1 Environmental causes 6.2 Political views 6.3 Archaeology 6.4 Star Wars : Force for Change 7 Selected filmography 8 Accolades 9 References 10 External links Early Life Ford was born at the Swedish Covenant Hospital in Chicago , Illinois to Christopher Ford ( born John William Ford ) , an advertising executive and former actor , and Dorothy ( née Nidelman ) , a former radio actress . A younger brother , Terence , was born in 1945 . His father was Catholic and his mother was Jewish . Ford 's paternal grandparents , John Fitzgerald Ford and Florence Veronica Niehaus , were of Irish and German descent , respectively . Ford 's maternal grandparents , Harry Nidelman and Anna Lifschutz , were Jewish emigrants from Minsk , Belarus ( at that time a part of the Russian Empire ) . When asked in which religion he and his brother were raised , Ford jokingly responded , `` Democrat , '' `` to be liberals of every stripe '' . In a television interview shown in August 2000 , when asked about what influence his Irish Catholic and Russian Jewish ancestry may have had on his life as a person and as an artist , Ford humorously stated , `` As a man I 've always felt Irish , as an actor I 've always felt Jewish . '' Ford was active in the Boy Scouts of America , and achieved its second - highest rank , Life Scout . He worked at Napowan Adventure Base Scout camp as a counselor for the Reptile Study merit badge . Because of this , he and director Steven Spielberg later decided to depict the young Indiana Jones as a Life Scout in the film Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade . In 1960 , Ford graduated from Maine East High School in Park Ridge , Illinois . His was the first student voice broadcast on his high school 's new radio station , WMTH , and he was its first sportscaster during his senior year ( 1959 -- 60 ) . He attended Ripon College in Wisconsin , where he was a philosophy major and a member of the Sigma Nu fraternity . He took a drama class in the final quarter of his senior year to get over his shyness . Ford , a self - described `` late bloomer , '' became fascinated with acting . Early career In 1964 , after a season of summer stock with the Belfry Players in Wisconsin , Ford traveled to Los Angeles to apply for a job in radio voice - overs . He did not get it , but stayed in California and eventually signed a $150 - a-week contract with Columbia Pictures ' new talent program , playing bit roles in films . His first known role was an uncredited one as a bellhop in Dead Heat on a Merry - Go - Round ( 1966 ) . There is little record of his non-speaking roles ( or `` extra '' work ) in film . Ford was at the bottom of the hiring list , having offended producer Jerry Tokovsky after he played a bellboy in the feature . He was told by Tokovsky that when actor Tony Curtis delivered a bag of groceries , he did it like a movie star ; Ford felt his job was to act like a bellboy . Ford managed to secure other roles in movies , such as A Time for Killing ( The Long Ride Home ) , starring Glenn Ford ; George Hamilton ; and Inger Stevens . His speaking roles continued next with Luv ( 1967 ) , though he was still uncredited . He was finally credited as `` Harrison J. Ford '' in the 1967 Western film A Time for Killing , but the `` J '' did not stand for anything , since he has no middle name . It was added to avoid confusion with a silent film actor named Harrison Ford , who appeared in more than 80 films between 1915 and 1932 and died in 1957 . Ford later said that he was unaware of the existence of the earlier actor until he came upon a star with his own name on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . Ford soon dropped the `` J '' and worked for Universal Studios , playing minor roles in many television series throughout the late 1960s and early 1970s , including Gunsmoke , Ironside , The Virginian , The F.B.I. , Love , American Style , and Kung Fu . He appeared in the western Journey to Shiloh ( 1968 ) and had an uncredited , non-speaking role in Michelangelo Antonioni 's 1970 film Zabriskie Point as an arrested student protester . French filmmaker Jacques Demy chose Ford for the lead role of his first American film , Model Shop ( released in 1969 ) but the head of Columbia Pictures thought Ford had `` no future '' in the film business and told Demy to hire a more experienced actor . The part eventually went to Gary Lockwood . Ford later commented that the experience had been nevertheless a positive one because Demy was the first to show such faith in him . Not happy with the roles being offered to him , Ford became a self - taught professional carpenter to support his then - wife and two young sons . Casting director and fledgling producer Fred Roos championed the young Ford and secured him an audition with George Lucas for the role of Bob Falfa , which Ford went on to play in American Graffiti ( 1973 ) . Ford 's relationship with Lucas would profoundly affect his career later on . After director Francis Ford Coppola 's film The Godfather was a success , he hired Ford to expand his office and gave him small roles in his next two films , The Conversation ( 1974 ) and Apocalypse Now ( 1979 ) ; in the latter film he played an army officer named `` G. Lucas '' . Milestone franchises Star Wars Harrison Ford 's previous work in American Graffiti eventually landed him his first starring film role , when he was hired by Lucas to read lines for actors auditioning for roles in his then - upcoming film Star Wars ( 1977 ) . Lucas was eventually won over by Ford 's performance during these line reads and cast him as Han Solo . Star Wars became one of the most successful movies of all time and established Ford as a superstar . He went on to star in the similarly successful Star Wars sequels , The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) and Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) , as well as the Star Wars Holiday Special ( 1978 ) . Ford wanted Lucas to kill off Han Solo at the end of Return of the Jedi , saying , `` That would have given the whole film a bottom , '' but Lucas refused . Ford reprised the role of Han Solo in the sequel Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) . During filming on June 11 , 2014 , Ford suffered what was said to be a fractured ankle , when a hydraulic door fell on him . He was rushed to hospital for treatment . Ford 's son Ben released details on his father 's injury , saying that his ankle would likely need a plate and screws , and that filming could be altered slightly with the crew needing to shoot Ford from the waist up for a short time until he recovered . Ford made his return to filming in mid-August , after a two - month layoff as he recovered from his injury . Ford 's character was killed off in The Force Awakens ; however , it was subsequently announced , via a casting call , that Ford would return in some capacity as Han Solo in Episode VIII . In February 2016 , when the cast for Episode VIII was confirmed , it was indicated that Ford would not reprise his role in the film . When Ford was asked if his character could come back in `` some form '' , he replied , `` Anything is possible in space . '' A Han Solo spin - off movie , Solo : A Star Wars Story , was released in May 2018 , but Ford was not involved in the production . Indiana Jones Ford with Chandran Rutnam on the set of Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom which was shot in Kandy , Sri Lanka in 1983 Ford 's status as a leading actor was solidified when he starred as globe - trotting archeologist Indiana Jones in the film Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) , a collaboration between George Lucas and Steven Spielberg . Though Spielberg was interested in casting Ford from the beginning , Lucas was not , due to having already worked with the actor in American Graffiti and Star Wars , but he eventually relented after Tom Selleck was unable to accept . Ford went on to star in the prequel Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) and the sequel Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) . He returned to the role yet again for a 1993 episode of the television series The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles , and even later for the fourth film Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) . On March 15 , 2016 Walt Disney Studios announced that Ford is scheduled to appear in a fifth film due for release in July 2019 . However on April 25 , 2017 Walt Disney Studios announced that the film will be released on July 10 , 2020 . Other film work Ford has been in other films , including Heroes ( 1977 ) , Force 10 from Navarone ( 1978 ) , and Hanover Street ( 1979 ) . Ford also co-starred alongside Gene Wilder in the buddy - Western The Frisco Kid ( 1979 ) , playing a bank robber with a heart of gold . He then starred as Rick Deckard in Ridley Scott 's cult sci - fi classic Blade Runner ( 1982 ) , and in a number of dramatic - action films : Peter Weir 's Witness ( 1985 ) and The Mosquito Coast ( 1986 ) , and Roman Polanski 's Frantic ( 1988 ) . The 1990s brought Ford the role of Jack Ryan in Tom Clancy 's Patriot Games ( 1992 ) and Clear and Present Danger ( 1994 ) ; as well as leading roles in Alan Pakula 's Presumed Innocent ( 1990 ) and The Devil 's Own ( 1997 ) ; Andrew Davis ' The Fugitive ( 1993 ) ; Sydney Pollack 's remake of Sabrina ( 1995 ) ; and Wolfgang Petersen 's Air Force One ( 1997 ) . Ford also played straight dramatic roles , including an adulterous husband in both Presumed Innocent ( 1990 ) and What Lies Beneath ( 2000 ) , and a recovering amnesiac in Mike Nichols ' Regarding Henry ( 1991 ) . Many of Ford 's major film roles came to him by default through unusual circumstances : he won the role of Han Solo while reading lines for other actors , was cast as Indiana Jones because Tom Selleck was not available , he also took over the role of Jack Ryan supposedly due to Alec Baldwin 's fee demands , Baldwin had previously played the role of Ryan in The Hunt for Red October . 1990s -- 2010s Ford at the 2008 Cannes Film Festival Starting in the late 1990s , Ford appeared in several critically derided and commercially disappointing movies , including Six Days , Seven Nights ( 1998 ) ; Random Hearts ( 1999 ) ; K - 19 : The Widowmaker ( 2002 ) ; Hollywood Homicide ( 2003 ) ; Firewall ( 2006 ) ; and Extraordinary Measures ( 2010 ) . One exception was 2000 's What Lies Beneath , which grossed over $155 million in the United States and $291 million worldwide . In the 2001 Guinness Book of World Records , Ford was listed as the richest male actor in the world . In 2004 , Ford declined a chance to star in the thriller Syriana , later commenting that `` I did n't feel strongly enough about the truth of the material and I think I made a mistake . '' The role eventually went to George Clooney , who won an Oscar and a Golden Globe for his work . Prior to that , he had passed on a role in another Stephen Gaghan - written role , Robert Wakefield in Traffic . That role went to Michael Douglas . In 2008 , Ford enjoyed success with the release of Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull , another Lucas / Spielberg collaboration . The film received generally positive reviews and was the second highest - grossing film worldwide in 2008 . He later said he would like to star in another sequel , `` ... if it did n't take another 20 years to digest . '' Other 2008 work included Crossing Over , directed by Wayne Kramer . In the film , he plays an ICE / Homeland Security Investigations Special Agent , working alongside Ashley Judd and Ray Liotta . He also narrated a feature documentary film about the Dalai Lama entitled Dalai Lama Renaissance . Ford at the 2015 San Diego Comic - Con Ford filmed the medical drama Extraordinary Measures in 2009 in Portland , Oregon . Released January 22 , 2010 , the film also starred Brendan Fraser and Alan Ruck . Also in 2010 , he co-starred in the film Morning Glory , along with Patrick Wilson , Rachel McAdams , and Diane Keaton . In July 2011 , Ford starred alongside Daniel Craig and Olivia Wilde in the science fiction Western film Cowboys & Aliens . To promote the film , Ford appeared at the San Diego Comic - Con International and , apparently surprised by the warm welcome , told the audience , `` I just wanted to make a living as an actor . I did n't know about this . '' In 2011 , Ford starred in Japanese commercials advertising the video game Uncharted 3 : Drake 's Deception for the PlayStation 3 . In 2013 , Ford co-starred in the corporate espionage thriller Paranoia , with Liam Hemsworth and Gary Oldman , and directed by Robert Luketic , as well as Ender 's Game , 42 , and Anchorman 2 : The Legend Continues . Especially his performance as Branch Rickey in 42 was praised by critics and garnered Ford a nomination as best supporting actor for the Satellite Awards . In 2014 , he appeared in The Expendables 3 and the documentary Flying the Feathered Edge : The Bob Hoover Project . The next year , Harrison Ford co-starred in The Age of Adaline with Blake Lively . On February 26 , 2015 , Alcon Entertainment announced Ford would reprise his role as Rick Deckard in Blade Runner 2049 . The film was well received by critics , Scott Collura of IGN called it a `` deep , rich , smart film that 's visually awesome and full of great sci - fi concepts '' and Ford 's role `` a quiet , sort of gut - wrenching interpretation to Deckard and what he must 've gone through in the past three decades . '' The Economist has described Ford 's appearance in the film as `` little more than a cameo '' , despite his being used heavily in the film 's promotion . The film grossed $259.3 million worldwide , far short of the estimated $400 million that the film needed to gross in order to break even . Personal Life Marriages and family Ford and Calista Flockhart at the 2009 Deauville American Film Festival Ford is one of Hollywood 's most private actors , guarding much of his personal life . He has two sons , Benjamin ( born 1966 ) and Willard ( born 1969 ) , with his first wife , Mary Marquardt , to whom he was married from 1964 until their divorce in 1979 . With his second wife , screenwriter Melissa Mathison , whom he married in March 1983 and from whom he was separated in August 2001 and eventually divorced , he has two more children , Malcolm and Georgia ( born 1990 ) . Ford began dating actress Calista Flockhart after meeting at the 2002 Golden Globes , and together they are parents to her adopted son , Liam ( born 2001 ) . Ford proposed to Flockhart over Valentine 's Day weekend in 2009 . They married on June 15 , 2010 , in Santa Fe , New Mexico , where Ford was filming Cowboys & Aliens . In her 2016 autobiography The Princess Diarist , Carrie Fisher claimed that she and Ford had a three - month affair in 1976 during the filming of Star Wars . Ford has three grandchildren . His son Benjamin , a chef and restaurateur , owns Ford 's Filling Station , a gastropub at The Marriott , L.A. Live , Los Angeles , and Ford 's Filling Station at LAX Terminal 5 . His son Willard is the owner of Strong Sports Gym , and was co-owner of Ford & Ching and owner of the Ludwig Clothing company . Back injury In June 1983 , at age 40 , during the filming of Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom in London , he herniated a disc in his back , forcing him to fly back to Los Angeles for an operation . He returned six weeks later . Ankle injury On June 11 , 2014 , Ford injured his ankle during filming of Star Wars : The Force Awakens . He was airlifted to John Radcliffe Hospital in Oxford , England . Aviation Ford touring the Air Force Museum in 2003 Ford is a licensed pilot of both fixed - wing aircraft and helicopters , and owns an 800 acres ( 320 hectares ) ranch in Jackson , Wyoming , approximately half of which he has donated as a nature reserve . On several occasions , Ford has personally provided emergency helicopter services at the request of local authorities , in one instance rescuing a hiker overcome by dehydration . Ford began flight training in the 1960s at Wild Rose Idlewild Airport in Wild Rose , Wisconsin , flying in a Piper PA - 22 Tri-Pacer , but at $15 an hour ( equivalent to $121 in 2017 ) , he could not afford to continue the training . In the mid-1990s , he bought a used Gulfstream II and asked one of his pilots , Terry Bender , to give him flying lessons . They started flying a Cessna 182 out of Jackson , Wyoming , later switching to Teterboro , New Jersey , flying a Cessna 206 , the aircraft he soloed in . External video Ford 's Bell 407GX Ford keeps his aircraft at Santa Monica Airport , though the Bell 407 is often kept and flown in Jackson , Wyoming , and has been used by the actor in two mountain rescues during his assigned duty time with Teton County Search and Rescue . On one of the rescues , Ford recovered a hiker who had become lost and disoriented . She boarded Ford 's helicopter and promptly vomited into one of the rescuers ' caps , unaware of who the pilot was until much later ; `` I ca n't believe I barfed in Harrison Ford 's helicopter ! '' she said later . Ford flies his de Havilland Canada DHC - 2 Beaver ( N28S ) more than any of his other aircraft , and has repeatedly said that he likes this aircraft and the sound of its Pratt & Whitney R - 985 radial engine . According to Ford , it had been flown in the CIA 's Air America operations , and was riddled with bullet holes that had to be patched up . In March 2004 , Ford officially became chairman of the Young Eagles program of the Experimental Aircraft Association ( EAA ) . Ford was asked to take the position by Greg Anderson , Senior Vice President of the EAA at the time , to replace General Charles `` Chuck '' Yeager , who was vacating the post that he had held for many years . Ford at first was hesitant , but later accepted the offer and has made appearances with the Young Eagles at the EAA AirVenture Oshkosh gathering at Oshkosh , Wisconsin , for two years . In July 2005 , at the gathering in Oshkosh , Ford agreed to accept the position for another two years . Ford has flown over 280 children as part of the Young Eagles program , usually in his DHC - 2 Beaver , which can seat the actor and five children . He is involved with the EAA chapter in Driggs , Idaho , just over the Teton Range from Jackson , Wyoming . On July 28 , 2016 , Ford flew the two millionth Young Eagle at the EAA AirVenture convention . As of 2009 , Ford appears in Internet advertisements for General Aviation Serves America , a campaign by the advocacy group Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association ( AOPA ) . He has also appeared in several independent aviation documentaries , including Wings Over the Rockies ( 2009 ) , Flying The Feathered Edge : The Bob Hoover Project ( 2014 ) , and Living in the Age of Airplanes ( 2015 ) . Ford is an honorary board member of the humanitarian aviation organization Wings of Hope , and is known for having made several trips to Washington , D.C. to fight for pilots ' rights . Incidents On October 23 , 1999 , Harrison Ford was involved in the crash of a Bell 206L4 LongRanger helicopter ( N36R ) . The NTSB accident report states that Ford was piloting the aircraft over the Lake Piru riverbed near Santa Clarita , California , on a routine training flight . While making his second attempt at an autorotation with powered recovery , Ford allowed the aircraft 's altitude to drop to 150 -- 200 feet before beginning power - up . The aircraft was unable to recover power before hitting the ground . The aircraft landed hard and began skidding forward in the loose gravel before one of its skids struck a partially embedded log , flipping the aircraft onto its side . Neither Ford nor the instructor pilot suffered any injuries , though the helicopter was seriously damaged . When asked about the incident by fellow pilot James Lipton in an interview on the TV show Inside the Actor 's Studio , Ford replied , `` I broke it . '' On March 5 , 2015 , Ford 's plane , believed to be a Ryan PT - 22 Recruit , made an emergency landing on the Penmar Golf Course in Venice , California . Ford had radioed in to report that the plane had experienced engine failure . He was taken to Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center , where he was reported to be in fair to moderate condition . Ford suffered a broken pelvis and broken ankle during the accident , as well as other injuries . On February 13 , 2017 , Ford landed an Aviat Husky at John Wayne Airport on the taxiway left of runway 20L . A Boeing 737 was holding short of the runway on the taxiway when Ford overflew them . Activism Environmental causes Ford is vice-chair of Conservation International an American nonprofit environmental organization headquartered in Arlington , Virginia . The organization 's intent is to protect nature . The institution tries to combine the services or benefits of science , field work , and partnership to find global solutions to global problems . Three ways CI goes about solving nature - related problems are : 1 ) identifying and moving to protect locations that are crucial , such as those affecting water , food , and air ; 2 ) working with large companies that are involved in energy and agriculture , to ensure the environment is being protected ; and 3 ) working with governments to ensure they have the knowledge and the proper tools to construct policies that are environmentally friendly . From its origins as an NGO dedicated to protecting tropical biodiversity , CI has evolved into an organization that works with governments , scientists , charitable foundations , and business . CI has been criticised for links to companies with a poor environmental record such as BP , Cargill , Chevron , Monsanto and Shell and for allegedly offering greenwashing services . CI has also been chastised for poor judgment in its expenditure of donors ' money . In September 2013 , Ford , while filming an environmental documentary in Indonesia , interviewed the Indonesian Forestry Minister , Zulkifli Hasan . After the interview the Presidential Advisor , Andi Arief , accused Ford and his crew of `` harassing state institutions '' and publicly threatened them with deportation . Questions within the interview concerned the Tesso Nilo National Park , Sumatra . It was alleged the Minister of Forestry was given no prior warning of questions nor the chance to explain the challenges of catching people with illegal logging . Ford was provided an audience with the Indonesian President , Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono , during which he expressed concerns regarding Indonesia 's environmental degradation and the government efforts to address climate change . In response , the President explained Indonesia 's commitment to preserving its oceans and forests . In 1993 , the arachnologist Norman Platnick named a new species of spider Calponia harrisonfordi , and in 2002 , the entomologist Edward O. Wilson named a new ant species Pheidole harrisonfordi ( in recognition of Harrison 's work as Vice Chairman of Conservation International ) . Since 1992 , Ford has lent his voice to a series of public service messages promoting environmental involvement for EarthShare , an American federation of environmental and conservation charities . Ford has been a spokesperson for Restore Hetch Hetchy , a non-profit organization dedicated to restoring Yosemite National Park 's Hetch Hetchy Valley to its original condition . Ford appears in the documentary series Years of Living Dangerously , which provides reports on those affected by , and seeking solutions to , climate change . Political views Like his parents , Ford is a lifelong Democrat . On September 7 , 1995 , Ford testified before the U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee in support of the Dalai Lama and an independent Tibet . In 2007 , he narrated the documentary Dalai Lama Renaissance . In 2003 , he publicly condemned the Iraq War and called for `` regime change '' in the United States . He also criticized Hollywood for making movies which were `` more akin to video games than stories about human life and relationships '' , and he called for more gun control in the United States . After Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump said his favorite role of Ford 's was Air Force One because he `` stood up for America '' , Ford reasoned that it was just a film and was doubtful that Trump 's presidential bid would be successful . Archaeology Following on his success portraying the archaeologist Indiana Jones , Ford also plays a part in supporting the work of professional archaeologists . He serves as a General Trustee on the Governing Board of the Archaeological Institute of America ( AIA ) , North America 's oldest and largest organization devoted to the world of archaeology . Ford assists them in their mission of increasing public awareness of archaeology and preventing looting and the illegal antiquities trade . Star Wars : Force for change Ford participated in a Star Wars promotion geared toward fans who donated to Star Wars : Force for Change on video call which offered them the opportunity to purchase tickets to the premiere of The Force Awakens . Selected filmography Main article : Harrison Ford filmography American Graffiti ( 1973 ) The Conversation ( 1974 ) Star Wars ( 1977 ) Force 10 from Navarone ( 1978 ) Apocalypse Now ( 1979 ) The Frisco Kid ( 1979 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) Blade Runner ( 1982 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) Witness ( 1985 ) The Mosquito Coast ( 1986 ) Working Girl ( 1988 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) Presumed Innocent ( 1990 ) Regarding Henry ( 1991 ) Patriot Games ( 1992 ) The Fugitive ( 1993 ) Clear and Present Danger ( 1994 ) Sabrina ( 1995 ) Air Force One ( 1997 ) Six Days , Seven Nights ( 1998 ) What Lies Beneath ( 2000 ) K - 19 : The Widowmaker ( 2002 ) Hollywood Homicide ( 2003 ) Firewall ( 2006 ) Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) Extraordinary Measures ( 2010 ) Cowboys & Aliens ( 2011 ) 42 ( 2013 ) Paranoia ( 2013 ) Ender 's Game ( 2013 ) The Expendables 3 ( 2014 ) The Age of Adaline ( 2015 ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) Blade Runner 2049 ( 2017 ) Indiana Jones 5 ( 2020 ) Accolades In 1994 , the National Association of Theatre Owners named Ford `` Star of the Year '' . In the October , 1997 issue of Empire Magazine , Ford was ranked no . 1 in `` The Top 100 Movie Stars of All Time '' . In 1998 , People Magazine named Ford the `` Sexiest Man Alive '' . For 3 consecutive years ( 1998 , 1999 , and 2000 ) , the Harris Poll named Ford `` America 's Favorite Movie Star '' . Ford 's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame Ford received the AFI Life Achievement Award in 2000 . He received an Academy Award for Best Actor nomination for his performance in Witness , for which he also received `` Best Actor '' BAFTA and Golden Globe nominations . He was given the Cecil B. DeMille Award at the 2002 Golden Globe Awards and on June 2 , 2003 , was presented with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . Three additional Best Actor Golden Globe nominations have gone to Ford , for The Mosquito Coast , The Fugitive and Sabrina . In 2006 he was awarded the Jules Verne Award , given to an actor who has `` encouraged the spirit of adventure and imagination '' throughout their career . He was presented with the first - ever Hero Award at the 2007 Scream Awards for his many iconic roles , including Indiana Jones and Han Solo ( both roles earned him two Saturn Awards for Best Actor in 1981 and 2015 , respectively ) , and in 2008 he received the Spike TV 's Guy 's Choice Award for `` Brass Balls '' . Ford has also been honored multiple times for his involvement in general aviation , receiving the Living Legends of Aviation Award and the Experimental Aircraft Association 's Freedom of Flight Award in 2009 , the Wright Brothers Memorial Trophy in 2010 , and the Al Ueltschi Humanitarian Award in 2013 . In 2013 , Flying Magazine ranked him number 48 on their list of the 51 Heroes of Aviation . This table needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Year Association Work Result 1977 Saturn Awards Best Actor Star Wars Nominated 1981 Raiders of the Lost Ark Won 1984 Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom Nominated 1985 Academy Awards Best Actor Witness Nominated BAFTA Awards Best Actor in a Leading Role Nominated Golden Globe Awards Best Actor -- Motion Picture Drama Nominated 1986 The Mosquito Coast Nominated Saturn Awards Best Actor Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade Nominated Golden Globe Awards Best Actor -- Motion Picture Drama The Fugitive Nominated MTV Movie Awards Best Performance -- Male Nominated 1995 Golden Globe Awards Best Actor -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Sabrina Nominated MTV Movie Awards Best Fight ( vs. Gary Oldman ) Air Force One Nominated 1998 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Motion Picture Actor Six Days Seven Nights Won 1999 Favorite Motion Picture Actor Random Hearts Won 2000 Favorite Motion Picture Actor What Lies Beneath Nominated 2009 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Male Movie Star Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull Nominated Saturn Awards Best Actor Nominated 2011 Best Supporting Actor Cowboys & Aliens Nominated 2013 Satellite Awards Best Supporting Actor -- Motion Picture 42 Nominated San Francisco Film Critics Circle Best Supporting Actor Nominated St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Best Supporting Actor Nominated 2016 Saturn Awards Best Actor Star Wars : The Force Awakens Won 2018 Best Supporting Actor Blade Runner 2049 Nominated References Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Films of All - Time - Adjusted For Inflation '' . www.filmsite.org . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Will ( January 8 , 2016 ) . `` Harrison Ford is now the highest - grossing actor in U.S. box office history '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office Mojo -- People Index '' . www.boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ Duke , Brad ( 2004 ) . `` 1 . An Ordinary Upbringing '' . Harrison Ford : the films . McFarland . p. 5 . ISBN 9780786420162 . Retrieved February 20 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Jenkins , Gary ( March 1999 ) . Harrison Ford : Imperfect Hero . Kensington Books . pp. 9 -- 12 . ISBN 0 - 8065 - 8016 - X . ^ Jump up to : `` Harrison Ford Biography ( 1942 -- ) '' . FilmReference.com . Retrieved May 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Vallely , Paul ( May 9 , 2008 ) . `` Harrison Ford : Whip hand '' . The Independent . Retrieved April 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ ' Keeping up with Indiana Jones ' , The Guardian , April 27 , 2008 Jump up ^ Gallagher , William ( October 12 , 2000 ) . `` Harrison Ford '' . BBC . Retrieved April 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mother 's Day , Hollywood - style : 20 movie icons with their mums '' . The Daily Telegraph . March 26 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bloom , Nate ( December 12 , 2003 ) . `` Celebrity Jews '' . Jewish News Weekly . Retrieved May 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ ' I 've had my time ' , Tara Brady , The Irish Times , August 19 , 2011 Jump up ^ Heath , Chris ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` Harrison Ford on Star Wars , Blade Runner , and Punching Ryan Gosling in the Face '' . GQ magazine . Retrieved April 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Inside the Actors Studio . Harrison Ford , Season 6 , Episode 613 . August 20 , 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Ten American showbiz celebrities of Russian descent '' . Pravda . November 18 , 2005 . Retrieved May 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lin , Joseph ( May 10 , 2010 ) . `` Top 10 College Dropouts '' . TIME . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Duke , Brad ( 2005 ) . Harrison Ford : The Films . Retrieved November 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Bob ( March 4 , 2000 ) . `` Harrison Ford shy , thoughtful '' . Bangor Daily News . Bangor , Maine . p . H3 . Retrieved May 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Franzene , Jessica , `` Theologians & Thespians , '' in Welcome Home , a realtors ' guide to property history in the Lake Geneva region , August 2012 Jump up ^ White , Dana . `` Harrison Ford : Imperfect Hero ( 9780735100893 ) : Garry Jenkins : Books '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ NEW DVD 'S ; Unknown Harrison Ford With No Future , The New York Times , 9 December 2003 Jump up ^ Harrison Ford : `` Jacques Demy avait foi en moi '' , Le Figaro , 8 April 2013 Jump up ^ Empire of Dreams : The Story of the Star Wars Trilogy . Star Wars Trilogy Box Set DVD documentary . ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ `` Harrison Ford Wanted Han Solo to Die '' . Starpulse . March 2 , 2006 . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2008 . Retrieved May 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : Episode VII Cast Announced '' . StarWars.com. April 29 , 2014 . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Collura , Scott ( June 12 , 2014 ) . `` HARRISON FORD INJURED ON THE SET OF STAR WARS : EPISODE 7 '' . IGN . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( June 14 , 2014 ) . `` Harrison Ford 's ' Star Wars ' Injury : New Details ! '' . Access Hollywood . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Star Wars : Episode VII ' to resume filming '' . CNN . August 13 , 2014 . Retrieved 13 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Harrison Ford to return to ' Star Wars ' '' . Chron . August 1 , 2014 . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( December 21 , 2015 ) . `` We Need To Talk About Kylo '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Jack ( December 25 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars 8 casting call reveals Han Solo will be back for Force Awakens sequel '' . The Independent . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : Episode VIII Now Filming '' . starwars.com . StarWars.com. 15 February 2016 . Retrieved 22 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ford took Indiana role to work with Spielberg again '' . BBC News . 22 March 2016 . Retrieved 22 March 2016 . Jump up ^ ( DVD ) Indiana Jones : Making the Trilogy . Paramount Pictures . 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones : Harrison Ford to appear in fifth film '' . BBC News . 15 March 2016 . Retrieved 16 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Jack Shepherd ( 26 April 2017 ) . `` Indiana Jones 5 release date pushed back by Disney '' . independent.co.uk . The Independent . Retrieved 26 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What Lies Beneath ( 2000 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harrison Ford Trivia '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Harrison Ford Regrets Passing on ' Syriana ' '' . Starpulse . March 3 , 2006 . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2008 . Retrieved May 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Worldwide Grosses '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( January 2 , 2007 ) . `` Can you dig it ? Fourth ' Indy ' in ' 08 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2008 . Retrieved May 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Dalai Lama Renaissance Documentary Film '' . Dalailamafilm.com . February 12 , 2010 . Retrieved March 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Turnquist , Kristi ( 21 January 2010 ) . `` ' Extraordinary Measures , ' filmed in Portland and starring Brendan Fraser and Harrison Ford , opens Friday '' . OregonLive ( The Oregonian ) . Retrieved 22 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( June 4 , 2009 ) . `` Keaton , Goldblum join ' Glory ' '' . Variety . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( July 24 , 2010 ) . `` Harrison Ford pleases Comic - Con crowds '' . Variety . Retrieved November 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave . `` Corporate Espionage Thriller ' Paranoia ' to Star Harrison Ford , Gary Oldman and Liam Hemsworth '' . Collider . Retrieved 13 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Donnelly , Matt ; Sneider , Jeff ( February 26 , 2015 ) . `` Denis Villeneuve to Direct ' Blade Runner ' Sequel Starring Harrison Ford '' . TheWrap.com . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2015 . Retrieved June 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Blade Runner 2049 '' , Wikipedia , 2018 - 06 - 14 , retrieved 2018 - 06 - 18 Jump up ^ Collura , Scott ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) . `` Blade Runner 2049 Review '' . IGN . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ N.B. ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` '' Blade Runner 2049 '' is a flawed replicant `` . The Economist . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( September 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Losses Could Hit $80 Million for Producer Alcon '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2017 . Retrieved December 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Harrison Ford Proposes to Calista Flockhart '' . People . March 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Harrison Ford and Calista Flockhart Get Married ! '' . People . June 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ France , Lisa Respers ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` Carrie Fisher writes of Harrison Ford affair '' . CNN.com . Jump up ^ `` Ford 's Filling Station L.A. Live '' . January 1 , 2014 . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ford 's Filling Station at LAX '' . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ford , Willard . `` Stong Sports Gym -- A Unique Place For Martial Arts '' . Retrieved September 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Asch , Andrew ( June 6 , 2009 ) . `` Ludwig : The Composer 's New Clothes '' . Apparel News . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2010 . Retrieved August 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rinzer , J.W. ( 2008 ) . The Complete Making of Indiana Jones : The Definitive Story Behind All Four Films . New York : Del Rey , imprint of Random House , Inc. p. 153 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 50129 - 5 . Lucas arrived on June 20 , ( 1983 ) . `` Harrison was in really terrible pain , '' he says . `` He was on the set lying on a gurney . They would lift him up and he 'd walk through his scenes , and they 'd get him back on the bed . '' That same day Ford filmed his fight with the Thuggee assassin in Indy 's suite on Stage 3 . `` Harrison had to roll backward on top of the guy , '' Spielberg says . `` At that moment his back herniated and Harrison let out a call for help . '' Jump up ^ `` Harrison Ford breaks ankle on Star Wars film set at Pinewood studios '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Harrison Ford credited with helicopter rescue of sick hiker in Idaho '' . CNN . August 7 , 2000 . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2008 . Retrieved May 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Mike . `` Harrison Ford Receives Legends Aviation Legacy Award '' Aviation Online Magazine January 2010 Jump up ^ Freeze , Di . `` Harrison Ford : Promoting Aviation through Young Eagles '' Archived August 28 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Aviation Journals . September 2005 . Jump up ^ Picture of Harrison Ford Landing His Private Jet in Santa Monica www.zimbio.com Jump up ^ Donaldson , Lynn . `` Harrison Ford Crafts a Masterpiece in Wyoming '' The Land Report . October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Harrison Ford Discusses Piloting His Beaver into the Bush '' , Huffington Post , May 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Per Ford 's remarks on Late Night with David Letterman ( viewed July 9 , 2008 ) . Jump up ^ `` Harrison Ford Flies 2 Millionth Young Eagle '' . Retrieved 25 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` GA Serves America '' . Jump up ^ Richards , Paul ( January 9 , 2015 ) . `` Wings Over The Rockies '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Living in the Age of Airplanes Official Trailer 2 ( 2015 ) - Airplane Documentary HD '' . Youtube . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wings of Hope 's Honorary Council Members '' . Wings of Hope . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 51 Heroes of Aviation '' . Retrieved 25 October 2014 . Jump up ^ AirSafe.com , LLC . `` Helicopter Accident Involving Actor Harrison Ford '' . Airsafe.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` LAX00LA024 '' . National Transportation Safety Board . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2003 . Retrieved May 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Blankstein , Andrew ( March 5 , 2015 ) . `` Harrison Ford Reported Fair After Plane Crash '' . NBC News . Retrieved 5 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Dillon , Nancy ; Blidner , Rachelle ( March 6 , 2015 ) . `` ' My first instinct was to run to the airplane ' : Surgeon recalls moment he helped Harrison Ford after crash '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved 6 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Schwebke , Scott ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` Harrison Ford lands plane on taxiway instead of runway , flies over passenger jet at John Wayne Airport '' . The Orange County Register . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Harrison Ford : There are no great movies on global environmental issues '' . CNN . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` About Us '' . Conservation International . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Economics of Nature '' . American Academy . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2012 . Retrieved February 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Conservation International ' agreed to greenwash arms company ' '' . The Ecologist . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Wrong Kind of Green '' . The Nation . March 4 , 2010 . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harrison Ford Shocks Indonesian Minister with Heated Climate Interview '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . September 10 , 2013 . Retrieved September 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bachelard , Michael ( September 11 , 2013 ) . `` Harrison Ford Upsets Indonesian Minister with ' Rude ' Interview '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved September 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FM Bemoans Harrison Ford 's Attitude '' . The Jakarta Post . September 9 , 2013 . Retrieved September 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harrison Ford 's Environment Documentary Questions ' Shocked ' Indonesian Forestry Minister '' . Huffington Post . September 10 , 2013 . Retrieved September 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harrison Ford Interviews Indonesia President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono On Environment '' . Huffington Post . September 10 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2013 . Retrieved September 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harrison Ford , Indonesia President Discuss Climate '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune . September 10 , 2013 . Retrieved September 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harrison Ford '' . Our Planet . Retrieved May 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` EarthShare PSA : `` Promises '' `` . Earthshare . October 1 , 2008 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Discover Hetch Hetchy with Harrison Ford Preview '' . Restore Hetch Hetchy . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2012 . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Years Of Living Dangerously '' . yearsoflivingdangerously.com. 2015 . Retrieved May 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Presidential Donor Watch '' . Newsmeat . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2010 . Retrieved May 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Khashyar Darvich ( January 1 , 2009 ) . `` Celebrities and others banned from entering Tibet or China '' . Dalailamafilm.com . Retrieved November 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Laurence Caracalla , Harrison Ford , Silverback Books , 2007 p. 93 Jump up ^ `` Official Site of Dalai Lama Renaissance '' , dalailamafilm.com , Retrieved November 30 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Harrison Ford blasts US Iraq policy '' . The Age . Melbourne , Australia . August 27 , 2003 . Retrieved May 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ McAfee , Melonyce ( December 11 , 2015 ) . `` Harrison Ford has a fan in Trump '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Dawn , Randee ( December 11 , 2015 ) . `` Harrison Ford reminds Donald Trump that ' Air Force One ' was only a movie '' . today.com . Jump up ^ `` About the AIA '' . Archaeological Institute of America . Retrieved September 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Harrison Ford surprises ' Star Wars ' fans in new Force For Change charity video '' . November 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : Harrison Ford Surprises Fans in New Force for Change Video '' . November 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fifth Indiana Jones film moved to 2020 '' . April 26 , 2017 -- via www.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` AFI Life Achievement Award '' . Retrieved 17 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Guys Choice 2008 -- Harrison Ford '' . Spike TV . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2008 . Retrieved August 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Guys Choice '' . PR Inside . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sixth Annual Living Legends of Aviation Awards '' . Retrieved 25 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Harrison Ford Receives Freedom of Flight Award '' . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2015 . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Harrison Ford receives aviation 's highest award '' . Retrieved 25 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Harrison Ford Receives Al Ueltschi Humanitarian Award '' . Retrieved 25 October 2014 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Harrison Ford Wikimedia Commons has media related to Harrison Ford . Harrison Ford at Encyclopædia Britannica Harrison Ford on IMDb Harrison Ford at Box Office Mojo Interviews `` Harrison Ford Interview '' . CinemasOnline. 2002 . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2003 . Retrieved March 19 , 2006 . Dawson , Angela ( June 12 , 2003 ) . `` Harrison Ford : Hollywood loved him even before they knew him '' . The Cincinnati Post ( Entertainment News Wire ) . E.W. Scripps Company . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2005 . Retrieved March 19 , 2006 . Honeycutt , Kirk ( 1986 ) . `` Harrison Ford on Harrison Ford '' . Daily News . Retrieved March 19 , 2006 . Leopold , Todd ( February 9 , 2006 ) . `` Harrison Ford and the movie machine '' . Cable News Network . Retrieved March 19 , 2006 . Rader , Dotson ( July 7 , 2002 ) . `` I found purpose '' . Parade . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2002 . Retrieved March 19 , 2006 . Turan , Kenneth ( 1986 ) . `` Harrison Ford wants to be alone '' . GQ . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2001 . Retrieved March 19 , 2006 . Awards for Harrison Ford AFI Life Achievement Award John Ford ( 1973 ) James Cagney ( 1974 ) Orson Welles ( 1975 ) William Wyler ( 1976 ) Bette Davis ( 1977 ) Henry Fonda ( 1978 ) Alfred Hitchcock ( 1979 ) James Stewart ( 1980 ) Fred Astaire ( 1981 ) Frank Capra ( 1982 ) John Huston ( 1983 ) Lillian Gish ( 1984 ) Gene Kelly ( 1985 ) Billy Wilder ( 1986 ) Barbara Stanwyck ( 1987 ) Jack Lemmon ( 1988 ) Gregory Peck ( 1989 ) David Lean ( 1990 ) Kirk Douglas ( 1991 ) Sidney Poitier ( 1992 ) Elizabeth Taylor ( 1993 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1994 ) Steven Spielberg ( 1995 ) Clint Eastwood ( 1996 ) Martin Scorsese ( 1997 ) Robert Wise ( 1998 ) Dustin Hoffman ( 1999 ) Harrison Ford ( 2000 ) Barbra Streisand ( 2001 ) Tom Hanks ( 2002 ) Robert De Niro ( 2003 ) Meryl Streep ( 2004 ) George Lucas ( 2005 ) Sean Connery ( 2006 ) Al Pacino ( 2007 ) Warren Beatty ( 2008 ) Michael Douglas ( 2009 ) Mike Nichols ( 2010 ) Morgan Freeman ( 2011 ) Shirley MacLaine ( 2012 ) Mel Brooks ( 2013 ) Jane Fonda ( 2014 ) Steve Martin ( 2015 ) John Williams ( 2016 ) Diane Keaton ( 2017 ) George Clooney ( 2018 ) Britannia Awards Excellence in Film Albert R. Broccoli ( 1989 ) Michael Caine ( 1990 ) Peter Ustinov ( 1992 ) Martin Scorsese ( 1993 ) Anthony Hopkins ( 1995 ) Bob Weinstein and Harvey Weinstein ( 1996 ) Dustin Hoffman ( 1997 ) John Travolta ( 1998 ) Stanley Kubrick ( 1999 ) Steven Spielberg ( 2000 ) George Lucas ( 2002 ) Hugh Grant ( 2003 ) Tom Hanks ( 2004 ) Tom Cruise ( 2005 ) Clint Eastwood ( 2006 ) Denzel Washington ( 2007 ) Sean Penn ( 2008 ) Robert De Niro ( 2009 ) Jeff Bridges ( 2010 ) Warren Beatty ( 2011 ) Daniel Day - Lewis ( 2012 ) George Clooney ( 2013 ) Robert Downey Jr. ( 2014 ) Meryl Streep ( 2015 ) Jodie Foster ( 2016 ) Matt Damon ( 2017 ) Excellence in Directing Peter Weir ( 2003 ) Jim Sheridan ( 2004 ) Mike Newell ( 2005 ) Anthony Minghella ( 2006 ) Martin Campbell ( 2007 ) Stephen Frears ( 2008 ) Danny Boyle ( 2009 ) Christopher Nolan ( 2010 ) David Yates ( 2011 ) Quentin Tarantino ( 2012 ) Kathryn Bigelow ( 2013 ) Mike Leigh ( 2014 ) Sam Mendes ( 2015 ) Ang Lee ( 2016 ) Ava DuVernay ( 2017 ) Worldwide Contribution to Entertainment Howard Stringer ( 2003 ) Kirk Douglas ( 2009 ) Ridley Scott & Tony Scott ( 2010 ) John Lasseter ( 2011 ) Will Wright ( 2012 ) Ben Kingsley ( 2013 ) Judi Dench ( 2014 ) Harrison Ford ( 2015 ) Samuel L. Jackson ( 2016 ) Kenneth Branagh ( 2017 ) British Artist of the Year Rachel Weisz ( 2006 ) Kate Winslet ( 2007 ) Tilda Swinton ( 2008 ) Emily Blunt ( 2009 ) Michael Sheen ( 2010 ) Helena Bonham Carter ( 2011 ) Daniel Craig ( 2012 ) Benedict Cumberbatch ( 2013 ) Emma Watson ( 2014 ) James Corden ( 2015 ) Felicity Jones ( 2016 ) Claire Foy ( 2017 ) Excellence in Comedy Betty White ( 2010 ) Ben Stiller ( 2011 ) Trey Parker and Matt Stone ( 2012 ) Sacha Baron Cohen ( 2013 ) Julia Louis - Dreyfus ( 2014 ) Amy Schumer ( 2015 ) Ricky Gervais ( 2016 ) Aziz Ansari ( 2017 ) Excellence in Television Aaron Spelling ( 1999 ) HBO Original Programming ( 2002 ) Dick Van Dyke ( 2017 ) Humanitarian Award Richard Curtis ( 2007 ) Don Cheadle ( 2008 ) Colin Firth ( 2009 ) Idris Elba ( 2013 ) Mark Ruffalo ( 2014 ) Orlando Bloom ( 2015 ) Ewan McGregor ( 2016 ) Retired Awards BBC ( 1999 ) Tarsem Singh ( 1999 ) Angela Lansbury ( 2003 ) Helen Mirren ( 2004 ) Elizabeth Taylor ( 2005 ) Ronald Neame ( 2005 ) Sidney Poitier ( 2006 ) Bob Shaye and Michael Lynne ( 2007 ) Cecil B. DeMille Award Cecil B. DeMille ( 1952 ) Walt Disney ( 1953 ) Darryl F. Zanuck ( 1954 ) Jean Hersholt ( 1955 ) Jack L. Warner ( 1956 ) Mervyn LeRoy ( 1957 ) Buddy Adler ( 1958 ) Maurice Chevalier ( 1959 ) Bing Crosby ( 1960 ) Fred Astaire ( 1961 ) Judy Garland ( 1962 ) Bob Hope ( 1963 ) Joseph E. Levine ( 1964 ) James Stewart ( 1965 ) John Wayne ( 1966 ) Charlton Heston ( 1967 ) Kirk Douglas ( 1968 ) Gregory Peck ( 1969 ) Joan Crawford ( 1970 ) Frank Sinatra ( 1971 ) Alfred Hitchcock ( 1972 ) Samuel Goldwyn ( 1973 ) Bette Davis ( 1974 ) Hal B. Wallis ( 1975 ) Walter Mirisch ( 1977 ) Red Skelton ( 1978 ) Lucille Ball ( 1979 ) Henry Fonda ( 1980 ) Gene Kelly ( 1981 ) Sidney Poitier ( 1982 ) Laurence Olivier ( 1983 ) Paul Newman ( 1984 ) Elizabeth Taylor ( 1985 ) Barbara Stanwyck ( 1986 ) Anthony Quinn ( 1987 ) Clint Eastwood ( 1988 ) Doris Day ( 1989 ) Audrey Hepburn ( 1990 ) Jack Lemmon ( 1991 ) Robert Mitchum ( 1992 ) Lauren Bacall ( 1993 ) Robert Redford ( 1994 ) Sophia Loren ( 1995 ) Sean Connery ( 1996 ) Dustin Hoffman ( 1997 ) Shirley MacLaine ( 1998 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1999 ) Barbra Streisand ( 2000 ) Al Pacino ( 2001 ) Harrison Ford ( 2002 ) Gene Hackman ( 2003 ) Michael Douglas ( 2004 ) Robin Williams ( 2005 ) Anthony Hopkins ( 2006 ) Warren Beatty ( 2007 ) Steven Spielberg ( 2009 ) Martin Scorsese ( 2010 ) Robert De Niro ( 2011 ) Morgan Freeman ( 2012 ) Jodie Foster ( 2013 ) Woody Allen ( 2014 ) George Clooney ( 2015 ) Denzel Washington ( 2016 ) Meryl Streep ( 2017 ) Oprah Winfrey ( 2018 ) Hasty Pudding Men of the Year Bob Hope ( 1967 ) Paul Newman ( 1968 ) Bill Cosby ( 1969 ) Robert Redford ( 1970 ) James Stewart ( 1971 ) Dustin Hoffman ( 1972 ) Jack Lemmon ( 1973 ) Peter Falk ( 1974 ) Warren Beatty ( 1975 ) Robert Blake ( 1976 ) Johnny Carson ( 1977 ) Richard Dreyfuss ( 1978 ) Robert De Niro ( 1979 ) Alan Alda ( 1980 ) John Travolta ( 1981 ) James Cagney ( 1982 ) Steven Spielberg ( 1983 ) Sean Connery ( 1984 ) Bill Murray ( 1985 ) Sylvester Stallone ( 1986 ) Mikhail Baryshnikov ( 1987 ) Steve Martin ( 1988 ) Robin Williams ( 1989 ) Kevin Costner ( 1990 ) Clint Eastwood ( 1991 ) Michael Douglas ( 1992 ) Chevy Chase ( 1993 ) Tom Cruise ( 1994 ) Tom Hanks ( 1995 ) Harrison Ford ( 1996 ) Mel Gibson ( 1997 ) Kevin Kline ( 1998 ) Samuel L. Jackson ( 1999 ) Billy Crystal ( 2000 ) Anthony Hopkins ( 2001 ) Bruce Willis ( 2002 ) Martin Scorsese ( 2003 ) Robert Downey Jr. ( 2004 ) Tim Robbins ( 2005 ) Richard Gere ( 2006 ) Ben Stiller ( 2007 ) Christopher Walken ( 2008 ) James Franco ( 2009 ) Justin Timberlake ( 2010 ) Jay Leno ( 2011 ) Jason Segel ( 2012 ) Kiefer Sutherland ( 2013 ) Neil Patrick Harris ( 2014 ) Chris Pratt ( 2015 ) Joseph Gordon - Levitt ( 2016 ) Ryan Reynolds ( 2017 ) Paul Rudd ( 2018 ) Honorary César 1976 -- 2000 Ingrid Bergman ( 1976 ) Diana Ross ( 1976 ) Henri Langlois ( 1977 ) Jacques Tati ( 1977 ) Robert Dorfmann ( 1978 ) René Goscinny ( 1978 ) Marcel Carné ( 1979 ) Charles Vanel ( 1979 ) Walt Disney ( 1979 ) Pierre Braunberger ( 1980 ) Louis de Funès ( 1980 ) Kirk Douglas ( 1980 ) Marcel Pagnol ( 1981 ) Alain Resnais ( 1981 ) Georges Dancigers ( 1982 ) Alexandre Mnouchkine ( 1982 ) Jean Nény ( 1982 ) Andrzej Wajda ( 1982 ) Raimu ( 1983 ) René Clément ( 1984 ) Georges de Beauregard ( 1984 ) Edwige Feuillère ( 1984 ) Christian - Jaque ( 1985 ) Danielle Darrieux ( 1985 ) Christine Gouze - Rénal ( 1985 ) Alain Poiré ( 1985 ) Maurice Jarre ( 1986 ) Bette Davis ( 1986 ) Jean Delannoy ( 1986 ) René Ferracci ( 1986 ) Claude Lanzmann ( 1986 ) Jean - Luc Godard ( 1987 ) Serge Silberman ( 1988 ) Bernard Blier ( 1989 ) Paul Grimault ( 1989 ) Gérard Philipe ( 1990 ) Jean - Pierre Aumont ( 1991 ) Sophia Loren ( 1991 ) Michèle Morgan ( 1992 ) Sylvester Stallone ( 1992 ) Jean Marais ( 1993 ) Marcello Mastroianni ( 1993 ) Gérard Oury ( 1993 ) Jean Carmet ( 1994 ) Jeanne Moreau ( 1995 ) Gregory Peck ( 1995 ) Steven Spielberg ( 1995 ) Lauren Bacall ( 1996 ) Henri Verneuil ( 1996 ) Charles Aznavour ( 1997 ) Andie MacDowell ( 1997 ) Michael Douglas ( 1998 ) Clint Eastwood ( 1998 ) Jean - Luc Godard ( 1998 ) Pedro Almodóvar ( 1999 ) Johnny Depp ( 1999 ) Jean Rochefort ( 1999 ) Josiane Balasko ( 2000 ) Georges Cravenne ( 2000 ) Jean - Pierre Léaud ( 2000 ) Martin Scorsese ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Darry Cowl ( 2001 ) Charlotte Rampling ( 2001 ) Agnès Varda ( 2001 ) Anouk Aimée ( 2002 ) Jeremy Irons ( 2002 ) Claude Rich ( 2002 ) Bernadette Lafont ( 2003 ) Spike Lee ( 2003 ) Meryl Streep ( 2003 ) Micheline Presle ( 2004 ) Jacques Dutronc ( 2005 ) Will Smith ( 2005 ) Hugh Grant ( 2006 ) Pierre Richard ( 2006 ) Marlène Jobert ( 2007 ) Jude Law ( 2007 ) Jeanne Moreau ( 2008 ) Roberto Benigni ( 2008 ) Dustin Hoffman ( 2009 ) Harrison Ford ( 2010 ) Quentin Tarantino ( 2011 ) Kate Winslet ( 2012 ) Kevin Costner ( 2013 ) Scarlett Johansson ( 2014 ) Sean Penn ( 2015 ) Michael Douglas ( 2016 ) George Clooney ( 2017 ) Penélope Cruz ( 2018 ) MTV Movie Award for Best On - Screen Duo Best On - Screen Duo Dana Carvey & Mike Myers ( 1992 ) Mel Gibson & Danny Glover ( 1993 ) Harrison Ford & Tommy Lee Jones ( 1994 ) Sandra Bullock & Keanu Reeves ( 1995 ) Chris Farley & David Spade ( 1996 ) Nicolas Cage & Sean Connery ( 1997 ) John Travolta & Nicolas Cage ( 1998 ) Jackie Chan & Chris Tucker ( 1999 ) Mike Myers & Verne Troyer ( 2000 ) Mark Wahlberg & Seth MacFarlane ( 2013 ) Vin Diesel & Paul Walker ( 2014 ) Zac Efron & Dave Franco ( 2015 ) Hugh Jackman & Dafne Keen ( 2017 ) Best On - Screen Team Drew Barrymore , Cameron Diaz & Lucy Liu ( 2001 ) Vin Diesel & Paul Walker ( 2002 ) Sean Astin , Andy Serkis & Elijah Wood ( 2003 ) Adam Sandler & Drew Barrymore ( 2004 ) Lindsay Lohan , Rachel McAdams , Lacey Chabert & Amanda Seyfried ( 2005 ) Vince Vaughn & Owen Wilson ( 2006 ) Finn Wolfhard , Sophia Lillis , Jaeden Lieberher , Jack Dylan Grazer , Wyatt Oleff , Jeremy Ray Taylor & Chosen Jacobs ( 2018 ) Best Cast Daniel Radcliffe , Rupert Grint , Emma Watson & Tom Felton ( 2012 ) People 's Choice Award for Favorite Movie Actor John Wayne ( 1975 ) John Wayne ( 1976 ) John Wayne ( 1977 ) John Wayne ( 1978 ) Burt Reynolds ( 1979 ) Burt Reynolds ( 1980 ) Clint Eastwood ( 1981 ) Burt Reynolds ( 1982 ) Burt Reynolds ( 1983 ) Clint Eastwood / Burt Reynolds ( 1984 ) Clint Eastwood ( 1985 ) Sylvester Stallone ( 1986 ) Clint Eastwood ( 1987 ) Michael Douglas ( 1988 ) Tom Cruise ( 1990 ) Mel Gibson ( 1991 ) Kevin Costner ( 1993 ) Tom Hanks ( 1996 ) Mel Gibson ( 1997 ) Harrison Ford ( 1998 ) Tom Hanks ( 1999 ) Harrison Ford ( 2000 ) Mel Gibson ( 2001 ) Tom Hanks ( 2002 ) Mel Gibson ( 2003 ) Mel Gibson ( 2004 ) Johnny Depp ( 2005 ) Johnny Depp ( 2006 ) Johnny Depp ( 2007 ) Johnny Depp ( 2008 ) Will Smith ( 2009 ) Johnny Depp ( 2010 ) Johnny Depp ( 2011 ) Johnny Depp ( 2012 ) Robert Downey Jr. ( 2013 ) Johnny Depp ( 2014 ) Robert Downey Jr. ( 2015 ) Channing Tatum ( 2016 ) Ryan Reynolds ( 2017 ) Saturn Award for Best Actor James Caan / Don Johnson ( 1974 / 75 ) David Bowie / Gregory Peck ( 1976 ) George Burns ( 1977 ) Warren Beatty ( 1978 ) George Hamilton ( 1979 ) Mark Hamill ( 1980 ) Harrison Ford ( 1981 ) William Shatner ( 1982 ) Mark Hamill ( 1983 ) Jeff Bridges ( 1984 ) Michael J. Fox ( 1985 ) Jeff Goldblum ( 1986 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1987 ) Tom Hanks ( 1988 ) Jeff Daniels ( 1989 / 90 ) Anthony Hopkins ( 1991 ) Gary Oldman ( 1992 ) Robert Downey Jr. ( 1993 ) Martin Landau ( 1994 ) George Clooney ( 1995 ) Eddie Murphy ( 1996 ) Pierce Brosnan ( 1997 ) James Woods ( 1998 ) Tim Allen ( 1999 ) Hugh Jackman ( 2000 ) Tom Cruise ( 2001 ) Robin Williams ( 2002 ) Elijah Wood ( 2003 ) Tobey Maguire ( 2004 ) Christian Bale ( 2005 ) Brandon Routh ( 2006 ) Will Smith ( 2007 ) Robert Downey Jr. ( 2008 ) Sam Worthington ( 2009 ) Jeff Bridges ( 2010 ) Michael Shannon ( 2011 ) Matthew McConaughey ( 2012 ) Robert Downey Jr. ( 2013 ) Chris Pratt ( 2014 ) Harrison Ford ( 2015 ) Ryan Reynolds ( 2016 ) Mark Hamill ( 2017 ) BNE : XX1109570 BNF : cb13894029h ( data ) GND : 118881299 ISNI : 0000 0001 2142 066X LCCN : n84165204 NDL : 00620674 SNAC : w6cr6pt4 SUDOC : 028674766 VIAF : 85338964 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harrison_Ford&oldid=853277931 '' Categories : 1942 births 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors Actors from Park Ridge , Illinois American carpenters American conservationists American male film actors American male voice actors American male video game actors American film producers American people of Belarusian - Jewish descent American people of German descent American people of Irish descent American male television actors American environmentalists Aviators from Illinois California Democrats Cecil B. DeMille Award Golden Globe winners Living people Male actors from Chicago Survivors of aviation accidents or incidents Tibet freedom artists Ripon College ( Wisconsin ) alumni Activists from California Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from June 2011 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected biographies of living people Articles with hCards Articles needing additional references from July 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Kiswahili Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Volapük Winaray 粵語 中文 77 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 August 2018 , at 16 : 23 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison%20Ford
| 2,033 |
|||
the first foreigner to receive bharat ratna was
|
There is no formal provision that recipients of the Bharat Ratna should be Indian citizens . It has been awarded to a naturalised Indian citizen , Mother Teresa in 1980 , and to two non-Indians , Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan of Pakistan in 1987 and the former South African president Nelson Mandela in 1990 . Sachin Tendulkar , at the age of 40 , became the youngest person and first athlete to receive the honour . In a special ceremony on 18 April 1958 , Dhondo Keshav Karve was awarded on his 100th birthday . As of 2015 , the award has been conferred upon 45 people with 12 posthumous declarations .
|
Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan
|
Bharat Ratna
|
bharat ratna
|
Bharat Ratna Awarded by Government of India Country India Type National civilian Ribbon Obverse An image of the Sun along with the words `` Bharat Ratna '' , inscribed in Devanagari script , on a peepal ( Ficus religiosa ) leaf Reverse A platinum State Emblem of India placed in the centre with the national motto , `` Satyameva Jayate '' ( Truth alone triumphs ) in Devanagari script Statistics Established 1954 First awarded 1954 C. Rajagopalachari Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan C.V. Raman Last awarded 2015 Madan Mohan Malaviya ( Posthumous ) Atal Bihari Vajpayee Total awarded 45 Precedence Next ( lower ) Padma Vibhushan The Bharat Ratna ( Hindi pronunciation : ( bhaːrət̪ rət̪nə ) ; Jewel of India ) is the highest civilian award of the Republic of India . Instituted in 1954 , the award is conferred `` in recognition of exceptional service / performance of the highest order '' , without distinction of race , occupation , position , or sex . The award was originally limited to achievements in the arts , literature , science , and public services , but the government expanded the criteria to include `` any field of human endeavour '' in December 2011 . The recommendations for the Bharat Ratna are made by the Prime Minister to the President , with a maximum of three nominees being awarded per year . Recipients receive a Sanad ( certificate ) signed by the President and a peepal - leaf -- shaped medallion ; there is no monetary grant associated with the award . Bharat Ratna recipients rank seventh in the Indian order of precedence . The first recipients of the Bharat Ratna were politician C. Rajagopalachari , philosopher Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan , and scientist C.V. Raman , who were honoured in 1954 . Since then , the award has been bestowed upon 45 individuals , including 12 who were awarded posthumously . The original statutes did not provide for posthumous awards but were amended in January 1955 to permit them . Former Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri became the first individual to be honoured posthumously . In 2014 , cricketer Sachin Tendulkar , then aged 40 , became the youngest recipient ; while social reformer Dhondo Keshav Karve was awarded on his 100th birthday . Though usually conferred on India - born citizens , the Bharat Ratna has been awarded to one naturalised citizen , Mother Teresa , and to two non-Indians , Pakistan national Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan and former South African President Nelson Mandela . On 24 December 2014 , the Indian government announced the award to independence activist Madan Mohan Malaviya ( posthumously ) and former Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee . The Bharat Ratna , along with other personal civil honours , was briefly suspended from July 1977 to January 1980 , during the change in the national government ; and for a second time from August 1992 to December 1995 , when several public - interest litigations challenged the constitutional validity of the awards . In 1992 , the government 's decision to confer the award posthumously on Subhas Chandra Bose was opposed by those who had refused to accept the fact of his death , including some members of his extended family . Following a 1997 Supreme Court decision , the press communiqué announcing Bose 's award was cancelled ; it is the only time when the award was announced but not conferred . Several bestowals of the award have met with criticism . The posthumous award for M.G. Ramachandran ( 1988 ) was considered to have been aimed at placating the voters for the upcoming assembly election and posthumous awards of Madan Mohan Malaviya ( 2015 ) and Vallabhbhai Patel ( 1991 ) drew criticism for they died before the award was instituted . Contents 1 History 2 Regulations 3 Specifications 4 Controversies 5 Criticism 6 Popular demands 7 List of recipients 8 Explanatory notes 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 Further reading History ( edit ) On 2 January 1954 , a press communiqué was released from the office of the secretary to the President announcing the creation of two civilian awards -- Bharat Ratna , the highest civilian award , and the three - tier Padma Vibhushan , classified into `` Pahela Warg '' ( Class I ) , `` Dusra Warg '' ( Class II ) , and `` Tisra Warg '' ( Class III ) , which rank below the Bharat Ratna . On 15 January 1955 , the Padma Vibhushan was reclassified into three different awards ; the Padma Vibhushan , the highest of the three , followed by the Padma Bhushan and the Padma Shri . There is no formal provision that recipients of the Bharat Ratna should be Indian citizens . It has been awarded to a naturalised Indian citizen , Mother Teresa in 1980 , and to two non-Indians , Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan of Pakistan in 1987 and the former South African president Nelson Mandela in 1990 . Sachin Tendulkar , at the age of 40 , became the youngest person and first athlete to receive the honour . In a special ceremony on 18 April 1958 , Dhondo Keshav Karve was awarded on his 100th birthday . As of 2015 , the award has been conferred upon 45 people with 12 posthumous declarations . The award was briefly suspended twice in its history . The first suspension occurred after Morarji Desai was sworn in as the fourth Prime Minister in 1977 . His government withdrew all personal civil honours on 13 July 1977 . The suspension was rescinded on 25 January 1980 , after Indira Gandhi became the Prime Minister . The civilian awards were suspended again in mid-1992 , when two Public - Interest Litigations were filed , one in the Kerala High Court and another in the Madhya Pradesh High Court , challenging the `` constitutional validity '' of the awards . The awards were reintroduced by the Supreme Court in December 1995 , following the conclusion of the litigation . Regulations ( edit ) The Bharat Ratna is conferred `` in recognition of exceptional service / performance of the highest order '' , without distinction of race , occupation , position , or sex . The award was originally confined to the arts , literature , science , and public services , as per the 1954 regulations . In December 2011 , the rules were changed to include `` any field of human endeavour '' . The 1954 statutes did not allow posthumous awards , but this was subsequently modified in the January 1955 statute , and Lal Bahadur Shastri became the first recipient to be honoured posthumously in 1966 . Although there is no formal nomination process , recommendations for the award can only be made by the Prime Minister to the President with a maximum number of three nominees being awarded per year . However , in 1999 , four individuals were awarded the honour . The recipient receives a Sanad ( certificate ) signed by the President and a medallion without any monetary grant . Under the terms of Article 18 ( 1 ) of the Constitution , the recipients can not use the award as a prefix or suffix to their name , although recipients may use either the expressions `` Awarded Bharat Ratna by the President '' or `` Recipient of Bharat Ratna Award '' to indicate that they have been honoured with the award . The holders of the Bharat Ratna rank seventh in the Indian order of precedence . As with many official announcements , recipients are announced and registered in The Gazette of India , a publication released by the Department of Publication , Ministry of Urban Development used for official government notices ; without publication in the Gazette , conferral of the award is not considered official . Recipients whose awards have been revoked or restored , both of which require the authority of the President , are registered in the Gazette . Recipients whose awards have been revoked are required to surrender their medals , and their names are struck from the register . Specifications ( edit ) The original 1954 specifications of the award was a circle made of gold 1 ⁄ inches ( 35 mm ) in diameter with a centred sun burst design on the obverse side . The text `` Bharat Ratna '' , in Devanagari Script , is inscribed on the upper edge in silver gilt with a wreath set along on the lower edge . A platinum State Emblem of India was placed in the centre of the reverse side with the national motto , `` Satyameva Jayate '' ( Truth alone triumphs ) in Devanagari Script , inscribed in silver - gilt on the lower edge . A year later , the design was modified . The current medal is in the shape of a peepal leaf , approximately 2 ⁄ inches ( 59 mm ) long , 1 ⁄ inches ( 48 mm ) wide and ⁄ inch ( 3.2 mm ) thick and rimmed in platinum . The embossed sun burst design , made of platinum , on the obverse side of the medal has a diameter of ⁄ inch ( 16 mm ) with rays spreading out from ⁄ inch ( 21 mm ) to ⁄ inch ( 13 mm ) from the center of the Sun . The words `` Bharat Ratna '' on the obverse side remained the same as the 1954 design as did the emblem of India and `` Satyameva Jayate '' on the reverse side . A 2 - inch - wide ( 51 mm ) white ribbon is attached to the medal so it can be worn around the neck . In 1957 , the silver - gilt decoration was changed to burnished bronze . The Bharat Ratna medals are produced at Alipore Mint , Kolkata along with the other civilian and military awards like Padma Vibushan , Padma Bhushan , Padma Shri , and Param Veer Chakra . Controversies ( edit ) The Bharat Ratna has been surrounded by several controversies and multiple Public - Interest Litigations ( PIL ) had been filed against the conferral of the award . Subhas Chandra Bose ( 1992 ) In 1992 , a press release was published to confer the award posthumously on Bose which was later cancelled by the Supreme Court in 1997 . On 23 January 1992 , a press release was published by the President 's Secretariat to confer the award posthumously on Subhash Chandra Bose . The decision triggered much criticism and a PIL was filed in the Calcutta High Court to revoke the award . The petitioner took objection to the conferral of the award and its posthumous mention of Bose , saying that honouring a personality higher than the award is `` ridiculous '' , and it was an act of `` carelessness '' to classify such a person with past and future recipients . It said that the award can not be conferred to Bose posthumously as the Government had not officially accepted his death on 18 August 1945 . The petitioner requested the whereabouts of Bose from 18 August 1945 till date , based on the information collected by the 1956 Shah Nawaz Committee and the 1970 Khosla Commission . Bose 's family members expressed their unwillingness to accept the award . To deliver the judgement , the Supreme Court formed a Special Division Bench with Judge Sujata V. Manohar and G.B. Pattanaik . The Solicitor General noted that to confer the award per the appropriate regulations pertaining to the Bharat Ratna , Padma Vibhushan , Padma Bhushan , and Padma Shri , the name of the recipient must be published in The Gazette of India and entered in the recipients register maintained under the direction of the President . It was noted that only an announcement had been made by press communiqué , but the government had not proceeded to confer the award by publishing the name in the Gazette and entering the name in the register . Furthermore , the then presidents , R. Venkataraman ( 1987 -- 92 ) and Shankar Dayal Sharma ( 1992 -- 97 ) , had not conferred a Sanad ( certificate ) with their signature and seal . On 4 August 1997 , the Supreme Court delivered an order that since the award had not been officially conferred , it can not be revoked and declared that the press communiqué be treated as cancelled . The court declined to pass any judgement on the posthumous mention of Bose and his death . Civilian awards as `` Titles '' ( 1992 ) In 1992 , two PILs were filed in the High Courts ; one in the Kerala High Court on 13 February 1992 by Balaji Raghavan and another in the Madhya Pradesh High Court ( Indore Bench ) on 24 August 1992 by Satya Pal Anand . Both petitioners questioned the civilian awards being `` Titles '' per an interpretation of Article 18 ( 1 ) of the Constitution . On 25 August 1992 , the Madhya Pradesh High Court issued a notice temporarily suspending all civilian awards . A Special Division Bench of the Supreme Court was formed comprising five judges ; A.M. Ahmadi C.J. , Kuldip Singh , B.P. Jeevan Reddy , N.P. Singh , and S. Saghir Ahmad . On 15 December 1995 , the Special Division Bench restored the awards and delivered a judgement that the `` Bharat Ratna and Padma awards are not titles under Article 18 of the Constitution '' . C.N.R. Rao and Sachin Tendulkar ( 2013 ) Following the announcement , in November 2013 , that C.N.R. Rao and Sachin Tendulkar were to be awarded the Bharat Ratna , multiple PILs were filed challenging the conferring of the award . The PIL filed against Rao declared that other Indian scientists , such as Homi Bhabha and Vikram Sarabhai , had contributed more than Rao and his claim of publishing 1400 research papers was `` physically impossible '' . The suit stated that as Rao had proven cases of plagiarism , he should not be presented with the award but rather should be annulled . The PIL filed against Tendulkar to the Election Commission under the Right to Information Act indicated that the awarding him the Bharat Ratna was a violation of the model code of conduct . The petitioner noted that as Tendulkar was an Indian National Congress nominated Member of Rajya Sabha , the decision to award him the Bharat Ratna would influence the voters of Delhi , Rajasthan , Madhya Pradesh , Chhattisgarh , and Mizoram where the election process was underway at the time . Another PIL was filed against Tendulkar and a few ministers , `` alleging a conspiracy to ignore '' an Indian field hockey player Dhyan Chand . '' On 4 December 2013 , the Election Commission rejected the petition stating that conferring the award on people from non-polling states did not amount to a violation of the code . Other High Courts as well rejected the petitions raised against Rao and Tendulkar . Criticism ( edit ) In 1988 , then Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi ( 1984 -- 89 ) conferred the Bharat Ratna posthumously on film actor and former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu , M.G. Ramachandran , in a bid to influence voters prior to the Tamil Nadu assembly elections in 1989 . The decision was criticised for awarding Ramachandran before independence activist B.R. Ambedkar and Vallabhbhai Patel , who were bestowed the honour in 1990 and 1991 respectively . While Ravi Shankar was accused of lobbying for the award , the decision by Indira Gandhi to posthumously honour K. Kamaraj was considered to have been aimed at placating Tamil voters for the Tamil Nadu assembly elections in 1977 . The seventh Prime Minister V.P. Singh was criticised for posthumously honouring B.R. Ambedkar to please the Dalits . The posthumous conferments of the award on the recipients who died before the Indian independence in 1947 or the award was instituted in 1954 have been criticised by historians . It was noted that such conferments could lead to more demands to honour people like Maurya Emperor Ashoka , Mughal Emperor Akbar , Maratha Emperor Shivaji , Nobel Laureate Rabindranath Tagore , Hindu spiritualist Swami Vivekananda , and independence activist Bal Gangadhar Tilak . The then Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao ( 1991 -- 96 ) was criticised for bestowing the award upon Vallabhbhai Patel in 1991 , 41 years after his death in 1950 ; and upon Subhas Chandra Bose in 1992 , who went missing since 18 August 1945 . Similarly in 2015 , the incumbent Prime Minister Narendra Modi 's decision to award Madan Mohan Malaviya , who died in 1946 , met with criticism . Janardan Dwivedi , politician of the Indian National Congress , said that Malaviya , who worked predominantly in Varanasi , was `` deliberately chosen '' by the Prime Minister Modi , who is the incumbent Member of Parliament from Varanasi . A few of the conferments have been criticised for honouring personalities only after they received global recognition . The award for Mother Teresa was announced in 1980 , a year after she was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize . Satyajit Ray received an Academy Honorary Award in 1992 followed by the Bharat Ratna the same year . In 1999 , Amartya Sen was awarded the Bharat Ratna , a year after his 1998 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences . The award was proposed by Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee to President K.R. Narayanan who agreed to the proposal . Popular demands ( edit ) Though , as per the statutes for the Bharat Ratna , the recommendations for the award can only be made by the Prime Minister to the President , there have been several demands from various political parties to honour their leaders . In January 2008 , Bharatiya Janata Party ( BJP ) leader L.K. Advani wrote to the then Prime Minister Manmohan Singh recommending Singh 's predecessor Atal Bihari Vajpayee for the award . This was immediately followed by the Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) lobbying for their leader , Jyoti Basu , former Chief Minister of West Bengal . Basu , India 's longest - serving chief minister , said that he would decline the honour , even if awarded . Similar demands were made by Telugu Desam Party , Bahujan Samaj Party , and Shiromani Akali Dal for their respective leaders N.T. Rama Rao , Kanshi Ram , and Parkash Singh Badal . In September 2015 , regional political party Shiv Sena demanded the award for the independence activist Vinayak Damodar Savarkar stating that he had been `` deliberately neglected by previous governments '' but his family clarified that they are not making such demand and that the freedom fighter is known for his contribution towards independence movement and did not need an award for recognition . Per the original statutes , sportspersons were not eligible for the Bharat Ratna ; however , a revision of the rules in December 2011 made eligible `` any field of human endeavour '' . Subsequently , several sportspersons ' names were discussed ; among the most talked - about of these was field - hockey player Dhyan Chand , who was recommended multiple times for the posthumous honour . In 2011 , 82 members of parliament recommended Chand 's name for the award to the Prime Minister 's Office . In January 2012 , the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports forwarded his name again , this time along with 2008 Summer Olympics gold medallist shooter Abhinav Bindra and mountaineer Tenzing Norgay . Bindra had earlier been recommended for the award in May 2013 by the National Rifle Association of India . In July 2013 , the ministry again recommended Dhyan Chand . However , in November 2013 , cricketer Sachin Tendulkar became the first sports - person to receive the honour and this garnered much criticism for the government . A PIL was filed in the Karnataka High Court where in the petitioner requested the court to issue a direction to the Ministry of Home Affairs to consider their representation dated 26 October 2012 and confer the Bharat Ratna upon Mahatma Gandhi . On 27 January 2014 , a counsel appearing for the petitioner noted that after multiple representations from the petitioner , they were provided with the information under RTI that the recommendations to confer the award on Gandhi have been received multiple times in the past and were forwarded to the Prime Minister 's Office . A Division bench comprising Chief Justice D.H. Waghela and Justice B.V. Nagarathna dismissed the petition stating that the subject is not amenable to any adjudication process and the nominations and conferment process is stated to be informal and in the discretion of the highest authority in the Government . List of recipients ( edit ) Key + Naturalized citizen recipient * Non-citizen recipient # Posthumous recipient List of laureates awarded the Bharat Ratna Year Laureates Notes 1954 C. Rajagopalachari An Indian independence activist , statesman , and lawyer , Rajagopalachari was the only Indian and last Governor - General of independent India . He was Chief Minister of Madras Presidency ( 1937 -- 39 ) and Madras State ( 1952 -- 54 ) ; and founder of Indian political party Swatantra Party . Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Philosopher Radhakrishnan served as India 's first Vice-President ( 1952 -- 62 ) and second President ( 1962 -- 67 ) . Since 1962 , his birthday on 5 September is observed as `` Teachers ' Day '' in India . C.V. Raman Widely known for his work on the scattering of light and the discovery of the effect , better known as `` Raman scattering '' , Raman mainly worked in the field of atomic physics and electromagnetism and was presented Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930 . 1955 -- Bhagwan Das Independence activist , philosopher , and educationist , Das is a co-founder of Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith and worked with Madan Mohan Malaviya for the foundation of Banaras Hindu University . M. Visvesvaraya Civil engineer , statesman , and Diwan of Mysore ( 1912 -- 18 ) , Visvesvaraya was a Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire . His birthday , 15 September , is observed as `` Engineer 's Day '' in India . Jawaharlal Nehru Independence activist and author , Nehru is the first and the longest - serving Prime Minister of India ( 1947 -- 64 ) . 1957 Govind Ballabh Pant Independence activist Pant was premier of United Provinces ( 1937 -- 39 , 1946 -- 50 ) and first Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh ( 1950 -- 54 ) . He served as Union Home Minister from 1955 -- 61 . 1958 Dhondo Keshav Karve Social reformer and educator , Karve is widely known for his works related to woman education and remarriage of Hindu widows . He established the Widow Marriage Association ( 1883 ) , Hindu Widows Home ( 1896 ) , and started Shreemati Nathibai Damodar Thackersey Women 's University in 1916 . 1961 -- Bidhan Chandra Roy A physician , political leader , philanthropist , educationist , and social worker , Roy is often considered as `` Maker of Modern West Bengal '' . He was second Chief Minister of West Bengal ( 1948 -- 62 ) and his birthday on 1 July is observed as National Doctors ' Day in India . -- Purushottam Das Tandon Often titled as `` Rajarshi '' , Tandon was an independence activist and served as speaker of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly ( 1937 -- 50 ) . He was actively involved in a campaign to get official language status to Hindi . 1962 Rajendra Prasad Independence activist , lawyer , statesman , and scholar , Prasad was closely associated with Mahatma Gandhi in the non-cooperation movement for Indian independence . He was later elected as the first President of India ( 1950 -- 62 ) . 1963 -- Zakir Husain Independence activist and education philosopher , Husain served as a Vice Chancellor of Aligarh Muslim University ( 1948 -- 56 ) and the Governor of Bihar ( 1957 -- 62 ) . Later , he was elected as second Vice-President of India ( 1962 -- 67 ) and went on to become the third President of India ( 1967 -- 69 ) . Pandurang Vaman Kane Indologist and Sanskrit scholar , Kane is best known for his five volume literary work , History of Dharmaśāstra : Ancient and Medieval Religious and Civil Law in India ; the `` monumental '' work that extends over nearly 6,500 pages and being published from 1930 to 1962 . 1966 Lal Bahadur Shastri Known for his slogan `` Jai Jawan Jai Kisan '' ( `` Hail the Soldier , Hail the Farmer '' ) , Independence activist Shastri served as second Prime Minister of India ( 1964 -- 66 ) and led the country during the Indo - Pakistani War of 1965 . 1971 Indira Gandhi Known as the `` Iron Lady of India '' , Gandhi was the Prime Minister of India during 1966 -- 77 and 1980 -- 84 . During the Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 , her government supported Bangladesh Liberation War which led to the formation of a new country , Bangladesh . V.V. Giri While studying at the University College Dublin , Giri was involved in the Irish Sinn Féin movement . Returning to India , he organized labour unions and brought them to take active participation in Indian freedom struggle . He was elected as the first President of All India Trade Union Congress in 1926 . Post-independence , Giri held positions of Governor of Uttar Pradesh , Kerala and Mysore and various other cabinet ministries . He became the first acting President and was eventually elected as the fourth President of India ( 1969 -- 74 ) . 1976 K. Kamaraj Independence activist and statesman Kamaraj was a Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu for three terms ; 1954 -- 57 , 1957 -- 62 , and 1962 -- 63 . 1980 Mother Teresa `` Saint Mother Teresa of Calcutta '' was a catholic nun and the founder of the Missionaries of Charity . She was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for her humanitarian work in 1979 and was beatified on 19 October 2003 by Pope John Paul II and canonised on 4 September 2016 by Pope Francis . Vinoba Bhave Independence activist , social reformer , and a close associate of Mahatma Gandhi , Bhave is best known for his Bhoodan movement , `` Land - Gift Movement '' . He was given the honorific title `` Acharya '' ( `` teacher '' ) and was awarded the Ramon Magsaysay Award ( 1958 ) for his humanitarian work . Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Widely known as `` Frontier Gandhi '' , independence activist and Pashtun leader Khan was a follower of Mahatma Gandhi . He joined Khilafat Movement in 1920 and founded Khudai Khidmatgar ( `` Red Shirt movement '' ) in 1929 . M.G. Ramachandran Actor turned politician Ramachandran served as Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu for three terms ; 1977 -- 80 , 1980 -- 84 , 1985 -- 87 . B.R. Ambedkar Social reformer and leader of the Dalits ( `` Untouchables '' ) , Ambedkar was the Chief architect of the Indian Constitution and also served as the first Law Minister of India . Ambedkar predominantly campaigned against the social discrimination with Dalits , the Hindu varna system . He was associated with the Dalit Buddhist movement and accepted Buddhism as a religion along with his close to half a million followers on 14 October 1956 . Nelson Mandela Leader of the Anti-Apartheid Movement in South Africa , Mandela was the President of South Africa ( 1994 -- 99 ) . Often called as the `` Gandhi of South Africa '' , Mandela 's African National Congress movement was influenced by Gandhian philosophy . In 1993 , he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize . 1991 Rajiv Gandhi Gandhi was the ninth Prime Minister of India serving from 1984 to 1989 . Vallabhbhai Patel Widely known as the `` Iron Man of India '' , Patel was an independence activist and first Deputy Prime Minister of India ( 1947 -- 50 ) . Post independence , `` Sardar '' ( `` Leader '' ) Patel worked with V.P. Menon towards dissolving 555 princely states into the Indian union . Morarji Desai Independence activist Desai was the sixth Prime Minister of India ( 1977 -- 79 ) . He is the only Indian national to be awarded the Nishan - e-Pakistan , highest civilian award given by the Government of Pakistan . Abul Kalam Azad Independence activist Azad was India 's first Minister of Education and worked towards free primary education . He was widely known as `` Maulana Azad '' and his birthday on 11 November is observed as National Education Day in India . J.R.D. Tata Industrialist , philanthropist , and aviation pioneer , Tata founded India 's first airline Air India . He is the founder of various institutes including Tata Institute of Fundamental Research , Tata Memorial Hospital , Tata Institute of Social Sciences , Tata Motors , TCS , National Institute of Advanced Studies , and National Centre for the Performing Arts . Satyajit Ray Having debuted as a director with Pather Panchali ( 1955 ) , film - maker Ray is credited with bringing world recognition to Indian cinema . In 1984 , Ray was awarded the Dadasaheb Phalke Award , India 's highest award in cinema . Gulzarilal Nanda Independence activist Nanda was two times interim Prime Minister of India ( 1964 , 1966 ) and two times deputy chairman of the Planning Commission . -- Aruna Asaf Ali Independence activist Ali is better known for hoisting the Indian flag in Bombay during the Quit India Movement in 1942 . Post Independence , Ali was elected as Delhi 's first mayor in 1958 . A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Aerospace and defence scientist , Kalam was involved in the development of India 's first satellite launch vehicle SLV III and was the architect of Integrated Guided Missile Development Program . He worked for Indian National Committee for Space Research , Indian Space Research Organisation , Defence Research and Development Laboratory and was appointed as the Scientific Advisor to the Defence Minister , Secretary to Department of Defence Research and Development and Director General of Defence Research and Development Organisation . Later , he served as the eleventh President of India from 2002 till 2007 . 1998 M.S. Subbulakshmi Carnatic classical vocalist Subbulakshmi , often hailed as `` Queen of songs '' , is the first Indian musician to receive the Ramon Magsaysay award . Chidambaram Subramaniam Independence activist and former Minister of Agriculture of India ( 1964 -- 66 ) , Subramaniam is known for his contribution towards Green Revolution in India . During the late 1970s , he worked for International Rice Research Institute , Manila , and the International Maize and Wheat Research Institute , Mexico . 1999 -- Jayaprakash Narayan Independence activist , social reformer , and commonly referred as `` Lok Nayak '' ( `` People 's Hero '' ) , Narayan is better known for `` Total Revolution Movement '' or `` JP Movement '' initiated during the mid-1970s to `` overthrow the corrupt and exploitative Congress government '' . Amartya Sen Winner of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences ( 1998 ) , Sen has done research over several topics including social choice theory , ethics and political philosophy , welfare economics , decision theory , development economics , public health , and gender studies . Gopinath Bordoloi Independence activist Bordoloi is the first Chief Minister of Assam ( 1946 -- 50 ) . His efforts and association with the then Minister of Home Affairs Vallabhbhai Patel were widely acknowledged while keeping Assam united with India when parts of it were to merge with East Pakistan . Ravi Shankar Winner of four Grammy Awards and often considered `` the world 's best - known exponent of Hindustani classical music '' , sitar player Shankar is known for his collaborative work with Western musicians including Yehudi Menuhin and George Harrison . Lata Mangeshkar Widely credited as the `` nightingale of India '' , playback singer Mangeshkar started her career in the 1940s and has sung songs in over 36 languages . In 1989 , Mangeshkar was awarded the Dadasaheb Phalke Award , India 's highest award in cinema . Bismillah Khan Hindustani classical shehnai player , Khan played the instrument for more than eight decades and is credited to have brought the instrument to the centre stage of Indian music . 2008 Bhimsen Joshi Hindustani classical vocalist , Joshi was a disciple of Kirana gharana , an Indian musical school . He is widely known for the Khyal genre of singing with a `` mastery over rhythm and accurate notes '' . 2014 C.N.R. Rao The recipient of Honorary Doctorates from 63 Universities including Purdue , IIT Bombay , Oxford , chemist and professor Rao has worked prominently in the fields of Solid State and Materials Chemistry , Spectroscopy and Molecular Structure . He has authored around 1600 research papers and 48 books . Sachin Tendulkar Having debuted in 1989 , Tendulkar played 664 international cricket matches in a career spanning over two decades . He holds various cricket records including the only player to have scored one hundred international centuries , the first batsman to score a double century in a One Day International and the only player to complete more than 30,000 runs in both ODI and Test cricket . 2015 Madan Mohan Malaviya Scholar and educational reformer Malaviya is a founder of Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha ( 1906 ) and Banaras Hindu University and served as the university 's vice-chancellor from 1919 till 1938 . He was the President of Indian National Congress for four terms and was the Chairman of Hindustan Times from 1924 to 1946 . Atal Bihari Vajpayee Parliamentarian for over four decades , Vajpayee was elected nine times to the Lok Sabha , twice to the Rajya Sabha and served as the Prime Minister of India for three terms ; 1996 , 1998 , 1999 -- 2004 . He was Minister of External Affairs during 1977 -- 79 and was awarded the `` Best Parliamentarian '' in 1994 . Explanatory notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Bharat Ratna ceremony is usually held at Rashtrapati Bhavan , New Delhi but a special ceremony was held at Brabourne Stadium , Mumbai to honour Karve on his 100th birthday , 18 April 1958 . ^ Jump up to : Per Article 18 ( 1 ) of the Constitution of India : Abolition of titles , `` no title , not being a military or academic distinction , shall be conferred by the State '' . Jump up ^ The PIL accused the then Prime Minister Manmohan Singh , Home Minister Sushilkumar Shinde , Sports Minister Bhanwar Jitendra Singh and the secretary to the union home department . Jump up ^ In 1960 , Ramachandran was awarded the Padma Shri , the fourth highest civilian award , but declined as the invitation was written in the Devanagari script and not Tamil . Jump up ^ Desai had earlier abolished the awards while he was in the office of Prime Minister for it being `` worthless and politicized '' . Jump up ^ Earlier , Abul Kalam Azad had refused the Bharat Ratna while he was the Education Minister of India ( 1947 -- 58 ) citing that the selection committee members should not themselves be the recipients . Posthumous recipients Jump up ^ Lal Bahadur Shastri died on 11 January 1966 , at the age of 61 . Jump up ^ K. Kamaraj died on 2 October 1975 , at the age of 72 . Jump up ^ Vinoba Bhave died on 15 November 1982 , at the age of 87 . Jump up ^ M.G. Ramachandran died on 24 December 1987 , at the age of 70 . Jump up ^ B.R. Ambedkar died on 6 December 1956 , at the age of 65 . Jump up ^ Rajiv Gandhi died on 21 May 1991 , at the age of 46 . Jump up ^ Vallabhbhai Patel died on 15 December 1950 , at the age of 75 . Jump up ^ Abul Kalam Azad died on 22 February 1958 , at the age of 69 . Jump up ^ Aruna Asaf Ali died on 29 July 1996 , at the age of 87 . Jump up ^ Jayaprakash Narayan died on 8 October 1979 , at the age of 76 . Jump up ^ Gopinath Bordoloi died on 5 August 1950 , at the age of 60 . Jump up ^ Madan Mohan Malaviya died on 12 November 1946 , at the age of 84 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Atal Behari Vajpayee : India honours former PM with Bharat Ratna '' . BBC . 24 December 2014 . Archived from the original on 14 October 2015 . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lal , Shavax A. ( 1954 ) . `` The Gazette of India -- Extraordinary -- Part I '' ( PDF ) . The Gazette of India . The President 's Secretariat ( published 2 January 1954 ) : 2 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 May 2014 . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . The President is pleased to institute an award to be designated Bharat Ratna and to make the following Regulations ^ Jump up to : Ayyar , N.M. ( 1955 ) . `` The Gazette of India -- Extraordinary -- Part I '' ( PDF ) . The Gazette of India . The President 's Secretariat ( published 15 January 1955 ) : 8 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 18 May 2014 . Retrieved 18 May 2014 . The President is pleased to make the following revised regulations for the award of the decoration Bharat Ratna in supersession of those published in Notification No. 1 - Pres. / 54 , dated the 2nd January , 1954 ^ Jump up to : `` Bharat Ratna Scheme '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Home Affairs ( India ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 February 2018 . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Govt changes criteria for Bharat Ratna ; now open for all '' . The Hindu . New Delhi . Press Trust of India . 16 December 2011 . Archived from the original on 28 December 2013 . Retrieved 16 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Guha 2001 , p. 176 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tendulkar receives Bharat Ratna '' . ESPNcricinfo. 4 February 2014 . Archived from the original on 26 June 2014 . Retrieved 20 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Profile : Dhondo Keshav Karve '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on 1 December 2011 . Retrieved 20 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Daniel 1958 , p. 223 . ^ Jump up to : `` List of recipients of Bharat Ratna ( 1954 -- 2015 ) '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Home Affairs ( India ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 9 February 2018 . Retrieved 11 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hoiberg & Ramchandani 2000 , p. 96 . Jump up ^ Bhattacherje 2009 , p . A248 . ^ Jump up to : Edgar 2011 , p. C - 105 . Jump up ^ Madappa , K.C. ( 1980 ) . `` The Gazette of India -- Extraordinary -- Part I '' ( PDF ) . The Gazette of India . The President 's Secretariat ( published 25 January 1980 ) : 2 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 19 June 2016 . Retrieved 19 June 2016 . The President is pleased to cancel the President 's Secretariat Notification No. 65 - Pres / 77 dated the 8th August , 1977 by which the Civilian Awards `` Bharat Ratna ' , ' Padma Vibhushan ' , ' Padma Bhushan ' and ' Padma Shri ' were cancelled and to direct that the said Awards shall be re-instituted with immediate effect . Jump up ^ Bhattacherje 2009 , p . A253 . ^ Jump up to : `` Balaji Raghavan S.P. Anand Vs. Union of India : Transfer Case ( civil ) 9 of 1994 '' . Supreme Court of India . 4 August 1997 . Archived from the original on 19 May 2014 . Retrieved 14 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Gundevia , Y.D. ( 1966 ) . `` The Gazette of India -- Extraordinary -- Part I '' ( PDF ) . The Gazette of India . The President 's Secretariat ( published 11 January 1966 ) : 2 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 May 2014 . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . The President is pleased to award the Bharat Ratna posthumously to : -- Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri Jump up ^ `` The Constitution of India '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Law and Justice ( India ) . p. 36 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 September 2014 . Retrieved 19 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Indian order of precedence '' ( PDF ) . Rajya Sabha Secretariat . p. 1 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 July 2014 . Retrieved 19 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Crafting Bharat Ratna , Padma Medals at Kolkata Mint '' ( Press release ) . Press Information Bureau ( PIB ) , India . 21 January 2014 . Archived from the original on 17 May 2014 . Retrieved 13 May 2014 . Ranjan , Amitav ( 4 February 2014 ) . `` Sachin 's Bharat Ratna today a medal from 2000 '' . The Indian Express . New Delhi . Archived from the original on 28 April 2014 . Retrieved 13 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Sainty 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Crafting Bharat Ratna , Padma Medals at Kolkata Mint '' . Press Information Bureau . 26 January 2014 . Archived from the original on 8 December 2015 . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . `` History of the Alipore Mint '' . India Govt Mint , Kolkota . Archived from the original on 29 June 2008 . Retrieved 15 September 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Basu 2010 , p. 132 . ^ Jump up to : Haque , Amir ( 5 December 2013 ) . `` PIL against Bharat Ratna to CNR Rao dismissed , petitioners warned '' . Headlines Today . New Delhi : India Today . Archived from the original on 17 May 2014 . Retrieved 16 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sengupta , Subhajit ( 19 November 2013 ) . `` RTI activist moves EC against Sachin Tendulkar getting Bharat Ratna '' . IBN Live . Archived from the original on 19 December 2013 . Retrieved 16 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Case filed against Bharat Ratna award to Tendulkar '' . Rediff.com. 19 November 2013 . Archived from the original on 17 May 2014 . Retrieved 16 May 2014 . `` Bharat Ratna controversy : Cases filed against Manmohan , Sushil Kumar Shinde , Sachin Tendulkar '' . The Economic Times . Muzaffarpur. 19 November 2013 . Archived from the original on 23 July 2014 . Retrieved 16 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Union of India Vs. Bijan Ghosh and ORS : Special Leave Petition ( civil ) 628 of 1994 '' . Supreme Court of India . 4 August 1997 . Archived from the original on 14 May 2014 . Retrieved 14 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Basu 2010 , p. 102 . Jump up ^ `` SC cancels note on Bharat Ratna for Subhash Bose '' . Press Trust of India . New Delhi : The Indian Express . 5 August 1997 . Archived from the original on 18 December 2013 . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Govt did n't violate model code in naming Sachin for Bharat Ratna : EC '' . Hindustan Times . New Delhi . 4 December 2013 . Archived from the original on 22 December 2013 . Retrieved 16 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Court reserves order on Sachin Tendulkar 's Bharat Ratna '' . Daily News and Analysis . Lucknow . Indo - Asian News Service . 25 November 2013 . Archived from the original on 17 May 2014 . Retrieved 16 May 2014 . `` Madras HC dismisses PIL against Sachin Tendulkar getting Bharat Ratna '' . Chennai : IBN Live . 3 December 2013 . Archived from the original on 18 May 2014 . Retrieved 16 May 2014 . `` HC dismisses PIL challenging Bharat Ratna to Sachin , Rao '' . The Hindu . Chennai. 4 November 2013 . Archived from the original on 17 May 2014 . Retrieved 16 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Guha 2001 , p. 169 . Jump up ^ Hattangadi , Shekhar ( 11 February 2011 ) . `` It 's time to junk the sullied Padma awards '' . Daily News and Analysis . Mumbai . Archived from the original on 18 October 2014 . Retrieved 17 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Patranobis , Sutirtho ( 13 January 2008 ) . `` ' Politicking ' over the Bharat Ratna award '' . Hindustan Times . New Delhi . Archived from the original on 18 October 2014 . Retrieved 16 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ramachandran , Sudha ( 24 January 2008 ) . `` India 's top award misses congeniality '' . Asia Times Online . Bangalore . Archived from the original on 16 October 2014 . Retrieved 14 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Chatterjee , Saibal ; Prakash , Amit ( 1996 ) . `` An Honourable Judgement : A Supreme Court ruling aims to restore the sanctity of the nation 's highest awards '' . Outlook ( published 10 January 1996 ) . Archived from the original on 15 May 2014 . Retrieved 14 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Needler : Bharat Ratna to Pandit Malviya can lead to more demands '' . Mail Today . 27 December 2014 . Archived from the original on 16 June 2016 . Retrieved 8 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Sharma , Sandipan ( 25 December 2014 ) . `` Bharat Ratna for Vajpayee , Malaviya : Govt needs to stop politicising the reward '' . Firstpost . Archived from the original on 26 January 2015 . Retrieved 8 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Sopariwala , Dorab R. ( 28 January 2015 ) . `` A Bharat Ratna for Mahatma Gandhi ? '' . NDTV . Archived from the original on 29 October 2015 . Retrieved 8 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Ramaswami , T.R. ( 7 January 2012 ) . `` Let us not degrade country 's highest civilian honour Bharat Ratna '' . The Economic Times . Retrieved 8 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Diwanji , Amberish K. ( 24 December 2014 ) . `` Mr Modi , why not a Bharat Ratna for the Mahatma ? '' . Rediff.com . Archived from the original on 19 November 2015 . Retrieved 8 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` '' Netaji stature bigger than Bharat Ratna `` : Kin say best way to honour him is to declassify govt files on his disappearance '' . The Indian Express . Kolkata . 11 August 2014 . Archived from the original on 8 December 2015 . Retrieved 8 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Agnihotri , Amit ( 5 January 2015 ) . `` ' No posthumous Bharat Ratna should be given ' says Congress veteran Dwivedi '' . DailyMail . Archived from the original on 16 June 2016 . Retrieved 8 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bharat Ratna cry for Bose '' . The Telegraph ( Calcutta ) . New Delhi . 6 September 2012 . Archived from the original on 19 May 2014 . Retrieved 18 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Guha 2001 , p. 170 . Jump up ^ `` Acceptance Speeches : Satyajit Ray '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on 9 June 2014 . Retrieved 18 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bharat Ratna for Amartya Sen '' . Frontline . The Hindu . 16 ( 3 ) . 1999 . Archived from the original on 19 May 2014 . Retrieved 18 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Tripathi , Salil ( 23 August 2013 ) . `` Freedom of Expression : Indians are Becoming Increasingly Intolerant '' . Forbes India Magazine . Archived from the original on 19 May 2014 . Retrieved 18 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Prime Ministers of India '' . Prime Minister 's Office ( India ) . Archived from the original on 9 October 2014 . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Chatterjee , Manini ( 10 January 2008 ) . `` Uneasy lies crown that awaits Ratna -- Advani proposes Vajpayee 's name , method and timing fuel murmurs '' . The Telegraph ( Calcutta ) . Calcutta . Archived from the original on 21 May 2014 . Retrieved 19 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Premiers / Chief Ministers of West Bengal '' . West Bengal Legislative Assembly . Archived from the original on 12 May 2014 . Retrieved 10 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jyoti Basu can be given Bharat Ratna : CPI ( M ) '' . Kolkata : Daily News and Analysis . Press Trust of India . 11 January 2008 . Archived from the original on 21 May 2014 . Retrieved 19 May 2014 . `` Jyoti Basu `` not in the race '' `` . The Hindu . Kolkata . Press Trust of India . 13 January 2008 . Archived from the original on 31 March 2014 . Retrieved 19 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bharat Ratna losing its sanctity ? '' . The Statesman. 24 November 2013 . Archived from the original on 20 May 2014 . Retrieved 19 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Shiv Sena starts drive to collect 10 lakh signatures to get Bharat Ratna for Vinayak Damodar Savarkar '' . The Economic Times . 15 September 2015 . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . `` Shiv Sena demands Bharat Ratna for Veer Savarkar '' . Mid-Day . New Delhi . Press Trust of India . 14 September 2015 . Archived from the original on 26 September 2015 . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . `` Savarkar does n't need an award for recognition , says grand - nephew '' . The Indian Express . Mumbai . Archived from the original on 19 October 2015 . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Ray , Suman ( 8 January 2014 ) . `` Fans hold rally demanding Bharat Ratna for Dhyan Chand '' . New Delhi : India Today . Archived from the original on 9 October 2014 . Retrieved 19 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dhyan Chand , not Sachin Tendulkar , is Sports Ministry 's choice for Bharat Ratna '' . New Delhi : NDTV Sports . Press Trust of India . 19 July 2013 . Archived from the original on 22 July 2013 . Retrieved 19 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` National Rifle Association of India recommends Abhinav Bindra for Bharat Ratna '' . New Delhi : NDTV Sports . Press Trust of India . 13 May 2013 . Archived from the original on 20 October 2014 . Retrieved 19 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Shukla , Neha ( 13 February 2014 ) . `` Sports ministry recommended Dhyan Chand for Bharat Ratna '' . The Times of India . Archived from the original on 20 October 2014 . Retrieved 19 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Ferro , Ashwin ( 5 February 2014 ) . `` I have no hope of Bharat Ratna for Dhyan Chand now : Ashok Kumar '' . Mumbai : Mid Day . Archived from the original on 12 September 2014 . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . `` ' Dhyan Chand deserved Bharat Ratna more than Sachin ' '' . Rediff.com. 19 November 2013 . Archived from the original on 20 May 2014 . Retrieved 19 May 2014 . Nagpal , Deepak ( 18 November 2013 ) . `` Bharat Ratna : If Sachin Tendulkar deserves it then why not Dhyan Chand ? '' . Zee News . Archived from the original on 22 August 2015 . Retrieved 19 May 2014 . Mazoomdaar , Jay ( 17 November 2013 ) . `` Just not cricket : Why did Sachin get Bharat Ratna before Dhyan Chand ? '' . Firstpost . Archived from the original on 21 June 2014 . Retrieved 19 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bharat Ratna for Mahatma Gandhi ? '' . The Hindu . Bangalore. 28 January 2014 . Archived from the original on 16 May 2014 . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Union of India Vs. Manjunath '' ( PDF ) . High Court of Karnataka. 27 January 2014 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 7 November 2015 . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . `` High Court of Karnataka : WP 3149 / 2014 '' . High Court of Karnataka. 27 January 2014 . Archived from the original on 24 June 2016 . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Profile : Chakravarti Rajagopalachari '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on 10 March 2016 . Retrieved 12 September 2015 . `` Government of Tamil Nadu : Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu since 192 '' . Government of Tamil Nadu . Archived from the original on 23 April 2013 . Retrieved 12 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Former President of India '' . The President 's Secretariat . Archived from the original on 16 October 2014 . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Former Vice President of India '' . The Vice President 's Secretariat . Archived from the original on 17 October 2014 . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan : The Philosopher President '' . Press Information Bureau ( PIB ) . Archived from the original on 28 August 2015 . Retrieved 12 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1930 '' . Nobel Foundation . Archived from the original on 11 October 2014 . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . `` Sir Venkata Raman Facts '' . Nobel Foundation . Archived from the original on 17 September 2015 . Retrieved 12 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` About Us -- Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith Varanasi '' . Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith . Archived from the original on 26 June 2014 . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . Masih , Niha ( 1 January 2015 ) . `` Varanasi : The City of Bharat Ratnas '' . NDTV . Archived from the original on 3 October 2015 . Retrieved 12 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Engineer 's Day in India : celebrating M. Visvesvaraya 's birthday '' . New Delhi : IBN Live . 15 September 2012 . Archived from the original on 16 September 2015 . Retrieved 12 September 2015 . `` The Architect of India 's Nuclear Programme '' . Vigyan Prasar . Archived from the original on 4 June 2007 . Retrieved 12 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Guha , Ramachandra ( 11 January 2014 ) . `` Leave it to history : India 's best and worst prime ministerse '' . The Telegraph . Calcutta . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 12 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh '' . Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly . Archived from the original on 21 July 2014 . Retrieved 9 May 2014 . `` Nation pays homage to Pandit Govind Ballabh Pant on his 127th birth anniversary '' . Business Standard . New Delhi . Archived from the original on 5 March 2016 . Retrieved 12 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Osnes 2013 , p. 104 . Jump up ^ Kalra , R.N. ( 3 July 2011 ) . `` A doctor par excellence '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 12 September 2015 . Retrieved 12 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Profile : Purushottam Das Tandon '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on 19 September 2015 . Retrieved 12 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Weber 2004 , p. 138 . Jump up ^ `` Profile : Rajendra Prasad '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on 9 September 2015 . Retrieved 12 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Taneja 2000 , p. 167 . Jump up ^ `` Mumbai University Alumni '' . University of Mumbai . Archived from the original on 4 September 2015 . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` From the Bookshelves of IGNCA : Texts on Dharmashastra wellspring of Indian code for life '' . Indira Gandhi National Centre of the Arts . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gallery of Prime Ministers of India '' . Press Information Bureau ( PIB ) . Archived from the original on 4 August 2015 . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Profile : Lal Bahadur Shastri '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on 6 September 2015 . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Thelikorala , Sulakshi ( 18 November 2011 ) . `` Indira Gandhi : Iron Lady of India '' . Asian Tribune . World Institute For Asian Studies . Archived from the original on 1 January 2016 . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Profile : Indira Gandhi '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on 5 September 2015 . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Mansingh , Surjit ( 2006 ) . Historical Dictionary of India . Scarecrow Press . p. 240 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 6502 - 0 . Archived from the original on 28 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Dubey , Scharada ( 2009 ) . First among equals President of India . Westland . pp. 37 -- 44 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 89975 - 53 - 1 . Archived from the original on 7 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Details of terms of successive legislative assemblies constituted under the constitution of India '' . Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly . Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 . Retrieved 10 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Profile : Kumaraswami Kamaraj '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on 6 September 2015 . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Profile : Blessed Mother Teresa '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on 6 September 2015 . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . `` Mother Teresa -- Biographical '' . Nobel Foundation . Archived from the original on 11 October 2014 . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1979 '' . Nobel Foundation . Archived from the original on 16 October 2014 . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Profile : Vinoba Bhave '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on 6 September 2015 . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ramon Magsaysay Award winners '' . Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation . Archived from the original on 12 May 2014 . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Profile : Abdul Ghaffar Khan '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on 18 September 2015 . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The chequered history of our national honours '' . Rediff.com. 1 February 2010 . Archived from the original on 18 May 2014 . Retrieved 17 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Profile : Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on 7 September 2015 . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Some Facts of Constituent Assembly '' . Parliament of India . National Informatics Centre . Archived from the original on 11 May 2011 . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Jain , Anurodh Lalit ( 14 April 2013 ) . `` Let 's help realise the vision of Ambedkar for Dalits '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 14 December 2016 . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . `` Untouchability , The Dead Cow And The Brahmin '' . Outlook . 22 October 2002 . Archived from the original on 9 November 2015 . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Vajpeyi , Ananya ( 27 August 2015 ) . `` Owning Ambedkar sans his views '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 7 January 2016 . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Srivastava , Kanchan ( 8 October 2015 ) . `` Gautam Buddha 's ashes to travel from Sri Lanka to Maharashtra next week '' . Daily News Analysis . Archived from the original on 20 October 2015 . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Profile : Nelson Mandela '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on 5 September 2015 . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nelson Mandela , the ' Gandhi of South Africa ' , had strong Indian connections '' . Deccan Chronicle . Johannesburg . Press Trust of India . 7 December 2013 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2016 . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Mandela , Nelson ( 6 June 1993 ) . `` Nelson Mandela 's speech at unveiling of Gandhi Memorial '' . Pietermaritzburg : African National Congress . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nelson Mandela -- Biographical '' . Nobel Foundation . Archived from the original on 17 October 2014 . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1993 '' . Nobel Foundation . Archived from the original on 16 October 2014 . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` PM Modi pays tributes to Sardar Patel on his death anniversary '' . New Delhi : IBN Live . 15 December 2014 . Archived from the original on 26 December 2015 . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Patel 's communalism -- a documented record '' . Frontline. 13 December 2013 . Archived from the original on 2 January 2016 . Retrieved 6 November 2015 . `` Sardar Patel : Builder of a Steel Strong India '' . Press Information Bureau . Archived from the original on 5 November 2015 . Retrieved 6 November 2015 . `` Who betrayed Sardar Patel ? '' . The Hindu . 19 November 2013 . Archived from the original on 8 August 2016 . Retrieved 6 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Profile : Vallabhbhai Jhaverbhai Patel '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on 2 November 2015 . Retrieved 11 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Mukul , Akshaya ( 20 January 2008 ) . `` The great Bharat Ratna race '' . The Times of India . Archived from the original on 17 May 2014 . Retrieved 17 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Bhatia , Shyam ( 11 July 2001 ) . `` When India and Pakistan almost made peace '' . Rediff.com . Archived from the original on 10 July 2015 . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Those who said no to top awards '' . The Times of India . 20 January 2008 . Archived from the original on 24 November 2013 . Retrieved 14 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` List of former Ministers in charge of Education / HRD '' . Ministry of Human Resource Development . Archived from the original on 18 October 2014 . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` National Education Day celebrated '' . The Hindu . Krishnagiri. 14 November 2011 . Archived from the original on 25 March 2014 . Retrieved 11 October 2015 . Sharma , Arun Kumar ( 7 November 2010 ) . `` Visionary educationist '' . The Tribune . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 11 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Profile : J.R.D. Tata '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . Shah , Shashank ; Ramamoorthy , V.E. ( 2013 ) . Soulful Corporations : A Values - Based Perspective on Corporate Social Responsibility . Springer Science & Business Media . p. 149 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 322 - 1275 - 1 . Archived from the original on 28 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Gulzar , Nihalani & Chatterjee 2003 , p. 612 . Jump up ^ `` Sight and Sound Poll 1992 : Critics '' . California Institute of Technology . Archived from the original on 16 October 2013 . Retrieved 3 February 2013 . Kevin Lee ( 5 September 2002 ) . `` A Slanted Canon '' . Asian American Film Commentary . Archived from the original on 31 May 2012 . Retrieved 3 February 2013 . `` Greatest Film Directors and Their Best Films '' . Filmsite.org . Archived from the original on 31 March 2014 . Retrieved 3 February 2013 . `` The Greatest Directors Ever by Total Film Magazine '' . Filmsite.org . Archived from the original on 26 April 2014 . Retrieved 3 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dadasaheb Phalke Awards '' . Directorate of Film Festivals . Archived from the original on 26 May 2016 . Retrieved 6 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Former PM Gulzarilal Nanda dead '' . Rediff.com. 15 January 1998 . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 14 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Singh , Kuldeep ( 31 July 1996 ) . `` Obituary : Aruna Asaf Ali '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 25 September 2015 . Retrieved 14 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bio-data : Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam '' . Press Information Bureau ( PIB ) . 26 July 2002 . Archived from the original on 13 May 2014 . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` MS Subbulakshmi : ' Nightingale ' of Carnatic music '' . Rediff.com. 12 December 2004 . Archived from the original on 8 July 2015 . Retrieved 23 September 2015 . `` M.S. Subbulakshmi commemorated with a doodle '' . Rediff.com. 16 September 2013 . Archived from the original on 23 December 2013 . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` C Subramaniam awarded Bharat Ratna '' . Rediff.com. 18 February 1998 . Archived from the original on 3 February 2014 . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Merchant , Minhaz ; Bobb , Dilip ; Louis , Arul B. ; Sethi , Sunil ; Chawla , Prabhu ; Ahmed , Farzand ( 6 March 2014 ) . `` Jayapraksh Narayan : A leader betrayed '' . India Today . Archived from the original on 6 July 2015 . Retrieved 17 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1998 '' . Nobel Foundation . Archived from the original on 11 October 2014 . Retrieved 9 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Biographical note : Amartya Sen : Thomas W. Lamont University Professor , and Professor of Economics and Philosophy '' . Harvard University . Archived from the original on 9 September 2015 . Retrieved 17 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Assam Legislative Assembly -- Chief Ministers since 1937 '' . Assam Legislative Assembly . Archived from the original on 16 January 2014 . Retrieved 10 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Phukan , Sandeep ( 8 February 2014 ) . `` In Assam , Narendra Modi describes how Congress ' betrayed ' it '' . Guwahati : NDTV . Archived from the original on 27 September 2015 . Retrieved 17 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Profile : Ravi Shankar '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on 23 September 2015 . Retrieved 17 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` India 's Nightingale Lata Mangeshkar turns 82 today '' . Firstpost. 28 September 2011 . Archived from the original on 30 January 2012 . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Gulzar , Nihalani & Chatterjee 2003 , pp. 486 , 487 . Jump up ^ `` Indian music 's soulful maestro '' . BBC News . 21 August 2006 . Archived from the original on 17 November 2015 . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Jamkhandi , Gururaj ( 26 January 2011 ) . `` Torch - bearers of kirana gharana , and their followers '' . The Times of India . Hubli . Archived from the original on 3 February 2011 . Retrieved 9 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Thakur 2010 , pp. 77 -- 86 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Fellow : Professor Chintamani Nagesa Ramachandra Rao '' . Indian National Science Academy . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . `` Profile : Rao C.N.R '' . Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research . Archived from the original on 1 September 2015 . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . `` Research : Rao C.N.R '' . Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research . Archived from the original on 1 September 2015 . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Profile : Sachin Tendulkar '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on 6 September 2015 . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Records / Combined Test , ODI and T20I records / Batting records ; Most runs in career '' . ESPNcricinfo. 13 September 2015 . Archived from the original on 21 November 2013 . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Profile : Madan Mohan Malaviya '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on 6 September 2015 . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . `` History of BHU : The Capital of all Knowledge '' . Banaras Hindu University . 23 August 2011 . Archived from the original on 23 September 2015 . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . `` Speech of Prime Minister at the Commemoration of 150th Birth Anniversary of Mahamana Madan Mohan Malaviya inaugural function '' . Press Information Bureau . 27 December 2011 . Archived from the original on 6 August 2016 . Retrieved 6 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Profile of Shri Atal Behari Bajpayee '' . Press Information Bureau ( PIB ) . Archived from the original on 10 August 2015 . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . `` Profile : Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee : March 19 , 1998 -- May 22 , 2004 ( Bhartiya Janta Party ) '' . Prime Minister 's Office . Archived from the original on 17 November 2015 . Retrieved 6 November 2015 . Bibliography ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bharat Ratna . India portal Basu , Kanailal ( 2010 ) . Netaji : Rediscovered . AuthorHouse . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4490 - 5569 - 1 . Bhattacherje , S.B. ( 2009 ) . Encyclopaedia of Indian Events & Dates . Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd . ISBN 978 - 81 - 207 - 4074 - 7 . Daniel , P. ( 1958 ) . The Indian Review . 58 . G.A. Natesan & Company . Edgar , Thorpe ( 2011 ) . The Pearson General Knowledge Manual 2011 . Pearson Education India . ISBN 978 - 81 - 317 - 5640 - 9 . Guha , Ramachandra ( 2001 ) . An Anthropologist Among the Marxists and Other Essays . Orient Blackswan . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7824 - 001 - 5 . Gulzar ; Nihalani , Govind ; Chatterjee , Saibal , eds. ( 2003 ) . Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema . Popular Prakashan . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7991 - 066 - 5 . Hoiberg , Dale ; Ramchandani , Indu ( 2000 ) . Students ' Britannica India . 1 -- 5 . Popular Prakashan . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7156 - 112 - 4 . Osnes , Beth ( 2013 ) . Theatre for Women 's Participation in Sustainable Development . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 72846 - 4 . Sainty , Guy Stair ( 2011 ) . World Orders of Knighthood and Merit . University of Michigan Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9711966 - 7 - 4 . Taneja , V.R. ; Taneja , S. ( 2000 ) . Educational Thinkers . Atlantic Publishers & Dist . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7156 - 112 - 4 . Weber , Thomas ( 2004 ) . Gandhi as Disciple and Mentor . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 45657 - 9 . Further reading ( edit ) Murthi , R.K. ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of Bharat Ratnas . Pitambar Publishing . ISBN 978 - 81 - 209 - 1307 - 3 . Chandra , Shailesh ( 2009 ) . Bharat Ratna : The Jewel of India . Alfa Publications . p. 320 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 907385 - 0 - 7 . Bharat Ratna laureates 1954 -- 1960 C. Rajagopalachari , Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan , and C.V. Raman ( 1954 ) Bhagwan Das , Mokshagundam Visvesvarayya , and Jawaharlal Nehru ( 1955 ) Govind Ballabh Pant ( 1957 ) Dhondo Keshav Karve ( 1958 ) 1961 -- 1980 Bidhan Chandra Roy and Purushottam Das Tandon ( 1961 ) Rajendra Prasad ( 1962 ) Zakir Husain and Pandurang Vaman Kane ( 1963 ) Lal Bahadur Shastri ( 1966 ) Indira Gandhi ( 1971 ) V.V. Giri ( 1975 ) K. Kamaraj ( 1976 ) Mother Teresa ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 2000 Vinoba Bhave ( 1983 ) Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan ( 1987 ) M.G. Ramachandran ( 1988 ) B.R. Ambedkar and Nelson Mandela ( 1990 ) Rajiv Gandhi , Vallabhbhai Patel , and Morarji Desai ( 1991 ) Abul Kalam Azad , J.R.D. Tata , and Satyajit Ray ( 1992 ) Gulzarilal Nanda , Aruna Asaf Ali , and A.P.J. Abdul Kalam ( 1997 ) M.S. Subbulakshmi and Chidambaram Subramaniam ( 1998 ) Jayaprakash Narayan , Amartya Sen , Gopinath Bordoloi , and Ravi Shankar ( 1999 ) 2001 -- present Lata Mangeshkar and Bismillah Khan ( 2001 ) Bhimsen Joshi ( 2008 ) C.N.R. Rao and Sachin Tendulkar ( 2014 ) Madan Mohan Malaviya and Atal Bihari Vajpayee ( 2015 ) Indian honours and decorations Civilian National Bharat Ratna Padma Vibhushan Padma Bhushan Padma Shri Children National Bravery Award National Child Award for Exceptional Achievement National Bal Shree Honour Women Stree Shakti Puraskar Police President 's Police Medal for Gallantry Police Medal for Gallantry Central Ganga Sharan Award George Grierson Award Mahapandit Rahul Sankrityayan Award Moturi Satyanarayan Award National Award for Child Welfare Subramanya Bharathi Award By field Literature Sahitya Akademi Fellowship Sahitya Akademi Award Cinema Dadasaheb Phalke Award National Film Awards Other arts Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship Sangeet Natak Akademi Award Lalit Kala Akademi Fellowship Sports Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Arjuna Award Dronacharya Award Dhyan Chand Award Science & Technology Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Kalinga Prize Aryabhata Award Gallantry Sarvottam Jeevan Raksha Padak Uttam Jeevan Raksha Padak Jeevan Raksha Padak Medical Dr. B.C. Roy Award International Gandhi Peace Prize Indira Gandhi Peace Prize Tagore Award for Cultural Harmony Military Wartime Param Vir Chakra Maha Vir Chakra Vir Chakra Peacetime Ashoka Chakra Kirti Chakra Shaurya Chakra Distinguished Service & Gallantry Sena Medal Army Nao Sena Medal Navy Vayu Sena Medal Air Force Wartime Sarvottam Yudh Seva Medal Uttam Yudh Seva Medal Yudh Seva Medal Peacetime Param Vishisht Seva Medal Ati Vishisht Seva Medal Vishisht Seva Medal Service and campaign medals Wound Medal General Service Medal 1947 Samanya Seva Medal Special Service Medal Samar Seva Star Poorvi Star Paschimi Star Operation Vijay Star Siachen Glacier Medal Raksha Medal Sangram Medal Operation Vijay Medal Operation Parakram Medal Sainya Seva Medal High Altitude Service Medal Videsh Seva Medal Long service awards Meritorious Service Medal Long Service and Good Conduct Medal 30 Years Long Service Medal 20 Years Long Service Medal 9 Years Long Service Medal Territorial Army Decoration Territorial Army Medal Independence Awards Indian Independence Medal 50th Independence Anniversary Medal 25th Independence Anniversary Medal Other Awards Mention in Dispatches Commendation Card Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bharat_Ratna&oldid=856611714 '' Categories : Awards established in 1954 Civil awards and decorations of India Recipients of the Bharat Ratna Lists of Indian award winners Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Good articles EngvarB from July 2014 Use dmy dates from July 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া বাংলা भोजपुरी Deutsch Español فارسی Français ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ Kurdî Lëtzebuergesch मैथिली മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Русский ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ संस्कृतम् Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Українська اردو 中文 32 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2018 , at 12 : 58 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharat%20Ratna
| 2,034 |
|
who did chris pratt play in guardians of the galaxy
|
Pratt achieved leading man status in 2014 after starring in two critically and commercially successful films , Warner Animation Group 's The Lego Movie as Emmet Brickowski and Marvel Studios ' Guardians of the Galaxy as Star - Lord . In 2015 , he starred in Jurassic World , the fourth installment in the Jurassic Park franchise , which was his most financially successful film up until the release of Infinity War ; he reprised the former role in the sequel Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom in 2018 . In 2015 , Time named Pratt one of the 100 most influential people in the world on the annual Time 100 list .
|
Star - Lord
|
Chris Pratt
|
chris pratt
|
Chris Pratt Pratt at the premiere of Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom in Japan , June 2018 Christopher Michael Pratt ( 1979 - 06 - 21 ) June 21 , 1979 ( age 39 ) Virginia , Minnesota , U.S. Residence Los Angeles , California , U.S. Occupation Actor Years active 2000 -- present Spouse ( s ) Anna Faris ( m . 2009 ; div. 2018 ) Children Christopher Michael Pratt ( born June 21 , 1979 ) is an American actor . He came to prominence with his television roles , particularly as Andy Dwyer in the NBC sitcom Parks and Recreation ( 2009 -- 2015 ) , for which he received critical acclaim and was nominated for the Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series in 2013 . He also starred earlier in his career as Bright Abbott in The WB drama series Everwood ( 2002 -- 2006 ) and has notable roles in Wanted ( 2008 ) , Jennifer 's Body ( 2009 ) , Moneyball ( 2011 ) , The Five - Year Engagement ( 2012 ) , Zero Dark Thirty ( 2013 ) , Delivery Man ( 2013 ) , and Her ( 2013 ) . Pratt achieved leading man status in 2014 after starring in two critically and commercially successful films , Warner Animation Group 's The Lego Movie as Emmet Brickowski and Marvel Studios ' Guardians of the Galaxy as Star - Lord . In 2015 , he starred in Jurassic World , the fourth installment in the Jurassic Park franchise , which was his most financially successful film up until the release of Infinity War ; he reprised the former role in the sequel Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom in 2018 . In 2015 , Time named Pratt one of the 100 most influential people in the world on the annual Time 100 list . Pratt continued his leading man run in 2016 with The Magnificent Seven and Passengers . He reprised his role Star - Lord in the Marvel Cinematic Universe in Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( 2017 ) , Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) and its upcoming sequel ( 2019 ) . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 2000 -- 2012 2.2 2013 -- present 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Video games 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Christopher Michael Pratt was born in Virginia , Minnesota , the youngest child of Kathleen Louise ( née Indahl ) , who worked at a Safeway supermarket , and Daniel Clifton Pratt , who worked in mining and later remodeling houses . Pratt 's father died in 2014 from multiple sclerosis . His mother is of Norwegian descent . When Pratt was three years old , the family moved to Lake Stevens , Washington . Pratt placed fifth in a high school state wrestling tournament , recalling that when his wrestling coach asked him what he wished to do with his life , he said `` ' I do n't know , but I know I 'll be famous and I know I 'll make a shit ton of money . ' I had no idea how . I 'd done nothing proactive . '' He graduated from Lake Stevens High School in 1997 . Pratt dropped out of community college halfway through the first semester and , after working as a discount ticket salesman and daytime stripper , he ended up homeless in Maui , Hawaii , sleeping in a van and a tent on the beach . He told The Independent , `` It 's a pretty awesome place to be homeless . We just drank and smoked weed and worked minimal hours , just enough to cover gas , food , and fishing supplies . '' He recalled listening to the Dr. Dre album 2001 daily , to the point where he knew every lyric ; years later , he rapped Eminem 's verses from the song `` Forgot About Dre '' extemporaneously during an interview . Career ( edit ) 2000 -- 2012 ( edit ) At 19 years old , Pratt was waiting tables at the Bubba Gump Shrimp Company restaurant in Maui when he was discovered by actress and director Rae Dawn Chong . She cast him in her directorial debut , the short horror film Cursed Part 3 , which was filmed in Los Angeles . Pratt 's first regular television role was as Harold Brighton `` Bright '' Abbott on the series Everwood . After Everwood 's cancellation , he joined the cast of The O.C. for its fourth season , playing activist Winchester `` Ché '' Cook . He also had an appearance in the 2008 action film Wanted , where James McAvoy hits him with a keyboard . Pratt at the premiere of Parks and Recreation in April 2009 In 2009 , Pratt began playing Andy Dwyer on the NBC comedy series Parks and Recreation . Originally meant to be a temporary character , producers liked Pratt so much they asked him to become a series regular . This would become his breakout character . Pratt portrayed Oakland Athletics first baseman / catcher Scott Hatteberg in the 2011 film Moneyball . He was initially told that he was too fat to play Hatteberg , as he had gained 40 pounds ( 18 kg ) , which Pratt attributed to the cooking of his then - girlfriend , actress Anna Faris . Deciding to lose weight , he worked out continuously , regularly checking to see if the part was cast , losing a total of 30 pounds ( 14 kg ) . When he felt he had lost enough , he sent a photo of himself to the casting director and won the part . Prior to the release of Moneyball , Pratt was typecast as youthful and somewhat immature characters . In Moneyball , he played a dramatic role as a father and dejected baseball player who once feared his career was over and who had the difficult task of learning a new defensive position . He gained back the weight he had lost to appear in the film 10 Years ( 2011 ) , then lost it again to portray a Navy SEAL in the film Zero Dark Thirty ( 2012 ) . He played the co-worker of Joaquin Phoenix character in Spike Jonze 's sci - fi romance Her in December 2013 . 2013 -- present ( edit ) In 2013 , Pratt initially turned down the opportunity to play Peter Quill / Star - Lord in Marvel Studios ' Guardians of the Galaxy , explaining that he did not `` want another Captain Kirk or Avatar moment '' . The film 's casting director , Sarah Finn , suggested Pratt to director James Gunn , who had struggled to cast that role and dismissed the idea . Pratt at the premiere of Guardians of the Galaxy in July 2014 Despite this , Finn arranged for a meeting between the two , at which point Gunn was convinced that Pratt was perfect for the role . Pratt also won over Marvel Studios President Kevin Feige , despite having gained weight again for the comedy film Delivery Man . The role was part of a multi-film deal that Pratt signed with Marvel . Although Pratt had been known until that point for playing supporting characters , and was best known as his portly Parks and Recreation character , that changed in 2014 when he headlined two feature films , the first of which was The Lego Movie as Emmet Brickowski . The film became the third - highest - grossing film of 2014 in North America . This was followed that August by Guardians of the Galaxy , which became the highest - grossing film of 2014 in North America , making Pratt the star of two of the top five highest - grossing films of that year . Bruce Diones of The New Yorker noted , `` Pratt , overflowing with charisma , plays the leader of the pack of misfits , and his blissed - out space cowboy ( with a love for seventies music ) is so full of good will that he buoys the film and its requisite whizbang special effects . '' In March 2014 , Pratt was awarded the CinemaCon Award for Breakthrough Performer . In 2014 , he was ranked as # 2 on People magazine 's annual list of Sexiest Men Alive . Pratt was the featured cover story of the July 18 Entertainment Weekly , which documented the evolution of Pratt 's physique over the course of the previous 12 years , going from 220 pounds ( 100 kg ) for his role on Everwood to 295 pounds ( 134 kg ) for Delivery Man , to 225 -- 230 pounds ( 102 -- 104 kg ) for his roles in Zero Dark Thirty and Guardians of the Galaxy . Pratt poked fun at his fluctuating physique in a musical number he performed during his monologue when he hosted the September 27 , 2014 , episode of Saturday Night Live . In November 2013 , Pratt , an avid fan of Jurassic Park , who has referred to that film as `` my Star Wars '' , replaced Josh Brolin as the lead in the film Jurassic World ( 2015 ) . He played Owen Grady , who works training velociraptors . Jurassic World grossed $652.3 million in North America and $1.018 billion overseas for a worldwide total of $1.670 billion . He reprised the role in the sequel , Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom , which was released on June 22 , 2018 . His next film role was as Josh Faraday , a gambler , in The Magnificent Seven , a remake of the 1960 Western with the same name , in which he starred alongside Denzel Washington . The film was released on September 23 , 2016 . Pratt 's second 2016 release was Passengers , a science fiction film which opened in December , and co-starred Jennifer Lawrence . Pratt played a character described as `` a mechanic , who wants to get off an Earth that no longer seems to value a guy who works with his hands '' . Pratt reprised his role as Peter Quill / Star - Lord in the Guardians of the Galaxy sequel Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 , which was released in May 2017 . The film focuses on Quill 's and his team 's search for his father . Pratt also portrayed the character in Avengers : Infinity War , which was released in April 2018 . On April 21 , 2017 , Pratt received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his achievements in motion pictures , located at 6834 Hollywood Boulevard . On March 23 , 2018 , it was announced that Pratt would reprise his role as Emmet in The Lego Movie 2 : The Second Part . In May , Pratt was confirmed to star in the western drama The Kid . Pratt is set to appear as Duncan in action film Cowboy Ninja Viking alongside Priyanka Chopra . Initially the movie was decided to be released in June 2019 , however , on 7 August 2018 , the movie was pulled from the release list , nullifying the previous release date . Personal life ( edit ) Pratt and Anna Faris at the 2011 Toronto International Film Festival In 2007 , on the set of Take Me Home Tonight , Pratt met actress Anna Faris , who played his love interest in the film . They were engaged in late 2008 and married in Bali , Indonesia , on July 9 , 2009 , eloping on a whim after a friend 's wedding . They lived in the Hollywood Hills neighborhood of Los Angeles , California . Pratt and Faris , pregnant with their child , had a `` coming home '' celebration with friends and family back in the Seattle area in 2012 , which was used as a basis for a challenge for an episode of Top Chef , which was filming in Seattle at the time ; the episode was filmed at the recently opened Chihuly Garden and Glass exhibit at Seattle Center . Their son , Jack , was born in August 2012 , nine weeks premature and weighing only 3 pounds 12 ounces ( 1.7 kg ) . Pratt stated that the birth of his preterm son `` really defined '' his faith in God , after both he and his wife `` prayed a lot '' as they were initially afraid of the baby 's prognosis . Pratt was raised Lutheran and later worked for Jews for Jesus , eventually becoming a non-denominational Christian . On August 6 , 2017 , Pratt and Faris announced their legal separation . On December 1 , Pratt filed for divorce . On October 16 , 2018 , it was announced that their divorce has been finalized . As of July 2018 , he is in a relationship with author Katherine Schwarzenegger . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2000 Cursed Part 3 Devon Short film 2003 The Extreme Team Keenan 2005 Strangers with Candy Brason 2007 Walk the Talk Cam 2008 Wieners Bobby Wanted Barry 2009 Bride Wars Fletcher Flemson Deep in the Valley Lester Watts Jennifer 's Body Roman Duda The Multi-Hyphenate Chris Short film 2011 Take Me Home Tonight Kyle Masterson Moneyball Scott Hatteberg What 's Your Number ? Disgusting Donald 10 Years Cully 2012 The Five - Year Engagement Alex Eilhauer Zero Dark Thirty Justin 2013 Movie 43 Doug Segment : `` The Proposition '' Mr. Payback Darren Short film Delivery Man Brett Her Paul 2014 The Lego Movie Emmet Brickowski ( voice ) Guardians of the Galaxy Peter Quill / Star - Lord 2015 Jurassic World Owen Grady Jem and the Holograms Himself Cameo 2016 The Magnificent Seven Joshua Faraday Passengers Jim Preston 2017 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Peter Quill / Star - Lord 2018 Avengers : Infinity War Peter Quill / Star - Lord Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Owen Grady 2019 The Lego Movie 2 : The Second Part Emmet Brickowski / Rex Dangervest ( voices ) In post-production Untitled Avengers film Peter Quill / Star - Lord In post-production The Kid Grant Cutler In post-production Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2001 The Huntress Nick Owens Episode : `` Who Are You ? '' 2002 -- 2006 Everwood Bright Abbott Main role ( 89 episodes ) 2005 Path of Destruction Nathan McCain Television film 2006 -- 2007 The O.C. Winchester `` Ché '' Cook Recurring role ; 9 episodes 2008 The Batman Jake ( voice ) Episode : `` Attack of the Terrible Trio '' 2009 -- 2015 Parks and Recreation Andy Dwyer Main role ( 117 episodes ) 2010 -- 2011 Ben 10 : Ultimate Alien Cooper Daniels ( voice ) 2 episodes 2012 Top Chef Himself Season 10 , episode 6 : `` Even the Famous Come Home '' 2013 Timms Valley Donovan Timms ( voice ) Special 2014 Saturday Night Live Himself / ( host ) Episode : `` Chris Pratt / Ariana Grande '' 2017 Mom Nick Banaszak Episode : `` Good Karma and the Big Weird '' Video games ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Ben 10 Ultimate Alien : Cosmic Destruction Cooper Daniels 2012 Kinect Star Wars Obi - Wan Kenobi 2014 The Lego Movie Videogame Emmet Brickowski Archive footage 2015 Lego Jurassic World Owen Grady Lego Dimensions Emmet Brickowski / Owen Grady Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Association Nominated work Result Ref . Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Sidekick Everwood Nominated 2005 Choice TV Sidekick Nominated 2012 Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Best Acting Ensemble Zero Dark Thirty Nominated 2013 Critics ' Choice Television Award Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Parks and Recreation Nominated 2014 Teen Choice Awards Choice Animated Movie : Voice The Lego Movie Nominated CinemaCon Awards Breakthrough Performer of the Year Guardians of the Galaxy Won Young Hollywood Awards Super Superhero Nominated Detroit Film Critics Society Best Ensemble Won Breakthrough Performance Nominated 2015 Critics ' Choice Movie Awards Best Actor in an Action Movie Nominated MTV Movie Awards Best Male Performance Nominated Best Shirtless Performance Nominated Best Musical Moment Nominated Best Comedic Performance Nominated Best Hero Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Male Action Star Nominated Saturn Awards Best Actor Won Teen Choice Awards Choice Summer Movie Star : Male Jurassic World Nominated 2016 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Movie Actor Nominated Favorite Action Movie Actor Nominated Critics ' Choice Movie Awards Best Actor in an Action Movie Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Movie Actor Nominated MTV Movie Awards Best Male Performance Nominated Best Action Performance Won Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie Actor : AnTEENcipated The Magnificent Seven Nominated 2017 Saturn Awards Best Actor Passengers Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie Actor : Sci - Fi Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Won Choice Movie : Ship ( with Zoe Saldana ) Nominated 2018 MTV Movie & TV Awards MTV Generation Award N / A Won Teen Choice Awards Choice Summer Movie Star : Male Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Won Choice Liplock ( with Zoe Saldana ) Avengers : Infinity War Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Haysom , Sam . `` Chris Evans trolls Chris Pratt on his birthday , gets the ultimate response '' . Mashable . Jump up ^ Poehler , Amy . `` Chris Pratt : The World 's 100 Most Influential People '' . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Pratt '' . TVGuide.com . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2014 . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Collis , Clark ( July 11 , 2014 ) . `` How Chris Pratt Went from Zero to Hero '' . Entertainment Weekly . pp. 24 -- 31 . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2015 . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fine , Audrey . `` Getting to Know : Chris Pratt '' . Seventeen . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2011 . Retrieved August 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cara Buckley ( July 23 , 2014 ) . `` Chris Pratt Is a Superhero in ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sirota , Chris Heath , Peggy ( June 17 , 2015 ) . `` Chris Pratt on His Late Father and How He Feels About Him Now '' . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ AS , TV 2 . `` Jurassic World - stjernen i ulykke under innspillingen '' . TV 2 ( in Norwegian ) . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Sandy Ringer ( February 14 , 2011 ) . `` Lake Stevens wrestlers try to pin down storybook ending for documentary '' . The Seattle Times . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2014 . Retrieved March 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ O'Neill , Lucas ( April 26 , 2012 ) . `` Wrestling doc depicts trials , triumphs '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2014 . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Oliver Lyttelton ( August 2 , 2014 ) . `` Journey to the Star - Lord : How Chris Pratt Became a Movie Star '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on August 3 , 2014 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Blistein , Jon ( August 5 , 2014 ) . `` Watch Chris Pratt Flawlessly Rap Eminem 's ' Forgot About Dre ' Verse '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2014 . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Pratt : Biography '' . TVGuide.com . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2014 . Retrieved August 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hulten , Kevin ( August 29 , 2007 ) . `` Lake 's Chris Pratt found success in Hollywood , and now he plans on bringing it home '' . Lake Stevens Journal . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2014 . Retrieved August 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pierce , Leonard ( November 3 , 2009 ) . `` Interview : Chris Pratt '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2012 . Retrieved August 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan . `` Parks and Recreation : Interviewing co-creator Mike Schur '' . The Star - Ledger . Newark , New Jersey . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved July 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Christopher ( August 29 , 2011 ) . `` The Very Busy Chris Pratt on Preparing for Moneyball , Goofing in What 's Your Number ? and Ten Year '' . Movieline . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2012 . Retrieved August 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Ed ( October 12 , 2013 ) . `` Her '' . Slant Magazine . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2017 . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( February 5 , 2013 ) . `` Chris Pratt Getting ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Lead '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2013 . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Mike ( November 18 , 2013 ) . `` Chris Pratt on Heartbreak , ' Delivery Man ' and Gearing Up for ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2013 . Retrieved November 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 DOMESTIC GROSSES '' Archived July 19 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine ... Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Diones , Bruce ( 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy '' . The New Yorker . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2016 . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CHRIS PRATT TO RECEIVE ' CINEMACON ® BREAKTHROUGH PERFORMER OF THE YEAR AWARD ' '' Archived August 10 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine ... CinemaCon . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Pratt Loving The ' C ' On His CinemaCon Award '' . Access Hollywood . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Sexiest Men Alive '' . People . November 21 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Pratt / Ariana Grande '' . Saturday Night Live . Season 40 . Episode 1 . September 27 , 2014 . NBC . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( November 13 , 2013 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Star Chris Pratt Circling Lead in ' Jurassic World ' ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2013 . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( November 13 , 2013 ) . `` Chris Pratt in Early Talks to Star in ' Jurassic World ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bryce and Chris meet ... '' Ron Howard verified Twitter page . January 13 , 2014 . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2014 . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tilley , Steve ( January 26 , 2014 ) . `` Chris Pratt confirms ' Jurassic World ' : ' Jurassic Park was really kind of my Star Wars ' '' . Toronto Sun . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic World ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rebecca Ford ( July 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Jurassic World 2 ' Set for 2018 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . ( Prometheus Global Media ) . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2015 . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Murthi , Vikram ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Magnificent Seven ' Remake First Look : Denzel Washington & Chris Pratt Look Tough In Antoine Fuqua 's Western '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2016 . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rainey , James ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Passengers ' With Jennifer Lawrence , Chris Pratt Dazzles at CinemaCon '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2016 . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Eric ( 2016 ) . `` Guardians Of The Galaxy 2 : What We Know So Far '' . Cinema Blend . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2016 . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( April 10 , 2016 ) . `` Russo Brothers Confirm Star - Lord And Thor In Avengers : Infinity War '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2016 . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Maureen Lee Lenker ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` 10 adorable photos of Chris Pratt and Anna Faris at Walk of Fame Ceremony '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2017 . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Pratt Hollywood Walk of Fame '' . www.walkoffame.com . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Pratt goes West for exciting new film '' . Digital Spy. 2017 - 04 - 24 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( 30 July 2018 ) . `` Priyanka Chopra to Star Opposite Chris Pratt in ' Cowboy Ninja Viking ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Pratt 's ' Cowboy Ninja Viking ' Pulled From Universal 's Release Schedule '' . www.msn.com . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( December 17 , 2010 ) . `` Hot Trailer : ' Take Me Home Tonight ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Garcia , Jennifer ; Cedenheim , Pernilla ( January 29 , 2009 ) . `` Anna Faris Gets Engaged ! '' . People . Time Inc . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2011 . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . ' They got engaged late last year , ' says the rep . Jump up ^ `` Anna Faris Is Married ! '' . People . August 12 , 2009 . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2011 . Retrieved August 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Franich , Darren ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` When Anna Met Chris '' , Entertainment Weekly , p. 14 . Jump up ^ `` Anna Faris & Chris Pratt Upgrade to Hollywood Hills Home Zillow Blog '' . Zillow.com . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2015 . Retrieved June 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ David , Mark ( May 14 , 2013 ) . `` UPDATE : Rapino Sells to Faris and Pratt '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2015 . Retrieved June 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Fowler , Tara ( December 13 , 2012 ) . `` Top Chef recap : Even the Famous Come Home '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Garcia , Jennifer ( August 25 , 2012 ) . `` Anna Faris Welcomes a Baby Boy '' . People . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2015 . Retrieved August 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Boardman , Madeline ; Meilan , Ingrid ( December 8 , 2014 ) . `` Chris Pratt Gives Emotional Speech About Son Jack 's Premature Birth , Health Problems '' . US Magazine . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Reagan ( July 30 , 2014 ) . `` Chris Pratt : My Premature Son ' Restored My Faith in God ' '' . People . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2015 . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Peele , Anna ( September 2014 ) . `` ' That Would Be Good for the Story , Would n't It ? If an Alligator Bit My Hand ? ' '' . Esquire . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Rick ( January 7 , 2017 ) . `` Cover Story : Chris Pratt 's Call to Stardom '' . Vanity Fair . Jump up ^ Nick Bond ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` Hollywood 's cutest couple Chris Pratt and Anna Faris announce separation '' . news.com.au . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( August 6 , 2017 ) . `` Chris Pratt and Anna Faris Announce Separation '' . Thehollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Mike ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` Chris Pratt Files for Divorce from Anna Faris '' . People . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Russian , Ale ( October 16 , 2018 ) . `` Chris Pratt and Anna Faris Finalize Divorce One Year After Separating : Reports '' . People . Retrieved October 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Delbyck , Cole ( 2018 - 07 - 30 ) . `` Chris Pratt Kisses Katherine Schwarzenegger On Church Date With Son '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Pratt and Katherine Schwarzenegger confirm romance with a kiss after going to church with his son Jack '' . www.msn.com . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ Reed , Ryan ( September 10 , 2014 ) . `` Ariana Grande , Chris Pratt Set for ' Saturday Night Live ' Premiere '' Archived September 12 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine ... Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ `` The 2012 WAFCA Award Nominees '' . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ; Wilson , Stacey ( June 10 , 2013 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Television Awards : Complete Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards '' . www.imdb.com . November 14 , 2014 . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaCon honour for Chris Pratt '' . Screen Daily . March 20 , 2014 . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` YHA Nominees list '' . Young Hollywood Awards . June 28 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 2014 Detroit Film Critics Society Awards '' . Detroit Film Critics Society . December 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( January 15 , 2014 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards : ' Boyhood ' Wins Best Picture ; ' Birdman ' Leads With 7 Nods '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ `` Here Are Your 2015 MTV Movie Awards Nominees '' . MTV News . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kids ' Choice Awards 2015 : The Complete Winners List '' . Hollywood Reporter . March 28 , 2015 . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` '' Captain America , '' `` Interstellar '' Lead Saturn Awards Nominations `` . Variety . March 3 , 2015 . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Teen Choice Award Winners -- Full List '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . August 16 , 2015 . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards 2016 : Full List Of Winners '' . People 's Choice Awards . January 6 , 2016 . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( December 14 , 2015 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards Nominations : ' Mad Max ' Leads Film ; ABC , HBO , FX Networks & ' Fargo ' Top TV '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2015 . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kids ' Choice Awards : Adele , Justin Bieber , ' Star Wars ' Among Nominees '' . Hollywood Reporter . February 18 , 2016 . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bell , Crystal ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` Here Are Your 2016 MTV Movie Awards Nominees '' . MTV ( MTV Networks ) . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2016 . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards : Complete List of Nominees '' . Hollywood Reporter . July 29 , 2016 . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Saturn Awards Nominations 2017 : ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead '' . Variety . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards : Complete Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . August 13 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2017 . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Pratt to Receive Generation Award at 2018 MTV Movie & TV Awards '' . Variety . May 10 , 2018 . Retrieved October 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards : Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . August 12 , 2018 . Retrieved October 17 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chris Pratt . Chris Pratt on IMDb Chris Pratt on Box Office Mojo Chris Pratt on Rotten Tomatoes Biography portal Minnesota portal Speculative fiction / Science fiction portal Comedy portal Arts portal Film portal Television portal Comics portal United States portal Awards for Chris Pratt Hasty Pudding Men of the Year Bob Hope ( 1967 ) Paul Newman ( 1968 ) Bill Cosby ( 1969 ) Robert Redford ( 1970 ) James Stewart ( 1971 ) Dustin Hoffman ( 1972 ) Jack Lemmon ( 1973 ) Peter Falk ( 1974 ) Warren Beatty ( 1975 ) Robert Blake ( 1976 ) Johnny Carson ( 1977 ) Richard Dreyfuss ( 1978 ) Robert De Niro ( 1979 ) Alan Alda ( 1980 ) John Travolta ( 1981 ) James Cagney ( 1982 ) Steven Spielberg ( 1983 ) Sean Connery ( 1984 ) Bill Murray ( 1985 ) Sylvester Stallone ( 1986 ) Mikhail Baryshnikov ( 1987 ) Steve Martin ( 1988 ) Robin Williams ( 1989 ) Kevin Costner ( 1990 ) Clint Eastwood ( 1991 ) Michael Douglas ( 1992 ) Chevy Chase ( 1993 ) Tom Cruise ( 1994 ) Tom Hanks ( 1995 ) Harrison Ford ( 1996 ) Mel Gibson ( 1997 ) Kevin Kline ( 1998 ) Samuel L. Jackson ( 1999 ) Billy Crystal ( 2000 ) Anthony Hopkins ( 2001 ) Bruce Willis ( 2002 ) Martin Scorsese ( 2003 ) Robert Downey Jr. ( 2004 ) Tim Robbins ( 2005 ) Richard Gere ( 2006 ) Ben Stiller ( 2007 ) Christopher Walken ( 2008 ) James Franco ( 2009 ) Justin Timberlake ( 2010 ) Jay Leno ( 2011 ) Jason Segel ( 2012 ) Kiefer Sutherland ( 2013 ) Neil Patrick Harris ( 2014 ) Chris Pratt ( 2015 ) Joseph Gordon - Levitt ( 2016 ) Ryan Reynolds ( 2017 ) Paul Rudd ( 2018 ) Saturn Award for Best Actor James Caan / Don Johnson ( 1974 / 75 ) David Bowie / Gregory Peck ( 1976 ) George Burns ( 1977 ) Warren Beatty ( 1978 ) George Hamilton ( 1979 ) Mark Hamill ( 1980 ) Harrison Ford ( 1981 ) William Shatner ( 1982 ) Mark Hamill ( 1983 ) Jeff Bridges ( 1984 ) Michael J. Fox ( 1985 ) Jeff Goldblum ( 1986 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1987 ) Tom Hanks ( 1988 ) Jeff Daniels ( 1989 / 90 ) Anthony Hopkins ( 1991 ) Gary Oldman ( 1992 ) Robert Downey Jr. ( 1993 ) Martin Landau ( 1994 ) George Clooney ( 1995 ) Eddie Murphy ( 1996 ) Pierce Brosnan ( 1997 ) James Woods ( 1998 ) Tim Allen ( 1999 ) Hugh Jackman ( 2000 ) Tom Cruise ( 2001 ) Robin Williams ( 2002 ) Elijah Wood ( 2003 ) Tobey Maguire ( 2004 ) Christian Bale ( 2005 ) Brandon Routh ( 2006 ) Will Smith ( 2007 ) Robert Downey Jr. ( 2008 ) Sam Worthington ( 2009 ) Jeff Bridges ( 2010 ) Michael Shannon ( 2011 ) Matthew McConaughey ( 2012 ) Robert Downey Jr. ( 2013 ) Chris Pratt ( 2014 ) Harrison Ford ( 2015 ) Ryan Reynolds ( 2016 ) Mark Hamill ( 2017 ) WorldCat Identities BNE : XX4912865 BNF : cb162092780 ( data ) GND : 1025559215 ISNI : 0000 0001 0798 707X LCCN : no2009077317 MusicBrainz : 5b534c62 - 86a8 - 4f39 - b479 - b3b93f84bd2d NKC : xx0200782 SUDOC : 166728756 VIAF : 30860402 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chris_Pratt&oldid=866502868 '' Categories : 1979 births 21st - century American male actors American Christians American male film actors American male television actors American male voice actors American people of Norwegian descent Living people Male actors from Minnesota Male actors from Washington ( state ) People from Snohomish County , Washington People from Virginia , Minnesota Hidden categories : CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description Use mdy dates from December 2017 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Acèh Afrikaans አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Basa Banyumasan Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Bikol Central Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kapampangan ქართული Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Limburgs Lumbaart Magyar मैथिली Malagasy मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Dorerin Naoero Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norfuk / Pitkern Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Sardu Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Sranantongo Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Vèneto Tiếng Việt Volapük West - Vlams Winaray Yorùbá 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 108 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 18 : 49 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris%20Pratt
| 2,035 |
|
what occurs at a full moon when the earth is directly between the moon and the sun
|
A lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes directly behind Earth and into its shadow . This can occur only when the Sun , Earth , and Moon are exactly or very closely aligned ( in syzygy ) , with Earth between the other two . A lunar eclipse can occur only on the night of a full moon . The type and length of a lunar eclipse depend on the Moon 's proximity to either node of its orbit .
|
A lunar eclipse
|
Lunar eclipse
|
lunar eclipse
|
Totality during the lunar eclipse of 27 July 2018 . Direct sunlight is being blocked by the Earth , and the only light reaching it is sunlight refracted by Earth 's atmosphere , producing a reddish color . A lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes directly behind Earth and into its shadow . This can occur only when the Sun , Earth , and Moon are exactly or very closely aligned ( in syzygy ) , with Earth between the other two . A lunar eclipse can occur only on the night of a full moon . The type and length of a lunar eclipse depend on the Moon 's proximity to either node of its orbit . During a total lunar eclipse , Earth completely blocks direct sunlight from reaching the Moon . The only light reflected from the lunar surface has been refracted by Earth 's atmosphere . This light appears reddish for the same reason that a sunset or sunrise does : the Rayleigh scattering of bluer light . Due to this reddish color , a totally eclipsed Moon is sometimes called a blood moon . Unlike a solar eclipse , which can be viewed only from a certain relatively small area of the world , a lunar eclipse may be viewed from anywhere on the night side of Earth . A total lunar eclipse lasts a few hours , whereas a total solar eclipse lasts only a few minutes as viewed from any given place , due to the smaller size of the Moon 's shadow . Also unlike solar eclipses , lunar eclipses are safe to view without any eye protection or special precautions , as they are dimmer than the full Moon . For the date of the next eclipse , see the section Recent and forthcoming lunar eclipses . Contents 1 Types of lunar eclipse 1.1 Selenelion 2 Timing 3 Danjon scale 4 Lunar versus solar eclipse 4.1 Lunar eclipse appearance 5 Lunar eclipse in culture 5.1 Incans 5.2 Mesopotamians 5.3 Chinese 6 Blood moon 7 Occurrence 7.1 Recent and forthcoming lunar eclipses 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Types of lunar eclipse A schematic diagram of the shadow cast by Earth . Within the umbra , the central region , the planet totally shields direct sunlight . In contrast , within the penumbra , the outer portion , the sunlight is only partially blocked . ( Neither the Sun , Moon , and Earth sizes nor the distances between the bodies are to scale . ) A total penumbral lunar eclipse dims the Moon in direct proportion to the area of the Sun 's disk covered by Earth . This comparison of the Moon ( within the southern part of Earth 's shadow ) during the penumbral lunar eclipse of January 1999 ( left ) and the Moon outside the shadow ( right ) shows this slight darkening . Earth 's shadow can be divided into two distinctive parts : the umbra and penumbra . Earth totally occludes direct solar radiation within the umbra , the central region of the shadow . However , since the Sun 's diameter appears about one - quarter of Earth 's in the lunar sky , the planet only partially blocks direct sunlight within the penumbra , the outer portion of the shadow . A penumbral lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes through Earth 's penumbra . The penumbra causes a subtle dimming of the lunar surface . A special type of penumbral eclipse is a total penumbral lunar eclipse , during which the Moon lies exclusively within Earth 's penumbra . Total penumbral eclipses are rare , and when these occur , the portion of the Moon closest to the umbra may appear slightly darker than the rest of the lunar disk . A partial lunar eclipse occurs when only a portion of the Moon enters Earth 's umbra , while a total lunar eclipse occurs when the entire Moon enters the planet 's umbra . The Moon 's average orbital speed is about 2,300 mph ( 1.03 km / s ) , or a little more than its diameter per hour , so totality may last up to nearly 107 minutes . Nevertheless , the total time between the first and the last contacts of the Moon 's limb with Earth 's shadow is much longer and could last up to four hours . The relative distance of the Moon from Earth at the time of an eclipse can affect the eclipse 's duration . In particular , when the Moon is near apogee , the farthest point from Earth in its orbit , its orbital speed is the slowest . The diameter of Earth 's umbra does not decrease appreciably within the changes in the Moon 's orbital distance . Thus , the concurrence of a totally eclipsed Moon near apogee will lengthen the duration of totality . A central lunar eclipse is a total lunar eclipse during which the Moon passes through the centre of Earth 's shadow , contacting the antisolar point . This type of lunar eclipse is relatively rare . Selenelion A view of the October 2014 lunar eclipse from Minneapolis , with the setting and partially eclipsed Moon appearing squashed just above the horizon just after sunrise ( seen as sunlight shining on the tree in the right image ) A selenelion or selenehelion occurs when both the Sun and an eclipsed Moon can be observed at the same time . This can occur only just before sunset or just after sunrise , when both bodies will appear just above the horizon at nearly opposite points in the sky . This arrangement has led to the phenomenon being also called a horizontal eclipse . Typically , a number of high ridges undergoing sunrise or sunset can view it . Although the Moon is in Earth 's umbra , both the Sun and an eclipsed Moon can be simultaneously seen because atmospheric refraction causes each body to appear higher in the sky than their true geometric positions . Timing As viewed from Earth , the Earth 's shadow can be imagined as two concentric circles . As the diagram illustrates , the type of lunar eclipse is defined by the path taken by the Moon as it passes through Earth 's shadow . If the moon passes through the outer circle but does not reach the inner circle , it is a penumbral eclipse ; if only a portion of the moon passes through the inner circle , it is a partial eclipse ; and if entire Moon passes through the inner circle at some point , it is a total eclipse . Contact points relative to the Earth 's umbral and penumbral shadows , here with the Moon near is descending node The timing of total lunar eclipses are determined by its contacts : P1 ( First contact ) : Beginning of the penumbral eclipse . Earth 's penumbra touches the Moon 's outer limb . U1 ( Second contact ) : Beginning of the partial eclipse . Earth 's umbra touches the Moon 's outer limb . U2 ( Third contact ) : Beginning of the total eclipse . The Moon 's surface is entirely within Earth 's umbra . Greatest eclipse : The peak stage of the total eclipse . The Moon is at its closest to the center of Earth 's umbra . U3 ( Fourth contact ) : End of the total eclipse . The Moon 's outer limb exits Earth 's umbra . U4 ( Fifth contact ) : End of the partial eclipse . Earth 's umbra leaves the Moon 's surface . P4 ( Sixth contact ) : End of the penumbral eclipse . Earth 's penumbra no longer makes contact with the Moon . Danjon scale The following scale ( the Danjon scale ) was devised by André Danjon for rating the overall darkness of lunar eclipses : L = 0 : Very dark eclipse . Moon almost invisible , especially at mid-totality . L = 1 : Dark eclipse , gray or brownish in coloration . Details distinguishable only with difficulty . L = 2 : Deep red or rust - colored eclipse . Very dark central shadow , while outer edge of umbra is relatively bright . L = 3 : Brick - red eclipse . Umbral shadow usually has a bright or yellow rim . L = 4 : Very bright copper - red or orange eclipse . Umbral shadow is bluish and has a very bright rim . Lunar versus solar eclipse A solar eclipse occurs in the daytime at new moon , when the Moon is between Earth and the Sun , while a lunar eclipse occurs at night at full moon , when Earth passes between the Sun and the Moon . The Moon does not completely darken as it passes through the umbra because Earth 's atmosphere refracts sunlight into the shadow cone . There is often confusion between a solar eclipse and a lunar eclipse . While both involve interactions between the Sun , Earth , and the Moon , they are very different in their interactions . Lunar eclipse appearance In a lunar eclipse , the Moon often passes through two regions of Earth 's shadow : an outer penumbra , where direct sunlight is dimmed , and an inner umbra , where indirect and much dimmer sunlight refracted by Earth 's atmosphere shines on the Moon , leaving a reddish color . This can be seen in different exposures of a partial lunar eclipse , for example here with exposures of 1 / 80 , 2 / 5 , and 2 seconds . The Moon does not completely darken as it passes through the umbra because of the refraction of sunlight by Earth 's atmosphere into the shadow cone ; if Earth had no atmosphere , the Moon would be completely dark during the eclipse . The reddish coloration arises because sunlight reaching the Moon must pass through a long and dense layer of Earth 's atmosphere , where it is scattered . Shorter wavelengths are more likely to be scattered by the air molecules and small particles ; thus , the longer wavelengths predominate by the time the light rays have penetrated the atmosphere . Human vision perceives this resulting light as red . This is the same effect that causes sunsets and sunrises to turn the sky a reddish color . An alternative way of conceiving this scenario is to realize that , as viewed from the Moon , the Sun would appear to be setting ( or rising ) behind Earth . From the Moon , a lunar eclipse would show a ring of reddish - orange light surrounding a silhouetted Earth in the lunar sky . The amount of refracted light depends on the amount of dust or clouds in the atmosphere ; this also controls how much light is scattered . In general , the dustier the atmosphere , the more that other wavelengths of light will be removed ( compared to red light ) , leaving the resulting light a deeper red color . This causes the resulting coppery - red hue of the Moon to vary from one eclipse to the next . Volcanoes are notable for expelling large quantities of dust into the atmosphere , and a large eruption shortly before an eclipse can have a large effect on the resulting color . Christopher Columbus predicted a lunar eclipse . Lunar eclipse in culture Several cultures have myths related to lunar eclipses or allude to the lunar eclipse as being a good or bad omen . The Egyptians saw the eclipse as a sow swallowing the moon for a short time ; other cultures view the eclipse as the moon being swallowed by other animals , such as a jaguar in Mayan tradition , or a three legged toad in China . Some societies thought it was a demon swallowing the moon , and that they could chase it away by throwing stones and curses at it . The Greeks were ahead of their time when they said the Earth was round and used the shadow from the lunar eclipse as evidence . Some Hindus believe in the importance of bathing in the Ganges River following an eclipse because it will help to achieve salvation . Incans Similarly to the Mayans , the Incans believed that lunar eclipses occurred when a jaguar would eat the moon , which is why a blood moon looks red . The Incans also believed that once the jaguar finished eating the moon , it could come down and devour all the animals on Earth , so they would take spears and shout at the moon to keep it away . Mesopotamians The ancient Mesopotamians believed that a lunar eclipse was when the moon was being attacked by seven demons . This attack was more than just one on the moon , however , for the Mesopotamians linked what happened in the sky with what happened on the land , and because the king of Mesopotamia represented the land , the seven demons were thought to be also attacking the king . In order to prevent this attack on the king , the Mesopotamians made someone pretend to be the king so they would be attacked instead of the true king . After the lunar eclipse was over , the substitute king was made to disappear ( possibly by poisoning ) . Chinese In some Chinese cultures , people would ring bells to prevent a dragon or other wild animals from biting the moon . In the nineteenth century , during a lunar eclipse , the Chinese navy fired its artillery because of this belief . During the Zhou Dynasty in the Book of Songs , the sight of a red moon engulfed in darkness was believed to foreshadow famine or disease . Blood Moon See also : Blood Moon Prophecy Certain lunar eclipses have been referred to as `` blood moons '' in popular articles but this is not a scientifically - recognized term . This term has been given two separate , but overlapping , meanings . The first , and simpler , meaning relates to the reddish color a totally eclipsed Moon takes on to observers on Earth . As sunlight penetrates the atmosphere of Earth , the gaseous layer filters and refracts the rays in such a way that the green to violet wavelengths on the visible spectrum scatter more strongly than the red , thus giving the Moon a reddish cast . The second meaning of `` blood moon '' has been derived from this apparent coloration by two fundamentalist Christian pastors , Mark Blitz and John Hagee . They claimed that the 2014 -- 15 `` lunar tetrad '' of four lunar eclipses coinciding with the feasts of Passover and Tabernacles matched the `` moon turning to blood '' described in the Book of Joel of the Hebrew Bible . This tetrad was claimed to herald the Second Coming of Christ and the Rapture as described in the Book of Revelations on the date of the first of the eclipses in this sequence on April 15 , 2014 . Occurrence This multi-exposure sequence shows the August 2017 lunar eclipse visible from the ESO headquarters . This collage shows the transitional stages of a lunar eclipse . See also : Saros ( astronomy ) and Eclipse cycle At least two lunar eclipses and as many as five occur every year , although total lunar eclipses are significantly less common . If the date and time of an eclipse is known , the occurrences of upcoming eclipses are predictable using an eclipse cycle , like the saros . Recent and forthcoming lunar eclipses Main article : List of 21st - century lunar eclipses Further information : Lists of lunar eclipses Eclipses occur only during an eclipse season , when the Sun appears to pass near either node of the Moon 's orbit . show Lunar eclipse series sets from 1998 -- 2002 Descending node Ascending node Saros Date Viewing Type Chart Saros Date Viewing Type Chart 109 1998 Aug 08 Penumbral 114 1999 Jan 31 Penumbral 119 1999 Jul 28 Partial 124 2000 Jan 21 Total 129 2000 Jul 16 Total 134 2001 Jan 09 Total 139 2001 Jul 05 Partial 144 2001 Dec 30 Penumbral 149 2002 Jun 24 Penumbral Last set 1998 Sep 06 Last set 1998 Mar 13 Next set 2002 May 26 Next set 2002 Nov 20 show Lunar eclipse series sets from 2002 -- 2005 Descending node Ascending node Saros Photo Date View Type Chart Saros Photo Date View Type Chart 111 2002 May 26 penumbral 116 2002 Nov 20 penumbral 121 2003 May 16 total 126 2003 Nov 09 total 131 2004 May 04 total 136 2004 Oct 28 total 141 2005 Apr 24 penumbral 146 2005 Oct 17 partial Last set 2002 Jun 24 Last set 2001 Dec 30 Next set 2006 Mar 14 Next set 2006 Sep 7 show Lunar eclipse series sets from 2006 -- 2009 Descending node Ascending node Saros # and photo Date Viewing Type Chart Saros # and photo Date Viewing Type Chart 113 2006 Mar 14 penumbral 118 2006 Sep 7 partial 123 2007 Mar 03 total 128 2007 Aug 28 total 133 2008 Feb 21 total 138 2008 Aug 16 partial 143 2009 Feb 09 penumbral 148 2009 Aug 06 penumbral Last set 2005 Apr 24 Last set 2005 Oct 17 Next set 2009 Dec 31 Next set 2009 Jul 07 show Lunar eclipse series sets from 2009 -- 2013 Ascending node Descending node Saros # Photo Date Viewing Type chart Saros # Photo Date Viewing Type chart 110 2009 July 07 penumbral 115 2009 Dec 31 partial 120 2010 June 26 partial 125 2010 Dec 21 total 130 2011 June 15 total 135 2011 Dec 10 total 140 2012 June 04 partial 145 2012 Nov 28 penumbral 150 2013 May 25 penumbral Last set 2009 Aug 06 Last set 2009 Feb 9 Next set 2013 Apr 25 Next set 2013 Oct 18 show Lunar eclipse series sets from 2013 -- 2016 Ascending node Descending node Saros Viewing date Type Saros Viewing date Type 112 2013 Apr 25 Partial 117 2013 Oct 18 Penumbral 122 2014 Apr 15 Total 127 2014 Oct 08 Total 132 2015 Apr 04 Total 137 2015 Sep 28 Total 142 2016 Mar 23 Penumbral 147 2016 Sep 16 Penumbral Last set 2013 May 25 Last set 2012 Nov 28 Next set 2017 Feb 11 Next set 2016 Aug 18 show Lunar eclipse series sets from 2016 -- 2020 Descending node Ascending node Saros Date Type Viewing Saros Date Viewing Type Chart 109 2016 Aug 18 Penumbral 114 2017 Feb 11 Penumbral 119 2017 Aug 07 Partial 124 2018 Jan 31 Total 129 2018 Jul 27 Total 134 2019 Jan 21 Total 139 2019 Jul 16 Partial 144 2020 Jan 10 Penumbral 149 2020 Jul 05 Penumbral Last set 2016 Sep 16 Last set 2016 Mar 23 Next set 2020 Jun 05 Next set 2020 Nov 30 See also Moon portal Book : Lunar Eclipses Lists of lunar eclipses and List of 21st - century lunar eclipses Moon illusion Orbit of the Moon References Jump up ^ McClure , Bruce ( July 27 , 2018 ) . `` Century 's Longest Lunar Eclipse July 27 '' . EarthSky . Retrieved August 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Karttunen , Hannu ( 2007 ) . Fundamental Astronomy . Springer . p. 139 . ISBN 9783540341444 . Jump up ^ `` Observing Blog - In Search of Selenelion '' . Sky & Telescope . 2010 - 06 - 26 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Kevin . `` On the nature of eclipses '' . Inconstant Moon . Cyclopedia Selenica . Retrieved 19 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Paul Deans and Alan M. MacRobert ( July 16 , 2006 ) . `` Observing and Photographing Lunar Eclipses '' . Sky & Telescope . F + W. CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Fred Espenak and Jean Meeus . `` Visual Appearance of Lunar Eclipses '' . NASA . The troposphere and stratosphere act together as a ring - shaped lens that refracts heavily reddened sunlight into Earth 's umbral shadow . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Littmann , Mark ; Espenak , Fred ; Willcox , Ken ( 2008 ) . `` Chapter 4 : Eclipses in Mythology '' . Totality Eclipses of the Sun ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 953209 - 4 . Jump up ^ Pollack , Rebecca . `` Ancient Myths Revised with Lunar Eclipse '' . University of Maryland . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Ani . `` Hindus take a dip in the Ganges during Lunar Eclipse '' . Yahoo News . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Jane . `` Lunar Eclipse Myths From Around the World '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 9 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Quilas , Ma Evelyn . `` Interesting Facts and Myths about Lunar Eclipse '' . LA Times . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` MYTHOLOGY OF THE LUNAR ECLIPSE '' . Jump up ^ Kaul , Gayatri . `` What Lunar Eclipse Means in Different Parts of the World '' . India.com . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sappenfield , Mark ( 13 April 2014 ) . `` Blood Moon to arrive Monday night . What is a Blood Moon ? '' . Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved 8 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Nigro , Nicholas ( 2010 ) . Knack Night Sky : Decoding the Solar System , from Constellations to Black Holes . Globe Pequot . pp. 214 -- 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7627 - 6604 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` All you need to know about the ' blood moon ' '' . theguardian. 28 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` What is a Blood Moon ? '' . Earth & Sky . 24 April 2014 . Retrieved 30 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Sarah Pulliam ( 15 April 2014 ) . `` ' Blood moon ' sets off apocalyptic debate among some Christians '' . Washington Post . Religion News Service . Retrieved 8 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lunar Eclipse @ ESO '' . European Southern Observatory . Retrieved 14 August 2017 . Further reading Bao - Lin Liu , Canon of Lunar Eclipses 1500 B.C. - A.D. 3000 , 1992 Jean Meeus and Hermann Mucke Canon of Lunar Eclipses . Astronomisches Büro , Vienna , 1983 Espenak , F. , Fifty Year Canon of Lunar Eclipses : 1986 -- 2035 . NASA Reference Publication 1216 , 1989 External links Find more aboutLunar eclipseat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks `` Lunar Eclipse Essentials '' : video from NASA Animated explanation of the mechanics of a lunar eclipse , University of South Wales U.S. Navy Lunar Eclipse Computer NASA Lunar Eclipse Page Search among the 12,064 lunar eclipses over five millennium and display interactive maps Lunar Eclipses for Beginners Tips on photographing the lunar eclipse from New York Institute of Photography Lunar Eclipse 08 October 2014 on YouTube The Moon Physical properties Internal structure Topography Atmosphere Gravity field Hill sphere Magnetic field Sodium tail Moonlight Earthshine Orbit Lunar distance Orbital elements Distance Perigee and apogee Nodes Nodal period Precession Syzygy New moon Full moon Eclipses Lunar eclipse Total penumbral lunar eclipse Tetrad Solar eclipse Solar eclipses on the Moon Eclipse cycle Supermoon Tide Tidal force Tidal locking Tidal acceleration Tidal range Lunar mansion Surface and features Selenography Terminator Hemispheres Near side Far side Poles North pole South pole Face Maria List Mountains Peak of eternal light Valleys Volcanic features Domes Calderas Craters List Ray systems Crater of eternal darkness Shackleton crater South Pole -- Aitken basin Soil Swirls Rilles Wrinkle ridges Rocks Lunar basalt 70017 Water Space weathering Micrometeorite Sputtering Quakes Transient lunar phenomenon Science Observation Libration Lunar theory Origin Giant - impact hypothesis Theia Lunar magma ocean Geology Timescale Late Heavy Bombardment Lunar meteorites KREEP Experiments Lunar laser ranging ALSEP Lunar sample displays Apollo 11 Apollo 17 Exploration Missions Apollo program Probes Landing Conspiracy theories Colonization Tourism Time - telling and navigation Lunar calendar Lunisolar calendar Month Lunar month Nodal period Fortnight Sennight Lunar mansion Lunar distance Phases and names New Full Names Crescent Super and micro Blood Blue Black Dark Wet Tetrad Related topics Lunar effect Moon illusion Pareidolia Man in the Moon Moon rabbit Craters named after people Memorials on the Moon Moon in fiction Moon in mythology Hjúki and Bil `` Moon is made of green cheese '' Natural satellite Double planet Lilith ( hypothetical second moon ) Category Moon portal Earth sciences portal Solar System portal Lunar eclipses Lists of lunar eclipses All Central total eclipses Total penumbral eclipses Historically significant Lunar eclipses by century 20th BCE 19th BCE 18th BCE 17th BCE 16th BCE 15th BCE 14th BCE 13th BCE 12th BCE 11th BCE 10th BCE 9th BCE 8th BCE 7th BCE 6th BCE 5th BCE 4th BCE 3rd BCE 2nd BCE 1st BCE 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th Lunar eclipses by Saros series 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 Partial eclipses 1950 -- 2049 1952 Feb 1952 Aug 1954 Jul 1955 Nov 1956 May 1958 May 1959 Mar 1961 Mar 1961 Aug 1963 Jul 1965 Jun 1970 Feb 1970 Aug 1972 Jul 1973 Dec 1974 Jun 1976 May 1977 Apr 1979 Mar 1981 Jul 1983 Jun 1988 Aug 1990 Aug 1991 Dec 1992 Jun 1994 May 1995 Apr 1997 Mar 1999 Jul 2001 Jul 2005 Oct 2006 Sep 2008 Aug 2009 Dec 2010 Jun 2012 Jun 2013 Apr 2017 Aug → 2019 Jul 2021 Nov 2023 Oct 2024 Sep 2026 Aug 2028 Jan 2028 Jul 2030 Jun 2034 Sep 2035 Aug 2037 Jul 2039 Jun 2039 Nov 2041 May 2041 Nov 2046 Jan 2046 Jul 2048 Jun Total eclipses 1950 -- 2049 1950 Apr 1950 Sep 1953 Jan 1953 Jul 1954 Jan 1956 Nov 1957 May 1957 Nov 1960 Mar 1960 Sep 1963 Dec 1964 Jun 1964 Dec 1967 Apr 1967 Oct 1968 Apr 1968 Oct 1971 Feb 1971 Aug 1972 Jan 1974 Nov 1975 May 1975 Nov 1978 Mar 1978 Sep 1979 Sep 1982 Jan 1982 Jul 1982 Dec 1985 May 1985 Oct 1986 Apr 1986 Oct 1989 Feb 1989 Aug 1990 Feb 1992 Dec 1993 Jun 1993 Nov 1996 Apr 1996 Sep 1997 Sep 2000 Jan 2000 Jul 2001 Jan 2003 May 2003 Nov 2004 May 2004 Oct 2007 Mar 2007 Aug 2008 Feb 2010 Dec 2011 Jun 2011 Dec 2014 Apr 2014 Oct 2015 Apr 2015 Sep 2018 Jan 2018 Jul → 2019 Jan 2021 May 2022 May 2022 Nov 2025 Mar 2025 Sep 2026 Mar 2028 Dec 2029 Jun 2029 Dec 2032 Apr 2032 Oct 2033 Apr 2033 Oct 2036 Feb 2036 Aug 2037 Jan 2040 May 2040 Nov 2043 Mar 2043 Sep 2044 Mar 2044 Sep 2047 Jan 2047 Jul 2048 Jan Penumbral eclipses Partial Previous penumbral : 2017 Feb 11 Next penumbral : → 2020 Jan 10 Total 1963 Jan 09 1981 Jan 20 1988 Mar 03 1999 Jan 31 2006 Mar 14 → 2042 May 05 2053 Aug 29 See also Danjon scale Gamma Book Category → symbol denotes next eclipse in series BNE : XX544897 BNF : cb11978629m ( data ) GND : 4170432 - 0 LCCN : sh85040737 SUDOC : 027828565 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lunar_eclipse&oldid=852988572 '' Categories : Astronomical events Eclipses Lunar eclipses Lunar observation Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Български Català Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kapampangan ქართული Kaszëbsczi Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Taqbaylit Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 中文 ГӀалгӀай 87 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 August 2018 , at 17 : 52 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar%20eclipse
| 2,036 |
|
in which of the following cell type or tissues would not contain high levels of active telomerase
|
Telomerase
|
telomerase
|
Telomerase , also called terminal transferase , is a ribonucleoprotein that adds a species - dependent telomere repeat sequence to the 3 ' end of telomeres . A telomere is a region of repetitive sequences at each end of eukaryotic chromosomes in most eukaryotes . Telomeres protect the end of the chromosome from DNA damage or from fusion with neighbouring chromosomes . The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster lacks telomerase , but instead uses retrotransposons to maintain telomeres .
|
Telomerase is a reverse transcriptase enzyme that carries its own RNA molecule ( e.g. , with the sequence 3 ′ - C CC A A U CCC - 5 ′ in Trypanosoma brucei ) which is used as a template when it elongates telomeres . ( Beyond unicellular organisms ) Telomerase is active in normal stem cells and most cancer cells , but is normally absent from , or at very low levels in , most somatic cells . Contents 1 History 2 Human telomerase structure 3 Mechanism 4 Clinical implications 4.1 Aging 4.1. 1 Premature aging 4.2 Cancer 4.2. 1 Drugs 4.2. 2 Immunotherapy 4.2. 3 Telomerase Vaccines 4.2. 4 Targeted apoptosis 4.2. 5 Small interfering RNA ( siRNA ) 4.3 Heart disease , diabetes and quality of life 4.4 Rare human diseases 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links History ( edit ) The existence of a compensatory mechanism for telomere shortening was first found by Soviet biologist Alexey Olovnikov in 1973 , who also suggested the telomere hypothesis of aging and the telomere 's connections to cancer . Telomerase in the ciliate Tetrahymena was discovered by Carol W. Greider and Elizabeth Blackburn in 1984 . Together with Jack W. Szostak , Greider and Blackburn were awarded the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery . The role of telomeres and telomerase in cell aging and cancer was established by scientists at biotechnology company Geron with the cloning of the RNA and catalytic components of human telomerase and the development of a polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) based assay for telomerase activity called the TRAP assay , which surveys telomerase activity in multiple types of cancer . In April 2018 , the structure of telomerase was discovered through cryo - electron microscopy ( cryo - EM ) by UC Berkeley scientists Human telomerase structure ( edit ) The molecular composition of the human telomerase complex was determined by Scott Cohen and his team at the Children 's Medical Research Institute ( Sydney Australia ) and consists of two molecules each of human telomerase reverse transcriptase ( TERT ) , telomerase RNA ( TR or TERC ) , and dyskerin ( DKC1 ) . The genes of telomerase subunits , which include TERT , TERC , DKC1 and TEP1 , are located on different chromosomes . The human TERT gene ( hTERT ) is translated into a protein of 1132 amino acids . TERT polypeptide folds with ( and carries ) TERC , a non-coding RNA ( 451 nucleotides long ) . TERT has a ' mitten ' structure that allows it to wrap around the chromosome to add single - stranded telomere repeats . TERT is a reverse transcriptase , which is a class of enzyme that creates single - stranded DNA using single - stranded RNA as a template . An image illustrating how telomerase elongates telomere ends progressively . The protein consists of four conserved domains ( RNA - Binding Domain ( TRBD ) , fingers , palm and thumb ) , organized into a ring configuration that shares common features with retroviral reverse transcriptases , viral RNA polymerases and bacteriophage B - family DNA polymerases . TERT proteins from many eukaryotes have been sequenced . Mechanism ( edit ) By using TERC , TERT can add a six - nucleotide repeating sequence , 5 ' - T TA G GG ( in vertebrates , the sequence differs in other organisms ) to the 3 ' strand of chromosomes . These TTAGGG repeats ( with their various protein binding partners ) are called telomeres . The template region of TERC is 3 ' - CAAUCCCAAUC - 5 ' . Telomerase can bind the first few nucleotides of the template to the last telomere sequence on the chromosome , add a new telomere repeat ( 5 ' - GGTTAG - 3 ' ) sequence , let go , realign the new 3 ' - end of telomere to the template , and repeat the process . Telomerase reverses telomere shortening . Clinical implications ( edit ) Aging ( edit ) Telomerase replaces short bits of DNA known as telomeres , which are otherwise shortened when a cell divides via mitosis . In normal circumstances , where telomerase is absent , if a cell divides recursively , at some point the progeny reach their Hayflick limit , which is believed to be between 50 -- 70 cell divisions . At the limit the cells become senescent and cell division stops . Telomerase allows each offspring to replace the lost bit of DNA allowing the cell line to divide without ever reaching the limit . This same unbounded growth is a feature of cancerous growth . Embryonic stem cells express telomerase , which allows them to divide repeatedly and form the individual . In adults , telomerase is highly expressed only in cells that need to divide regularly especially in male sperm cells but also in epidermal cells , in activated T cell and B cell lymphocytes , as well as in certain adult stem cells , but in the great majority of cases somatic cells do not express telomerase . A comparative biology study of mammalian telomeres indicated that telomere length of some mammalian species correlates inversely , rather than directly , with lifespan , and concluded that the contribution of telomere length to lifespan is unresolved . Telomere shortening does not occur with age in some postmitotic tissues , such as in the rat brain . In humans , skeletal muscle telomere lengths remain stable from ages 23 -- 74 . In baboon skeletal muscle , which consists of fully differentiated post-mitotic cells , less than 3 % of myonuclei contain damaged telomeres and this percentage does not increase with age . Thus , telomere shortening does not appear to be a major factor in the aging of the differentiated cells of brain or skeletal muscle . In human liver , cholangiocytes and hepatocytes show no age - related telomere shortening . Another study found little evidence that , in humans , telomere length is a significant biomarker of normal aging with respect to important cognitive and physical abilities . Some experiments have raised questions on whether telomerase can be used as an anti-aging therapy , namely , the fact that mice with elevated levels of telomerase have higher cancer incidence and hence do not live longer . Telomerase also favors tumorogenesis , which leads to questions about its potential as an anti-aging therapy . On the other hand , one study showed that activating telomerase in cancer - resistant mice by overexpressing its catalytic subunit extended lifespan . Exposure of T lymphocytes from HIV - infected human donors to a small molecule telomerase activator ( TAT2 ) retards telomere shortening , increases proliferative potential and enhances cytokine / chemokine production and antiviral activity . A study that focused on Ashkenazi Jews found that long - lived subjects inherited a hyperactive version of telomerase . Mice engineered to block the gene that produces telomerase , unless they are given a certain drug , aged at a much faster rate , and died at about six months , instead of reaching the average mouse lifespan , about three years . Administering the drug at 6 months turned on telomerase production and caused their organs to be `` rejuvenated , '' restored fertility , and normalized their ability to detect or process odors . A 2012 study reported that introducing the TERT gene into healthy one - year - old mice using an engineered adeno - associated virus led to a 24 % increase in lifespan , without any increase in cancer . Premature aging ( edit ) Premature aging syndromes including Werner syndrome , Ataxia telangiectasia , Ataxia - telangiectasia like disorder , Bloom syndrome , Fanconi anemia and Nijmegen breakage syndrome are associated with short telomeres . However , the genes that have mutated in these diseases all have roles in the repair of DNA damage and the increased DNA damage may , itself , be a factor in the premature aging ( see DNA damage theory of aging ) . An additional role in maintaining telomere length is an active area of investigation . Cancer ( edit ) In vitro , when cells approach the Hayflick limit , the time to senescence can be extended by inactivating the tumor suppressor proteins - p53 and Retinoblastoma protein ( pRb ) . Cells that have been so - altered eventually undergo an event termed a `` crisis '' when the majority of the cells in the culture die . Sometimes , a cell does not stop dividing once it reaches crisis . In a typical situation , the telomeres are shortened and chromosomal integrity declines with every subsequent cell division . Exposed chromosome ends are interpreted as double - stranded breaks ( DSB ) in DNA ; such damage is usually repaired by reattaching ( religating ) the broken ends together . When the cell does this due to telomere - shortening , the ends of different chromosomes can be attached to each other . This solves the problem of lacking telomeres , but during cell division anaphase , the fused chromosomes are randomly ripped apart , causing many mutations and chromosomal abnormalities . As this process continues , the cell 's genome becomes unstable . Eventually , either fatal damage is done to the cell 's chromosomes ( killing it via apoptosis ) , or an additional mutation that activates telomerase occurs . With telomerase activation some types of cells and their offspring become immortal ( bypass the Hayflick limit ) , thus avoiding cell death as long as the conditions for their duplication are met . Many cancer cells are considered ' immortal ' because telomerase activity allows them to live much longer than any other somatic cell , which , combined with uncontrollable cell proliferation is why they can form tumors . A good example of immortal cancer cells is HeLa cells , which have been used in laboratories as a model cell line since 1951 . While this method of modeling human cancer in cell culture is effective and has been used for many years by scientists , it is also very imprecise . The exact changes that allow for the formation of the tumorigenic clones in the above - described experiment are not clear . Scientists addressed this question by the serial introduction of multiple mutations present in a variety of human cancers . This has led to the identification of mutation combinations that form tumorigenic cells in a variety of cell types . While the combination varies by cell type , the following alterations are required in all cases : TERT activation , loss of p53 pathway function , loss of pRb pathway function , activation of the Ras or myc proto - oncogenes , and aberration of the PP2A protein phosphatase . That is to say , the cell has an activated telomerase , eliminating the process of death by chromosome instability or loss , absence of apoptosis - induction pathways , and continued mitosis activation . This model of cancer in cell culture accurately describes the role of telomerase in actual human tumors . Telomerase activation has been observed in ~ 90 % of all human tumors , suggesting that the immortality conferred by telomerase plays a key role in cancer development . Of the tumors without TERT activation , most employ a separate pathway to maintain telomere length termed Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres ( ALT ) . The exact mechanism behind telomere maintenance in the ALT pathway is unclear , but likely involves multiple recombination events at the telomere . Elizabeth Blackburn et al. , identified the upregulation of 70 genes known or suspected in cancer growth and spread through the body , and the activation of glycolysis , which enables cancer cells to rapidly use sugar to facilitate their programmed growth rate ( roughly the growth rate of a fetus ) . Approaches to controlling telomerase and telomeres for cancer therapy include gene therapy , immunotherapy , small - molecule and signal pathway inhibitors . Drugs ( edit ) The ability to maintain functional telomeres may be one mechanism that allows cancer cells to grow in vitro for decades . Telomerase activity is necessary to preserve many cancer types and is inactive in somatic cells , creating the possibility that telomerase inhibition could selectively repress cancer cell growth with minimal side effects . If a drug can inhibit telomerase in cancer cells , the telomeres of successive generations will progressively shorten , limiting tumor growth . Telomerase is a good biomarker for cancer detection because most human cancers cells express high levels of it . Telomerase activity can be identified by its catalytic protein domain ( hTERT ) . This is the rate - limiting step in telomerase activity . It is associated with many cancer types . Various cancer cells and fibroblasts transformed with hTERT cDNA have high telomerase activity , while somatic cells do not . Cells testing positive for hTERT have positive nuclear signals . Epithelial stem cell tissue and its early daughter cells are the only noncancerous cells in which hTERT can be detected . Since hTERT expression is dependent only on the number of tumor cells within a sample , the amount of hTERT indicates the severity of a cancer . The expression of hTERT can also be used to distinguish benign tumors from malignant tumors . Malignant tumors have higher hTERT expression than benign tumors . Real - time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction ( RT - PCR ) quantifying hTERT expression in various tumor samples verified this varying expression . Figure 4 : A ) Tumor cells expressing hTERT will actively degrade some of the protein and process for presenting . The major histocompatibility complex 1 ( MHC1 ) , can then present the hTERT epitote . CD8 - T cells that have antibodies against hTERT will then bind to the presented epitote. B) As a result of the antigenic binding , the T cells will release cytotoxins , which can be absorbed by the affected cell . C ) These cytotoxins induce multiple proteases and results in apoptosis ( or cell death ) . The lack of telomerase does not affect cell growth , until the telomeres are short enough to cause cells to `` die or undergo growth arrest '' . However , inhibiting telomerase alone is not enough to destroy large tumors . It must be combined with surgery , radiation , chemotherapy or immunotherapy . Cells may reduce their telomere length by only 50 - 252 base pairs per cell division , which can lead to a long lag phase . Immunotherapy ( edit ) Immunotherapy successfully treats some kinds of cancer , such as melanoma . This treatment involves manipulating a human 's immune system to destroy cancerous cells . Humans have two major antigen identifying lymphocytes : CD8 + cytotoxic T - lymphocytes ( CTL ) and CD4 + helper T - lymphocytes that can destroy cells . Antigen receptors on CTL can bind to a 9 - 10 amino acid chain that is presented by the major histocompatibility complex ( MHC ) as in Figure 4 . HTERT is a potential target antigen . Immunotargeting should result in relatively few side effects since hTERT expression is associated only with telomerase and is not essential in almost all somatic cells . GV1001 uses this pathway . Experimental drug and vaccine therapies targeting active telomerase have been tested in mouse models , and clinical trials have begun . In 2014 Geron Corporation received permission to resume a trial of its drug imetelstat for myelofibrosis after addressing FDA concerns over liver toxicity . Geron licensee Merck had approval of an IND for one vaccine type . Imetelstat ( GRN163L ) binds directly to the telomerase 's RNA template . One 2015 study reported that Imetelstat caused partial or complete remission in seven of 33 patients , while a second reported that it decreased blood platelet levels in all 18 study patients with essential thrombocythemia , a disorder in which the body overproduces blood platelets , increasing the risk of blood clots . Most of the harmful cancer - related effects of telomerase are dependent on an intact RNA template . Cancer stem cells that use an alternative method of telomere maintenance are still killed when telomerase 's RNA template is blocked or damaged . Telomerase vaccines ( edit ) Two telomerase vaccines have been developed : GRNVAC1 and GV1001 . GRNVAC1 isolates dendritic cells and the RNA that codes for the telomerase protein and puts them back into the patient to make cytotoxic T cells that kill the telomerase - active cells . GV1001 is a peptide from the active site of hTERT and is recognized by the immune system that reacts by killing the telomerase - active cells . Targeted. apoptosis ( edit ) Figure 5 : A ) Human telomerase RNA ( hTR ) is present in the cell and can be targeted. B) 2 - 5 anti-hTR oligonucleotides is a specialized antisense oligo that can bind to the telomerase RNA . C ) Once bound , the 2 - 5 anti-hTR oligonucleotide recruits RNase L to the sequence . Once recruited , the RNase L creates a single cleavage in the RNA ( D ) and causes dissociation of the RNA sequence . Another independent approach is to use oligoadenylated anti-telomerase antisense oligonucleotides and ribozymes to target telomerase RNA , inducing dissociation and apoptosis ( Figure 5 ) . The fast induction of apoptosis through antisense binding may be a good alternative to the slower telomere shortening . Small interfering RNA ( siRNA ) ( edit ) siRNAs are small RNA molecules that induce the sequence - specific degradation of other RNAs . siRNA treatment can function similar to traditional gene therapy by destroying the mRNA products of particular genes , and therefore preventing the expression of those genes . A 2012 study found that targeting TERC with an siRNA reduced telomerase activity by more than 50 % and resulted in decreased viability of immortal cancer cells . Treatment with both the siRNA and radiation caused a greater reduction in tumor size in mice than treatment with radiation alone , suggesting that targeting telomerase could be a way to increase the efficacy of radiation in treating radiation - resistant tumors . Heart disease , diabetes and quality of Life ( edit ) Blackburn also discovered that mothers caring for very sick children have shorter telomeres when they report that their emotional stress is at a maximum and that telomerase was active at the site of blockages in coronary artery tissue , possibly accelerating heart attacks . In 2009 , it was shown that the amount of telomerase activity significantly increased following psychological stress . Across the sample of patients telomerase activity in increased peripheral blood mononuclear cells by 18 % one hour after the end of the stress . E.V. Gostjeva et al. found no differences between colon cancer stem cells and fetal colon stem cells . A study in 2010 found that there was `` significantly greater '' telomerase activity in participants than controls after a three - month meditation retreat . Telomerase deficiency has been linked to diabetes mellitus and impaired insulin secretion in mice , due to loss of pancreatic insulin - producing cells . Rare human diseases ( edit ) Mutations in TERT have been implicated in predisposing patients to aplastic anemia , a disorder in which the bone marrow fails to produce blood cells , in 2005 . Cri du chat syndrome ( CdCS ) is a complex disorder involving the loss of the distal portion of the short arm of chromosome 5 . TERT is located in the deleted region , and loss of one copy of TERT has been suggested as a cause or contributing factor of this disease . Dyskeratosis congenita ( DC ) is a disease of the bone marrow that can be caused by some mutations in the telomerase subunits . In the DC cases , about 35 % cases are X-linked - recessive on the DKC1 locus and 5 % cases are autosomal dominant on the TERT and TERC loci . Patients with DC have severe bone marrow failure manifesting as abnormal skin pigmentation , leucoplakia ( a white thickening of the oral mucosa ) and nail dystrophy , as well as a variety of other symptoms . Individuals with either TERC or DKC1 mutations have shorter telomeres and defective telomerase activity in vitro versus other individuals of the same age . In one family autosomal dominant DC was linked to a heterozygous TERT mutation . These patients also exhibited an increased rate of telomere - shortening , and genetic anticipation ( i.e. , the DC phenotype worsened with each generation ) . See also ( edit ) DNA repair Imetelstat TA - 65 Telomere References ( edit ) Jump up ^ What are telomeres and telomerase ? Jump up ^ Pardue ML , DeBaryshe PG ( 2011 ) . `` Retrotransposons that maintain chromosome ends '' ( PDF ) . PNAS. 108 ( 51 ) : 20317 -- 24 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1100278108 . PMC 3251079 . PMID 21821789 . Jump up ^ Cano MI , Dungan JM , Agabian N , Blackburn EH ( March 1999 ) . `` Telomerase in kinetoplastid parasitic protozoa '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 96 ( 7 ) : 3616 -- 21 . PMC 22343 . PMID 10097086 . Jump up ^ Olovnikov AM ( September 1973 ) . `` A theory of marginotomy . The incomplete copying of template margin in enzymic synthesis of polynucleotides and biological significance of the phenomenon '' . Journal of Theoretical Biology . 41 ( 1 ) : 181 -- 90 . doi : 10.1016 / 0022 - 5193 ( 73 ) 90198 - 7 . PMID 4754905 . Jump up ^ Greider CW , Blackburn EH ( December 1985 ) . `` Identification of a specific telomere terminal transferase activity in Tetrahymena extracts '' . Cell. 43 ( 2 Pt 1 ) : 405 -- 13 . doi : 10.1016 / 0092 - 8674 ( 85 ) 90170 - 9 . PMID 3907856 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2009 '' . The Nobel Foundation . 2009 - 10 - 05 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ Feng J , Funk WD , Wang SS , Weinrich SL , Avilion AA , Chiu CP , Adams RR , Chang E , Allsopp RC , Yu J ( September 1995 ) . `` The RNA component of human telomerase '' . Science . 269 ( 5228 ) : 1236 -- 41 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 7544491 . PMID 7544491 . Jump up ^ Kim NW , Piatyszek MA , Prowse KR , Harley CB , West MD , Ho PL , Coviello GM , Wright WE , Weinrich SL , Shay JW ( December 1994 ) . `` Specific association of human telomerase activity with immortal cells and cancer '' . Science . 266 ( 5193 ) : 2011 -- 5 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 7605428 . PMID 7605428 . Jump up ^ Nguyen , Thi Hoang Duong ; Tam , Jane ; Wu , Robert A. ; Greber , Basil J. ; Toso , Daniel ; Nogales , Eva ; Collins , Kathleen ( 2018 - 04 - 25 ) . `` Cryo - EM structure of substrate - bound human telomerase holoenzyme '' . Nature . 557 ( 7704 ) : 190 -- 195 . doi : 10.1038 / s41586 - 018 - 0062 - x . ISSN 0028 - 0836 . Jump up ^ Cohen S , Graham M , Lovrecz G , Bache N , Robinson P , Reddel R ( 2007 ) . `` Protein composition of catalytically active human telomerase from immortal cells '' . Science . 315 ( 5820 ) : 1850 -- 3 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1138596 . PMID 17395830 . Jump up ^ `` HGNC database of human gene names - HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee '' . genenames.org . Jump up ^ HGNC - TERC Jump up ^ HGNC - DKC1 Jump up ^ HGNC - TEP1 Jump up ^ NCBI - telomerase reverse transcriptase isoform 1 Jump up ^ Gillis AJ , Schuller AP , Skordalakes E. Structure of the Tribolium castaneum telomerase catalytic subunit TERT . Nature . 2008 Oct 2 ; 455 ( 7213 ) : 633 - 7 Jump up ^ Mitchell M , Gillis A , Futahashi M , Fujiwara H , Skordalakes E. Structural basis for telomerase catalytic subunit TERT binding to RNA template and telomeric DNA . Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2010 Apr ; 17 ( 4 ) : 513 - 8 Jump up ^ NCBI - telomerase reverse transcriptase Jump up ^ Gavory G , Farrow M , Balasubramanian S ( October 2002 ) . `` Minimum length requirement of the alignment domain of human telomerase RNA to sustain catalytic activity in vitro '' . Nucleic Acids Res. 30 ( 20 ) : 4470 -- 80 . doi : 10.1093 / nar / gkf575 . PMC 137139 . PMID 12384594 . Jump up ^ Hayflick L , Moorhead PS ( 1961 ) . `` The serial cultivation of human diploid cell strains '' . Exp Cell Res. 25 ( 3 ) : 585 -- 621 . doi : 10.1016 / 0014 - 4827 ( 61 ) 90192 - 6 . PMID 13905658 . Jump up ^ Siegel , L ( 2013 ) . Are Telomeres the Key to Aging and Cancer ? Archived 2013 - 12 - 01 at the Wayback Machine . The University of Utah . Retrieved 30 September 2013 Jump up ^ Hanahan D , Weinberg RA ( March 2011 ) . `` Hallmarks of cancer : the next generation '' . Cell. 144 ( 5 ) : 646 -- 74 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cell. 2011.02. 013 . PMID 21376230 . Jump up ^ Härle - Bachor C , Boukamp P ( 1996 ) . `` Telomerase activity in the regenerative basal layer of the epidermis inhuman skin and in immortal and carcinoma - derived skin keratinocytes '' . PNAS. 93 ( 13 ) : 6476 -- 6481 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 93.13. 6476 . PMC 39048 . PMID 8692840 . Jump up ^ Barsov EV ( 2011 ) . `` Telomerase and primary T cells : biology and immortalization for adoptive immunotherapy '' . Immunotherapy. 3 ( 3 ) : 407 -- 421 . doi : 10.2217 / imt. 10.107 . PMC 3120014 . PMID 21395382 . Jump up ^ Bougel S , Renaud S , Braunschweig R , Loukinov D , Morse HC 3rd , Bosman FT , Lobanenkov V , Benhattar J ( 2010 ) . `` PAX5 activates the transcription of the human telomerase reverse transcriptase gene in B cells '' . The Journal of Pathology. 220 ( 1 ) : 87 -- 96 . doi : 10.1002 / path. 2620 . PMC 3422366 . PMID 19806612 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Cong YS ( 2002 ) . `` Human Telomerase and Its Regulation '' . Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews . 66 ( 3 ) : 407 -- 425 . doi : 10.1128 / MMBR. 66.3. 407 - 425.2002 . PMC 120798 . PMID 12208997 . Jump up ^ Gomes NM , Ryder OA , Houck ML , Charter SJ , Walker W , Forsyth NR , Austad SN , Venditti C , Pagel M , Shay JW , Wright WE ( October 2011 ) . `` Comparative biology of mammalian telomeres : hypotheses on ancestral states and the roles of telomeres in longevity determination '' . Aging Cell. 10 ( 5 ) : 761 -- 8 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1474 - 9726.2011. 00718. x . PMC 3387546 . PMID 21518243 . Jump up ^ Cherif H , Tarry JL , Ozanne SE , Hales CN ( March 2003 ) . `` Ageing and telomeres : a study into organ - and gender - specific telomere shortening '' . Nucleic Acids Research . 31 ( 5 ) : 1576 -- 83 . doi : 10.1093 / nar / gkg208 . PMC 149817 . PMID 12595567 . Jump up ^ Renault V , Thornell LE , Eriksson PO , Butler - Browne G , Mouly V , Thorne LE ( December 2002 ) . `` Regenerative potential of human skeletal muscle during aging '' . Aging Cell. 1 ( 2 ) : 132 -- 9 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1474 - 9728.2002. 00017. x . PMID 12882343 . Jump up ^ Jeyapalan JC , Ferreira M , Sedivy JM , Herbig U ( January 2007 ) . `` Accumulation of senescent cells in mitotic tissue of aging primates '' . Mechanisms of Ageing and Development . 128 ( 1 ) : 36 -- 44 . doi : 10.1016 / j. mad. 2006.11. 008 . PMC 3654105 . PMID 17116315 . Jump up ^ Verma S , Tachtatzis P , Penrhyn - Lowe S , Scarpini C , Jurk D , Von Zglinicki T , Coleman N , Alexander GJ ( October 2012 ) . `` Sustained telomere length in hepatocytes and cholangiocytes with increasing age in normal liver '' . Hepatology. 56 ( 4 ) : 1510 -- 20 . doi : 10.1002 / hep. 25787 . PMID 22504828 . Jump up ^ Harris SE , Martin - Ruiz C , von Zglinicki T , Starr JM , Deary IJ ( July 2012 ) . `` Telomere length and aging biomarkers in 70 - year - olds : the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 '' . Neurobiology of Aging. 33 ( 7 ) : 1486. e3 -- 8 . doi : 10.1016 / j. neurobiolaging. 2010.11. 013 . PMID 21194798 . Jump up ^ de Magalhães JP , Toussaint O ( 2004 ) . `` Telomeres and telomerase : a modern fountain of youth ? '' . Rejuvenation Res. 7 ( 2 ) : 126 -- 33 . doi : 10.1089 / 1549168041553044 . PMID 15312299 . Jump up ^ Tomás - Loba A , Flores I , Fernández - Marcos PJ , Cayuela ML , Maraver A , Tejera A , Borrás C , Matheu A , Klatt P , Flores JM , Viña J , Serrano M , Blasco MA ( November 2008 ) . `` Telomerase reverse transcriptase delays aging in cancer - resistant mice '' . Cell. 135 ( 4 ) : 609 -- 22 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cell. 2008.09. 034 . PMID 19013273 . Jump up ^ Fauce SR , Jamieson BD , Chin AC , Mitsuyasu RT , Parish ST , Ng HL , Kitchen CM , Yang OO , Harley CB , Effros RB ( November 2008 ) . `` Telomerase - Based Pharmacologic Enhancement of Antiviral Function > of Human CD8+ T Lymphocytes '' . J. Immunol. 181 ( 10 ) : 7400 -- 6 . doi : 10.4049 / jimmunol. 181.10. 7400 . PMC 2682219 . PMID 18981163 . Jump up ^ Atzmon G , Cho M , Cawthon RM , Budagov T , Katz M , Yang X , Siegel G , Bergman A , Huffman DM , Schechter CB , Wright WE , Shay JW , Barzilai N , Govindaraju DR , Suh Y ( January 2010 ) . `` Genetic variation in human telomerase is associated with telomere length in Ashkenazi centenarians '' . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107 Suppl 1 ( suppl_1 ) : 1710 -- 7 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0906191106 . PMC 2868292 . PMID 19915151 . Lay summary -- LiveScience . Jump up ^ Jaskelioff M , Muller FL , Paik JH , Thomas E , Jiang S , Adams AC , Sahin E , Kost - Alimova M , Protopopov A , Cadiñanos J , Horner JW , Maratos - Flier E , Depinho RA ( January 2011 ) . `` Telomerase reactivation reverses tissue degeneration in aged telomerase - deficient mice '' . Nature . 469 ( 7328 ) : 102 -- 6 . doi : 10.1038 / nature09603 . PMC 3057569 . PMID 21113150 . Lay summary -- news.discovery.com . Jump up ^ `` Stop , rewind : the scientists slowing the ageing process '' . BBC News . 2011 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Bernardes de Jesus B , Vera E , Schneeberger K , Tejera AM , Ayuso E , Bosch F , Blasco MA ( August 2012 ) . `` Telomerase gene therapy in adult and old mice delays aging and increases longevity without increasing cancer '' . EMBO Molecular Medicine . 4 ( 8 ) : 691 -- 704 . doi : 10.1002 / emmm. 201200245 . PMC 3494070 . PMID 22585399 . Jump up ^ Blasco MA ( August 2005 ) . `` Telomeres and human disease : ageing , cancer and beyond '' . Nature Reviews . Genetics . 6 ( 8 ) : 611 -- 22 . doi : 10.1038 / nrg1656 . PMID 16136653 . Jump up ^ Skloot R ( 2010 ) . The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks . New York : Broadway Paperbacks . pp. 216 , 217 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 5218 - 9 . Jump up ^ Dr. Todd Hennessey , 2016 University at Buffalo Jump up ^ Shay JW , Bacchetti S ( April 1997 ) . `` A survey of telomerase activity in human cancer '' . European Journal of Cancer . 33 ( 5 ) : 787 -- 91 . doi : 10.1016 / S0959 - 8049 ( 97 ) 00062 - 2 . PMID 9282118 . Jump up ^ Bryan TM , Englezou A , Gupta J , Bacchetti S , Reddel RR ( September 1995 ) . `` Telomere elongation in immortal human cells without detectable telomerase activity '' . The EMBO Journal . 14 ( 17 ) : 4240 -- 8 . PMC 394507 . PMID 7556065 . Jump up ^ Henson JD , Neumann AA , Yeager TR , Reddel RR ( January 2002 ) . `` Alternative lengthening of telomeres in mammalian cells '' . Oncogene. 21 ( 4 ) : 598 -- 610 . doi : 10.1038 / sj. onc. 1205058 . PMID 11850785 . Jump up ^ Blackburn , EH ( February 2005 ) . `` Telomeres and telomerase : their mechanisms of action and the effects of altering their functions '' . FEBS Lett. 579 ( 4 ) : 859 -- 62 . doi : 10.1016 / j. febslet. 2004.11. 036 . PMID 15680963 . ^ Jump up to : Tian X , Chen B , Liu X ( March 2010 ) . `` Telomere and telomerase as targets for cancer therapy '' . Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology . 160 ( 5 ) : 1460 -- 72 . doi : 10.1007 / s12010 - 009 - 8633 - 9 . PMID 19412578 . Jump up ^ Griffiths AJ , Wesslet SR , Carroll SB , Doebley J ( 2008 ) . Introduction to Genetic Analysis . W.H. Freeman . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7167 - 6887 - 6 . Jump up ^ Williams SC ( January 2013 ) . `` No end in sight for telomerase - targeted cancer drugs '' . Nature Medicine . 19 ( 1 ) : 6 . doi : 10.1038 / nm0113 - 6 . PMID 23295993 . Jump up ^ Blasco MA ( 2001 ) . `` Telomeres in Cancer Therapy '' . Journal of Biomedicine & Biotechnology . 1 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 4 . doi : 10.1155 / S1110724301000109 . PMC 79678 . PMID 12488618 . ^ Jump up to : Shay JW , Zou Y , Hiyama E , Wright WE ( April 2001 ) . `` Telomerase and cancer '' . Human Molecular Genetics . 10 ( 7 ) : 677 -- 85 . doi : 10.1093 / hmg / 10.7. 677 . PMID 11257099 . Jump up ^ Gül I , Dündar O , Bodur S , Tunca Y , Tütüncü L ( September 2013 ) . `` The status of telomerase enzyme activity in benign and malignant gynaecologic pathologies '' . Balkan Medical Journal . 30 ( 3 ) : 287 -- 92 . doi : 10.5152 / balkanmedj. 2013.7328 . PMC 4115914 . PMID 25207121 . ^ Jump up to : Saretzki G ( May 2003 ) . `` Telomerase inhibition as cancer therapy '' . Cancer Letters. 194 ( 2 ) : 209 -- 19 . doi : 10.1016 / s0304 - 3835 ( 02 ) 00708 - 5 . PMID 12757979 . Jump up ^ Stoyanov V ( 2009 ) . `` T - loop deletion factor showing speeding aging of Homo telomere diversity and evolution '' . Rejuvenation Research . 12 ( 1 ) : 52 . Jump up ^ Patel KP , Vonderheide RH ( June 2004 ) . `` Telomerase as a tumor - associated antigen for cancer immunotherapy '' . Cytotechnology. 45 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 91 -- 9 . doi : 10.1007 / s10616 - 004 - 5132 - 2 . PMC 3449959 . PMID 19003246 . Jump up ^ `` Geron 's cancer drug shakes off one FDA hold but remains on pause '' . FierceBiotech . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` J&J bets up to $935 M that Geron 's drug can shake a checkered past '' . FierceBiotech . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ Johnson SR ( 2 September 2015 ) . `` Experimental blood disorder therapy shows promise in new studies '' . Modern Healthcare . Jump up ^ Chen M , Xing LN . `` siRNA - mediated inhibition of hTERC enhances radiosensitivity of cervical cancer '' . Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention . 13 ( 12 ) : 5975 -- 9 . doi : 10.7314 / apjcp. 2012.13. 12.5975 . PMID 23464388 . Jump up ^ Epel ES , Lin J , Dhabhar FS , Wolkowitz OM , Puterman E , Karan L , Blackburn EH ( May 2010 ) . `` Dynamics of telomerase activity in response to acute psychological stress '' . Brain , Behavior , and Immunity. 24 ( 4 ) : 531 -- 9 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bbi. 2009.11. 018 . PMC 2856774 . PMID 20018236 . Jump up ^ Gostjeva EV , Thilly WG ( 2005 ) . `` Stem cell stages and the origins of colon cancer : a multidisciplinary perspective '' . Stem Cell Reviews . 1 ( 3 ) : 243 -- 51 . doi : 10.1385 / SCR : 1 : 3 : 243 . PMID 17142861 . Jump up ^ Jacobs TL , Epel ES , Lin J , Blackburn EH , Wolkowitz OM , Bridwell DA , Zanesco AP , Aichele SR , Sahdra BK , MacLean KA , King BG , Shaver PR , Rosenberg EL , Ferrer E , Wallace BA , Saron CD ( June 2011 ) . `` Intensive meditation training , immune cell telomerase activity , and psychological mediators '' . Psychoneuroendocrinology. 36 ( 5 ) : 664 -- 81 . doi : 10.1016 / j. psyneuen. 2010.09. 010 . PMID 21035949 . Jump up ^ Kuhlow D , Florian S , von Figura G , Weimer S , Schulz N , Petzke KJ , Zarse K , Pfeiffer AF , Rudolph KL , Ristow M ( October 2010 ) . `` Telomerase deficiency impairs glucose metabolism and insulin secretion '' ( PDF ) . Aging. 2 ( 10 ) : 650 -- 8 . doi : 10.18632 / aging. 100200 . PMC 2993795 . PMID 20876939 . Jump up ^ Yamaguchi H , Calado RT , Ly H , Kajigaya S , Baerlocher GM , Chanock SJ , Lansdorp PM , Young NS ( April 2005 ) . `` Mutations in TERT , the gene for telomerase reverse transcriptase , in aplastic anemia '' . The New England Journal of Medicine . 352 ( 14 ) : 1413 -- 24 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMoa042980 . PMID 15814878 . Jump up ^ Zhang A , Zheng C , Hou M , Lindvall C , Li KJ , Erlandsson F , Björkholm M , Gruber A , Blennow E , Xu D ( April 2003 ) . `` Deletion of the telomerase reverse transcriptase gene and haploinsufficiency of telomere maintenance in Cri du chat syndrome '' . American Journal of Human Genetics . 72 ( 4 ) : 940 -- 8 . doi : 10.1086 / 374565 . PMC 1180356 . PMID 12629597 . Jump up ^ Yamaguchi H ( June 2007 ) . `` Mutations of telomerase complex genes linked to bone marrow failures '' . Journal of Nippon Medical School = Nippon Ika Daigaku Zasshi. 74 ( 3 ) : 202 -- 9 . doi : 10.1272 / jnms. 74.202 . PMID 17625368 . Jump up ^ Heiss NS , Knight SW , Vulliamy TJ , Klauck SM , Wiemann S , Mason PJ , Poustka A , Dokal I ( May 1998 ) . `` X-linked dyskeratosis congenita is caused by mutations in a highly conserved gene with putative nucleolar functions '' . Nature Genetics . 19 ( 1 ) : 32 -- 8 . doi : 10.1038 / ng0598 - 32 . PMID 9590285 . Jump up ^ Vulliamy TJ , Walne A , Baskaradas A , Mason PJ , Marrone A , Dokal I ( 2005 ) . `` Mutations in the reverse transcriptase component of telomerase ( TERT ) in patients with bone marrow failure '' . Blood Cells , Molecules & Diseases . 34 ( 3 ) : 257 -- 63 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bcmd. 2004.12. 008 . PMID 15885610 . Jump up ^ Vulliamy T , Marrone A , Goldman F , Dearlove A , Bessler M , Mason PJ , Dokal I ( September 2001 ) . `` The RNA component of telomerase is mutated in autosomal dominant dyskeratosis congenita '' . Nature . 413 ( 6854 ) : 432 -- 5 . doi : 10.1038 / 35096585 . PMID 11574891 . Jump up ^ Marrone A , Walne A , Dokal I ( June 2005 ) . `` Dyskeratosis congenita : telomerase , telomeres and anticipation '' . Current Opinion in Genetics & Development . 15 ( 3 ) : 249 -- 57 . doi : 10.1016 / j. gde. 2005.04. 004 . PMID 15917199 . Jump up ^ Armanios M , Chen JL , Chang YP , Brodsky RA , Hawkins A , Griffin CA , Eshleman JR , Cohen AR , Chakravarti A , Hamosh A , Greider CW ( November 2005 ) . `` Haploinsufficiency of telomerase reverse transcriptase leads to anticipation in autosomal dominant dyskeratosis congenita '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 102 ( 44 ) : 15960 -- 4 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0508124102 . PMC 1276104 . PMID 16247010 . Further reading ( edit ) The Immortal Cell , by Michael D. West , Doubleday ( 2003 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 50928 - 2 External links ( edit ) The Telomerase Database - A Web - based tool for telomerase research . Three - dimensional model of telomerase at MUN Elizabeth Blackburn 's Seminars : Telomeres and Telomerase Telomerase at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) DNA replication ( comparing Prokaryotic to Eukaryotic ) Initiation Prokaryotic ( initiation ) Pre-replication complex dnaC Cdc6 Helicase dnaA dnaB T7 Primase dnaG Eukaryotic ( preparation in G1 phase ) Pre-replication complex Origin recognition complex ORC1 ORC2 ORC3 ORC4 ORC5 ORC6 Cdc6 Cdt1 Minichromosome maintenance MCM2 MCM3 MCM4 MCM5 MCM6 MCM7 Licensing factor Autonomously replicating sequence Single - strand binding protein SSBP2 SSBP3 SSBP4 RNase H RNASEH1 RNASEH2A Helicase : HFM1 Primase : PRIM1 PRIM2 Both Origin of replication / Ori / Replicon Replication fork Lagging and leading strands Okazaki fragments Primer Replication Prokaryotic ( elongation ) DNA polymerase III holoenzyme dnaC dnaE dnaH dnaN dnaQ dnaT dnaX holA holB holC holD holE Replisome DNA ligase DNA clamp Topoisomerase DNA gyrase Prokaryotic DNA polymerase : DNA polymerase I Klenow fragment Eukaryotic ( synthesis in S phase ) Replication factor C RFC1 Flap endonuclease FEN1 Topoisomerase Replication protein A RPA1 Eukaryotic DNA polymerase : alpha POLA1 POLA2 PRIM1 PRIM2 delta POLD1 POLD2 POLD3 POLD4 epsilon POLE POLE2 POLE3 POLE4 DNA clamp PCNA Control of chromosome duplication Both Movement : Processivity DNA ligase Termination Telomere : Telomerase TERT TERC DKC1 RNA - binding protein : Ribonucleoproteins snRNP A1 B2 D1 D2 D3 70K / U1 spliceosomal RNA SNRNP200 hnRNP A0 Other transcription Telomerase Translation Ribosome Vault ribonucleoprotein particles Major vault protein Other Signal recognition particle Transferases : phosphorus - containing groups ( EC 2.7 ) 2.7. 1 - 2.7. 4 : phosphotransferase / kinase ( PO ) 2.7. 1 : OH acceptor Hexo - Gluco - Fructo - Hepatic Galacto - Phosphofructo - Liver Muscle Platelet Riboflavin Shikimate Thymidine ADP - thymidine NAD Glycerol Pantothenate Mevalonate Pyruvate Deoxycytidine PFP Diacylglycerol Phosphoinositide 3 Class I PI 3 Class II PI 3 Sphingosine Glucose - 1 , 6 - bisphosphate synthase 2.7. 2 : COOH acceptor Phosphoglycerate Aspartate kinase 2.7. 3 : N acceptor Creatine 2.7. 4 : PO acceptor Phosphomevalonate Adenylate Nucleoside - diphosphate Uridylate Guanylate Thiamine - diphosphate 2.7. 6 : diphosphotransferase ( P O ) Ribose - phosphate diphosphokinase Thiamine diphosphokinase 2.7. 7 : nucleotidyltransferase ( PO - nucleoside ) Polymerase DNA polymerase DNA - directed DNA polymerase II III IV V RNA - directed DNA polymerase Reverse transcriptase Telomerase DNA nucleotidylexotransferase / Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase RNA nucleotidyltransferase RNA polymerase / DNA - directed RNA polymerase RNA polymerase I II III IV V Primase RNA - dependent RNA polymerase PNPase Phosphorolytic 3 ' to 5 ' exoribonuclease RNase PH PNPase Nucleotidyltransferase UTP -- glucose - 1 - phosphate uridylyltransferase Galactose - 1 - phosphate uridylyltransferase Guanylyltransferase mRNA capping enzyme Other Recombinase ( Integrase ) Transposase 2.7. 8 : miscellaneous Phosphatidyltransferases CDP - diacylglycerol -- glycerol - 3 - phosphate 3 - phosphatidyltransferase CDP - diacylglycerol -- serine O - phosphatidyltransferase CDP - diacylglycerol -- inositol 3 - phosphatidyltransferase CDP - diacylglycerol -- choline O - phosphatidyltransferase Glycosyl - 1 - phosphotransferase N - acetylglucosamine - 1 - phosphate transferase 2.7. 10 - 2.7. 13 : protein kinase ( PO ; protein acceptor ) 2.7. 10 : protein - tyrosine see tyrosine kinases 2.7. 11 : protein - serine / threonine see serine / threonine - specific protein kinases 2.7. 12 : protein - dual - specificity see serine / threonine - specific protein kinases 2.7. 13 : protein - histidine Protein - histidine pros - kinase Protein - histidine tele - kinase Histidine kinase Enzymes Activity Active site Binding site Catalytic triad Oxyanion hole Enzyme promiscuity Catalytically perfect enzyme Coenzyme Cofactor Enzyme catalysis Regulation Allosteric regulation Cooperativity Enzyme inhibitor Enzyme activator Classification EC number Enzyme superfamily Enzyme family List of enzymes Kinetics Enzyme kinetics Eadie -- Hofstee diagram Hanes -- Woolf plot Lineweaver -- Burk plot Michaelis -- Menten kinetics Types EC1 Oxidoreductases ( list ) EC2 Transferases ( list ) EC3 Hydrolases ( list ) EC4 Lyases ( list ) EC5 Isomerases ( list ) EC6 Ligases ( list ) Molecular and Cellular Biology portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telomerase&oldid=861613999 '' Categories : Ribonucleoproteins Aging - related enzymes Anti-aging substances DNA replication EC 2.7. 7 Senescence Telomere - related proteins Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles lacking reliable references from June 2015 All articles lacking reliable references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2009 All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013 Talk Search Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 September 2018 , at 18 : 19 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telomerase
| 2,037 |
||
the fundamental laws of motion were formulated by
|
Newton 's laws of motion are three physical laws that , together , laid the foundation for classical mechanics . They describe the relationship between a body and the forces acting upon it , and its motion in response to those forces . More precisely , the first law defines the force qualitatively , the second law offers a quantitative measure of the force , and the third asserts that a single isolated force does n't exist . These three laws have been expressed in several ways , over nearly three centuries , and can be summarised as follows :
|
Newton
|
Newton 's laws of motion
|
newton's laws of motion
|
Part of a series of articles about Classical mechanics F → = m a → ( \ displaystyle ( \ vec ( F ) ) = m ( \ vec ( a ) ) ) Second law of motion History Timeline Branches ( show ) Applied Celestial Continuum Dynamics Kinematics Kinetics Statics Statistical Fundamentals ( show ) Acceleration Angular momentum Couple D'Alembert's principle Energy kinetic potential Force Frame of reference Inertial frame of reference Impulse Inertia / Moment of inertia Mass Mechanical power Mechanical work Moment Momentum Space Speed Time Torque Velocity Virtual work Formulations ( show ) Newton 's laws of motion Analytical mechanics Lagrangian mechanics Hamiltonian mechanics Routhian mechanics Hamilton -- Jacobi equation Appell 's equation of motion Udwadia -- Kalaba equation Koopman -- von Neumann mechanics Core topics ( show ) Damping ( ratio ) Displacement Equations of motion Euler 's laws of motion Fictitious force Friction Harmonic oscillator Inertial / Non-inertial reference frame Mechanics of planar particle motion Motion ( linear ) Newton 's law of universal gravitation Newton 's laws of motion Relative velocity Rigid body dynamics Euler 's equations Simple harmonic motion Vibration Rotation ( show ) Circular motion Rotating reference frame Centripetal force Centrifugal force reactive Coriolis force Pendulum Tangential speed Rotational speed Angular acceleration / displacement / frequency / velocity Scientists ( show ) Galileo Huygens Newton Kepler Horrocks Halley Euler d'Alembert Clairaut Lagrange Laplace Hamilton Poisson Daniel Bernoulli Johann Bernoulli Cauchy Newton 's laws of motion are three physical laws that , together , laid the foundation for classical mechanics . They describe the relationship between a body and the forces acting upon it , and its motion in response to those forces . More precisely , the first law defines the force qualitatively , the second law offers a quantitative measure of the force , and the third asserts that a single isolated force does n't exist . These three laws have been expressed in several ways , over nearly three centuries , and can be summarised as follows : First law : In an inertial frame of reference , an object either remains at rest or continues to move at a constant velocity , unless acted upon by a force . Second law : In an inertial reference frame , the vector sum of the forces F on an object is equal to the mass m of that object multiplied by the acceleration a of the object : F = ma . ( It is assumed here that the mass m is constant -- see below . ) Third law : When one body exerts a force on a second body , the second body simultaneously exerts a force equal in magnitude and opposite in direction on the first body . The three laws of motion were first compiled by Isaac Newton in his Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica ( Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy ) , first published in 1687 . Newton used them to explain and investigate the motion of many physical objects and systems . For example , in the third volume of the text , Newton showed that these laws of motion , combined with his law of universal gravitation , explained Kepler 's laws of planetary motion . A fourth law is often also described in the bibliography , which states that forces add up like vectors , that is , that forces obey the principle of superposition . Contents 1 Overview 2 Laws 2.1 Newton 's first law 2.2 Newton 's second law 2.2. 1 Impulse 2.2. 2 Variable - mass systems 2.3 Newton 's third law 3 History 3.1 Newton 's 1st Law 3.2 Newton 's 2nd Law 3.3 Newton 's 3rd Law 4 Importance and range of validity 5 Relationship to the conservation laws 6 See also 7 References and notes 8 Further reading and works cited 9 External links Overview Isaac Newton ( 1643 -- 1727 ) , the physicist who formulated the laws Newton 's laws are applied to objects which are idealised as single point masses , in the sense that the size and shape of the object 's body are neglected to focus on its motion more easily . This can be done when the object is small compared to the distances involved in its analysis , or the deformation and rotation of the body are of no importance . In this way , even a planet can be idealised as a particle for analysis of its orbital motion around a star . In their original form , Newton 's laws of motion are not adequate to characterise the motion of rigid bodies and deformable bodies . Leonhard Euler in 1750 introduced a generalisation of Newton 's laws of motion for rigid bodies called Euler 's laws of motion , later applied as well for deformable bodies assumed as a continuum . If a body is represented as an assemblage of discrete particles , each governed by Newton 's laws of motion , then Euler 's laws can be derived from Newton 's laws . Euler 's laws can , however , be taken as axioms describing the laws of motion for extended bodies , independently of any particle structure . Newton 's laws hold only with respect to a certain set of frames of reference called Newtonian or inertial reference frames . Some authors interpret the first law as defining what an inertial reference frame is ; from this point of view , the second law holds only when the observation is made from an inertial reference frame , and therefore the first law can not be proved as a special case of the second . Other authors do treat the first law as a corollary of the second . The explicit concept of an inertial frame of reference was not developed until long after Newton 's death . In the given interpretation mass , acceleration , momentum , and ( most importantly ) force are assumed to be externally defined quantities . This is the most common , but not the only interpretation of the way one can consider the laws to be a definition of these quantities . Newtonian mechanics has been superseded by special relativity , but it is still useful as an approximation when the speeds involved are much slower than the speed of light . Laws Newton 's first law Main article : Inertia The first law states that if the net force ( the vector sum of all forces acting on an object ) is zero , then the velocity of the object is constant . Velocity is a vector quantity which expresses both the object 's speed and the direction of its motion ; therefore , the statement that the object 's velocity is constant is a statement that both its speed and the direction of its motion are constant . The first law can be stated mathematically when the mass is a non-zero constant , as , ∑ F = 0 ⇔ d v d t = 0 . ( \ displaystyle \ sum \ mathbf ( F ) = 0 \ ; \ Leftrightarrow \ ; ( \ frac ( \ mathrm ( d ) \ mathbf ( v ) ) ( \ mathrm ( d ) t ) ) = 0 . ) Consequently , An object that is at rest will stay at rest unless a force acts upon it . An object that is in motion will not change its velocity unless a force acts upon it . This is known as uniform motion . An object continues to do whatever it happens to be doing unless a force is exerted upon it . If it is at rest , it continues in a state of rest ( demonstrated when a tablecloth is skilfully whipped from under dishes on a tabletop and the dishes remain in their initial state of rest ) . If an object is moving , it continues to move without turning or changing its speed . This is evident in space probes that continuously move in outer space . Changes in motion must be imposed against the tendency of an object to retain its state of motion . In the absence of net forces , a moving object tends to move along a straight line path indefinitely . Newton placed the first law of motion to establish frames of reference for which the other laws are applicable . The first law of motion postulates the existence of at least one frame of reference called a Newtonian or inertial reference frame , relative to which the motion of a particle not subject to forces is a straight line at a constant speed . Newton 's first law is often referred to as the law of inertia . Thus , a condition necessary for the uniform motion of a particle relative to an inertial reference frame is that the total net force acting on it is zero . In this sense , the first law can be restated as : In every material universe , the motion of a particle in a preferential reference frame Φ is determined by the action of forces whose total vanished for all times when and only when the velocity of the particle is constant in Φ . That is , a particle initially at rest or in uniform motion in the preferential frame Φ continues in that state unless compelled by forces to change it . Newton 's first and second laws are valid only in an inertial reference frame . Any reference frame that is in uniform motion with respect to an inertial frame is also an inertial frame , i.e. Galilean invariance or the principle of Newtonian relativity . Newton 's second law The second law states that the rate of change of momentum of a body is directly proportional to the force applied , and this change in momentum takes place in the direction of the applied force . F = d p d t = d ( m v ) d t . ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( F ) = ( \ frac ( \ mathrm ( d ) \ mathbf ( p ) ) ( \ mathrm ( d ) t ) ) = ( \ frac ( \ mathrm ( d ) ( m \ mathbf ( v ) ) ) ( \ mathrm ( d ) t ) ) . ) The second law can also be stated in terms of an object 's acceleration . Since Newton 's second law is valid only for constant - mass systems , m can be taken outside the differentiation operator by the constant factor rule in differentiation . Thus , F = m d v d t = m a , ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( F ) = m \ , ( \ frac ( \ mathrm ( d ) \ mathbf ( v ) ) ( \ mathrm ( d ) t ) ) = m \ mathbf ( a ) , ) where F is the net force applied , m is the mass of the body , and a is the body 's acceleration . Thus , the net force applied to a body produces a proportional acceleration . In other words , if a body is accelerating , then there is a force on it . An application of this notation is the derivation of G Subscript C . Consistent with the first law , the time derivative of the momentum is non-zero when the momentum changes direction , even if there is no change in its magnitude ; such is the case with uniform circular motion . The relationship also implies the conservation of momentum : when the net force on the body is zero , the momentum of the body is constant . Any net force is equal to the rate of change of the momentum . Any mass that is gained or lost by the system will cause a change in momentum that is not the result of an external force . A different equation is necessary for variable - mass systems ( see below ) . Newton 's second law is an approximation that is increasingly worse at high speeds because of relativistic effects . Impulse An impulse J occurs when a force F acts over an interval of time Δt , and it is given by J = ∫ Δ t F d t . ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( J ) = \ int _ ( \ Delta t ) \ mathbf ( F ) \ , \ mathrm ( d ) t . ) Since force is the time derivative of momentum , it follows that J = Δ p = m Δ v . ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( J ) = \ Delta \ mathbf ( p ) = m \ Delta \ mathbf ( v ) . ) This relation between impulse and momentum is closer to Newton 's wording of the second law . Impulse is a concept frequently used in the analysis of collisions and impacts . Variable - mass systems Main article : Variable - mass system Variable - mass systems , like a rocket burning fuel and ejecting spent gases , are not closed and can not be directly treated by making mass a function of time in the second law ; that is , the following formula is wrong : F n e t = d d t ( m ( t ) v ( t ) ) = m ( t ) d v d t + v ( t ) d m d t . ( w r o n g ) ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( F ) _ ( \ mathrm ( net ) ) = ( \ frac ( \ mathrm ( d ) ) ( \ mathrm ( d ) t ) ) ( \ big ( ) m ( t ) \ mathbf ( v ) ( t ) ( \ big ) ) = m ( t ) ( \ frac ( \ mathrm ( d ) \ mathbf ( v ) ) ( \ mathrm ( d ) t ) ) + \ mathbf ( v ) ( t ) ( \ frac ( \ mathrm ( d ) m ) ( \ mathrm ( d ) t ) ). \ qquad \ mathrm ( ( wrong ) ) ) The falsehood of this formula can be seen by noting that it does not respect Galilean invariance : a variable - mass object with F = 0 in one frame will be seen to have F ≠ 0 in another frame . The correct equation of motion for a body whose mass m varies with time by either ejecting or accreting mass is obtained by applying the second law to the entire , constant - mass system consisting of the body and its ejected / accreted mass ; the result is F + u d m d t = m d v d t ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( F ) + \ mathbf ( u ) ( \ frac ( \ mathrm ( d ) m ) ( \ mathrm ( d ) t ) ) = m ( \ mathrm ( d ) \ mathbf ( v ) \ over \ mathrm ( d ) t ) ) where u is the velocity of the escaping or incoming mass relative to the body . From this equation one can derive the equation of motion for a varying mass system , for example , the Tsiolkovsky rocket equation . Under some conventions , the quantity u dm / dt on the left - hand side , which represents the advection of momentum , is defined as a force ( the force exerted on the body by the changing mass , such as rocket exhaust ) and is included in the quantity F. Then , by substituting the definition of acceleration , the equation becomes F = ma . Newton 's third law An illustration of Newton 's third law in which two skaters push against each other . The first skater on the left exerts a normal force N on the second skater directed towards the right , and the second skater exerts a normal force N on the first skater directed towards the left . The magnitudes of both forces are equal , but they have opposite directions , as dictated by Newton 's third law . The third law states that all forces between two objects exist in equal magnitude and opposite direction : if one object A exerts a force F on a second object B , then B simultaneously exerts a force F on A , and the two forces are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction : F = − F. The third law means that all forces are interactions between different bodies , or different regions within one body , and thus that there is no such thing as a force that is not accompanied by an equal and opposite force . In some situations , the magnitude and direction of the forces are determined entirely by one of the two bodies , say Body A ; the force exerted by Body A on Body B is called the `` action '' , and the force exerted by Body B on Body A is called the `` reaction '' . This law is sometimes referred to as the action - reaction law , with F called the `` action '' and F the `` reaction '' . In other situations the magnitude and directions of the forces are determined jointly by both bodies and it is n't necessary to identify one force as the `` action '' and the other as the `` reaction '' . The action and the reaction are simultaneous , and it does not matter which is called the action and which is called reaction ; both forces are part of a single interaction , and neither force exists without the other . The two forces in Newton 's third law are of the same type ( e.g. , if the road exerts a forward frictional force on an accelerating car 's tires , then it is also a frictional force that Newton 's third law predicts for the tires pushing backward on the road ) . From a conceptual standpoint , Newton 's third law is seen when a person walks : they push against the floor , and the floor pushes against the person . Similarly , the tires of a car push against the road while the road pushes back on the tires -- the tires and road simultaneously push against each other . In swimming , a person interacts with the water , pushing the water backward , while the water simultaneously pushes the person forward -- both the person and the water push against each other . The reaction forces account for the motion in these examples . These forces depend on friction ; a person or car on ice , for example , may be unable to exert the action force to produce the needed reaction force . History Newton 's First and Second laws , in Latin , from the original 1687 Principia Mathematica Newton 's 1st law From the original Latin of Newton 's Principia : `` Lex I : Corpus omne perseverare in statu suo quiescendi vel movendi uniformiter in directum , nisi quatenus a viribus impressis cogitur statum illum mutare . '' Translated to English , this reads : `` Law I : Every body persists in its state of being at rest or of moving uniformly straight forward , except insofar as it is compelled to change its state by force impressed . '' The ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle had the view that all objects have a natural place in the universe : that heavy objects ( such as rocks ) wanted to be at rest on the Earth and that light objects like smoke wanted to be at rest in the sky and the stars wanted to remain in the heavens . He thought that a body was in its natural state when it was at rest , and for the body to move in a straight line at a constant speed an external agent was needed continually to propel it , otherwise it would stop moving . Galileo Galilei , however , realised that a force is necessary to change the velocity of a body , i.e. , acceleration , but no force is needed to maintain its velocity . In other words , Galileo stated that , in the absence of a force , a moving object will continue moving . ( The tendency of objects to resist changes in motion was what Johannes Kepler had called inertia . ) This insight was refined by Newton , who made it into his first law , also known as the `` law of inertia '' -- no force means no acceleration , and hence the body will maintain its velocity . As Newton 's first law is a restatement of the law of inertia which Galileo had already described , Newton appropriately gave credit to Galileo . The law of inertia apparently occurred to several different natural philosophers and scientists independently , including Thomas Hobbes in his Leviathan . The 17th century philosopher and mathematician René Descartes also formulated the law , although he did not perform any experiments to confirm it . Newton 's 2nd law Newton 's original Latin reads : `` Lex II : Mutationem motus proportionalem esse vi motrici impressae , et fieri secundum lineam rectam qua vis illa imprimitur . '' This was translated quite closely in Motte 's 1729 translation as : `` Law II : The alteration of motion is ever proportional to the motive force impress 'd ; and is made in the direction of the right line in which that force is impress 'd . '' According to modern ideas of how Newton was using his terminology , this is understood , in modern terms , as an equivalent of : The change of momentum of a body is proportional to the impulse impressed on the body , and happens along the straight line on which that impulse is impressed . This may be expressed by the formula F = p ' , where p ' is the time derivative of the momentum p . This equation can be seen clearly in the Wren Library of Trinity College , Cambridge , in a glass case in which Newton 's manuscript is open to the relevant page . Motte 's 1729 translation of Newton 's Latin continued with Newton 's commentary on the second law of motion , reading : If a force generates a motion , a double force will generate double the motion , a triple force triple the motion , whether that force be impressed altogether and at once , or gradually and successively . And this motion ( being always directed the same way with the generating force ) , if the body moved before , is added to or subtracted from the former motion , according as they directly conspire with or are directly contrary to each other ; or obliquely joined , when they are oblique , so as to produce a new motion compounded from the determination of both . The sense or senses in which Newton used his terminology , and how he understood the second law and intended it to be understood , have been extensively discussed by historians of science , along with the relations between Newton 's formulation and modern formulations . Newton 's 3rd law `` Lex III : Actioni contrariam semper et æqualem esse reactionem : sive corporum duorum actiones in se mutuo semper esse æquales et in partes contrarias dirigi . '' Translated to English , this reads : `` Law III : To every action there is always opposed an equal reaction : or the mutual actions of two bodies upon each other are always equal , and directed to contrary parts . '' Newton 's Scholium ( explanatory comment ) to this law : Whatever draws or presses another is as much drawn or pressed by that other . If you press a stone with your finger , the finger is also pressed by the stone . If a horse draws a stone tied to a rope , the horse ( if I may so say ) will be equally drawn back towards the stone : for the distended rope , by the same endeavour to relax or unbend itself , will draw the horse as much towards the stone , as it does the stone towards the horse , and will obstruct the progress of the one as much as it advances that of the other . If a body impinges upon another , and by its force changes the motion of the other , that body also ( because of the equality of the mutual pressure ) will undergo an equal change , in its own motion , toward the contrary part . The changes made by these actions are equal , not in the velocities but in the motions of the bodies ; that is to say , if the bodies are not hindered by any other impediments . For , as the motions are equally changed , the changes of the velocities made toward contrary parts are reciprocally proportional to the bodies . This law takes place also in attractions , as will be proved in the next scholium . In the above , as usual , motion is Newton 's name for momentum , hence his careful distinction between motion and velocity . Newton used the third law to derive the law of conservation of momentum ; from a deeper perspective , however , conservation of momentum is the more fundamental idea ( derived via Noether 's theorem from Galilean invariance ) , and holds in cases where Newton 's third law appears to fail , for instance when force fields as well as particles carry momentum , and in quantum mechanics . Importance and range of validity Newton 's laws were verified by experiment and observation for over 200 years , and they are excellent approximations at the scales and speeds of everyday life . Newton 's laws of motion , together with his law of universal gravitation and the mathematical techniques of calculus , provided for the first time a unified quantitative explanation for a wide range of physical phenomena . These three laws hold to a good approximation for macroscopic objects under everyday conditions . However , Newton 's laws ( combined with universal gravitation and classical electrodynamics ) are inappropriate for use in certain circumstances , most notably at very small scales , very high speeds ( in special relativity , the Lorentz factor must be included in the expression for momentum along with the rest mass and velocity ) or very strong gravitational fields . Therefore , the laws can not be used to explain phenomena such as conduction of electricity in a semiconductor , optical properties of substances , errors in non-relativistically corrected GPS systems and superconductivity . Explanation of these phenomena requires more sophisticated physical theories , including general relativity and quantum field theory . In quantum mechanics , concepts such as force , momentum , and position are defined by linear operators that operate on the quantum state ; at speeds that are much lower than the speed of light , Newton 's laws are just as exact for these operators as they are for classical objects . At speeds comparable to the speed of light , the second law holds in the original form F = dp / dt , where F and p are four - vectors . Relationship to the conservation laws In modern physics , the laws of conservation of momentum , energy , and angular momentum are of more general validity than Newton 's laws , since they apply to both light and matter , and to both classical and non-classical physics . This can be stated simply , `` Momentum , energy and angular momentum can not be created or destroyed . '' Because force is the time derivative of momentum , the concept of force is redundant and subordinate to the conservation of momentum , and is not used in fundamental theories ( e.g. , quantum mechanics , quantum electrodynamics , general relativity , etc . ) . The standard model explains in detail how the three fundamental forces known as gauge forces originate out of exchange by virtual particles . Other forces , such as gravity and fermionic degeneracy pressure , also arise from the momentum conservation . Indeed , the conservation of 4 - momentum in inertial motion via curved space - time results in what we call gravitational force in general relativity theory . The application of the space derivative ( which is a momentum operator in quantum mechanics ) to the overlapping wave functions of a pair of fermions ( particles with half - integer spin ) results in shifts of maxima of compound wavefunction away from each other , which is observable as the `` repulsion '' of the fermions . Newton stated the third law within a world - view that assumed instantaneous action at a distance between material particles . However , he was prepared for philosophical criticism of this action at a distance , and it was in this context that he stated the famous phrase `` I feign no hypotheses '' . In modern physics , action at a distance has been completely eliminated , except for subtle effects involving quantum entanglement . ( In particular , this refers to Bell 's theorem -- that no local model can reproduce the predictions of quantum theory . ) Despite only being an approximation , in modern engineering and all practical applications involving the motion of vehicles and satellites , the concept of action at a distance is used extensively . The discovery of the second law of thermodynamics by Carnot in the 19th century showed that not every physical quantity is conserved over time , thus disproving the validity of inducing the opposite metaphysical view from Newton 's laws . Hence , a `` steady - state '' worldview based solely on Newton 's laws and the conservation laws does not take entropy into account . See also Book : Isaac Newton Wikimedia Commons has media related to Newton 's laws of motion . Euler 's laws of motion Hamiltonian mechanics Lagrangian mechanics List of scientific laws named after people Mercury , orbit of Modified Newtonian dynamics Newton 's law of universal gravitation Principle of least action Principle of relativity Reaction ( physics ) References and notes Jump up ^ For explanations of Newton 's laws of motion by Newton in the early 18th century , by the physicist William Thomson ( Lord Kelvin ) in the mid-19th century , and by a modern text of the early 21st century , see : - Newton 's `` Axioms or Laws of Motion '' starting on page 19 of volume 1 of the 1729 translation Archived 28 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine . of the Principia ; Section 242 , Newton 's laws of motion Archived 22 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine . in Thomson , W ( Lord Kelvin ) , and Tait , PG , ( 1867 ) , Treatise on natural philosophy , volume 1 ; and Benjamin Crowell ( 2000 ) , Newtonian Physics . Jump up ^ Browne , Michael E. ( July 1999 ) . Schaum 's outline of theory and problems of physics for engineering and science ( Series : Schaum 's Outline Series ) . McGraw - Hill Companies . p. 58 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 008498 - 8 . Jump up ^ Holzner , Steven ( December 2005 ) . Physics for Dummies . Wiley , John & Sons , Incorporated . p. 64 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7645 - 5433 - 9 . Jump up ^ See the Principia on line at Andrew Motte Translation Jump up ^ Andrew Motte translation of Newton 's Principia ( 1687 ) Axioms or Laws of Motion Jump up ^ Greiner , Walter ( 2003 ) . Classical mechanics : point particles and relativity . New York : Springer . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 21851 - 9 . Jump up ^ Zeidler , E. ( 1988 ) . Nonlinear Functional Analysis and its Applications IV : Applications to Mathematical Physics . New York , NY : Springer New York . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4612 - 4566 - 7 . Jump up ^ Wachter , Armin ; Hoeber , Henning ( 2006 ) . Compendium of theoretical physics . New York , NY : Springer . ISBN 0 - 387 - 25799 - 3 . Jump up ^ ( ... ) while Newton had used the word ' body ' vaguely and in at least three different meanings , Euler realized that the statements of Newton are generally correct only when applied to masses concentrated at isolated points ; Truesdell , Clifford A. ; Becchi , Antonio ; Benvenuto , Edoardo ( 2003 ) . Essays on the history of mechanics : in memory of Clifford Ambrose Truesdell and Edoardo Benvenuto . New York : Birkhäuser . p. 207 . ISBN 3 - 7643 - 1476 - 1 . Jump up ^ Lubliner , Jacob ( 2008 ) . Plasticity Theory ( Revised Edition ) ( PDF ) . Dover Publications . ISBN 0 - 486 - 46290 - 0 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 31 March 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Galili , I. ; Tseitlin , M. ( 2003 ) . `` Newton 's First Law : Text , Translations , Interpretations and Physics Education '' . Science & Education . 12 ( 1 ) : 45 -- 73 . Bibcode : 2003Sc&Ed ... 12 ... 45G . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1022632600805 . Jump up ^ Benjamin Crowell. `` 4 . Force and Motion '' . Newtonian Physics . ISBN 0 - 9704670 - 1 - X . Archived from the original on 16 February 2007 . Jump up ^ In making a modern adjustment of the second law for ( some of ) the effects of relativity , m would be treated as the relativistic mass , producing the relativistic expression for momentum , and the third law might be modified if possible to allow for the finite signal propagation speed between distant interacting particles . Jump up ^ NMJ Woodhouse ( 2003 ) . Special relativity . London / Berlin : Springer . p. 6 . ISBN 1 - 85233 - 426 - 6 . Jump up ^ Beatty , Millard F. ( 2006 ) . Principles of engineering mechanics Volume 2 of Principles of Engineering Mechanics : Dynamics - The Analysis of Motion , . Springer . p. 24 . ISBN 0 - 387 - 23704 - 6 . Jump up ^ Thornton , Marion ( 2004 ) . Classical dynamics of particles and systems ( 5th ed . ) . Brooks / Cole . p. 53 . ISBN 0 - 534 - 40896 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Plastino , Angel R. ; Muzzio , Juan C. ( 1992 ) . `` On the use and abuse of Newton 's second law for variable mass problems '' . Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy . Netherlands : Kluwer Academic Publishers . 53 ( 3 ) : 227 -- 232 . Bibcode : 1992CeMDA ... 53 ... 227P . doi : 10.1007 / BF00052611 . ISSN 0923 - 2958 . `` We may conclude emphasizing that Newton 's second law is valid for constant mass only . When the mass varies due to accretion or ablation , ( an alternate equation explicitly accounting for the changing mass ) should be used . '' ^ Jump up to : Halliday ; Resnick . Physics. 1 . p. 199 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 03710 - 9 . It is important to note that we can not derive a general expression for Newton 's second law for variable mass systems by treating the mass in F = dP / dt = d ( Mv ) as a variable . ( ... ) We can use F = dP / dt to analyze variable mass systems only if we apply it to an entire system of constant mass having parts among which there is an interchange of mass . ( Emphasis as in the original ) ^ Jump up to : Kleppner , Daniel ; Robert Kolenkow ( 1973 ) . An Introduction to Mechanics . McGraw - Hill . pp. 133 -- 134 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 035048 - 5 . Recall that F = dP / dt was established for a system composed of a certain set of particles ( ... I ) t is essential to deal with the same set of particles throughout the time interval ( ... ) Consequently , the mass of the system can not change during the time of interest . Jump up ^ Hannah , J , Hillier , MJ , Applied Mechanics , p221 , Pitman Paperbacks , 1971 Jump up ^ Raymond A. Serway ; Jerry S. Faughn ( 2006 ) . College Physics . Pacific Grove CA : Thompson - Brooks / Cole . p. 161 . ISBN 0 - 534 - 99724 - 4 . Jump up ^ I. Bernard Cohen ( Peter M. Harman & Alan E. Shapiro , Eds ) ( 2002 ) . The investigation of difficult things : essays on Newton and the history of the exact sciences in honour of D.T. Whiteside . Cambridge UK : Cambridge University Press . p. 353 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 89266 - X . Jump up ^ WJ Stronge ( 2004 ) . Impact mechanics . Cambridge UK : Cambridge University Press . p. 12 ff . ISBN 0 - 521 - 60289 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Resnick ; Halliday ; Krane ( 1992 ) . Physics , Volume 1 ( 4th ed . ) . p. 83 . Jump up ^ C Hellingman ( 1992 ) . `` Newton 's third law revisited '' . Phys . Educ. 27 ( 2 ) : 112 -- 115 . Bibcode : 1992PhyEd ... 27 ... 112H . doi : 10.1088 / 0031 - 9120 / 27 / 2 / 011 . Quoting Newton in the Principia : It is not one action by which the Sun attracts Jupiter , and another by which Jupiter attracts the Sun ; but it is one action by which the Sun and Jupiter mutually endeavour to come nearer together . Jump up ^ Resnick & Halliday ( 1977 ) . Physics ( Third ed . ) . John Wiley & Sons . pp. 78 -- 79 . Any single force is only one aspect of a mutual interaction between two bodies . Jump up ^ Hewitt ( 2006 ) , p. 75 Jump up ^ Isaac Newton , The Principia , A new translation by I.B. Cohen and A. Whitman , University of California press , Berkeley 1999 . Jump up ^ Thomas Hobbes wrote in Leviathan : That when a thing lies still , unless somewhat else stir it , it will lie still forever , is a truth that no man doubts . But ( the proposition ) that when a thing is in motion it will eternally be in motion unless somewhat else stay it , though the reason be the same ( namely that nothing can change itself ) , is not so easily assented to . For men measure not only other men but all other things by themselves . And because they find themselves subject after motion to pain and lassitude , ( they ) think every thing else grows weary of motion and seeks repose of its own accord , little considering whether it be not some other motion wherein that desire of rest they find in themselves , consists . Jump up ^ Cohen , I.B. ( 1995 ) . Science and the Founding Fathers : Science in the Political Thought of Jefferson , Franklin , Adams and Madison . New York : W.W. Norton . p. 117 . ISBN 978 - 0393315103 . Archived from the original on 22 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Cohen , I.B. ( 1980 ) . The Newtonian Revolution : With Illustrations of the Transformation of Scientific Ideas . Cambridge , England : Cambridge University Press . pp. 183 -- 4 . ISBN 978 - 0521273800 . Jump up ^ According to Maxwell in Matter and Motion , Newton meant by motion `` the quantity of matter moved as well as the rate at which it travels '' and by impressed force he meant `` the time during which the force acts as well as the intensity of the force '' . See Harman and Shapiro , cited below . Jump up ^ See for example ( 1 ) I Bernard Cohen , `` Newton 's Second Law and the Concept of Force in the Principia '' , in `` The Annus Mirabilis of Sir Isaac Newton 1666 -- 1966 '' ( Cambridge , Massachusetts : The MIT Press , 1967 ) , pages 143 -- 185 ; ( 2 ) Stuart Pierson , `` ' Corpore cadente ... ' : Historians Discuss Newton 's Second Law '' , Perspectives on Science , 1 ( 1993 ) , pages 627 -- 658 ; and ( 3 ) Bruce Pourciau , `` Newton 's Interpretation of Newton 's Second Law '' , Archive for History of Exact Sciences , vol. 60 ( 2006 ) , pages 157 -- 207 ; also an online discussion by GE Smith , in 5 . Newton 's Laws of Motion , s. 5 of `` Newton 's Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica '' in ( online ) Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy , 2007 . Jump up ^ This translation of the third law and the commentary following it can be found in the Principia on page 20 of volume 1 of the 1729 translation Archived 25 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Newton , Principia , Corollary III to the laws of motion Further reading and works cited Crowell , Benjamin ( 2011 ) , Light and Matter ( 2011 , Light and Matter ) , especially at Section 4.2 , Newton 's First Law , Section 4.3 , Newton 's Second Law , and Section 5.1 , Newton 's Third Law . Feynman , R.P. ; Leighton , R.B. ; Sands , M. ( 2005 ) . The Feynman Lectures on Physics . Vol. 1 ( 2nd ed . ) . Pearson / Addison - Wesley . ISBN 0 - 8053 - 9049 - 9 . Fowles , G.R. ; Cassiday , G.L. ( 1999 ) . Analytical Mechanics ( 6th ed . ) . Saunders College Publishing . ISBN 0 - 03 - 022317 - 2 . Likins , Peter W. ( 1973 ) . Elements of Engineering Mechanics . McGraw - Hill Book Company . ISBN 0 - 07 - 037852 - 5 . Marion , Jerry ; Thornton , Stephen ( 1995 ) . Classical Dynamics of Particles and Systems . Harcourt College Publishers . ISBN 0 - 03 - 097302 - 3 . NMJ Woodhouse ( 2003 ) . Special Relativity . London / Berlin : Springer . p. 6 . ISBN 1 - 85233 - 426 - 6 . Historical Newton , Isaac , `` Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy '' , 1729 English translation based on 3rd Latin edition ( 1726 ) , volume 1 , containing Book 1 , especially at the section Axioms or Laws of Motion , starting page 19 . Newton , Isaac , `` Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy '' , 1729 English translation based on 3rd Latin edition ( 1726 ) , volume 2 , containing Books 2 & 3 . Thomson , W ( Lord Kelvin ) , and Tait , PG , ( 1867 ) , Treatise on natural philosophy , volume 1 , especially at Section 242 , Newton 's laws of motion . External links MIT Physics video lecture on Newton 's three laws Light and Matter -- an on - line textbook Simulation on Newton 's first law of motion `` Newton 's Second Law '' by Enrique Zeleny , Wolfram Demonstrations Project . Newton 's 3rd Law demonstrated in a vacuum on YouTube Isaac Newton Publications De analysi per aequationes numero terminorum infinitas ( 1669 , published 1711 ) Method of Fluxions ( 1671 ) De motu corporum in gyrum ( 1684 ) Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica ( 1687 ) General Scholium ( 1713 ) Opticks ( 1704 ) The Queries ( 1704 ) Arithmetica Universalis ( 1707 ) Other writings Notes on the Jewish Temple Quaestiones quaedam philosophicae The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended ( 1728 ) An Historical Account of Two Notable Corruptions of Scripture ( 1754 ) Discoveries and inventions Calculus Fluxions Newton disc Newton polygon Newton -- Okounkov body Newton 's reflector Newtonian telescope Newton scale Newton 's metal Newton 's cradle Sextant Theory expansions Kepler 's laws of planetary motion Problem of Apollonius Newtonianism Bucket argument Newton 's inequalities Newton 's law of cooling Newton 's law of universal gravitation Post-Newtonian expansion Parameterized post-Newtonian formalism Newton -- Cartan theory Schrödinger -- Newton equation Gravitational constant Newton 's laws of motion Newtonian dynamics Newton 's method in optimization Gauss -- Newton algorithm Truncated Newton method Newton 's rings Newton 's theorem about ovals Newton -- Pepys problem Newtonian potential Newtonian fluid Classical mechanics Newtonian fluid Corpuscular theory of light Leibniz -- Newton calculus controversy Newton 's notation Rotating spheres Newton 's cannonball Newton -- Cotes formulas Newton 's method Newton fractal Generalized Gauss -- Newton method Newton 's identities Newton polynomial Newton 's theorem of revolving orbits Newton -- Euler equations Newton number Kissing number problem Power number Newton 's quotient Parallelogram of force Newton -- Puiseux theorem Solar mass Dynamics Absolute space and time Finite difference Table of Newtonian series Impact depth Structural coloration Inertia Spectrum Phrases `` Hypotheses non fingo '' `` Standing on the shoulders of giants '' Life Cranbury Park Woolsthorpe Manor Early life Later life Religious views Occult studies The Mysteryes of Nature and Art Scientific revolution Copernican Revolution Friends and family Catherine Barton John Conduitt William Clarke Benjamin Pulleyn William Stukeley William Jones Isaac Barrow Abraham de Moivre John Keill Cultural depictions Newton ( Blake ) Newton ( Paolozzi ) In popular culture Related Writing of Principia Mathematica List of things named after Newton Isaac Newton Institute Isaac Newton Medal Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes Isaac Newton Telescope Newton ( unit ) Elements of the Philosophy of Newton Isaac Newton S / O Philipose GND : 4642395 - 3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Newton%27s_laws_of_motion&oldid=853531867 '' Categories : Classical mechanics Mechanics Isaac Newton Latin texts History of physics Concepts in physics Scientific observation Experimental physics Copernican Revolution Scientific laws Eponymous scientific concepts Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description EngvarB from September 2017 Use dmy dates from September 2017 Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Boarisch Bosanski Буряад Català Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego Gĩkũyũ 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Luganda Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Patois ភាសា ខ្មែរ Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 文言 吴语 Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Kabɩyɛ 89 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 August 2018 , at 12 : 03 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%2527s%20laws%20of%20motion
| 2,038 |
|
laws passed by parliament to punish the colonists for the boston tea party
|
Intolerable Acts
|
intolerable acts
|
The Intolerable Acts were the American Patriots ' term for a series of punitive laws passed by the British Parliament in 1774 after the Boston Tea Party . They were meant to punish the Massachusetts colonists for their defiance of throwing a large tea shipment into Boston Harbor in reaction to changes in taxation by the British to the detriment of Colonial goods . In Great Britain , these laws were referred to as the Coercive Acts .
|
The acts took away Massachusetts ' self - government and historic rights , triggering outrage and resistance in the Thirteen Colonies . They were key developments in the outbreak of the American Revolution in 1775 . Four of the acts were issued in direct response to the Boston Tea Party of December 1773 ; the British Parliament hoped these punitive measures would , by making an example of Massachusetts , reverse the trend of colonial resistance to parliamentary authority that had begun with the 1764 Sugar Act . A fifth act , the Quebec Act , enlarged the boundaries of what was then the Province of Quebec and instituted reforms generally favorable to the French Catholic inhabitants of the region ; although unrelated to the other four Acts , it was passed in the same legislative session and seen by the colonists as one of the Intolerable Acts . The Patriots viewed the acts as an arbitrary violation of the rights of Massachusetts , and in September 1774 they organized the First Continental Congress to coordinate a protest . As tensions escalated , the American Revolutionary War broke out in April 1775 , leading in July 1776 to the declaration of an independent United States of America . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Passage 3 The Acts 4 Effects 5 References 6 External links Background ( edit ) Relations between the Thirteen Colonies and the British Parliament slowly but steadily worsened after the end of the Seven Years ' War ( French and Indian War ) in 1763 . The war had plunged the British government deep into debt , and so the British Parliament enacted a series of measures to increase tax revenue from the colonies . Parliament believed that these acts , such as the Stamp Act of 1765 and the Townshend Acts of 1767 , were legitimate means of having the colonies pay their fair share of the costs of maintaining the British Empire . Although protests led to the repeal of the Stamp and Townshend Acts , Parliament adhered to the position that it had the right to legislate for the colonies `` in all cases whatsoever '' in the Declaratory Act of 1766 . A further tension especially with the Southern colonies was the Somerset v Stewart ruling of 1772 in which chattel slavery of humans was found totally unsupported in common law and as England had no statute for it , unenforceable . As the `` slave owner '' concerned ( Stewart ) was from another British colony ( Jamaica ) this evolution ending slavery at common law was very disturbing to colonists travelling with servants. . Many colonists , either sincerely or with motives to avoid English imposed law as above , developed a different conception of the British Empire . Under the British Constitution , they argued , a British subject 's property ( in the form of taxes ) could not be taken from him without his consent ( in the form of representation in government ) . Therefore , because the colonies were not directly represented in Parliament , some colonists insisted that Parliament had no right to levy taxes upon them , a view expressed by the slogan `` No taxation without representation . '' After the Townshend Acts , some colonial essayists took this line of thinking even further , and began to question whether Parliament had any legitimate jurisdiction in the colonies at all . This question of the extent of Parliament 's sovereignty in the colonies was the issue underlying what became the American Revolution . Passage ( edit ) On December 16 , 1773 , a group of Patriot colonists associated with the Sons of Liberty destroyed 342 chests of tea in Boston , Massachusetts , an act that came to be known as the Boston Tea Party . The colonists partook in this action because Parliament had passed the Tea Act , which granted the British East India Company a monopoly on tea sales in the colonies , thereby saving the company from bankruptcy . This made British tea less expensive , which Parliament thought would be a welcome change in the colonies . In addition , there was added a small tax on which the colonists were not allowed to give their consent , but the tea still remained less expensive even with the tax . Again , Parliament taxed the colonists without their representation . This angered the colonists . News of the Boston Tea Party reached England in January 1774 . Parliament responded by passing four laws . Three of the laws were intended to directly punish Massachusetts . This was for destruction of private property , to restore British authority in Massachusetts , and to otherwise reform colonial government in America . On April 22 , 1774 , Prime Minister Lord North defended the programme in the House of Commons , saying : The Americans have tarred and feathered your subjects , plundered your merchants , burnt your ships , denied all obedience to your laws and authority ; yet so clement and so long forbearing has our conduct been that it is incumbent on us now to take a different course . Whatever may be the consequences , we must risk something ; if we do not , all is over . The Acts ( edit ) The Boston Port Act , the first of the laws passed in 1774 in response to the Boston Tea Party , closed the port of Boston until the colonists paid for the destroyed tea and until the king was satisfied that order had been restored . Colonists objected that the Port Act punished all of Boston rather than just the individuals who had destroyed the tea , and that they were being punished without having been given an opportunity to testify in their own defense . The Massachusetts Government Act provoked even more outrage than the Port Act because it unilaterally took away Massachusetts ' charter and brought it under control of the British government . Under the terms of the Government Act , almost all positions in the colonial government were to be appointed by the governor , Parliament , or king . The act also severely limited the activities of town meetings in Massachusetts to one meeting a year , unless the Governor called for one . Colonists outside Massachusetts feared that their governments could now also be changed by the legislative fiat of Parliament . The Administration of Justice Act allowed the Royal governor to order that trials of accused royal officials take place in Great Britain or elsewhere within the Empire if he decided that the defendant could not get a fair trial in Massachusetts . Although the act stipulated for witnesses to be reimbursed after having traveled at their own expense across the Atlantic , it was not stipulated that this would include reimbursement for lost earnings during the period for which they would be unable to work , leaving few with the ability to testify . George Washington called this the `` Murder Act '' because he believed that it allowed British officials to harass Americans and then escape justice . Many colonists believed the act was unnecessary because British soldiers had been given a fair trial following the Boston Massacre in 1770 . The Quartering Act applied to all of the colonies , and sought to create a more effective method of housing British troops in America . In a previous act , the colonies had been required to provide housing for soldiers , but colonial legislatures had been uncooperative in doing so . The new Quartering Act allowed a governor to house soldiers in other buildings if suitable quarters were not provided . While many sources claim that the Quartering Act allowed troops to be billeted in occupied private homes , historian David Ammerman 's 1974 study claimed that this is a myth , and that the act only permitted troops to be quartered in unoccupied buildings . Effects ( edit ) Many colonists saw the Coercive Acts ( Intolerable Acts ) as a violation of their constitutional rights , their natural rights , and their colonial charters . They , therefore , viewed the acts as a threat to the liberties of all of British America , not just Massachusetts . Richard Henry Lee of Virginia , for example , described the acts as `` a most wicked System for destroying the liberty of America . '' The citizens of Boston not only viewed this as an act of unnecessary and cruel punishment , but the Coercive Acts drew the revolting hate against Britain even further . As a result of the Coercive Acts , even more colonists wanted to join against Britain . Great Britain hoped that the Coercive Acts would isolate radicals in Massachusetts and cause American colonists to concede the authority of Parliament over their elected assemblies . It was a calculated risk that backfired , however , because the harshness of some of the acts made it difficult for moderates in the colonies to speak in favor of Parliament . The acts promoted sympathy for Massachusetts and encouraged colonists from the otherwise diverse colonies to form committees of correspondence which sent delegates to the First Continental Congress . The Continental Congress created the Continental Association , an agreement to boycott British goods and , if that did not get the Coercive Acts reversed after a year , to stop exporting goods to Great Britain as well . The Congress also pledged to support Massachusetts in case of attack , which meant that all of the colonies would become involved when the American Revolutionary War began at Lexington and Concord . References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset_v_Stewart#cite_note-j1599128-2 Jump up ^ Middlekauff , Glorious Cause , 241 . Jump up ^ Reid , Constitutional History , 13 . For the complete quote in context , see William Cobbett et al. , eds. , The Parliamentary History of England : From the Earliest Period to the Year 1803 ( London , 1813 ) 17 : 1280 -- 1281 . Jump up ^ American , In the Common Cause , 9 . Jump up ^ Ammerman , In the Common Cause , 10 . Jump up ^ Ammerman , In the Common Cause , 15 . Jump up ^ Gary B. Nash ; Carter Smith ( 2007 ) . Atlas Of American History . Infobase Publishing . p. 64 . ISBN 9781438130132 . Jump up ^ Peter Knight ( 2003 ) . Conspiracy Theories in American History : An Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . pp. 184 -- 85 . ISBN 9781576078129 . Jump up ^ Harlow G. Unger ( 2011 ) . American Tempest : How the Boston Tea Party Sparked a Revolution . Da Capo Press . pp. 188 -- 93 . ISBN 0306819767 . Bibliography Ammerman , David ( 1974 ) . In the Common Cause : American Response to the Coercive Acts of 1774 . New York : Norton . Middlekauff , Robert ( 2005 ) . The Glorious Cause : The American Revolution , 1763 -- 1789 ( Revised and expanded ed . ) . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 516247 - 1 . Reid , John Phillip ( 2003 ) . Constitutional History of the American Revolution : The Authority of Law . Madison : University of Wisconsin Press . ISBN 0 - 299 - 11290 - X . Unger , Harlow G. ( 2011 ) . American Tempest : How the Boston Tea Party Sparked a Revolution . Da Capo Press . pp. 188 -- 93 . ISBN 0306819767 . Further reading Donoughue , Bernard ( 1964 ) . British Politics and the American Revolution : The Path to War , 1773 -- 1775 . New York : St. Martin 's Press . Breen , T.H. ( 2010 ) . American Insurgents , American Patriots : The Revolution of the People . New York : Hill and Wang . External links ( edit ) Primary documents ( British and American ) relating to the Intolerable Acts , originally published in the American Archives and presented online by the Northern Illinois University Libraries , also Camden . Text of the Boston Port Act Text of the Massachusetts Government Act Text of the Administration of Justice Act Text of the Quartering Act Text of the Quebec Act ( hide ) British law and the American Revolution Royal Proclamations , Acts of Parliament , and other legal issues relating to the American Revolution Before 1763 Navigation Acts Wool Act ( 1699 ) Hat Act ( 1732 ) Molasses Act ( 1733 ) Iron Act ( 1750 ) Grenville ministry ( 1763 -- 1765 ) Royal Proclamation of 1763 Sugar Act ( 1764 ) Currency Act ( 1764 ) Quartering Act ( 1765 ) Stamp Act ( 1765 ) Rockingham ministry ( 1765 -- 1766 ) Repeal Act ( March 1766 ) Declaratory Act ( March 1766 ) Revenue Act ( June 1766 ) Chatham and Grafton ministries ( 1766 -- 1770 ) Townshend Acts ( 1767 ) North ministry ( 1770 -- 1782 ) Repeal Act ( 1770 ) Tea Act ( 1773 ) Coercive Acts ( 1774 ) Conciliatory Resolution ( February 1775 ) Restraining Acts ( March & April 1775 ) Proclamation of Rebellion ( August 1775 ) Prohibitory Act ( December 1775 ) Taxation of Colonies Act ( 1778 ) Other legal issues Rights of Englishmen Writ of assistance Admiralty courts Parson 's Cause ( 1763 ) Taxation without representation Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Intolerable_Acts&oldid=809029477 '' Categories : Great Britain Acts of Parliament 1774 1774 in the Thirteen Colonies Laws leading to the American Revolution Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from November 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2011 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Català Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Ido Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 18 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intolerable%20Acts
| 2,039 |
||
what are the three races to win the triple crown
|
In the United States , the Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing , commonly known as the Triple Crown , is a title awarded to a three - year - old Thoroughbred horse who wins the Kentucky Derby , Preakness Stakes , and Belmont Stakes . The three races were inaugurated in different years , the last being the Kentucky Derby in 1875 . These races are now run annually in May and early June of each year . The Triple Crown Trophy , commissioned in 1950 but awarded to all previous winners as well as those after 1950 , is awarded to a Triple Crown winner .
|
Kentucky Derby|Preakness Stakes|Belmont Stakes
|
Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing ( United States )
|
triple crown of thoroughbred racing ( united states )
|
In the United States , the Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing , commonly known as the Triple Crown , is a title awarded to a three - year - old Thoroughbred horse who wins the Kentucky Derby , Preakness Stakes , and Belmont Stakes . The three races were inaugurated in different years , the last being the Kentucky Derby in 1875 . These races are now run annually in May and early June of each year . The Triple Crown Trophy , commissioned in 1950 but awarded to all previous winners as well as those after 1950 , is awarded to a Triple Crown winner .
|
The first winner of all three Triple Crown races was Sir Barton in 1919 . Some journalists began using the term Triple Crown to refer to the three races as early as 1923 , but it was not until Gallant Fox won the three events in 1930 that Charles Hatton of the Daily Racing Form put the term into common use . In 99 complete runnings of the Triple Crown including and since Sir Barton 's win , 12 horses have won all three races : Sir Barton ( 1919 ) , Gallant Fox ( 1930 ) , Omaha ( 1935 ) , War Admiral ( 1937 ) , Whirlaway ( 1941 ) , Count Fleet ( 1943 ) , Assault ( 1946 ) , Citation ( 1948 ) , Secretariat ( 1973 ) , Seattle Slew ( 1977 ) , Affirmed ( 1978 ) , and American Pharoah ( 2015 ) . James E. `` Sunny Jim '' Fitzsimmons was the only trainer to win the Triple Crown more than once ; he trained both Gallant Fox and his son Omaha for the Belair Stud breeding farm . Gallant Fox and Omaha are the only father - son duo to win the Triple Crown . Belair Stud and Calumet Farm are tied as the owners with the most Triple Crown victories with two apiece . Calumet Farms won with Whirlaway and Citation . Eddie Arcaro rode both of Calumet Farms ' Triple Crown champions and is the only jockey to win more than one Triple Crown . Secretariat holds the stakes record time for each of the three races . His time of 2 : 24 for 1 ⁄ miles in the 1973 Belmont Stakes also set a world record that still stands . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 2 Winners 2.1 Records 2.2 Other notable achievements 3 Gaps between wins 4 Unsuccessful bids 5 Sponsorship and broadcasting 6 Individual race winners 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Development ( edit ) The three Triple Crown races had been run for decades before the series received its name ; the Belmont Stakes was first run in 1867 ; the Preakness , in 1873 ; and the Kentucky Derby , in 1875 . The term was in use at least by 1923 , although Daily Racing Form writer Charles Hatton is commonly credited with originating the term in 1930 . Their order has varied . Before 1931 , the Preakness was run before the Kentucky Derby eleven times . On May 12 , 1917 , and May 13 , 1922 , the Kentucky Derby and Preakness were run on the same day . Since 1931 , the Kentucky Derby has been run first , followed by the Preakness , and then the Belmont . Each Triple Crown race is open to both colts and fillies . Though fillies have won each of the individual Triple Crown races , none have won the Triple Crown itself . There have been attempts to develop a `` Filly Triple Crown '' or a `` Triple Tiara '' for fillies only , but no set series of three races consistently remained in the public eye , and at least four different configurations of races were used . Two fillies won the series of the Kentucky Oaks , the Pimlico Oaks ( now the Black - Eyed Susan Stakes ) , and the Coaching Club American Oaks , in 1949 and 1952 , but the racing press did not designate either accomplishment as a `` triple crown . '' In 1961 , the New York Racing Association created a filly triple crown of in - state races only , but the races changed over the years . Eight fillies won the NYRA Triple Tiara between 1968 and 1993 . Gelded colts may run in any of the three races today , but they were prohibited from entering the Belmont between 1919 and 1957 . Geldings have won each of the individual races , but like fillies , no gelding has ever won the Triple Crown . The closest was Funny Cide , who won the Derby and the Preakness in 2003 . All the races are held on dirt tracks , rather than the turf commonly used for important races in Europe . Triple Crown races Race Date Current Track Location Distance Background Cite Trophy Kentucky Derby `` The Run for the Roses '' First Saturday in May Churchill Downs Louisville , Kentucky 1 ⁄ miles ( 2,000 m ) Inaugurated in 1875 , the race was originally 1 ⁄ miles ( 2,400 m ) until 1896 when it was shortened to its current distance . It is the only one of the three races to have been continuously run from its inception . Colts and geldings carry 126 pounds ( 57 kg ) and fillies 121 pounds ( 55 kg ) . The field has been limited to 20 horses since 1975 . The Kentucky Derby Trophy Preakness Stakes `` The Run for the Black - Eyed Susans '' Third Saturday in May Pimlico Race Course Baltimore , Maryland 1 ⁄ miles ( 1,900 m ) Started in 1873 and continuously run since 1894 , it is the shortest of the three races . Pimlico was the home of the race from 1873 to 1889 and again from 1908 until the present . The Preakness was not run from 1891 to 1893 . Weights are the same as for the Derby . Field is limited to 14 horses . The Woodlawn Vase Belmont Stakes `` The Test of the Champion '' Third Saturday following the Preakness ( first or second Saturday in June ) Belmont Park Elmont , New York 1 ⁄ miles ( 2,400 m ) Begun in 1867 , it is the oldest of the three races and the longest , though not held in 1911 and 1912 due to anti-gambling legislation in New York . Race was held at various New York tracks until 1905 when Belmont Park became the permanent location . Distance varied from 1 ⁄ to 1 ⁄ miles until set at 1 ⁄ miles in 1926 . Weight assignments are the same as the other two races . Field is limited to 16 horses . The August Belmont Trophy Winners ( edit ) The Triple Crown trophy The sixth winner , Count Fleet , in the 1943 Kentucky Derby The seventh winner , Assault in 1946 with Warren Mehrtens , jockey The ninth winner , Secretariat , winning the 1973 Belmont Stakes by 31 lengths Triple Crown winners Year Winner Jockey Trainer Owner Breeder Colors 1919 Sir Barton Johnny Loftus H. Guy Bedwell J.K.L. Ross John E. Madden 1930 Gallant Fox Earl Sande Jim Fitzsimmons Belair Stud Belair Stud 1935 Omaha Willie `` Smokey '' Saunders Jim Fitzsimmons Belair Stud Belair Stud 1937 War Admiral Charles Kurtsinger George Conway Samuel D. Riddle Samuel D. Riddle 1941 Whirlaway Eddie Arcaro Ben A. Jones Calumet Farm Calumet Farm 1943 Count Fleet Johnny Longden Don Cameron Fannie Hertz Fannie Hertz 1946 Assault Warren Mehrtens Max Hirsch King Ranch King Ranch 1948 Citation Eddie Arcaro Horace A. `` Jimmy '' Jones Calumet Farm Calumet Farm 1973 Secretariat Ron Turcotte Lucien Laurin Meadow Stable Meadow Stable 1977 Seattle Slew Jean Cruguet William H. Turner , Jr . Mickey and Karen L. Taylor , Tayhill Stable / Jim Hill , et al . Ben S. Castleman 1978 Affirmed Steve Cauthen Laz Barrera Harbor View Farm Harbor View Farm 2015 American Pharoah Victor Espinoza Bob Baffert Ahmed Zayat Ahmed Zayat At completion of the 2016 season , the three Triple Crown races have attracted 4,224 entrants . Of these , 292 horses have won a single leg of the Triple Crown , 52 horses have won two of the races ( 23 the Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes , 18 the Preakness Stakes and Belmont Stakes , and 11 the Kentucky Derby and Belmont Stakes ) , and 12 horses have won all three races . Pillory won both the Preakness Stakes and Belmont Stakes in 1922 , a year when it was impossible to win the Triple Crown because the Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes were run on the same day . 10 of the 12 winners have been `` homebreds '' , owned at the time of their win by their breeders . Jim Fitzsimmons is the only trainer to have two horses win the Triple Crown , training the sire / son combination of 1930 winner Gallant Fox and 1935 winner Omaha . This also marked the first time that an owner and the first time that a breeder , Belair Stud holding both duties , had a repeat win of the Triple Crown . Calumet Farm is the only other owner with two Triple Crown horses , 1941 winner Whirlaway and 1948 winner Citation . Eddie Arcaro is the only jockey to ride two horses to the Triple Crown , both for Calumet , Whirlaway and Citation . Those two horses ' trainers , Ben Jones and Jimmy Jones , were father and son . All 12 horses , and most owners , trainers , and jockeys were born in the United States . The exceptions were jockey Johnny Longden , born in England and raised in Canada ; French - born jockey Jean Cruguet ; trainer Laz Barrera , from Cuba ; and jockey Victor Espinoza , from Mexico . Secretariat 's trainer , Lucien Laurin and jockey , Ron Turcotte were both Canadians . Owner Fannie Hertz was married to John D. Hertz , who was born in Slovakia ; owner Ahmed Zayat was born in Egypt . Jockey Willie Saunders is considered a Canadian jockey because he grew up and established his career there , but was born in Montana . The horse Sir Barton was foaled in the United States but had a Canadian owner , J.K.L. Ross , at the time of his Triple Crown win . Records ( edit ) Secretariat holds the stakes record for each of the Triple Crown races , the Kentucky Derby ( 1 : 59 2 / 5 ) , the Preakness Stakes ( 1 : 53 ) , and the Belmont Stakes ( 2 : 24 ) . At 18 , Steve Cauthen became the youngest jockey to win the Triple Crown , riding Affirmed in 1978 . At 43 , Victor Espinoza became the oldest jockey to win the Triple Crown , riding American Pharoah in 2015 . Other notable achievements ( edit ) Only one horse , Alydar , has placed ( finished second ) in all three races . He was defeated by Affirmed in all three races in 1978 by a combined margin of two lengths . His trainer John Vietch is the only trainer to have done this with one horse . In 1995 , D. Wayne Lukas became the first and only major figure ( owner , jockey , or trainer ) to win all three Triple Crown races with different horses , Thunder Gulch in the Derby and Belmont , Timber Country in the Preakness . Lukas also is the only trainer to have won six straight Triple Crown races , adding his 1995 wins , having won the 1994 Preakness and Belmont with Tabasco Cat and the 1996 Derby with Grindstone . Like Vietch , only with two different horses , Bob Baffert also had second - place finishes in all three legs of the Triple Crown , both owned by Ahmed Zayat : in 2012 , Bodemeister finished second in the Kentucky Derby and Preakness stakes to I 'll Have Another , then Paynter was entered and finished second to Union Rags . Baffert and Zayat teamed up again for the 2015 Triple Crown victory of American Pharoah . Gallant Fox is the only Triple Crown winner to sire another U.S. Triple Crown winner , Omaha . Affirmed sired Peteski , winner of the 1993 Canadian Triple Crown . Whirlaway , in addition to winning the 1941 Triple Crown , also won the Travers Stakes that year , becoming the first and only horse to date to accomplish that feat . American Pharoah , in addition to winning the 2015 Triple Crown , also won the Breeders ' Cup Classic that year . As the Breeders ' Cup was not established until 1984 , American Pharoah was the first to sweep all four races , a feat that came to be known as the Grand Slam . Gaps between wins ( edit ) California Chrome ( second from right ) was stepped on by the number 3 horse while leaving the starting gate at the 2014 Belmont Stakes After the first Triple Crown winner , Sir Barton , in 1919 , there was not another winner until Gallant Fox in 1930 , a gap of 11 years . Between 1930 and 1948 , seven horses won the Triple Crown , with five years being the longest gap between winners . However , following the 1948 win of Citation , there was a considerable gap of 25 years before Secretariat ended the drought of Triple Crown champions in 1973 . Between 1973 and 1978 , there were three Triple Crown winners . After Affirmed 's Triple Crown in 1978 , the longest drought in Triple Crown history began in 1979 with Spectacular Bid 's failed Triple Crown attempt at the Belmont Stakes , and lasted until American Pharoah won in 2015 . Between 1979 and 2014 thirteen horses won both the Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes , but either failed to win the Belmont Stakes or could not start in the race . Of those , Real Quiet came the closest to winning the Triple Crown , losing the Belmont Stakes by a nose in 1998 . Spectacular Bid finished 3rd in 1979 . Pleasant Colony finished 3rd in 1981 . Alysheba finished 4th in 1987 . Sunday Silence finished 2nd in 1989 . Real Quiet finished 2nd in 1998 . Charismatic finished 3rd in 1999 . War Emblem finished 8th in 2002 . Funny Cide finished 3rd in 2003 . Smarty Jones finished 2nd in 2004 . Big Brown did not finish in 2008 . I 'll Have Another did not start ( injury ) 2012 . California Chrome finished 4th in 2014 . In the 1979 - 2015 period , horses who contested all three races , losing the Kentucky Derby but winning the Preakness and the Belmont were Risen Star in 1988 , Hansel in 1991 , Tabasco Cat in 1994 , Point Given in 2001 , and Afleet Alex in 2005 . In 1984 , Swale and in 1995 , Thunder Gulch ran all three races , winning the Derby and the Belmont , but not the Preakness . The 37 - year gap between the Triple Crown wins of Affirmed and American Pharoah drew criticism of the system . As far back as 1986 , reporters noted that horses who were fresh for the Belmont had an advantage . In 2003 , Gary Stevens stated in an interview with Charlie Rose that he did not believe there would be another Triple Crown winner because of the tendency for owners to put fresh horses in the Preakness and Belmont Stakes . California Chrome co-owner Steve Coburn was particularly critical of the Triple Crown system in post-Belmont remarks in 2014 ; he considered the system to be unfair , arguing that there would never be another Triple Crown winner in his lifetime unless only horses that competed in the Kentucky Derby and Preakness competed at the Belmont . By 2014 , six of the previous eight Belmont winners had not competed in either of the first two legs of the Triple Crown . Additionally , from 2006 to 2014 , the Belmont winner was a horse who had not competed in the Preakness . American Pharoah was the first Belmont winner since Afleet Alex in 2005 to have run all three Triple Crown races . Unsuccessful bids ( edit ) Big Brown , the winner of the Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes , at the 2008 Belmont Stakes , where he was pulled up and did not finish . Since all three races were inaugurated , as of 2017 , 23 horses have won the Derby and Preakness but not the Belmont : 1932 : Burgoo King did not enter the Belmont due to lameness . 1936 : Bold Venture did not enter the Belmont due to lameness . 1944 : Pensive was the first horse to contest but lose the Belmont after winning the first two legs . He placed second to Bounding Home , who had not run in the Derby or the Preakness . 1958 : Tim Tam , defeated by six lengths by Cavan , who had not contested the Derby or Preakness . 1961 : Carry Back , `` sore '' after the race , was seventh of nine entries , 14 ⁄ lengths behind the winner , a longshot named Sherluck . 1964 : Northern Dancer , defeated by Quadrangle . 1966 : Kauai King , defeated by Amberoid . 1968 : Forward Pass , defeated by Stage Door Johnny by 1 ⁄ lengths . 1969 : Majestic Prince , second by 5 ⁄ lengths to Arts and Letters . Loss attributed to fatigue and lameness . 1971 : Cañonero II , fourth in the Belmont to 34 -- 1 longshot Pass Catcher , the loss attributed to a hoof problem . 1979 : Spectacular Bid , third in Belmont , was alleged to have stepped on a safety pin the morning of the race , though another theory blamed rider error by an inexperienced young jockey moving him too soon . He finished 3 ⁄ lengths behind Coastal and a neck behind the second - place horse , Golden Act . 1981 : Pleasant Colony , third in Belmont , 1 ⁄ lengths behind Summing and the second - place horse , Highland Blade . 1987 : Alysheba finished fourth in Belmont behind Bet Twice , Cryptoclearance , and Gulch . 1989 : Sunday Silence , second in Belmont , eight lengths behind Easy Goer . 1997 : Silver Charm , second in Belmont , ⁄ length behind Touch Gold . 1998 : Real Quiet , second in Belmont after a photo finish , a nose behind Victory Gallop . 1999 : Charismatic , third in Belmont , 1 ⁄ lengths behind Lemon Drop Kid and second - place Vision and Verse . Charismatic was pulled up soon after the finish , vanned off with a bone fracture . He survived and was retired to stud . 2002 : War Emblem stumbled at gate in Belmont , finished eighth out of 11 . Winner Sarava scored upset at record odds of 70 - 1 . 2003 : Funny Cide , third in Belmont , five lengths behind Empire Maker , and 4 ⁄ lengths behind second - place horse , Ten Most Wanted . 2004 : Smarty Jones , second in Belmont , one length behind Birdstone . 2008 : Big Brown was pulled up in the home stretch of the Belmont , eased to a last - place finish . Winner was Da ' Tara . A hoof problem had limited Big Brown 's training , and may have been a factor in his defeat . 2012 : I 'll Have Another was scratched from the Belmont the day before the race due to a tendon injury . 2014 : California Chrome finished in a dead heat for 4th in the Belmont after being stepped on by another horse leaving the gate and running the race with an injury to his heel and a scrape on his tendon . Sponsorship and broadcasting ( edit ) See also : Sports broadcasting contracts in the United States Originally , the three races largely organized their own nominations procedure , marketing and television broadcast rights . In 1985 , Triple Crown Productions was created when the owner of Spend a Buck chose not to run in the other two Triple Crown races because of a financial incentive offered to any Kentucky Derby winner who could win a set of competing races in New Jersey . The organizers of the three races realized that they needed to work together . Efforts to unify the sponsorship and marketing of all three Triple Crown races began in 1987 when ABC Sports negotiated a deal with Chrysler to pay $5 million to any horse that swept all three races , and $1 million each year there was no Triple Crown sweep to the horse with the highest combined Triple Crown finish . This sponsorship lasted until 1993 . The end of the $1 million participation bonus was linked to the breakdown of Prairie Bayou at the Belmont Stakes that year and the uncomfortable situation that arose when the Kentucky Derby winner , Sea Hero , was given the bonus following a seventh - place finish . In 1995 , Visa USA took over the sponsorship with a 10 - year contract , naming the series the Visa Triple Crown and offering only the $5 million bonus to a horse that could sweep the Triple Crown . Along with sponsorship by VISA , NBC Sports paid $51.5 million for broadcast rights to all three races , with the revenue split giving 50 % of the total to Churchill Downs and 25 % each to Pimlico and to the New York Racing Association ( NYRA ) . The Visa deal -- and the cooperative effort -- ended after 2005 . The NYRA felt that they did not get a fair share of the revenue , particularly when the Belmont had the highest ratings of all three races in the years where a Triple Crown was on the line . From 2001 through 2013 , average viewership for the Belmont was 7 million when the Triple Crown was not at stake , whereas viewership averaged 13 million when it was . With the contract term ending , the NYRA went to ESPN on ABC for the 2006 Belmont , while the broadcasts of the Derby and Preakness remained with NBC . Visa chose to remain as a sponsor of only Kentucky Derby for the next five years . As a result of the divided broadcast , Triple Crown Productions was unable to obtain a new sponsor . Years Sponsor Bonuses 1987 -- 1993 Chrysler Corporation $1 million ( best overall record ) $5 million ( three wins ) 1995 -- 2005 Visa USA $5 million ( three wins ) 2006 -- present Triple Crown Productions None In February 2011 , ABC / ESPN dropped out of the negotiations to renew broadcast rights to the Belmont Stakes . NBC obtained the contract through 2015 , once again uniting all three races on the same network . In 2014 , NBC extended their contract for the Kentucky Derby through 2025 . As of August 2015 , NBC obtained a broadcast contract for the Belmont through 2020 and the Preakness through 2022 . Individual race winners ( edit ) See also : Triple Crown Productions § Highest combined Triple Crown finish Key for full list of race winners Denotes winners of the Triple Crown * Denotes winners of the Derby and Preakness but not the Belmont # Denotes other winners of any other combination of 2 out of the 3 Triple Crown races Full list of race winners Year Kentucky Derby Preakness Stakes Belmont Stakes 1867 Ruthless 1868 General Duke 1869 Fenian 1870 Kingfisher 1871 Harry Bassett 1872 Joe Daniels 1873 Survivor Springbok 1874 Culpepper Saxon 1875 Aristides Tom Ochiltree Calvin 1876 Vagrant Shirley Algerine 1877 Baden - Baden # Cloverbrook # Cloverbrook 1878 Day Star # Duke of Magenta # Duke of Magenta 1879 Lord Murphy Harold Spendthrift 1880 Fonso # Grenada # Grenada 1881 Hindoo # Saunterer # Saunterer 1882 Apollo Vanguard Forester 1883 Leonatus Jacobus George Kinney 1884 Buchanan Knight of Ellerslie Panique 1885 Joe Cotton Tecumseh Tyrant 1886 Ben Ali The Bard Inspector B 1887 Montrose Dunboyne Hanover 1888 Macbeth II Refund Sir Dixon 1889 Spokane Buddhist Eric 1890 Riley Montague Burlington 1891 Kingman Foxford 1892 Azra Patron 1893 Lookout Commanche 1894 Chant Assignee Henry of Navarre 1895 Halma # Belmar # Belmar 1896 Ben Brush Margrave Hastings 1897 Typhoon II Paul Kauvar Scottish Chieftain 1898 Plaudit Sly Fox Bowling Brook 1899 Manuel Half Time Jean Bereaud 1900 Lieut . Gibson Hindus Ildrim 1901 His Eminence The Parader Commando 1902 Alan - a-Dale Old England Masterman 1903 Judge Himes Flocarline Africander 1904 Elwood Bryn Mawr Delhi 1905 Agile Cairngorm Tanya 1906 Sir Huon Whimsical Burgomaster 1907 Pink Star Don Enrique Peter Pan I 1908 Stone Street Royal Tourist Colin 1909 Wintergreen Effendi Joe Madden 1910 Donau Layminster Sweep 1911 Meridian Watervale 1912 Worth Colonel Holloway 1913 Donerail Buskin Prince Eugene 1914 Old Rosebud Holiday Luke McLuke 1915 Regret Rhine Maiden The Finn 1916 George Smith Damrosch Friar Rock 1917 Omar Khayyam Kalitan Hourless 1918 Exterminator War Cloud Jack Hare , Jr . Johren 1919 Sir Barton Sir Barton Sir Barton 1920 Paul Jones # Man o ' War # Man o ' War 1921 Behave Yourself Broomspun Grey Lag 1922 Morvich # Pillory # Pillory 1923 # Zev Vigil # Zev 1924 Black Gold Nellie Morse Mad Play 1925 Flying Ebony Coventry American Flag 1926 Bubbling Over Display Crusader 1927 Whiskery Bostonian Chance Shot 1928 Reigh Count Victorian Vito 1929 Clyde Van Dusen Dr. Freeland Blue Larkspur 1930 Gallant Fox Gallant Fox Gallant Fox 1931 # Twenty Grand Mate # Twenty Grand 1932 * Burgoo King * Burgoo King Faireno 1933 Brokers Tip Head Play Hurryoff 1934 Cavalcade High Quest Peace Chance 1935 Omaha Omaha Omaha 1936 * Bold Venture * Bold Venture Granville 1937 War Admiral War Admiral War Admiral 1938 Lawrin Dauber Pasteurized 1939 # Johnstown Challedon # Johnstown 1940 Gallahadion # Bimelech # Bimelech 1941 Whirlaway Whirlaway Whirlaway 1942 # Shut Out Alsab # Shut Out 1943 Count Fleet Count Fleet Count Fleet 1944 * Pensive * Pensive Bounding Home 1945 Hoop Jr . Polynesian Pavot 1946 Assault Assault Assault 1947 Jet Pilot Faultless Phalanx 1948 Citation Citation Citation 1949 Ponder # Capot # Capot 1950 # Middleground Hill Prince # Middleground 1951 Count Turf Bold Counterpoint 1952 Hill Gail Blue Man One Count 1953 Dark Star # Native Dancer # Native Dancer 1954 Determine Hasty Road High Gun 1955 Swaps # Nashua # Nashua 1956 # Needles Fabius # Needles 1957 Iron Liege Bold Ruler Gallant Man 1958 * Tim Tam * Tim Tam Cavan 1959 Tomy Lee Royal Orbit Sword Dancer 1960 Venetian Way Bally Ache Celtic Ash 1961 * Carry Back * Carry Back Sherluck 1962 Decidedly Greek Money Jaipur 1963 # Chateaugay Candy Spots # Chateaugay 1964 * Northern Dancer * Northern Dancer Quadrangle 1965 Lucky Debonair Tom Rolfe Hail To All 1966 * Kauai King * Kauai King Amberoid 1967 Proud Clarion # Damascus # Damascus 1968 * Forward Pass * Forward Pass Stage Door Johnny 1969 * Majestic Prince * Majestic Prince Arts and Letters 1970 Dust Commander Personality High Echelon 1971 * Canonero II * Canonero II Pass Catcher 1972 # Riva Ridge Bee Bee Bee # Riva Ridge 1973 Secretariat Secretariat Secretariat Cannonade # Little Current # Little Current Foolish Pleasure Master Derby Avatar 1976 # Bold Forbes Elocutionist # Bold Forbes 1977 Seattle Slew Seattle Slew Seattle Slew 1978 Affirmed Affirmed Affirmed 1979 * Spectacular Bid * Spectacular Bid Coastal 1980 Genuine Risk Codex Temperence Hill 1981 * Pleasant Colony * Pleasant Colony Summing 1982 Gato Del Sol Aloma 's Ruler Conquistador Cielo Sunny 's Halo Deputed Testamony Caveat 1984 # Swale Gate Dancer # Swale 1985 Spend A Buck Tank 's Prospect Creme Fraiche 1986 Ferdinand Snow Chief Danzig Connection * Alysheba * Alysheba Bet Twice 1988 Winning Colors # Risen Star # Risen Star 1989 * Sunday Silence * Sunday Silence Easy Goer 1990 Unbridled Summer Squall Go And Go 1991 Strike the Gold # Hansel # Hansel 1992 Lil E. Tee Pine Bluff A.P. Indy 1993 Sea Hero Prairie Bayou Colonial Affair 1994 Go for Gin # Tabasco Cat # Tabasco Cat 1995 # Thunder Gulch Timber Country # Thunder Gulch Grindstone Louis Quatorze Editor 's Note 1997 * Silver Charm * Silver Charm Touch Gold 1998 * Real Quiet * Real Quiet Victory Gallop 1999 * Charismatic * Charismatic Lemon Drop Kid 2000 Fusaichi Pegasus Red Bullet Commendable 2001 Monarchos # Point Given # Point Given 2002 * War Emblem * War Emblem Sarava 2003 * Funny Cide * Funny Cide Empire Maker * Smarty Jones * Smarty Jones Birdstone 2005 Giacomo # Afleet Alex # Afleet Alex 2006 Barbaro Bernardini Jazil 2007 Street Sense Curlin Rags to Riches 2008 * Big Brown * Big Brown Da ' Tara 2009 Mine That Bird Rachel Alexandra Summer Bird Super Saver Lookin at Lucky Drosselmeyer 2011 Animal Kingdom Shackleford Ruler on Ice 2012 * I 'll Have Another * I 'll Have Another Union Rags 2013 Orb Oxbow Palace Malice 2014 * California Chrome * California Chrome Tonalist 2015 American Pharoah American Pharoah American Pharoah 2016 Nyquist Exaggerator Creator 2017 Always Dreaming Cloud Computing Tapwrit 2018 * Justify * Justify Notes Jump up ^ These were 2002 for War Emblem , 2003 for Funny Cide and 2004 for Smarty Jones . Jump up ^ The 1890 Preakness Stakes was held at Morris Park Racecourse in The Bronx , New York . ^ Jump up to : From 1894 to 1908 , the Preakness Stakes were held at Gravesend Race Track on Coney Island , New York . ^ Jump up to : In 1917 and 1922 , the Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes were held on the same day . ^ Jump up to : The 1918 Preakness Stakes was held in two divisions due to a large field . War Cloud won one and Jack Hare , Jr. the other . ^ Jump up to : Due to reconstruction at Belmont Park , the Belmont Stakes were held at Aqueduct Racetrack in Queens , New York from 1963 to 1967 . Jump up ^ Dancer 's Image was disqualified as the winner of the 1968 Kentucky Derby due to a post-race failed drug test . Jump up ^ I 'll Have Another was scratched the afternoon prior to the Belmont due to tendonitis and was unable to attempt to win the race . Denotes a filly . Fillies won the Kentucky Derby in 1915 , 1980 , and 1988 , Preakness Stakes in 1903 , 1906 , 1915 , 1924 , and 2009 , and Belmont Stakes in 1867 , 1905 , and 2007 . Race not run . The Belmont was not run in 1911 and 1912 due to anti-betting legislation passed in New York State . The Preakness did not run 1891 -- 1893 . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Kentucky Derby , Preakness Stakes and Belmont Stakes . Book : Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing ( United States ) American thoroughbred racing top attended events British Classic Races French Classic Races Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing Grand Slam of Thoroughbred racing Notes ( edit ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Secretariat remains No. 1 name in racing '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Christine , Bill ( June 4 , 1989 ) . `` The Spoilers : Last Jewel of Triple Crown Has Been Stolen 11 Times -- Will Sunday Silence Be Next Victim of an Upset ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Liebman , Bennett ( April 24 , 2008 ) . `` The Rail : The Race for the Triple Crown - Origins of Triple Crown '' . The New York Times . New York , NY . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` History & Tradition of the Triple Crown '' . OD Action . Retrieved August 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Beyer , Andrew ( June 12 , 2007 ) . `` Where Are the Fillies ? '' . Washington Post . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Genaro , Teresa ( June 7 , 2011 ) . `` The Triple Tiara '' . Hello Race Fans . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Drape , Joe ( June 1 , 2003 ) . `` Where No Gelding Has Gone Before '' . New York Times . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` History : Horses '' . Belmont Stakes . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2015 . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kane , Mike ( June 6 , 2014 ) . `` 10 things to know about the Triple Crown '' . Courier - Journal . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Drager , Marvin . `` Kentucky Derby '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved May 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Drager , Marvin . `` Preakness Stakes '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved June 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Preakness Stakes '' . Triple Crown Productions . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2015 . Retrieved May 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Drager , Marvin . `` Belmont Stakes '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved May 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Belmont Stakes '' . Triple Crown Productions . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2015 . Retrieved May 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Belmont Stakes History '' . Belmont - Stakes Info . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2015 . Retrieved May 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Triple Crown Winners '' . The New York Racing Association . June 8 , 2015 . Retrieved June 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Angst , Frank ( June 10 , 2015 ) . `` The Figs : American Pharoah 's Triple Crown '' . Blood - Horse . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sham : In the Shadow of a Superhorse '' . California Thoroughbred . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hegarty , Matt ( June 19 , 2012 ) . `` Secretariat awarded Preakness record at 1 : 53 after review '' . Daily Racing Form . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Christine , Bill ( December 29 , 2011 ) . `` 10 most unbreakable records ( 10 - 6 ) '' . Daily Racing Form . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Kentucky Derby -- I 'll Have Another rallies to win at Churchill Downs - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Triple Crown Winner Peteski Dies from Colic '' . BloodHorse.com. April 8 , 2001 . Retrieved August 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Grand Slam - ESPN.com Jump up ^ American Pharoah - Breeder 's Cup.com Jump up ^ `` The Courier - Google News Archive Search '' . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Charlie Rose ( July 21 , 2003 ) . `` A rebroadcast of a discussion about the film Seabiscuit '' . Charlie Rose . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Brennan : Cherry - pick races and Triple Crown extinct '' . USA Today . Retrieved June 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Betting against California Chrome ? Fresh horses typically win Belmont Stakes '' . Newsday . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ESPN News Service ( June 6 , 2015 ) . `` American Pharoah claims first Triple Crown since 1978 '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Drape , Joe ( 2008 ) . To the swift : classic Triple Crown horses and their race for glory ( 1st ed . ) . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 9780312357955 . Jump up ^ Drager , Marvin . `` Majestic Prince '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved June 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Glauber , Bill ( May 19 , 1991 ) . `` Canonero II came close to Triple Crowning glory '' . Baltimore Sun . Retrieved June 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Staff ( June 1 , 2015 ) . `` American Pharoah Eyes Triple Crown Sweep '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Oakford , Glenye Cain ( September 17 , 2011 ) . `` Spectacular Bid , 27 , dead '' . Daily Racing Form . Retrieved June 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hovdey , Jay ( May 31 , 2012 ) . `` Triple Crown near - misses : Pleasant Colony , 1981 '' . Daily Racing Form . Retrieved June 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Finn , Robin ( June 7 , 1987 ) . `` BELMONT STAKES ; On Bumpy Road to Crown , Alysheba Is Left Behind '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Durso , Joseph ( June 8 , 1997 ) . `` Touch Gold Sneaks In to Steal Silver Charm 's Crown '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Durso , Joseph ( June 7 , 1998 ) . `` THE 130TH BELMONT STAKES ; Victory Gallop 's Charge Keeps Real Quiet Short of Posterity '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Durso , Joseph . `` HORSE RACING ; Charismatic 's Bid Ends in Injury and Defeat '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Drape , Joe ( June 9 , 2002 ) . `` Early Stumble Dooms War Emblem 's Triple Crown Bid '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Drape , Joe ( June 8 , 2003 ) . `` Empire Maker Ends Funny Cide 's Triple Crown Bid '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Drape , Joe ( June 6 , 2004 ) . `` At Smarty Jones 's Coronation , Birdstone Makes Off With the Crown '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Beyer , Andrew ( June 11 , 2008 ) . `` The Story Behind Big Brown 's Bad Belmont May Never Be Known '' . Washington Post . Retrieved June 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Claire Novak ( June 8 , 2014 ) . `` ' Chrome ' Co-Owner Has No Regrets for Comments '' . BloodHorse.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Paulick , Ray ( November 17 , 2010 ) . `` Selling Triple Crown As A Package Deal '' . Paulick Report . Retrieved June 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chrysler to Sponsor Triple Crown Challenge '' . Ocala Star - Banner . Associated Press . September 24 , 1987 . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Staff ( May 2 , 2005 ) . `` VIsa to End Triple Crown Challenge Sponsorship '' . Blood - Horse . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sandomir , Richard ( May 19 , 2014 ) . `` Looking for a Sure Thing in the Belmont Stakes ? Bet on NBC '' . New York Times . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NBC reaches deal to keep Kentucky Derby rights through 2015 '' . Daily Hampshire Gazette - GazetteNet.com . Associated Press . October 8 , 2010 . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2012 . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sharrow , Ryan ( February 22 , 2011 ) . `` NBC re-ups deal to carry Preakness through 2015 '' . Jump up ^ `` NBC Signs Five Year Deal To Televise Belmont Stakes '' . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New Pact Keeps Kentucky Derby in NBC Stable Through 2025 '' ( Press Release ) . February 26 , 2014 . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Liz Mullen ( August 10 , 2015 ) . `` Nbc Sports Group Extends Belmont Contract Through 2020 '' . Sports Business Daily . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Preakness Stakes - History '' . preakness-stakes.info . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2015 . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official website BloodHorse.com Triple Crown Mania Ten Things You Should Know About the Triple Crown at Hello Race Fans Triple Crown Winners -- slideshow by Life magazine Triple Crowns of horse racing United States Thoroughbred Racing Kentucky Derby Preakness Stakes Belmont Stakes Harness Racing Pacers Cane Pace Messenger Stakes Little Brown Jug Harness Racing Trotters Hambletonian Yonkers Trot Kentucky Futurity Great Britain Thoroughbred Racing 2000 Guineas Stakes Epsom Derby St Leger Stakes Ireland Thoroughbred Racing Irish 2,000 Guineas Irish Derby Irish St. Leger Canada Thoroughbred Racing Queen 's Plate Prince of Wales Stakes Breeders ' Stakes Australia Thoroughbred Racing Randwick Guineas Rosehill Guineas Australian Derby Related topics Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing American Triple Tiara of Thoroughbred Racing Canadian Triple Tiara of Thoroughbred Racing Breeders ' Cup Classic Breeders ' Cup Distaff Kentucky Derby Races 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Related Churchill Downs Top 4 finishers Festival Museum Road to the Kentucky Derby `` My Old Kentucky Home '' Triple Crown Trophy Mint julep Derby Pie Kentucky Oaks Broadcasters `` The Kentucky Derby Is Decadent and Depraved '' Kentucky Derby Winners Preakness Stakes Pimlico 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1885 1886 1888 1889 Morris Park 1890 ( 1891 - 1893 race not run ) Gravesend 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 Pimlico 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Related Top four finishers Broadcasters `` Maryland , My Maryland '' Woodlawn Vase Triple Crown Preakness Stakes Winners Belmont Stakes Jerome Park 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 Morris Park 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 Belmont Park 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 Aqueduct 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 Belmont Park 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Related Top three finishers Broadcasters August Belmont Trophy `` The Sidewalks of New York '' `` Theme from New York , New York '' Triple Crown Belmont Stakes Winners Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Triple_Crown_of_Thoroughbred_Racing_(United_States)&oldid=842709389 '' Categories : Belmont Stakes Kentucky Derby Preakness Stakes Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 04 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple%20Crown%20of%20Thoroughbred%20Racing%20%28United%20States%29
| 2,040 |
where is capital one arena in washington dc
|
Located in the Chinatown neighborhood of Washington , D.C. , Capital One Arena sits atop the Gallery Place rapid transit station of the Washington Metro .
|
Capital One Arena
|
capital one arena
|
Capital One Arena , formerly known as MCI Center and Verizon Center , is a sports and entertainment arena located in Washington , D.C .
|
Located in the Chinatown neighborhood of Washington , D.C. , Capital One Arena sits atop the Gallery Place rapid transit station of the Washington Metro . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 History 3 Role in Chinatown 4 Ice quality issues 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Overview ( edit ) Capital One Arena is home to the Washington Wizards of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , Washington Capitals of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , the Georgetown University men 's basketball team , the Washington Mystics of the Women 's National Basketball Association ( WNBA ) , the Washington International Horse Show and was formerly the home of the Washington Power of the National Lacrosse League ( NLL ) from 2001 to 2002 , and most recently the Washington Valor Arena Football League franchise . The Washington Valor drew an average home attendance of 11,179 in the 2017 AFL season , the highest in the league in their inaugural season . The arena 's seating capacity is 20,356 for basketball and 18,506 for ice hockey . The Mystics will move after the 2018 WNBA season to a new , smaller arena currently under construction in the Congress Heights area of southeast Washington . Capital One Arena is owned by Monumental Sports & Entertainment and is situated on top of land leased from the District of Columbia . Capital One Arena was built in the mid-1990s solely with private financing and was originally owned by Abe Pollin from 1997 to June 2010 . On June 10 , 2010 , following Pollin 's death in November 2009 , the Pollin family sold Capital One Arena , along with the Washington Wizards and the Washington - Baltimore area Ticketmaster franchise , to Ted Leonsis , who already owned the arena 's other tenant , the Washington Capitals . Leonsis subsequently formed a new management company -- Monumental Sports & Entertainment . Capital One Arena is largely considered to be a commercial success and is regarded as one of the driving catalysts of the revitalization ( and gentrification ) of Washington , D.C. 's Chinatown neighborhood . A report emerged in May 2015 that Verizon would not renew its naming rights to the Verizon Center when its agreement with Monumental ends in 2018 . In the same week , it was announced that Etihad Airways signed a deal to become the official airline of the arena , sparking speculation that Etihad might be the leading contender to assume naming rights in 2017 . However , on August 9 , 2017 , it was announced Verizon Center would be renamed as Capital One Arena , effective immediately . History ( edit ) Capital One Arena , located in the Washington , D.C. neighborhood of Chinatown , originally opened on December 2 , 1997 , as the MCI Center , named after its sponsor , MCI Inc . Nearly a decade later , in January 2006 , Verizon Communications purchased MCI Inc. and the arena 's name was changed accordingly . The following year , in 2007 , the `` first true indoor high - definition LED scoreboard '' was installed at Capital One Arena . On December 2 , 2007 , Capital One Arena celebrated the ten year anniversary of its opening . In December 2013 , all electronic communications to and from the scoreboard and advertising fasciae were updated by ColosseoEAS . Role in Chinatown ( edit ) When the arena opened there was concern that it would lead to the displacement of Chinese businesses and culture in the area that is the city 's Chinatown . The surrounding area has indeed been dramatically gentrified , and most of the Chinese residents and businesses who lived and operated in the neighborhood when the arena first opened have been displaced because of the spike in real estate prices . The Chinese population in Chinatown is a ghost of its former self -- recent estimates hold that the number of Chinese in the neighborhood is down to around 400 to 500 . The Chinese - owned restaurants and businesses in the Chinatown area are largely gone and there has not been a full - service Chinese grocery in the neighborhood since 2005 . In their place , new residents and visitors to the area find an increasing number of mid-tier and upscale chains , such as Hooters , Fuddruckers and Legal Sea Foods . Ice quality issues ( edit ) In December 2007 , then - Capitals captain Chris Clark gained a bit of press by stating that he believed the arena had the worst ice in the NHL . `` There 's a lot of ruts in the ice . It 's soft . It 's wet half the time . I could see a lot of injuries coming from the ice there . It could cost ( players ) their jobs ... Even guys on other teams say the same thing . When we 're facing off , they say , ' How do you guys play on this ? ' '' Capitals owner Ted Leonsis addressed this criticism directly . The ice quality issue has been persistent both since the opening of Capital One Arena and with the Capitals franchise in general . Since Leonsis ' acquisition of the facility , the quality of the ice has gotten better and number of complaints has noticeably decreased . During playoff games , the arena installs a system to help remove hot air and humidity to maintain the ice conditions during warmer times of the year . See also ( edit ) List of NCAA Division I basketball arenas References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Carrera , Katie ( December 6 , 2012 ) . `` Hershey Bears Play AHL Showcase at Verizon Center , Keeping Capitals Fans Entertained for One Night During NHL Lockout '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Verizon Center '' . AECOM . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bailey , W. Scott ( December 6 , 2002 ) . `` New S.A. Sports Firm Set to Play Pivotal Pole in Big NBA Projects '' . San Antonio Business Journal . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Verizon Center '' . Delon Hampton & Associates . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` MCI Center '' . Emporis.com . Retrieved September 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ted Leonsis close to securing Arena Football League team to play at Verizon Center , Jonathan O'Connell and Dan Steinberg , Washington Post , February 10 , 2016 Jump up ^ Ted Leonsis to announce D.C. is getting an Arena Football League team , Scott Allen , The Washington Post , March 10 , 2016 Jump up ^ http://www.arenafan.com/statistics/?page=attendance Jump up ^ Heath , Thomas ( November 25 , 2004 ) . `` On Hockey Nights , A Center of Inactivity '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Jonathan ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` A sneak peek at the new Wizards practice center , designed for sports and community alike '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Name Change : MCI Center to be Verizon Center '' . ESPN . Associated Press . January 7 , 2006 . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hobson , Will . `` Verizon still mulling whether to renew naming rights to Verizon Center '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Report : Verizon will not renew arena naming rights '' . WUSA9 . Jump up ^ Clabaugh , Jeff . `` Monumental Sports & Entertainment teams with international airline in sponsorship deal '' . Washington Business Journal . Jump up ^ `` MSE and Capital One Announce New Arena Naming Rights Partnership '' ( Press release ) . Washington Wizards . August 9 , 2017 . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MSE and Capital One Announce New Arena Naming Rights Partnership '' ( Press release ) . Washington Capitals . August 9 , 2017 . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Dan ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` Verizon Center to become Capital One Arena , starting now '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Verizon Center Shows off `` First True Indoor HD LED Scoreboard '' `` . Engadget . September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved November 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nakamura , David ( December 2 , 2007 ) . `` Verizon Center Marks 10th Anniversary '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Verizon Center , Washington , D.C '' . ColosseoEAS . Jan 31 , 2014 . Retrieved April 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lowman , Stephen ( January 28 , 2009 ) . `` The Shrinking of Chinatown '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 29 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Nakamura , David ( July 1 , 2011 ) . `` Wah Luck House Maintains Culture of Dying D.C. Chinatown '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Leonsis , Ted ( December 6 , 2007 ) . `` Toughness '' . Ted 's Take . Retrieved December 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Dan ( February 10 , 2009 ) . `` The Caps and Bad Ice : A History '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 10 , 2009 . External links ( edit ) District of Columbia portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Capital One Arena . Official website ( show ) Events and tenants Preceded by first arena Home of the Washington Valor 2017 -- present Succeeded by current Preceded by first arena Home of the Washington Mystics 1998 -- present Succeeded by current Preceded by Capital Centre Home of the Washington Capitals 1997 -- present Succeeded by current Preceded by Capital Centre Home of the Washington Wizards 1997 -- present Succeeded by current Preceded by Pepsi Center Denver , Colorado Host of the Frozen Four 2009 Succeeded by Ford Field Detroit , Michigan Preceded by TD Banknorth Garden Host of the Survivor Series 2009 Succeeded by American Airlines Arena Preceded by U.S. Bank Arena Host of WWE Cyber Sunday 2007 Succeeded by US Airways Center Georgetown Hoyas men 's basketball Venues Washington Light Infantry Armory ( 1906 -- 1907 ) Convention Hall ( 1907 -- 1908 ) Odd Fellows Hall ( 1908 -- 1911 ) Arcade Rink ( 1911 -- 1914 , 1927 -- 1928 ) Ryan Gymnasium ( 1914 -- 1927 ) Clendenen Gymnasium ( 1928 -- 1929 ) Tech Gymnasium ( 1929 -- 1940 , 1942 -- 1943 ) Riverside Stadium ( 1940 -- 1942 ) Brookland Gymnasium ( 1945 -- 1946 ) Uline Arena ( 1946 -- 1947 , 1949 -- 1951 ) D.C. Armory ( 1947 -- 1949 ) McDonough Gymnasium ( 1951 -- 2009 ) Capital Centre ( 1981 -- 1997 ) Capital One Arena ( 1997 -- present ) Rivalries Connecticut Culture & lore History Hoya Saxa Jack the Bulldog There Goes Old Georgetown People Head coaches NBA draftees Seasons 1906 -- 07 1907 -- 08 1908 -- 09 1909 -- 10 1910 -- 11 1911 -- 12 1912 -- 13 1913 -- 14 1914 -- 15 1915 -- 16 1916 -- 17 1917 -- 18 1918 -- 19 1919 -- 20 1920 -- 21 1921 -- 22 1922 -- 23 1923 -- 24 1924 -- 25 1925 -- 26 1926 -- 27 1927 -- 28 1928 -- 29 1929 -- 30 1930 -- 31 1931 -- 32 1932 -- 33 1933 -- 34 1934 -- 35 1935 -- 36 1936 -- 37 1937 -- 38 1938 -- 39 1939 -- 40 1940 -- 41 1941 -- 42 1942 -- 43 1943 -- 44 1944 -- 45 1945 -- 46 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 NCAA national championships in bold ; NCAA Final Four appearances in italics Washington Capitals Founded in 1974 Based in Washington , D.C. Franchise Team General managers Coaches Players Captains Draft picks ( Expansion draft ) Seasons Current season History Records Award winners Retired numbers Personnel Owners Monumental Sports & Entertainment ( Ted Leonsis , chairman ) General manager Brian MacLellan Head coach Barry Trotz Team captain Alexander Ovechkin Current roster Arenas Capital Centre Capital One Arena Rivalries New York Rangers Philadelphia Flyers Pittsburgh Penguins Affiliates AHL Hershey Bears ECHL South Carolina Stingrays Media TV CSN Mid-Atlantic Radio WFED WJFK Caps Radio 24 / 7 ( Tunein app ) Culture and lore Easter Epic 2011 NHL Winter Classic 2015 NHL Winter Classic 2018 NHL Stadium Series Washington Mystics Founded in 1998 Based in Washington , D.C. Franchise Franchise Most recent season Arenas Capital One Arena ( 1998 -- 2018 ) St. Elizabeths East Entertainment and Sports Arena ( 2019 -- future ) Head coaches Jim Lewis Cathy Parson Nancy Darsch Darrell Walker Tom Maher Marianne Stanley Michael Adams Richie Adubato Tree Rollins Jessie Kenlaw Julie Plank Trudi Lacey Mike Thibault Administration Owners : Washington Sports and Entertainment Monumental Sports and Entertainment Sponsor : Inova Health System General Manager : Melissa McFerrin Judy Holland - Burton Linda Hargrove Angela Taylor Trudi Lacey Mike Thibault All - Stars Alana Beard Monique Currie Stacey Dales Elena Delle Donne Stefanie Dolson Lindsey Harding Chamique Holdsclaw Crystal Langhorne Ivory Latta Nikki McCray Emma Meesseman DeLisha Milton - Jones Seasons 1998 2017 Playoff appearances 2000 2002 2006 2009 2013 2014 2017 Conference Championships None WNBA Championships None Rivals Chicago Sky Connecticut Sun Detroit Shock Indiana Fever Media TV : NBC Sports Washington Radio : WWRC ( Money 1260 ) Announcers : Frank Hanrahan , Christy Winters Scott Washington Wizards Founded in 1961 Formerly the Chicago Packers ( 1961 -- 1962 ) , the Chicago Zephyrs ( 1962 -- 1963 ) , the Baltimore Bullets ( 1963 -- 1973 ) , the Capital Bullets ( 1973 -- 1974 ) , and the Washington Bullets ( 1974 -- 1997 ) Based in Washington , D.C. Franchise Franchise Expansion Draft All - time roster Draft history Head coaches Seasons Current season Arenas International Amphitheatre Chicago Coliseum Baltimore Civic Center Cole Field House Capital Centre / US Airways Arena Capital One Arena General Managers Ferry Nash Unseld Grunfeld G - League affiliate Washington in 2018 Administration Ted Leonsis ( Owner ) Ernie Grunfeld ( President & GM of Basketball Ops . ) Scott Brooks ( Head Coach ) Retired Numbers 10 11 25 41 NBA Championships ( 1 ) 1978 Eastern Conference Championships ( 4 ) 1971 1978 1979 Culture and lore Wes Unseld 1975 championship upset It ai n't over till the fat lady sings The Big E Abe Pollin Earl the Pearl Agent Zero Robin Ficker Media TV WDCW NBC Sports Washington The Comcast Network Radio WJFK - FM Announcers Steve Buckhantz Phil Chenier Dave Johnson Glenn Consor Washington Valor Founded in 2016 Based in Washington , D.C. Franchise Franchise Arenas Capital One Arena Head coaches Cokinos Current league affiliations League : Arena Football League Seasons ( 1 ) 2010s 2017 Current arenas in the Women 's National Basketball Association Eastern Conference Allstate Arena Bankers Life Fieldhouse Capital One Arena Madison Square Garden McCamish Pavilion Mohegan Sun Arena Western Conference AT&T Center College Park Center KeyArena Staples Center Talking Stick Resort Arena Target Center Current arenas in the National Hockey League Eastern Conference Atlantic Air Canada Centre Amalie Arena BB&T Center Bell Centre Canadian Tire Centre KeyBank Center Little Caesars Arena TD Garden Metropolitan Barclays Center Capital One Arena Madison Square Garden Nationwide Arena PNC Arena PPG Paints Arena Prudential Center Wells Fargo Center Western Conference Central American Airlines Center Bell MTS Place Bridgestone Arena Pepsi Center Scottrade Center United Center Xcel Energy Center Pacific Gila River Arena Honda Center Rogers Arena Rogers Place SAP Center at San Jose Scotiabank Saddledome Staples Center T - Mobile Arena Current arenas in the National Basketball Association Eastern Conference Atlantic Air Canada Centre Barclays Center Madison Square Garden TD Garden Wells Fargo Center Central Bankers Life Fieldhouse BMO Harris Bradley Center Little Caesars Arena Quicken Loans Arena United Center Southeast American Airlines Arena Amway Center Capital One Arena Philips Arena Spectrum Center Western Conference Northwest Chesapeake Energy Arena Moda Center Pepsi Center Target Center Vivint Smart Home Arena Pacific Golden 1 Center Oracle Arena Staples Center Talking Stick Resort Arena Southwest American Airlines Center AT&T Center FedExForum Smoothie King Center Toyota Center Current arenas in the Arena Football League Arenas Amalie Arena Capital One Arena Quicken Loans Arena Royal Farms Arena Wells Fargo Center Basketball arenas of the Big East Conference Men only BMO Harris Bradley Center ( Marquette ) Capital One Arena ( Georgetown ) CenturyLink Center Omaha ( Creighton ) Dunkin ' Donuts Center ( Providence ) Madison Square Garden ( St. John 's ) Prudential Center ( Seton Hall ) Women only Alumni Hall ( Providence ) D.J. Sokol Arena ( Creighton ) McDonough Gymnasium ( Georgetown ) Al McGuire Center ( Marquette ) Jake Nevin Field House ( Villanova ; 2017 -- 18 only ) Walsh Gymnasium ( Seton Hall ) Both sexes Carnesecca Arena ( St. John 's ) Cintas Center ( Xavier ) Finneran Pavilion ( Villanova ; reopening in 2018 ) Hinkle Fieldhouse ( Butler ) Wells Fargo Center ( Villanova ) Wintrust Arena ( DePaul ) Music venues of Washington , D.C. Outdoor venues Carter Barron Amphitheatre Fort Reno Park National Sylvan Theater Nationals Park Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium Theaters and clubs 9 : 30 Club The Anthem Atlas Performing Arts Center Black Cat BloomBars Blues Alley DAR Constitution Hall Echostage Harold and Sylvia Greenberg Theatre Howard Theatre John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts Lincoln Theatre Lisner Auditorium Madam 's Organ Blues Bar National Theatre Republic Gardens Sixth & I Historic Synagogue U Street Music Hall Warner Theatre Arenas Capital One Arena Charles E. Smith Center Historic venues The Bayou Bohemian Caverns The Cellar Door Washington Coliseum Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capital_One_Arena&oldid=808469200 '' Categories : 1997 establishments in Washington , D.C. Arena football venues Basketball venues in Washington , D.C. Buildings and structures named after companies Capital One Chinatown ( Washington , D.C. ) College basketball venues in the United States College ice hockey venues in the United States Georgetown Hoyas basketball venues Indoor ice hockey venues in Washington , D.C. Indoor lacrosse venues in the United States National Basketball Association venues National Hockey League venues Sports venues in Washington , D.C. Sports venues completed in 1997 Washington Capitals arenas Washington Wizards venues Washington Mystics venues Wrestling venues in the United States Indoor arenas in Washington , D.C. Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from October 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ænglisc Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 November 2017 , at 01 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital%20One%20Arena
| 2,041 |
|
when did black and white tv stop being made
|
Black and white
|
black and white
|
Black and white , often abbreviated B / W or B&W , and hyphenated black - and - white when used as an adjective , is any of several monochrome forms in visual arts .
|
Black - and - white images are not usually starkly contrasted black and white . They combine black and white in a continuum producing a range of shades of gray . Further , many monochrome prints in still photography , especially those produced earlier in its development , were in sepia ( mainly for archival stability ) , which yielded richer , subtler shading than reproductions in plain black - and - white . Contents ( hide ) 1 Media 2 Films with a color / black - and - white mix 3 Contemporary use 4 Computing 5 See also 6 References Media ( edit ) Some popular black - and - white media of the past include : Movies : While some color film processes ( including hand coloring ) were experimented with and in limited use from the earliest days of motion pictures , the switch from most films being in black - and - white to most being in color was gradual , taking place from the 1930s to the 1960s . Even when most film studios had the capability to make color films , the technology 's popularity was limited , as using the Technicolor process was expensive and the process cumbersome . For many years , it was not possible for films in color to render realistic hues , thus its use was restricted to historical films or musicals until the 1950s , while many directors preferred to use black - and - white stock . For the years 1940 -- 1966 , a separate Academy Award for Best Art Direction was given for black - and - white movies along with one for color . Television : Television programs were first transmitted in black - and - white . Scottish inventor John Logie Baird demonstrated the world 's first color television transmission on July 3 , 1928 using a mechanical process . Some color broadcasts in the U.S. began in the 1950s , with color becoming common in western industrialized nations during the late 1960s . In the United States , the Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) settled on a color NTSC standard in 1953 , and the NBC network began broadcasting a limited color television schedule in January 1954 . Color television became more widespread in the U.S. between 1963 and 1967 , when major networks like CBS and ABC joined NBC in broadcasting full color schedules . Some TV stations ( small and medium ) in the US were still broadcasting in B&W until the late 80s to early 90s , depending on network . Canada began airing color television in 1966 while the United Kingdom began to use an entirely different color system from July 1967 known as PAL . The Republic of Ireland followed in 1970 . New Zealand began color broadcasting in 1973 , and Australia experimented with color television in 1967 but continued to broadcast in black - and - white until 1975 , and New Zealand experimented with color broadcasting in 1973 but did n't convert until 1975 . In China , black - and - white television sets were the norm until as late as the 1990s , color TVs not outselling them until about 1989 . In 1969 , Japanese electronics manufacturers standardized the first format for industrial / non-broadcast videotape recorders ( VTRs ) called EIAJ - 1 , which initially offered only black - and - white video recording and playback . While seldom used professionally now , many consumer camcorders have the ability to record in black - and - white . Photography : Photographs were either black - and - white or shades of sepia . Color photography was originally rare and expensive and again often containing inaccurate hues . Color photography became more common from the mid-20th century . Today , black - and - white is a niche market for photographers who use the medium for artistic purposes . This can take the form of black - and - white film or digital conversion to grayscale , with optional digital image editing manipulation to enhance the results . For amateur use certain companies such as Kodak manufactured black - and - white disposable cameras until 2009 . Also , certain films are produced today which give black - and - white images using the ubiquitous C41 color process . Printing press : Most American newspapers were black - and - white until the early 1980s ; The New York Times and The Washington Post remained in black - and - white until the 1990s . Some claim that USA Today was the major impetus for the change to color . In the UK , color was only slowly introduced from the mid-1980s . Even today , many newspapers restrict color photographs to the front and other prominent pages since mass - producing photographs in black - and - white is considerably less expensive than color . Similarly , daily comic strips in newspapers were traditionally black - and - white with color reserved for Sunday strips . Color printing is more expensive . Sometimes color is reserved for the cover . Magazines such as Jet magazine were either all or mostly black - and - white until the end of the 2000s when it became all - color . Manga ( Japanese or Japanese - influenced comics ) are typically published in black - and - white although now it is part of its image . Many school yearbooks are still entirely or mostly in black - and - white . Films with a color / black - and - white mix ( edit ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) is in color when Dorothy is in Oz , but in black - and - white when she is in Kansas , although the latter scenes were actually in sepia when the film was originally released . The British film A Matter of Life and Death ( 1946 ) depicts the other world in black - and - white ( a character says `` one is starved of Technicolor ... up there '' ) , and earthly events in color . Similarly , Wim Wenders 's film Wings of Desire ( 1987 ) uses sepia - tone black - and - white for the scenes shot from the angels ' perspective . When Damiel , the angel ( the film 's main character ) , becomes a human the film changes to color , emphasising his new `` real life '' view of the world . The films Pleasantville ( 1998 ) , and Aro Tolbukhin . En la mente del asesino ( 2002 ) , play with the concept of black - and - white as an anachronism , using it to selectively portray scenes and characters who are either more or less outdated or duller than the characters and scenes shot in full - color . This manipulation of color is utilized in the film Sin City ( 2005 ) and the occasional television commercial . The film American History X ( 1998 ) is told in a nonlinear narrative in which the portions of the plot that take place `` in the past '' are shown entirely in black and white , while the `` present '' storyline 's scenes are displayed in color . In the documentary film Night and Fog ( 1955 ) a mix of black - and - white documentary footage is contrasted with color film of the present . In a black and white pre-credits opening sequence in the 2006 Bond film , Casino Royale , a young James Bond ( played by Daniel Craig ) gains his licence to kill and status as a 00 agent by assassinating the traitorous MI6 section chief Dryden at the British Embassy in Prague , as well as his terrorist contact , Fisher , in a bathroom in Lahore . The remainder of the film starting with the opening credits is shown in color . Contemporary use ( edit ) Contemporary photo of a Galápagos tortoise ( Chelonoidis nigra ) on Santa Cruz Island Since the late 1960s , few mainstream films have been shot in black - and - white . The reasons are frequently commercial , as it is difficult to sell a film for television broadcasting if the film is not in color . 1961 was the last year in which the majority of Hollywood films were released in black and white . Some modern film directors will occasionally shoot movies in black - and - white as an artistic choice , though it is much less common for a major Hollywood production . The use of black - and - white in the mass media often connotes something `` nostalgic '' or historic . The film director Woody Allen has used black - and - white a number of times since Manhattan ( 1979 ) , which also had a George Gershwin derived score . The makers of The Good German ( 2006 ) used camera lens from the 1940s , and other equipment from that era , so that their black - and - white film imitated the look of early noir . In fact , monochrome film stock is now rarely used at the time of shooting , even if the films are intended to be presented theatrically in black - and - white . Movies such as John Boorman 's The General ( 1998 ) and Joel Coen 's The Man Who Was n't There ( 2001 ) were filmed in color despite being presented in black - and - white for artistic reasons . Raging Bull ( 1980 ) and Clerks ( 1994 ) are two of the few well - known modern films deliberately shot in black - and - white . In the case of Clerks , because of the extremely low budget , the production team could not afford the added costs of shooting in color . Although the difference in film stock price would have been slight , the store 's fluorescent lights could not have been used to light for color . By shooting in black - and - white , the filmmakers did not have to rent lighting equipment . The movie Pi is filmed entirely in black - and - white , with a grainy effect until the end . In black - and - white still photography , many photographers choose to shoot in solely black - and - white since the stark contrasts enhance the subject matter . Some formal photo portraits still use black - and - white . Many visual - art photographers use black - and - white in their work . As a form of censorship when movies and TV series are aired on Philippine television , many gory scenes are shown in black - and - white . Sometimes the exposure of innards or other scenes too bloody or gruesome are also blurred , not just rendered in monochrome , in compliance with Philippine broadcasting standards . Computing ( edit ) Most computers had monochrome ( black - and - white , black and green , or black and amber ) screens until the late 1980s , although some home computers could be connected to television screens to eliminate the extra cost of a monitor . These took advantage of NTSC or PAL encoding to offer a range of colors from as low as 4 ( IBM CGA ) to 128 ( Atari 800 ) to 4096 ( Commodore Amiga ) . Early videogame consoles such as the Atari 2600 supported both black - and - white and color modes via a switch , as did some of the early home computers ; this was to accommodate black - and - white TV sets , which would display a color signal poorly . ( Typically a different shading scheme would be used for the display in the black - and - white mode . ) In computing terminology , black - and - white is sometimes used to refer to a binary image consisting solely of pure black pixels and pure white pixels ; what would normally be called a black - and - white image , that is , an image containing shades of gray , is referred to in this context as grayscale . See also ( edit ) dr5 chrome List of black - and - white films produced since 1970 Monochromatic color Selective color References ( edit ) Look up black - and - white in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Jump up ^ For the effect this caused for team uniforms in televised sports , see : Away colours . Jump up ^ Robertson , Patrick . Film Facts , Billboard Books , 2001 , pg. 167 . Jump up ^ Renner , Honey ( 2011 ) . Fifty Shades of Greyscale : A History of Greyscale Cinema , p. 13 . Knob Publishers , Nice . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Black and white . Photography Outline Terminology 35 mm equivalent focal length Angle of view Aperture Black and white Chromatic aberration Circle of confusion Color balance Color temperature Depth of field Depth of focus Exposure Exposure compensation Exposure value Zebra patterning F - number Film format Large Medium Film speed Focal length Guide number Hyperfocal distance Metering mode Orb ( optics ) Perspective distortion Photograph Photographic printing Photographic processes Reciprocity Red - eye effect Science of photography Shutter speed Sync Zone System Genres Abstract Aerial Architectural Astrophotography Banquet Conceptual Conservation Cloudscape Documentary Ethnographic Erotic Fashion Fine - art Fire Forensic Glamour High - speed Landscape Lomography Nature Neues Sehen Nude Photojournalism Pornography Portrait Post-mortem Selfie Social documentary Sports Still life Stock Street Vernacular Underwater Wedding Wildlife Techniques Afocal Bokeh Brenizer Burst mode Contre - jour Cyanotype ETTR Fill flash Fireworks Harris shutter HDRI High - speed Holography Infrared Intentional camera movement Kirlian Kite aerial Long - exposure Macro Mordançage Multiple exposure Night Panning Panoramic Photogram Print toning Redscale Rephotography Rollout Scanography Schlieren photography Sabatier effect Slow motion Stereoscopy Stopping down Strip Slit - scan Sun printing Tilt -- shift Miniature faking Time - lapse Ultraviolet Vignetting Xerography Composition Diagonal method Framing Headroom Lead room Rule of thirds Simplicity Golden triangle ( composition ) Equipment Camera light - field field instant pinhole press rangefinder SLR still TLR toy view Darkroom enlarger safelight Film base format holder stock Filter Flash beauty dish cucoloris gobo hood hot shoe monolight Reflector snoot Softbox Lens Wide - angle lens Zoom lens Telephoto lens Manufacturers Monopod Movie projector Slide projector Tripod head Zone plate History Timeline of photography technology Analog photography Autochrome Lumière Box camera Calotype Camera obscura Daguerreotype Dufaycolor Heliography Painted photography backdrops Photography and the law Glass plate Visual arts Digital photography Digital camera D - SLR comparison MILC camera back Digiscoping Digital versus film photography Film scanner Image sensor CMOS APS CCD Three - CCD camera Foveon X3 sensor Image sharing Pixel Color photography Color Print film Reversal film Color management color space primary color CMYK color model RGB color model Photographic processing Bleach bypass C - 41 process Cross processing Developer Digital image processing Dye coupler E-6 process Fixer Gelatin silver process Gum printing Instant film K - 14 process Print permanence Push processing Stop bath Lists Most expensive photographs Photographers Norwegian Polish street women Category Portal Color topics Red Orange Yellow Green Cyan Blue Indigo Violet Purple Magenta Pink Brown White Gray Black Color science Color physics Electromagnetic spectrum Light Rainbow Visible Spectral colors Chromophore Structural coloration Animal coloration On Vision and Colors Metamerism Spectral power distribution Color perception Color vision Color blindness Achromatopsia test Tetrachromacy Color constancy Color term Color depth Color photography Spot color Color printing Web colors Color mapping Color code Color management Chrominance False color Chroma key Color balance Color cast Color temperature Eigengrau Color psychology Color symbolism Color preferences Lüscher color test Kruithof curve Political color National colors Chromophobia Chromotherapy Color philosophy Color space Color model additive subtractive Color mixing Primary color Secondary color Tertiary color ( intermediate ) Quaternary color Quinary color Aggressive color ( warm ) Receding color ( cool ) Pastel colors Color gradient Color scheme Color tool Monochromatic colors Complementary colors Analogous colors Achromatic colors ( Neutral ) Polychromatic colors Impossible colors Light - on - dark Tinctures in heraldry Color theory Chromaticity diagram Color solid Color wheel Color triangle Color analysis ( art ) Color realism ( art style ) Color terms Basic terms Blue Green Red Yellow Pink Purple Orange Black Gray White Brown Cultural differences Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate Blue -- green distinction in language Color history Color in Chinese culture Traditional colors of Japan Human skin color Color dimensions Hue Dichromatism Colorfulness ( chroma and saturation ) Tints and shades Lightness ( tone and value ) Grayscale Color organizations Pantone Color Marketing Group The Color Association of the United States International Colour Authority International Commission on Illumination ( CIE ) International Color Consortium International Colour Association Lists List of colors : A -- F List of colors : G -- M List of colors : N -- Z List of colors ( compact ) List of colors by shade List of color palettes List of color spaces List of Crayola crayon colors history pencil colors marker colors Color chart List of fictional colors List of RAL colors List of web colors Related Vision Image processing Multi-primary color display Quattron Qualia Lighting Local color ( visual art ) Category Portal Index of color - related articles Film genres By style Action Arthouse Heroic bloodshed Hong Kong action Adventure Survival Art Biographical Christian Comedy Black Commedia all'italiana Commedia sexy all'italiana Bromantic Dramedy Gross out Horror Parody Mo lei tau Thriller Remarriage Romantic Sex Screwball Silent Slapstick Documentary Animated Docudrama Mockumentary Mondo Pseudo Semi Travel Drama Dramedy Historical Legal Melodrama Korean Erotic Commedia sexy all'italiana Pink Sexploitation Thriller Educational Social guidance Epic Sword - and - sandal Experimental Exploitation see Exploitation film template Fantasy Comic Contemporary Dark Fairy tale Fantastique High Historical Magic realism Science Film noir Bad girl Neo-noir Occult detective Pulp noir Tech noir Gothic Romance Southern Space Suburban Urban Horror Body Cannibal Comedy Eco Fantastique Found footage German underground Ghost Giallo Holiday Japanese Korean Lovecraftian Mumblegore Natural New French Extremity Occult detective Psycho - biddy Psychological Religious Science Fiction Slasher Splatter Satanic Mumblecore Mumblegore Musical Backstage Jukebox Musicarello Operetta Sceneggiata Mystery Giallo Occult detective Pornographic Hardcore pornography Softcore pornography Propaganda Reality Romantic Comedy Bromantic Fantasy Gothic Paranormal Thriller Science fiction Comic Cyberpunk Fantastique Fantasy Gothic Horror Military Mundane New Wave Parallel universe Planetary romance Space opera Steampunk Western Thriller Comedy Conspiracy Erotic Financial Giallo Legal New French Extremity Political Psychological Romantic Techno Transgressive Cinema of Transgression New French Extremity Trick By theme Animals Beach party Blaxploitation Body swap Bourekas Buddy Buddy cop Female Cannibal Chicano Colonial Coming - of - age Concert Crime Gentleman thief Gong'an Heist Hood Gangster Mafia Mafia comedy Poliziotteschi Yakuza Gokudō Dance Disaster Apocalyptic Drug Psychedelic Stoner Dystopian Economic Ethnographic Extraterrestrial Food and drink Funny animal Gendai - geki Ghost Goona - goona epic Gothic Romance Southern Space Suburban Urban Ecchi Girls with guns Harem Hentai Tentacle erotica Lolicon Kaitō Magical girl Mecha Shotacon Yaoi Yuri Homeland Jidaigeki LGBT Luchador Martial arts Bruceploitation Chopsocky Gun fu Kung fu Wuxia Mecha Mexploitation Monster Giant monster Jiangshi Kaiju Vampire Werewolf Zombie Mountain Mouth of Garbage Muslim social Nature Environmental issues Opera Outlaw biker Ozploitation Partisan film Pirate Prison Women Race Rape and revenge Road Rubble Rumberas Samurai Sexploitation Bavarian porn Commedia sexy all'italiana Mexican sex comedy Nazi exploitation Pornochanchada Nunsploitation Sex report Shomin - geki Slavery Slice of life Snuff Crush South Seas Sports Spy Eurospy Superhero Surfing Swashbuckler Sword - and - sandal Sword and sorcery Travel Trial Vigilante War Anti-war Euro War Submarine Western Acid Florida Meat pie Northern Ostern revisionist Space Spaghetti Weird Zombie Zombie comedy By movement or period Absolute New Objectivity Australian New Wave Auteur films Berlin School Bourekas Brighton School British New Wave Kitchen sink realism Budapest school Cannibal boom Cinéma du look Cinema Novo Cinema of Transgression Cinéma pur Commedia all'italiana Documentary Film Movement Dogme 95 Erra Cinema European art cinema Film gris Free Cinema French New Wave German Expressionist German underground horror Nigerian Golden Age Grupo Cine Liberación Heimatfilm Hollywood on the Tiber Hong Kong New Wave Iranian New Wave Italian futurist Italian neorealist Japanese New Wave Kammerspielfilm L.A. Rebellion Lettrist Mumblecore Neorealist New French Extremity New German New Generation New Hollywood New Nollywood New Queer No wave Nuevo Cine Mexicano Parallel cinema Persian Film Poetic realist Polish Film School Poliziotteschi Praška filmska škola Prussian film Pure Film Movement Remodernist Romanian New Wave Spaghetti Western Socialist realist Social realist Kitchen sink realism Soviet Parallel Structural Surrealist Sword - and - sandal Telefoni Bianchi Third Cinema Yugoslav Black Wave By audience Adult Chick flick Children 's Family Guy - cry Stag Teen Woman 's By format , technique , approach , or production 3D Actuality Animation anime cartoon computer stop - motion traditional Anthology Art B movie Black - and - white Blockbuster Bollywood Cinéma vérité Classical Hollywood cinema Collage Color Compilation Composite Cult midnight movie Database cinema Docufiction Ethnofiction Experimental Abstract Feature Featurette Film à clef Film noir Film - poem Found footage Grindhouse Hyperlink cinema Independent Guerrilla filmmaking Interstitial art Live action animation Low - budget Major studio Making - of Masala Message picture Meta - film Mockbuster Musical short Mythopoeia Neorealist No budget Paracinema Participatory Poetry Postmodernist Reverse motion Sceneggiata Semidocumentary Serial Shinpa Short Silent Socialist realist Sound Underground Video nasty Z movie Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_and_white&oldid=844176989 '' Categories : Black - and - white media Photographic processes Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2013 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Lëtzebuergesch Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk Português Română Русский Svenska తెలుగు Türkçe Zazaki 中文 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 June 2018 , at 04 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%20and%20white
| 2,042 |
||
who does the voice of jessie in toy story
|
Jessie is voiced by Joan Cusack in all the films , while Mary Kay Bergman voiced her yodels and `` Woody 's Roundup '' TV - show voice in Toy Story 2 . Bergman died just before Toy Story 2 was released , so the film was dedicated to her .
|
Joan Cusack
|
Jessie ( Toy Story )
|
jessie ( toy story )
|
Jessie The Yodeling Cowgirl is a fictional character from the films Toy Story 2 and Toy Story 3 . At Christmas in 1999 , the Wall Street Journal called Jessie toys among the hottest of the season . In the movie , she is a very rare toy modeled after a character on the fictional television show Woody 's Roundup , where the characters included Sheriff Woody , Jessie , Stinky Pete the Prospector and Bullseye , Woody 's horse . Her hair is formed in a ponytail braid tied with a bow . Jessie the doll has a character very similar to the one portrayed on the television show . She is excitable , brave , and very athletic . The doll , however , carries a great deal of sadness , as she was abandoned by her original owner , which left her somewhat distrustful . Years of being in storage have made her somewhat withdrawn , and noticeably afraid of the dark , to the extent of hyperventilating whenever she is inside dark enclosed spaces , or even at just the thought of being abandoned .
|
But she longs to again be a source of joy to a child , and this wish comes true at the end of Toy Story 2 when Andy accepted her ( and Bullseye ) into his toy collection . In Toy Story 3 , while she still displays signs of the fear of the dark , storage , and being abandoned in the beginning when she and the toys mistakenly believe that they are being thrown away by Andy , throughout the rest of the film , she appears to be more loyal , confident and helpful to others , in the process developing a romantic relationship with Buzz Lightyear . She reappears in the short films Hawaiian Vacation ( released with Cars 2 ) and Small Fry ( released with The Muppets ) . Jessie is voiced by Joan Cusack in all the films , while Mary Kay Bergman voiced her yodels and `` Woody 's Roundup '' TV - show voice in Toy Story 2 . Bergman died just before Toy Story 2 was released , so the film was dedicated to her . Jessie also makes a cameo in Monsters , Inc. as one of Boo 's toys that she gives to Sulley . In October 2000 , Jessie received the Patsy Montana Entertainer Award from the National Cowgirl Museum and Hall of Fame . She is also portrayed by Devon Dawson live on stage as a guest with Riders in the Sky in their concert and plays the guitar . Jessie is the namesake of version 8 of the Debian operating system . The code names of Debian releases are names of characters from the Toy Story films . This naming tradition came because Bruce Perens was involved in the early development of Debian while working at Pixar . Contents ( hide ) 1 Appearances 1.1 Films 1.1. 1 Toy Story 2 1.1. 2 Toy Story 3 1.2 Other appearances 1.2. 1 Television 1.2. 2 Attractions 1.2. 3 Video games 2 Personality 3 Relationships 4 Merchandising 5 External links 6 References Appearances ( edit ) Films ( edit ) Toy Story 2 ( edit ) When Jessie is introduced , she tackles Woody with excitement about finally meeting a Woody doll . She is happy that she and the other toys are finally going to come out of storage and go to the toy museum in Japan that they are destined for . It is Jessie who introduced Woody to the facts about the character on which he is based . She shows him a large array of merchandise based on `` Woody 's Roundup '' and Stinky Pete explains how the show was canceled after the launch of Sputnik and the resulting interest in the Space Race and science fiction , diminishing the popularity of westerns . When Woody indicates that he has no intention of going to Japan , she becomes bitter , and Woody comes to suspect her of attempting to sabotage his escape , including waking Al to prevent Woody from recovering his damaged arm . After Woody is fixed , he learns Jessie 's tragic back story about her previous owner by way of her song , `` When She Loved Me '' . Woody tells Jessie that , if only she knew his owner , Andy , she might understand why he wants to return to his home . He attempts to explain his bond with his owner to her , but she interrupts him , guessing that Woody 's going to say that Andy 's a `` real special kid '' and that Woody feels like he 's alive when Andy 's playing with him because , even though he 's not moving , that 's how Andy sees him . Woody , shocked by the accuracy of her statement , asks how she knows that about him . She says simply : `` Emily was just the same . She was my whole world . '' As the song begins to play , the audience sees that Jessie once had an owner who loved her as much as Andy loves Woody . The flashback shows Emily , her horse - loving young owner , happily playing , laughing , and cuddling with Jessie . The two are clearly inseparable , with Emily even bringing her toy along with her on car rides . Emily 's childhood bedroom is designed with a Wild West - equestrian theme of sorts , with figures of horses , toy guitars , cowhide and plaid patterns , and horseshoes decorating the room . Various Jessie memorabilia , like lunchboxes , alarm clocks , and picture frames , also are present in the room ; Emily even dresses in plaid shirts , denim shorts , cowgirl boots , and a replica of Jessie 's signature cowgirl hat . However , the audience sees that , as the girl grows older into her adolescence , she begins to forget more and more about her childhood interests and begins to explore things like make - up , nail polish , and vinyl records . Jessie , who once always had a spot on the center of Emily 's bed , has now fallen through a crevice and lies underneath it , forgotten . While Emily has once loved playing pretend with her toys , now -- as the audience sees from Jessie 's point of view beneath the bed -- she prefers inviting her friends over , painting each other 's nails , listening to music . Jessie lies on the ground , ignored and unhappy , until one day , Emily finds her under the bed for the first time in several years . She takes the toy along with her to share a day on a car trip , like they did when Emily was a child . Jessie finally feels loved and happy once more , as if things will go back to the way they were . The car comes to a stop , however , and their relaxing day together is put to an end when Emily places Jessie in a donations box on the side of the road , to be given away to charity . The shocked Jessie looks on as her owner drives away and leaves her , and the song draws to a close . Jessie then states , `` You never forget kids like Emily or Andy , but they forget you . '' Woody , realizing he could easily suffer the same fate with Andy , then chooses to stay , which Jessie finds absolutely thrilling , especially when he begins to anticipate his journey to Japan in excitement . Ultimately , it is Stinky Pete that is revealed as the attempted saboteur when Woody finally decides to take Jessie and Bullseye with him back to Andy 's room . Because of Stinky Pete 's sabotage , Al packs the roundup gang into the case and heads for the airport . There , Buzz Lightyear and the toys free Woody and gets rid of the vile Stinky Pete by stuffing him into a backpack belonging to a little girl who loves to decorate her toys . Despite this , Jessie still remains trapped as the case gets loaded into the luggage transporter , while Bullseye manages to escape in time . Buzz and Woody mount Bullseye and chase after the luggage transporter , which Woody climbs onto . Woody follows the case into the plane 's cargo hold and frees Jessie from inside . When Woody offers to take Jessie to Andy 's home with him , she is rather uncertain at first , but eagerly accepts when she learns from Woody that Andy has a baby sister named Molly . However , the two toys become trapped in the cargo hold , but Woody locates another escape hatch . Using his pull - string , Woody and Jessie swing down from the plane and land on Bullseye right behind Buzz just before the plane takes off . At the very end of the film , when Andy returns from camp after the toys return home , he is pleased to have the new toys added into his collection , calling Jessie `` Bazooka Jane , '' and Buzz seems to have developed a romantic interest in her , nervously complimenting her hair . Touched and amused by this comment , Jessie , in return , describes Buzz as `` the sweetest space toy she has ever met . '' Then , Andy 's dog , Buster , has to go outside ... and Jessie finds the toy racetrack , and rides on top of a toy car , yodeling , to the door . Buzz is impressed by this to the point where his wings suddenly pop open . Shortly after , she and Buzz are seen together with Woody and Bo Peep as they watch Wheezy sing `` You 've Got a Friend in Me . '' Toy Story 3 ( edit ) In Toy Story 3 , after Andy seemingly throws them away , it is Jessie who convinces the other toys to be given to Sunnyside Daycare , refusing to relive the trauma she felt when she was given away by Emily . She fails to realize that Andy intended to put them in the attic and that his mother threw them out by accident , and stubbornly refuses to listen to Woody when he tries to clear up the misunderstanding , arguing that Andy has moved on and that they must do the same . Jessie is thrilled to learn that the children at Sunnyside are replaced with new children when they grow older , meaning the toys can never be outgrown . She tries to persuade Woody to join the others in beginning their lives anew at the daycare , but Woody reluctantly calls her and the other toys selfish and leaves to return to Andy alone , leaving Jessie hurt and saddened . Shortly after , she and the other toys discover they have been placed in a room with very young children , who roughly yet innocently abuse them , as Jessie gets her hair painted green . Afterward , Mrs. Potato Head sees Andy searching for his missing toys through her eye that was left in his room , allowing Jessie and the others to realize that they were wrong about Andy . They decide to return home , but are instead imprisoned in the daycare by Lotso , who had also reset Buzz into thinking he is a space ranger again and turned him against them . All the toys have left for company is Woody 's hat , which was left behind during his escape . Fearing Lotso had killed Woody , Jessie is left in her cell feeling incredibly guilty . Following another rough play date with the young children , Andy 's toys are reunited with Woody , who had a change of heart and returned to rescue his friends . Jessie apologizes for not listening to Woody , who apologizes in return for leaving . The toys carry out their plan to break out of Sunnyside but matters are further complicated when they accidentally reset Buzz into a Spanish version of his deluded self . Jessie is initially uncomfortable with this change , but is quickly won over by his Spanish lover charms . It is also only through this that Buzz finally notices Jessie 's deep romantic feelings for him . When the toys get stuck in a garbage truck along with Lotso , Jessie is heroically rescued from being buried in trash by Buzz , who is then nearly crushed by a falling television set . Jessie despairs over Buzz 's apparent death , but he soon emerges unscathed and with his normal personality restored by the hit . She passionately kisses him on the cheek over and over , happy to see that he is alive and to say thanks for saving her . The toys are then dumped in a landfill and are nearly killed by a trash incinerator because of Lotso 's selfishness . However , the Squeeze Toy Aliens rescue them all using a crane . Once they are safe outside the incinerator , Jessie and Buzz 's mutual looks indicate the clear understanding of their feelings for each other . While Lotso gets strapped to the grille of a garbage truck as punishment for his deeds , the toys return home to Andy and prepare to be stored in the attic ; with Woody 's intervention , though , they are instead given to Bonnie , a girl who took Woody to her home while he was away . Andy plays with his toys one last time , giving her the closure to lovingly see her old owner off to college . Jessie quickly adapts to her new life as one of Bonnie 's toys and , at one point , decides to take advantage of Buzz 's Spanish side so they can dance together to `` Hay Un Amigo En Mí '' ( a Spanish version of `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' ) . Other appearances ( edit ) Television ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( October 2013 ) In Toy Story of Terror , Jessie is forced to confront her nyctophobia and claustrophobia in this half - hour story which features the rest of Bonnie 's toys looking for a disappeared Mr. Potato Head . True to classic tropes in thriller and horror narratives , each member of the search party vanishes one at time as they are hunted by an unseen stalker , with Jessie as the sole surviving `` final girl '' . She returns in Toy Story That Time Forgot Attractions ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( October 2013 ) In Toy Story Midway Mania , Jessie and her friends are featured in the interactive dark ride at Disney California Adventure and Disney 's Hollywood Studios . Woody and Jessie are featured in Big Thunder Ranch 's outdoor stage and dining area , and Woody 's Roundup Village 's meet and greet area . They can also be found in the Splash Mountain courtyard in Frontierland at the Magic Kingdom . Woody and Jessie are featured in the North America Room of It 's a Small World . Video games ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( October 2013 ) Jessie is featured as a playable character in Disney Infinity and Disney Infinity 3.0 , voiced by Kat Cressida . Personality ( edit ) Jessie is depicted as being hyper , hearty , energetic , and outgoing , and noticeably more free - spirited and loose than the orderly and calm Woody . She is slightly tomboyish and her character in the television series ' Woody 's Roundup ' that spawned merchandising such as dolls like Woody and herself is portrayed as being equally bubbly , rambunctious , and adventurous , aided by woodland creatures represented by obvious string puppets . She 's also a talented yodeler . Despite Jessie 's extreme cheerfulness and sunny personality , she is scarred by a bleak and slightly depressing and melancholy background , where she was outgrown and abandoned by her owner Emily over time . She spent years afterward as a collector 's item owned by Al packaged in a dark cardboard box along with Stinky Pete and Bull 's - Eye , and was permanently scarred with claustrophobia and nyctophobia as a result , thrusting herself into horrible panic attacks when in confined spaces or faced with the threat of being stored away again . For years , she also was marked with a strong sense of feeling unloved , which she masked with her extreme playfulness , which was pacified after having been adopted by Andy : however , she still appears to be haunted by her lonely past at certain times , such as in the third film of the franchise when Andy was preparing for college ; in this film , she says `` I should have seen this coming ! It 's Emily all over again ! '' . She has green eyes , red `` yarn '' hair with a braided ponytail , fair `` plastic '' skin , rosy cheeks , pink lips , auburn eyebrows and a small nose . She also has a yellow ribbon that tied to the bottom of her ponytailed hair , white long - sleeved western - style shirt with both yellow blouse and cuffs that have red doodles , blue jeans , a pair of white chaps with cow spots all over , brown `` plastic '' boots , matching `` plastic '' belt with gold `` plastic '' buckle , crimson `` plastic '' cowgirl hat , and a pull string on her back with a white loop attached to it . Relationships ( edit ) Woody and Jessie share a sibling - like relationship . Since meeting each other in Al 's penthouse , the two share a close bond . The two are shown to have pretty heated arguments from time to time , mostly where Andy is concerned , as he 's fiercely loyal and she 's more reluctant to trust due to her past , but deeply care for each other . Both Bullseye and Jessie bonded in Woody 's Roundup . Since then the two have been inseparable . The two are almost never seen without the other being close behind . Her relationship with Buzz was only hinted at the end of Toy Story 2 when Buzz became instantly infatuated with her looks and her adventurous personality . In Toy Story 3 , their relationship had n't evolved much since Toy Story 2 , but it 's shown that Jessie is fond of Buzz , and he is protective of her . After their `` Operation : Playtime '' plan failed , Buzz gives an exceptionally sad look to Jessie as she climbs out of the box , and he also gives her sympathetic looks when she has panic attacks and when they argue about going to Sunnyside . Before getting taken to Sunnyside , Buzz is shown being a little more concerned over Jessie when she goes into a panic attack and says `` We 're being abandoned ! '' . Even later , in the demo mode which he is put in by Lotso and his henchmen , he remains attracted to Jessie , calling her a `` temptress '' with `` bewitching good looks . '' Then again , after being reset into Spanish Mode , Buzz is still shown to be attracted to her , and openly expresses this , calling her ( in Spanish ) `` my desert flower '' , dancing around her and asking her to join him in his adventures exploring the galaxy , shielding her from Mr. Potato Head when he saw him as a threat , getting jealous when she hugged Woody , showing an obvious desire to impress her , and saving her from not only being pinned under the trash , but from being crushed by a falling TV set . Jessie first shows signs of strong feelings for Buzz during this rescue and when he is first thought to have perished after the TV set falls on him , she is clearly in despair . She even kisses him on the cheek when Buzz woke up . But it is actually during the incinerator scene when they truly realize their feelings for each other , Buzz and Jessie being the first to hold hands , and after the group is rescued , only Buzz and Jessie continue to be holding hands after the claw delivers them all to safety . At the end of Toy Story 3 , the two have finally sealed their relationship , with Jessie taking the initiative for the two to dance an exciting paso doble which ends the movie . Merchandising ( edit ) Disney heavily promoted Jessie following the release of Toy Story 2 , as she gave them a character that they could market to girls , something the original film did not really provide . Among the items released were : Several 10 '' and 12 '' fashion - style dolls Several plush and rag doll - type dolls Action figures in the Toy Story 2 and Toy Story and Beyond lines . Wallets , purses and other accessories for girls Nightlights and other bedroom accessories Costumes and dress - up sets High - end sculptures and collectibles External links ( edit ) Official character page Jessie on IMDb References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` How Did Stores Do This Season ? Just Two Syllables : Ka - Ching ! '' , The Wall Street Journal , December 27 , 1999 . Accessed October 2 , 2008 Jump up ^ Toy Story 2 Jump up ^ Cowgirl Hall of Fame - Special Awards ( hide ) Toy Story Films Toy Story ( 1995 ) Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) Toy Story 4 ( 2019 ) Characters Sheriff Woody Buzz Lightyear Jessie Television Buzz Lightyear of Star Command The Adventure Begins Toy Story of Terror ! Toy Story That Time Forgot Video games Toy Story Disney 's Animated Storybook : Toy Story Toy Story 2 : Buzz Lightyear to the Rescue Toy Story Racer Buzz Lightyear of Star Command Toy Story Mania ! Toy Story 3 : The Video Game Toy Story : Smash It ! Kingdom Hearts III Shorts Toy Story Treats Toy Story Toons Hawaiian Vacation Small Fry Partysaurus Rex Attractions Buzz Lightyear RC Racer Slinky Dog Zigzag Spin Toy Story Midway Mania ! Toy Soldiers Parachute Drop Toy Story Land Woody 's All - American Roundup & Big Thunder Ranch Barbecue Woody 's Roundup Village Music `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' `` When She Loved Me '' `` We Belong Together '' Woody 's Roundup : A Rootin ' Tootin ' Collection of Woody 's Favorite Songs Miscellaneous Toy Story : The Musical Lego Toy Story Debian naming convention Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jessie_(Toy_Story)&oldid=799997514 '' Categories : Toy Story characters Fictional cowboys and cowgirls Fictional dolls and dummies Fictional gynoids Fictional yodelers Fictional characters introduced in 1999 1990s toys Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from October 2013 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Русский 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 01 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessie%20%28Toy%20Story%29
| 2,043 |
which event lead to the october revolution in 1917 in russia
|
October Revolution
|
october revolution
|
October Revolution Part of the Russian Revolution , Revolutions of 1917 -- 23 Red Guards at Vulkan factory in 1917 Date 7 November ( O.S. 25 October ) 1917 Location Petrograd , Russian Republic Result Bolshevik victory : End of the Provisional Government , Russian Republic and dual power Creation of Soviet Russia The Second All - Russian Congress of Soviets becomes the supreme governing body Beginning of the civil war Belligerents Bolshevik Party Red Guards Support : Germany Provisional Government Commanders and leaders Vladimir Lenin Leon Trotsky Pavel Dybenko Vladimir Antonov - Ovseyenko Alexander Kerensky Pyotr Krasnov Strength 10,000 red sailors , 20,000 -- 30,000 red guard soldiers 500 -- 1,000 volunteer soldiers , 1,000 soldiers of women 's battalion Casualties and losses Few wounded red guard soldiers All imprisoned or deserted Russian Revolution February Revolution April Crisis July Days Kornilov affair October Revolution Kerensky -- Krasnov uprising Russian Civil War Theaters of the Russian Civil War October Revolution Left - wing uprisings Allied Intervention ( Siberia , North Russia ) Northern Vaga River Bolshie Ozerki Western Finland Heimosodat Estonia Latvia Lithuania Southern Ukraine West Ukraine Poland Ossetia Georgia Armenia and Azerbaijan Soviet invasion of Azerbaijan Tambov Eastern Yakutia Central Asian Basmachi Part of a series on the History of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 1917 -- 1927 Revolutionary Beginnings Revolution Civil War New Economic Policy 1922 Treaty National delimitation 1927 -- 1953 Stalinist rule Socialism in One Country Great Purge Soviet famine of 1932 -- 33 ( Holodomor Kazakhstan famine of 1932 - 1933 ) World War II ( Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact Great Patriotic War Operation Barbarossa Occupation of the Baltic states Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina Battle of Berlin Soviet invasion of Manchuria ) Soviet deportations Soviet famine of 1946 -- 47 Cold War Korean War 1953 -- 1964 Post-Stalin era Berlin blockade 1954 transfer of Crimea Khrushchev Thaw On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences We will bury you 9 March riots Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Wage reforms Cuban Revolution Sino - Soviet split Space program Cuban Missile Crisis 1964 -- 1982 Brezhnev era Brezhnev Doctrine Era of Stagnation 50th anniversary of the Armenian Genocide protests Prague Spring Vietnam War ( Laotian Civil War Operation Menu Cambodian Civil War Fall of Saigon ) Six - Day War Prague Spring Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia Détente Yom Kippur War Dirty War Wars in Africa ( Angolan War of Independence Angolan Civil War Mozambican War of Independence Mozambican Civil War South African Border War Rhodesian Bush War ) Cambodian - Vietnamese War Soviet -- Afghan War 1980 Summer Olympics Olympic boycotts ( 1980 Olympic boycott 1984 Olympic boycott ) Polish strike Death and funeral of Brezhnev 1982 -- 1991 Leadership changes and collapse Invasion of Grenada Glasnost Perestroika Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan Singing Revolution ( Estonian Sovereignty Declaration Baltic Way Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania On the Restoration of Independence of the Republic of Latvia ) Revolutions of 1989 ( Pan-European picnic Die Wende Peaceful Revolution Fall of the Berlin Wall Velvet Revolution End of communist rule in Hungary Romanian Revolution German reunification ) Dissolution ( Jeltoqsan Nagorno - Karabakh War 9 April tragedy Black January Osh riots War of Laws Dushanbe riots January Events The Barricades Referendum Union of Sovereign States August Coup Ukrainian independence ( referendum ) Belavezha Accords Alma - Ata Protocol ) History of Russia Moscow Kiev Minsk Former Soviet Republics Soviet leadership 1 . Lenin 2 . Stalin 3 . Malenkov 4 . Khrushchev 5 . Brezhnev 6 . Andropov 7 . Chernenko 8 . Gorbachev Culture Economy Education Geography Politics Soviet Union portal Part of a series on the Culture of the Soviet Union History ( show ) Great October Socialist Revolution Great Patriotic War People Languages Traditions Cuisine Festivals Religion ( show ) Islam Art ( show ) Architecture Art Literature Music and performing arts ( show ) Music Media ( show ) Radio Television Cinema Censorship Propaganda Sport Symbols ( show ) Flag Coat of arms Cultural icons Soviet Union portal Bolshevik ( 1920 ) , by Boris Kustodiev . The New York Times headline from 9 November 1917 . The October Revolution ( Russian : Октя́брьская револю́ция , tr . Oktyabr'skaya revolyutsiya , IPA : ( ɐkˈtjabrjskəjə rjɪvɐˈljutsɨjə ) ) , officially known in Soviet literature as the Great October Socialist Revolution ( Вели́кая Октя́брьская социалисти́ческая револю́ция , Velikaya Oktyabr'skaya sotsialističeskaya revolyutsiya ) , and commonly referred to as Red October , the October Uprising , the Bolshevik Revolution , or the Bolshevik Coup , was a revolution in Russia led by the Bolsheviks and Vladimir Lenin that was instrumental in the larger Russian Revolution of 1917 . It took place with an armed insurrection in Petrograd on 7 November ( 25 October , O.S. ) 1917 . It followed and capitalized on the February Revolution of the same year , which overthrew the Tsarist autocracy and resulted in a provisional government after a transfer of power proclaimed by Grand Duke Michael , brother of Tsar Nicolas II , who declined to take power after the Tsar stepped down . During this time , urban workers began to organize into councils ( soviets ) wherein revolutionaries criticized the provisional government and its actions . After the Congress of Soviets , now the governing body , had its second session , it elected members of the Bolsheviks and other leftist groups such as the Left Socialist Revolutionaries to important positions within the new state of affairs . This immediately initiated the establishment of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic , the world 's first self - proclaimed socialist state . On 17 July 1918 , the Tsar and his family were executed . The revolution was led by the Bolsheviks , who used their influence in the Petrograd Soviet to organize the armed forces . Bolshevik Red Guards forces under the Military Revolutionary Committee began the occupation of government buildings on 7 November 1917 ( New Style ) . The following day , the Winter Palace ( the seat of the Provisional government located in Petrograd , then capital of Russia ) was captured . The long - awaited Constituent Assembly elections were held on 12 November 1917 . In contrast to their majority in the Soviets , the Bolsheviks only won 175 seats in the 715 - seat legislative body , coming in second behind the Socialist Revolutionary Party , which won 370 seats , although the SR Party no longer existed as a whole party by that time , as the Left SRs had gone into coalition with the Bolsheviks from October 1917 to March 1918 . The Constituent Assembly was to first meet on 28 November 1917 , but its convocation was delayed until 5 January 1918 by the Bolsheviks . On its first and only day in session , the Constituent Assembly came into conflict with the Soviets , and it rejected Soviet decrees on peace and land , resulting in the Constituent Assembly being dissolved the next day by order of the Congress of Soviets . As the revolution was not universally recognized , there followed the struggles of the Russian Civil War ( 1917 -- 22 ) and the creation of the Soviet Union in 1922 . Contents 1 Etymology 2 Background 2.1 February Revolution 2.2 Unrest by workers , peasants and soldiers 2.3 Antiwar demonstrations 2.4 July days 2.5 Kornilov affair 3 Insurrection 3.1 Planning 3.2 Onset 3.3 Assault on the Winter Palace 3.4 Later Soviet portrayal 3.5 Dybenko 's memoirs 4 Outcome 5 Historiography 5.1 Soviet historiography 5.2 Western historiography 5.3 Effect of the dissolution of the USSR on historical research 6 Legacy 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Etymology ( edit ) At first , the event was referred to as the October coup ( Октябрьский переворот ) or the Uprising of 3rd , as seen in contemporary documents ( for example , in the first editions of Lenin 's complete works ) . In Russian , however , `` переворот '' has a similar meaning to `` revolution '' and also means `` upheaval '' or `` overturn '' , so `` coup '' is not necessarily the correct translation . With time , the term October Revolution ( Октябрьская революция ) came into use . It is also known as the `` November Revolution '' having occurred in November according to the Gregorian Calendar ( for details , see Soviet calendar ) . Background ( edit ) February Revolution ( edit ) Main article : February Revolution The February Revolution had toppled Tsar Nicolas II of Russia , and replaced his government with the Russian Provisional Government . However , the provisional government was weak and riven by internal dissension . It continued to wage World War I , which became increasingly unpopular . A nationwide crisis developed in Russia , affecting social , economic , and political relations . Disorder in industry and transport had intensified , and difficulties in obtaining provisions had increased . Gross industrial production in 1917 had decreased by over 36 % from what it had been in 1914 . In the autumn , as much as 50 % of all enterprises were closed down in the Urals , the Donbas , and other industrial centers , leading to mass unemployment . At the same time , the cost of living increased sharply . Real wages fell about 50 % from what they had been in 1913 . Russia 's national debt in October 1917 had risen to 50 billion rubles . Of this , debts to foreign governments constituted more than 11 billion rubles . The country faced the threat of financial bankruptcy . Unrest by workers , peasants and soldiers ( edit ) Throughout June , July , and August 1917 , it was common to hear working - class Russians speak about their lack of confidence and misgivings with those in power in the Provisional Government . Factory workers around Russia felt unhappy with the growing shortages of food , supplies , and other materials . They blamed their own managers or foremen and would even attack them in the factories . The workers blamed many rich and influential individuals , such as elites in positions of power , for the overall shortage of food and poor living conditions . Workers labelled these rich and powerful individuals as opponents of the Revolution , and called them words such as `` bourgeois , capitalist , and imperialist . '' In September and October 1917 , there were mass strike actions by the Moscow and Petrograd workers , miners in Donbas , metalworkers in the Urals , oil workers in Baku , textile workers in the Central Industrial Region , and railroad workers on 44 railway lines . In these months alone , more than a million workers took part in strikes . Workers established control over production and distribution in many factories and plants in a social revolution . Workers were able to organize these strikes through factory committees . The factory committees represented the workers and were able to negotiate better working conditions , pay , and hours . Even though workplace conditions may have been increasing in quality , the overall quality of life for workers was not improving . There were still shortages of food and the increased wages workers had obtained did little to provide for their families . By October 1917 , peasant uprisings were common . While the uprisings varied in severity , complete uprisings and seizures of the land were not uncommon . Less robust forms of protest included marches on landowner manors and government offices , as well as withholding and storing grains rather than selling them as a result of the economic crisis . When the Provisional Government sent punitive detachments , it only enraged the peasants . The garrisons in Petrograd , Moscow , and other cities , the Northern and Western fronts , and the sailors of the Baltic Fleet in September declared through their elected representative body Tsentrobalt that they did not recognize the authority of the Provisional Government and would not carry out any of its commands . Soldiers ' wives were key players in unrest in the village . From 1914 to 1917 , almost 50 % of healthy men were sent to war , and many were killed on the front , resulting in a female occupation of the position of the household head . When government allowances were often late and were not sufficient to match the rising costs of goods , soldiers ' wives sent masses of appeals and letters to the government , which largely were left unanswered . Frustration resulted , and these women were influential in inciting `` subsistence riots '' -- also referred to as `` hunger riots , '' `` pogroms , '' or `` baba riots '' . In these riots , citizens seized food and resources from shop owners who they believed to be charging unfair prices . Upon police intervention , protesters responded with `` rakes , sticks , rocks and fists '' . Antiwar demonstrations ( edit ) In a diplomatic note of 1 May , the minister of foreign affairs , Pavel Milyukov , expressed the Provisional Government 's desire to continue the war against the Central Powers `` to a victorious conclusion '' , arousing broad indignation . On 1 -- 4 May , about 100,000 workers and soldiers of Petrograd , and after them the workers and soldiers of other cities , led by the Bolsheviks , demonstrated under banners reading `` Down with the war ! '' and `` all power to the soviets ! '' The mass demonstrations resulted in a crisis for the Provisional Government . 1 July saw more demonstrations , as about 500,000 workers and soldiers in Petrograd demonstrated , again demanding `` all power to the soviets '' , `` down with the war '' , and `` down with the ten capitalist ministers '' . The Provisional Government opened an offensive against the Central Powers on 1 July , which soon collapsed . The news of the offensive and its collapse intensified the struggle of the workers and the soldiers . A new crisis in the Provisional Government began on 15 July . July Days ( edit ) Main article : July Days A scene from the July Days . The army has just opened fire on street protesters . On 16 July , spontaneous demonstrations of workers and soldiers began in Petrograd , demanding that power be turned over to the soviets . The Central Committee of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party provided leadership to the spontaneous movements . On 17 July , over 500,000 people participated in what was intended to be a peaceful demonstration in Petrograd , the so - called July Days . The Provisional Government , with the support of Socialist - Revolutionary Party - Menshevik leaders of the All - Russian Executive Committee of the Soviets , ordered an armed attack against the demonstrators , killing hundreds . A period of repression followed . On 5 -- 6 July , attacks were made on the editorial offices and printing presses of Pravda and on the Palace of Kshesinskaya , where the Central Committee and the Petrograd Committee of the Bolsheviks were located . On 7 July , the government ordered the arrest and trial of Vladimir Lenin . He was forced to go underground , as he had been under the Tsarist regime . Bolsheviks were arrested , workers were disarmed , and revolutionary military units in Petrograd were disbanded or sent to the war front . On 12 July , the Provisional Government published a law introducing the death penalty at the front . The second coalition government was formed on 24 July , chaired by Alexander Kerensky . Another problem for the government centered on General Lavr Kornilov , who had been Commander - in - Chief since 18 July . In response to a Bolshevik appeal , Moscow 's working class began a protest strike of 400,000 workers . They were supported by strikes and protest rallies by workers in Kiev , Kharkov , Nizhny Novgorod , Ekaterinburg , and other cities . Kornilov affair ( edit ) Main article : Kornilov affair In what became known as the Kornilov affair , Kornilov directed an army under Aleksandr Krymov to march toward Petrograd to restore order to Russia , with Kerensky 's agreement . Details remain sketchy , but Kerensky appeared to become frightened by the possibility the army would stage a coup , and reversed the order . By contrast , historian Richard Pipes has argued that the episode was engineered by Kerensky . On 27 August , feeling betrayed by the government , Kornilov pushed on towards Petrograd . With few troops to spare on the front , Kerensky turned to the Petrograd Soviet for help . Bolsheviks , Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries confronted the army and convinced them to stand down . The Bolsheviks ' influence over railroad and telegraph workers also proved vital in stopping the movement of troops . Right - wingers felt betrayed , and the left wing was resurgent . With Kornilov defeated , the Bolsheviks ' popularity in the soviets grew significantly , both in the central and local areas . On 31 August , the Petrograd Soviet of Workers and Soldiers Deputies , and on 5 September , the Moscow Soviet Workers Deputies adopted the Bolshevik resolutions on the question of power . The Bolsheviks won a majority in the Soviets of Briansk , Samara , Saratov , Tsaritsyn , Minsk , Kiev , Tashkent , and other cities . Insurrection ( edit ) Planning ( edit ) Cruiser Aurora Forward gun of Aurora that fired the signal shot On 23 October 1917 ( 5 November new style ) , the Bolsheviks ' Central Committee voted 10 -- 2 for a resolution saying that `` an armed uprising is inevitable , and that the time for it is fully ripe '' . At the Committee meeting , Lenin discussed how the people of Russia had waited long enough for `` an armed uprising '' , and it was the Bolsheviks ' time to take power . Lenin expressed his confidence in the success of the planned insurrection . His confidence stemmed from months of Bolshevik buildup of power and successful elections to different committees and councils in major cities such as Petrograd and Moscow . The Bolsheviks created a revolutionary military committee within the Petrograd soviet , led by the soviet 's president , Trotsky . The committee included armed workers , sailors and soldiers , and assured the support or neutrality of the capital 's garrison . The committee methodically planned to occupy strategic locations through the city , almost without concealing their preparations : the Provisional Government 's president Kerensky was himself aware of them , and some details , leaked by Kamenev and Zinoviev , were published in newspapers . Onset ( edit ) In the early morning of 24 October ( November 6 N.S. ) , a group of soldiers loyal to Kerensky 's government marched on the printing house of the Bolshevik newspaper , Rabochy put ( Worker 's Path ) , seizing and destroying printing equipment and thousands of newspapers copies . Shortly thereafter the government announced the immediate closure of not only Rabochy put but also the left - wing Soldat as well as the far - right newspapers Zhivoe slovo and Novaia Rus ' . The editors of these newspapers , as well as any authors seen to be calling for insurrection , were to be prosecuted on criminal charges . In response , at 9 AM the Military Revolutionary Committee issued a statement denouncing the government 's actions . At 10 AM , Bolshevik - aligned soldiers successfully retook the Rabochy put printing house . Kerensky responded at approximately 3 PM that afternoon by ordering the raising of all but one of Petrograd 's bridges , a tactic used by the government several months earlier in the July Days . What followed was a series of sporadic clashes over control of the bridges between Red Guard militias aligned with the Military Revolutionary Committee and military regiments still loyal to the government . At approximately 5 PM the Military Revolutionary Committee seized the Central Telegraph of Petrograd , giving the Bolsheviks control over communications through the city . On 25 October ( 7 November new style ) 1917 , Bolsheviks led their forces in the uprising in Petrograd ( now St. Petersburg , then capital of Russia ) against the Kerensky Provisional Government . The event coincided with the arrival of a flotilla of pro-Bolshevik marines , primarily five destroyers and their crews , in St. Petersburg harbor . At Kronstadt , sailors also announced their allegiance to the Bolshevik insurrection . In the early morning , the military - revolutionary committee planned the last of the locations to be assaulted or seized from its heavily guarded and picketed center in Smolny Palace . The Red Guards systematically captured major government facilities , key communication installations and vantage points with little opposition . The Petrograd Garrison and most of the city 's military units joined the insurrection against the Provisional Government . Kerensky and the provisional government were virtually helpless to offer significant resistance . Railways and railway stations had been controlled by Soviet workers and soldiers for days , making rail travel to and from Petrograd impossible for Provisional Government officials . The Provisional Government was also unable to locate any serviceable vehicles . On the morning of the insurrection , Kerensky desperately searched for a means of reaching military forces he hoped would be friendly to the Provisional government outside the city , and ultimately borrowed a Renault car from the American Embassy , which he drove from the Winter Palace alongside a Pierce Arrow . Kerensky was able to evade the pickets going up around the palace and drive to meet approaching soldiers . As Kerensky left Petrograd , Lenin wrote a proclamation `` To the Citizens of Russia '' stating that the Provisional Government had been overthrown by the Military Revolutionary Committee . The proclamation was sent by telegraph throughout Russia even as the pro-Soviet soldiers were seizing important control centers throughout the city . One of Lenin 's intentions was to present members of the Soviet congress , who would assemble that afternoon , with a fait accompli and thus forestall further debate on the wisdom or legitimacy of taking power . Assault on the Winter Palace ( edit ) A bloodless insurrection occurred with a final assault against the Winter Palace , with 3,000 cadets , officers , cossacks and female soldiers poorly defending the Winter Palace . The Bolsheviks delayed the assault because the revolutionaries could not find functioning artillery . The Bolsheviks also prolonged the assault for fear of violence since the insurrection did not generate violent outbreaks . At 6 : 15 p.m. , a large group of artillery cadets abandoned the palace , taking their artillery with them . At 8 : 00 p.m. , 200 cossacks left the palace and returned to their barracks . While the cabinet of the provisional government within the palace debated what action to take , the Bolsheviks issued an ultimatum to surrender . Workers and soldiers occupied the last of the telegraph stations , cutting off the cabinet 's communications with loyal military forces outside the city . As the night progressed , crowds of insurgents surrounded the palace , and many infiltrated it . While soviet historians and officials tended to depict the event in heroic terms , the insurrection and even the seizure of the Winter Palace happened almost without resistance . At 9 : 45 p.m , the cruiser Aurora fired a blank shot from the harbor . Some of the revolutionaries entered the Palace at 10 : 25 p.m. and there was a mass entry 3 hours later . By 2 : 10 a.m on 26 October Bolshevik forces had gained control of the palace . After sporadic gunfire throughout the building , the cabinet of the provisional government had surrendered . The only member who was not arrested was Kerensky himself who had already left the Palace . Later Soviet portrayal ( edit ) Later official accounts of the revolution from the Soviet Union would depict the events in October as being far more dramatic than they actually had been . ( See a first - hand account by British General Knox . ) This was aided by the historical reenactment , entitled The Storming of the Winter Palace , which was staged in 1920 . This reenactment , watched by 100,000 spectators , provided the model for official films made much later , which showed a huge storming of the Winter Palace and fierce fighting . In reality , the Bolshevik insurgents faced little opposition . The insurrection was timed and organized to hand state power to the Second All - Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers ' and Soldiers ' Deputies , which began on 25 October ( 7 November new style ) . After a single day of revolution , the death toll was low not because Bolsheviks decided not to use artillery fire , but instead because the class struggle was used as the strongest weapon . Soviet government archives show that parties of Bolshevik operatives sent from the Smolny Institute by Lenin took over all critical centers of power in Petrograd in the early hours of the first night without a significant number of shots fired . This was completed so efficiently that the takeover resembled the changing of the guard . There was not much of a storming of the Winter Palace because the resistance basically did not exist and at 2 : 10 a.m. on 26 October ( 8 November new style ) 1917 the Red Guards took control of the Winter Palace . The Cossacks deserted when the Red Guard approached , and the Cadets and the 140 volunteers of the Women 's Battalion surrendered rather than resist the 40,000 strong army . The Aurora was commandeered to then fire blanks at the palace in a symbolic act of rejection of the government . The Bolsheviks effectively controlled the almost unoccupied Winter Palace not because of an intense military barrage , but because the back door was left open , allowing the Red Guard to enter . The Provisional Government was arrested and imprisoned in Peter and Paul Fortress after the ministers resigned to fate and surrendered without a fight , and officially overthrown . Later stories of the heroic `` Storming of the Winter Palace '' and `` defense of the Winter Palace '' were later propaganda by Bolshevik publicists . Grandiose paintings depicting the `` Women 's Battalion '' and photo stills taken from Sergei Eisenstein 's staged film depicting the `` politically correct '' version of the October events in Petrograd came to be taken as truth . With the Petrograd Soviet now in control of government , garrison and proletariat , the Second All Russian Congress of Soviets held its opening session on the day , while Trotsky dismissed the opposing Mensheviks and the Socialist Revolutionaries ( SR ) from Congress . Dybenko 's memoirs ( edit ) Some sources contend that as the leader of Tsentrobalt , Pavlo Dybenko played an enormous role in the revolt . It is said that the ten warships that entered the city with ten thousand Baltic fleet mariners was the force that actually took the power in Petrograd and put down the Provisional Government . The same mariners then dispersed by force the elected parliament of Russia , and used machine - gun fire against protesting demonstrators in Petrograd . About 100 demonstrators were killed , and several hundreds wounded . Dybenko in his memoirs mentioned this event as `` several shots in the air '' . Later , during the first hours after the taking of the Winter Palace , Dybenko personally entered the Ministry of Justice and destroyed there the documents about the financing of the Bolshevik party by Germany . These are disputed by various sources such as Louise Bryant , who claims that news outlets in the West at the time reported that the unfortunate loss of life occurred in Moscow , not Petrograd , and the number was much less than suggested above . As for the `` several shots in the air '' , there is little evidence suggesting otherwise . The alleged action of Dybenko entering the Ministry of Justice to destroy documents as recalled by Savchenko can also be challenged . According to reports , Pavel Dybenko was in Helsinki organizing the sailors ' departures for Petrograd . In the book Radio October ... On the `` Krechet '' in Helsingfors , radio operator Makarov hands a telegram to Pavel Dybenko with the report of the `` Samson '' commissar , Grigoriy Borisov : `` To Tsentrobalt . Everything is calm in Petrograd . The power is in the hands of the revolutionary committee . You have to immediately get in touch with the front committee of the Northern Army in order to preserve unity of forces and stability . '' Outcome ( edit ) See also : Russian Revolution and Kiev Bolshevik Uprising Petrograd Milrevcom proclamation about the deposing of the Russian Provisional Government The Second Congress of Soviets consisted of 670 elected delegates ; 300 were Bolshevik and nearly a hundred were Left Socialist - Revolutionaries , who also supported the overthrow of the Alexander Kerensky Government . When the fall of the Winter Palace was announced , the Congress adopted a decree transferring power to the Soviets of Workers ' , Soldiers ' and Peasants ' Deputies , thus ratifying the Revolution . The transfer of power was not without disagreement . The center and Right wings of the Socialist Revolutionaries as well as the Mensheviks believed that Lenin and the Bolsheviks had illegally seized power and they walked out before the resolution was passed . As they exited , they were taunted by Leon Trotsky who told them `` You are pitiful isolated individuals ; you are bankrupts ; your role is played out . Go where you belong from now on -- into the dustbin of history ! '' The following day , 26 October , the Congress elected a new cabinet of Bolsheviks , pending the convocation of a Constituent Assembly . This basis for the new Soviet government was known as the Council ( Soviet ) of People 's Commissars ( Sovnarkom ) , with Lenin as leader . Lenin allegedly approved of the name , reporting that it `` smells of revolution '' . The cabinet quickly passed the Decree on Peace and the Decree on Land . This new government was also officially called `` provisional '' until the Assembly was dissolved . Posters were pinned on walls and fences by the Right Socialist Revolutionaries , describing the takeover as a `` crime against the motherland and revolution '' . On 27 October 1917 ( 9 November new style ) , the Mensheviks seized power in Georgia and declared it an independent republic . The Don Cossacks also claimed control of their own government . The biggest Bolshevik strongholds were in the cities , particularly Petrograd , with support much more mixed in rural areas . The peasant dominated Left SR Party was in coalition with the Bolsheviks . There are reports that the Provisional Government had not conceded defeat and are meeting with the army at the Front . On 28 October 1917 , ( 10 November new style ) some posters and newspapers started criticizing the actions of the Bolsheviks and refuted their authority . The Executive Committee of Peasants Soviets `` ( refuted ) with indignation all participation of the organised peasantry in this criminal violation of the will of the working class '' . On 29 October 1917 , opposition to the Bolsheviks developed into major counter-revolutionary action . Cossacks entered Tsarskoye Selo on outskirts of Petrograd with Kerensky riding on a white horse welcomed by church bells . Kerensky gave an ultimatum to the rifle garrison to lay down weapons , which was promptly refused . They were then fired upon by Kerensky 's Cossacks , which resulted in 8 deaths . This turned soldiers in Petrograd against Kerensky because he was just like the Tsarist regime . Kerensky 's failure to assume authority over troops was described by John Reed as a ' fatal blunder ' that signalled the final death of the government . On 30 October 1917 ( 12 November new style ) , the battle against the anti-Bolsheviks continued . The Red Guard fought against Cossacks at Tsarskoye Selo , with the Cossacks breaking rank and fleeing , leaving their artillery behind . On 31 October 1917 ( 13 November new style ) , the Bolsheviks gained control of Moscow after a week of bitter street - fighting . Artillery had been freely used with an estimated 700 casualties . However , there was still continued support for Kerensky in some of the provinces . On 1 November 1917 ( 14 November new style ) , there was an appeal to anti-Bolsheviks throughout Russia to join the new government of the people , with the Bolsheviks winning even more support from the Russian people . On 2 November 1917 ( 15 November new style ) , there was only minor public anti-Bolshevik sentiment ; for example , the newspaper Novaya Zhizn criticised the lack of manpower and organisation of the Bolsheviks to run a party , let alone a government . Lenin confidently claimed that there is `` not a shadow of hesitation in the masses of Petrograd , Moscow and the rest of Russia '' towards Bolshevik rule . On 10 November 1917 ( 23 November new style ) , the government sought to label its citizens as `` citizens of the Russian Republic , '' and make them equal in all possible respects . This was accomplished by the nullification of all `` legal designations of civil equality , such as estates , titles , and ranks . '' The elections to the Constituent Assembly took place in November 1917 . The Bolsheviks gained 23.9 % of the vote . On 12 November ( 25 November new style ) , a Constituent Assembly was elected . In these elections , 26 mandatory delegates were proposed by the Bolshevik Central Committee and 58 were proposed by the Socialist Revolutionaries . The outcome of the election gave the majority to the Socialist Revolutionary Party , which no longer existed as a full party by that time , as the Left SR Party was in coalition with the Bolsheviks . The Bolsheviks dissolved the Constituent Assembly in January 1918 , when it came into conflict with the Soviets . On 16 December 1917 ( 29 December 1917 new style ) , the government ventured to eliminate hierarchy in the army , removing all titles , ranks , and uniform decorations . The tradition of saluting was also eliminated . On 20 December 1917 ( 2 January 1918 new style ) , the Cheka was created by the decree of Vladimir Lenin . These were the beginnings of the Bolsheviks ' consolidation of power over their political opponents . The Red Terror was started in September 1918 , following a failed assassination attempt on Lenin 's life . The Jacobin Terror was an example for the Soviet Bolsheviks . Leon Trotsky had compared Lenin to Maximilien Robespierre as early as 1904 . The Decree on Land ratified the actions of the peasants who throughout Russia gained private land and redistributed it among themselves . The Bolsheviks viewed themselves as representing an alliance of workers and peasants and memorialized that understanding with the Hammer and Sickle on the flag and coat of arms of the Soviet Union . Other decrees : All private property was nationalized by the government . All Russian banks were nationalized . Private bank accounts were expropriated . The properties of the Church ( including bank accounts ) were expropriated . All foreign debts were repudiated . Control of the factories was given to the soviets . Wages were fixed at higher rates than during the war , and a shorter , eight - hour working day was introduced . Bolshevik - led attempts to gain power in other parts of the Russian Empire were largely successful in Russia proper -- although the fighting in Moscow lasted for two weeks -- but they were less successful in ethnically non-Russian parts of the Empire , which had been clamoring for independence since the February Revolution . For example , the Ukrainian Rada , which had declared autonomy on 23 June 1917 , created the Ukrainian People 's Republic on 20 November , which was supported by the Ukrainian Congress of Soviets . This led to an armed conflict with the Bolshevik government in Petrograd and , eventually , a Ukrainian declaration of independence from Russia on 25 January 1918 . In Estonia , two rival governments emerged : the Estonian Provincial Assembly , established in April 1917 , proclaimed itself the supreme legal authority of Estonia on 28 November 1917 and issued the Declaration of Independence on 24 February 1918 . Soviet Russia recognized the Executive Committee of the Soviets of Estonia as the legal authority in the province , although the Soviets in Estonia controlled only the capital and a few other major towns . The success of the October Revolution transformed the Russian state into a soviet republic . A coalition of anti-Bolshevik groups attempted to unseat the new government in the Russian Civil War from 1918 to 1922 . In an attempt to intervene in the civil war after the Bolsheviks ' separate peace with the Central Powers , the Allied powers ( United Kingdom , France , Italy , United States and Japan ) occupied parts of the Soviet Union for over two years before finally withdrawing . The United States did not recognize the new Russian government until 1933 . The European powers recognized the Soviet Union in the early 1920s and began to engage in business with it after the New Economic Policy ( NEP ) was implemented . Historiography ( edit ) Part of a series on Marxism -- Leninism Concepts ( show ) Anti-imperialism Anti-revisionism Commanding heights of the economy Communist society Communist state Democratic centralism Dialectical logic Dialectical materialism Economic planning Marxist -- Leninist atheism One - party state People 's democracy Popular front Proletarian internationalism Socialist patriotism Socialist state Theory of the productive forces Third Period Vanguardism Partiinost ' Variants ( show ) Guevarism ( Foco ) Ho Chi Minh Thought Hoxhaism Husakism Juche Kadarism Khrushchevism Maoism Marxism -- Leninism -- Maoism Prachanda Path Titoism Stalinism People ( show ) Vladimir Lenin Joseph Stalin Ernst Thälmann Earl Browder Enver Hoxha Gonchigiin Bumtsend Ho Chi Minh Mao Zedong Abimael Guzmán José Díaz Josip Broz Tito Enver Hoxha Palmiro Togliatti Che Guevara Kim Il - sung Mathieu Kérékou Agostinho Neto Samora Machel Thomas Sankara Fidel Castro Alfonso Cano Literature ( show ) Wage Labour and Capital Materialism and Empirio - criticism Imperialism What Is to Be Done ? The State and Revolution Dialectical and Historical Materialism Guerrilla Warfare Fundamentals of Marxism -- Leninism History ( hide ) October Revolution Soviet Union Comintern Hungarian Soviet Republic Spanish Civil War World War II Warsaw Pact Greek Civil War Chinese Revolution Korean War Cuban Revolution De-Stalinization Non-Aligned Movement Sino - Soviet split Vietnam War Portuguese Colonial War Black Power movement Nicaraguan Revolution Nepalese Civil War Naxalite insurgency Internal conflict in Peru Related topics ( show ) Bolshevism Marxism Leninism Trotskyism Communism portal Socialism portal Few events in historical research have been as conditioned by political influences as the October Revolution . The historiography of the Revolution generally divides into three camps : the Soviet - Marxist view , the Western - Totalitarian view , and the Revisionist view . Soviet historiography ( edit ) Soviet historiography of the October Revolution is intertwined with Soviet historical development . Many of the initial Soviet interpreters of the Revolution were themselves Bolshevik revolutionaries . After the initial wave of revolutionary narratives , Soviet historians worked within `` narrow guidelines '' defined by the Soviet government . The rigidity of interpretive possibilities reached its height under Joseph Stalin . Soviet historians of the October Revolution interpreted the Revolution with regard to establishing the legitimacy of Marxist ideology , and also the Bolshevik government . To establish the accuracy of Marxist ideology , Soviet historians generally described the Revolution as the product of class struggle . They maintained that the Revolution was the supreme event in a world history governed by historical laws . The Bolshevik Party is placed at the center of the Revolution , exposing the errors of both the moderate Provisional Government and the spurious `` socialist '' Mensheviks in the Petrograd Soviet . Guided by Vladimir Lenin 's leadership and his firm grasp of scientific Marxist theory , the Party led the `` logically predetermined '' events of the October Revolution from beginning to end . The events were , according to these historians , logically predetermined because of the socio - economic development of Russia , where the monopoly industrial capitalism alienated the masses . In this view , the Bolshevik party took the leading role in organizing these alienated industrial workers , and thereby established the construction of the first socialist state . Although Soviet historiography of the October Revolution stayed relatively constant until 1991 , it did undergo some changes . Following Stalin 's death , historians such as E. N. Burdzhalov and P. V. Volobuev published historical research that deviated significantly from the party line in refining the doctrine that the Bolshevik victory `` was predetermined by the state of Russia 's socio - economic development '' . These historians , who constituted the `` New Directions Group '' , posited that the complex nature of the October Revolution `` could only be explained by a multi-causal analysis , not by recourse to the mono - causality of monopoly capitalism '' . For them , the central actor is still the Bolshevik party , but this party triumphed `` because it alone could solve the preponderance of ' general democratic ' tasks the country faced '' ( such as the struggle for peace , the exploitation of landlords , and so on . ) Following the turn of the 21st century , some Soviet historians began to implement an `` anthropological turn '' in their historiographical analysis of the Russian Revolution . This method of analysis focuses on the average person 's experience of day - to - day life during the revolution , and pulls the analytical focus away from larger events , notable revolutionaries , and overarching claims about party views . In 2006 , S.V. Iarov employed this methodology when he focused on citizen adjustment to the new Soviet system . Iarov explored the dwindling labor protests , evolving forms of debate , and varying forms of politicization as a result of the new Soviet rule from 1917 to 1920 . In 2010 , O.S. Nagornaia took interest in the personal experiences of Russian prisoners of war taken by Germany , examining Russian soldiers and officers ' ability to cooperate and implement varying degrees of autocracy despite being divided by class , political views and race . Other analyses following this `` anthropological turn '' have explored texts from soldiers and how they used personal war experiences to further their political goals , as well as how individual life - structure and psychology may have shaped major decisions in the civil war that followed the revolution . During the late Soviet period , the opening of select Soviet archives during glasnost sparked innovative research that broke away from some aspects of Marxism -- Leninism , though the key features of the orthodox Soviet view remained intact . Western historiography ( edit ) During the Cold War , Western historiography of the October Revolution developed in direct response to the assertions of the Soviet view . The Soviet version of the October Revolution conditioned historical interpretations in the United States and the West . As a result , these Western historians exposed what they believed were flaws in the Soviet view , thereby undermining the Bolsheviks ' original legitimacy , as well as the precepts of Marxism . These Western historians described the revolution as the result of a chain of contingent accidents . Examples of these accidental and contingent factors they say precipitated the Revolution included World War I 's timing , chance , and the poor leadership of Tsar Nicholas II as well as liberal and moderate socialists . According to Western historians , it was not popular support , but rather manipulation of the masses , ruthlessness , and the superior structure of the Bolsheviks that enabled it to survive . For these historians , the Bolsheviks ' defeat in the Constituent Assembly elections of November -- December 1917 demonstrated popular opposition to the Bolsheviks ' coup , as did the scale and breadth of the Civil War . Western historians saw the organization of the Bolshevik party as proto - totalitarian . Their interpretation of the October Revolution as a violent coup organized by a proto - totalitarian party reinforced to them the idea that totalitarianism was an inherent part of Soviet history . For them , Stalinist totalitarianism developed as a natural progression from Leninism and the Bolshevik party 's tactics and organization . Effect of the dissolution of the USSR on historical research ( edit ) The dissolution of the USSR affected historical interpretations of the October Revolution . Since 1991 , increasing access to large amounts of Soviet archival materials made it possible to re ‐ examine the October Revolution . Though both Western and Russian historians now have access to many of these archives , the effect of the dissolution of the USSR can be seen most clearly in the work of historians in the former USSR . While the disintegration essentially helped solidify the Western and Revisionist views , post-USSR Russian historians largely repudiated the former Soviet historical interpretation of the Revolution . As Stephen Kotkin argues , 1991 prompted `` a return to political history and the apparent resurrection of totalitarianism , the interpretive view that , in different ways ... revisionists sought to bury '' . Legacy ( edit ) The term `` Red October '' ( Красный Октябрь , Krasnyy Oktyabr ) has also been used to describe the events of the month . This name has in turn been lent to a steel factory made notable by the Battle of Stalingrad , a Moscow sweets factory that is well known in Russia , and a fictional Soviet submarine . Ten Days That Shook the World , a book written by American journalist John Reed and first published in 1919 , gives a firsthand exposition of the events . Reed died in 1920 , shortly after the book was finished . Dmitri Shostakovich wrote his Symphony No. 2 in B major , Op. 14 and subtitled To October , for the 10th anniversary of the October Revolution . The choral finale of the work , `` To October '' , is set to a text by Alexander Bezymensky , which praises Lenin and the revolution . The Symphony No. 2 was first performed by the Leningrad Philharmonic Orchestra and the Academy Capella Choir under the direction of Nikolai Malko , on 5 November 1927 . Sergei Eisenstein and Grigori Aleksandrov 's film October : Ten Days That Shook the World , first released on 20 January 1928 in the USSR and on 2 November 1928 in New York City , describes and glorifies the revolution and was commissioned to commemorate the event . 7 November , the anniversary of the October Revolution , was the official national day of the Soviet Union from 1918 onward and still is a public holiday in Belarus and the breakaway territory of Transnistria . The October revolution of 1917 also marks the inception of the first communist government in Russia , and thus the first large - scale socialist state in world history . After this Russia became the Russian SFSR and later part of the USSR , which dissolved in late 1991 . See also ( edit ) February Revolution Ten Days That Shook the World Revolutions of 1917 -- 23 Russian Civil War Russian Revolution ( 1917 ) Kiev Bolshevik Uprising Dissolution of the Soviet Union , 74 years later ( 1991 ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` How Germany got the Russian Revolution off the ground '' . Deutsche Welle. 7 November 2017 . Jump up ^ History.com Staff . `` Russian Revolution . '' History.com , A&E Television Networks , 2009 , www.history.com/topics/russian-revolution . Jump up ^ Samaan , A.E. ( 2 February 2013 ) . From a `` Race of Masters '' to a `` Master Race '' : 1948 to 1848 . A.E. Samaan . p. 346 . ISBN 0615747884 . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Jennifer Llewellyn , John Rae and Steve Thompson ( 2014 ) . `` The Constituent Assembly '' . Alpha History . Jump up ^ Bunyan & Fisher 1934 , p. 385 . ^ Jump up to : Steinberg , Mark ( 2017 ) . The Russian Revolution 1905 - 1917 . New York : Oxford University Press . pp. 143 -- 146 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 922762 - 4 . Jump up ^ David Mandel , The Petrograd workers and the seizure of soviet power , London , 1984 Jump up ^ `` Steinberg , Mark ( 2017 ) . The Russian Revolution 1905 - 1921 . New York : Oxford University Press . pp. 196 -- 197 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 922762 - 4 . '' Jump up ^ Upton , Anthony F. ( 1980 ) . The Finnish Revolution : 1917 - 1918 . Minneapolis , Minnesota : University of Minnesota Press . p. 89 . ISBN 9781452912394 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Mark D. ( 2017 ) . The Russian Revolution 1905 - 1921 . Oxford , United Kingdom : Oxford University Press . pp. 191 , 193 -- 194 . ISBN 9780199227624 . Jump up ^ Richard Pipes ( 1990 ) . The Russian Revolution . Knopf Doubleday . p. 407 . Jump up ^ The Soviet Colossus : History and Aftermath . Michael Kort . p. 104 Jump up ^ Michael C. Hickey ( 2010 ) . Competing Voices from the Russian Revolution : Fighting Words : Fighting Words . ABC - CLIO . p. 559 . Jump up ^ Beckett 2007 , p. 526 Jump up ^ Pipes , 1997 . p. 51 . `` There is no evidence of a Kornilov plot , but there is plenty of evidence of Kerensky 's duplicity . '' Jump up ^ Service 2005 , p. 54 Jump up ^ `` Central Committee Meeting -- 10 Oct 1917 '' . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Mark ( 2001 ) . Voices of the Revolution , 1917 . Binghamton , New York : Yale University Press . p. 170 . ISBN 0300090161 . Jump up ^ `` 1917 -- La Revolution Russe '' . Arte TV . 16 September 2007 . Archived from the original on 1 February 2016 . Retrieved 25 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Suny , Ronald ( 2011 ) . The Soviet Experiment . Oxford University Press . pp. 63 -- 67 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Rabinowitch , Alexander ( 2004 ) . The Bolsheviks Come to Power : The Revolution of 1917 in Petrograd . Pluto Press . pp. 273 -- 305 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Bard College : Experimental Humanities and Eurasian Studies . `` From Empire To Republic : October 24 -- November 1 , 1917 '' . Retrieved 24 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Beckett , p. 528 Jump up ^ `` 1917 Free History '' . Yandex Publishing . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Schell , 2003 . ' The Mass Minority in Action : France and Russia ' . For example , in The Unconquerable World . London : Penguin , pp. 167 -- 185 . Jump up ^ October ( Ten Days that Shook the World ) by Sergei M. Eisenstein and Grigori Aleksandrov , First National Pictures , 1928 , Classics and Drama Jump up ^ Alexander Rabinowitch , The Bolsheviks Come to Power : the Revolution of 1917 in Petrograd ( Haymarket Books : Chicago Illinois 2004 ) Jump up ^ Sean McMeekin , The Russian Revolution : A New History ( Basic Books : May 2017 ) Jump up ^ Michael Lynch , Access to History : Reaction and Revolution : Russia 1894 - 1924 Fourth Edition ( Hodder Education : April 2015 ) Jump up ^ Raul Edward Chao , Damn the Revolution ! ( Dupont Circle Editions : Washington DC , London , Sydney , 2016 ) p. 191 Jump up ^ Argumenty i Fakty newspaper Jump up ^ `` ВОЕННАЯ ЛИТЕРАТУРА -- ( Мемуары ) -- Дыбенко П. Е . Из недр царского флота к Великому Октябрю '' . Jump up ^ `` ВОЕННАЯ ЛИТЕРАТУРА -- ( Биографии ) -- Савченко В . А . Авантюристы гражданской войны '' . Jump up ^ Louise Bryant , Six Red Months in Russia , pg 60 -- 61 Jump up ^ Service , Robert ( 1998 ) . A history of twentieth - century Russia . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 40347 - 9 p 65 Jump up ^ Reed , John ( 1997 ) Ten Days that Shook the World . New York : St. Martin 's Press . p 217 Jump up ^ Steinberg , Mark D. ( 2001 ) . Voices of Revolution , 1917 . Yale University . p. 251 . ISBN 978 - 0300101690 . Jump up ^ Reed , John ( 1997 ) Ten Days that Shook the World . New York : St. Martin 's Press . p 369 Jump up ^ Reed , John ( 1997 ) Ten Days that Shook the World . New York : St. Martin 's Press . p 410 Jump up ^ Reed , John ( 1997 ) Ten Days that Shook the World . New York : St. Martin 's Press . p 565 ^ Jump up to : Steinberg , Mark D. ( 2001 ) . Voices of Revolution . Yale University . p. 257 . Jump up ^ `` The Constituent Assembly '' . Jump up ^ Figes , 1996 . Jump up ^ Richard Pipes : The Russian Revolution Jump up ^ See Encyclopedia of Ukraine online Jump up ^ Miljan , Toivo . `` Historical Dictionary of Estonia . '' Historical Dictionary of Estonia , Rowman & Littlefield , 2015 , p. 169 Jump up ^ Raun , Toivo U . `` The Emergence of Estonian Independence 1917 - 1920 . '' Estonia and the Estonians , Hoover Inst . Press , 2002 , p. 102 Jump up ^ Ward , John ( 2004 ) . With the `` Die - Hards '' in Siberia . Dodo Press . p. 91 . ISBN 1409906809 . Jump up ^ Edward Acton , Critical Companion to the Russian Revolution , 1914 -- 1921 ( Bloomington : Indiana University Press , 1997 ) , 5 . Jump up ^ Acton , Critical Companion , 5 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Stephen Kotkin , `` 1991 and the Russian Revolution : Sources , Conceptual Categories , Analytical Frameworks , '' The Journal of Modern History 70 ( October 1998 ) : 392 . ^ Jump up to : Acton , Critical Companion , 7 . Jump up ^ Acton , Critical Companion , 8 . Jump up ^ Alter Litvin , Writing History in Twentieth - Century Russia , ( New York : Palgrave , 2001 ) , 49 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Roger Markwick , Rewriting History in Soviet Russia : The Politics of Revisionist Historiography , ( New York : Palgrave , 2001 ) , 97 . Jump up ^ Markwick , Rewriting History , 102 . Jump up ^ Smith , S.A. ( 2015 ) . `` The historiography of the Russian Revolution 100 Years On '' . Kritika : Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History . 16 : 733 -- 749 -- via Project MUSE . Jump up ^ Iarov , S.V. ( 2006 ) . `` Konformizm v Sovetskoi Rossii : Petrograd , 1917 - 20 '' . Evropeiskii dom . Jump up ^ Nagornaia , O.S. ( 2010 ) . `` Drugoi voennyi opyt : Rossiiskie voennoplennye Pervoi mirovoi voiny v Germanii ( 1914 - 1922 ) '' . Novyi khronograf . Jump up ^ Morozova , O.M. ( 2010 ) . `` Dva akta dramy : Boevoe proshloe i poslevoennaia povsednevnost ' verteranov grazhdanskoi voiny '' . Rostov - on - Don : Iuzhnyi nauchnyi tsentr Rossiiskoi akademii nauk . Jump up ^ O.M. , Morozova ( 2007 ) . `` Antropologiia grazhdanskoi voiny '' . Rostov - on - Don : Iuzhnyi nauchnyi tsentr RAN . Jump up ^ Acton , Critical Companion , 6 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Acton , Critical Companion , 7 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Norbert Francis , `` Revolution in Russia and China : 100 Years , '' International Journal of Russian Studies 6 ( July 2017 ) : 130 - 143 . Jump up ^ Stephen E. Hanson ( 1997 ) . Time and Revolution : Marxism and the Design of Soviet Institutions . U of North Carolina Press . p. 130 . Jump up ^ Kotkin , `` 1991 and the Russian Revolution , '' 385 - 86 . Jump up ^ Litvin , Writing History , 47 . Jump up ^ Kotkin , `` 1991 and the Russian Revolution , '' 385 . Jump up ^ Ivanov , Mikhail ( 2007 ) . Survival Russian . Montpelier , VT : Russian Information Service . p. 44 References ( edit ) Acton , Edward ( 1997 ) . Critical Companion to the Russian Revolution . Ascher , Abraham ( 2014 ) . The Russian Revolution : A Beginner 's Guide . Oneworld Publications . Beckett , Ian F.W. ( 2007 ) . The Great war ( 2 ed . ) . Longman . ISBN 1 - 4058 - 1252 - 4 . Bone , Ann ( trans . ) ( 1974 ) . The Bolsheviks and the October Revolution : Central Committee Minutes of the Russian Social - Democratic Labour Party ( Bolsheviks ) August 1917 - February 1918 . Pluto Press . ISBN 0 - 902818546 . Bunyan , James ; Fisher , Harold Henry ( 1934 ) . The Bolshevik Revolution , 1917 -- 1918 : Documents and Materials . Palo Alto : Stanford University Press . OCLC 253483096 . Chamberlin , William Henry ( 1935 ) . The Russian Revolution . I : 1917 -- 1918 : From the Overthrow of the Tsar to the Assumption of Power by the Bolsheviks. Old Classic . Figes , Orlando ( 1996 ) . A People 's Tragedy : The Russian Revolution : 1891 -- 1924 . Pimlico . Guerman , Mikhail ( 1979 ) . Art of the October Revolution . Kollontai , Alexandra ( 1971 ) . `` The Years of Revolution '' . The Autobiography of a Sexually Emancipated Communist Woman . New York : Herder and Herder . OCLC 577690073 . Krupskaya , Nadezhda ( 1930 ) . `` The October Days '' . Reminiscences of Lenin . Moscow : Foreign Languages Publishing House . OCLC 847091253 . Luxemburg , Rosa ( 1940 ) ( 1918 ) . The Russian Revolution . Translated by Bertram Wolfe . New York City : Workers Age . OCLC 579589928 . Mandel , David ( 1984 ) . The Petrograd Workers and the Soviet seizure of power . London : MacMillan . Pipes , Richard ( 1997 ) . Three `` whys '' of the Russian Revolution . Vintage Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 77646 - 8 . Rabinowitch , Alexander ( 2004 ) . The Bolsheviks Come to Power : The Revolution of 1917 in Petrograd . Pluto Press . Radek , Karl ( 1995 ) ( First published 1922 as `` Wege der Russischen Revolution '' ) . `` The Paths of the Russian Revolution '' . In Bukharin , Nikolai ; Richardson , Al . In Defence of the Russian Revolution : A Selection of Bolshevik Writings , 1917 -- 1923 . London : Porcupine Press . pp. 35 -- 75 . ISBN 1899438017 . OCLC 33294798 . Read , Christopher ( 1996 ) . From Tsars to Soviets . Serge , Victor ( 1972 ) ( 1930 ) . Year One of the Russian Revolution . London : Penguin Press . OCLC 15612072 . Service , Robert ( 1998 ) . A history of twentieth - century Russia . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 40347 - 9 . Shukman , Harold , ed. ( 1998 ) . The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the Russian Revolution . articles by over 40 specialists CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Swain , Geoffrey ( 2014 ) . Trotsky and the Russian Revolution . Routledge . Trotsky , Leon ( 1930 ) . `` XXVI : FROM JULY TO OCTOBER '' . My Life . London : Thornton Butterworth . OCLC 181719733 . Trotsky , Leon ( 1932 ) . The History of the Russian Revolution . III . Translated by Max Eastman . London : Gollancz . OCLC 605191028 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Russian Revolution of 1917 . * Read , Christopher : Revolutions ( Russian Empire ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Peeling , Siobhan : July Crisis 1917 ( Russian Empire ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . The October Revolution Archive Let History Judge Russia 's Revolutions , commentary by Roy Medvedev , Project Syndicate , 2007 October Revolution and Logic of History Maps of Europe and Russia at time of October Revolution at omniatlas.com Annual Great October Socialist Revolution Parade By year 1919 1937 1941 1947 1952 1953 1957 1962 1963 1965 1966 1967 1972 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 Related October Revolution Holidays in the USSR military parade Description This template features articles from all the parades from 1918 to 1990 . Participating units Corps of Drums of the Moscow Military Music College Military Band Service of the Armed Forces of the Soviet Union Frunze Military Academy V.I. Lenin Military Political Academy Felix Dzerzhinsky Artillery Academy Military Armored Forces Academy Marshal Rodion Malinovsky Military Engineering Academy Military Academy of Chemical Defense and Control Yuri Gagarin Air Force Academy Prof. Nikolai Zhukovsky Air Force Engineering Academy Naval Engineering School Moscow Border Guards Institute of the Border Defence Forces of the KGB `` Moscow City Council Western Military District units : 98th Guards Airborne Division OMSDON 336th Marine Regiment of the Baltic Fleet Suvorov Military School Nakhimov Naval School Moscow Military High Command Training School `` Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR 1917 Bolshevik uprisings November 1917 Petrograd ( November 7 ) Moscow ( November 7 -- 15 ) Kiev ( November 8 -- 13 ) Tashkent ( November 10 -- 14 ) Vinnytsia ( November 10 -- 12 ) Russian Revolution / Russian Civil War Events Revolution February Revolution July Days Kornilov affair October Revolution Kerensky -- Krasnov uprising Junker mutiny Civil War Russian Civil War Ukrainian War of Independence Ukrainian -- Soviet War Kiev Bolshevik Uprising Polish -- Ukrainian War Finnish Civil War Heimosodat Polish -- Soviet War Estonian War of Independence Latvian War of Independence Lithuanian Wars of Independence Red Army invasion of Georgia Armenian -- Azerbaijani War Left - wing uprisings against the Bolsheviks Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War Siberian Intervention Groups Provisional Committee of the State Duma Russian Provisional Government White movement Pro-independence movements Petrograd Soviet Council of the People 's Commissars Military Revolutionary Committee Russian Constituent Assembly elections Black Guards Red Guards Group of forces in battle with the counterrevolution in the South of Russia Tsentralna Rada Ukrainian People 's Republic Parties Kadets Russian Social Democratic Labour Party Bolsheviks Mensheviks Socialist Revolutionary Party Left SRs Union of October 17 Figures Monarchists Nicholas II of Russia Provisional Government Georgy Lvov Pavel Milyukov Alexander Guchkov White movement Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel Alexander Kolchak Anton Denikin Pyotr Krasnov Nikolai Yudenich Bolsheviks Vladimir Lenin Lev Kamenev Grigory Zinoviev Leon Trotsky Mikhail Frunze Joseph Stalin Semyon Budyonny Yakov Sverdlov Nikolai Bukharin Felix Dzerzhinsky Alexei Rykov Right SRs Alexander Kerensky Stepan Petrichenko Boris Savinkov Boris Sokoloff International Revolutions of 1917 -- 23 German Revolution of 1918 -- 1919 Bavarian Soviet Republic Hungarian Soviet Republic Hungarian -- Romanian War Workers ' Councils in Poland Polish -- Ukrainian War Polish -- Soviet War Slovak Soviet Republic Finnish Civil War Finnish Socialist Workers ' Republic Soviet Union topics History Index of Soviet Union - related articles Russian Revolution February October Russian Civil War Russian SFSR USSR creation treaty New Economic Policy Stalinism Great Purge Great Patriotic War ( World War II ) Cold War Khrushchev Thaw 1965 reform Stagnation Perestroika Glasnost Revolutions of 1989 Dissolution Nostalgia Post-Soviet states Geography Subdivisions Republics autonomous Oblasts autonomous Autonomous okrugs Closed cities list Regions Caspian Sea Caucasus Mountains European Russia North Caucasus Siberia Ural Mountains West Siberian Plain Politics General Constitution Elections Foreign relations Brezhnev Doctrine Government list Human rights LGBT Law Leaders Collective leadership Passport system State ideology Marxism -- Leninism Leninism Stalinism Bodies Communist Party organisation Central Committee Politburo Secretariat Congress General Secretary Congress of Soviets ( 1922 -- 1936 ) Supreme Soviet ( 1938 -- 1991 ) Congress of People 's Deputies ( 1989 -- 1991 ) Supreme Court Offices President Premier Deputy Premier First Deputy Premier Security services Cheka GPU NKVD MVD MGB KGB Political repression Red Terror Collectivization Great Purge Population transfer Gulag list Holodomor Political abuse of psychiatry Ideological repression Religion Suppressed research Censorship Censorship of images Economy Agriculture Central Bank Energy policy Five - Year Plans Net material product Inventions Ruble ( currency ) Internet domain Transport Science Communist Academy Academy of Sciences Academy of Medical Sciences Lenin All - Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences Sharashkas Naukograds list Society Crime Demographics Soviet people working class 1989 census Languages Linguistics Culture Ballet Cinema Fashion Literature Music opera Propaganda Sports Stalinist architecture Opposition Soviet dissidents and their groups list Symbols Anthem republics Emblem republics Flag republics Templates Departments Russian Revolution 1917 Joseph Stalin Stagnation Era Fall of Communism Book Commons Portal WikiProject GND : 4043429 - 1 NARA : 10638835 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=October_Revolution&oldid=866103484 '' Categories : Bolshevik uprisings November 1917 events Russian Provisional Government Russian Revolution Dissolution of the Russian Empire Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use dmy dates from March 2015 Articles containing Russian - language text All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from February 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Languages Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Kurdî Кыргызча Лезги Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Võro 文言 Winaray 吴语 粵語 中文 Lingua Franca Nova 82 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2018 , at 08 : 10 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October%20Revolution
| 2,044 |
|||
what is a pre authorized credit card payment
|
Authorization hold ( also card authorization , preauthorization , or preauth ) is the practice within the banking industry of verifying electronic transactions initiated with a debit card or credit card and rendering this balance as unavailable until either the merchant clears the transaction , also called settlement , or the hold `` falls off . ''
|
the practice within the banking industry of verifying electronic transactions initiated with a debit card or credit card and rendering this balance as unavailable until either the merchant clears the transaction , also called settlement , or the hold `` falls off . ''
|
Authorization hold
|
authorization hold
|
Authorization hold ( also card authorization , preauthorization , or preauth ) is the practice within the banking industry of verifying electronic transactions initiated with a debit card or credit card and rendering this balance as unavailable until either the merchant clears the transaction , also called settlement , or the hold `` falls off . ''
|
In the case of debit cards , authorization holds can fall off the account , thus rendering the balance available again , anywhere from one to eight business days after the transaction date , depending on the bank 's policy . In the case of credit cards , holds may last as long as thirty days , depending on the issuing bank . The main reason for authorization holds is where there is a two - step process in the payment , consisting of an authorization and a settlement with a time lag in between . These were common with signature - based ( non-PIN - based ) credit and debit card transactions where a transaction was authorised but not settled until a few days later . It is also common in hotel , rental car services or on pay at the pump at filling stations where the company wants to confirm a valid method of payment has been received prior to providing services or goods and knowing the amount that will be charged . The major consequence for the user is that they can not access that part of their account until the authorization hold expires without being finalized or is settled and the banking system transfers the funds . If the account balance is low this could result in an unavailable funds fee . The actual balance will not be reduced until the merchant submits the batch of transactions , and the banking system transfers the funds . Contents ( hide ) 1 Process 2 Delays 3 Double holds 4 Voided transactions 5 Holds for differing amounts 6 References 7 External links Process ( edit ) When a merchant swipes a customer 's credit card , the credit card terminal connects to the merchant 's acquirer , or credit card processor , which verifies that the customer 's account is valid and that sufficient funds are available to cover the transaction 's cost . At this step , the funds are `` held '' and deducted from the customer 's credit limit ( or available bank balance , in the case of a debit card ) , but are not yet transferred to the merchant . At the time of the merchant 's choosing , the merchant instructs the credit card machine to submit the finalized transactions to the acquirer in a `` batch transfer , '' which begins the settlement process , where the funds are transferred from the customers ' accounts to the merchant 's accounts . This process is not instantaneous : the transaction may not appear on the customer 's statement or online account activity for one to two days , and it can take up to three days for funds to be deposited in the merchant 's account . The preauthorization will be terminated if it is allowed to expire before the settlement occurs . For example , if an individual has a credit limit of $100 and uses a credit card to make a purchase at a retail store for $30 , then the available credit will immediately decrease to $70 , because the merchant has obtained an authorization from the individual 's bank by swiping the card through its credit card terminal . If the billing statement were then sent out immediately , the actual charges would still be $0 , because the merchant has not actually collected the funds in question . The actual charge is not put through until the merchant submits their batch of transactions and the banking system transfers the funds . A debit card works differently . Like in the previous example , if one has a balance of $100 in the bank and used a debit card to make a purchase at a retail store for $30 , the available balance will immediately decrease to $70 , as a hold on the $30 is enacted because the merchant has obtained an authorization from the bank by swiping the card through the credit card terminal . However , the actual balance with the bank is still $100 , because the merchant has not actually collected the funds in question . Delays ( edit ) Some services , like hotels and rental cars , have the card as authorized at the beginning of service , but the settlement will not be placed until the completion of the service . Many times , there are additional deposits required in addition to the anticipated cost of the service to cover any additional unexpected charges for damages , excessive mileage or fuel , or if hotel guests charge room service , movies , or phone calls to the account . Upon the completion of the service , the vendor will then process the settlement of any final charges and submit them to the processor . It is not until then that the vendor will receive any funds , even though the customer 's account would have shown the pending transaction from the authorization at the beginning of service . The settled charges will be deducted from the authorized funds and are not in addition to the authorized funds . Double holds ( edit ) On occasion , negligence or computer error may make a merchant attempt to authorize a card twice , creating a double hold on the cardholder 's bank account . That often happens when a processor requires additional security verification such as a card security code , ZIP code , or address , and incorrect information is provided or is mistyped . Gasoline pumps often impose a double hold , one for a standard amount ( such as $75 ) and another for the amount of purchase . Though the merchant will settle the transaction only once , the hold will temporarily lower the customer 's available balance , potentially causing declines or , for a debit card , even overdrafts . Voided transactions ( edit ) Only banks have the ability to remove preauthorizations from the card holder 's card . Thus , a merchant may void a transaction , but the hold will remain on the account . Rarely , banks will remove authorization holds with a verbal ( or , for larger amounts , written ) request from the authorizing merchant . Such requests usually require information such as the cardholder 's name , card number , authorization number and transaction amount . Since most banks can not verify that the letter from the merchant is someone who has authority to ensure that the charge will not settle , they require the hold to remain according to their bank policies . Holds for differing amounts ( edit ) Another issue that occurs on a regular basis with authorization holds is the transaction amount changing between the time the hold is placed on the account and when the transaction is settled . It most commonly occurs when the final debit amount is uncertain when the authorization is actually obtained . For example , if an individual makes a fuel purchase by swiping a check card or credit card at the pump without using the PIN , the pump has no way of knowing how much fuel will be used . The pump typically authorizes a fixed amount , usually $1 but sometimes up to $100 , to verify that the card is legitimate and that the customer has funds available . When the transaction is settled , it will actually post for the value of the purchase . There currently is litigation in the State of Florida that alleges that some gas stations do not adequately inform their customers that a certain fixed dollar amount ( usually between $75 and $100 ) will be requested as a pre-authorization in connection with a customer 's purchase of self - service gasoline at the pump using a debit card and that this practice violates various Florida consumer protection and civil laws . The lawsuit was filed by Florida attorneys Cameron Moyer and James Staack in November , 2007 . Class certification was granted by the Circuit Court in February , 2009 . The defendant is currently appealing the Class Certification Order . Another example can be seen with a restaurant transaction . If an individual spends $40 at a meal , the server does not know how large a tip they will leave if they choose to leave one on the card . The restaurant 's credit card terminal is typically set to authorize a larger amount , such as 20 % above the cost of the meal , but the transaction will settle for the actual total including the actual tip written on the receipt . Some restaurants will authorize just the amount of the bill , but the transaction will settle higher with the tip included . This type of settlement ( for an amount higher than the authorized amount ) is only possible when the original authorization was executed with a specific merchant category code ( hospitality ) . It is not possible in eCommerce or retail environments . Acquiring banks sometimes forbid the practice of preauthorizing an amount including a tip , but will guarantee settlement of the amount authorized , plus 15 or 20 % . Other businesses that may settle transactions for different amounts than those originally authorized include hotels and car rental agencies . The final cost of these transactions can be extremely unpredictable from unforeseen extras such as room service charges , refuelling charges , or longer stays . Those companies typically place a hold on the customer 's credit card at the beginning of the transaction for the estimated total , plus a percentage or a fixed cash amount ( such as the estimated rental charges , plus 15 % or $250 ) . The establishments usually do not settle the transactions until after the customer has checked out or returned the rental car . Some hotels and car rental agencies do not accept Visa or MasterCard - branded debit cards , as the authorization holds can expire before the transaction is settled . Additionally , some agencies use the requirement of a credit card as a tool to screen high - risk customers , as credit cards usually require a good credit history , and all that is needed for a debit card is a checking account . Another example of a transaction that may settle for an amount different from the amount authorized is a transaction incurred in a currency different from the currency in which the card is denominated . The final , settled , transaction amount will be based on the exchange rate in effect on the settlement date . Since that rate is generally not known at the time of authorization , the banks will use an estimated amount based on the exchange rate at the time of authorization . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Christopher Solomon . `` Hosed at the gas pump -- by your debit card '' . MSNBC . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ For an example , see the section entitled I have been charged for my order but it has n't been dispatched at http://www.bbcshop.com/scat/faq . Jump up ^ Snopes.com . Station Break , by Barbara and David Mikkelson. April 24 , 2005 , retrieved September 27 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Grillasca & Mayzik v. Hess Corp. , Sixth Judicial Circuit Court in and for Pinellas County , Fl . Case Number : 07 - 011610 - CJ - 21 External links ( edit ) Visa International Operating Regulations Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Authorization_hold&oldid=840666203 '' Categories : Banking terms Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from March 2016 Vague or ambiguous time from May 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia עברית 日本 語 Polski Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 11 May 2018 , at 10 : 21 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authorization%20hold
| 2,045 |
who created the people's republic of china
|
The history of the People 's Republic of China details the history of mainland China since October 1 , 1949 , when , after a near complete victory by the Communist Party of China ( CPC ) in the Chinese Civil War , Mao Zedong proclaimed the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) from atop Tiananmen . The PRC has for several decades been synonymous with China , but it is only the most recent political entity to govern mainland China , preceded by the Republic of China ( ROC ) and thousands of years of imperial dynasties .
|
Mao Zedong
|
History of the People 's Republic of China
|
history of the people's republic of china
|
The history of the People 's Republic of China details the history of mainland China since October 1 , 1949 , when , after a near complete victory by the Communist Party of China ( CPC ) in the Chinese Civil War , Mao Zedong proclaimed the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) from atop Tiananmen . The PRC has for several decades been synonymous with China , but it is only the most recent political entity to govern mainland China , preceded by the Republic of China ( ROC ) and thousands of years of imperial dynasties .
|
Contents 1 1949 -- 1976 : Socialist transformation under Mao Zedong 2 1976 -- 1989 : Rise of Deng Xiaoping and economic reforms 3 1989 -- 2002 : Economic growth under the third generation 4 2002 -- present 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 7.1 Historiography 8 External links 1949 -- 1976 : socialist transformation under Mao Zedong ( edit ) Main article : History of the People 's Republic of China ( 1949 -- 1976 ) Following the Chinese Civil War and the victory of Mao Zedong 's Communist forces over the Kuomintang forces of Generalissimo Chiang Kai - shek , who fled to Taiwan , Mao declared the founding of the People 's Republic of China on October 1 , 1949 . Mao 's first goal was a total overhaul of the land ownership system , and extensive land reforms . China 's old system of gentry landlord ownership of farmland and tenant peasants was replaced with a distribution system in favor of poor / landless peasants which significantly reduced economic inequality . Over a million landlords were executed . In Zhangzhuangcun , in the more thoroughly reformed north of the country , most `` landlords '' and `` rich peasants '' had lost all their land and often their lives or had fled . All formerly landless workers had received land , which eliminated this category altogether . As a result , `` middling peasants , '' who now accounted for 90 percent of the village population , owned 90.8 percent of the land . Mao laid heavy theoretical emphasis on class struggle , and in 1953 began various campaigns to persecute former landlords and merchants , including the execution of more powerful landlords . Drug trafficking in the country as well as foreign investment were largely wiped out . Mao believed that socialism would eventually triumph over all other ideologies , and following the First Five - Year Plan based on a Soviet - style centrally controlled economy , Mao took on the ambitious project of the Great Leap Forward in 1958 , beginning an unprecedented process of collectivization in rural areas . Mao urged the use of communally organized iron smelters to increase steel production , pulling workers off of agricultural labor to the point that large amounts of crops rotted unharvested . Mao decided to continue to advocate these smelters despite a visit to a factory steel mill which proved to him that high quality steel could only be produced in a factory . He thought that ending the program would dampen peasant enthusiasm for his political mobilization , the Great Leap Forward . The implementation of Maoist thought in China may have been responsible for over 40 -- 70 million deaths including famine during peacetime , with the Great Leap Forward , Anti-Rightist Campaign of 1957 -- 1958 , and the Cultural Revolution . Millions died from both executions and forced labour . Because of Mao 's land reforms during the Great Leap Forward , which resulted in massive famines , thirty million perished between 1958 and 1961 . By the end of 1961 the birth rate was nearly cut in half because of malnutrition . Active campaigns , including party purges and `` reeducation '' resulted in the imprisonment or execution of those deemed to hold views contrary to Maoist ideals . Mao 's failure with the Leap reduced his power in government , whose administrative duties fell to Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping . To impose socialist orthodoxy and rid China of `` old elements '' , and at the same time serving certain political goals , Mao began the Cultural Revolution in May 1966 . The campaign was far reaching into all aspects of Chinese life . Red Guards terrorized the streets as many ordinary citizens were deemed counter-revolutionaries . Education and public transportation came to a nearly complete halt . Daily life involved shouting slogans and reciting Mao quotations . Many prominent political leaders , including Liu and Deng , were purged and deemed `` capitalist - roaders '' . The campaign would not come to a complete end until the death of Mao in 1976 . Supporters of the Maoist Era claim that under Mao , China 's unity and sovereignty was assured for the first time in a century , and there was development of infrastructure , industry , healthcare , education ( only 20 % of the population could read in 1949 , compared to 65.5 % thirty years later ) , which raised standard of living for the average Chinese . They also claimed that campaigns such as the Great Leap Forward -- an example of the concept New Democracy -- and the Cultural Revolution were essential in jumpstarting China 's development and `` purifying '' its culture . Others claim that though the consequences of both these campaigns were economically and humanly disastrous , they left behind a `` clean slate '' on which later economic progress could be built . Supporters often also doubt statistics or accounts given for death tolls or other damages incurred by Mao 's campaigns , attributing the high death toll to natural disasters , famine , or other consequences of political chaos during the rule of Chiang Kai - shek . 1976 -- 1989 : rise of Deng Xiaoping and economic reforms ( edit ) Main article : History of the People 's Republic of China ( 1976 -- 1989 ) Mao Zedong 's death was followed by a power struggle between the Gang of Four , Hua Guofeng , and eventually Deng Xiaoping . Deng would maneuver himself to the top of China 's leadership by 1980 . At the Third Plenum of the Eleventh National Party Congress Central Committee , Deng embarked China on the road to Economic Reforms and Openness ( 改革 开放 Gaige Kaifang ) , policies that began with the de-collectivization of the countryside , followed with industrial reforms aimed at decentralizing government controls in the industrial sector . A major document presented at the September 1979 Fourth Plenum , gave a `` preliminary assessment '' of the entire 30 - year period of Communist rule . At the plenum , party Vice Chairman Ye Jianying declared the Cultural Revolution `` an appalling catastrophe '' and `` the most severe setback to ( the ) socialist cause since ( 1949 ) . '' The Chinese government 's condemnation of the Cultural Revolution culminated in the Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party Since the Founding of the People 's Republic of China , adopted by the Sixth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China . This stated that `` Comrade Mao Zedong was a great Marxist and a great proletarian revolutionary , strategist and theorist . It is true that he made gross mistakes during the `` cultural revolution '' , but , if we judge his activities as a whole , his contributions to the Chinese revolution far outweigh his mistakes . His merits are primary and his errors secondary . '' On the subject of Mao 's legacy Deng coined the famous phrase `` 7 parts good , 3 parts bad '' and avoided denouncing Mao altogether . Deng championed the idea of Special Economic Zones ( SEZs ) , areas where foreign investment would be allowed to pour in without strict government restraint and regulations , running on a basically capitalist system . Deng laid emphasis on light industry as a stepping stone to the development of heavy industries . Supporters of the economic reforms point to the rapid development of the consumer and export sectors of the economy , the creation of an urban middle class that now constitutes 15 % of the population , higher living standards ( which is shown via dramatic increases in GDP per capita , consumer spending , life expectancy , literacy rate , and total grain output ) and a much wider range of personal rights and freedoms for average Chinese as evidence of the success of the reforms . Although standards of living improved significantly in the 1980s , Deng 's reforms were not without criticism . Hard - liners asserted that Deng opened China once again to various social evils , and an overall increase in materialistic thinking , while liberals attacked Deng 's unrelenting stance on political reform . Liberal forces began gathering in different forms to protest against the Party 's authoritarian leadership . In 1989 , the death of Hu Yaobang , a liberal figure , triggered weeks of spontaneous protests in the Tiananmen Square . The government imposed martial law and sent in tanks and soldiers to suppress the demonstrations . Western countries and multilateral organizations briefly suspended their formal ties with China 's government under Premier Li Peng 's leadership , which was directly responsible for the military curfew and bloody crackdown . Critics of the economic reforms , both in China and abroad , claim that the reforms have caused wealth disparity , environmental pollution , rampant corruption , widespread unemployment associated with layoffs at inefficient state - owned enterprises , and has introduced often unwelcome cultural influences . Consequently , they believe that China 's culture has been corrupted , the poor have been reduced to a hopeless abject underclass , and that the social stability is threatened . They are also of the opinion that various political reforms , such as moves towards popular elections , have been unfairly nipped in the bud . Regardless of either view , today , the public perception of Mao has improved at least superficially ; images of Mao and Mao related objects have become fashionable , commonly used on novelty items and even as talismans . However , the path of modernization and market - oriented economic reforms that China started since the early 1980s appears to be fundamentally unchallenged . Even critics of China 's market reforms do not wish to see a backtrack of these two decades of reforms , but rather propose corrective measures to offset some of the social issues caused by existing reforms . In 1979 , the Chinese government instituted a one child policy to try to control its rapidly increasing population . The controversial policy resulted in a dramatic decrease in child poverty . The law currently applies to about a third of mainland Chinese , with plans in place to ease it to a two - child limit . The achievements of Lee Kuan Yew to create an economic superpower in Singapore had a profound effect on the Communist leadership in China . They made a major effort , especially under Deng Xiaoping , to emulate his policies of economic growth , entrepreneurship , and subtle suppression of dissent . Over 22,000 Chinese officials were sent to Singapore to study its methods . 1989 -- 2002 : economic growth under the third generation ( edit ) Main article : History of the People 's Republic of China ( 1989 -- 2002 ) After the events at Tiananmen , Deng Xiaoping retired from public view . While keeping ultimate control , power was passed onto the third generation of leadership led by Jiang Zemin , who was hailed as its `` core '' . Economic growth , despite foreign trade embargoes , returned to a fast pace by the mid-1990s . Jiang 's macroeconomic reforms furthered Deng 's vision for `` Socialism with Chinese Characteristics '' . At the same time , Jiang 's period saw a continued rise in social corruption in all areas of life . Unemployment skyrocketed as unprofitable SOE 's were closed to make way for more competitive ventures , internally and abroad . The ill - equipped social welfare system was put on a serious test . Jiang also laid heavy emphasis on scientific and technological advancement in areas such as space exploration . To sustain vast human consumption , the Three Gorges Dam was built , attracting supporters and widespread criticism . Environmental pollution became a very serious problem as Beijing was frequently hit by sandstorms as a result of desertification . The 1990s saw two foreign colonies returned to China , Hong Kong from Britain in 1997 , and Macau from Portugal in 1999 . Hong Kong and Macau mostly continued their own governance , retaining independence in their economic , social , and judicial systems . Jiang and President Clinton exchanged state visits , but Sino - American relations took very sour turns at the end of the decade . On May 7 , 1999 , during the Kosovo War , US aircraft bombed the Chinese embassy in Belgrade . The U.S. government claimed the strike was due to bad intelligence and false target identification . Inside the US , the Cox Report stated that China had been stealing various top US military secrets . In 2001 , a US surveillance plane collided with a Chinese fighter jet over international waters near Hainan , inciting further outrage with the Chinese public , already dissatisfied with the US . On the political agenda , China was once again put on the spotlight for the banning of public Falun Gong activity in 1999 . Silent protesters from the spiritual movement sat outside of Zhongnanhai , asking for dialogue with China 's leaders . Jiang saw it as threatening to the political situation and outlawed the group altogether , while using the mass media to denounce it as an evil cult . Conversely , Premier Zhu Rongji 's economic policies held China 's economy strong during the Asian Financial Crisis . Economic growth averaged at 8 % annually , pushed back by the 1998 Yangtze River Floods . After a decade of talks , China was finally admitted into the World Trade Organization . Standards of living improved significantly , although a wide urban - rural wealth gap was opened , as China saw the reappearance of the middle class . Wealth disparity between East and the Western hinterlands continued to widen by the day , prompting government programs to `` develop the West '' , taking on such ambitious projects such as the Qinghai - Tibet Railway . The burden of education was greater than ever . Rampant corruption continued despite Premier Zhu 's anti-corruption campaign that executed many officials . 2002 -- present ( edit ) Main article : History of the People 's Republic of China ( 2002 -- present ) The first major issue faced by China in the 21st century as a new generation of leaders led by Hu Jintao after assuming power was the public health crisis involving SARS , an illness that seemed to have originated out of Guangdong province . China 's position in the war on terror drew the country closer diplomatically to the United States . The economy continues to grow in double - digit numbers as the development of rural areas became the major focus of government policy . In gradual steps to consolidate his power , Hu Jintao removed Shanghai Party Chief Chen Liangyu and other potential political opponents amidst the fight against corruption , and the ongoing struggle against once powerful Shanghai clique . The assertion of the Scientific Perspective to create a Socialist Harmonious Society is the focus of the Hu - Wen administration , as some Jiang - era excesses are slowly reversed . In the years after Hu 's rise to power , respect of basic human rights in China continue to be a source of concern . The political status and future of Taiwan remain uncertain , but steps have been taken to improving relations between the Communist Party and several of Taiwan 's parties that hold a less antagonistic view towards China , notably former rival Kuomintang . The continued economic growth of the country as well as its sporting power status gained China the right to host the 2008 Summer Olympics . However , this also put Hu 's administration under intense spotlight . While the 2008 Olympic was commonly understood to be a come - out party for People 's Republic of China , in light of the March 2008 Tibet protests , the government received heavy scrutiny . The Olympic torch was met with protest en route . Within the country these reactions were met with a fervent wave of nationalism with accusations of Western bias against China . In May 2008 , a massive earthquake registering 8.0 on the Richter scale hit Sichuan province of China , exacting a death toll officially estimated at approximately 70,000 . The government responded more quickly than it did with previous events , and has allowed foreign media access to the regions that were hit the hardest . The adequacy of the government response was generally praised , and the relief efforts extended to every corner of Chinese life . In May and June 2008 , heavy rains in southern China caused severe flooding in the provinces of Anhui , Hunan , Jiangxi , Fujian and Guangdong , with dozens of fatalities and over a million people forced to evacuate . As of 2009 China has increased its internet monitoring capabilities by adding hundreds of new monitoring stations . See also ( edit ) History of China History of the Republic of China History of Hong Kong History of Macau Dynasties in Chinese History Economic History of China Historiography of China History of Chinese Art History of Education in China History of Science and Technology in China Legal History of China Linguistic History of China Military history of China Naval History of China Timeline of Chinese history References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stephen Rosskamm Shalom . Deaths in China Due to Communism . Center for Asian Studies Arizona State University , 1984 . ISBN 0 - 939252 - 11 - 2 pg 24 Jump up ^ The Great Leveler : Violence and the History of Inequality from the Stone Age to the Twenty - First Century , Walter Scheidel , 2017 Jump up ^ Fenby , J ( 2008 ) . Modern China : The Fall and Rise of a Great Power , 1850 to the Present . Ecco Press . p. 351 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 166116 - 3 . Mao 's responsibility for the extinction of anywhere from 40 to 70 million lives brands him as a mass killer greater than Hitler or Stalin , his indifference to the suffering and the loss of humans breathtaking Jump up ^ Teiwes , Frederick C. , and Warren Sun . 1999 . China 's road to disaster : Mao , central politicians , and provincial leaders in the unfolding of the great leap forward , 1955 -- 1959 . Contemporary China papers . Armonk , N.Y. : M.E. Sharpe . pp. 52 -- 55 . Jump up ^ MacFarquhar , Roderick . 1974 . The origins of the Cultural Revolution . London : Published for Royal Institute of International Affairs , East Asian Institute of Columbia University and Research Institute on Communist Affairs of Columbia by Oxford University Press . p 4 . Jump up ^ Link , Perry ( July 18 , 2007 ) . `` Legacy Of a Maoist Injustice '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Galtung , Marte Kjær ; Stenslie , Stig ( 2014 ) . 49 Myths about China . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 189 . ISBN 978 - 1442236226 . Jump up ^ Meisner , M. ( 1999 ) . China 's Communist revolution : A half - century perspective . Current history ( New York , N.Y. : 1941 ) . 98 . 246 . Jump up ^ Poon , Leon . `` The People 's Republic Of China : IV '' . History of China . Retrieved April 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sixth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China ( June 27 , 1981 ) . `` Comrade Mao Zedong 's Historical Role and Mao Zedong Thought -- Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party Since the Founding of the People 's Republic of China ( abridged ) '' . Communist Party of China . Retrieved April 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Malcolm Moore ( 15 November 2013 ) . `` China to ease one - child policy '' . Telegraph . Retrieved 26 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` China 's two - child policy will underwhelm '' . The Economist. 31 October 2015 . Retrieved 23 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Chris Buckley , `` In Lee Kuan Yew , China Saw a Leader to Emulate , '' New York Times March 23 , 2015 Further reading ( edit ) Lynch , Michael . Access to History : Mao 's China 1936 -- 97 ( 3rd ed . Hachette UK , 2015 ) Historiography ( edit ) Eben V. Racknitz , Ines . `` Repositioning History for the Future -- Recent Academic Debates in China '' History Compass ( 2014 ) 12 # 6 pp. 465 -- 472 . Finnane , Antonia . `` Reinventing Modern China : Imagination and Authenticity in Chinese Historical Writing . '' Asian Studies Review 39 # 1 ( 2015 ) : 163 -- 164 . Longxi , Zhang . `` Re-conceptualizing China in our Time : From a Chinese Perspective . '' European Review 23 # 2 ( 2015 ) : 193 -- 209 . Unger , Jonathan . Using the Past to Serve the Present : Historiography and Politics in Contemporary China ( Routledge , 2015 ) External links ( edit ) Cold War International History Project : Document Collection on China in the Cold War `` Rethinking ' Capitalist Restoration ' in China '' by Yiching Wu Peoples Republic of China by P.M. Calabrese China Timeline : A Chronology of Key Events in China by Gerhard K. Heilig China from the Inside -- 2006 PBS documentary . KQED Public Television and Granada Television for PBS , Granada International and the BBC . Map of situation in East Asia at the time of declaration of the People 's Republic of China ( omniatlas.com ) China articles History China timeline Ancient China ( outline ) ( 2070 -- 221 BCE ) Imperial China ( 221 BCE -- 1911 CE ) Republic of China ( 1912 -- 1949 ) People 's Republic of China − PRC PRC 1949 -- 76 PRC 1976 -- 89 PRC 1989 -- 2002 PRC since 2002 Years in the PRC Geography Natural environment Overviews Borders Extreme points Geology Natural disasters Regions East Northeast North South Central Central South Western Northwest Southwest Terrain Bays Canyons Caves Deserts Grasslands Hills Islands Mountains ranges passes Peninsulas Northeast / North / Central Plains Valleys Volcanoes Water Canals Lakes Rivers Waterfalls Wetlands Water resources Seas Bohai Yellow East China South China Reserves Protected areas National parks Nature reserves UNESCO Biosphere Reserves Wildlife Fauna Flora Government Politics Economy Government and politics Civil service Constitution Elections Environmental policy Foreign relations Military ( People 's Liberation Army ) National People 's Congress Standing Committee National security Political parties and movements Communist Party General Secretary Politburo Democratic Parties Anti-democratisation Pro-democratisation President Vice President State Council Premier Vice Premier Administrative divisions Baseline islands Border crossings Cities Province - level subdivisions Law Judicial system Human rights LGBT Law enforcement Nationality law Penal system Economy Agriculture Banking Central bank Economic history Energy Petroleum industry Renewable energy Finance system Foreign aid received Foreign aid program Historical GDP International rankings Poverty Reform Renminbi ( currency ) Science and technology history Special Economic Zones ( SEZs ) Standard of living Telecommunications Tourism AAAAA Tourist Attractions of China Transport airports ports and harbors People Society Culture People Demographics Emigration Ethnic groups Internal migration Statistics Urbanization Society Anthem Chinese Dream Corruption Crime Emblem Education universities Flag `` Generation Y '' Harmonious Socialist Society HIV / AIDS Intellectualism Languages Poverty Public health food safety incidents Public holidays Rural life Sexuality Socialism with Chinese characteristics Social issues Social relations Social structure Social welfare Suicide Terrorism Time zones Urban life Water supply and sanitation Women Xiaokang ( middle - class ) Primary stage of socialism Culture Archaeology Archives Art Cinema Cuisine Dance Gardens Libraries Literature Martial arts Media newspapers radio television Music Parks Philosophy Religion Smoking Sports Tea culture Tourism Variety arts World Heritage Sites Index Portal History of Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau History portal China portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China&oldid=855289751 '' Categories : History of the People 's Republic of China Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2011 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiversity Languages Asturianu Čeština Dansk Español Esperanto Euskara Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia עברית Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 August 2018 , at 07 : 07 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20People%2527s%20Republic%20of%20China
| 2,046 |
my country tis of thee song and lyrics
|
My country , ' Tis of thee
|
my country,'tis of thee
|
`` My Country , ' Tis of Thee '' , also known as `` America '' , is an American patriotic song , whose lyrics were written by Samuel Francis Smith . The melody used is the same as that of the national anthem of the United Kingdom , `` God Save the Queen '' , arranged by Thomas Arne . The song served as one of the de facto national anthems of the United States ( along with songs like `` Hail , Columbia '' ) before the adoption of `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' as the official U.S. national anthem in 1931 .
|
`` My Country , ' Tis of Thee '' Piano and violin arrangement of `` My Country , ' Tis of Thee '' Problems playing this file ? See media help . Contents 1 History 2 Lyrics 3 Notable performances 4 See also 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 External links History ( edit ) Samuel Francis Smith wrote the lyrics to `` My Country ' Tis of Thee '' in 1831 , while he was a student at the Andover Theological Seminary in Andover , Massachusetts . His friend Lowell Mason had asked him to translate the lyrics in some German school songbooks or to write new lyrics . A melody in Muzio Clementi 's Symphony No. 3 ( also called ' The Great National ' and contains the melody of ' God Save the Queen ' as a tribute to Clementi 's adopted country ) caught his attention . Rather than translating the lyrics from German , Smith wrote his own American patriotic hymn to the melody , completing the lyrics in thirty minutes . Smith gave Mason the lyrics he had written and the song was first performed in public on July 4 , 1831 , at a children 's Independence Day celebration at Park Street Church in Boston . First publication of `` America '' was in 1832 . Lyrics ( edit ) My country , ' tis of thee , Sweet land of liberty , Of thee I sing ; Land where my fathers died , Land of the pilgrims ' pride , From ev'ry mountainside Let freedom ring ! My native country , thee , Land of the noble free , Thy name I love ; I love thy rocks and rills , Thy woods and templed hills ; My heart with rapture thrills , Like that above . Let music swell the breeze , And ring from all the trees Sweet freedom 's song ; Let mortal tongues awake ; Let all that breathe partake ; Let rocks their silence break , The sound prolong . Our fathers ' God to Thee , Author of liberty , To Thee we sing . Long may our land be bright , With freedom 's holy light , Protect us by Thy might , Great God our King . Additional verse to celebrate Washington 's Centennial : 5 Our joyful hearts today , Their grateful tribute pay , Happy and free , After our toils and fears , After our blood and tears , Strong with our hundred years , O God , to Thee . Additional verses by Henry van Dyke : 6 We love thine inland seas , Thy groves and giant trees , Thy rolling plains ; Thy rivers ' mighty sweep , Thy mystic canyons deep , Thy mountains wild and steep , -- All thy domains . 7 Thy silver Eastern strands , Thy Golden Gate that stands Fronting the West ; Thy flowery Southland fair , Thy North 's sweet , crystal air : O Land beyond compare , We love thee best ! Additional Abolitionist verses by A.G. Duncan , 1843 : 8 My country , ' tis of thee , Stronghold of slavery , of thee I sing ; Land where my fathers died , Where men man 's rights deride , From every mountainside thy deeds shall ring ! 9 My native country , thee , Where all men are born free , if white 's their skin ; I love thy hills and dales , Thy mounts and pleasant vales ; But hate thy negro sales , as foulest sin . 10 Let wailing swell the breeze , And ring from all the trees the black man 's wrong ; Let every tongue awake ; Let bond and free partake ; Let rocks their silence break , the sound prolong . 11 Our father 's God ! to thee , Author of Liberty , to thee we sing ; Soon may our land be bright , With holy freedom 's right , Protect us by thy might , Great God , our King . 12 It comes , the joyful day , When tyranny 's proud sway , stern as the grave , Shall to the ground be hurl 'd , And freedom 's flag , unfurl 'd , Shall wave throughout the world , O'er every slave . 13 Trump of glad jubilee ! Echo o'er land and sea freedom for all . Let the glad tidings fly , And every tribe reply , `` Glory to God on high , '' at Slavery 's fall . Notable performances ( edit ) Aretha Franklin at the first inauguration of Barack Obama Marian Anderson performed the song at the Lincoln Memorial on Easter Sunday , April 9 , 1939 . Martin Luther King , Jr. recited the first verse of the song toward the end of his famous `` I Have a Dream '' speech at the Lincoln Memorial during the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom on August 28 , 1963 . Cary Grant and Jim Hutton sang the first verse in the 1966 film Walk , Do n't Run , while simultaneously Grant and Samantha Eggar sang `` God Save the Queen '' . Crosby , Stills & Nash performed the song on the first episode of The Tonight Show with Jay Leno to air after the September 11 attacks in 2001 . On January 20 , 2009 , Aretha Franklin sang the song at the first inauguration of President Barack Obama . On January 21 , 2013 , Kelly Clarkson sang the song at the second inauguration of President Barack Obama . The Doors used a guitar riff of the song at the beginning of their song `` L.A. Woman '' on the 40th anniversary editions of L.A. Woman in 2001 and on The Very Best of The Doors 2007 re-release . Madonna and Steven Klein sing some verses of the song in their Secret Project video . Dan Berggren updated lyrics in 2004 , slanted towards the environment and freedom . It appears as `` From Every Mountain Side '' on the 2006 Sleeping Giant Records album Fresh Territory . Alec Benjamin sings the first two lines of the song in his song titled `` 1994 '' . It was played at Senator John McCain 's funeral service at the Washington National Cathedral on Sep 1 , 2018 . See also ( edit ) Other anthems set to the same music : `` God Save the Queen '' `` Heil dir im Siegerkranz '' `` Kongesangen '' `` Oben am jungen Rhein '' `` The Prayer of Russians '' `` Rufst du , mein Vaterland '' And variations : Variations on `` America '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Public domain , taken from here Archived 2009 - 11 - 05 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` My Country , ' Tis of Thee '' . The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Snyder , Lois Leo ( 1990 ) . Encyclopedia of Nationalism . Paragon House . p. 13 . ISBN 1 - 55778 - 167 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Garraty , John A. & Carnes , Mark C. , eds. ( 1999 ) . American National Biography. 20 . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 281 . Jump up ^ Andrews , E. Benjamin ( 1912 ) . History of the United States . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . Jump up ^ Jarius Lincoln , ( ed . ) Antislavery Melodies : for The Friends of Freedom . Prepared for the Hingham Antislavery Society . Words by A.G. Duncan . ( Hingham , ( Mass . ) : Elijah B. Gill , 1843 ) , Hymn 17 6s & 4s ( Tune -- `` America '' ) pp. 28 -- 29 . Some of these verses can be heard in the Arizona State University recording of the Antislavery Ensemble . Jump up ^ Hansen , Drew D. ( 2003 ) . The Dream : Martin Luther King , Jr. and the Speech that Inspired a Nation . New York , NY : Harper Collins . p. 83 . Jump up ^ Keveney , Bill ( September 19 , 2001 ) . `` Audience identifies with low - key Leno '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Art For Freedom . `` Art For Freedom '' . Art For Freedom . Jump up ^ Dan Berggren ( 2004 ) . `` From Every Mountainside '' . soundcloud.com . Jump up ^ Bibliography ( edit ) Collins , Ace ( 2003 ) . Songs Sung , Red , White , and Blue : The Stories Behind America 's Best - Loved Patriotic Songs . HarperResource . ISBN 0060513047 . Music , David M. ; Richardson , Paul A. ( 2008 ) . I Will Sing the Wondrous Story : A History of Baptist Hymnody in North America . Macon , Georgia : Mercer University Press . ISBN 0865549486 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : America ( Smith ) Page about the song at the Library of Congress , with scans , etc . Public Domain version of the sheet music in multiple formats for viewing , printing , editing , etc. -- ( from the Choral Public Domain Library ) Review of a book about the song from the Journal of American History CyberHymnal -- contains history , lyrics , and infinitely - looping MIDI music . `` America . The American national hymn '' . New International Encyclopedia . 1905 . National symbols of the United States Symbols Flag of the United States Seal of the United States Bald eagle Uncle Sam Columbia Phrygian cap General Grant ( tree ) American 's Creed Pledge of Allegiance Rose Oak American bison Songs `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' `` Dixie '' `` America the Beautiful '' `` The Stars and Stripes Forever '' `` Hail to the Chief '' `` Hail , Columbia '' `` My Country , ' Tis of Thee '' `` God Bless America '' `` Lift Every Voice and Sing '' `` The Army Goes Rolling Along '' `` Anchors Aweigh '' `` Marines ' Hymn '' `` Semper Fidelis '' `` The Air Force Song '' `` Semper Paratus '' `` National Emblem '' `` The Washington Post March '' `` Battle Hymn of the Republic '' `` Yankee Doodle '' `` You 're a Grand Old Flag '' `` When Johnny Comes Marching Home '' `` This Land Is Your Land '' Mottos In God We Trust E Pluribus Unum Novus ordo seclorum Annuit cœptis Landmarks Statue of Liberty ( Liberty Enlightening the World ) Liberty Bell Mount Rushmore National Mall West Potomac Park Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=My_Country,_%27Tis_of_Thee&oldid=861087938 '' Categories : 1831 songs American patriotic songs Historical national anthems North American anthems Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deitsch Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Lumbaart Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Slovenčina 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2018 , at 00 : 55 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My%20Country%2C%20%2527Tis%20of%20Thee
| 2,047 |
||
where are they now i love new york season 1
|
Tiffany Pollard
|
tiffany pollard
|
Tiffany Pollard ( born January 6 , 1982 ) , sometimes known by her nickname New York , is an American reality television personality and actress . She first achieved public recognition for her participation in VH1 's Flavor of Love and I Love New York .
|
Pollard was given the nickname `` New York '' by rapper Flavor Flav . She is also known colloquially by her self - proclaimed nickname , the `` HBIC ( Head Bitch In Charge ) '' , which she exclaimed in the Flavor of Love series to taunt her competitors . In 2016 , Pollard took part in the British television series Celebrity Big Brother , finishing in fourth place . She was a cast member in the reality television series The Next : 15 . She and her mother were main cast members in the first season of the reality show Family Therapy with Dr. Jenn . On November 3 , 2016 , it was announced that she joined the second season of E ! reality show Famously Single . Contents ( hide ) 1 Personal life 2 Television appearances 2.1 2006 : Breakthrough with Flavor of Love 2.1. 1 Flavor of Love 2.1. 2 Flavor of Love 2 2.2 2007 -- 2009 : VH1 Spinoffs 2.2. 1 I Love New York 2.2. 2 I Love New York 2 2.2. 3 New York Goes to Hollywood 2.2. 4 New York Goes to Work 2.2. 5 I Love New York 3 2.3 2015 -- present : Reality television comeback 3 Acting career 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Theater 5 References 6 External links Personal life ( edit ) Pollard was born in Utica , New York to Michelle Rothschild - Patterson ( also known as `` Sister Patterson '' ) and Alex Pollard . Pollard has used the surnames of both her parents , who are unmarried . She attended John F. Kennedy Middle School and graduated from Thomas R. Proctor High School . Pollard was engaged to I Love New York season 1 winner Patrick `` Tango '' Hunter for a six - month period until Hunter called off the engagement on the reunion show . She was also engaged to George `` Tailor Made '' Weisgerber , the winner of I Love New York 2 . On September 8 , 2008 , she announced on episode 6 of her show , New York Goes to Hollywood , that she had officially separated from Weisgerber . In an episode of Brunch with Tiffany , Pollard revealed that she has bipolar disorder . Television appearances ( edit ) 2006 : breakthrough with Flavor of Love ( edit ) Flavor of Love ( edit ) Main article : Flavor of Love ( season 1 ) Pollard clashed with virtually all the other contestants . Although these feuds were , in general , nothing more than screaming matches , an incident in the penultimate episode of season one led to violence . After her elimination , an outraged Brooke `` Pumkin '' Thompson spat on Pollard after the two had exchanged words . Pollard vowed to `` whoop Pumkin 's ass '' , and attempted to do so at the season one reunion . The moment was rated number one on various VH1 and MTV reality show specials , including VH1 's 20 Greatest Celebreality Fights . The final two contestants journeyed to Puerto Vallarta , Mexico where Flavor Flav chose Nicole `` Hoopz '' Alexander over Pollard , to be his mate . Flavor of Love 2 ( edit ) Main article : Flavor of Love ( season 2 ) After his relationship did not work out with Alexander , Flavor Flav chose to do a second season of his dating show and invited Pollard to help him eliminate contestants halfway through the season . She agreed and was later added as a participant . In the finale , Flav chose Deelishis over Pollard . Pollard verbally fought with Flav in the season finale , asking why he had brought her back only to be ultimately eliminated . However , the two announced on the Flavor of Love : After the Lovin reunion show that aired October 28 , 2006 , that they would remain friends . 2007 -- 2009 : VH1 spinoffs ( edit ) I Love New York ( edit ) Main article : I Love New York ( season 1 ) I Love New York was Tiffany Pollard 's first reality television series on VH1 . The series is a spin - off of another relationship competition series , the Flavor of Love , which featured Pollard as a finalist in two consecutive seasons . In July 2006 , VH1 published a casting call for contestants for a new series tentatively titled The Flavorette . Various blogs speculated that the star of this program could be Flavor of Love season 1 contestant Rain , Hoopz ( Nicole Alexander ) or Pollard . Before the season 2 Flavor of Love finale , Pollard denied having her own show but after the finale aired , she confirmed she was the `` Flavorette '' and that she was already down to the final three contestants . The show premiered on Monday , January 8 , 2007 and was the most - watched series debut in VH1 history with 4.426 million viewers . Its season 1 finale brought in 4.8 M million viewers and its reunion show ratings held 5.01 million viewers . Spin - offs from the series include I Love Money , New York Goes to Hollywood , Real Chance of Love , New York Goes to Work , and Frank the Entertainer in a Basement Affair . I Love New York 2 ( edit ) Main article : I Love New York ( season 2 ) I Love New York 2 premiered October 8 , 2007 on VH1 . In the finale of I Love New York 2 , contestant `` Tailor Made '' ( real name George Weisgerber ) proposed to Pollard , but was turned down . The finale earned 5.4 million viewers . During the I Love New York 2 reunion special , Tailor Made proposed a second time and Pollard accepted . The reunion special earned 4.86 million viewers . New York Goes to Hollywood ( edit ) Main article : New York Goes to Hollywood New York Goes to Hollywood premiered August 4 , 2008 on VH1 . The eight episode season follows Pollard as she tries to establish herself as an actress in Hollywood , California . New York Goes to Work ( edit ) Main article : New York Goes to Work New York Goes to Work premiered on May 4 , 2009 . The reality show follows Pollard as she searches for a regular job . The jobs are selected by fans ( via text messaging ) from a list of three possible jobs for each episode . Pollard receives a $10,000 bonus each week if she is able to impress her employer . However , if she instead quits , fails or gets fired , she receives no bonus for the week . Altogether , Pollard wins $45000 , earning bonuses in 4 jobs ( in episodes 1 , 2 , 5 and 6 ) ; losing , failing in , or quitting 4 jobs ( in episodes 3 , 4 , 7 and 8 ) ; and coming to a draw in the season finale . At the end of the series , a mobile poll is presented giving three choices for New York 's next task , and the most votes are cast for I Love New York 3 . I Love New York 3 ( edit ) Production for I Love New York 3 was set to kick off sometime in the first quarter of 2010 ; however , prior to that time frame , VH1 requested immediate cancellation on the Celebreality franchise and shelved plans for I Love New York 3 . In the summer of 2011 , Pollard hinted that I Love New York 3 was cancelled due to the murder - suicide case of Ryan Jenkins , who was a former contestant of Megan Wants a Millionaire . 2015 -- present : reality television comeback ( edit ) On April 14 , 2015 , Pollard appeared on an episode of the E ! Network 's series , Botched , where she details her botched surgeries that have left her breasts sagging with extra skin . She appears on the show in hopes of getting them corrected , so she may resume her reality TV career . On January 5 , 2016 , Pollard entered the Celebrity Big Brother house in the United Kingdom to participate in the seventeenth season of the show . She was involved in an infamous misunderstanding in which Pollard believed that David Gest had died of cancer inside the house ; it subsequently turned out to be David Bowie that had died , the ex-husband of fellow housemate Angie Bowie . Throughout her time on the show , Pollard proved popular with the British public , and achieved the most votes to save over her fellow contestants on at least one occasion . On February 5 , Pollard made the final and came in fourth place - ranking higher than any other American female who had been on the show . Due to her popularity on the show , Pollard appeared in many UK publications including New ! magazine . She also became a regular fixture on the Big Brother spin off show Big Brother 's Bit on the Side during Big Brother 17 ( UK ) . In January 2016 , Pollard was announced as a main cast member on TV One 's The Next : 15 which premiered on February 10 , 2016 . In February 2016 , Pollard was announced as a cast member on the first season of Family Therapy with Dr. Jenn which premiered on March 16 , 2016 on VH1 . In August 2016 , it was announced that Pollard would host new gay dating show , The Ex in which she also served as executive producer . The show has n't been picked up by a network yet . On February 9 , 2017 , Tiffany 's VH1 digital series Brunch with Tiffany premiered . The series follows Tiffany as she informally interviews a celebrity guest over brunch . The pilot featured Real Housewives of New York star Sonja Morgan . In August 2017 , it was announced that Pollard would compete in the first season of VH1 's Scared Famous , which premiered on October 23 , 2017 . Several images and GIFs of Pollard , taken from her various VH1 appearances , have developed into internet memes on social network sites such as Tumblr and Twitter . A notable example includes `` New York on a Bed , '' which became a popular meme on Twitter used to express emotions of frustration and discomfort as well as moments of awkwardness . Acting career ( edit ) Pollard 's first movie role was in 2008 , in the comedy First Sunday . She appeared in a supporting role , acting alongside Ice Cube , Regina Hall , and C.J. Sanders . Pollard participated in a 2009 national tour of the Vagina Monologues with an all - black cast , most of whom are also former reality show contestants . Pollard has also appeared in a play called The Clean Up Woman in 2009 , and The Trial of The Chicago 7 in 2010 . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2008 First Sunday Client As Omunique 's Client 2014 The Shop Kiana Television ( edit ) Year Title Notes 2006 -- 2007 Flavor of Love Contestant and runner - up of first 2 seasons 2007 -- 2008 I Love New York Herself ; 2 seasons 2007 The Tyra Banks Show Guest Jimmy Kimmel Live Guest Maury Guest MTV 's Say What ? Karaoke Guest Nip / Tuck 1 episode , season 5 Flavor of Love Girls : Charm School 1 episode VH1 's 20 Greatest Celebreality Fights Commentary What Perez Sez 1 episode 2008 New York Goes to Hollywood Herself 2009 New York Goes to Work Herself 2011 Baggage Season 3 Episode 71 2012 DTLA Episode 3 and 4 Life After 1 episode 2013 That Sex Show Commentary 2015 Botched Herself ; 1 Episode Candidly Nicole Herself ; Season 2 Episode 8 2016 Celebrity Big Brother Housemate ; 4th place The Saturday Show Guest ; Interviewee - 6 February 2016 This Morning Guest ; Interviewee - 8 February 2016 The Next : 15 Cast member Family Therapy with Dr. Jenn Herself Steve Harvey Herself Up Late with Rylan Guest ; Interviewee Big Brother 's Bit on the Side Herself ; panellist 2017 Famously Single Herself Sharknado 5 Vega Scared Famous Herself ; contestant Theater ( edit ) Year Title Notes 2009 The Clean Up Woman The Trial of the Chicago 7 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Tiffany Pollard on IMDb Jump up ^ Breen , Matthew ( January 2007 ) . `` Who Loves You , Baby ? '' . Out . Retrieved January 13 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` CNY native Tiffany ' New York ' Pollard no longer ' Botched ' : ' The HBIC is back ' '' . The Post-Standard . Retrieved 12 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Flavor of Love : Boxin Each Other Out '' . TV.com . September 2006 . Retrieved June 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Ask New York -- More of Your Questions Answered '' . VH1 Blog . November 29 , 2007 . Retrieved 2009 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Daniels , Karu F. ( 2007 - 01 - 06 ) . `` Miss New York : Busting Loose , Part One '' . Black Voices . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ LaRue , William ( January 8 , 2007 ) . `` She loves VH1 ... and it loves her '' . The Post-Standard . Jump up ^ De Leon , Kris . ( April 17 , 2007 ) . `` I Love New York Star Rejected By Her Chosen Suitor '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` New York Goes to Hollywood : Episode 6 Extras '' . VH1 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ Bellino , Damian ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` Tiffany Pollard Gets Surprisingly Serious Revealing Her Bipolar Disorder to Sky on Brunch with Tiffany '' . VH1 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Flavor Of Love : The Spit Hits The Fan '' . VH1 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Flavor Of Love : Reunion Exclusives ! '' . VH1 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Caroline . ( March 13 , 2006 ) . `` A Dose of Reality : Flavor of Love -- Finale '' . The Trades . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ Kahn , Daniel . ( October 13 , 2006 ) . `` Feeling the Flavor '' . Brandeis Hoot . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Joal . ( October 18 , 2007 ) . `` A Deelishis Ratings Hit '' . E ! Online . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Flavor of Love 2 Finale : Belize in Love '' . VH1.com . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Flavor of Love 2 : After the Lovin ' '' . VH1.com . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` New York , White Rapper Make VH1 Sing '' . Multichannel News . January 11 , 2007 . Retrieved January 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` VH1 Premieres ' I Love New York 2 ' on Monday , October 8 AT 9PM '' . The Futon Critic . October 1 , 2007 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Don ( December 18 , 2007 ) . `` New York in Love , Tailor Made Suits VH1 Star '' . New York Post . Retrieved December 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Baker , K.C. `` I Love New York star engaged to Tailor Made '' . People . Retrieved December 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` New York Goes to Work , Comes Back to VH1 '' . VH1 . March 27 , 2009 . Retrieved March 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ New York Explains Why There Was n't Another `` Flavor of Love '' . YouTube . 1 June 2011 . Retrieved 12 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tiffany `` New York '' Pollard Returns On E ! Show `` Botched '' `` . BallerStatus.com. April 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Reality Star Tiffany New York Pollard Thinks Her Boobs Are Jacked Up -- See the Botched Sneak Peek ! on Botched '' . E ! Online . Retrieved 12 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tiffany Pollard is hysterical on CBB after thinking David Gest died '' . Jump up ^ Greenwood , Carl ( 5 February 2016 ) . `` Celebrity Big Brother winner announced '' . Jump up ^ `` ' The Next 15 ' Brings Your Favorite Reality Stars Back to TV in February '' . 8 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tiffany `` New York '' Pollard Set To Host New Gay Dating Show `` . Jump up ^ Slead , Evan ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` Tiffany ' New York ' Pollard is hosting a unique gay dating series '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tiffany Pollard Talks Plastic Surgery , Dating , and Lots of Sex with Sonja Morgan on Brunch with Tiffany '' . Jump up ^ Bellino , Damian . `` VH1 Announces Scared Famous Starring Tiffany Pollard , Drita D'Avanzo , Alaska Thunderf - uck , and More ! '' . VH1 News . Viacom International . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Who is CBB 2016 housemate Tiffany Pollard aka New York ? '' . 4 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The `` New York '' On A Bed Meme Is The Only Meme You Need This Summer `` . Jump up ^ Dehnart , Andy ( February 5 , 2009 ) . `` Reality Stars Will Perform in the Vagina Monologues '' . Reality Blurred . Jump up ^ West , Kelly ( December 3 , 2007 ) . `` New York Set To Guest Star On Nip / Tuck This Week '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ Sicha , Choire ( July 27 , 2008 ) . `` Sunday Conversation : Tiffany Pollard '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 14 . External links ( edit ) Tiffany Pollard on Twitter Tiffany Pollard on IMDb Tiffany Pollard at TV.com ( hide ) Flavor of Love Seasons Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 VIAF : 186938229 LCCN : n2011073856 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tiffany_Pollard&oldid=834326406 '' Categories : 1982 births Living people American film actresses African - American actresses American actresses African - American Christians Participants in American reality television series Flavor of Love People from Utica , New York Actresses from New York ( state ) People with bipolar disorder Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2009 Twitter username different from Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Boarisch Deutsch فارسی Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 03 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiffany%20Pollard
| 2,048 |
||
who sang what i am is what i am
|
What I Am
|
what i am
|
`` What I Am '' is a song written by Edie Brickell and Kenny Withrow and recorded by Edie Brickell & New Bohemians for their debut album , Shooting Rubberbands at the Stars ( 1988 ) . It peaked at number seven on the Billboard Hot 100 . It also topped the charts in Canada , but only peaked within the top forty of the charts in the United Kingdom . This version was ranked number 77 on VH1 's list of The 100 Greatest One - Hit Wonders . The song was featured in a 1989 episode of Miami Vice , an episode of Beavis and Butt - head , as well as an episode of Doogie Howser , M.D. and in the 1989 Patrick Dempsey film Loverboy .
|
The song is highlighted by a guitar solo that emulates the approach of Jerry Garcia including the use of an envelope filter . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Formats and track listings 3 Charts 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 4 Tin Tin Out and Emma Bunton version 4.1 Format and track listing 4.2 Charts 5 Sampling 6 References 7 External links Composition ( edit ) `` What I Am '' is written in the key of B minor in 4 4 time with a tempo of 89 beats per minute . The song follows a chord progression of Bsus2 -- Dsus2 -- Asus2 , and the vocals span from G to B . Formats and track listings ( edit ) 7 '' single / cassette single Side A : `` What I Am '' -- 4 : 54 Side B : `` I Do '' -- 2 : 00 12 '' single / 3 '' CD single `` What I Am '' -- 4 : 54 `` I Do '' -- 2 : 00 `` Walk on the Wildside '' -- 5 : 52 Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1988 -- 89 ) Peak position Australian Singles Chart 18 Canadian Singles Chart Irish Singles Chart 23 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 11 UK Singles Chart 31 US Billboard Hot 100 7 US Billboard Modern Rock Tracks US Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks 9 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1989 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 84 Tin Tin Out and Emma Bunton version ( edit ) `` What I Am '' Single by Tin Tin Out and Emma Bunton from the album Eleven to Fly and A Girl Like Me B - side `` Weird ( Save Yourself ) '' Released 15 November 1999 Format CD single Recorded Sarm West Studios ( London , England ) Genre Pop rock , electronica , trip hop Length 4 : 34 ( Album version ) 3 : 54 ( Radio version ) Label VC Songwriter ( s ) Edie Brickell Kenny Withrow Producer ( s ) Tin Tin Out Tin Tin Out singles chronology `` Eleven to Fly '' ( 1999 ) `` What I Am '' ( 1999 ) `` Anybody 's Guess '' ( 2000 ) `` Eleven to Fly '' ( 1999 ) `` What I Am '' ( 1999 ) `` Anybody 's Guess '' ( 2000 ) Emma Bunton singles chronology `` What I Am '' ( 1999 ) What I Am1999 `` What Took You So Long ? '' ( 2001 ) What Took You So Long ? 2001 Audio sample file help Music video `` What I Am '' on YouTube The song was covered by the British recording artists Tin Tin Out and Emma Bunton . Released in November 1999 as the second single from Tin Tin Out 's second studio album , Eleven to Fly ( 1999 ) . It also appeared on Bunton 's debut solo album , A Girl Like Me ( 2001 ) . Tin Tin Out and Bunton 's version debuted and peaked at number two on the UK Singles Chart , twenty nine places higher than the original version ten years previously , losing the battle against Bunton 's fellow Spice Girls member Geri Halliwell 's `` Lift Me Up '' . It sold 106,000 copies to get to number two in its first week and around 221,787 copies altogether . `` What I Am '' was the UK 's 88th best - selling single of 1999 . Format and track listing ( edit ) This is the format and track listing of the major single release of `` What I Am '' . UK CD single `` What I Am '' ( radio version ) -- 3 : 54 `` What I Am '' ( Gangstarr Remix ) -- 4 : 07 `` Weird ( Save Yourself ) '' ( Tin Tin Out featuring Wendy Page ) -- 5 : 42 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 65 France ( SNEP ) 75 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 81 Ireland ( IRMA ) 14 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 94 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 48 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 10 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 52 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Sampling ( edit ) The song was sampled by New Edition on their song `` Something About You '' , from their 1996 album Home Again . Portions of the song were resung by Lauryn Hill and sampled into Aretha Franklin 's 1998 hit `` A Rose Is Still a Rose '' . Part of the chorus and guitar riff is sampled by hip - hop group Brand Nubian on their song `` Slow Down '' from their 1990 debut album , One For All . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Strong , M.C. ( 1995 ) . The Great Rock Discography . Edinburgh : Canongate Books Ltd. p. 90 . ISBN 0 - 86241 - 385 - 0 . Jump up ^ Discogs ^ Jump up to : `` Billboard > Artists / Edie Brickell > Chart History > The Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Charts > Edie Brickell & The New Bohemians '' . The Official UK Charts Company . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Edie Brickell on IMDb Jump up ^ Aly , Brandon . `` Edie Brickell & New Bohemians `` What I Am '' Guitar Tab in D Major - Download & Print `` . Musicnotes.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` What I Am - Edie Brickell & New Bohemians - Spot On Track '' . www.spotontrack.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` australian-charts.com > Edie Brickell & New Bohemians -- What I Am ( song ) '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- All there is to know > Search results for ' Edie Brickell ' '' . Fireball Media . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` charts.org.nz > Edie Brickell & New Bohemians ( song ) '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard > Artists / Edie Brickell > Chart History > Alternative Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard > Artists / Edie Brickell > Chart History > Mainstream Rock Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` ariaNET The Chart ! Top 100 Singles -- Week Commencing 24th January 2000 '' . ARIA . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Emma Bunton -- What I Am '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Emma Bunton -- What I Am '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts '' . IRMA . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Emma Bunton -- What I Am '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Emma Bunton -- What I Am '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Emma Bunton -- What I Am '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Emma Bunton : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Edie Brickell & New Bohemians Edie Brickell Brandon Aly John Bush Brad Houser Kenny Withrow Carter Albrecht Wes Burt - Martin Eric Presswood Studio albums It 's Like This Shooting Rubberbands at the Stars Ghost of a Dog The Live Montauk Sessions Stranger Things Singles `` What I Am '' `` Circle '' `` Love Like We Do '' `` A Hard Rain 's a-Gonna Fall '' `` Mama Help Me '' `` Black and Blue '' `` One Last Time '' Compilation albums The Ultimate Collection Emma Bunton Discography Studio albums and singles A Girl Like Me `` What I Am '' `` What Took You So Long ? '' `` Take My Breath Away '' `` We 're Not Gonna Sleep Tonight '' Free Me `` Free Me '' `` Maybe '' `` I 'll Be There '' `` Crickets Sing for Anamaria '' Life in Mono `` Downtown '' `` All I Need to Know '' Featured singles `` I Know Him So Well '' Related articles Spice Girls Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=What_I_Am&oldid=800246703 '' Categories : 1988 singles 1989 singles 1999 singles Debut singles Emma Bunton songs RPM Top Singles number - one singles Songs written by Edie Brickell Sy Smith songs 1988 songs Geffen Records singles Song recordings produced by Pat Moran Edie Brickell & New Bohemians songs Hut Records singles Rock ballads Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 09 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What%20I%20Am
| 2,049 |
||
what is the waist size of a womens size 6
|
Catalog women 's sizes : 5'5 `` - 5'6.5 '' ( 165 -- 169 cm ) tall , average bust , average back Dimension / size Closest standard size 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 Est . height 5'5 '' ( 165 cm ) 5'5.5 '' ( 166 cm ) 5'6 '' ( 168 cm ) 5'6 '' ( 168 cm ) 5'6.5 '' ( 169 cm ) 5'6.5 '' ( 169 cm ) 5'6.5 '' ( 169 cm ) 5'6.5 '' ( 169 cm ) 5'6.5 '' ( 169 cm ) Est . weight lb ( kg ) 145 ( 66 ) 160 ( 72.5 ) 175 ( 79 ) 190 ( 86 ) 205 ( 93 ) 220 ( 100 ) 235 ( 106.5 ) 250 ( 113 ) 265 ( 120 ) Bust 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 Waist 30 32 34 35.5 37.5 39.5 41.5 43.5 45.5 Hip 39 41 43 46 48 50 52 54 56
|
US standard clothing size
|
us standard clothing size
|
U.S. standard clothing sizes for women were originally developed from statistical data in the 1940s and 1950s . At that time , they were similar in concept to the EN 13402 European clothing size standard , although individual manufacturers have always deviated from them , sometimes significantly .
|
However , as a result of various cultural pressures , most notably vanity sizing , North American clothing sizes have drifted substantially away from this standard over time , and now have very little connection to it . Instead , they now follow the more loosely defined standards known as U.S. catalog sizes . Body measurements below are given in inches . Contents 1 History 2 Women 's sizes 2.1 Overview 2.2 Details 3 Girls ' sizes 4 Boys ' sizes 5 Children 's sizes 6 Baby sizes 7 Conversion from catalog sizes 8 Standards 9 See also 10 References HISTORY ( edit ) Men 's standard sizes were probably developed first during the American Revolutionary War , and they were in regular use by the American army during the War of 1812 for ready - made uniforms ( Felsenthal 2012 ) . These were based on the chest measurement , with other measurements being assumed to be either proportional ( the circumference of the neck , waist , hips , and thighs ) or easily altered ( length of the inseam ) ( Felsenthal 2012 ) . As this was largely successful in men , the same approach was attempted in the early 20th century for women using the bust as the sole measurement ( Felsenthal 2012 ) . However , this proved unsuccessful because women 's bodies have far more variety in shape . The hourglass figure is frequently used as an industry standard , but only 8 % of women have this body shape ( Felsenthal 2012 ) . A woman with an hourglass figure and a woman with an apple - shaped figure who have the same bust size will not have the same waist or hip sizes . This was a significant problem for mail - order companies , and several attempts at predictable , standard sizing were made ( Felsenthal 2012 ) . In the 1940s , the statisticians Ruth O'Brien and William Shelton received a Works Progress Administration grant to conduct the most ambitious effort to solve this problem . Their team measured almost 15,000 women across the US . After discovering the complex diversity of women 's actual sizes , which produced five to seven different body shapes , they proposed a three - part sizing system . Each size would be the combination of a single number , representing an upper body measurement , plus an indicator for height ( short , regular , and long ) and an indication for girth ( slim , regular , and stout ) . The various combinations of height and girth resulted in nine different sizes for each numerical upper - body measurement , which was highly impractical for manufacturing ( Felsenthal 2012 ) . As a result , O'Brien and Shelton 's work was rejected . In 1958 , the National Bureau of Standards invented a new sizing system , based on the hourglass figure and using only the bust size to create an arbitrary standard of sizes ranging from 8 to 38 , with an indication for height ( short , regular , and tall ) and lower - body girth ( plus or minus ) . The resulting commercial standard was not widely popular , and was declared voluntary in 1970 and withdrawn entirely in 1983 . In 1995 , ASTM International published its own voluntary standard , which has been revised since then ( Felsenthal 2012 ) . It has not been widely adopted . Women 's sizes ( edit ) Women 's sizes are divided into various types , depending on height . These charts give an indication of size only and are by no means exact as they vary from manufacturer to manufacturer , sometimes by a full inch up and down . Overview ( edit ) There are multiple size types , designed to fit somewhat different body shapes . Variations include the height of the person 's torso ( known as back length ) , whether the bust , waist , and hips are straighter ( characteristic of teenagers ) or curvier ( like many adult women ) , and whether the bust is higher or lower ( characteristic of younger and older women , respectively ) . These categories include : Misses sizes The most common size category . For women of about average height ( 5'4 `` ) with an average bust height and an hourglass figure . Dress sizes may be given as girth at the bust in inches ( e.g. , 36 ) , but even - numbered sizes from 2 to 16 are more common . Categorical sizes range from XS ( extra-small ) to XL ( extra-large ) . Junior sizes For short women with higher busts and fairly straight bodies . Junior sizes are commonly given as odd - numbered sizes from 1 to 15 , which correspond to the next number up in misses ' sizes . Women 's sizes or plus sizes For larger women of average height , sometimes with lower bust lines . Like misses ' sizes , the sizes may be given as a dress size based on the bust measurement , but they are usually given as even - numbered sizes from 18 up . Categorical sizes usually range from 1X ( similar to extra-large , but with slightly different proportions compared to the misses ' size ) up . Misses petite For short women with average busts and more hourglass body shapes . Sizes follow the misses ' standard and are marked with a P , as in 10P . Junior petite For very short women with average busts and fairly straight bodies . Size may be denoted as `` 5JP '' or as `` 5P '' . Women 's petite For larger , shorter women , sometimes with lower bust lines . Sizes are marked the same as women 's with a P , as in 20P . Young junior For short women with high busts and fairly straight bodies . Tall sizes For taller women ( usually 5'8 '' or above ) , usually with a proportionately average bust height and an hourglass figure . Sizes are usually written with the corresponding misses ' size and a T to indicate tall , as in `` 10T '' . Half sizes For short women with lower busts and more hourglass body shapes . Sizes are written with a 1⁄2 , as in `` 101⁄2 '' . Details ( edit ) This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : malformatted table Please help improve this section if you can . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Please compare to your favorite fit charts . These measurements conflict with many other size charts . These charts are significantly smaller than many current US clothing companies . Pattern sizes - DuBarry / Woolworth ( 1931 - 1955 ) 5'3 `` -- 5'6 '' tall , average : bust ( 3 '' < hips ) , waist ( 9 '' < hips ) Dimension / size 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 18 20 22 Bust 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 36 38 40 Waist 23 23.5 24 25 26 27 28 30 32 34 Hip 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 39 41 43 Misses ' sizes ( PS 42 - 70 ) ( 1971 ) 5'21⁄2 `` -- 5'61⁄2 '' tall , average bust , average back Dimension / size 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 Bust 311⁄2 321⁄2 331⁄2 35 361⁄2 38 40 42 44 Waist 221⁄2 231⁄2 241⁄2 26 271⁄2 29 31 33 35 Hip 331⁄2 341⁄2 351⁄2 37 381⁄2 40 42 44 46 Back - waist length 141⁄2 15 151⁄4 151⁄2 153⁄4 16 161⁄4 161⁄2 163⁄4 Misses ' sizes ( ASTM D5585 95 ( R2001 ) ) ( 1995 , revised 2001 ) 5'31⁄2 '' - 5'8 '' tall Dimension / size 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Bust 32 33 34 35 36 371⁄2 39 401⁄2 421⁄2 441⁄2 Waist 24 25 26 27 28 291⁄2 31 321⁄2 341⁄2 361⁄2 Hip 341⁄2 351⁄2 361⁄2 371⁄2 381⁄2 40 411⁄2 43 45 47 Misses ' sizes ( ASTM D5585 11e1 ) ( 2011 ) 5'51⁄2 '' tall Dimension / size 00 0 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Bust 311⁄8 313⁄4 33 341⁄8 351⁄4 361⁄4 371⁄4 383⁄4 403⁄8 421⁄8 44 46 Waist ( Straight ) 253⁄8 261⁄8 267⁄8 275⁄8 281⁄2 291⁄2 301⁄2 321⁄4 34 36 381⁄4 401⁄2 Waist ( Curvy ) 237⁄8 245⁄8 253⁄8 261⁄8 27 28 29 303⁄4 321⁄2 341⁄2 363⁄4 39 Hip ( Straight ) 331⁄4 337⁄8 351⁄8 363⁄8 371⁄2 381⁄2 391⁄2 41 421⁄2 441⁄4 46 48 Hip ( Curvy ) 34 345⁄8 357⁄8 371⁄8 381⁄4 391⁄4 401⁄4 413⁄4 431⁄4 45 463⁄4 483⁄4 Misses ' sizes 5'5 `` -- 5'9 '' ( 165 -- 175 cm ) tall , average bust , average back Dimension / size 6 8 10 12 14 16 Bust 32 - 34 34 351⁄2 361⁄2 38 391⁄2 41 Waist 22 - 241⁄2 251⁄2 271⁄2 29 30 311⁄2 33 Hip 33 - 351⁄2 361⁄2 38 39 41 421⁄2 44 Back - waist length 141⁄2 143⁄4 153⁄4 16 161⁄4 161⁄2 163⁄4 Miss petite sizes 5'1 `` -- 5'3 '' ( 157.5 -- 160 cm ) tall , average bust , shorter back Dimension / size 4mp 6mp 8mp 10mp 12mp 14mp 16mp Bust 32 - 34 34 35 36 371⁄2 39 401⁄2 Waist 21 - 231⁄2 241⁄2 261⁄2 271⁄2 29 301⁄2 32 Hip 34 - 351⁄2 361⁄2 381⁄2 391⁄2 41 421⁄2 44 Back - waist length 14 141⁄2 143⁄4 15 151⁄4 151⁄2 153⁄4 Junior sizes 5'4 `` -- 5'5 '' ( 162.5 -- 165 cm ) tall , higher bust , shorter back Dimension / size 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 Bust 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 Waist 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Hips 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 Back - waist length 13.75 14 14.25 14.5 14.75 15 15.25 15.5 15.75 Junior petite sizes 5'1 '' ( 155 cm ) tall , average bust , shorter back Dimension / size 3jp 5jp 7jp 9jp 11jp 13jp Bust 30.5 31 32 33 34 35 Waist 22.5 23 24 25 26 27 Hip 31.5 32 33 34 35 36 Back - waist length 14 14.25 14.5 14.75 15 15.25 Young junior sizes 5'1 `` -- 5'3 '' ( 155 -- 160 cm ) tall , higher bust , shorter back Dimension / size 5 / 6 7 / 8 9 / 10 11 / 12 13 / 14 15 / 16 Bust 28 29 30.5 32 33.5 35 Waist 22 23 24 25 26 27 Hip 31 32 33.5 35 36.5 38 Back - waist length 13.5 14 14.5 15 15.5 16 Women 's sizes 5'5 `` -- 5'6 '' ( 165 -- 168 cm ) tall , average bust , average back Dimension / size 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 Bust 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 Waist 30 32 34 35.5 37.5 39.5 41.5 43.5 45.5 Hip 39 41 43 46 48 50 52 54 56 Back - waist length 171⁄4 173⁄8 171⁄2 175⁄8 173⁄4 177⁄8 18 Half - sizes 5'2 `` -- 5'3 '' ( 157.5 -- 160 cm ) tall , lower bust , shorter back Dimension / size 101⁄2 121⁄2 141⁄2 161⁄2 181⁄2 201⁄2 221⁄2 241⁄2 Bust 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 Waist 27 29 31 33 35 371⁄2 40 421⁄2 Hip 35 37 39 41 43 451⁄2 48 501⁄2 Back - waist length 15 151⁄4 151⁄2 153⁄4 157⁄8 16 161⁄8 161⁄4 Girls ' sizes ( edit ) Girls ' sizes Dimension / size 7 8 10 12 14 16 Chest 25.5 26 28 30 32 34 Waist 22.5 23 24 25 26 27 Hip 26.5 27 29 31 33 35 Height 52 54 57 60 64 67 Boys ' sizes ( edit ) Boys ' sizes Dimension / size 7 8 10 12 14 18 20 22 Chest 26 27 28 30 32 331⁄2 35 40 Waist 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Hip 27 28 291⁄2 31 321⁄2 34 351⁄2 37 Neckband 113⁄4 12 121⁄2 13 131⁄2 14 141⁄2 15 Height 48 50 54 58 61 64 66 68 Children 's sizes ( edit ) Children 's sizes Dimension / size 5 6 6X Chest 18.5 20 20.5 21.5 22 23 Waist 17 18.5 19 20 20.5 21 21.5 Hip 19 20 21 22 23 24 241⁄2 Height 31 34 37 40 43 46 48 Back - waist length 81⁄4 81⁄2 9 91⁄2 10 101⁄2 103⁄4 Finished dress length 17 18 19 20 22 24 25 Baby sizes ( edit ) Infant sizes Dimension / size NB 0 - 3 mo 3 - 6 mo 6 - 9 mo 9 - 12 mo 18 mo 24 mo Weight 5 -- 8 lb 8 -- 121⁄2 lb 121⁄2 -- 161⁄2 lb 161⁄2 - 201⁄2 201⁄2 -- 241⁄2 lb 241⁄2 -- 271⁄2 lb 271⁄2 -- 30 lb Height less than 211⁄2 in 211⁄2 -- 24 in 24 -- 261⁄2 in 261⁄2 -- 281⁄2 in 281⁄2 -- 301⁄2 in 301⁄2 -- 321⁄2 in 321⁄2 -- 34 in . Toddlers ' sizes Dimension / size 1 / 2 Chest 18.5 19 19.5 20 20.5 Waist 17 17.5 18 19.5 20 Height 28 31 34 37 40 Finished dress length 14 15 16 17 18 Conversion from catalog sizes ( edit ) Companies who publish catalogs may provide the measurements for their sizes , which may vary even among different styles of the same type of garment . The sizes seen in catalogs generally have roughly the following measurements : Catalog misses ' sizes : 5'5 `` - 5'6 '' ( 165 -- 168 cm ) tall , average bust , average back Dimension / size 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Closest standard size 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 Est . height 5'4 '' ( 162.5 cm ) 5'4 '' ( 162.5 cm ) 5'4.5 '' ( 164 cm ) 5'5 '' ( 165 cm ) 5'4 '' ( 162.5 cm ) 5'6.5 '' ( 169 cm ) 5'6 '' ( 168 cm ) 5'6 '' ( 168 cm ) 5'6.5 '' ( 169 cm ) Est . weight lb ( kg ) 115 ( 52 ) 125 ( 57 ) 135 ( 61 ) 145 ( 66 ) 155 ( 70 ) 165 ( 75 ) 175 ( 79 ) 180 ( 81.5 ) 195 ( 88.5 ) Bust 34 35 36 37 38.5 40 41.5 43 44.5 Waist 25 26 27 28 29.5 31 32.5 34 35.5 Hip 35.5 36.5 37.5 38.5 40 41.5 43 44.5 46 Catalog women 's petite ( half - sizes ) : 5'1 / 2 `` - 5'4 '' ( 153 - 162.5 cm ) tall , lower bust , shorter back Dimension / size 18W 20W 22W 24W 26W Closest standard size 121⁄2 141⁄2 161⁄2 181⁄2 201⁄2 221⁄2 241⁄2 261⁄2 281⁄2 Est . height 5 ' 1 / 2 '' ( 153 cm ) 5'1 '' ( 155 cm ) 5'1.5 '' ( 156 cm ) 5'2 '' ( 157.5 cm ) 5'2.5 '' ( 159 cm ) 5'3 '' ( 160 cm ) 5'3 '' ( 160 cm ) 5'3.5 '' ( 161 cm ) 5'4 '' ( 162.5 cm ) Est . weight lb ( kg ) 125 ( 57 ) 140 ( 63.5 ) 155 ( 70 ) 170 ( 77 ) 180 ( 81.5 ) 190 ( 86 ) 215 ( 97.5 ) 225 ( 102 ) 235 ( 106.5 ) Bust 36 38 40 42 43.5 45.5 47.5 49.5 51.5 Waist 28 30 32 34 35 37 39 41 43 Hip 38 40 42 44 45.5 47.5 49.5 52 53.5 Catalog women 's sizes : 5'5 `` - 5'6.5 '' ( 165 -- 169 cm ) tall , average bust , average back Dimension / size Closest standard size 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 Est . height 5'5 '' ( 165 cm ) 5'5.5 '' ( 166 cm ) 5'6 '' ( 168 cm ) 5'6 '' ( 168 cm ) 5'6.5 '' ( 169 cm ) 5'6.5 '' ( 169 cm ) 5'6.5 '' ( 169 cm ) 5'6.5 '' ( 169 cm ) 5'6.5 '' ( 169 cm ) Est . weight lb ( kg ) 145 ( 66 ) 160 ( 72.5 ) 175 ( 79 ) 190 ( 86 ) 205 ( 93 ) 220 ( 100 ) 235 ( 106.5 ) 250 ( 113 ) 265 ( 120 ) Bust 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 Waist 30 32 34 35.5 37.5 39.5 41.5 43.5 45.5 Hip 39 41 43 46 48 50 52 54 56 With the average American woman 's height ( 20 years and older ) at about 63.8 '' or approximately 5'4 '' ( 162.1 cm ) ( Department of Health 2012 ) , both standard and catalog size ranges attempt to address a variety of weights / builds as well as providing for the `` shorter - than - average '' height woman with `` petite '' and `` half - sizes '' . However `` taller - than - average '' women may find their size - height addressed by manufacturers less frequently , and may often find themselves facing issues of slightly too short pant legs and sleeve cuffs , as well as waist lengths . Standards ( edit ) Current and former national standards : ASTM D5585 - 95 , 2001 , Standard Table of Body Measurements for Adult Female ASTM D6829 - 02 , 2008 , Standard Tables of Body Measurements for Juniors ASTM D5585 - 11 , 2011 , Standard Tables of Body Measurements for Adult Female Misses Figure Type , Size Range 00 -- 20 ASTM D6240 - 98 , 2006 , ASTM D6240 - 98 Standard Tables of Body Measurements for Men Sizes Thirty - Four to Sixty ( 34 to 60 ) ASTM D6458 - 99 , 2006 , Standard Tables of Body Measurements for Boys , Sizes 8 to 14 Slim and 8 to 20 Regular ASTM D6960 - 04 , 2004 , Standard Table of Body Measurements Relating to Women 's Plus Size Figure Type , Sizes 14W - 32W CS - 151 - 50 - Infants ' , Babies ' , Toddlers ' and Children 's clothing CS - 215 - 58 , 1958 - Body measurements for the sizing of Women 's patterns and apparel PS 42 - 70 , 1971 - Women 's Clothing PS 36 - 70 - Boys ' Clothing PS 45 - 71 - Young Men 's clothing PS 54 - 72 - Girls ' Clothing See also ( edit ) Clothing sizes EN 13402 Vanity sizing Petite size References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` A SHORT HISTORY OF U.S. WHITE WOMEN 'S MEASUREMENTS USED FOR PATTERNMAKING '' . Analog - Me . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` PS 42 - 70 Body measurement for the sizing of apparal '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2016 - 03 - 07 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` ASTM D5585 - 11e1 : Standard Tables of Body Measurements for Adult Female Misses Figure Type , Size Range 00 -- 20 '' . Astm.org . ASTM . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ Bob Johnstone . `` Video Games Industry Infographics '' . ESRB Infographics . ESRB . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Standard Tables of Body Measurements for Adult Female Misses Figure Type , Size Range 00 -- 20 '' . ASTM.org . ASTM . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 14 . Felsenthal , Julia ( 25 January 2012 ) . `` A Size 2 Is a Size 2 Is a Size 8 : Why clothing sizes make no sense '' . Slate.com . Reader 's Digest Editors ( 2002 ) . New Complete Guide to Sewing . Reader 's Digest . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7621 - 0420 - 8 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Provides a complete listing of the standard sizes . Anthropometric Reference Data for Children and Adults : United States , 2007 -- 2010 ( PDF ) , U.S. Department of Health and Human Services , October 2012 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S._standard_clothing_size&oldid=864891321 '' Categories : Fashion design Sizes in clothing Standards of the United States Hidden categories : Articles needing cleanup from November 2015 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from November 2015 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from November 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 20 October 2018 , at 06 : 05 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S.%20standard%20clothing%20size
| 2,050 |
|
is the center for elephant conservation open to the public
|
Center for elephant conservation
|
center for elephant conservation
|
Coordinates : 28 ° 14 ′ 05 '' N 81 ° 45 ′ 51 '' W / 28.2346 ° N 81.7642 ° W / 28.2346 ; - 81.7642 The Center for Elephant Conservation ( CEC ) is a 200 - acre ( 0.81 km ) breeding farm and retirement facility for elephants in Polk City , Florida , opened in 1995 . The CEC is solely sponsored by Feld Entertainment , the holding company which operated the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus from the 1960s until 2017 .
|
Contents ( hide ) 1 Role and location 2 Health record 3 Individual elephants 4 References 5 External links Role and location ( edit ) The CEC is the largest Asian elephant gene pool outside of the Indian Subcontinent since traditional zoos usually have , on average , only a handful of elephants . Parent company Feld Entertainment publicizes the facility as a gathering place for researchers of elephant behavior and conservation . The center loans both elephants and semen to zoos and cooperative breeding programs around the world . Between the traveling circuses and the center , the herd consists of more than 70 elephants . When the center opened , it was home to 27 elephants , including four studs and six babies . As of 2010 , there were a claimed 23 births at the center , most recently a female the staff has named April . Although the facility is a largely undisturbed natural habitat in which some elephants are permitted to graze and stroll , many of the elephants at the facility are kept confined and chained in cement barns . Photos of the facility and staff training newborn elephants became public after the death of a former Conservation Center employee , Sam Haddock . Outsiders are divided on what the center means for elephants , calling it , alternately , `` a stark , sterile - looking place , with ... little evident enrichment , '' `` wonderful , '' `` the leading elephant - breeder in the Americas , '' and `` elephant puppy mill . '' In 2014 , Feld Entertainment won $25.2 million in settlements from a number of animal - rights groups , including the Humane Society of the United States , ending a 14 - year legal battle over unproven allegations that Ringling circus employees mistreated elephants . The initial lawsuit was filed in 2000 by a former Ringling barn helper who was later found to have been paid at least $190,000 by the animal - rights groups that helped bring the lawsuit . The judge called him `` essentially a paid plaintiff '' who lacked credibility and standing to sue . The judge rejected the abuse claims following a 2009 trial . Health record ( edit ) In 1999 , the center failed a USDA inspection under the Animal Welfare Act due to its restraint policy . At least one case of TB was noted at this time . An action over these issues was stated in a local court against the Center in June 2000 . The action was brought by the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals , the Animal Protection Institute , the Animal Welfare Institute , the Fund for Animals , and Tom Rider , a former employee of Ringling Bros. In late 2009 the suit was dismissed by the courts because it was ruled that the plaintiffs , ASPCA et al. , as private citizens , were not allowed to bring suit against Feld Entertainment under the Endangered Species Act because ' uninjured ' by the acts in question . Although citizens ' right to file suit under the act is stipulated in the act , the court did not allow it . The court did not rule on the merits of the case , nor the video footage documenting severe hooking of elephants on Ringling show units . Various legal scholars have disputed the legal rigor of this ruling . Ringling Brothers , Barnum & Bailey publicists claim victory and have focused their defense on questioning the motives of whistle - blower Tom Rider and his relationship to animal welfare groups . In 2003 and 2004 , Conservation Center publicists announced that the Center had been given a clean bill of health by USDA inspectors In 2006 , the Center was quarantined for a case of TB . Only one animal in the herd appears to have been affected . Ringling Brothers asserts retired circus elephants living at the center have an average lifespan of up to 70 years , although the oldest elephants to die at the facility Ringling lists as 55 and 62 years of age . A number of juvenile elephants have also died in Ringling possession , although not at the facility but while on tour with a Ringling Brothers show . It is likely elephants at Ringling 's Florida Center may live longer than captive elephants in zoos , who live an average of 42 years , although not as long as wild elephants who , if protected from poaching , can typically live up to 65 or 70 years . Individual elephants ( edit ) Piper ( born August 13 , 2012 ) . Piper is Mable 's sister . Asia is the star elephant of the Red Tour . April , ( born April 3 , 2010 ) . Barack , ( born January 19 , 2009 ) is a product of the Center 's artificial insemination program . Hindi , ( born November 9 , 2008 ) . Mable ( born April 6 , 2006 ) . Mable is a rare second - generation offspring as both her mother , Shirley , and her father , Romeo , were also born at the Center in the mid-1990s . Mable 's name was picked based on a national naming contest , and is named after Mable Ringling , the wife of one of the founders of Ringling Brothers ' Circus . Irvin ( born June 2005 ) , named after Irvin Feld , who bought the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus in 1967 and restored it to profitability . Irvin 's parents are Alana and Charlie . Aree ( born April 2005 ) P.T. ( born May 2002 ) , named after P.T. Barnum Asha ( born March 2002 ) Rudy ( born January 2002 ) Gunther ( born November 2001 ) Sara ( born April 2001 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Declaration of Samuel Dewitt Haddock , Jr. , '' August 28 , 2009 , http://www.ringlingbeatsanimals.com/about-whistleblower.asp , accessed May 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Shana Alexander , The Astonishing Elephant ( New York : Random House , 2000 ) , 175 ; Scigliano , Love , War , and Circuses : The Age Old Relationship Between Elephants and Humans ( London : Bloomsbury , 2004 ) , 263 - 64 . Jump up ^ http://www.news4jax.com/news/ringling-bros-ending-elephant-acts/31626510 Jump up ^ `` Lawsuit Newsflash 24th August 2007 '' . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` USDA Documents 1999 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Lawsuit Plaintiffs '' . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` ASPCA vs. Ringling $9.2 Bros. , '' Michigan State University , College of Law , In Dec 2012 the court award of $9.3 million dollars to Ringling Bros from the ASPC was paid . Mr. Feld has other cases pending against the other defendants and intends to recoup the full court cost plus damages of $20 million from the other defendants for their slander . ( http://www.animallaw.info/pleadings/pbusfdaspca_ringlingbros.htm , accessed , May 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ See , for instance , David N. Cassuto , '' Transcending Speciesism Since October 2008 , '' Animal Blawg , http://advocacy.britannica.com/blog/advocacy/2010/01/why-its-not-about-the-elephants/ , accessed May 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Feld Entertainment , Inc . Victorious in Case Brought by ASPCA and Other Animal Special Interest Groups Federal Court Finds Plaintiff Testimony of Tom Rider Not Truthful , '' Feld Entertainment Press Release , Dec. 30 , 2009 ; http://www.elephantcenter.com/press/ContentDisplay.aspx?id=39470 , accessed May 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` USDA Documents 2003 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` USDA Documents 2004 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Goliath Business News '' . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ http://www.elephantcenter.com/press/ContentDisplay.aspx?id=11860 ; http://www.elephantcenter.com/press/ContentDisplay.aspx?id=5090 Jump up ^ `` Ringling Will Stand Trial for Elephant Abuse , '' BornFreeUSA.org Press Release , 2007 , http://www.bornfreeusa.org/press.php?more=1&p=1277 , accessed May 20 , 2010 Jump up ^ Ros Clubb , Marcus Rowcliffe , Phyllis Lee , Khyne U. Mar , Cynthia Moss , Georgia J. Mason , `` Compromised Survivorship in Zoo Elephants '' , Science 322 , no . 598 ( December 12 , 2008 ) : 1649 External links ( edit ) Official site Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Center_for_Elephant_Conservation&oldid=819425902 '' Categories : Animal charities based in the United States Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus Charities based in Florida Elephant conservation organizations Environmental organizations based in Florida Wildlife rehabilitation and conservation centers 1995 establishments in Florida Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from April 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 08 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center%20for%20Elephant%20Conservation
| 2,051 |
||
where is the world fastest roller coaster located
|
Formula Rossa ( Arabic : فورمولا روسا ) is a launched roller coaster located at Ferrari World in Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates . Manufactured by Intamin , Formula Rossa is the world 's fastest roller coaster with a top speed of 240 km / h ( 150 mph ) .
|
Ferrari World in Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates
|
Formula Rossa
|
formula rossa
|
Formula Rossa ( Arabic : فورمولا روسا ) is a launched roller coaster located at Ferrari World in Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates . Manufactured by Intamin , Formula Rossa is the world 's fastest roller coaster with a top speed of 240 km / h ( 150 mph ) .
|
Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Ride experience 3 Characteristics 4 Notable passengers 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) In its planning stage it was called F1 Coaster . On 4 November 2010 , the roller coaster officially opened to the public . Ride experience ( edit ) The coaster train accelerates to its top speed in 5 seconds using a hydraulic launch system which generates a release velocity similar to that of steam catapults on an aircraft carrier . The initial acceleration from standstill reaches 100 kilometres per hour ( 62 mph ) in 2 seconds , beating the best commercially available supercar ( as of 2014 ) . Characteristics ( edit ) Riders experience up to 1.7 g of force during acceleration and up to 4.8 g throughout the ride . The roller coaster track is 2.2 km ( 1.4 mi ) in length , ranking it 6th in the world for steel roller coasters . Its shape was inspired by the legendary Italian racetrack Autodromo Nazionale Monza . Due to the high air speeds and thus risk of an impact with airborne particulates or insects , all riders are required to wear protective glasses similar to those used during skydiving . Formula Rossa surpassed Kingda Ka at Six Flags Great Adventure as the world 's fastest roller coaster with Kingda Ka retaining the record of the tallest roller coaster in the world . Notable passengers ( edit ) Ferrari Formula One drivers Felipe Massa and Fernando Alonso rode Formula Rossa on 11 November 2010 , three days before the 2010 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix . In 2014 , Alonso and new teammate Kimi Räikkönen rode the coaster , while Räikkönen and Sebastian Vettel rode in 2015 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sponseller , Dwain ( April 2 , 2014 ) . `` Formula Rossa '' . COASTER-net.com . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Formula Rossa - World 's Fastest roller coaster '' . Ferrari World Abu Dhabi . Retrieved 4 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Marden , Duane . `` Record Holders - Speed '' . Roller Coaster Database . Retrieved 6 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Ferrari ( 6 May 2010 ) . `` Formula Rossa '' . Ferrari . Retrieved 6 July 2010 . Jump up ^ BBC ( 27 October 2010 ) . `` World 's fastest rollercoaster : Could you stomach it ? '' . BBC . Retrieved 27 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Marden , Duane . `` Formula Rossa ( Ferrari World Abu Dhabi ) '' . Roller Coaster Database . Retrieved 6 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Formula Rossa > news > Home > Amusement '' . Intamin Worldwide . Archived from the original on 29 July 2012 . Retrieved 3 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Borel , Brooke ( 2011 - 03 - 31 ) . `` How It Works : The World 's Fastest Rollercoaster '' . popsci.com . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ Ferrari World . `` Formula Rossa - Making of '' . Video . Ferrari . Retrieved 6 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Ferrari World . `` The making of Formula Rossa '' . Ferrari World . Archived from the original on 29 July 2012 . Retrieved 6 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Marden , Duane . `` Record Holders ( Tallest Roller Coasters ) '' . Roller Coaster DataBase . Retrieved 1 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Bezants , Jack ( 24 November 2014 ) . `` Kimi Raikkonen left unimpressed after taking on the planet 's fastest rollercoaster at Ferrari World in Abu Dhabi '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 30 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , Luke ( 27 November 2015 ) . `` Vettel , Raikkonen take on world 's fastest rollercoaster in Abu Dhabi ( VIDEO ) '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved 30 November 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Formula Rossa . Official website Ferrari World Abu Dhabi Attractions Roller Coasters Fiorano GT Challenge Formula Rossa Flying Aces Turbo Track Mission Ferrari ( opening 2017 ) Attractions Bell'Italia Carousel Cinema Maranello Driving with Champions Galleria Ferrari G - Force Tower Junior Grand Prix Junior GT Junior Training Camp Made in Maranello Paddock The Pit Wall Racing Legends Scuderia Challenge Speed of Magic Viaggio in Italia Former attractions V12 Intamin List of Intamin rides Current roller coaster models Accelerator Drop Coaster Giga Impulse LSM Launch Mega Mine train MotorBike Prefabricated Wooden Polercoaster ( in association with US Thrill Rides ) Spinning SurfRider Suspended Vertical Lift Wing Coaster Wing Rider Wooden ZacSpin Discontinued roller coaster models Space Diver Stand - up Swiss Bob Other current rides Bounty Flume Ride Flying Dutchman Giant Drop Gyro Drop Gyro Swing Gyro tower Hyper Splash Looping Starship Mega Splash Rapid Ride Super Splash Tow boat ride Other discontinued rides Double and triple Ferris wheels Freefall Notable rides American Eagle California Screamin ' Colossos Colossus Demon Drop El Toro Falcon 's Fury Formula Rossa Kingda Ka Kirnu Millennium Force Possessed Sky Whirl Stealth Superman : Escape from Krypton The Giant Drop Thirteen :P Top Thrill Dragster Tower of Terror II Volcano , The Blast Coaster Wicked Twister Wilderness Run Xcelerator Website : www.intaminworldwide.com Preceded by Kingda Ka World 's Fastest Roller Coaster November 2010 - Present Succeeded by None Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Formula_Rossa&oldid=820661767 '' Categories : Operating roller coasters Roller coasters by name Roller coasters introduced in 2010 Steel roller coasters Launched roller coasters Roller coasters manufactured by Intamin Roller coasters in the United Arab Emirates Ferrari World Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Русский Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 15 January 2018 , at 22 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula%20Rossa
| 2,052 |
who does the welcome toast at a wedding
|
In most Western countries , either before or after food is served , toasts are made by the wedding party , wishing the couple well . Commonly , toasts are proposed by the bride 's father , the groom , the best man , and / or the maid of honor , although there is no absolutely required list of people who must make toasts , or indeed any requirement to offer toasts at all .
|
Wedding reception
|
wedding reception
|
A wedding reception is a party usually held after the completion of a marriage ceremony as hospitality for those who have attended the wedding , hence the name reception : the couple receives society , in the form of family and friends , for the first time as a married couple . Hosts provide their choice of food and drink , although a wedding cake is popular . Entertaining guests after a wedding ceremony is traditional in most societies , and can last anywhere from half an hour to many hours or even days .
|
In some cultures , separate wedding celebrations are held for the bride 's and groom 's families . Before receptions -- a social event that is structured around a receiving line , and usually held in the afternoon , with only light refreshments -- became popular , weddings were more typically celebrated with wedding breakfasts ( for those whose religious traditions encouraged morning weddings ) and wedding balls ( for those who were married in the evening ) . The popularity of receptions , rather than breakfasts , dinners , and balls , during the 20th century led to the name reception being applied to any social event after a wedding , whether it is brunch , tea , dinner , or a dance . Contents ( hide ) 1 Western culture 1.1 Location 1.2 Receiving line 1.3 Grand entrance 1.4 Food 1.5 Toasts 1.6 Dances 1.7 Entertainment 1.8 Departure 1.9 Expense 1.10 Other traditions 2 Chinese culture 2.1 Gifts 2.2 Timing 2.3 Sign - in 2.4 Banquet procedure 2.5 Food 3 Gallery 4 References Western culture ( edit ) Location ( edit ) Banquet Hall Wedding Reception Wedding Venue in Glendale , CA Until after World War II , wedding celebrations were most commonly held in the bride 's home , in whatever style of entertainment was within the means of the family . This might be a grand ball for a wealthy family , a luncheon for middle - class families , or an afternoon tea , featuring cake and lemonade , for working - class families . The choice depended primarily on the family 's economic situation , and in some cases , mass weddings were favored as a way to share costs . At the beginning of the 20th century , dance halls became common , and were rented by those planning a celebration beyond what their homes could hold . Typical locations for wedding celebrations now include hotel ballrooms , banquet halls , wedding venues , community halls , social halls at the church or other sacred place where the wedding ceremony took place , and , particularly for smaller weddings , restaurants and garden parties at home . There are also many small businesses that specialize in providing places for wedding ceremonies and celebrations . Receiving line ( edit ) Technically , to be a reception , instead of some other form of entertainment , guests must be greeted with a receiving line . In a receiving line , newly wedded couple , the hosts , and often their parents and any honour attendants , stand in order of precedence and greet every guest in turn . Each guest greets the first ( lowest precedence ) person in the line and , if necessary , introduces him / herself . The first person then introduces the guest to the next person in the line , and turns to the next guest . As each guest properly speaks little more than his / her name ( if necessary ) and conventional greetings or congratulations to each person in turn , the line progresses steadily without unnecessary delays . Western etiquette requires at least one of the hosts and the newly married couple , as the guests of honor , to welcome and greet the guests , but the other members of the wedding party , parents who are not hosting the party , siblings , etc. , are not required to stand in the receiving line . It is increasingly common to feature only the couple , since more modern couples host and pay for their own weddings rather than their parents . After formally receiving each guest in this fashion , the receiving line is finished and the people who had been duty - bound to stand in it can mingle with guests , eat , and enjoy more extended conversations . Grand entrance ( edit ) Another option , especially popular on the East and West Coast of the United States , is having a grand entrance instead of a receiving line . The grand entrance might involve presenting some or all of the wedding party , the parents , and / or the bride and groom . The wedding party is usually introduced by a master of ceremonies , disc jockey , or band leader . It may be done in the same manner as they walked down the aisle during the wedding ceremony . This is generally much faster than a receiving line and guests may be seated before the arrival of the wedding party . In addition , it can be an event in itself and be as entertaining as wished . Introductions may be accompanied by music and information about each person to introduce them to the guests . However , unlike a reception line , it does not give the guests an opportunity to speak to any of the people being presented . Food ( edit ) See also : Wedding breakfast The wedding cake and other decorations at a wedding reception in Japan The food served at a wedding reception is determined by the time of the wedding and local customs . Food may range from a single non-alcoholic drink with wedding cake to elaborate , multi-course dinners . The type of food is chosen entirely at the discretion of the hosts . Some receptions , especially if the family 's culture or religious faith prohibits alcohol or dancing , focus on dessert . Hosts may also choose to honor regional or local customs , such as by serving a culturally important cake like croquembouche in France , or featuring thousands of homemade cookies in Pittsburgh . The bride and groom cut the wedding cake at an American wedding reception in 1955 . The wedding cake is often a multi-tiered layer cake that is elaborately decorated with white frosting . Some couples have a smaller display cake , which is supplemented by sheet cake . The groom 's cake is a tradition observed mainly in the southern United States . In the Colonial and Victorian eras , the white - iced bride 's cake was considered `` too light '' for male tastes , and a second cake choice -- usually a dark , liquor - soaked fruitcake -- was also offered . Today , chocolate is popular , although the groom 's cake may be in any flavor and is usually shaped or decorated as something significant to the groom , such as a favorite hobby or sport . If a full meal is served , the wedding cake is usually served after the meal . Otherwise , the cake may be served as soon as the family has received all of the guests . Commonly , the couple ceremonially cut the first piece of the cake , and in a nod to an ancient Roman wedding rite , may feed a bite to one another and perhaps sip a glass of wine or other drink with linked arms . Then the cake is served to the guests . Like being asked to pour tea at a formal tea party , being asked to serve the cake is generally considered an honor . Toasts ( edit ) Main article : Toast ( honor ) In most Western countries , either before or after food is served , toasts are made by the wedding party , wishing the couple well . Commonly , toasts are proposed by the bride 's father , the groom , the best man , and / or the maid of honor , although there is no absolutely required list of people who must make toasts , or indeed any requirement to offer toasts at all . A new trend involves the addition of a DVD slideshow or photo montage video , featuring pictures of the new spouses growing up and meeting . These are created using home movies and photos taken over the couple 's life , edited and set to music . The montage is shown either on a large TV or monitor or with an LCD projector . Dances ( edit ) Flemish wedding , 17th century `` A Gorals ' Wedding '' -- bride and groom dance If there is dancing at the celebrations after the wedding , the newly married couple typically open the dancing with their first dance . When waltzing was popular , it was sometimes called a bridal waltz , although other dance styles are more commonly used now . The style of dancing depends on the nature of the music chosen . Fox trot , two - step , or rumba match most four - count pop ballads . While most contemporary Western couples select a romantic song and a relatively formal dance style , some couples choose to perform humorous choreographed dances . Modern chart hits are becoming an increasingly popular option for the first dance -- the most popular first dance song at UK weddings in 2016 is Thinking Out Loud , a soft rock ballad co-written by Ed Sheeran and Amy Wadge . Traditionally , shortly after the dance begins , guests would promptly join in the dancing , in order of precedence , exactly like at any other ball . In very recent times , some families have told guests to not start dancing until after watching a sometimes lengthy sequence of `` special '' dances . For example , after the first dance , the newly married couple might dance with their parents or new in - laws . However , there is no requirement that any particular people dance at all , much less with any particular person , and no absolutely required order for the bridal couple , their families , or the bridal party to begin dancing in . Entertainment ( edit ) Wedding receptions are often the time when couples want to ensure their family and guests will be entertained , and a variety of options such as disc jockeys , live bands , professional dancers such as ballroom dancers or belly dancers , fire artists and even comedians are brought in to heighten the festivities and make the wedding stand out . In America and in other countries , including lavish entertainment at the wedding reception is a luxury . Wedding DJ 's have been increasing in popularity in modern cultures . Departure ( edit ) A ceremony is often made of the newlyweds ' departure . Rice or birdseed , signifying abundance , may be thrown at the departing couple , with birdseed preferred by facility managers , since it requires less clean up work than rice , and new , mess - free substitutes , such as blowing soap bubbles or ringing small bells being even more favored by the cleaning staff . As the newlyweds are the guests of honor , the other guests are expected to remain at the reception until they leave them , and consequently , it is an imposition on the other guests for the newlyweds to stay unreasonably long at the party . On occasion , the newlyweds will stage an official leave - taking , so that guests feel free to leave , and then quietly return through another door . Expense ( edit ) A black tie wedding reception held at the Society Room in Hartford , Connecticut . The median cost of a wedding , including both the ceremony and reception , in the United States , as of 2012 , was about US $18,000 , according to a large survey at an online wedding website . Regional differences are significant , with residents of Manhattan paying more than six times as much as residents of Alaska . Additionally , the survey probably overestimates the typical cost because of a biased sample population . The wedding industry grosses $161 billion annually , according to Rebecca Mead , author of One Perfect Day . Approximately 50 % of a couple 's entire wedding budget is spent on the reception alone . This is primarily due to the cost of food and alcohol . Other traditions ( edit ) Wedding traditions vary between countries , and between regions of the same country . Some traditions include : Dancing guests at a wedding party in Mauritania Ethnic Hakka people in a wedding in East Timor , 2006 . The money dance , or `` dollar dance '' . Guests pay a small amount of money to dance with the bride or groom . In some cultures , the money is pinned to a special apron worn by the bride or groom . In others , the money is collected by friends . This is prevalent among Polish and Italian couples , although many other brides and grooms often incorporate it . There is considerable debate about the propriety of a money dance in English - speaking countries , where the practice is frowned upon because making guests pay for dancing or socializing with the bridal couple seems inhospitable , greedy , or distasteful . It is accepted when the couple and the majority of their guests are of one of the cultures in which it is traditional . Tossing of the bride 's bouquet and garter . The bride tosses her bouquet over her shoulder to a group of all the single women present . Whoever catches it is supposed to be the next to get married . Similarly , the groom tosses the bride 's garter to the single men , often after removing it from her leg . On occasion , the bride will `` rig '' the bouquet toss by tossing the bouquet to a woman who is engaged . The groom then arranges for the fiancé of the bouquet - toss winner to receive the bride 's garter . Sometimes , the man who catches the garter is supposed to put it on the leg of the woman who catches the bouquet , or the garter is sold in a raffle instead of being tossed . Clinking glasses . Guests will often clink their glasses during dinner to ask the newlyweds to stand up and kiss . Some couples pass out wedding favor bells for guests to ring instead of clinking glasses . Favors . The hosts may provide a small gift for each guest . Favors may include chocolates , candles , picture frames , or other small gifts . Such favors are not required . Chinese culture ( edit ) Gifts ( edit ) Unless the wedding couple has a wedding registry , it is best not to give gifts or gift certificates . For Chinese weddings , cash or a cheque is always the best gift . In addition to that , some elder relatives might also give gold jewelry . The cash or cheque should be in a red envelope or red pocket with the givers ' names on it , and it is always given when signing in at the restaurant . In choosing the amount of money to give , givers scrupulously avoid unlucky numbers , such as 4 and favor combinations of lucky numbers , such as 8 and 9 . Also , white envelopes are never used to wrap gifts for a wedding or other joyful event , as the color white is associated with death . Timing ( edit ) There are two times listed on the invitation : 恭候 ( gōnghòu / greeting ) and 入席 ( rùxí / reception ) . Typically , they are at least two hours apart ( some may be four hours ) . The first one is the time the groom and bride , along with their family , will be ready to receive guests and greet them ; the second one is the time the reception / banquet will start . The gap between those hours is referred to as entertainment time . Very often , the restaurant will provide poker and mahjong ( 麻將 ) for gambling ; the time can also be used to socialize with other guests and take photos with the bride / groom and their families . Nowadays , for Chinese couples ' weddings in the U.S. , you are less likely to see mahjong being played before the banquet ; it is often replaced by a cocktail party . However , if the wedding reception takes place in southern China , Hong Kong , Macau , and even parts of Canada ( where there is a large Cantonese population ) , mahjong might still be played before the dinner . Sign - in ( edit ) Gifts of money may be placed in a special box at the sign - in table . Two people will be at the sign - in tables ( one from the bride 's family and one from the groom 's ) to register guests and receive gifts / red envelopes . Often , they will have two separate guest lists , one from the groom 's side and one from the bride 's . Then the best man and the maid of honor will direct ushers to escort guests to their seat . Banquet procedure ( edit ) Typically , the banquet will include a speech from the parents , the best man , the maid of honor , and the guest speaker . There will be cake cutting , toasts , a tea ceremony , some games designed by the DJ , and dancing . The two tables at the center of the room are for the groom 's and bride 's families . Food ( edit ) A Chinese wedding reception typically has nine or ten courses . Expensive dishes such as shark fin , abalone , lobster , jumbo shrimp , squab , sea bass , or sea cucumber are common on a wedding banquet menu . A whole fish , chicken , or pig means luck and completeness in Chinese wedding culture . Traditionally , after the fifth dish of the dinner , the groom and bride and their families will approach each table to toast the guests . Very often , the bride will change into a traditional Chinese red wedding dress ( 鳳 褂 , or qípáo ) at that time , if she has been wearing a different style of clothing before . Gallery ( edit ) The decorations vary by culture and budget . Reception held at a village hall in United Kingdom Modern reception in Vietnam An elaborate wedding reception in 1894 in Australia This wedding reception was held outdoors . References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wedding Feast . Jump up ^ McBee , Randy D. ( 2000 ) . Dance hall days : intimacy and leisure among working - class immigrants in the United States . New York : New York University Press . pp. 222 -- 228 . ISBN 0 - 8147 - 5620 - 4 . Jump up ^ Ryan A. Brasseaux ; Bienvenu , Marcelle ; Brasseaux , Carl A. ( 2005 ) . Stir the pot : the history of Cajun cuisine . ( PLACE ) : HIPPOCRENE BOOKS . p. 104 . ISBN 0 - 7818 - 1120 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Choosing Between A Grand Entrance And Receiving Line '' . Belvedere . Retrieved 6 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Lieber , Ron ( 15 December 2009 ) . `` The Wedding ? I 'm Here for the Cookies '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Martin , Judith ( 2005 ) . Miss Manners ' Guide to Excruciatingly Correct Behavior . New York : W.W. Norton & Co. p. 428 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 05874 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , Judith ( 2005 ) . Miss Manners ' Guide to Excruciatingly Correct Behavior . New York : W.W. Norton & Co . ISBN 0 - 393 - 05874 - 3 . Jump up ^ Using projectors during wedding receptions , `` Wedding Projector Ideas That Are n't At All Cheesy '' , Brides_ ( magazine ) , Retrieved 10 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Southall , Adam ( 2016 ) . `` The 9 most popular wedding first dance songs of 2016 '' . FixTheMusic . Jump up ^ ^ Martin , Judith ( 1995 ) . Miss Manners on Painfully Proper Weddings New York : Crown Publishers . p. 126 . ISBN 978 - 0517701874 . ^ Jump up to : Oremus , Will ( 19 March 2015 ) . `` The Wedding Industry 's Pricey Little Secret '' . Slate . ISSN 1091 - 2339 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1 '' . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2010 . Retrieved 4 June 2016 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` The wedding - industrial complex '' . Christian Science Monitor. 8 June 2007 . p. 8 . Retrieved 4 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Wedding Receptions . brightweddingideas.com Jump up ^ Martin , Judith ; Jacobina Martin ( 2010 ) . Miss Manners ' Guide to a Surprisingly Dignified Wedding . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . pp. 273 -- 274 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 06914 - 1 . Jump up ^ Nathan , Sherman ( 14 January 2007 ) . `` גני אירועים בשרון '' . Odeon ( in Hebrew ) . p. 9 . Retrieved 4 June 2016 . ( hide ) Weddings Pre-wedding Engagement Wedding planner Bridal registry Bridal shower Engagement party Wedding invitation Chinese pre-wedding customs Bachelor party Bachelorette party Stag and doe party Marriage licence Rehearsal dinner Locations Wedding chapel Gretna Green Las Vegas Clothing Black tie Boutonnière Contemporary Western wedding dress Garter Hwarot Morning dress Optional Tuxedo Wedding dress White tie Objects Chuppah Las arras Lebes Gamikos Wedding cord Wedding favors Wedding mandap Wedding ring cushion Wishing well Participants Bride child bride Bridegroom child bridegroom Bridesmaid Bridesman Flower girl Groomsman Page boy Officiant Traditions Ahesta Bero Banns of marriage Bedding ceremony Bridal Chorus First dance Hesitation step `` Indian '' Wedding Blessing Jumping the broom Lych Gate Money dance Music Polterabend Pounded rice ritual Pyebaek Trash the dress Unity candle Walima Wedding March Wedding photography Wedding reception Wedding videography Food and drink Wedding breakfast Wedding cake Wedding cake topper Cookie table Groom 's cake Hochzeitssuppe Icingtons Jordan almonds Korovai Loving cup Place card Religion and culture Anand Karaj ( Sikh ) Arab Ayie Ayyavazhi Bengali Bengali Hindu Brunei Malay Chinese Hajong Hindu Islamic Iyer Jewish Mormon Oriya Persian Poruwa ceremony Punjabi Quaker Rajput Saint Thomas Christian Shinto Vőfély ( Hungary ) Zoroastrian By country Vőfély ( Hungary ) Iceland Pakistan Philippines Russia South Asia Sri Lanka Ukraine United States United Kingdom : England and Wales , Scotland , history Vietnam Honeymoon Honeymoon registry Consummation Other Elopement Equal marriage Marriage Marriage vows Posthumous marriage Royal intermarriage Royal weddings Shotgun wedding Knobstick wedding Wedding anniversary Wedding crashing Wedding customs by country Wedding vow renewal ceremony Wife selling Womanless wedding World Marriage Day Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wedding_reception&oldid=802205076 '' Categories : Wedding Parties Wedding industry Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links CS1 Hebrew - language sources ( he ) Articles with limited geographic scope from July 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Eesti فارسی 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Lietuvių 日本 語 Polski Русский తెలుగు Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 September 2017 , at 17 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedding%20reception
| 2,053 |
|
the flaming lips yoshimi battles the pink robots meaning
|
The lyrics of Yoshimi Battles the Pink Robots concern a diverse array of subject matter , mostly melancholy ponderings about love , mortality , artificial emotion , pacifism , and deception , while telling the story of Yoshimi 's battle . The title character is inspired by Boredoms / OOIOO member Yoshimi P - We , following a comment in the Flaming Lips studio that her machine - sound abstract singing sounds like she is battling monsters -- Coyne added ' pink ' . P - We also performs on the album . Some listeners consider Yoshimi Battles the Pink Robots to be a concept album ; however , the story is debated , as it is only directly apparent in the first four tracks . Despite the story - type title and science fiction themes of the album , Flaming Lips frontman Wayne Coyne has made it clear that the album is not intended to be a concept album .
|
Yoshimi Battles the Pink Robots
|
yoshimi battles the pink robots
|
Yoshimi Battles the Pink Robots is the tenth studio album by The Flaming Lips , released by Warner Bros. Records on July 16 , 2002 , in the United States and the previous day in the United Kingdom . It is characterized by electronic - influenced , psychedelic - tinged indie rock compositions . It has been certified Gold by the RIAA . Yoshimi was well - received critically and commercially , helping the band break into the mainstream . The album was adapted into a musical in 2012 .
|
Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure and release 2 Critical response 3 Musical 4 Track listing 5 Personnel 6 References Structure and release ( edit ) The lyrics of Yoshimi Battles the Pink Robots concern a diverse array of subject matter , mostly melancholy ponderings about love , mortality , artificial emotion , pacifism , and deception , while telling the story of Yoshimi 's battle . The title character is inspired by Boredoms / OOIOO member Yoshimi P - We , following a comment in the Flaming Lips studio that her machine - sound abstract singing sounds like she is battling monsters -- Coyne added ' pink ' . P - We also performs on the album . Some listeners consider Yoshimi Battles the Pink Robots to be a concept album ; however , the story is debated , as it is only directly apparent in the first four tracks . Despite the story - type title and science fiction themes of the album , Flaming Lips frontman Wayne Coyne has made it clear that the album is not intended to be a concept album . The vocal melody of track one , `` Fight Test '' , echoes Cat Stevens 's `` Father and Son '' . Stevens , now Yusuf Islam , is receiving royalties following a relatively uncontentious settlement . The band 's frontman , Wayne Coyne , claims that he was unaware of the songs ' similarities until producer Dave Fridmann pointed them out . This claim however is contradicted by his statement to Rolling Stone magazine : ' I know `` Father and Son '' and I knew there would be a little bit of comparison . `` Fight Test '' is not a reference necessarily to the ideas of `` Father and Son '' , but definitely a reference to the cadence , the melody , and chord progression . I think it 's such a great arrangement of chords and melody ' . The final track , `` Approaching Pavonis Mons by Balloon ( Utopia Planitia ) '' , won a 2002 Grammy Award for Best Rock Instrumental Performance . The Flaming Lips also won the same award for `` The Wizard Turns On ... '' , taken from At War with the Mystics , in 2006 . In addition to the single Compact Disc format , Yoshimi Battles the Pink Robots was also released as a special two - disc release in 2003 . This version contains the regular album and a DVD containing various alternate takes , b - sides , music videos , video footage from the album recordings , and the trailer for The Flaming Lips ' film , Christmas on Mars . In addition to bonus content on the DVD , there is a 5.1 DVD - Audio version of the entire album included . There was also a limited edition translucent red LP version . In recent years , Yoshimi Battles the Pink Robots has proved itself to have a bigger commercial impact than the band 's 1999 breakthrough album , The Soft Bulletin , and became their first gold - certified release in April 2006 . In 2003 , British bastard pop DJ Eric Kleptone released a mashup album called Yoshimi Battles the Hip - Hop Robots which paired instrumentals from the album with rap samples and lyrics . For the television show Friends , Flaming Lips re-wrote the song `` Yoshimi Battles The Pink Robots '' into `` Phoebe Battles The Pink Robots '' to fit one of the show 's main characters . The music video appears on Disc 4 of the 9th Season DVD . As a 2014 April Fool 's gag , Funny or Die posted a fake trailer for Yoshimi : Fall of the Chosen starring members of The Flaming Lips . The short is laced with references from the album : `` Evil Natured Robots Programed to Destroy Us '' scrolls by during news footage , `` Yoshimi ! Do n't let them eat me ! '' is heard in the dialogue , and there is a quick shot of Yoshimi taking her vitamins . Critical response ( edit ) Professional ratings Aggregate scores Source Rating Metacritic 84 / 100 Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Blender Entertainment Weekly B+ The Guardian NME 9 / 10 Pitchfork 8.4 / 10 Q Rolling Stone The Rolling Stone Album Guide Uncut Yoshimi Battles the Pink Robots received acclaim from music critics . Calling the album `` as strange as it is wonderful , '' Billboard nonetheless noted that `` beneath the sunny , computer - generated atmospherics and the campy veneer of talk about gladiator - style clashes between man and machines with emotions , Yoshimi is actually a somber rumination on love and survival in an unfathomable world . '' Tom Moon of Rolling Stone praised the album 's `` ambitious '' production , while Fortune magazine called it `` a lush and haunting electronic symphony . '' Uncut declared that `` even by their standards , Yoshimi is astonishing . '' Robert Christgau of The Village Voice gave the album a three - star honorable mention rating , indicating `` an enjoyable effort consumers attuned to its overriding aesthetic or individual vision may well treasure '' . Yoshimi Battles the Pink Robots appeared in the best - albums - of - the - decade lists of several music publications , such as Rolling Stone ( # 27 ) and Uncut ( # 11 ) , with Uncut also declaring it the greatest album released in the magazine 's lifetime . The album was also included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die . As of 2009 it has sold 570,000 copies in United States according to Nielsen SoundScan . Musical ( edit ) It was announced in March 2007 that the album would be made into a Broadway musical by The West Wing creator Aaron Sorkin and director Des McAnuff . Frontman Wayne Coyne said of the plot : `` There 's the real world and then there 's this fantastical world . This girl , the Yoshimi character , is dying of cancer . And these two guys are battling to come visit her in the hospital . And as one of the boyfriends envisions trying to save the girl , he enters this other dimension where Yoshimi is this Japanese warrior and the pink robots are an incarnation of her disease . It 's almost like the disease has to win in order for her soul to survive . Or something like that . '' Des McAnuff stated that Aaron Sorkin exited the project after it became clear the musical would be sung through . The musical includes existing songs from the album , as well as two other Flaming Lips albums , The Soft Bulletin and At War with the Mystics . The show received its world premiere at the Tony Award - winning La Jolla Playhouse in November 2012 , starring Kimiko Glenn as Yoshimi Yasukawa , Paul Nolan as Ben Nickel , Nik Walker as Booker , Pearl Sun as Mrs. Yasukawa , John Haggerty as Mr. Yasukawa and Tom Hewitt as Dr. Petersen . Track listing ( edit ) All tracks written by The Flaming Lips ( Wayne Coyne , Steven Drozd , Michael Ivins ) except where noted . No . Title Length 1 . `` Fight Test '' ( The Flaming Lips , Dave Fridmann , Cat Stevens ) 4 : 14 2 . `` One More Robot / Sympathy 3000 - 21 '' 4 : 59 3 . `` Yoshimi Battles the Pink Robots Pt. 1 '' 4 : 45 4 . `` Yoshimi Battles the Pink Robots Pt. 2 '' 2 : 57 5 . `` In the Morning of the Magicians '' 6 : 18 6 . `` Ego Tripping at the Gates of Hell '' 4 : 34 7 . `` Are You a Hypnotist ? ? '' 4 : 44 8 . `` It 's Summertime '' 4 : 20 9 . `` Do You Realize ? ? '' ( The Flaming Lips , Dave Fridmann ) 3 : 33 10 . `` All We Have Is Now '' 3 : 53 11 . `` Approaching Pavonis Mons by Balloon ( Utopia Planitia ) '' 3 : 09 Total length : 47 : 25 Special edition DVD - Audio No . Title Length 1 . `` Fight Test '' 4 : 12 2 . `` One More Robot / Sympathy 3000 - 21 '' 5 : 01 3 . `` Yoshimi Battles the Pink Robots Pt. 1 '' 4 : 48 4 . `` Yoshimi Battles the Pink Robots Pt. 2 '' 2 : 52 5 . `` In the Morning of the Magicians '' 6 : 25 6 . `` Ego Tripping at the Gates of Hell '' 4 : 25 7 . `` Are You a Hypnotist ? ? '' 4 : 50 8 . `` It 's Summertime '' 5 : 45 9 . `` Do You Realize ? ? '' 3 : 32 10 . `` All We Have Is Now '' 3 : 53 11 . `` Approaching Pavonis Mons by Balloon ( Utopia Planitia ) '' 3 : 12 Bonus DVD audio tracks No . Title Length 1 . `` Up Above the Daily Hum '' 2 . `` Yoshimi Battles the Pink Robots , Pt. 1 '' ( Japanese version ) 3 . `` If I Go Mad ( Funeral in My Head ) '' 4 . `` Do You Realize ? ? Floating in Space Remix '' ( Edit ) 5 . `` Yoshimi Battles the Pink Robots , Pt. 1 '' ( AOL sessions ) 6 . `` Do You Realize ? ? '' ( CD101 version ) Bonus DVD video tracks No . Title Length 1 . `` Do You Realize ? ? '' ( Mark Pellington version ) 2 . `` Do You Realize ? ? '' ( Wayne Coyne * Bradley Beesley * George Salisbury version ) 3 . `` Making of the Do You Realize ? ? '' ( Video ) 4 . `` Yoshimi Battles the Pink Robots , Pt. 1 '' 5 . `` Making of the Yoshimi Video '' 6 . `` Fight Test '' 7 . `` Phoebe Battles the Pink Robots '' 8 . `` Christmas on Mars '' ( Movie trailer ) 9 . `` Making of the Yoshimi DVD - A '' 10 . `` Are You a Hypnotist ? ? '' ( George 's Photogenic Stimulation Theory # 1134 ) DVD - ROM extras No . Title Length 1 . `` Yoshimi Battles the Pink Robots , Pt. 1 '' ( Animated episode ) 2 . `` Fight Test '' ( Animated episode ) Personnel ( edit ) The Flaming Lips Wayne Coyne -- songwriting , vocals , guitars , cover paintings , mixing , production Steven Drozd -- songwriting , guitars , keyboards , electronics , drums , bass , vocals , mixing , production Michael Ivins -- songwriting , bass , keyboards , backing vocals , mixing , production , additional engineering Additional personnel Yoshimi P - We -- vocalization Dave Fridmann -- additional songwriting , production , mixing , programming , engineering , mastering Scott Booker -- production Trent Bell -- additional tracking Andy Taub -- additional tracking George Salisbury -- design and layout References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Yoshimi Battles the Pink Robots Certified Gold '' . Market Wire. 2006 . Retrieved 5 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Coyne , Wayne . BBC Radio 6 . Stuart Maconie 's Freak Zone . Broadcast on January 8th 2017 Jump up ^ `` Wayne Coyne on the album '' . Archived from the original on 2002 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Lips Nailed For Cat Stevens Song Similarity '' . Billboard . June 27 , 2003 . Retrieved May 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fight Club '' . Rolling Stone . August 21 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` RIAA Gold and Platinum searchable database '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved May 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Reviews for Yoshimi Battles The Pink Robots by The Flaming Lips '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Phares , Heather . `` Yoshimi Battles the Pink Robots -- The Flaming Lips '' . AllMusic . Retrieved May 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Petridis , Alexis ( August 2002 ) . `` The Flaming Lips : Yoshimi Battles the Pink Robots '' . Blender ( 8 ) : 114 . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2006 . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tyrangiel , Josh ( July 19 , 2002 ) . `` Yoshimi Battles the Pink Robots '' . Entertainment Weekly : 74 . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Costa , Maddy ( July 12 , 2002 ) . `` Flaming Lips , Yoshimi Battles the Pink Robots '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved May 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Long , April ( July 9 , 2002 ) . `` Flaming Lips : Yoshimi Battles The Pink Robots '' . NME . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2016 . Retrieved May 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Will ( July 15 , 2002 ) . `` The Flaming Lips : Yoshimi Battles the Pink Robots '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved May 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Flaming Lips : Yoshimi Battles the Pink Robots '' . Q ( 193 ) : 127 . August 2002 . Jump up ^ Kot , Greg ( July 25 , 2002 ) . `` Yoshimi Battles The Pink Robots '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kot , Greg ; Weingarten , Christopher R . `` The Flaming Lips : Album Guide '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2014 . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Flaming Lips : Yoshimi Battles the Pink Robots '' . Uncut ( 63 ) : 96 . August 2002 . Jump up ^ Garrity , Brian ( July 20 , 2002 ) . `` Yoshimi Battles the Pink Robots ( Music recording ) '' . Billboard . p. 114 ( 29 ) : 18 . Jump up ^ Moon , Tom ( July 25 , 2002 ) . `` RECORDINGS '' . Rolling Stone . p. ( 901 ) : 71 . Jump up ^ Nashawaty , Chris ( July 8 , 2002 ) . `` Yoshimi Battles the Pink Robots ( Music recording ) '' . Fortune . p. 146 ( 1 ) : 152 . Jump up ^ Christgau , Robert . `` CG : The Flaming Lips '' . RobertChristgau.com . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Christgau , Robert . `` Key to Icons '' . RobertChristgau.com . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Robert Dimery ; Michael Lydon ( 23 March 2010 ) . 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die : Revised and Updated Edition . Universe . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7893 - 2074 - 2 . Jump up ^ https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lips/flaming-lips-dial-down-the-whimsy-on-embryonic-idUSTRE58P07P20090926 Jump up ^ Cohen , Jonathan ( April 14 , 2007 ) . `` LIPS ON BROADWAY '' . Billboard . p. 119 ( 15 ) : 32 . Jump up ^ Endelman , Michael ( Mar 25 , 2007 ) . `` Yoshimi Battles the Pink Robots musical '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 5 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Ng , David ( Mar 14 , 2012 ) . `` Flaming Lips musical to debut in late 2012 , minus Aaron Sorkin '' . LA Times . Retrieved 11 Sep 2012 . Jump up ^ Perpetua , Matthew ( Apr 5 , 2011 ) . `` The Flaming Lips Plan ' Yoshimi ' Musical '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 11 Sep 2012 . Cite error : A list - defined reference named `` reutsales '' is not used in the content ( see the help page ) . ( hide ) The Flaming Lips Wayne Coyne Michael Ivins Steven Drozd Derek Brown Jake Ingalls Matt Duckworth Nick Ley Mark Coyne Dave Kostka Richard English Jonathan Donahue Nathan Roberts Jon Mooneyham Ronald Jones Kliph Scurlock Studio albums Hear It Is Oh My Gawd ! ! ! Telepathic Surgery In a Priest Driven Ambulance Hit to Death in the Future Head Transmissions from the Satellite Heart Clouds Taste Metallic Zaireeka The Soft Bulletin Yoshimi Battles the Pink Robots At War with the Mystics Embryonic The Terror Oczy Mlody EPs The Flaming Lips Unconsciously Screamin ' Yeah , I Know It 's a Drag ... But Wastin ' Pigs Is Still Radical Due to High Expectations ... The Flaming Lips Are Providing Needles for Your Balloons The Southern Oklahoma Cosmic Trigger Contest Fight Test Ego Tripping at the Gates of Hell Yoshimi Wins ! ( Live Radio Sessions ) It Overtakes Me Two Blobs Fucking Gummy Song Skull Gummy Song Fetus Strobo Trip 24 Hour Song Skull Peace Sword Compilations A Collection of Songs Representing an Enthusiasm for Recording ... By Amateurs Finally the Punk Rockers Are Taking Acid Shambolic Birth and Early Life Of The Day They Shot a Hole in the Jesus Egg 20 Years of Weird iTunes Originals Heady Nuggs The Soft Bulletin Live la Fantastique de Institution 2011 Atlas Eets Christmas Soundtracks Once Beyond Hopelessness Singles `` Drug Machine '' `` She Do n't Use Jelly '' `` Turn It On '' `` Bad Days '' `` This Here Giraffe '' `` Brainville '' `` Race for the Prize '' `` Waitin ' for a Superman '' `` Do You Realize ? ? '' `` Yoshimi Battles the Pink Robots , Pt. 1 '' `` Fight Test '' `` The Golden Path '' `` The W.A.N.D. ( The Will Always Negates Defeat ) '' `` The Yeah Yeah Yeah Song ( With All Your Power ) '' `` Love the World You Find '' Films and videos The Fearless Freaks VOID U.F.O.s at the Zoo Christmas on Mars Collaborations Albums The Dark Side of the Moon The Flaming Lips and Heady Fwends Playing Hide and Seek with the Ghosts of Dawn The Time Has Come to Shoot You Down ... What a Sound With a Little Help from My Fwends EPs The Flaming Lips with Neon Indian The Flaming Lips with Prefuse 73 The Flaming Lips with Lightning Bolt The Flaming Lips with Yoko Ono / Plastic Ono Band Peace and Paranoia Related articles Discography Late Night Tales : The Flaming Lips Yoshimi Battles the Hip - Hop Robots Miley Cyrus & Her Dead Petz Dave Fridmann Scott Booker Bradley Beesley George Salisbury Ray Suen Electric Würms Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yoshimi_Battles_the_Pink_Robots&oldid=801759305 '' Categories : 2002 albums Albums produced by Dave Fridmann English - language albums The Flaming Lips albums Warner Bros. Records albums Space rock albums 2012 musicals Works about cancer Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with incorrect ref formatting Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ελληνικά Español Français Galego Italiano Magyar Português Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 21 September 2017 , at 17 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshimi%20Battles%20the%20Pink%20Robots
| 2,054 |
|
who played claire kincaid on law & order
|
Assistant District Attorney Claire Kincaid is a fictional character on the television series Law & Order , played by Jill Hennessy from 1993 to 1996 . She appeared in 69 episodes ( 68 of Law & Order , and the Homicide : Life on the Street episode `` For God and Country '' ) .
|
Jill Hennessy
|
Claire Kincaid
|
claire kincaid
|
Assistant District Attorney Claire Kincaid is a fictional character on the television series Law & Order , played by Jill Hennessy from 1993 to 1996 . She appeared in 69 episodes ( 68 of Law & Order , and the Homicide : Life on the Street episode `` For God and Country '' ) .
|
Contents ( hide ) 1 Character overview 2 Notable episodes 3 Behind the scenes 4 References Character overview ( edit ) Kincaid is introduced in the episode `` Sweeps '' as an Assistant District Attorney in the Manhattan DA 's office . She is portrayed as an idealistic , outspoken feminist and agnostic who becomes increasingly disillusioned with her job . She is vocally pro-choice , opposes the death penalty , and has ambivalent feelings about drug prohibition . These political views often come into conflict with the realities of the legal system . She graduated from Harvard Law School , where her stepfather Mac Geller ( played by Len Cariou ) had been one of her professors . It is suggested throughout the fifth and sixth season that Kincaid and Executive ADA Jack McCoy ( Sam Waterston ) have a sexual relationship . However , it is not explicitly stated until season 9 , long after the character had exited the show . Notable episodes ( edit ) During her first season on the show , she is paired with Executive ADA Ben Stone ( Michael Moriarty ) . During the prosecution of a rape case , he threatens to fire her after she fails to share key information she learned while interviewing a witness , which subsequently comes out in trial , jeopardizing the case . Stone eventually relents and refuses to accept her resignation , relating to her because of a key mistake he made early in his career . In another case , Kincaid temporarily resigns after it is revealed she and a judge that the DA 's office is prosecuting were once lovers , possibly jeopardizing the case against him . After Stone resigns from the DA 's office , she is paired with Jack McCoy ( Sam Waterston ) , the new Executive ADA . In the two seasons they appear in together , she and the brash , competitive McCoy often butt heads over the social and political implications of their trial strategies , as well as McCoy 's penchant for going to legal extremes to get a conviction . The two eventually form a close bond , however , and it is hinted in several episodes that the two become lovers . In the episode `` Aftershock '' , Kincaid is killed just as she is considering leaving the DA 's office ; her car is struck by a drunk driver as she takes an inebriated Lennie Briscoe ( Jerry Orbach ) home from a bar . McCoy is haunted by her death , as evidenced by his intense , legally questionable efforts to prosecute a drunk driver and his indignation at being questioned about the circumstances of her death . Following her death , Briscoe re-enters Alcoholics Anonymous and remains sober for the rest of his life ; it is implied that he feels his drinking was responsible for her death . In one episode of Season 6 , `` Corpus Delicti '' , Kincaid was played by Jill Hennessy 's identical twin sister , Jacqueline Hennessy , in certain courtroom scenes . This was because Jill was filming in Baltimore for the crossover episode of Homicide : Life on the Street , which was broadcast a few weeks later . Jacqueline Hennessy 's performance was uncredited . Jamie Ross ( Carey Lowell ) replaced Kincaid as McCoy 's assistant . Behind the scenes ( edit ) The Kincaid character was written out after Hennessy expressed concern about being typecast as an `` uptight lawyer '' . Kincaid was originally intended to be portrayed as paralyzed and leaving the DA 's office for private practice after the events of `` Aftershock '' . This was eventually changed to Kincaid 's death , which was n't officially confirmed until Season 9 . Hennessy rejects claims she refused to come back for a follow - up episode : `` I made it clear I wanted to come back . I found out they killed me off from a friend who watched the show and told me , ' Jill , they said you were dead ! ' I was surprised , because I always thought I would return . Even now , I 'd love to come back for some bizarre flashbacks . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sweeps '' . Law & Order . Season 4 . Episode 1 . September 15 , 1993 . ^ Jump up to : `` Second Opinion '' . Law & Order . Season 5 . Episode 1 . September 21 , 1994 . Jump up ^ `` Apocrypha '' . Law & Order . Season 4 . Episode 7 . November 3 , 1993 . Jump up ^ `` Savages '' . Law & Order . Season 6 . Episode 3 . October 18 , 1995 . ^ Jump up to : `` Aftershock '' . Law & Order . Season 6 . Episode 22 . May 22 , 1996 . Jump up ^ `` Discord '' . Law & Order . Season 4 . Episode 3 . October 6 , 1993 . Jump up ^ `` Censure '' . Law & Order . Season 4 . Episode 14 . February 2 , 1994 . Jump up ^ `` Old Friends '' . Law & Order . Season 4 . Episode 22 . May 25 , 1994 . Jump up ^ `` Under The Influence '' . Law & Order . Season 8 . Episode 11 . January 7 , 1998 . Jump up ^ `` Sideshow '' . Law & Order . Season 9 . Episode 14 . February 17 , 1999 . ^ Jump up to : `` Causa Mortis '' . Law & Order . Season 7 . Episode 1 . September 18 , 1998 . Jump up ^ `` The Daily Beast : Celebrity Hidden Twins : Jill and Jacqueline Hennessy , '' Archived 2013 - 10 - 29 at the Wayback Machine . The Daily Beast ( August 5 , 2009 ) . Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0629216/ ^ Jump up to : `` ' Law & Order ' : 20 Years of Arresting Drama '' , TV Guide Special Collector 's Issue . hide Law & Order Characters Police Sgt . Max Greevey Sgt . Phil Cerreta Lennie Briscoe Joe Fontana Ed Green Cyrus Lupo Mike Logan Rey Curtis Nick Falco Nina Cassady Kevin Bernard Captain Donald Cragen Lieutenant Anita Van Buren District attorneys Benjamin Stone Jack McCoy Michael Cutter Paul Robinette Claire Kincaid Jamie Ross Abbie Carmichael Serena Southerlyn Alexandra Borgia Connie Rubirosa Adam Schiff Nora Lewin Arthur Branch Recurring characters Elizabeth Olivet , Ph. D . Emil Skoda , M.D. Elizabeth Rodgers , M.D. Danielle Melnick Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Notable episodes `` Prescription for Death '' `` Everybody 's Favorite Bagman '' `` Manhood '' `` Aftershock '' `` Empire '' `` Sunday in the Park with Jorge '' `` Mother 's Day '' `` Public Service Homicide '' `` Burn Card '' `` The Drowned and the Saved '' `` Dignity '' `` Fed '' `` Blackmail '' `` Steel - Eyed Death '' `` Boy on Fire '' `` Rubber Room '' TV film Exiled : A Law & Order Movie See also Episodes Cast Law & Order franchise Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Claire_Kincaid&oldid=835823028 '' Categories : Law & Order characters Fictional Harvard University people Fictional American people of Irish descent Fictional lawyers Fictional characters introduced in 1993 Crossover characters in television Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from May 2008 All articles needing additional references Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 11 April 2018 , at 00 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire%20Kincaid
| 2,055 |
who was involved in apartheid in south africa
|
Apartheid
|
apartheid
|
Apartheid ( South African English pronunciation : / əˈpɑːrteɪd / ; Afrikaans : ( aˈpartɦəit ) ) was a system of institutionalised racial segregation and discrimination in South Africa between 1948 and 1991 . Broadly speaking , apartheid was delineated into petty apartheid , which entailed the segregation of public facilities and social events , and grand apartheid , which dictated housing and employment opportunities by race . Prior to the 1940s , some aspects of apartheid had already emerged in the form of minority rule by white South Africans and the socially enforced separation of black South Africans from other races , which later extended to pass laws and land apportionment . Apartheid was adopted as a formal policy by the South African government after the ascension of the National Party ( NP ) during the country 's 1948 general elections .
|
A codified system of racial stratification began to take form in South Africa under the Dutch Empire in the late eighteenth century , although informal segregation was present much earlier due to social cleavages between Dutch colonists and a creolised , ethnically diverse slave population . With the rapid growth and industrialisation of the British Cape Colony in the nineteenth century , racial policies and laws became increasingly rigid . Cape legislation that discriminated specifically against black Africans began appearing shortly before 1900 . The policies of the Boer republics were also racially exclusive ; for instance , the Transvaal constitution barred nonwhite participation in church and state . The first apartheid law was the Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act , 1949 , followed closely by the Immorality Act of 1950 , which made it illegal for most South African citizens to marry or pursue sexual relationships across racial lines . The Population Registration Act , 1950 classified all South Africans into one of four racial groups based on appearance , known ancestry , socioeconomic status , and cultural lifestyle : `` black '' , `` white '' , `` coloured '' , and `` Indian '' , the last two of which included several sub-classifications . Places of residence were determined by racial classification . From 1960 to 1983 , 3.5 million nonwhite South Africans were removed from their homes and forced into segregated neighbourhoods , in one of the largest mass removals in modern history . Most of these targeted removals were intended to restrict the black population to ten designated `` tribal homelands '' , also known as bantustans , four of which became nominally independent states . The government announced that relocated persons would lose their South African citizenship as they were absorbed into the bantustans . Apartheid sparked significant international and domestic opposition , resulting in some of the most influential global social movements of the twentieth century . It was the target of frequent condemnation in the United Nations , and brought about an extensive arms and trade embargo on South Africa . During the 1970s and 1980s , internal resistance to apartheid became increasingly militant , prompting brutal crackdowns by the National Party administration and protracted sectarian violence that left thousands dead or in detention . Some reforms of the apartheid system were undertaken , including allowing for Indian and coloured political representation in parliament , but these measures failed in appeasing most activist groups . Between 1987 and 1993 the National Party entered into bilateral negotiations with the African National Congress , the leading anti-apartheid political movement , for ending segregation and introducing majority rule . In 1990 , prominent ANC leaders such as Nelson Mandela were released from detention . Apartheid legislation was abolished in mid-1991 , pending multiracial elections set for April 1994 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Precursors 3 Institution 3.1 Election of 1948 3.2 Legislation 3.3 Disenfranchisement of Coloured voters 3.4 Division among whites 4 Homeland system 4.1 International recognition of the Bantustans 5 Forced removals 6 Petty apartheid 7 Coloured classification 8 Women under apartheid 9 Sport under apartheid 10 Asians during apartheid 11 Conservatism 12 Internal resistance 13 International relations during apartheid 13.1 Commonwealth 13.2 United Nations 13.3 Catholic Church 13.4 Organisation for African Unity 13.5 Outward - looking policy 13.6 Sports and culture 13.6. 1 Beginning 13.6. 2 Isolation 13.6. 2.1 Verwoerd years 13.6. 2.2 Vorster years 13.6. 3 Cultural boycott 13.7 Western influence 13.8 The Cold War and Total Onslaught 13.8. 1 Foreign military operations 14 State security 14.1 State of emergency 15 Final years of apartheid 15.1 Factors 15.1. 1 Institutional racism 15.1. 2 Economic contradictions 15.1. 3 Western influence 15.2 Tricameral parliament 15.3 Reforms and contact with the ANC under Botha 15.4 Presidency of F.W. de Klerk 15.5 Negotiations 15.6 1994 election 16 Contrition 17 See also 18 References 19 Further reading 20 External links Etymology ( edit ) Apartheid is an Afrikaans word meaning `` separateness '' , or `` the state of being apart '' , literally `` apart - hood '' . Its first recorded use was in 1929 . Precursors ( edit ) Main articles : History of South Africa ( 1815 -- 1910 ) and History of South Africa ( 1910 -- 1948 ) Under the 1806 Cape Articles of Capitulation the new British colonial rulers were required to respect previous legislation enacted under Roman Dutch law and this led to a separation of the law in South Africa from English Common Law and a high degree of legislative autonomy . The governors and assemblies that governed the legal process in the various colonies of South Africa were launched on a different and independent legislative path from the rest of the British Empire . In the days of slavery , slaves required passes to travel away from their masters . In 1797 the Landdrost and Heemraden of Swellendam and Graaff - Reinet extended pass laws beyond slaves and ordained that all Khoikhoi ( designated as Hottentots ) moving about the country for any purpose should carry passes . This was confirmed by the British Colonial government in 1809 by the Hottentot Proclamation , which decreed that if a Khoikhoi were to move they would need a pass from their master or a local official . Ordinance No. 49 of 1828 decreed that prospective black immigrants were to be granted passes for the sole purpose of seeking work . These passes were to be issued for Coloureds and Khoikhoi , but not for other Africans , who were still forced to carry passes . The United Kingdom 's Slavery Abolition Act 1833 ( 3 & 4 Will . IV c. 73 ) abolished slavery throughout the British Empire and overrode the Cape Articles of Capitulation . To comply with the act the South African legislation was expanded to include Ordinance 1 in 1835 , which effectively changed the status of slaves to indentured labourers . This was followed by Ordinance 3 in 1848 , which introduced an indenture system for Xhosa that was little different from slavery . The various South African colonies passed legislation throughout the rest of the nineteenth century to limit the freedom of unskilled workers , to increase the restrictions on indentured workers and to regulate the relations between the races . The Franchise and Ballot Act of 1892 instituted limits based on financial means and education to the black franchise , and the Natal Legislative Assembly Bill of 1894 deprived Indians of the right to vote . The Glen Grey Act of 1894 , instigated by the government of Prime Minister Cecil John Rhodes limited the amount of land Africans could hold . In 1905 the General Pass Regulations Act denied blacks the vote , limited them to fixed areas and inaugurated the infamous Pass System . The Asiatic Registration Act ( 1906 ) required all Indians to register and carry passes . In 1910 the Union of South Africa was created as a self - governing dominion , which continued the legislative programme : the South Africa Act ( 1910 ) enfranchised whites , giving them complete political control over all other racial groups while removing the right of blacks to sit in parliament , the Native Land Act ( 1913 ) prevented blacks , except those in the Cape , from buying land outside `` reserves '' , the Natives in Urban Areas Bill ( 1918 ) was designed to force blacks into `` locations '' , the Urban Areas Act ( 1923 ) introduced residential segregation and provided cheap labour for industry led by white people , the Colour Bar Act ( 1926 ) prevented black mine workers from practising skilled trades , the Native Administration Act ( 1927 ) made the British Crown , rather than paramount chiefs , the supreme head over all African affairs , the Native Land and Trust Act ( 1936 ) complemented the 1913 Native Land Act and , in the same year , the Representation of Natives Act removed previous black voters from the Cape voters ' roll and allowed them to elect three whites to Parliament . One of the first pieces of segregating legislation enacted by Jan Smuts ' United Party government was the Asiatic Land Tenure Bill ( 1946 ) , which banned land sales to Indians . The United Party government began to move away from the rigid enforcement of segregationist laws during World War II . Amid fears integration would eventually lead to racial assimilation , the legislature established the Sauer Commission to investigate the effects of the United Party 's policies . The commission concluded that integration would bring about a `` loss of personality '' for all racial groups . Institution ( edit ) Election of 1948 ( edit ) Main article : South African general election , 1948 Daniel François Malan , the first apartheid - era prime minister ( 1948 -- 1954 ) The Union of South Africa had allowed social custom and law to govern the consideration of multiracial affairs and of the allocation , in racial terms , of access to economic , social , and political status . Most white South Africans , regardless of their own differences , accepted the prevailing pattern . Nevertheless , by 1948 it remained apparent that there were occasional gaps in the social structure , whether legislated or otherwise , concerning the rights and opportunities of nonwhites . The rapid economic development of World War II attracted black migrant workers in large numbers to chief industrial centres , where they compensated for the wartime shortage of white labour . However , this escalated rate of black urbanisation went unrecognised by the South African government , which failed to accommodate the influx with parallel expansion in housing or social services . Overcrowding , spiking crime rates , and disillusionment resulted ; urban blacks came to support a new generation of leaders influenced by the principles of self - determination and popular freedoms enshrined in such statements as the Atlantic Charter . Whites reacted negatively to the changes , allowing the Herenigde Nasionale Party ( or simply National Party ) to convince a large segment of the voting bloc that the impotence of the United Party in curtailing the evolving position of nonwhites indicated that the organisation had fallen under the influence of Western liberals . Many Afrikaners , whites chiefly of Dutch descent but with early infusions of Germans and French Huguenots who were soon assimilated , also resented what they perceived as disempowerment by an underpaid black workforce and the superior economic power and prosperity of white English speakers . In addition , Jan Smuts , as a strong advocate of the United Nations , lost domestic support when South Africa was criticised for its colour bar and continued mandate of South West Africa by other UN member states . Afrikaner nationalists proclaimed that they offered the voters a new policy to ensure continued white domination . This policy was initially expounded from a theory drafted by Hendrik Verwoerd and was presented to the National Party by the Sauer Commission . It called for a systematic effort to organise the relations , rights , and privileges of the races as officially defined through a series of parliamentary acts and administrative decrees . Segregation had thus been pursued only in major matters , such as separate schools , and local society rather than law had been depended upon to enforce most separation ; it should now be extended to everything . The party gave this policy a name -- apartheid ( apartness ) . Apartheid was to be the basic ideological and practical foundation of Afrikaner politics for the next quarter of a century . The National Party 's election platform stressed that apartheid would preserve a market for white employment in which nonwhites could not compete . On the issues of black urbanisation , the regulation of nonwhite labour , influx control , social security , farm tariffs , and nonwhite taxation the United Party 's policy remained contradictory and confused . Its traditional bases of support not only took mutually exclusive positions , but found themselves increasingly at odds with each other . Smuts ' reluctance to consider South African foreign policy against the mounting tensions of the Cold War also stirred up discontent , while the nationalists promised to purge the state and public service of communist sympathisers . First to desert the United Party were Afrikaner farmers , who wished to see a change in influx control due to problems with squatters , as well as higher prices for their maize and other produce in the face of the mineowners ' demand for cheap food policies . Always identified with the affluent and capitalist , the party also failed to appeal to its working class constituents . Populist rhetoric allowed the National Party to sweep eight constituencies in the mining and industrial centres of the Witwatersrand and five more in Pretoria . Barring the predominantly English - speaking landowner electorate of the Natal , the United Party was defeated in almost every rural district . Its urban losses in the nation 's most populous province , the Transvaal , proved equally devastating . As the voting system was disproportionately weighted in favour of rural constituencies and the Transvaal in particular , the 1948 election catapulted the Herenigde Nasionale Party from a small minority party to a commanding position with an eight - vote parliamentary lead . Daniel François Malan became the first nationalist prime minister , with the aim of implementing the apartheid philosophy and silencing liberal opposition . Legislation ( edit ) Apartheid legislation in South Africa Precursors ( before 1948 ) ( show ) Franchise and Ballot Act ( 1892 ) Glen Grey Act ( 1894 ) Natal Legislative Assembly Bill ( 1894 ) Transvaal Asiatic Registration Act ( 1906 ) South Africa Act ( 1909 ) Mines and Works Act ( 1911 ) Natives Land Act ( 1913 ) Natives ( Urban Areas ) Act ( 1923 ) Immorality Act ( 1927 ) Native Administration Act ( 1927 ) Women 's Enfranchisement Act ( 1930 ) Franchise Laws Amendment Act ( 1931 ) Representation of Natives Act ( 1936 ) Native Trust and Land Act ( 1936 ) Native ( Urban Areas ) Consolidation Act ( 1945 ) Asiatic Land Tenure Act ( 1946 ) Malan to Verwoerd ( 1948 -- 66 ) ( show ) Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act ( 1949 ) Immorality Amendment Act † ( 1950 ) Population Registration Act ( 1950 ) Group Areas Act ( 1950 ) Suppression of Communism Act ( 1950 ) Native Building Workers Act ( 1951 ) Separate Representation of Voters Act ( 1951 ) Prevention of Illegal Squatting Act ( 1951 ) Bantu Authorities Act ( 1951 ) Native Laws Amendment Act † ( 1952 ) Pass Laws Act ( 1952 ) Public Safety Act ( 1953 ) Native Labour ( Settlement of Disputes ) Act ( 1953 ) Bantu Education Act ( 1953 ) Reservation of Separate Amenities Act ( 1953 ) Natives Resettlement Act ( 1954 ) Group Areas Development Act ( 1955 ) Riotous Assemblies Act ( 1956 ) Industrial Conciliation Act ( 1956 ) Natives ( Prohibition of Interdicts ) Act ( 1956 ) Immorality Act ( 1957 ) Bantu Investment Corporation Act ( 1959 ) Extension of University Education Act ( 1959 ) Promotion of Bantu Self - government Act ( 1959 ) Unlawful Organizations Act ( 1960 ) Indemnity Act ( 1961 ) Coloured Persons Communal Reserves Act ( 1961 ) Republic of South Africa Constitution Act ( 1961 ) Urban Bantu Councils Act ( 1961 ) General Law Amendment Act ( 1963 ) Coloured Persons Representative Council Act ( 1964 ) After Verwoerd to Botha ( 1966 -- 90 ) ( show ) Terrorism Act ( 1967 ) Separate Representation of Voters Amendment Act ( 1968 ) Prohibition of Political Interference Act ( 1968 ) Bantu Homelands Citizenship Act ( 1970 ) Bantu Homelands Constitution Act ( 1971 ) Aliens Control Act ( 1973 ) Indemnity Act ( 1977 ) National Key Points Act ( 1980 ) List of National Key Points Internal Security Act ( 1982 ) Black Local Authorities Act ( 1982 ) Republic of South Africa Constitution Act ( 1983 ) Abolishment ( 1990 -- 96 ) ( show ) Negotiations to end Apartheid ( 1990 -- 93 ) Interim Constitution ( 1993 ) Promotion of National Unity and Reconciliation Act ( 1995 ) Constitution ( 1996 ) † No new legislation introduced , rather the existing legislation named was amended . Main article : Apartheid legislation NP leaders argued that South Africa did not comprise a single nation , but was made up of four distinct racial groups : white , black , coloured and Indian . Such groups were split into 13 nations or racial federations . White people encompassed the English and Afrikaans language groups ; the black populace was divided into ten such groups . The state passed laws that paved the way for `` grand apartheid '' , which was centred on separating races on a large scale , by compelling people to live in separate places defined by race . This strategy was in part adopted from `` left - over '' British rule that separated different racial groups after they took control of the Boer republics in the Anglo - Boer war . This created the black - only `` townships '' or `` locations '' , where blacks were relocated to their own towns . In addition , `` petty apartheid '' laws were passed . The principal apartheid laws were as follows . The first grand apartheid law was the Population Registration Act of 1950 , which formalised racial classification and introduced an identity card for all persons over the age of 18 , specifying their racial group . Official teams or boards were established to come to a conclusion on those people whose race was unclear . This caused difficulty , especially for coloured people , separating their families when members were allocated different races . The second pillar of grand apartheid was the Group Areas Act of 1950 . Until then , most settlements had people of different races living side by side . This Act put an end to diverse areas and determined where one lived according to race . Each race was allotted its own area , which was used in later years as a basis of forced removal . The Prevention of Illegal Squatting Act of 1951 allowed the government to demolish black shanty town slums and forced white employers to pay for the construction of housing for those black workers who were permitted to reside in cities otherwise reserved for whites . The Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act of 1949 prohibited marriage between persons of different races , and the Immorality Act of 1950 made sexual relations with a person of a different race a criminal offence . Under the Reservation of Separate Amenities Act of 1953 , municipal grounds could be reserved for a particular race , creating , among other things , separate beaches , buses , hospitals , schools and universities . Signboards such as `` whites only '' applied to public areas , even including park benches . Blacks were provided with services greatly inferior to those of whites , and , to a lesser extent , to those of Indian and coloured people . Further laws had the aim of suppressing resistance , especially armed resistance , to apartheid . The Suppression of Communism Act of 1950 banned any party subscribing to Communism . The act defined Communism and its aims so sweepingly that anyone who opposed government policy risked being labelled as a Communist . Since the law specifically stated that Communism aimed to disrupt racial harmony , it was frequently used to gag opposition to apartheid . Disorderly gatherings were banned , as were certain organisations that were deemed threatening to the government . Education was segregated by the 1953 Bantu Education Act , which crafted a separate system of education for black South African students and was designed to prepare black people for lives as a labouring class . In 1959 separate universities were created for black , coloured and Indian people . Existing universities were not permitted to enroll new black students . The Afrikaans Medium Decree of 1974 required the use of Afrikaans and English on an equal basis in high schools outside the homelands . The Bantu Authorities Act of 1951 created separate government structures for blacks and whites and was the first piece of legislation to support the government 's plan of separate development in the bantustans . The Promotion of Black Self - Government Act of 1959 entrenched the NP policy of nominally independent `` homelands '' for blacks . So - called `` self -- governing Bantu units '' were proposed , which would have devolved administrative powers , with the promise later of autonomy and self - government . It also abolished the seats of white representatives of black South Africans and removed from the rolls the few blacks still qualified to vote . The Bantu Investment Corporation Act of 1959 set up a mechanism to transfer capital to the homelands to create employment there . Legislation of 1967 allowed the government to stop industrial development in `` white '' cities and redirect such development to the `` homelands '' . The Black Homeland Citizenship Act of 1970 marked a new phase in the Bantustan strategy . It changed the status of blacks to citizens of one of the ten autonomous territories . The aim was to ensure a demographic majority of white people within South Africa by having all ten Bantustans achieve full independence . Interracial contact in sport was frowned upon , but there were no segregatory sports laws . The government tightened pass laws compelling blacks to carry identity documents , to prevent the immigration of blacks from other countries . To reside in a city , blacks had to be in employment there . Until 1956 women were for the most part excluded from these pass requirements , as attempts to introduce pass laws for women were met with fierce resistance . Disenfranchisement of Coloured voters ( edit ) Main article : Coloured vote constitutional crisis Cape Coloured children in Bonteheuwel Annual per capita personal income by race group in South Africa relative to white levels . In 1950 , D.F. Malan announced the NP 's intention to create a Coloured Affairs Department . J.G. Strijdom , Malan 's successor as Prime Minister , moved to strip voting rights from black and coloured residents of the Cape Province . The previous government had introduced the Separate Representation of Voters Bill into Parliament in 1951 ; however , four voters , G Harris , WD Franklin , WD Collins and Edgar Deane , challenged its validity in court with support from the United Party . The Cape Supreme Court upheld the act , but reversed by the Appeal Court , finding the act invalid because a two - thirds majority in a joint sitting of both Houses of Parliament was needed to change the entrenched clauses of the Constitution . The government then introduced the High Court of Parliament Bill ( 1952 ) , which gave Parliament the power to overrule decisions of the court . The Cape Supreme Court and the Appeal Court declared this invalid too . In 1955 the Strijdom government increased the number of judges in the Appeal Court from five to 11 , and appointed pro-Nationalist judges to fill the new places . In the same year they introduced the Senate Act , which increased the Senate from 49 seats to 89 . Adjustments were made such that the NP controlled 77 of these seats . The parliament met in a joint sitting and passed the Separate Representation of Voters Act in 1956 , which transferred coloured voters from the common voters ' roll in the Cape to a new coloured voters ' roll . Immediately after the vote , the Senate was restored to its original size . The Senate Act was contested in the Supreme Court , but the recently enlarged Appeal Court , packed with government - supporting judges , upheld the act , and also the Act to remove coloured voters . The 1956 law allowed Coloureds to elect four people to Parliament , but a 1969 law abolished those seats and stripped Coloureds of their right to vote . Since Asians had never been allowed to vote , this resulted in whites being the sole enfranchised group . A 2016 study in the Journal of Politics suggests that disenfranchisement in South Africa had a significant negative impact on basic service delivery to the disenfranchized . Division among whites ( edit ) Before South Africa became a republic in 1961 , politics among white South Africans was typified by the division between the mainly Afrikaner pro-republic conservative and the largely English anti-republican liberal sentiments , with the legacy of the Boer War still a factor for some people . Once South Africa became a republic , Prime Minister Hendrik Verwoerd called for improved relations and greater accord between people of British descent and the Afrikaners . He claimed that the only difference was between those in favor of apartheid and those against it . The ethnic division would no longer be between Afrikaans and English speakers , but between blacks and whites . Most Afrikaners supported the notion of unanimity of white people to ensure their safety . White voters of British descent were divided . Many had opposed a republic , leading to a majority `` no '' vote in Natal . Later , some of them recognised the perceived need for white unity , convinced by the growing trend of decolonisation elsewhere in Africa , which concerned them . British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan 's `` Wind of Change '' speech left the British faction feeling that Britain had abandoned them . The more conservative English speakers supported Verwoerd ; others were troubled by the severing of ties with Britain and remained loyal to the Crown . They were displeased by having to choose between British and South African nationalities . Although Verwoerd tried to bond these different blocs , the subsequent voting illustrated only a minor swell of support , indicating that a great many English speakers remained apathetic and that Verwoerd had not succeeded in uniting the white population . Homeland system ( edit ) Main article : Bantustan Map of South Africa showing the location of bantustans Rural area in Ciskei , one of the apartheid era homelands Under the homeland system , the government attempted to divide South Africa into a number of separate states , each of which was supposed to develop into a separate nation - state for a different ethnic group . Territorial separation was hardly a new institution . There were , for example , the `` reserves '' created under the British government in the nineteenth century . Under apartheid , 13 percent of the land was reserved for black homelands , a relatively small amount compared with the total population , and generally in economically unproductive areas of the country . The Tomlinson Commission of 1954 justified apartheid and the homeland system , but stated that additional land ought to be given to the homelands , a recommendation that was not carried out . When Verwoerd became Prime Minister in 1958 , the policy of `` separate development '' came into being , with the homeland structure as one of its cornerstones . Verwoerd came to believe in the granting of independence to these homelands . The government justified its plans on the basis that `` ( the ) government 's policy is , therefore , not a policy of discrimination on the grounds of race or colour , but a policy of differentiation on the ground of nationhood , of different nations , granting to each self - determination within the borders of their homelands -- hence this policy of separate development '' . Under the homelands system , blacks would no longer be citizens of South Africa , becoming citizens of the independent homelands who worked in South Africa as foreign migrant labourers on temporary work permits . In 1958 the Promotion of Black Self - Government Act was passed , and border industries and the Bantu Investment Corporation were established to promote economic development and the provision of employment in or near the homelands . Many black South Africans who had never resided in their identified homeland were forcibly removed from the cities to the homelands . Ten homelands were allocated to different black ethnic groups : Lebowa ( North Sotho , also referred to as Pedi ) , QwaQwa ( South Sotho ) , Bophuthatswana ( Tswana ) , KwaZulu ( Zulu ) , KaNgwane ( Swazi ) , Transkei and Ciskei ( Xhosa ) , Gazankulu ( Tsonga ) , Venda ( Venda ) and KwaNdebele ( Ndebele ) . Four of these were declared independent by the South African government : Transkei in 1976 , Bophuthatswana in 1977 , Venda in 1979 , and Ciskei in 1981 ( known as the TBVC states ) . Once a homeland was granted its nominal independence , its designated citizens had their South African citizenship revoked and replaced with citizenship in their homeland . These people were then issued passports instead of passbooks . Citizens of the nominally autonomous homelands also had their South African citizenship circumscribed , meaning they were no longer legally considered South African . The South African government attempted to draw an equivalence between their view of black citizens of the homelands and the problems which other countries faced through entry of illegal immigrants . International recognition of the Bantustans ( edit ) Bantustans within the borders of South Africa were classified as `` self - governing '' or `` independent '' . In theory , self - governing Bantustans had control over many aspects of their internal functioning but were not yet sovereign nations . Independent Bantustans ( Transkei , Bophutatswana , Venda and Ciskei ; also known as the TBVC states ) were intended to be fully sovereign . In reality , they had no significant economic infrastructure and with few exceptions encompassed swaths of disconnected territory . This meant all the Bantustans were little more than puppet states controlled by South Africa . Throughout the existence of the independent Bantustans , South Africa remained the only country to recognise their independence . Nevertheless , internal organisations of many countries , as well as the South African government , lobbied for their recognition . For example , upon the foundation of Transkei , the Swiss - South African Association encouraged the Swiss government to recognise the new state . In 1976 , leading up to a United States House of Representatives resolution urging the President to not recognise Transkei , the South African government intensely lobbied lawmakers to oppose the bill . Each TBVC state extended recognition to the other independent Bantustans while South Africa showed its commitment to the notion of TBVC sovereignty by building embassies in the TBVC capitals . Forced removals ( edit ) See also : Group Areas Act and Abolition of Racially Based Land Measures Act , 1991 During the 1960s , 1970s and early 1980s , the government implemented a policy of `` resettlement '' , to force people to move to their designated `` group areas '' . Millions of people were forced to relocate . These removals included people relocated due to slum clearance programmes , labour tenants on white - owned farms , the inhabitants of the so - called `` black spots '' ( black - owned land surrounded by white farms ) , the families of workers living in townships close to the homelands , and `` surplus people '' from urban areas , including thousands of people from the Western Cape ( which was declared a `` Coloured Labour Preference Area '' ) who were moved to the Transkei and Ciskei homelands . The best - publicised forced removals of the 1950s occurred in Johannesburg , when 60,000 people were moved to the new township of Soweto ( an abbreviation for South Western Townships ) . Until 1955 , Sophiatown had been one of the few urban areas where blacks were allowed to own land , and was slowly developing into a multiracial slum . As industry in Johannesburg grew , Sophiatown became the home of a rapidly expanding black workforce , as it was convenient and close to town . It had the only swimming pool for black children in Johannesburg . As one of the oldest black settlements in Johannesburg , it held an almost symbolic importance for the 50,000 blacks it contained , both in terms of its sheer vibrancy and its unique culture . Despite a vigorous ANC protest campaign and worldwide publicity , the removal of Sophiatown began on 9 February 1955 under the Western Areas Removal Scheme . In the early hours , heavily armed police forced residents out of their homes and loaded their belongings onto government trucks . The residents were taken to a large tract of land 19 kilometres ( 12 mi ) from the city centre , known as Meadowlands , which the government had purchased in 1953 . Meadowlands became part of a new planned black city called Soweto . Sophiatown was destroyed by bulldozers , and a new white suburb named Triomf ( Triumph ) was built in its place . This pattern of forced removal and destruction was to repeat itself over the next few years , and was not limited to black South Africans alone . Forced removals from areas like Cato Manor ( Mkhumbane ) in Durban , and District Six in Cape Town , where 55,000 coloured and Indian people were forced to move to new townships on the Cape Flats , were carried out under the Group Areas Act of 1950 . Nearly 600,000 coloured , Indian and Chinese people were moved under the Group Areas Act . Some 40,000 whites were also forced to move when land was transferred from `` white South Africa '' into the black homelands . Petty apartheid ( edit ) Signs enforcing petty apartheid Sign designating a public space as `` for use by white persons '' Sign reserving a Natal beach `` for the sole use of members of the white race group '' , in English , Afrikaans , and Zulu The NP passed a string of legislation that became known as petty apartheid . The first of these was the Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act 55 of 1949 , prohibiting marriage between whites and people of other races . The Immorality Amendment Act 21 of 1950 ( as amended in 1957 by Act 23 ) forbade `` unlawful racial intercourse '' and `` any immoral or indecent act '' between a white and a black , Indian or coloured person . Blacks were not allowed to run businesses or professional practices in areas designated as `` white South Africa '' unless they had a permit . They were required to move to the black `` homelands '' and set up businesses and practices there . Transport and civil facilities were segregated . Trains , hospitals and ambulances were segregated . Because of the smaller numbers of white patients and the fact that white doctors preferred to work in white hospitals , conditions in white hospitals were much better than those in often overcrowded and understaffed black hospitals . Blacks were excluded from living or working in white areas , unless they had a pass , nicknamed the dompas , also spelt dompass or dom pass . The most likely origin of this name is from the Afrikaans `` verdomde pas '' ( meaning accursed pass ) , although some commentators ascribe it to the Afrikaans words meaning `` dumb pass '' . Only blacks with `` Section 10 '' rights ( those who had migrated to the cities before World War II ) were excluded from this provision . A pass was issued only to a black with approved work . Spouses and children had to be left behind in black homelands . A pass was issued for one magisterial district ( usually one town ) confining the holder to that area only . Being without a valid pass made a person subject to arrest and trial for being an illegal migrant . This was often followed by deportation to the person 's homeland and prosecution of the employer for employing an illegal migrant . Police vans patrolled white areas to round up blacks without passes . Blacks were not allowed to employ whites in white South Africa . Although trade unions for black and coloured ( mixed race ) workers had existed since the early 20th century , it was not until the 1980s reforms that a mass black trade union movement developed . Trade unions under apartheid were racially segregated , with 54 unions being white only , 38 for Indian and coloured and 19 for black people . The Industrial Conciliation Act ( 1956 ) legislated against the creation of multi-racial trade unions and attempted to split existing multi-racial unions into separate branches or organisations along racial lines . In the 1970s the state spent ten times more per child on the education of white children than on black children within the Bantu Education system ( the education system in black schools within white South Africa ) . Higher education was provided in separate universities and colleges after 1959 . Eight black universities were created in the homelands . Fort Hare University in the Ciskei ( now Eastern Cape ) was to register only Xhosa - speaking students . Sotho , Tswana , Pedi and Venda speakers were placed at the newly founded University College of the North at Turfloop , while the University College of Zululand was launched to serve Zulu students . Coloureds and Indians were to have their own establishments in the Cape and Natal respectively . Each black homeland controlled its own education , health and police systems . Blacks were not allowed to buy hard liquor . They were able only to buy state - produced poor quality beer ( although this was relaxed later ) . Public beaches were racially segregated . Public swimming pools , some pedestrian bridges , drive - in cinema parking spaces , graveyards , parks , and public toilets were segregated . Cinemas and theatres in white areas were not allowed to admit blacks . There were practically no cinemas in black areas . Most restaurants and hotels in white areas were not allowed to admit blacks except as staff . Blacks were prohibited from attending white churches under the Churches Native Laws Amendment Act of 1957 , but this was never rigidly enforced and churches were one of the few places races could mix without the interference of the law . Blacks earning 360 rand a year or more had to pay taxes while the white threshold was more than twice as high , at 750 rand a year . On the other hand , the taxation rate for whites was considerably higher than that for blacks . Blacks could never acquire land in white areas . In the homelands , much of the land belonged to a `` tribe '' , where the local chieftain would decide how the land had to be used . This resulted in whites owning almost all the industrial and agricultural lands and much of the prized residential land . Most blacks were stripped of their South African citizenship when the `` homelands '' became `` independent '' , and they were no longer able to apply for South African passports . Eligibility requirements for a passport had been difficult for blacks to meet , the government contending that a passport was a privilege , not a right , and the government did not grant many passports to blacks . Apartheid pervaded culture as well as the law , and was entrenched by most of the mainstream media . Coloured classification ( edit ) Part of a series on Discrimination General forms ( show ) Age Caste Class Color Disability Gender Genotype Hair Height Language Looks Mental condition Race / Ethnicity / Nationality Rank Religion Sex Sexuality Size Species Specific forms Social ( show ) AIDS stigma Adultism Anti-albinism Anti-autism Anti-homelessness Anti-intellectualism Anti-intersex Anti-left handedness Anti-Masonry Audism Binarism Biphobia Cronyism Elitism Ephebiphobia Fatism Genderism Gerontophobia Heteronormativity Heterosexism Homophobia Leprosy stigma Lesbophobia Mentalism Misandry Misogyny Nepotism Pedophobia Pregnancy Reverse Sectarianism Shadism Supremacism Arab Black White Transmisogyny Transphobia Vegaphobia Xenophobia Manifestations ( show ) Animal cruelty Animal testing Blood libel Blood sport Carnism Class conflict Compulsory sterilization Counter-jihad Cultural genocide Democide Disability hate crime Economic Eliminationism Employment Enemy of the people Ethnic cleansing Ethnic hatred Ethnic joke Ethnocide Forced conversion Freak show Gay bashing Gendercide Genital mutilation Genocide examples Glass ceiling Group libel Hate crime Hate group Hate speech Homeless dumping Housing Indian rolling LGBT hate crime Lavender scare Lynching Meat eating Mortgage Persecution Murder music Occupational segregation Persecution Pogrom Purge Race war Red Scare Religious persecution Scapegoating Segregation academy Sex - selective abortion Slavery Slut - shaming Trans bashing Victimisation Violence against women White flight White power music Wife selling Witch - hunt Policies ( show ) Segregation age racial religious sex Age of candidacy Blood quantum Cleanliness of blood Crime of apartheid Disabilities Jewish Catholic Ethnocracy Gender pay gap Gender roles Gerontocracy Gerrymandering Ghetto benches Internment Jewish quota Jim Crow laws Law for Protection of the Nation McCarthyism MSM blood donor controversy Nonpersons Numerus clausus ( as religious or racial quota ) Nuremberg Laws One - drop rule Racial quota Racial steering Redlining Same - sex marriage ( laws and issues prohibiting ) Sodomy law Ugly law Voter suppression Countermeasures ( show ) Affirmative action Animal rights Anti-discrimination law Classism Cultural assimilation Cultural pluralism Desegregation Diversity training Empowerment Ethnopluralism Feminism Fighting Discrimination Human rights Intersex rights Multiculturalism Racial integration Religious persecution Self - determination Social integration Toleration Vegetarianism Veganism Related topics ( show ) Allophilia Anti-cultural sentiment Assimilation Bias Christian privilege Diversity Ethnic penalty Eugenics Intersectionality Male privilege Masculism Multiculturalism Neurodiversity Oppression Police brutality Political correctness Power distance Prejudice Racial bias in criminal news Racism by country Regressive left Religious intolerance Second - generation gender bias Snobbery Social exclusion Social stigma Stereotype threat White privilege Discrimination portal Main article : Coloured The population was classified into four groups : Black , White , Indian , and Coloured ( capitalised to denote their legal definitions in South African law ) . The Coloured group included people regarded as being of mixed descent , including of Bantu , Khoisan , European and Malay ancestry . Many were descended from people brought to South Africa from other parts of the world , such as India , Madagascar , and China as slaves and indentured workers . The apartheid bureaucracy devised complex ( and often arbitrary ) criteria at the time that the Population Registration Act was implemented to determine who was Coloured . Minor officials would administer tests to determine if someone should be categorised either Coloured or Black , or if another person should be categorised either Coloured or White . Different members of the same family found themselves in different race groups . Further tests determined membership of the various sub-racial groups of the Coloureds . Many of those who formerly belonged to this racial group are opposed to the continuing use of the term `` coloured '' in the post-apartheid era , though the term no longer signifies any legal meaning . The expressions `` so - called Coloured '' ( Afrikaans sogenaamde Kleurlinge ) and `` brown people '' ( bruinmense ) acquired a wide usage in the 1980s . Discriminated against by apartheid , Coloureds were as a matter of state policy forced to live in separate townships , in some cases leaving homes their families had occupied for generations , and received an inferior education , though better than that provided to Blacks . They played an important role in the anti-apartheid movement : for example the African Political Organization established in 1902 had an exclusively Coloured membership . Voting rights were denied to Coloureds in the same way that they were denied to Blacks from 1950 to 1983 . However , in 1977 the NP caucus approved proposals to bring Coloureds and Indians into central government . In 1982 , final constitutional proposals produced a referendum among Whites , and the Tricameral Parliament was approved . The Constitution was reformed the following year to allow the Coloured and Asian minorities participation in separate Houses in a Tricameral Parliament , and Botha became the first Executive State President . The idea was that the Coloured minority could be granted voting rights , but the Black majority were to become citizens of independent homelands . These separate arrangements continued until the abolition of apartheid . The Tricameral reforms led to the formation of the ( anti-apartheid ) United Democratic Front as a vehicle to try to prevent the co-option of Coloureds and Indians into an alliance with Whites . The battles between the UDF and the NP government from 1983 to 1989 were to become the most intense period of struggle between left - wing and right - wing South Africans . Women under apartheid ( edit ) Colonialism and apartheid had a major impact on black and coloured women , since they suffered both racial and gender discrimination . Jobs were often hard to find . Many black and coloured women worked as agricultural or domestic workers , but wages were extremely low , if existent . Children suffered from diseases caused by malnutrition and sanitation problems , and mortality rates were therefore high . The controlled movement of black and coloured workers within the country through the Natives Urban Areas Act of 1923 and the pass laws separated family members from one another , because men could prove their employment in urban centres while most women were merely dependents ; consequently , they risked being deported to rural areas . Sport under apartheid ( edit ) See also : Rugby union and apartheid By the 1930s , association football mirrored the balkanised society of South Africa ; football was divided into numerous institutions based on race : the ( White ) South African Football Association , the South African Indian Football Association ( SAIFA ) , the South African African Football Association ( SAAFA ) and its rival the South African Bantu Football Association , and the South African Coloured Football Association ( SACFA ) . Lack of funds to provide proper equipment would be noticeable in regards to black amateur football matches ; this revealed the unequal lives black South Africans were subject to , in contrast to Whites , who were obviously much better off financially . Apartheid 's social engineering made it more difficult to compete across racial lines . Thus , in an effort to centralise finances , the federations merged in 1951 , creating the South African Soccer Federation ( SASF ) , which brought Black , Indian , and Coloured national associations into one body that opposed apartheid . This was generally opposed more and more by the growing apartheid government , and -- with urban segregation being reinforced with ongoing racist policies -- it was harder to play football along these racial lines . In 1956 , the Pretoria regime -- the administrative capital of South Africa -- passed the first apartheid sports policy ; by doing so , it emphasised the White - led government 's opposition to inter-racialism . While football was plagued by racism , it also played a role in protesting apartheid and its policies . With the international bans from FIFA and other major sporting events , South Africa would be in the spotlight internationally . In a 1977 survey , white South Africans ranked the lack of international sport as one of the three most damaging consequences of apartheid . By the mid-1950s , Black South Africans would also use media to challenge the `` racialisation '' of sports in South Africa ; anti-apartheid forces had begun to pinpoint sport as the `` weakness '' of white national morale . Black journalists for the Johannesburg Drum magazine were the first to give the issue public exposure , with an intrepid special issue in 1955 that asked , `` Why should n't our blacks be allowed in the SA team ? '' As time progressed , international standing with South Africa would continue to be strained . In the 1980s , as the oppressive system was slowly collapsing the ANC and National Party started negotiations on the end of apartheid . Football associations also discussed the formation of a single , non-racial controlling body . This unity process accelerated in the late 1980s and led to the creation , in December 1991 , of an incorporated South African Football Association . On 3 July 1992 , FIFA finally welcomed South Africa back into international football . Sport has long been an important part of life in South Africa , and the boycotting of games by international teams had a profound effect on the white population , perhaps more so than the trade embargoes did . After the re-acceptance of South Africa 's sports teams by the international community , sport played a major unifying role between the country 's diverse ethnic groups . Mandela 's open support of the predominantly white rugby fraternity during the 1995 Rugby World Cup was considered instrumental in bringing together South African sports fans of all races . Asians during apartheid ( edit ) Further information : Indian South Africans , Asian South Africans , and Chinese South Africans Defining its Asian population , a minority that did not appear to belong to any of the initial three designated non-white groups , was a constant dilemma for the apartheid government . For political reasons , the classification of `` honorary white '' was granted to immigrants from Japan , South Korea and Taiwan -- countries with which South Africa maintained diplomatic and economic relations -- and to their descendants . Indian South Africans during apartheid were classified many ranges of categories from `` Asian '' to `` black '' to `` Coloured '' and even the mono - ethnic category of `` Indian '' , but never as white , having been considered `` nonwhite '' throughout South Africa 's history . The group faced severe discrimination during the apartheid regime and were subject to numerous racialist policies . Chinese South Africans -- who were descendants of migrant workers who came to work in the gold mines around Johannesburg in the late 19th century -- were initially either classified as `` Coloured '' or `` Other Asian '' and were subject to numerous forms of discrimination and restriction . It was not until 1984 that South African Chinese , increased to about 10,000 , were given the same official rights as the Japanese , to be treated as whites in terms of the Group Areas Act , although they still faced discrimination and did not receive all the benefits / rights of their newly obtained honorary white status such as voting . Indonesians arrived at the Cape of Good Hope as slaves until the abolishment of slavery during the 1800s . They were predominantly Muslim , were allowed religious freedom and formed their own ethnic group / community known as Cape Malays . They were classified as part of the Coloured racial group . This was the same for South Africans of Malaysian descent who were also classified as part of the Coloured race and thus considered `` not - white '' . South Africans of Filipino descent were classified as `` black '' due to historical outlook on Filipinos by White South Africans , and many of them lived in Bantustans . Conservatism ( edit ) Alongside apartheid the NP government implemented a programme of social conservatism . Pornography and gambling were banned . Cinemas , shops selling alcohol and most other businesses were forbidden from operating on Sundays . Abortion , homosexuality and sex education were also restricted ; abortion was legal only in cases of rape or if the mother 's life was threatened . Television was not introduced until 1976 because the government viewed English programming as a threat to the Afrikaans language . Television was run on apartheid lines -- TV1 broadcast in Afrikaans and English ( geared to a white audience ) , TV2 in Zulu and Xhosa and TV3 in Sotho , Tswana and Pedi ( both geared to a black audience ) , and TV4 mostly showed programmes for an urban - black audience . Internal resistance ( edit ) Main article : Internal resistance to apartheid Painting of the Sharpeville Massacre of March 1960 Apartheid sparked significant internal resistance . The government responded to a series of popular uprisings and protests with police brutality , which in turn increased local support for the armed resistance struggle . Internal resistance to the apartheid system in South Africa came from several sectors of society and saw the creation of organisations dedicated variously to peaceful protests , passive resistance and armed insurrection . In 1949 , the youth wing of the African National Congress ( ANC ) took control of the organisation and started advocating a radical black nationalist programme . The new young leaders proposed that white authority could only be overthrown through mass campaigns . In 1950 that philosophy saw the launch of the Programme of Action , a series of strikes , boycotts and civil disobedience actions that led to occasional violent clashes with the authorities . In 1959 , a group of disenchanted ANC members formed the Pan Africanist Congress ( PAC ) , which organised a demonstration against pass books on 21 March 1960 . One of those protests was held in the township of Sharpeville , where 69 people were killed by police in the Sharpeville massacre . In the wake of Sharpeville , the government declared a state of emergency . More than 18,000 people were arrested , including leaders of the ANC and PAC , and both organisations were banned . The resistance went underground , with some leaders in exile abroad and others engaged in campaigns of domestic sabotage and terrorism . In May 1961 , before the declaration of South Africa as a Republic , an assembly representing the banned ANC called for negotiations between the members of the different ethnic groupings , threatening demonstrations and strikes during the inauguration of the Republic if their calls were ignored . When the government overlooked them , the strikers ( among the main organisers was a 42 - year - old , Thembu - origin Nelson Mandela ) carried out their threats . The government countered swiftly by giving police the authority to arrest people for up to twelve days and detaining many strike leaders amid numerous cases of police brutality . Defeated , the protesters called off their strike . The ANC then chose to launch an armed struggle through a newly formed military wing , Umkhonto we Sizwe ( MK ) , which would perform acts of sabotage on tactical state structures . Its first sabotage plans were carried out on 16 December 1961 , the anniversary of the Battle of Blood River . In the 1970s , the Black Consciousness Movement was created by tertiary students influenced by the American Black Power movement . BC endorsed black pride and African customs and did much to alter the feelings of inadequacy instilled among black people by the apartheid system . The leader of the movement , Steve Biko , was taken into custody on 18 August 1977 and was beaten to death in detention . In 1976 , secondary students in Soweto took to the streets in the Soweto uprising to protest against the imposition of Afrikaans as the only language of instruction . On 16 June , police opened fire on students protesting peacefully . According to official reports 23 people were killed , but the number of people who died is usually given as 176 , with estimates of up to 700 . In the following years several student organisations were formed to protest against apartheid , and these organisations were central to urban school boycotts in 1980 and 1983 and rural boycotts in 1985 and 1986 . In parallel with student protests , labour unions started protest action in 1973 and 1974 . After 1976 unions and workers are considered to have played an important role in the struggle against apartheid , filling the gap left by the banning of political parties . In 1979 black trade unions were legalised and could engage in collective bargaining , although strikes were still illegal . Economist Thomas Sowell wrote that basic supply and demand led to violations of Apartheid `` on a massive scale '' throughout the nation , simply because there were not enough white South African business owners to meet the demand for various goods and services . Large portions of the garment industry and construction of new homes , for example , were effectively owned and operated by blacks , who either worked surreptitiously or who circumvented the law with a white person as a nominal , figurehead manager . In 1983 , anti-apartheid leaders determined to resist the tricameral parliament assembled to form the United Democratic Front ( UDF ) in order to coordinate anti-apartheid activism inside South Africa . The first presidents of the UDF were Archie Gumede , Oscar Mpetha and Albertina Sisulu ; patrons were Archbishop Desmond Tutu , Dr Allan Boesak , Helen Joseph , and Nelson Mandela . Basing its platform on abolishing apartheid and creating a nonracial democratic South Africa , the UDF provided a legal way for domestic human rights groups and individuals of all races to organise demonstrations and campaign against apartheid inside the country . Churches and church groups also emerged as pivotal points of resistance . Church leaders were not immune to prosecution , and certain faith - based organisations were banned , but the clergy generally had more freedom to criticise the government than militant groups did . The UDF , coupled with the protection of the church , accordingly permitted a major role for Archbishop Desmond Tutu , who served both as a prominent domestic voice and international spokesperson denouncing apartheid and urging the creation of a shared nonracial state . Although the majority of whites supported apartheid , some 20 percent did not . Parliamentary opposition was galvanised by Helen Suzman , Colin Eglin and Harry Schwarz , who formed the Progressive Federal Party . Extra-parliamentary resistance was largely centred in the South African Communist Party and women 's organisation the Black Sash . Women were also notable in their involvement in trade union organisations and banned political parties . International relations during apartheid ( edit ) International opposition to apartheid in South Africa Campaigns ( show ) Academic boycott Sporting boycott Disinvestment Constructive engagement Free South Africa Movement International anti-apartheid music Instruments and legislation ( show ) 1962 UN Resolution 1761 1973 Crime of Apartheid Convention 1977 Gleneagles Agreement 1977 Sullivan principles 1986 Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act Organisations ( show ) Anti-Apartheid Movement Artists United Against Apartheid Commonwealth of Nations Halt All Racist Tours Organisation of African Unity TransAfrica UN Special Committee against Apartheid Conferences ( show ) 1964 Conference for Economic Sanctions 1978 World Conference against Racism UN Security Council Resolutions ( show ) Resolution 134 ( Sharpeville massacre ) Resolution 181 ( voluntary arms embargo ) Resolution 191 ( sanctions feasibility ) Resolution 282 ( arms embargo strengthening ) Resolution 418 ( mandatory arms embargo ) Resolution 435 ( South - West Africa ceasefire ) Resolution 591 ( arms embargo strengthening ) Other aspects ( show ) Elimination of Racism Day `` Biko '' ( song ) Activists Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute Equity television programming ban Rugby union and apartheid Main article : Foreign relations of South Africa during apartheid Commonwealth ( edit ) South Africa 's policies were subject to international scrutiny in 1960 , when Macmillan criticised them during his celebrated Wind of Change speech in Cape Town . Weeks later , tensions came to a head in the Sharpeville Massacre , resulting in more international condemnation . Soon afterwards Verwoerd announced a referendum on whether the country should become a republic . Verwoerd lowered the voting age for whites to 18 and included whites in South West Africa on the roll . The referendum on 5 October that year asked whites , `` Are you in favour of a Republic for the Union ? '' , and 52 percent voted `` Yes '' . As a consequence of this change of status , South Africa needed to reapply for continued membership of the Commonwealth , with which it had privileged trade links . India had become a republic within the Commonwealth in 1950 , but it became clear that African and Asian member states would oppose South Africa due to its apartheid policies . As a result , South Africa withdrew from the Commonwealth on 31 May 1961 , the day that the Republic came into existence . United nations ( edit ) We stand here today to salute the United Nations Organisation and its Member States , both singly and collectively , for joining forces with the masses of our people in a common struggle that has brought about our emancipation and pushed back the frontiers of racism . -- Nelson Mandela , address to the United Nations as South African President , 3 October 1994 At the first UN gathering in 1946 , South Africa was placed on the agenda . The primary subject in question was the handling of South African Indians , a great cause of divergence between South Africa and India . In 1952 , apartheid was again discussed in the aftermath of the Defiance Campaign , and the UN set up a task team to keep watch on the progress of apartheid and the racial state of affairs in South Africa . Although South Africa 's racial policies were a cause for concern , most countries in the UN concurred that this was a domestic affair , which fell outside the UN 's jurisdiction . In April 1960 , the UN 's conservative stance on apartheid changed following the Sharpeville massacre , and the Security Council for the first time agreed on concerted action against the apartheid regime , demanding an end to racial separation and discrimination . From 1960 the ANC began a campaign of armed struggle of which there would later be a charge of 193 acts of terrorism from 1961 to 1963 , mainly bombings and murders of civilians . Instead , the South African government began further suppression , banning the ANC and PAC . In 1961 , UN Secretary - General Dag Hammarskjöld stopped over in South Africa and subsequently stated that he had been unable to reach agreement with Prime Minister Verwoerd . In 1961 , dismissing an Israeli vote against South African apartheid at the United Nations , Verwoerd famously said , `` Israel is not consistent in its new anti-apartheid attitude ... they took Israel away from the Arabs after the Arabs lived there for a thousand years . In that , I agree with them . Israel , like South Africa , is an apartheid state . '' On 6 November 1962 , the United Nations General Assembly passed Resolution 1761 , condemning apartheid policies . In 1966 , the UN held the first of many colloquiums on apartheid . The General Assembly announced 21 March as the International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination , in memory of the Sharpeville massacre . In 1971 , the General Assembly formally denounced the institution of homelands , and a motion was passed in 1974 to expel South Africa from the UN , but this was vetoed by France , the United Kingdom and the United States , all key trade associates of South Africa . On 7 August 1963 the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 181 , calling for a voluntary arms embargo against South Africa . In the same year a Special Committee Against Apartheid was established to encourage and oversee plans of action against the regime . From 1964 the US and Britain discontinued their arms trade with South Africa . The Security Council also condemned the Soweto massacre in Resolution 392 . In 1977 , the voluntary UN arms embargo became mandatory with the passing of Resolution 418 . Economic sanctions against South Africa were also frequently debated as an effective way of putting pressure on the apartheid government . In 1962 , the UN General Assembly requested that its members sever political , fiscal and transportation ties with South Africa . In 1968 , it proposed ending all cultural , educational and sporting connections as well . Economic sanctions , however , were not made mandatory , because of opposition from South Africa 's main trading partners . In 1973 , the UN adopted the Apartheid Convention which defines apartheid and even qualifies it as a crime against humanity which might lead to international criminal prosecution of the individuals responsible for perpetrating it . This convention has however only been ratified by 107 of the 193 member states as of August 2008 . The convention was initially drafted by the former USSR and Guinea , before being presented to the UN General Assembly . The convention was adopted with a vote of 91 for , and 4 ( Portugal , South Africa , the United Kingdom and the United States ) against the convention . In 1978 and 1983 the UN condemned South Africa at the World Conference Against Racism . After much debate , by the late 1980s the United States , the United Kingdom , and 23 other nations had passed laws placing various trade sanctions on South Africa . A disinvestment from South Africa movement in many countries was similarly widespread , with individual cities and provinces around the world implementing various laws and local regulations forbidding registered corporations under their jurisdiction from doing business with South African firms , factories , or banks . Catholic church ( edit ) Pope John Paul II was an outspoken opponent of apartheid . In 1985 , while visiting the Netherlands , he gave an impassioned speech at the International Court of Justice condemning apartheid , proclaiming that `` no system of apartheid or separate development will ever be acceptable as a model for the relations between peoples or races . '' In September 1988 he made a pilgrimage to countries bordering South Africa , while demonstratively avoiding South Africa itself . During his visit to Zimbabwe , he called for economic sanctions against South Africa 's government . Organisation for African unity ( edit ) See also : Lusaka Manifesto The Organisation of African Unity ( OAU ) was created in 1963 . Its primary objectives were to eradicate colonialism and improve social , political and economic situations in Africa . It censured apartheid and demanded sanctions against South Africa . African states agreed to aid the liberation movements in their fight against apartheid . In 1969 , fourteen nations from Central and East Africa gathered in Lusaka , Zambia , and formulated the Lusaka Manifesto , which was signed on 13 April by all of the countries in attendance except Malawi . This manifesto was later taken on by both the OAU and the United Nations . The Lusaka Manifesto summarised the political situations of self - governing African countries , condemning racism and inequity , and calling for black majority rule in all African nations . It did not rebuff South Africa entirely , though , adopting an appeasing manner towards the apartheid government , and even recognising its autonomy . Although African leaders supported the emancipation of black South Africans , they preferred this to be attained through peaceful means . South Africa 's negative response to the Lusaka Manifesto and rejection of a change to its policies brought about another OAU announcement in October 1971 . The Mogadishu Declaration stated that South Africa 's rebuffing of negotiations meant that its black people could only be freed through military means , and that no African state should converse with the apartheid government . Outward - Looking policy ( edit ) In 1966 B.J. Vorster became Prime Minister . He was not prepared to dismantle apartheid , but he did try to redress South Africa 's isolation and to revitalise the country 's global reputation , even those with black - ruled nations in Africa . This he called his `` Outward - Looking '' policy . Vorster 's willingness to talk to African leaders stood in contrast to Verwoerd 's refusal to engage with leaders such as Abubakar Tafawa Balewa of Nigeria in 1962 and Kenneth Kaunda of Zambia in 1964 . In 1966 , he met the heads of the neighbouring states of Lesotho , Swaziland and Botswana . In 1967 , he offered technological and financial aid to any African state prepared to receive it , asserting that no political strings were attached , aware that many African states needed financial aid despite their opposition to South Africa 's racial policies . Many were also tied to South Africa economically because of their migrant labour population working on the South African mines . Botswana , Lesotho and Swaziland remained outspoken critics of apartheid , but depended on South Africa 's economic aid . Malawi was the first country not on South African borders to accept South African aid . In 1967 , the two states set out their political and economic relations , and , in 1969 , Malawi became the only country at the assembly which did not sign the Lusaka Manifesto condemning South Africa ' apartheid policy . In 1970 , Malawian president Hastings Banda made his first and most successful official stopover in South Africa . Associations with Mozambique followed suit and were sustained after that country won its sovereignty in 1975 . Angola was also granted South African loans . Other countries which formed relationships with South Africa were Liberia , Ivory Coast , Madagascar , Mauritius , Gabon , Zaire ( now the Democratic Republic of the Congo ) and the Central African Republic . Although these states condemned apartheid ( more than ever after South Africa 's denunciation of the Lusaka Manifesto ) , South Africa 's economic and military dominance meant that they remained dependent on South Africa to varying degrees . Sports and culture ( edit ) Main articles : Sporting boycott of South Africa and Rugby union and apartheid Beginning ( edit ) South Africa 's isolation in sport began in the mid-1950s and increased throughout the 1960s . Apartheid forbade multiracial sport , which meant that overseas teams , by virtue of their having players of diverse races , could not play in South Africa . In 1956 , the International Table Tennis Federation severed its ties with the all - white South African Table Tennis Union , preferring the non-racial South African Table Tennis Board . The apartheid government responded by confiscating the passports of the Board 's players so that they were unable to attend international games . Isolation ( edit ) Verwoerd years ( edit ) In 1959 , the non-racial South African Sports Association ( SASA ) was formed to secure the rights of all players on the global field . After meeting with no success in its endeavours to attain credit by collaborating with white establishments , SASA approached the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) in 1962 , calling for South Africa 's expulsion from the Olympic Games . The IOC sent South Africa a caution to the effect that , if there were no changes , they would be barred from the 1964 Olympic Games . The changes were initiated , and in January 1963 , the South African Non-Racial Olympic Committee ( SANROC ) was set up . The Anti-Apartheid Movement persisted in its campaign for South Africa 's exclusion , and the IOC acceded in barring the country from the 1964 Games in Tokyo . South Africa selected a multi-racial team for the next Games , and the IOC opted for incorporation in the 1968 Games in Mexico . Because of protests from AAMs and African nations , however , the IOC was forced to retract the invitation . Foreign complaints about South Africa 's bigoted sports brought more isolation . Racially selected New Zealand sports teams toured South Africa , until the 1970 All Blacks rugby tour allowed Maori to go under the status of `` honorary whites '' . Huge and widespread protests occurred in New Zealand in 1981 against the Springbok tour -- the government spent $8 million protecting games using the army and police force . A planned All Black tour to South Africa in 1985 remobilised the New Zealand protesters and it was cancelled . A `` rebel tour '' -- not government sanctioned -- went ahead in 1986 , but after that sporting ties were cut , and New Zealand made a decision not to convey an authorised rugby team to South Africa until the end of apartheid . Vorster years ( edit ) Vorster replaced Verwoerd as Prime Minister in 1966 following the latter 's assassination and declared that South Africa would no longer dictate to other countries what their teams should look like . Although this reopened the gate for international sporting meets , it did not signal the end of South Africa 's racist sporting policies . In 1968 Vorster went against his policy by refusing to permit Basil D'Oliveira , a Coloured South African - born cricketer , to join the English cricket team on its tour to South Africa . Vorster said that the side had been chosen only to prove a point , and not on merit . After protests , however , `` Dolly '' was eventually included in the team . Protests against certain tours brought about the cancellation of a number of other visits , including that of an England rugby team touring South Africa in 1969 / 70 . The first of the `` White Bans '' occurred in 1971 when the Chairman of the Australian Cricketing Association -- Sir Don Bradman -- flew to South Africa to meet Vorster . Vorster had expected Bradman to allow the tour of the Australian cricket team to go ahead , but things became heated after Bradman asked why black sportsmen were not allowed to play cricket . Vorster stated that blacks were intellectually inferior and had no finesse for the game . Bradman -- thinking this ignorant and repugnant -- asked Vorster if he had heard of a man named Garry Sobers . On his return to Australia , Bradman released a one sentence statement : `` We will not play them until they choose a team on a non-racist basis . '' In South Africa , Vorster vented his anger publicly against Bradman , while the African National Congress rejoiced . This was the first time a predominantly white nation had taken the side of multiracial sport , producing an unsettling resonance that more `` White '' boycotts were coming . Almost twenty years later , on his release from prison , Nelson Mandela asked a visiting Australian statesman if Donald Bradman , his childhood hero , was still alive ( Bradman lived until 2001 ) . In 1971 , Vorster altered his policies even further by distinguishing multiracial from multinational sport . Multiracial sport , between teams with players of different races , remained outlawed ; multinational sport , however , was now acceptable : international sides would not be subject to South Africa 's racial stipulations . In 1978 , Nigeria boycotted the Commonwealth Games because New Zealand 's sporting contacts with the South African government were not considered to be in accordance with the 1977 Gleneagles Agreement . Nigeria also led the 32 - nation boycott of the 1986 Commonwealth Games because of British prime minister Margaret Thatcher 's ambivalent attitude towards sporting links with South Africa , significantly affecting the quality and profitability of the Games and thus thrusting apartheid into the international spotlight . Cultural boycott ( edit ) In the 1960s , the Anti-Apartheid Movements began to campaign for cultural boycotts of apartheid South Africa . Artists were requested not to present or let their works be hosted in South Africa . In 1963 , 45 British writers put their signatures to an affirmation approving of the boycott , and , in 1964 , American actor Marlon Brando called for a similar affirmation for films . In 1965 , the Writers ' Guild of Great Britain called for a proscription on the sending of films to South Africa . Over sixty American artists signed a statement against apartheid and against professional links with the state . The presentation of some South African plays in Britain and the United States was also vetoed . After the arrival of television in South Africa in 1975 , the British Actors Union , Equity , boycotted the service , and no British programme concerning its associates could be sold to South Africa . Sporting and cultural boycotts did not have the same impact as economic sanctions , but they did much to lift consciousness amongst normal South Africans of the global condemnation of apartheid . Western influence ( edit ) London `` Boycott Apartheid '' bus , 1989 While international opposition to apartheid grew , the Nordic countries -- and Sweden in particular -- provided both moral and financial support for the ANC . On 21 February 1986 -- a week before he was murdered -- Sweden 's prime minister Olof Palme made the keynote address to the Swedish People 's Parliament Against Apartheid held in Stockholm . In addressing the hundreds of anti-apartheid sympathisers as well as leaders and officials from the ANC and the Anti-Apartheid Movement such as Oliver Tambo , Palme declared : `` Apartheid can not be reformed ; it has to be eliminated . '' Other Western countries adopted a more ambivalent position . In Switzerland , the Swiss - South African Association lobbied on behalf of the South African government . In the 1980s , the US Reagan and UK Thatcher administrations followed a `` constructive engagement '' policy with the apartheid government , vetoing the imposition of UN economic sanctions , justified by a belief in free trade and a vision of South Africa as a bastion against Marxist forces in Southern Africa . Thatcher declared the ANC a terrorist organisation , and in 1987 her spokesman , Bernard Ingham , famously said that anyone who believed that the ANC would ever form the government of South Africa was `` living in cloud cuckoo land '' . The American Legislative Exchange Council ( ALEC ) , a conservative lobbying organisation , actively campaigned against divesting from South Africa throughout the 1980s . By the late 1980s , with the tide of the Cold War turning and no sign of a political resolution in South Africa , Western patience began to run out . By 1989 , a bipartisan Republican / Democratic initiative in the US favoured economic sanctions ( realised as the Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act of 1986 ) , the release of Nelson Mandela and a negotiated settlement involving the ANC . Thatcher too began to take a similar line , but insisted on the suspension of the ANC 's armed struggle . The UK 's significant economic involvement in South Africa may have provided some leverage with the South African government , with both the UK and the US applying pressure and pushing for negotiations . However , neither Britain nor the US was willing to apply economic pressure upon their multinational interests in South Africa , such as the mining company Anglo American . Although a high - profile compensation claim against these companies was thrown out of court in 2004 , the US Supreme Court in May 2008 upheld an appeal court ruling allowing another lawsuit that seeks damages of more than US $400 billion from major international companies which are accused of aiding South Africa 's apartheid system . The Cold War and Total Onslaught ( edit ) Propaganda leaflet issued to South African military personnel in the 1980s . The pamphlet decries `` Russian colonialism and oppression '' . During the 1950s , South African military strategy was decisively shaped by fears of communist espionage and a conventional Soviet threat to the strategic Cape trade route between the south Atlantic and Indian Oceans . The apartheid government supported the U.S. - led North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) , as well as its policy of regional containment against Soviet - backed regimes and insurgencies worldwide . By the late 1960s , the rise of Soviet client states on the African continent , as well as Soviet aid for militant anti-apartheid movements , was considered one of the primary external threats to the apartheid system . South African officials frequently accused domestic opposition groups of being communist proxies . For its part the Soviet Union viewed South Africa as a bastion of neocolonialism and a regional Western ally , which helped fuel its support for various anti-apartheid causes . From 1973 onward much of South Africa 's white population increasingly looked upon their country as a bastion of the free world besieged militarily , politically , and culturally by communism and radical black nationalism . The apartheid government perceived itself as being locked in a proxy struggle with the Warsaw Pact and by implication , armed wings of black nationalist forces such as Umkhonto we Sizwe ( MK ) and the People 's Liberation Army of Namibia ( PLAN ) , which often received Soviet arms and training . This was described as `` Total Onslaught '' . South African initiatives designed to counter `` Total Onslaught '' were known as `` Total Strategy '' and involved building up a formidable conventional military and counter-intelligence capability . Total Strategy was built on the principles of counter-revolution as espoused by noted French tactician André Beaufre . Considerable effort was devoted towards circumventing international arms sanctions , and the government even went so far as to develop nuclear weapons , allegedly with covert assistance from Israel . In 2010 , The Guardian released South African government documents that revealed an Israeli offer to sell the apartheid regime nuclear weapons . Israel categorically denied these allegations and claimed that the documents were minutes from a meeting which did not indicate any concrete offer for a sale of nuclear weapons . Shimon Peres said that The Guardian 's article was based on `` selective interpretation ... and not on concrete facts . '' From the late 1970s to the late 1980s , defence budgets in South Africa were raised exponentially . Covert operations focused on espionage and domestic political manipulation became common , the number of special forces units swelled , and the South African Defence Force had amassed enough sophisticated conventional weaponry to pose a serious threat to the `` front - line states '' , a regional alliance of neighbouring countries opposed to apartheid . Foreign military operations ( edit ) See also : South African Border War South African paratroops on a raid in Angola , 1980s South Africa had a policy of attacking insurgent bases and safe houses of PLAN and MK in neighbouring countries beginning in the early 1980s . These attacks were in retaliation for acts of sabotage , urban terrorism , and guerrilla raids by MK , PLAN , and the Azanian People 's Liberation Army ( APLA ) . The country also aided organisations in surrounding countries who were actively combating the spread of communism in southern Africa . The results of these policies included : Support for guerrilla groups such as UNITA in Angola and RENAMO in Mozambique South African Defence Force ( SADF ) raids into front - line states ( e.g. the Raid on Gaborone ) . Bombing raids were also conducted into neighbouring states . Air and commando raids into Zimbabwe , Zambia , and Botswana occurred the same day , against ANC targets . An assassination attempt on Robert Mugabe , Prime Minister and future President of Zimbabwe , on 18 December 1981 . A full - scale intervention into Angola : this was partly in support of UNITA , but was also an attempt to strike at PLAN bases . Bomb attacks in Lesotho . Kidnapping of refugees and ANC members in Swaziland by security services . An unsuccessful South African organised coup in the Seychelles on 25 November 1981 . Terrorist targeting of exiled ANC leaders abroad : Joe Slovo 's wife Ruth First was killed by a parcel bomb in Maputo , and death squads of the Civil Cooperation Bureau and the Directorate of Military Intelligence attempted to carry out assassinations on ANC targets in Brussels , Paris , Stockholm , and London . In 1984 , Mozambican president Samora Machel signed the Nkomati Accord with South Africa 's president P.W. Botha , in an attempt to end South African support for the opposition group RENAMO . South Africa agreed to cease supporting anti-government forces , while the MK was prohibited from operating in Mozambique . This was a setback for the ANC . Machel hoped the agreement would alliterate the civil war and allow Mozambique to rebuild its economy . Two years later , President Machel was killed in an air crash in mountainous terrain in South Africa near the Mozambican border after returning from a meeting in Zambia . South Africa was accused by the Mozambican government and US Secretary of State George P. Shultz of continuing its aid to RENAMO . The Mozambican government also made an unproven allegation that the accident was caused intentionally by a false radio navigation beacon that scrambled the aircraft 's navigational system . These charges were never proven and is still a subject of some controversy , despite the South African Margo Commission finding that the crash was an accident . A Soviet delegation that did not participate in the investigation issued a minority report implicating South Africa . Beginning in 1966 , PLAN , armed wing of the South West African People 's Organisation ( SWAPO ) , contested South Africa 's occupation of South West Africa ( now Namibia ) . This conflict deepened after Angola gained its independence in 1975 under the leadership of the leftist Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola ( MPLA ) aided by Cuba . South Africa , Zaire and the United States sided with the Angolan rival UNITA party against the MPLA 's armed force , FAPLA ( People 's Armed Forces for the Liberation of Angola ) . The following struggle turned into one of several late Cold War flashpoints . The Angolan civil war developed into a conventional war with South Africa and UNITA on one side against the MPLA government , the Soviet Union , the Cubans and SWAPO on the other . State security ( edit ) During the 1980s the government , led by P.W. Botha , became increasingly preoccupied with security . It set up a powerful state security apparatus to `` protect '' the state against an anticipated upsurge in political violence that the reforms were expected to trigger . The 1980s became a period of considerable political unrest , with the government becoming increasingly dominated by Botha 's circle of generals and police chiefs ( known as securocrats ) , who managed the various States of Emergencies . Botha 's years in power were marked also by numerous military interventions in the states bordering South Africa , as well as an extensive military and political campaign to eliminate SWAPO in Namibia . Within South Africa , meanwhile , vigorous police action and strict enforcement of security legislation resulted in hundreds of arrests and bans , and an effective end to the ANC 's sabotage campaign . The government punished political offenders brutally . 40,000 people annually were subjected to whipping as a form of punishment . The vast majority had committed political offences and were lashed ten times for their crime . If convicted of treason , a person could be hanged , and the government executed numerous political offenders in this way . As the 1980s progressed , more and more anti-apartheid organisations were formed and affiliated with the UDF . Led by the Reverend Allan Boesak and Albertina Sisulu , the UDF called for the government to abandon its reforms and instead abolish apartheid and eliminate the homelands completely . State of emergency ( edit ) Serious political violence was a prominent feature from 1985 to 1989 , as black townships became the focus of the struggle between anti-apartheid organisations and the Botha government . Throughout the 1980s , township people resisted apartheid by acting against the local issues that faced their particular communities . The focus of much of this resistance was against the local authorities and their leaders , who were seen to be supporting the government . By 1985 , it had become the ANC 's aim to make black townships `` ungovernable '' ( a term later replaced by `` people 's power '' ) by means of rent boycotts and other militant action . Numerous township councils were overthrown or collapsed , to be replaced by unofficial popular organisations , often led by militant youth . People 's courts were set up , and residents accused of being government agents were dealt extreme and occasionally lethal punishments . Black town councillors and policemen , and sometimes their families , were attacked with petrol bombs , beaten , and murdered by necklacing , where a burning tyre was placed around the victim 's neck , after they were restrained by wrapping their wrists with barbed wire . This signature act of torture and murder was embraced by the ANC and its leaders . On 20 July 1985 , Botha declared a State of Emergency in 36 magisterial districts . Areas affected were the Eastern Cape , and the PWV region ( `` Pretoria , Witwatersrand , Vereeniging '' ) . Three months later the Western Cape was included . An increasing number of organisations were banned or listed ( restricted in some way ) ; many individuals had restrictions such as house arrest imposed on them . During this state of emergency about 2,436 people were detained under the Internal Security Act . This act gave police and the military sweeping powers . The government could implement curfews controlling the movement of people . The president could rule by decree without referring to the constitution or to parliament . It became a criminal offence to threaten someone verbally or possess documents that the government perceived to be threatening , to advise anyone to stay away from work or oppose the government , and to disclose the name of anyone arrested under the State of Emergency until the government released that name , with up to ten years ' imprisonment for these offences . Detention without trial became a common feature of the government 's reaction to growing civil unrest and by 1988 , 30,000 people had been detained . The media was censored , thousands were arrested and many were interrogated and tortured . On 12 June 1986 , four days before the tenth anniversary of the Soweto uprising , the state of emergency was extended to cover the whole country . The government amended the Public Security Act , including the right to declare `` unrest '' areas , allowing extraordinary measures to crush protests in these areas . Severe censorship of the press became a dominant tactic in the government 's strategy and television cameras were banned from entering such areas . The state broadcaster , the South African Broadcasting Corporation ( SABC ) , provided propaganda in support of the government . Media opposition to the system increased , supported by the growth of a pro-ANC underground press within South Africa . In 1987 , the State of Emergency was extended for another two years . Meanwhile , about 200,000 members of the National Union of Mineworkers commenced the longest strike ( three weeks ) in South African history . 1988 saw the banning of the activities of the UDF and other anti-apartheid organisations . Much of the violence in the late 1980s and early 1990s was directed at the government , but a substantial amount was between the residents themselves . Many died in violence between members of Inkatha and the UDF - ANC faction . It was later proven that the government manipulated the situation by supporting one side or the other when it suited it . Government agents assassinated opponents within South Africa and abroad ; they undertook cross-border army and air - force attacks on suspected ANC and PAC bases . The ANC and the PAC in return exploded bombs at restaurants , shopping centres and government buildings such as magistrates courts . Between 1960 and 1994 , according to statistics from the Truth and Reconciliation Commission , the Inkatha Freedom Party was responsible for 4,500 killings , South African security forces were responsible for 2,700 killings and the ANC was responsible for 1,300 killings . The state of emergency continued until 1990 , when it was lifted by State President F.W. de Klerk . Final years of apartheid ( edit ) Main article : Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa Factors ( edit ) Institutional racism ( edit ) Apartheid developed by racism of colonial factors and due to South Africa 's `` unique industrialization '' . The policies of industrialisation led to segregation of and classing of people , which was `` specifically developed to nurture early industry such as mining and capitalist culture '' . Cheap labour was the basis of the economy and this was taken from what the state classed as peasant groups and the migrants . Furthermore , Philip Bonner highlights the `` contradictory economic effects '' as the economy did not have a manufacturing sector , therefore promoting short term profitability but limiting labour productivity and the size of local markets . This also led to its collapse as `` Clarkes emphasises the economy could not provide and compete with foreign rivals as they failed to master cheap labour and complex chemistry '' . Economic contradictions ( edit ) The contradictions in the traditionally capitalist economy of the apartheid state led to considerable debate about racial policy , and division and conflicts in the central state . To a large extent the political ideology of apartheid had emerged from the colonisation of Africa by European powers which institutionalised racial discrimination and exercised a paternal philosophy of `` civilising inferior natives . '' Some scholars have argued that this can be reflected in Afrikaner Calvinism , with its parallel traditions of racialism ; for example , as early as 1933 the executive council of the Broederbond formulated a recommendation for mass segregation . Western influence ( edit ) Anti-apartheid protest at South Africa House in London , 1989 External western influence can be seen as one of the factors that arguably greatly influenced political ideology , particularly due to the influences of colonisation . South Africa in particular is argued to be an `` unreconstructed example of western civilisation twisted by racism '' . However , western influence also helped end apartheid . `` Once the power of the Soviet Union declined along with its Communist influence , western nations felt Apartheid could no longer be tolerated and spoke out , encouraging a move towards democracy and self - determination '' . In the 1960s , South Africa experienced economic growth second only to that of Japan . Trade with Western countries grew , and investment from the United States , France and Britain poured in . In 1974 , resistance to apartheid was encouraged by Portugal 's withdrawal from Mozambique and Angola , after the 1974 Carnation Revolution . South African troops withdrew from Angola in early 1976 , failing to prevent the MPLA from gaining power there , and black students in South Africa celebrated . The Mahlabatini Declaration of Faith , signed by Mangosuthu Buthelezi and Harry Schwarz in 1974 , enshrined the principles of peaceful transition of power and equality for all . Its purpose was to provide a blueprint for South Africa by consent and racial peace in a multi-racial society , stressing opportunity for all , consultation , the federal concept , and a Bill of Rights . It caused a split in the United Party that ultimately realigned opposition politics in South Africa , with the formation of the Progressive Federal Party in 1977 . It was the first of such agreements by acknowledged black and white political leaders in South Africa . In 1978 , the defence minister of the NP , Pieter Willem Botha , became Prime Minister . Botha 's white regime was worried about the Soviet Union helping revolutionaries in South Africa , and the economy had slowed down . The new government noted that it was spending too much money trying to maintain the segregated homelands that had been created for blacks and the homelands were proving to be uneconomical . Nor was maintaining blacks as a third class working well . The labour of blacks remained vital to the economy , and illegal black labour unions were flourishing . Many blacks remained too poor to make much of a contribution to the economy through their purchasing power -- although they were more than 70 percent of the population . Botha 's regime was afraid that an antidote was needed to prevent the blacks from being attracted to Communism . In July 1979 , the Nigerian government claimed that the Shell - BP Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Limited ( SPDC ) was selling Nigerian oil to South Africa , although there was little evidence or commercial logic for such sales . The alleged sanctions - breaking was used to justify the seizure of some of BP 's assets in Nigeria including their stake in SPDC , although it appears the real reasons were economic nationalism and domestic politics ahead of the Nigerian elections . Many South Africans attended schools in Nigeria , and Nelson Mandela several times acknowledged the role of Nigeria in the struggle against apartheid . In the 1980s , the anti-apartheid movements in the United States and Europe were gaining support for boycotts against South Africa , for the withdrawal of US firms from South Africa and for the release of Mandela . South Africa was becoming an outlaw in the world community of nations . Investing in South Africa by Americans and others was coming to an end and an active policy of disinvestment ensued . Tricameral Parliament ( edit ) Main article : Tricameral Parliament In the early 1980s , Botha 's National Party government started to recognise the inevitability of the need to reform apartheid . Early reforms were driven by a combination of internal violence , international condemnation , changes within the National Party 's constituency , and changing demographics -- whites constituted only 16 percent of the total population , in comparison to 20 percent fifty years earlier . In 1983 , a new constitution was passed implementing what was called the Tricameral Parliament , giving coloureds and Indians voting rights and parliamentary representation in separate houses -- the House of Assembly ( 178 members ) for whites , the House of Representatives ( 85 members ) for coloureds and the House of Delegates ( 45 members ) for Indians . Each House handled laws pertaining to its racial group 's `` own affairs '' , including health , education and other community issues . All laws relating to `` general affairs '' ( matters such as defence , industry , taxation and Black affairs ) were handled by a cabinet made up of representatives from all three houses . However , the white chamber had a large majority on this cabinet , ensuring that effective control of the country remained in white hands . Blacks , although making up the majority of the population , were excluded from representation ; they remained nominal citizens of their homelands . The first Tricameral elections were largely boycotted by Coloured and Indian voters , amid widespread rioting . Reforms and contact with the ANC under Botha ( edit ) Concerned over the popularity of Mandela , Botha denounced him as an arch - Marxist committed to violent revolution , but to appease black opinion and nurture Mandela as a benevolent leader of blacks , the government moved him from Robben Island to Pollsmoor Prison in a rural area just outside Cape Town , where prison life was easier . The government allowed Mandela more visitors , including visits and interviews by foreigners , to let the world know that he was being treated well . Black homelands were declared nation - states and pass laws were abolished . Black labour unions were legitimised , the government recognised the right of blacks to live in urban areas permanently and gave blacks property rights there . Interest was expressed in rescinding the law against interracial marriage and also rescinding the law against sex between the races , which was under ridicule abroad . The spending for black schools increased , to one - seventh of what was spent per white child , up from on one - sixteenth in 1968 . At the same time , attention was given to strengthening the effectiveness of the police apparatus . In January 1985 , Botha addressed the government 's House of Assembly and stated that the government was willing to release Mandela on condition that Mandela pledge opposition to acts of violence to further political objectives . Mandela 's reply was read in public by his daughter Zinzi -- his first words distributed publicly since his sentence to prison twenty - one years before . Mandela described violence as the responsibility of the apartheid regime and said that with democracy there would be no need for violence . The crowd listening to the reading of his speech erupted in cheers and chants . This response helped to further elevate Mandela 's status in the eyes of those , both internationally and domestically , who opposed apartheid . Between 1986 and 1988 , some petty apartheid laws were repealed . Botha told white South Africans to `` adapt or die '' and twice he wavered on the eve of what were billed as `` rubicon '' announcements of substantial reforms , although on both occasions he backed away from substantial changes . Ironically , these reforms served only to trigger intensified political violence through the remainder of the eighties as more communities and political groups across the country joined the resistance movement . Botha 's government stopped short of substantial reforms , such as lifting the ban on the ANC , PAC and SACP and other liberation organisations , releasing political prisoners , or repealing the foundation laws of grand apartheid . The government 's stance was that they would not contemplate negotiating until those organisations `` renounced violence '' . By 1987 , South Africa 's economy was growing at one of the lowest rates in the world , and the ban on South African participation in international sporting events was frustrating many whites in South Africa . Examples of African states with black leaders and white minorities existed in Kenya and Zimbabwe . Whispers of South Africa one day having a black President sent more hardline whites into Rightist parties . Mandela was moved to a four - bedroom house of his own , with a swimming pool and shaded by fir trees , on a prison farm just outside Cape Town . He had an unpublicised meeting with Botha . Botha impressed Mandela by walking forward , extending his hand and pouring Mandela 's tea . The two had a friendly discussion , with Mandela comparing the African National Congress ' rebellion with that of the Afrikaner rebellion and talking about everyone being brothers . A number of clandestine meetings were held between the ANC - in - exile and various sectors of the internal struggle , such as women and educationalists . More overtly , a group of white intellectuals met the ANC in Senegal for talks . Presidency of F.W. De Klerk ( edit ) De Klerk and Mandela in Davos , 1992 Early in 1989 , Botha suffered a stroke ; he was prevailed upon to resign in February 1989 . He was succeeded as president later that year by F.W. de Klerk . Despite his initial reputation as a conservative , de Klerk moved decisively towards negotiations to end the political stalemate in the country . In his opening address to parliament on 2 February 1990 , de Klerk announced that he would repeal discriminatory laws and lift the 30 - year ban on leading anti-apartheid groups such as the African National Congress , the Pan Africanist Congress , the South African Communist Party ( SACP ) and the United Democratic Front . The Land Act was brought to an end . De Klerk also made his first public commitment to release Nelson Mandela , to return to press freedom and to suspend the death penalty . Media restrictions were lifted and political prisoners not guilty of common law crimes were released . On 11 February 1990 , Nelson Mandela was released from Victor Verster Prison after more than 27 years of confinement . Having been instructed by the UN Security Council to end its long - standing involvement in South West Africa / Namibia , and in the face of military stalemate in Southern Angola , and an escalation in the size and cost of the combat with the Cubans , the Angolans , and SWAPO forces and the growing cost of the border war , South Africa negotiated a change of control ; Namibia became independent on 21 March 1990 . Negotiations ( edit ) Main article : Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa Apartheid was dismantled in a series of negotiations from 1990 to 1991 , culminating in a transitional period which resulted in the country 's 1994 general elections , the first in South Africa held with universal suffrage . In 1990 negotiations were earnestly begun , with two meetings between the government and the ANC . The purpose of the negotiations was to pave the way for talks towards a peaceful transition towards majority rule . These meetings were successful in laying down the preconditions for negotiations , despite the considerable tensions still abounding within the country . Apartheid legislation was abolished in 1991 . At the first meeting , the NP and ANC discussed the conditions for negotiations to begin . The meeting was held at Groote Schuur , the President 's official residence . They released the Groote Schuur Minute , which said that before negotiations commenced political prisoners would be freed and all exiles allowed to return . There were fears that the change of power would be violent . To avoid this , it was essential that a peaceful resolution between all parties be reached . In December 1991 , the Convention for a Democratic South Africa ( CODESA ) began negotiations on the formation of a multiracial transitional government and a new constitution extending political rights to all groups . CODESA adopted a Declaration of Intent and committed itself to an `` undivided South Africa '' . Reforms and negotiations to end apartheid led to a backlash among the right - wing white opposition , leading to the Conservative Party winning a number of by - elections against NP candidates . De Klerk responded by calling a whites - only referendum in March 1992 to decide whether negotiations should continue . A 68 per cent majority gave its support , and the victory instilled in de Klerk and the government a lot more confidence , giving the NP a stronger position in negotiations . When negotiations resumed in May 1992 , under the tag of CODESA II , stronger demands were made . The ANC and the government could not reach a compromise on how power should be shared during the transition to democracy . The NP wanted to retain a strong position in a transitional government , and the power to change decisions made by parliament . Persistent violence added to the tension during the negotiations . This was due mostly to the intense rivalry between the Inkatha Freedom Party ( IFP ) and the ANC and the eruption of some traditional tribal and local rivalries between the Zulu and Xhosa historical tribal affinities , especially in the Southern Natal provinces . Although Mandela and Buthelezi met to settle their differences , they could not stem the violence . One of the worst cases of ANC - IFP violence was the Boipatong massacre of 17 June 1992 , when 200 IFP militants attacked the Gauteng township of Boipatong , killing 45 . Witnesses said that the men had arrived in police vehicles , supporting claims that elements within the police and army contributed to the ongoing violence . Subsequent judicial inquiries found the evidence of the witnesses to be unreliable or discredited , and that there was no evidence of National Party or police involvement in the massacre . When de Klerk visited the scene of the incident he was initially warmly welcomed , but he was suddenly confronted by a crowd of protesters brandishing stones and placards . The motorcade sped from the scene as police tried to hold back the crowd . Shots were fired by the police , and the PAC stated that three of its supporters had been gunned down . Nonetheless , the Boipatong massacre offered the ANC a pretext to engage in brinkmanship . Mandela argued that de Klerk , as head of state , was responsible for bringing an end to the bloodshed . He also accused the South African police of inciting the ANC - IFP violence . This formed the basis for ANC 's withdrawal from the negotiations , and the CODESA forum broke down completely at this stage . The Bisho massacre on 7 September 1992 brought matters to a head . The Ciskei Defence Force killed 29 people and injured 200 when they opened fire on ANC marchers demanding the reincorporation of the Ciskei homeland into South Africa . In the aftermath , Mandela and de Klerk agreed to meet to find ways to end the spiralling violence . This led to a resumption of negotiations . Right - wing violence also added to the hostilities of this period . The assassination of Chris Hani on 10 April 1993 threatened to plunge the country into chaos . Hani , the popular general secretary of the South African Communist Party ( SACP ) , was assassinated in 1993 in Dawn Park in Johannesburg by Janusz Waluś , an anti-communist Polish refugee who had close links to the white nationalist Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging ( AWB ) . Hani enjoyed widespread support beyond his constituency in the SACP and ANC and had been recognised as a potential successor to Mandela ; his death brought forth protests throughout the country and across the international community , but ultimately proved a turning point , after which the main parties pushed for a settlement with increased determination . On 25 June 1993 , the AWB used an armoured vehicle to crash through the doors of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre where talks were still going ahead under the Negotiating Council , though this did not derail the process . In addition to the continuing `` black - on - black '' violence , there were a number of attacks on white civilians by the PAC 's military wing , the Azanian People 's Liberation Army ( APLA ) . The PAC was hoping to strengthen their standing by attracting the support of the angry , impatient youth . In the St James Church massacre on 25 July 1993 , members of the APLA opened fire in a church in Cape Town , killing 11 members of the congregation and wounding 58 . In 1993 de Klerk and Mandela were jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize `` for their work for the peaceful termination of the apartheid regime , and for laying the foundations for a new democratic South Africa '' . Violence persisted right up to the 1994 elections . Lucas Mangope , leader of the Bophuthatswana homeland , declared that it would not take part in the elections . It had been decided that , once the temporary constitution had come into effect , the homelands would be incorporated into South Africa , but Mangope did not want this to happen . There were strong protests against his decision , leading to a coup d'état in Bophuthatswana on 10 March that deposed Mangope , despite the intervention of white right - wingers hoping to maintain him in power . Three AWB militants were killed during this intervention , and harrowing images were shown on national television and in newspapers across the world . Two days before the elections , a car bomb exploded in Johannesburg , killing nine . The day before the elections , another one went off , injuring 13 . At midnight on 26 -- 27 April 1994 the old flag was lowered , and the old ( now co-official ) national anthem Die Stem ( `` The Call '' ) was sung , followed by the raising of the new rainbow flag and singing of the other co-official anthem , Nkosi Sikelel ' iAfrika ( `` God Bless Africa '' ) . 1994 election ( edit ) The new multicoloured flag of South Africa adopted in 1994 to mark the end of Apartheid Main article : South African general election , 1994 The election was held on 27 April 1994 and went off peacefully throughout the country as 20 million South Africans cast their votes . There was some difficulty in organising the voting in rural areas , but people waited patiently for many hours to vote amidst a palpable feeling of goodwill . An extra day was added to give everyone the chance . International observers agreed that the elections were free and fair . The European Union 's report on the election compiled at the end of May 1994 , published two years after the election , criticised the Independent Electoral Commission 's lack of preparedness for the polls , the shortages of voting materials at many voting stations , and the absence of effective safeguards against fraud in the counting process . In particular , it expressed disquiet that `` no international observers had been allowed to be present at the crucial stage of the count when party representatives negotiated over disputed ballots . '' This meant that both the electorate and the world were `` simply left to guess at the way the final result was achieved . '' The ANC won 62.65 percent of the vote , less than the 66.7 percent that would have allowed it to rewrite the constitution . 252 of the 400 seats went to members of the African National Congress . The NP captured most of the white and coloured votes and became the official opposition party . As well as deciding the national government , the election decided the provincial governments , and the ANC won in seven of the nine provinces , with the NP winning in the Western Cape and the IFP in KwaZulu - Natal . On 10 May 1994 , Mandela was sworn in as South Africa 's president . The Government of National Unity was established , its cabinet made up of 12 ANC representatives , six from the NP , and three from the IFP . Thabo Mbeki and de Klerk were made deputy presidents . The anniversary of the elections , 27 April , is celebrated as a public holiday known as Freedom Day . Contrition ( edit ) The following individuals , who had previously supported apartheid , made public apologies : F.W. de Klerk : `` I apologise in my capacity as leader of the NP to the millions who suffered wrenching disruption of forced removals ; who suffered the shame of being arrested for pass law offences ; who over the decades suffered the indignities and humiliation of racial discrimination . '' Marthinus van Schalkwyk : `` The National Party brought development to a section of South Africa , but also brought suffering through a system grounded on injustice '' , in a statement shortly after the National Party voted to disband . Adriaan Vlok washed the feet of apartheid victim Frank Chikane in an act of apology for the wrongs of the Apartheid regime . Leon Wessels : `` I am now more convinced than ever that apartheid was a terrible mistake that blighted our land . South Africans did not listen to the laughing and the crying of each other . I am sorry that I had been so hard of hearing for so long '' . See also ( edit ) Apartheid in international law Apartheid legislation in South Africa Africa Hinterland ( arms smuggling operation ) Apartheid in art and literature Apartheid Museum Anti-Apartheid Movement Belhar Confession Born a Crime Chris Barnard ( executioner ) Day of Reconciliation Desmond Tutu Disinvestment from South Africa Foreign relations of South Africa during apartheid Hendrik Verwoerd Ideocracy Israel and the apartheid analogy J.B.M. Hertzog Jan Smuts Jim Crow laws Legacies of apartheid Liberation before education Music in the movement against apartheid Nelson Mandela Oliver Tambo Pieter Botha Paris Peace Conference , 1919 # Japanese approach Racial segregation Sandra Laing Second - class citizen Steve Biko United Democratic Front ( South Africa ) Truth and Reconciliation Commission ( South Africa ) White Australia policy South Africa portal 1950s portal 1960s portal 1970s portal 1980s portal 1990s portal 2000s portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Myre , Greg ( 18 June 1991 ) . `` South Africa ends racial classifications '' . Southeast Missourian . Cape Girardeau . Retrieved 18 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Crompton , Samuel Willard ( 2007 ) . Desmond Tutu : Fighting Apartheid . New York : Chelsea House , Publishers . pp. 34 -- 35 . ISBN 978 - 0791092217 . Jump up ^ Jacklyn Cock , Laurie Nathan ( 1989 ) . War and Society : The Militarisation of South Africa . New Africa Books . pp. 36 -- 37 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86486 - 115 - 3 . Jump up ^ Breckenridge , Keith ( 2014 ) . Biometric State : The Global Politics of Identification and Surveillance in South Africa , 1850 to the Present . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 70 -- 74 . ISBN 978 - 1107077843 . Jump up ^ Ottoway , Marina ( 1993 ) . South Africa : The Struggle for a New Order . Washington : Brookings Institution Press . pp. 23 -- 26 . ISBN 978 - 0815767152 . Jump up ^ Glaser , Daryl ( 2001 ) . Politics and Society in South Africa . London : Sage Publications . pp. 9 -- 12 . ISBN 978 - 0761950172 . Jump up ^ Bickford - Smith , Vivian ( 1995 ) . Ethnic Pride and Racial Prejudice in Victorian Cape Town : Group identity and social practice , 1875 -- 1902 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 190 -- 192 . ISBN 978 - 0521526395 . Jump up ^ Dyzenhaus , David ( 1991 ) . Hard Cases in Wicked Legal Systems : South African Law in the Perspective of Legal Philosophy . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 35 -- 36 . ISBN 978 - 0198252924 . ^ Jump up to : Walton , F. Carl ; Udayakumar , S.P. ; Muck , William ; McIlwain , Charlton ; Kramer , Eric ; Jensen , Robert ; Ibrahim , Vivian ; Caliendo , Stephen Maynard ; Asher , Nhia ( 2011 ) . The Routledge Companion to Race and Ethnicity . New York : Routledge Books . pp. 103 -- 105 . ISBN 978 - 0415777070 . Jump up ^ Baldwin - Ragaven , Laurel ; London , Lesley ; du Gruchy , Jeanelle ( 1999 ) . An ambulance of the wrong colour : health professionals , human rights and ethics in South Africa . Juta and Company Limited . p. 18 Jump up ^ `` South Africa -- Overcoming Apartheid '' . African Studies Center of Michigan State University . Retrieved 26 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Lodge , Tim ( 2011 ) . Sharpeville : An Apartheid Massacre and Its Consequences . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 234 -- 235 . ISBN 978 - 0192801852 . ^ Jump up to : Lodge , Tom ( 1983 ) . Black Politics in South Africa Since 1945 . New York : Longman . Jump up ^ Pandey , Satish Chandra ( 2006 ) . International Terrorism and the Contemporary World . New Delhi : Sarup & Sons , Publishers . pp. 197 -- 199 . ISBN 978 - 8176256384 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas , Scott ( 1995 ) . The Diplomacy of Liberation : The Foreign Relations of the ANC Since 1960 . London : Tauris Academic Studies . pp. 202 -- 210 . ISBN 978 - 1850439936 . Jump up ^ `` De Klerk dismantles apartheid in South Africa '' . BBC News . 2 February 1990 . Archived from the original on 15 February 2009 . Retrieved 21 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Alex Duval Smith . `` Why FW de Klerk let Nelson Mandela out of prison '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 25 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Thomas ( 2008 ) . Native vs Settler : Ethnic Conflict in Israel / Palestine , Northern Ireland and South Africa . Westport : Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 0313313578 . Jump up ^ `` Dictionary.com entry for ' apartheid ' '' . Retrieved 11 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Shore , Megan . Religion and Conflict Resolution : Christianity and South Africa 's Truth and Reconciliation Commission . Ashgate Publishing , 2009 . p. 36 Jump up ^ Nancy L. Clarkson & William H. Worger . South Africa : The Rise and Fall of . Routledge , 2013 . Chapter 3 : The Basis of Apartheid . Jump up ^ R.W Lee . `` Introduction to Roman - Dutch Law '' . Oxford , Clarendon Press . Retrieved 27 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : A. Du Toit , H.B. Giliomee . Afrikaner political thought : analysis and documents . University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 04319 - 7 . Jump up ^ Gish , Steven ( 2000 ) . Alfred B. Xuma : African , American , South African . New York University Press . p. 8 . Jump up ^ Hoiberg , Dale ; Ramchandani , Indu ( 2000 ) . Students ' Britannica India , Volumes 1 -- 5 . Popular Prakashan . p. 142 . Jump up ^ Allen , John ( 2005 ) . Apartheid South Africa : An Insider 's Overview of the Origin And Effects of Separate Development . iUniverse . p. xi . Jump up ^ ( better source needed ) Nojeim , Michael J. ( 2004 ) . Gandhi and King : the power of nonviolent resistance . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 127 . ^ Jump up to : Leach , Graham ( 1986 ) . South Africa : no easy path to peace . Routledge . p. 68 . Jump up ^ Tankard , Keith ( 9 May 2004 ) . Chapter 9 The Natives ( Urban Areas ) Act Archived 20 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... Rhodes University . knowledge4africa.com . Jump up ^ Baroness Young -- Minister of State , Foreign and Commonwealth Office ( 4 July 1986 ) . South Africa House of Lords Debate vol 477 cc1159 - 250 . Hansard . Jump up ^ The Representation of Natives Act . sahistory.org Archived 13 October 2006 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Reddy , E.S ( n.d. ) . `` Indian passive resistance in South Africa , 1946 -- 1948 '' . sahistory.org.za . SA History . Retrieved 23 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Ambrosio , Thomas ( 2002 ) . Ethnic identity groups and U.S. foreign policy . Greenwood Publishing Group . pp. 56 -- 57 . ^ Jump up to : Kaplan , Irving . Area Handbook for the Republic of South Africa ( PDF ) . pp. 1 -- 86 . Retrieved 25 March 2016 . Jump up ^ P. Brits , Modern South Africa : Afrikaner power , the politics of race , and resistance , 1902 to the 1970s ( Pretoria , University of South Africa Press , 2007 ) , p37 ^ Jump up to : O'Meara , Dan . Forty Lost Years : The National Party and the Politics of the South African State , 1948 -- 1994 . Athens : Ohio University Press , 1996 . ^ Jump up to : M. Meredith , In the Name of Apartheid , London : Hamish Hamilton , 1988 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 430163 - 3 Jump up ^ `` Apartheid FAQ '' . about.com . Retrieved 25 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 1948 election and the National Party Victory '' . South African History Online . Archived from the original on 16 August 2008 . Retrieved 13 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Alistair Boddy - Evans . African History : Apartheid Legislation in South Africa , About.com . Retrieved 5 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Boddy - Evans , Alistar . Population Registration Act No 30 of 1950 . About.com . Jump up ^ Ungar , Sanford ( 1989 ) . Africa : the people and politics of an emerging continent . Simon & Schuster . p. 224 . Jump up ^ Goldin , Ian ( 1987 ) . Making race : the politics and economics of coloured identity in South Africa . Longman . p. xxvi . Jump up ^ Boddy - Evans , Alistar . Group Areas Act No 41 of 1950 . About.com . Jump up ^ Besteman , Catherine Lowe ( 2008 ) . Transforming Cape Town . University of California Press . p. 6 . Jump up ^ Boddy - Evans , Alistar . Apartheid Legislation in South Africa . About.com . Jump up ^ Beck , Roger B. ( 2000 ) . The history of South Africa . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 128 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 30730 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` The economic legacy of apartheid '' . Centre de recherches pour le développement international . Archived from the original on 26 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Byrnes , Rita M. ( 1996 ) . South Africa : A Country Study . Washington : GPO for the Library of Congress . Retrieved 25 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Afrikaans Medium Decree '' . About.com . Archived from the original on 25 February 2007 . Retrieved 14 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Extracts from paper prepared by the Secretariat for the World Conference of the United Nations Decade for Women , Copenhagen , July 1980 ( The anti-pass campaign ) '' . African National Congress . Archived from the original on 22 June 2008 . Retrieved 14 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Van der Ross , R.E. ; Marais , Johannes Stephanus ( 1986 ) . The rise and decline of apartheid : a study of political movements among the Coloured people of South Africa , 1880 -- 1985 . Tafelberg . p. 255 . Jump up ^ Davis , Dennis ; Le Roux , Michelle ( 2009 ) . Precedent & Possibility : The ( Ab ) use of Law in South Africa . Juta and Company Limited . p. 20 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 77013 - 022 - 7 . Jump up ^ Rielations . Penguin Books . p. 332 . Jump up ^ Hatch , John Charles ( 1965 ) . A history of post-war Africa . Praeger . p. 213 . Jump up ^ Witz , Leslie ( 2003 ) . Apartheid 's festival : contesting South Africa 's national pasts . Indiana University Press . p. 134 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Monica Hunter ; Thompson , Leonard Monteath ( 1969 ) . The Oxford history of South Africa , Volume 2 . Oxford University Press . p. 405 . Jump up ^ `` South Africa official yearbook . '' ( 1991 ) . South African State Department of Information . p. 18 . Current edition available here Archived 6 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Muller , C.F.J. ( 1975 ) . Five hundred years : a history of South Africa . Academica . p. 430 . Jump up ^ Mountain , Alan ( 2003 ) . The first people of the Cape : a look at their history and the impact of colonialism on the Cape 's indigenous people . New Africa Books . p. 72 . Jump up ^ Du Pre , R H. ( 1994 ) . Separate but Unequal -- The ' Coloured ' People of South Africa -- A Political History . Jonathan Ball Publishers , Johannesburg . pp. 134 -- 139 . Jump up ^ Kroth , Verena ; Larcinese , Valentino ; Wehner , Joachim ( 2016 - 05 - 19 ) . `` A Better Life for All ? Democratization and Electrification in Post-Apartheid South Africa '' . The Journal of Politics . 78 ( 3 ) : 000 -- 000 . doi : 10.1086 / 685451 . ISSN 0022 - 3816 . Jump up ^ Muller ( 1975 ) , p. 508 . Jump up ^ Booth , Douglas ( 1998 ) . The race game : sport and politics in South Africa . Routledge . p. 89 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Paul Singer ( 1990 ) . Natalians first : separatism in South Africa , 1909 -- 1961 . Southern Book Publishers . p. 167 . Jump up ^ Joyce , Peter ( 2007 ) . The making of a nation : South Africa 's road to freedom . Zebra . p. 118 . Jump up ^ Suzman , Helen ( 1993 ) . In no uncertain terms : a South African memoir . Knopf . p. 35 Jump up ^ Keppel - Jones , Arthur ( 1975 ) . South Africa : a short history . Hutchinson . p. 132 . Jump up ^ Lacour - Gayet , Robert ( 1977 ) . A history of South Africa . Cassell . p. 311 . Jump up ^ p. 15 Jump up ^ Evans , Ivan . Bureaucracy and Race : Native Administration in South Africa . Berkeley : U of California , 1997 . N. pag . Print . Jump up ^ Amisi , Baruti , and Simphiwe Nojiyeza . Access to Decent Sanitation in South Africa : The Challenges of Eradicating the Bucket System Baruti Amisi n . pag . Feb. 2008 . Web . Jump up ^ Those who had the money to travel or emigrate were not given full passports ; instead , travel documents were issued . Jump up ^ http://kora.matrix.msu.edu/files/50/304/32-130-E84-84-al.sff.document.af000020.pdf Jump up ^ Western , J. ( June 2002 ) . `` A divided city : Cape Town '' . Political Geography , Special Issue Dedicated to Saul B. Cohen . Elsevier . 21 ( 5 ) : 711 -- 716 . doi : 10.1016 / S0962 - 6298 ( 02 ) 00016 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` From the Western Areas to Soweto : forced removals '' . Archived from the original on 17 January 2008 . Retrieved 7 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Toby Street Blues '' . Time . 21 February 1955 . Jump up ^ Martin Meredith ( 1 April 2010 ) . Mandela : A Biography . Simon and Schuster . p. 95 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84739 - 933 - 5 . Jump up ^ Muller , Carol ( 2008 ) . Music of South Africa . Routledge . Jump up ^ On apartheid transport see Pirie , G.H. Travelling under apartheid . In DM Smith ( ed . ) , The Apartheid City and Beyond : Urbanisation and Social Change in South Africa . Routledge , London ( 1992 ) , pp. 172 -- 181 . Jump up ^ Health Sector Strategic Framework 1999 -- 2004 -- Background Archived 23 September 2006 at the Wayback Machine. , Department of Health , 2004 . Retrieved 8 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Dictionary of South African English on historical principles . Retrieved 27 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Saaty , Thomas . The Conflict in South Africa . Springer Publishing . p. 119 . Jump up ^ Omond , Roger ( 1986 ) . The Apartheid Handbook ( 2nd ed . ) . Harmondsworth , Middlesex , England : Penguin Books . pp. 102 -- 109 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 022749 - 0 . Jump up ^ Lemon , Anthony ( 2009 ) . `` Overcoming the Apartheid Legacy in Cape Town Schools '' . Review . ^ Jump up to : Patric Tariq Mellet `` Intro '' , Cape Slavery Heritage . Retrieved 24 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Women 's Charter , 17 April 1954 Johannesburg '' . ANC . Archived from the original on 16 January 2014 . Retrieved 15 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Cotula , Lorenzo ( 2006 ) . Gender and Law : Women 's Rights in Agriculture . Rome : FAO . pp. 46 -- 52 . ISBN 9789251055632 . Retrieved 25 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Lapchick , Richard E. ; Stephanie Urdang ( 1982 ) . Oppression and Resistance : The Struggle of Women in Southern Africa . Greenwood Press . pp. 48 , 52 . Jump up ^ Bernstein , Hilda ( 1985 ) . For their Triumphs and for their Tears : Women in Apartheid South Africa . International Defence and Aid Fund for Southern Africa . p. 48 . Jump up ^ Alegi , Peter ( 2004 ) . Laduma ! Soccer , Politics and Society in South Africa . University of KwaZula - Natal Press . p. 59 . ^ Jump up to : Nixon , Rob ( 1992 ) . Apartheid on the Run : The South African Sports Boycott . Indiana University Press . pp. 75 , 77 . Jump up ^ Nauright , John ( 2004 ) . `` Global Games : Culture , Political Economy and Sport in the Globalised World of the 21st Century '' . Third World Quarterly . 25 ( 7 ) : 1325 -- 36 . Jump up ^ `` In South Africa , Chinese is the New Black '' . China Realtime Report . 19 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Sze , Szeming ( 2014 ) . World War II Memoirs , 1941 -- 1945 ( Digital ed . ) . Pittsburgh : University of Pittsburgh . p. 42 . Archived from the original on 8 November 2014 . Retrieved 7 November 2014 . Jump up ^ An appalling `` science '' Archived 23 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ JCW Van Rooyen , Censorship in South Africa ( Cape Town : Juta and Co. , 1987 ) , 5 . Jump up ^ Bet and board in the new South Africa . ( legalisation of gambling could lead to growth of casinos , lotteries ) ( Brief Article ) The Economist ( US ) 5 August 1995 Jump up ^ Apartheid mythology and symbolism . desegregated and re-invented in the service of nation building in the new South Africa : the covenant and the battle of Blood / Ncome River ^ Jump up to : `` WINDS -- South Africa Apartheid Defined by Amercian ( sic ) Apartheid '' . Apfn.org . Retrieved 3 January 2011 . Jump up ^ BMJ 2004 ; 329 : 1415 -- 1416 ( 18 December ) , doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 329.7480. 1415 Jump up ^ Cros , Bernard ( 1997 ) . `` Why South Africa 's Television is only Twenty Years Old : Debating Civilisation , 1958 -- 1969 '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ African National Congress ( 1987 ) . `` Armed Struggle and Umkhonto / Morogoro '' . Archived from the original on 16 December 2007 . Retrieved 28 December 2007 . Jump up ^ A War Won , Time , 9 June 1961 Jump up ^ 16 June 1976 Student Uprising in Soweto . africanhistory.about.com Jump up ^ Harrison , David ( 1987 ) . The White Tribe of Africa . Jump up ^ ( Les Payne of Newsday said at least 850 murders were documented ) Elsabe Brink ; Gandhi Malungane ; Steve Lebelo ; Dumisani Ntshangase ; Sue Krige , Soweto 16 June 1976 , 2001 , 9 Jump up ^ Sowell , Thomas ( 2004 , 2009 ) . Applied Economics : Thinking Beyond Stage One . Second Edition , NY : Basic Books . Ch. 7 : The Economics of Discrimination . Jump up ^ Nelson Mandela Foundation , United Democratic Front Jump up ^ J.C. Gordon Brown , Blazes Along a Diplomatic Trail : A Memoir of Four Posts in the Canadian Foreign Service ( Trafford Publishing , 2000 ) p300 Jump up ^ Nelson Mandela United Nations Jump up ^ Ampiah , Kweku ( 1997 ) . The dynamics of Japan 's relations with Africa : South Africa , Tanzania and Nigeria . CRC Press . p. 147 . Jump up ^ The Empire 's New Walls : Sovereignty , Neo-liberalism , and the Production of Space in Post-apartheid South Africa and Post-Oslo Palestine / Israel . Andrew James Clarno. 2009 . pp. 66 -- 67 Jump up ^ International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination , 21 March Archived 17 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` United Nations and Apartheid -- a chronology '' . Archived from the original on 30 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Lyal S. Sunga , The Emerging System of International Criminal Law : Developments in Codification and Implementation , Brill Publishers ( 1997 ) , pp. 119 -- 125 . Jump up ^ `` Summary of the Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act '' . United States Congress . Retrieved 22 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Pope Attacks Apartheid in Speech at U.N. Court Los Angeles Times , 13 May 1985 Jump up ^ Pope 's South Africa Visit Honours 2 Vows The New York Times , 13 May 1995 ^ Jump up to : Geldenhuys , Deon ( 1990 ) . Isolated states : a comparative analysis . Cambridge University Press . p. 274 . Jump up ^ Royal African Society ( 1970 ) . African affairs , Volumes 69 -- 70 . Oxford University Press . p. 178 . Jump up ^ Hall , Richard ( 1970 ) . `` The Lusaka Manifesto . '' African Affairs . 69 ( 275 ) : 178 -- 179 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Leslie ; Weinstein , Brian ( 1977 ) . Introduction to African politics : a continental approach . Praeger . p. 128 . Jump up ^ Klotz , Audie ( 1999 ) . Norms in International Relations : The Struggle Against Apartheid . Cornell University Press . p. 77 . Jump up ^ Pfister , Roger ( 2005 ) . Apartheid South Africa and African States : From Pariah to Middle Power , 1962 -- 1994 . I.B. Tauris . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85043 - 625 - 6 . Retrieved 25 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Beck , Roger B. ( 2000 ) . The History of South Africa . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 30730 - 0 . Retrieved 25 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Ndlovu , Sifiso Mxolisi ( 2004 ) . `` The ANC 's Diplomacy and International Relations '' . The Road to Democracy in South Africa : 1970 -- 1980 . 2 . Unisa Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86888 - 406 - 3 . Jump up ^ The 1981 Springbok rugby tour -- A country divided . New Zealand History Online . Jump up ^ The Day Apartheid Was Hit For Six . The Sydney Morning Herald . Jump up ^ `` Bradman 's Perfection '' . DreamCricket . Archived from the original on 10 July 2011 . Retrieved 19 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth Games '' . About.com . Archived from the original on 27 May 2006 . Retrieved 7 February 2007 . Jump up ^ International Labour Office ( 1991 ) . Apartheid : Special Report of the Directed General on the Application of the Decoration Concerning the Policy of South Africa . International Labour Organization . p. 46 . Jump up ^ Bangura , Abdul Karim ( 2004 ) . Sweden vs apartheid : putting morality ahead of profit . Ashgate Publishing , Ltd. p. 104 . Jump up ^ Grieg , Charlotte ( 2008 ) . Cold Blooded Killings : Hits , Assassinations , and Near Misses That Shook the World . Booksales Inc Remainders . p. 43 . Jump up ^ `` Oliver Tambo interviewed by The Times '' . ANC . 13 June 1988 . Archived from the original on 23 May 2008 . Retrieved 25 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mandela 's triumphant walk '' . News24. 18 July 2003 . Archived from the original on 24 September 2006 . Jump up ^ ALEC 's `` Institutional Corruption '' , From Backing Apartheid to Assault on Clean Energy , Public Sector . Democracy Now ! 11 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Mark Phillips and Colin Coleman ( 1989 ) . `` Another Kind of War '' ( PDF ) . Transformation . Retrieved 25 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Compensation case against South African miners thrown out '' . Minesandcommunities.org . Archived from the original on 19 January 2008 . Retrieved 3 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` US court allows apartheid claims '' . BBC News . 12 May 2008 . Retrieved 3 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Berridge , G.R. ( 1992 ) . South Africa , the Colonial Powers and African Defence : The Rise and Fall of the White Entente , 1948 -- 60 . Basingstoke : Palgrave Books . pp. 1 -- 16 , 163 -- 164 . ISBN 978 - 0333563519 . Jump up ^ Lulat , Y.G.M. ( 1992 ) . United States Relations with South Africa : A Critical Overview from the Colonial Period to the Present . New York : Peter Lang Publishing , Incorporated . pp. 143 -- 146 . ISBN 978 - 0820479071 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Kurt ( 1986 ) . Soviet Policy Towards South Africa . Basingstoke : Palgrave - Macmillan . pp. 129 -- 131 . ISBN 978 - 1349081677 . Jump up ^ Herbstein , Denis ; Evenson , John ( 1989 ) . The Devils Are Among Us : The War for Namibia . London : Zed Books Ltd . pp. 14 -- 23 . ISBN 978 - 0862328962 . ^ Jump up to : Shultz , Richard ( 1988 ) . Soviet Union and Revolutionary Warfare : Principles , Practices , and Regional Comparisons . Stanford , California : Hoover Institution Press . pp. 121 -- 123 , 140 -- 145 . ISBN 978 - 0817987114 . ^ Jump up to : Potgieter , De Wet ( 2007 ) . Total Onslaught : Apartheid 's Dirty Tricks Exposed . Cape Town : Zebra Press . pp. 93 -- 95 . ISBN 978 - 1770073289 . ^ Jump up to : Minter , William ( 1994 ) . Apartheid 's Contras : An Inquiry into the Roots of War in Angola and Mozambique . Johannesburg : Witwatersrand University Press . pp. 37 -- 49 . ISBN 978 - 1439216187 . Jump up ^ Von Wielligh , N. & von Wielligh - Steyn , L. ( 2015 ) . The Bomb -- South Africa 's Nuclear Weapons Programme . Pretoria : Litera . Jump up ^ McGreal , Chris ( 7 February 2006 ) . `` Brothers in Arms -- Israel 's secret pact with Pretoria '' . The Guardian . UK . Archived from the original on 25 July 2008 . Retrieved 3 April 2010 . Jump up ^ McGreal , Chris ( 24 May 2010 ) . `` Revealed : how Israel offered to sell South Africa nuclear weapons '' . The Guardian . UK . Archived from the original on 25 May 2010 . Retrieved 24 May 2010 . Jump up ^ McGreal , Chris ( 24 May 2010 ) . `` The memos and minutes that confirm Israel 's nuclear stockpile '' . The Guardian . UK . Archived from the original on 25 May 2010 . Retrieved 24 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Kershner , Isabel ( 24 May 2010 ) . `` Israel Denies It Offered South Africa Warheads '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Ellis , Stephen ; Sechaba ( 1992 ) . Comrades against apartheid : the ANC and the South African Communist Party in exile . James Currey Publishers . p. 106 . Jump up ^ Brecher , Michael ; Wilkenfeld , Jonathan ( 1997 ) . A study of crisis , Part 443 . University of Michigan Press . p. 477 . ^ Jump up to : Hanlon , Joseph ( 1986 ) . Beggar your neighbours : apartheid power in Southern Africa . James Currey Publishers . p. 27 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85255 - 305 - 3 . Jump up ^ Heitman , Helmoed - R. ( 1990 ) . War in Angola : the final South African phase . Ashanti Pub . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Watson , Wendy ( 2007 ) . Brick by brick : an informal guide to the history of South Africa . New Africa Books . Jump up ^ Purkitt , Helen E. ; Burgess , Stephen Franklin ( 2005 ) . South Africa 's weapons of mass destruction . Indiana University Press . p. 152 . Jump up ^ Gale Research ( 1995 ) . Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations : Africa . Gale Research . p. 292 . Jump up ^ International Peace Academy . ( 1988 ) . Southern Africa in crisis : regional and international responses . BRILL . p. 62 . Jump up ^ Truth and Reconciliation Commission ( 1998 ) . Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa report . The Commission . p. 498 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 620 - 23076 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Pik Botha '' . 20 May 1997 . Jump up ^ Lisbon Conference of the African National Congress ( March 1977 ) . `` Colonialism of a Special Type '' . Archived from the original on 14 July 2007 . Retrieved 28 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Fox , William ; Fourie , Marius ; Van Wyk , Belinda ( 1998 ) . Police Management in South Africa . Juta and Company Limited . p. 167 . Jump up ^ Anzovin , Steven ( 1987 ) . South Africa : apartheid and divestiture . H.W. Wilson Co. p. 80 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8242 - 0749 - 6 . Jump up ^ Foster , Don ; Davis , Dennis ( 1987 ) . Detention & torture in South Africa : psychological , legal & historical studies . Currey . p. 18 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85255 - 317 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Political executions in South Africa by the apartheid government 1961 -- 1989 '' . South African History Online . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Pomeroy , William J. ( 1986 ) . Apartheid , imperialism , and African freedom . International Publishers . p. 226 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7178 - 0640 - 9 . Jump up ^ Legum , Colin ( 1989 ) . Africa contemporary record : annual survey and documents , Volume 20 . Africana Pub. Co. p. 668 . Jump up ^ McKendrick , Brian ; Hoffmann , Wilman ( 1990 ) . People and violence in South Africa . Oxford University Press . p. 62 . Jump up ^ Blond , Rebecca ; Fitzpatrick , Mary ( 2004 ) . South Africa , Lesotho & Swaziland . Lonely Planet . p. 40 . Jump up ^ Volume Five -- Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report ^ Jump up to : Nigel , Worden , The making of modern South Africa : Conquest , Segregation and Apartheid , 3rd ed . ( Oxford : Blackwell Publishing Ltd , 2000 ) p. 3 . Jump up ^ Philip Boner , Peter , Delius , Deborah , Posel , `` The Shaping of Apartheid , contradiction , continuity and popular struggle '' , The Worlds Knowledge , ( 1993 ) pp. 1 -- 47 ( p. 6 . ) Jump up ^ Philip Boner , Peter , Delius , Deborah , Posel , `` The Shaping of Apartheid , contradiction , continuity and popular struggle '' , The Worlds Knowledge , ( 1993 ) pp. 1 -- 47 ( p. 7 . ) ^ Jump up to : Paul , Maylam , `` The Rise and Decline of Urban Apartheid in South Africa '' , African Affairs , 89.354 ( 1990 ) pp. 57 -- 84 ( p. 54 . ) ^ Jump up to : Dubow , Saul , `` Afrikaner Nationalism , Apartheid and the conceptualisation of ' Race ' '' , The Journal of African History , 33 ( 1992 ) pp. 209 -- 237 ( pp. 209 , 211 ) Jump up ^ L.H , Gann , `` Apartheids Genesis 1935 -- 1962 '' , Business Library , ( 1994 ) pp. 1 -- 6 . ( p. 1 . ) Jump up ^ Legasick , Martin ( 1974 ) . `` Legislation , Ideology and Economy in Post-1948 South Africa . '' Journal of South African Studies . 1 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Giliomee , Hermann ( 1995 ) . `` Democratization in South Africa '' . Political Science Quarterly . Jump up ^ Weymouth Genova , Ann ( 2007 ) . Oil and Nationalism in Nigeria , 1970 -- 1980 . ProQuest . p. 123 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 549 - 26666 - 2 . Retrieved 11 April 2012 . Weymouth Genova covers the possibility of Nigerian oil going to South Africa in detail from page 113 . Heavily laden tankers have to respect the ocean currents which means they travel clockwise around Africa ; oil for South Africa would likely come from the Middle East rather than West Africa . Nigeria had been taking over other oil marketing companies to reduce price differentials across the country ; they needed to fill a budget shortfall due to low oil prices and had a history of disputes with BP and the British government so BP assets were seized when Shell 's stake in SPDC was not . Jump up ^ Weymouth Genova , Ann ( 2007 ) . Oil and Nationalism in Nigeria , 1970 -- 1980 . ProQuest . p. 171 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 549 - 26666 - 2 . Retrieved 11 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Knox , Colin ; Quirk , Pádraic ( 2000 ) . Peace building in Northern Ireland , Israel and South Africa : transition , transformation and reconciliation . Palgrave Macmillan . p. 151 . Jump up ^ Beinart , William ( 2001 ) . Twentieth - century South Africa . Oxford University Press . p. 202 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 289318 - 5 . Jump up ^ Taylor & Francis Group ( 2004 ) . Europa World Year Book 2 , Book 2 . Taylor & Francis . p. 3841 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Paul ( 23 December 1993 ) . `` S. Africa Approves Charter ; White - Led Parliament Votes for Constitution Canceling Its Powers . '' The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Wople , Harold ( 1990 ) . Race , class & the apartheid state . Africa World Press . p. 93 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86543 - 142 - 3 . Jump up ^ Marais , D. ( 1989 ) . South Africa : constitutional development , a multi-disciplinary approach . Southern Book Publishers . p. 258 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86812 - 159 - 5 . Jump up ^ Lötter , Hennie P.P. ( 1997 ) . Injustice , violence and peace : the case of South Africa . Rodopi . p. 49 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 420 - 0264 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Cops fight crowds at S. Africa elections . '' Philadelphia Daily News . 28 August 1984 . Jump up ^ South Africa : Adapt or Die . Time . Jump up ^ Lieberfeld , Daniel ( 2002 ) . `` Evaluating the Contributions of Track - two Diplomacy to Conflict Termination in South Africa , 1984 -- 90 . '' Journal of Peace Research . 39 ( 3 ) : 355 -- 372 . doi : 10.1177 / 0022343302039003006 Jump up ^ Roherty , James Michael ( 1992 ) . State security in South Africa : civil - military relations under P.W. Botha . M.E. Sharpe . p. 23 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87332 - 877 - 7 . Jump up ^ Macleod , Scott ( 7 July 1992 ) . `` Enemies : Black vs. Black vs. White '' . Time . Jump up ^ `` Turning Points in History Book 6 : Negotiation , Transition and Freedom '' . Archived from the original on 9 March 2008 . Retrieved 3 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Kemp , Arthur ( 2008 ) . Victory Or Violence -- The Story of the Awb of South Africa . Lulu.com . pp. 165 -- 166 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4092 - 0187 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1993 '' . Nobel Foundation . Archived from the original on 20 June 2006 . Retrieved 27 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Christian Century ( 11 May 1994 ) . `` Dawn of liberation -- 1994 South African election '' . BNet , a CBS Company . Retrieved 13 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Truth and reconciliation commission . `` New cut - off date opens amnesty doors for pre-election bombers '' . South African Department of Justice and Constitutional Development . Retrieved 13 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Deegan , Heather ( 2001 ) . The politics of the new South Africa : apartheid and after . Pearson Education . p. 194 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 38227 - 5 . Jump up ^ Jeffery , A. People 's War : New Light on the Struggle for South Africa . Jonathan Ball . Jump up ^ `` Elections ' 94 '' . Independent Electoral Commission ( IEC ) . Archived from the original on 28 June 2008 . Retrieved 13 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Lijphart , Arend . `` Spotlight Three : South Africa 's 1994 Elections '' . FairVote . Retrieved 13 July 2008 . Jump up ^ De Klerk apologises again for apartheid . South African Press Association . 14 May 1997 . Jump up ^ Meldrum , Andrew ( 11 April 2005 ) . Apartheid party bows out with apology . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Macharia , James ( 11 April 2005 ) . South Africa apartheid party votes to dissolve . The Boston Globe . Jump up ^ `` Mr Adrian Vlok extends gesture of penance to Rev Frank Chikane , Director - General in the Presidency '' . South African Government Information . 28 August 2006 . Archived from the original on 28 August 2009 . Retrieved 22 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Volume Five Chapter Six -- Findings and Conclusions . Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission . Further reading ( edit ) Bernstein , Hilda . For their Triumphs and for their Tears : Women in Apartheid South Africa . International Defence and Aid Fund for Southern Africa . London , 1985 . Davenport , T.R.H. South Africa . A Modern History . MacMillan , 1977 . Davies , Rob , Dan O'Meara and Sipho Dlamini . The Struggle For South Africa : A reference guide to movements , organisations and institution . Volume Two . London : Zed Books , 1984 De Klerk , F.W. The last Trek . A New Beginning . MacMillan , 1998 . Du Pre , R.H. Separate but Unequal -- The ' Coloured ' People of South Africa -- A Political History ... Jonathan Ball , 1994 . Eiselen , W.W.N. The Meaning of Apartheid , Race Relations , 15 ( 3 ) , 1948 . Federal Research Division . South Africa -- a country study . Library of Congress , 1996 . Giliomee , Herman The Afrikaners . Hurst & Co. , 2003 . Hexham , Irving , The Irony of Apartheid : The Struggle for National Independence of Afrikaner Calvinism against British Imperialism . '' Edwin Mellen , 1981 . Keable , Ken London Recruits : The Secret War Against Apartheid . Pontypool , UK : Merlin Press . 2012 . Lapchick , Richard and Urdang , Stephanie . Oppression and Resistance . The Struggle of Women in Southern Africa . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . 1982 . Louw , P. Eric . The Rise , Fall and Legacy of Apartheid . Praeger , 2004 . Meredith , Martin . In the name of apartheid : South Africa in the postwar period . 1st US ed . New York : Harper & Row , 1988 . Meredith , Martin . The State of Africa . The Free Press , 2005 . Morris , Michael . Apartheid : An illustrated history . Jonathan Ball Publishers . Johannesburg and Cape Town , 2012 . Newbury , Darren . Defiant Images : Photography and Apartheid South Africa , University of South Africa ( UNISA ) Press , 2009 . Noah , Trevor . Born a Crime : Stories from a South African Childhood , Random House 2016 , ISBN 978 - 0399588174 . Terreblanche , S. A History of Inequality in South Africa , 1652 -- 2002 . University of Natal Press , 2003 . Visser , Pippa . In search of history . Oxford University Press Southern Africa , 2003 . Williams , Michael . Book : Crocodile Burning. 1994 External links ( edit ) ( hide ) Find more aboutApartheidat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Data from Wikidata Understanding Apartheid Learner 's Book The evolution of the white right History of the freedom charter SAHO Apartheid Museum in Johannesburg Cape Town 's District Six Museum which examines forced removals The African Activist Archive Project website has material on the struggle against apartheid South Africa : Cuba and the South African Anti-Apartheid Struggle by Nicole Sarmiento Interview with Dr. Ranginui Walker about the ' No Maoris ' tours to South Africa under apartheid RadioLIVE interview on the exclusion of Maori from the All Blacks during the tours of South Africa under apartheid . The International Centre for Transitional Justice ( ICTJ ) provides resources on the legacy of apartheid and transitional justice in South Africa . `` JSTOR 's Struggles for Freedom digital archive on www.aluka.org '' . about.jstor.org . Collection of primary source historical materials about apartheid South Africa Apartheid archives held at London University Political history of South Africa Defunct polities Kingdom of Mapungubwe ( c. 1075 -- c. 1220 ) Dutch Cape Colony ( 1652 -- 1806 ) Mthethwa Paramountcy ( c. 1780 -- 1817 ) Ndwandwe Kingdom ( c. 1780 -- 1819 ) Cape Colony ( 1795 -- 1910 ) Zulu Kingdom ( 1816 -- 97 ) Natalia Republic ( 1839 -- 43 ) Natal Colony ( 1843 -- 1910 ) Orange Free State ( 1854 -- 1902 ) South African Republic ( 1856 -- 1902 ) Griqualand East ( 1861 -- 79 ) Griqualand West ( 1870 -- 73 ) Goshen ( 1882 -- 83 ) Stellaland ( 1882 -- 85 ) Nieuwe Republiek ( 1884 -- 88 ) Upingtonia ( 1885 -- 87 ) Klein Vrystaat ( 1886 -- 91 ) Orange River Colony ( 1902 -- 10 ) Transvaal Colony ( 1902 -- 10 ) Union of South Africa ( 1910 -- 61 ) Transkei ( 1976 -- 94 ) Bophuthatswana ( 1977 -- 94 ) Venda ( 1979 -- 94 ) Ciskei ( 1981 -- 94 ) Events 1652 -- 1815 Dutch settlement French Huguenot settlement Khoikhoi -- Dutch Wars Xhosa Wars Battle of Muizenberg Battle of Blaauwberg Anglo - Dutch Treaty of 1814 1815 -- 1910 Mfecane 1820 Settlers Great Trek Boer Republics Transvaal Civil War Mineral Revolution Witwatersrand Gold Rush South African Wars South Africa Act 1909 1910 -- 1948 Maritz Rebellion Rand Rebellion Great Depression 1946 African Mine Workers ' Union strike Bantustans Apartheid era 1948 general election Apartheid legislation Pass laws Internal resistance Coloured - vote constitutional crisis Defiance Campaign Congress of the People Freedom Charter Women 's March 1956 1957 Alexandra bus boycott Sharpeville massacre 1960 republic referendum International isolation Academic boycott Disinvestment Sporting boycott Olympics Rugby union Rivonia Trial Tar Baby Option Durban Moment Border War Israeli alliance Israel -- South Africa Agreement Soweto Uprising Weapons of mass destruction Project Coast Constructive engagement Church Street bombing 1983 constitutional reform referendum Rubicon speech Dakar Conference Third Force CODESA 1992 apartheid referendum Saint James Church massacre Bophuthatswana crisis Shell House massacre Post-apartheid 1994 general election Government of National Unity Reconstruction and Development Programme Truth and Reconciliation Commission Arms Deal Floor crossing Soweto bombings African Renaissance Xenophobia Marikana massacre 2012 Western Cape farm workers ' strike Nkandlagate 2014 platinum strike # RhodesMustFall protests # FeesMustFall student protests Tshwane riots Langa Massacre Political culture African nationalism Afrikaner Calvinism Afrikaner nationalism Azania Baasskap Boerehaat Black Consciousness Movement Day of the Vow Greater South Africa Honorary whites Rooi gevaar Slavery Swart gevaar Uitlander Volkstaat Defunct organisations Civic and political organisations Afrikaner Bond Afrikaner Broederbond Afrikaner Party AITUP APO AVF BPC Black Sash CDA CTEG COD Congress Alliance COSG CP Dominion Party DP ( 1973 -- 1977 ) DP ( 1989 -- 2000 ) DPP ECC FA FD Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners GNP Het Volk HNP IDASA ID IP ISL Jeugkrag Johannesburg Reform Committee Labour Party ( 1910 -- 1958 ) Labour Party ( 1969 -- 1994 ) Liberal Party ( 1953 -- 1968 ) NA NCP NIC NLP NNP NP NPP NRP NUSAS PFP Progressive Party ( Cape Colony ) Progressive Party PRP Radio Freedom Reform Party SABP SADECO SAIC SASO SAYCO SAYRCO South African Party ( Cape Colony ) South African Party ( 1911 -- 1934 ) South African Party ( 1977 -- 1980 ) TNIP Torch Commando UFP United Party Unionist Party Volksparty Workers Party WOSA Trade unions and social movements APF BCM BLATU CNETU CTSWU FCWU FNETU FOSATU ICU IWW MUSA NEUM NURHS PAWE SAAPAWU SACTU SAIF SARHU SATUC Die Spoorbund UDF Umkosi Wezintaba Paramilitary and terrorist organisations APLA ARM BBB Boeremag Greyshirts MK Ossewabrandwag Orde van die Dood SANF Histories of political parties African National Congress Democratic Alliance Pan Africanist Congress of Azania Category Racism Types of racism Against Jews Aversive Among White people Among LGBT people Among US minorities Colorism Among hipsters Consumer Covert Cultural Environmental Gendered Institutional Internalized Islamophobia Nationalist New racism Neo-racism Reverse Romantic Sexual Scientific Societal Symbolic Manifestations of racism Anti-miscegenation laws Expression in the media in Charles Dickens ' works in music in early US films Censored Eleven in horror films in porn online on Wikipedia in sport baseball martial arts soccer in school curricula in US politics Jokes Slurs Racial antagonism Racial determinism Racial hatred Racial hierarchy Casta Racial polarization Racial quota Racial vilification Racial violence Race war Racism by region Africa Arab world Asia Australia Europe Middle East North America South America Related topics Anti-racism Psychological impact Psychoanalysis Racial transformation Passing Racial democracy Racial fetishism Race traitor List of racism - related articles List of anti-ethnic terms Category Segregation in countries by type Geographical ( religious ) Bosnia and Herzegovina Partition of India Northern Ireland Greece and Turkey Partition of Bengal Saudi Arabia Bahrain Myanmar Racial Australia Argentina Canada Bahrain Brazil Dominican Republic Fiji France Malaysia Nazi Germany Poland Portugal Rhodesia South Africa Spain Saudization Emiratisation United States schools Anti-miscegenation laws in the United States Gender Islam ( in Iran ) Taliban Saudi Arabia Judaism Separatist feminism Dynamics Auto - segregation Balkanization Ethnic cleansing Exclusionary zoning Forced migration Internment labor camps Residential segregation in the United States Social exclusion Related topics Apartheid laws Anti-miscegenation laws Black Codes Corporative federalism Discrimination Hafrada Jim Crow laws Nativism Nuremberg Laws Racism Rankism Religious intolerance Reservation in India Second - class citizen Separate but equal Separate school ( Canada ) Shunning Social apartheid Xenophobia See also : Desegregation busing Pillarisation Category caste gender racial Commons South Africa articles History Timeline ( nl ) Years Early history Cape Colony Orange Free State Transvaal First Boer War Second Boer War Great Depression World War II Apartheid Border War Since 1994 By topic Economy Military Geography Districts Earthquakes Estuaries Forests Islands Lakes Mountain ranges Municipalities National parks Populated places Provinces Rivers Wildlife Politics Constitution Courts Elections Foreign relations Government Human rights Law Parliament Political parties President State security and intelligence Minister Co-ordinating committee ( NICC ) Intelligence agency ( NIA ) Communications centre ( NCC ) Communications security ( COMSEC ) Secret Service ( SASS ) Intelligence academy ( SANAI ) Law enforcement Department of Police Police Service Criminal intelligence ( SAPS ) Special Task Force National Intervention Unit NFDD Municipal Police Independent Complaints Directorate Department of Correctional Services Biometrics use Military Department of Defence Defence Force Air Force Army Navy Military Health Service Special Forces Commando System Intelligence Economy Agriculture Communications Economic history Energy Foreign trade Mining industry Rand ( currency ) Stock exchange Taxation Tourism Trade unions Transportation Water and sanitation Society Crime Education Feminism Health Healthcare Immigration Intersex Languages LGBT Racism Religion Sexual violence Social movements Xenophobia Culture Architecture Art Cinema Cuisine Flag HIV / AIDS Homelessness Literature Media Music Public holidays Sports Demographics Asian Indian Chinese Bantu Ndebele Pedi Sotho Swazi Tsonga Tswana Venda Xhosa Zulu Coloured Cape Coloured Cape Malay Griqua Khoisan White Afrikaner British Outline Index Category Portal Years in South Africa ( 1910 -- present ) Pre-1910 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 LCCN : sh85005905 GND : 4002394 - 1 BNF : cb11998012n ( data ) NDL : 00574822 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apartheid&oldid=811635619 '' Categories : Apartheid Apartheid in South Africa Apartheid in South West Africa 20th century in South Africa Discrimination in South Africa Ethnicity in politics Political terminology in South Africa Politics and race Racial segregation Racism in South Africa White supremacy in Africa Oligarchy 1948 establishments in Africa 1991 disestablishments in Africa 1948 establishments in South Africa 1991 disestablishments in South Africa Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2010 Use South African English from April 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in South African English Use dmy dates from March 2016 Interlanguage link template link number All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from February 2015 All articles needing style editing Wikipedia articles needing style editing from March 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2015 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2017 Articles with unsourced quotes Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikiquote Languages Адыгэбзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Къарачай - малкъар ქართული कॉशुर / کٲشُر Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Ladino Лезги Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Mirandés Монгол Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Ripoarisch Română Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Sardu Sesotho sa Leboa Shqip Sicilianu Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Võro Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 November 2017 , at 22 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid
| 2,056 |
||
words to old woman who lived in a shoe
|
There was an old woman who lived in a shoe
|
there was an old woman who lived in a shoe
|
`` There was an Old Woman Who Lived in a Shoe '' is a popular English language nursery rhyme , with a Roud Folk Song Index number of 19132 . Debates over its meaning and origin have largely centered on attempts to match the old woman with historical female figures who have had large families , although King George II ( 1683 -- 1760 ) has also been proposed as the rhyme 's subject .
|
Lyrics ( edit ) The most common version of the rhyme is : There was an old woman who lived in a shoe . She had so many children , she did n't know what to do ; She gave them some broth without any bread ; Then whipped them all soundly and put them to bed . The earliest printed version in Joseph Ritson 's Gammer Gurton 's Garland in 1794 has the coarser last line : She whipp 'd all their bums , and sent them to bed . Many other variations were printed in the 18th and 19th centuries . Marjorie Ainsworth Decker published a Christian version of the rhyme in her The Christian Mother Goose Book published in 1978 : There was an old woman Who lived in a shoe , She had so many children , And loved them all , too . She said , `` Thank you Lord Jesus , For sending them bread . '' Then kissed them all gladly and sent them to bed . Origins and meaning ( edit ) Iona and Peter Opie pointed to the version published in Infant Institutes in 1797 , which finished with the lines : Then out went th ' old woman to bespeak ' em a coffin , And when she came back , she found ' em all a-loffeing . The term `` a-loffeing '' , they believe , was Shakespearean , suggesting that the rhyme is considerably older than the first printed versions . They then speculated that if this were true , it might have a folklore meaning and pointed to the connection between shoes and fertility , perhaps exemplified by casting a shoe after a bride as she leaves for her honeymoon , or tying shoes to the departing couple 's car . Archaeologist Ralph Merifield has pointed out that in Lancashire it was the custom for females who wished to conceive to try on the shoes of a woman who had just given birth . Debates over the meaning of the rhyme have largely revolved around matching the old woman with historical figures , as Peter Opie observed `` for little reason other than the size of their families '' . Candidates include Queen Caroline , the wife of King George II ( 1683 -- 1760 ) , who had eight children , and Elizabeth Vergoose of Boston , who had six children of her own and ten stepchildren . Albert Jack has proposed a political origin for the rhyme . George II was nicknamed the `` old woman '' , because it was widely believed that Queen Caroline was the real power behind the throne . According to this explanation , the children are the Members of Parliament ( MPs ) that George was unable to control , the whip refers to the political office of that name -- the MP whose role is to ensure that members of his party vote according to the party line -- and the bed is the House of Commons , which MPs were required to attend daily . The phrase `` gave them some broth without any bread '' may refer to George 's parsimony in the wake of the South Sea Bubble of 1721 , and his attempts to restore his own and the country 's finances . References ( edit ) Folding card , 1883 Notes Jump up ^ The idea that George II was dominated by his queen is expressed in this contemporary verse : You may strut , dapper George , But it will be in vain ; We all know it is Queen Caroline Not you that reign . Citations ^ Jump up to : Opie & Opie ( 1997 ) , pp. 522 -- 4 Jump up ^ J. Ritson , Gammer Gurton 's garland , or , The nursery Parnassus : a choice collection of pretty songs and verses for the amusement of all little good children who can neither read nor run ( 1794 , rpt. , Glasgow , 1866 ) , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Opie & Opie ( 1997 ) , pp. 522 -- 24 ^ Jump up to : Jack ( 2008 ) , There Was an Old Woman who Lived in a Shoe Jump up ^ Merridew ( 1987 ) , p. 134 Bibliography Jack , Albert ( 2008 ) , Pop Goes the Weasel : The Secret Meanings of Nursery Rhymes ( ebook ) , Penguin , ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 190930 - 1 Merridew , Ralph ( 1987 ) , The Archaeology of Ritual and Magic , Batsford , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7134 - 4870 - 2 Opie , I. ; Opie , P. ( 1997 ) , The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes ( 2nd ed . ) , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 860088 - 6 Nursery rhymes ( list ) `` A-Tisket , A-Tasket '' `` Aiken Drum '' `` Baa , Baa , Black Sheep '' `` Did You Ever See a Lassie ? '' `` Hey Diddle Diddle '' `` Hickory Dickory Dock '' `` Hot Cross Buns '' `` Humpty Dumpty '' `` I 'm a Little Teapot '' `` It 's Raining , It 's Pouring '' `` Jack and Jill '' `` Little Bo - Peep '' `` Little Boy Blue '' `` Little Jack Horner '' `` Little Miss Muffet '' `` Mary Had a Little Lamb '' `` Mary , Mary , Quite Contrary '' `` Old King Cole '' `` Old MacDonald Had a Farm '' `` Old Mother Hubbard '' `` Peter Piper '' `` Polly Put the Kettle On '' `` Poor Mary '' `` Pop Goes the Weasel '' `` Pussy Cat Pussy Cat '' `` Rain Rain Go Away '' `` Roses Are Red '' `` Rub - a-dub - dub '' `` Simple Simon '' `` Sing a Song of Sixpence '' `` Sticks and Stones '' `` The Grand Old Duke of York '' `` The Queen of Hearts '' `` There Was a Man in Our Town `` There was an Old Woman Who Lived in a Shoe '' `` Three Little Kittens '' `` Twinkle , Twinkle , Little Star '' Clapping `` A Sailor Went to Sea '' `` Down Down Baby '' `` Mary Mack '' `` Miss Susie '' `` Miss Lucy '' `` Pat - a-cake '' `` Pease Porridge Hot '' `` Pretty Little Dutch Girl '' `` Stella Ella Ola '' Counting `` Duck , duck , goose '' `` Eeny , meeny , miny , moe '' `` One , Two , Buckle My Shoe '' `` One , Two , Three , Four , Five '' `` This Old Man '' `` Tinker , Tailor '' Finger - plays `` Five Little Ducks '' `` Five Little Monkeys '' `` Five Little Speckled Frogs '' `` Itsy Bitsy Spider '' `` Little Robin Redbreast '' `` Round and Round the Garden '' `` This Little Piggy '' `` Two Little Dickie Birds '' Games `` London Bridge '' `` The Muffin Man '' `` Mulberry Bush '' `` Oranges and Lemons '' `` Ring a Ring o ' Roses '' `` The Farmer in the Dell '' Riddle `` As I was going to St Ives '' Lullabies `` Hush , Little Baby '' `` Rock - a-bye Baby '' Rounds `` Ding Dong Bell '' `` Frère Jacques '' `` Kookaburra '' `` Row , Row , Row Your Boat '' `` Scotland 's Burning '' `` Three Blind Mice '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=There_was_an_Old_Woman_Who_Lived_in_a_Shoe&oldid=849366121 '' Categories : English folklore English nursery rhymes Roud Folk Song Index songs Songwriter unknown Year of song unknown Talk About Wikipedia فارسی മലയാളം Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 8 July 2018 , at 13 : 40 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/There%20was%20an%20Old%20Woman%20Who%20Lived%20in%20a%20Shoe
| 2,057 |
||
who plays amy on the secret life of an american teenager
|
India Joy Eisley ( born October 29 , 1993 ) is an American actress . She is known for her role as Ashley Juergens in the ABC Family television series The Secret Life of the American Teenager , and her roles as Eve in 2012 film Underworld : Awakening , Sawa in the 2014 film Kite , and Audrina in the 2016 television film My Sweet Audrina .
|
India Joy Eisley
|
India Eisley
|
india eisley
|
India Eisley Eisley at the Cinema City Film Festival in March 2008 India Joy Eisley ( 1993 - 10 - 29 ) October 29 , 1993 ( age 24 ) Los Angeles , California , U.S. Occupation Actress Years active 2003 -- present Parent ( s ) David Glen Eisley Olivia Hussey Relatives Anthony Eisley ( grandfather ) India Joy Eisley ( born October 29 , 1993 ) is an American actress . She is known for her role as Ashley Juergens in the ABC Family television series The Secret Life of the American Teenager , and her roles as Eve in 2012 film Underworld : Awakening , Sawa in the 2014 film Kite , and Audrina in the 2016 television film My Sweet Audrina . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Filmography 4 References 5 External links Early Life ( edit ) Eisley was born in 1993 , to musician David Glen Eisley and actress Olivia Hussey . Her grandfather was actor Anthony Eisley . Career ( edit ) Eisley and her mother appeared together in the 2005 movie Headspace . After small roles in various independent films , Eisley gained a major role in 2008 in The Secret Life of the American Teenager . She played Ashley Juergens , younger sister of teen mother Amy Juergens . Eisley starred as Sawa in the 2014 action film Kite , opposite Samuel L. Jackson . At the end of 2014 she filmed Social Suicide , a modern retelling of Romeo and Juliet , due for release in late 2015 . In the beginning of 2015 she also filmed the dark fantasy film The Curse of Sleeping Beauty as Briar Rose . In 2016 Eisley starred in the titular role in the television film adaptation of the V.C. Andrews ' book My Sweet Audrina . In 2017 she starred in the Netflix original film Clinical . In 2018 , Eisley played the lead role of Maria in the psychological thriller film Look Away opposite Jason Isaacs . Author Jessica Brody has expressed a desire for Eisley to portray her character Seraphina in the film adaptation of her novel Unremembered . Hollywood casting director Michelle Levy was first to recommend Eisley for the role . Filmography ( edit ) Film roles Year Title Role Notes 2003 Mother Teresa of Calcutta English Girl Uncredited 2005 Headspace Martha 2012 Underworld : Awakening Eve 2014 Kite Sawa 2015 Social Suicide Julia 2016 The Curse of Sleeping Beauty Briar Rose / The Sleeping Beauty 2016 Amerigeddon Penny 2017 Clinical Nora Green 2017 Adolescence Alice Post-production 2018 Look Away Maria originally titled Behind the Glass Television roles Year Title Role Notes 2008 -- 2013 The Secret Life of the American Teenager Ashley Juergens Main role ; 120 episodes 2014 Nanny Cam Heather Lambert Television film ( Lifetime ) 2016 My Sweet Audrina Audrina Adare Television film ( Lifetime ) 2019 I Am the Night Fauna Hodel Main role ; in production References ( edit ) Jump up ^ United Press International ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` UPI Almanac for Sunday , Oct. 29 , 2017 '' . United Press International . Retrieved October 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Meriah Doty ( May 9 , 2012 ) . `` Girl cast as young Angelina Jolie has more in common than looks '' . Yahoo . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ScreamQueen ( January 16 , 2017 ) . `` Clinical ( 4 / 5 ) '' . Heaven of Horror . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dave McNary ( August 24 , 2016 ) . `` India Eisley , Jason Isaacs Starring in Thriller ' Behind the Glass ' '' . Variety . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Brad Miska ( September 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' Look Away ' Trailer Brings Out a Teen 's Dark Side '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved 2018 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Unremembered Casting '' . JessicaBrody.com . May 28 , 2013 . Retrieved May 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rebecca Ford ( March 24 , 2014 ) . `` YA Sci - Fi Book ' Unremembered ' Acquired by ' Vampire Academy ' Producers ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Winterstone Film Projects '' . Winterstone Pictures . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) India Eisley on Twitter India Eisley on IMDb WorldCat Identities GND : 1127887343 ISNI : 0000 0003 7104 8426 LCCN : no2012064784 VIAF : 250502785 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=India_Eisley&oldid=865437385 '' Categories : 1993 births 21st - century American actresses Actresses from Los Angeles Actresses from California American child actresses American film actresses American television actresses Living people American people of English descent American people of Argentine descent Hispanic and Latino American actresses Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2016 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Türkçe Українська 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2018 , at 23 : 24 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India%20Eisley
| 2,058 |
|
the two most influential stoics were a roman slave and an emperor
|
Stoicism
|
stoicism
|
Zeno of Citium , bust in the Farnese collection , Naples -- Photo by Paolo Monti , 1969 . Stoicism is a school of Hellenistic philosophy founded by Zeno of Citium in Athens in the early 3rd century BC . It was heavily influenced by certain teachings of Socrates , while Stoic physics are largely drawn from the teachings of the philosopher Heraclitus . Stoicism is predominantly a philosophy of personal ethics informed by its system of logic and its views on the natural world . According to its teachings , as social beings , the path to happiness for humans is found in accepting this moment as it presents itself , by not allowing ourselves to be controlled by our desire for pleasure or our fear of pain , by using our minds to understand the world around us and to do our part in nature 's plan , and by working together and treating others fairly and justly . The Stoics are especially known for teaching that `` virtue is the only good '' for human beings , and that external things -- such as health , wealth , and pleasure -- are not good or bad in themselves , but have value as `` material for virtue to act upon '' . Alongside Aristotelian ethics , the Stoic tradition forms one of the major founding approaches to Western virtue ethics . The Stoics also held that certain destructive emotions resulted from errors of judgment , and they believed people should aim to maintain a will ( called prohairesis ) that is `` in accord with nature '' . Because of this , the Stoics thought the best indication of an individual 's philosophy was not what a person said , but how a person behaved . To live a good life , one had to understand the rules of the natural order since they taught everything was rooted in nature . Many Stoics -- such as Seneca and Epictetus -- emphasized that because `` virtue is sufficient for happiness '' , a sage would be emotionally resilient to misfortune . This belief is similar to the meaning of the phrase `` stoic calm '' , though the phrase does not include the `` radical ethical '' Stoic views that only a sage can be considered truly free , and that all moral corruptions are equally vicious . Stoicism flourished throughout the Roman and Greek world until the 3rd century AD , and among its adherents was Emperor Marcus Aurelius . It experienced a decline after Christianity became the state religion in the 4th century AD . Since then it has seen revivals , notably in the Renaissance ( Neostoicism ) and in the modern era ( modern Stoicism ) . Contents 1 Terminology 2 Basic tenets 3 History 4 Logic 4.1 Propositional logic 4.2 Categories 4.3 Epistemology 5 Metaphysics 6 Physics , theology and cosmology 7 Ethics and virtues 7.1 The doctrine of `` things indifferent '' 7.2 Spiritual exercise 8 Social philosophy 9 Influence on Christianity 10 Modern usage 11 Stoic philosophers 12 See also 13 References 14 Further reading 14.1 Primary sources 14.2 Studies 15 External links Terminology ( edit ) Stoic comes from the Greek stōïkos , meaning `` of the stoa ( portico , or porch ) '' . This , in turn , refers to the Stoa Poikile , or `` Painted Stoa , '' in Athens , where the influential Stoic Zeno of Citium taught . In laymen 's terms stoicism is sometimes referred to as `` suffering in silence '' , and the ethics associated with that . Basic tenets ( edit ) `` Philosophy does not promise to secure anything external for man , otherwise it would be admitting something that lies beyond its proper subject - matter . For as the material of the carpenter is wood , and that of statuary bronze , so the subject - matter of the art of living is each person 's own life . '' -- Epictetus , Discourses 1.15. 2 , Robin Hard revised translation The Stoics provided a unified account of the world , consisting of formal logic , monistic physics and naturalistic ethics . Of these , they emphasized ethics as the main focus of human knowledge , though their logical theories were of more interest for later philosophers . Stoicism teaches the development of self - control and fortitude as a means of overcoming destructive emotions ; the philosophy holds that becoming a clear and unbiased thinker allows one to understand the universal reason ( logos ) . A primary aspect of Stoicism involves improving the individual 's ethical and moral well - being : `` Virtue consists in a will that is in agreement with Nature . '' This principle also applies to the realm of interpersonal relationships ; `` to be free from anger , envy , and jealousy , '' and to accept even slaves as `` equals of other men , because all men alike are products of nature '' . The Stoic ethic espouses a deterministic perspective ; in regard to those who lack Stoic virtue , Cleanthes once opined that the wicked man is `` like a dog tied to a cart , and compelled to go wherever it goes '' . A Stoic of virtue , by contrast , would amend his will to suit the world and remain , in the words of Epictetus , `` sick and yet happy , in peril and yet happy , dying and yet happy , in exile and happy , in disgrace and happy , '' thus positing a `` completely autonomous '' individual will , and at the same time a universe that is `` a rigidly deterministic single whole '' . This viewpoint was later described as `` Classical Pantheism '' ( and was adopted by Dutch philosopher Baruch Spinoza ) . History ( edit ) Antisthenes , founder of the Cynic school of philosophy Stoicism became the foremost popular philosophy among the educated elite in the Hellenistic world and the Roman Empire , to the point where , in the words of Gilbert Murray `` nearly all the successors of Alexander ( ... ) professed themselves Stoics . '' Beginning around 301 BC , Zeno taught philosophy at the Stoa Poikile ( `` Painted Porch '' ) , from which his philosophy got its name . Unlike the other schools of philosophy , such as the Epicureans , Zeno chose to teach his philosophy in a public space , which was a colonnade overlooking the central gathering place of Athens , the Agora . Zeno 's ideas developed from those of the Cynics , whose founding father , Antisthenes , had been a disciple of Socrates . Zeno 's most influential follower was Chrysippus , who was responsible for the molding of what is now called Stoicism . Later Roman Stoics focused on promoting a life in harmony within the universe , over which one has no direct control . Bust of Seneca Scholars usually divide the history of Stoicism into three phases : Early Stoa , from the founding of the school by Zeno to Antipater . Middle Stoa , including Panaetius and Posidonius . Late Stoa , including Musonius Rufus , Seneca , Epictetus , and Marcus Aurelius . No complete work by any Stoic philosopher survives from the first two phases of Stoicism . Only Roman texts from the Late Stoa survive . Logic ( edit ) Main article : Stoic logic Propositional logic ( edit ) Diodorus Cronus , who was one of Zeno 's teachers , is considered the philosopher who first introduced and developed an approach to logic now known as propositional logic , which is based on statements or propositions , rather than terms , making it very different from Aristotle 's term logic . Later , Chrysippus developed a system that became known as Stoic logic and included a deductive system , Stoic Syllogistic , which was considered a rival to Aristotle 's Syllogistic ( see Syllogism ) . New interest in Stoic logic came in the 20th century , when important developments in logic were based on propositional logic . Susanne Bobzien wrote , `` The many close similarities between Chrysippus ' philosophical logic and that of Gottlob Frege are especially striking . '' Bobzien also notes that `` Chrysippus wrote over 300 books on logic , on virtually any topic logic today concerns itself with , including speech act theory , sentence analysis , singular and plural expressions , types of predicates , indexicals , existential propositions , sentential connectives , negations , disjunctions , conditionals , logical consequence , valid argument forms , theory of deduction , propositional logic , modal logic , tense logic , epistemic logic , logic of suppositions , logic of imperatives , ambiguity and logical paradoxes . '' Categories ( edit ) Main article : Stoic categories The Stoics held that all being ( ὄντα ) -- though not all things ( τινά ) -- is material . They accepted the distinction between Abstract and concrete bodies , but rejected Aristotle 's belief that purely incorporeal being exists . Thus , they accepted Anaxagoras ' idea ( as did Aristotle ) that if an object is hot , it is because some part of a universal heat body had entered the object . But , unlike Aristotle , they extended the idea to cover all accidents . Thus if an object is red , it would be because some part of a universal red body had entered the object . They held that there were four categories . substance ( ὑποκείμενον ) The primary matter , formless substance , ( ousia ) that things are made of quality ( ποιόν ) The way matter is organized to form an individual object ; in Stoic physics , a physical ingredient ( pneuma : air or breath ) , which informs the matter somehow disposed ( πως ἔχον ) Particular characteristics , not present within the object , such as size , shape , action , and posture `` Make for yourself a definition or description of the thing which is presented to you , so as to see distinctly what kind of a thing it is in its substance , in its nudity , in its complete entirety , and tell yourself its proper name , and the names of the things of which it has been compounded , and into which it will be resolved . For nothing is so productive of elevation of mind as to be able to examine methodically and truly every object that is presented to you in life , and always to look at things so as to see at the same time what kind of universe this is , and what kind of use everything performs in it , and what value everything has with reference to the whole . '' -- Marcus Aurelius , Meditations , iii. 11 Somehow disposed in relation to something ( πρός τί πως ἔχον ) Characteristics related to other phenomena , such as the position of an object within time and space relative to other objects Epistemology ( edit ) The Stoics propounded that knowledge can be attained through the use of reason . Truth can be distinguished from fallacy -- even if , in practice , only an approximation can be made . According to the Stoics , the senses constantly receive sensations : pulsations that pass from objects through the senses to the mind , where they leave an impression in the imagination ( phantasia ) ( an impression arising from the mind was called a phantasma ) . The mind has the ability to judge ( συγκατάθεσις , synkatathesis ) -- approve or reject -- an impression , enabling it to distinguish a true representation of reality from one that is false . Some impressions can be assented to immediately , but others can only achieve varying degrees of hesitant approval , which can be labeled belief or opinion ( doxa ) . It is only through reason that we gain clear comprehension and conviction ( katalepsis ) . Certain and true knowledge ( episteme ) , achievable by the Stoic sage , can be attained only by verifying the conviction with the expertise of one 's peers and the collective judgment of humankind . Metaphysics ( edit ) The first philosophers to explicitly describe nominalist arguments were the Stoics , especially Chrysippus . Physics , theology and cosmology ( edit ) Main article : Stoic physics See also : De Mundo According to the Stoics , the Universe is a material , reasoning substance , known as God or Nature , which the Stoics divided into two classes , the active and the passive . The passive substance is matter , which `` lies sluggish , a substance ready for any use , but sure to remain unemployed if no one sets it in motion '' . The active substance , which can be called Fate or Universal Reason ( Logos ) , is an intelligent aether or primordial fire , which acts on the passive matter : The universe itself is God and the universal outpouring of its soul ; it is this same world 's guiding principle , operating in mind and reason , together with the common nature of things and the totality that embraces all existence ; then the foreordained might and necessity of the future ; then fire and the principle of aether ; then those elements whose natural state is one of flux and transition , such as water , earth , and air ; then the sun , the moon , the stars ; and the universal existence in which all things are contained . -- Chrysippus , in Cicero , De Natura Deorum , i . 39 Everything is subject to the laws of Fate , for the Universe acts according to its own nature , and the nature of the passive matter it governs . The souls of humans and animals are emanations from this primordial Fire , and are , likewise , subject to Fate : Constantly regard the universe as one living being , having one substance and one soul ; and observe how all things have reference to one perception , the perception of this one living being ; and how all things act with one movement ; and how all things are the cooperating causes of all things that exist ; observe too the continuous spinning of the thread and the structure of the web . -- Marcus Aurelius , Meditations , iv. 40 Individual souls are perishable by nature , and can be `` transmuted and diffused , assuming a fiery nature by being received into the seminal reason ( '' logos spermatikos `` ) of the Universe '' . Since right Reason is the foundation of both humanity and the universe , it follows that the goal of life is to live according to Reason , that is , to live a life according to Nature . Stoic theology is a fatalistic and naturalistic pantheism : God is never fully transcendent but always immanent , and identified with Nature . Abrahamic religions personalize God as a world - creating entity , but Stoicism equates God with the totality of the universe ; according to Stoic cosmology , which is very similar to the Hindu conception of existence , there is no absolute start to time , as it is considered infinite and cyclic . Similarly , the space and Universe have neither start nor end , rather they are cyclical . The current Universe is a phase in the present cycle , preceded by an infinite number of Universes , doomed to be destroyed ( `` ekpyrōsis '' , conflagration ) and re-created again , and to be followed by another infinite number of Universes . Stoicism considers all existence as cyclic , the cosmos as eternally self - creating and self - destroying ( see also Eternal return ) . Stoicism , just like Indian religions such as Hinduism , Buddhism and Jainism , does not posit a beginning or end to the Universe . According to the Stoics , the logos was the active reason or anima mundi pervading and animating the entire Universe . It was conceived as material and is usually identified with God or Nature . The Stoics also referred to the seminal reason ( `` logos spermatikos '' ) , or the law of generation in the Universe , which was the principle of the active reason working in inanimate matter . Humans , too , each possess a portion of the divine logos , which is the primordial Fire and reason that controls and sustains the Universe . Ethics and virtues ( edit ) The ancient Stoics are often misunderstood because the terms they used pertained to different concepts in the past than they do today . The word `` stoic '' has come to mean `` unemotional '' or indifferent to pain because Stoic ethics taught freedom from `` passion '' by following `` reason '' . The Stoics did not seek to extinguish emotions ; rather , they sought to transform them by a resolute `` askēsis '' that enables a person to develop clear judgment and inner calm . Logic , reflection , and concentration were the methods of such self - discipline . Borrowing from the Cynics , the foundation of Stoic ethics is that good lies in the state of the soul itself ; in wisdom and self - control . Stoic ethics stressed the rule : `` Follow where reason leads . '' One must therefore strive to be free of the passions , bearing in mind that the ancient meaning of `` passion '' was `` anguish '' or `` suffering '' , that is , `` passively '' reacting to external events , which is somewhat different from the modern use of the word . A distinction was made between pathos ( plural pathe ) which is normally translated as passion , propathos or instinctive reaction ( e.g. , turning pale and trembling when confronted by physical danger ) and eupathos , which is the mark of the Stoic sage ( sophos ) . The eupatheia are feelings that result from correct judgment in the same way that passions result from incorrect judgment . The idea was to be free of suffering through apatheia ( Greek : ἀπάθεια ; literally , `` without passion '' ) or peace of mind , where peace of mind was understood in the ancient sense -- being objective or having `` clear judgment '' and the maintenance of equanimity in the face of life 's highs and lows . For the Stoics , reason meant not only using logic , but also understanding the processes of nature -- the logos or universal reason , inherent in all things . Living according to reason and virtue , they held , is to live in harmony with the divine order of the universe , in recognition of the common reason and essential value of all people . The four cardinal virtues ( aretai ) of Stoic philosophy is a classification derived from the teachings of Plato ( Republic IV . 426 -- 435 ) : Wisdom ( σοφία `` sophia '' ) Courage ( ανδρεία `` andreia '' ) Justice ( δικαιοσύνη `` dikaiosyne '' ) Temperance ( σωφροσύνη `` sophrosyne '' ) Following Socrates , the Stoics held that unhappiness and evil are the results of human ignorance of the reason in nature . If someone is unkind , it is because they are unaware of their own universal reason , which leads to the conclusion of unkindness . The solution to evil and unhappiness then is the practice of Stoic philosophy : to examine one 's own judgments and behavior and determine where they diverge from the universal reason of nature . The Stoics accepted that suicide was permissible for the wise person in circumstances that might prevent them from living a virtuous life . Plutarch held that accepting life under tyranny would have compromised Cato 's self - consistency ( constantia ) as a Stoic and impaired his freedom to make the honorable moral choices . Suicide could be justified if one fell victim to severe pain or disease , but otherwise suicide would usually be seen as a rejection of one 's social duty . The doctrine of `` things indifferent '' ( edit ) Main article : Apatheia See also : Eudaimonia In philosophical terms , things that are indifferent are outside the application of moral law -- that is without tendency to either promote or obstruct moral ends . Actions neither required nor forbidden by the moral law , or that do not affect morality , are called morally indifferent . The doctrine of things indifferent ( ἀδιάφορα , adiaphora ) arose in the Stoic school as a corollary of its diametric opposition of virtue and vice ( καθήκοντα kathekon , `` convenient actions '' , or actions in accordance with nature ; and ἁμαρτήματα hamartemata , mistakes ) . As a result of this dichotomy , a large class of objects were left unassigned and thus regarded as indifferent . Eventually three sub-classes of `` things indifferent '' developed : things to prefer because they assist life according to nature ; things to avoid because they hinder it ; and things indifferent in the narrower sense . The principle of adiaphora was also common to the Cynics . Philipp Melanchthon revived the doctrine of things indifferent during the Renaissance . Spiritual exercise ( edit ) Marcus Aurelius , the Stoic Roman emperor Philosophy for a Stoic is not just a set of beliefs or ethical claims , it is a way of life involving constant practice and training ( or `` askēsis '' ) . Stoic philosophical and spiritual practices included logic , Socratic dialogue and self - dialogue , contemplation of death , training attention to remain in the present moment ( similar to some forms of Buddhist meditation ) , and daily reflection on everyday problems and possible solutions . Philosophy for a Stoic is an active process of constant practice and self - reminder . In his Meditations , Marcus Aurelius defines several such practices . For example , in Book II. I : Say to yourself in the early morning : I shall meet today ungrateful , violent , treacherous , envious , uncharitable men . All of the ignorance of real good and ill ... I can neither be harmed by any of them , for no man will involve me in wrong , nor can I be angry with my kinsman or hate him ; for we have come into the world to work together ... Prior to Aurelius , Epictetus in his Discourses , distinguished between three types of act : judgment , desire , and inclination . According to French philosopher Pierre Hadot , Epictetus identifies these three acts with logic , physics and ethics respectively . Hadot writes that in the Meditations , `` Each maxim develops either one of these very characteristic topoi ( i.e. , acts ) , or two of them or three of them . '' Seamus Mac Suibhne has described the practices of spiritual exercises as influencing those of reflective practice . Robertson 's The Philosophy of Cognitive - Behavioral Therapy details at length parallels between Stoic spiritual exercises and modern cognitive behavioral therapy . Stoics were also known for consolatory orations , which were part of the consolatio literary tradition . Three such consolations by Seneca have survived . Social philosophy ( edit ) A distinctive feature of Stoicism is its cosmopolitanism : All people are manifestations of the one universal spirit and should live in brotherly love and readily help one another according to the Stoics . In the Discourses , Epictetus comments on man 's relationship with the world : `` Each human being is primarily a citizen of his own commonwealth ; but he is also a member of the great city of gods and men , whereof the city political is only a copy . '' This sentiment echoes that of Diogenes of Sinope , who said , `` I am not an Athenian or a Corinthian , but a citizen of the world . '' They held that external differences such as rank and wealth are of no importance in social relationships . Instead , they advocated the brotherhood of humanity and the natural equality of all human beings . Stoicism became the most influential school of the Greco - Roman world , and produced a number of remarkable writers and personalities , such as Cato the Younger and Epictetus . In particular , they were noted for their urging of clemency toward slaves . Seneca exhorted , `` Kindly remember that he whom you call your slave sprang from the same stock , is smiled upon by the same skies , and on equal terms with yourself breathes , lives , and dies . '' Influence on Christianity ( edit ) See also : Neostoicism Justus Lipsius , founder of Neostoicism In his Introduction to the 1964 Penguin Classics edition of Meditations , the Anglican priest Maxwell Staniforth discussed the profound impact Stoicism had on Christianity . He claimed the author of the Fourth Gospel declared Christ to be the Logos , which `` had long been one of the leading terms of Stoicism , chosen originally for the purpose of explaining how deity came into relation with the universe '' . In St. Ambrose of Milan 's Duties , `` The voice is the voice of a Christian bishop , but the precepts are those of Zeno . '' Regarding what he called `` the Divine Spirit '' , Stanisforth wrote : Cleanthes , wishing to give more explicit meaning to Zeno 's ' creative fire ' , had been the first to hit upon the term pneuma , or ' spirit ' , to describe it . Like fire , this intelligent ' spirit ' was imagined as a tenuous substance akin to a current of air or breath , but essentially possessing the quality of warmth ; it was immanent in the universe as God , and in man as the soul and life - giving principle . Clearly it is not a long step from this to the ' Holy Spirit ' of Christian theology , the ' Lord and Giver of life ' , visibly manifested as tongues of fire at Pentecost and ever since associated -- in the Christian as in the Stoic mind -- with the ideas of vital fire and beneficient warmth . Regarding the Trinity , Staniforth wrote : Again in the doctrine of the Trinity , the ecclesiastical conception of Father , Word , and Spirit finds its germ in the different Stoic names of the Divine Unity . Thus Seneca , writing of the supreme Power which shapes the universe , states , ' This Power we sometimes call the All - ruling God , sometimes the incorporeal Wisdom , sometimes the holy Spirit , sometimes Destiny . ' The Church had only to reject the last of these terms to arrive at its own acceptable definition of the Divine Nature ; while the further assertion ' these three are One ' , which the modern mind finds paradoxical , was no more than commonplace to those familiar with Stoic notions . The apostle Paul met with Stoics during his stay in Athens , reported in Acts 17 : 16 -- 18 . In his letters , Paul reflected heavily from his knowledge of Stoic philosophy , using Stoic terms and metaphors to assist his new Gentile converts in their understanding of Christianity . Stoic influence can also be seen in the works of St. Ambrose , Marcus Minucius Felix , and Tertullian . The Fathers of the Church regarded Stoicism as a `` pagan philosophy '' ; nonetheless , early Christian writers employed some of the central philosophical concepts of Stoicism . Examples include the terms `` logos '' , `` virtue '' , `` Spirit '' , and `` conscience '' . But the parallels go well beyond the sharing and borrowing of terminology . Both Stoicism and Christianity assert an inner freedom in the face of the external world , a belief in human kinship with Nature or God , a sense of the innate depravity -- or `` persistent evil '' -- of humankind , and the futility and temporary nature of worldly possessions and attachments . Both encourage Ascesis with respect to the passions and inferior emotions such as lust , and envy , so that the higher possibilities of one 's humanity can be awakened and developed . Stoic writings such as Meditations by Marcus Aurelius have been highly regarded by many Christians throughout the centuries . The Eastern Orthodox Church and Oriental Orthodox Church accept the Stoic ideal of dispassion to this day . Roman Stoics taught that sex is just within marriage , for unitive and procreative purposes only . This teaching is accepted by the Catholic Church to this day . Saint Ambrose of Milan was known for applying Stoic philosophy to his theology . Modern usage ( edit ) The word `` stoic '' commonly refers to someone indifferent to pain , pleasure , grief , or joy . The modern usage as `` person who represses feelings or endures patiently '' was first cited in 1579 as a noun , and 1596 as an adjective . In contrast to the term `` Epicurean '' , the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 's entry on Stoicism notes , `` the sense of the English adjective ' stoical ' is not utterly misleading with regard to its philosophical origins . '' Stoic philosophers ( edit ) Main article : List of Stoic philosophers Zeno of Citium ( 332 -- 262 BC ) , founder of Stoicism and the Stoic Academy ( Stoa ) in Athens Aristo of Chios ( fl. 260 BC ) , pupil of Zeno ; Herillus of Carthage ( fl . 3rd century BC ) Cleanthes ( of Assos ) ( 330 -- 232 BC ) , second head of Stoic Academy Chrysippus ( 280 -- 204 BC ) , third head of the academy Diogenes of Babylon ( 230 -- 150 BC ) Antipater of Tarsus ( 210 -- 129 BC ) Panaetius of Rhodes ( 185 -- 109 BC ) Posidonius of Apameia ( c. 135 BC -- 51 BC ) Diodotus ( c. 120 BC -- 59 BC ) , teacher of Cicero Cato the Younger ( 94 -- 46 BC ) Seneca ( 4 BC -- AD 65 ) Gaius Musonius Rufus ( 1st century AD ) Rubellius Plautus ( AD 33 -- 62 ) Publius Clodius Thrasea Paetus ( 1st century AD ) Lucius Annaeus Cornutus ( 1st century AD ) Epictetus ( AD 55 -- 135 ) Hierocles ( 2nd century AD ) Marcus Aurelius ( AD 121 -- 180 ) See also ( edit ) 4 Maccabees Dehellenization Deixis Glossary of Stoic terms Ekpyrosis , palingenesis , apocatastasis Ekpyrotic universe ( cosmological theory ) List of Stoic philosophers Megarian school Oikeiôsis Paradoxa Stoicorum Plank of Carneades Pneuma Sage ( philosophy ) Stoicorum Veterum Fragmenta `` Stoic Opposition '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sharpe , Matthew . `` Stoic Virtue Ethics . '' Handbook of Virtue Ethics , 2013 , 28 -- 41 . Jump up ^ John Sellars . Stoicism , 2006 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Stoicism , Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Jump up ^ Becker , Lawrence C. ( 2001 ) . A New Stoicism . Princeton : Princeton University Press . ISBN 9781400822447 . Jump up ^ https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/stoic Jump up ^ Williamson , D. ( 1 April 2015 ) . Kant 's Theory of Emotion : Emotional Universalism . Palgrave Macmillan US . p. 17 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 137 - 49810 - 6 . Jump up ^ Yong , Hua ‐ Hie . `` Can attitudes of stoicism and cautiousness explain observed age ‐ related variation in levels of self ‐ rated pain , mood disturbance and functional interference in chronic pain patients ? . '' European Journal of Pain 10.5 ( 2006 ) : 399 -- 399 . ^ Jump up to : Russell , Bertrand . A History of Western Philosophy , p. 254 ^ Jump up to : Russell , Bertrand . A History of Western Philosophy , p. 264 Jump up ^ Russell , Bertrand . A History of Western Philosophy , p. 253 . Jump up ^ Charles Hartshorne and William Reese , `` Philosophers Speak of God , '' Humanity Books , 1953 ch 4 Jump up ^ Amos , H. ( 1982 ) . These Were the Greeks . Chester Springs : Dufour Editions . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8023 - 1275 - 4 . OCLC 9048254 . Jump up ^ Gilbert Murray , The Stoic Philosophy ( 1915 ) , p. 25 . In Bertrand Russell , A History of Western Philosophy ( 1946 ) . Jump up ^ Becker , Lawrence ( 2003 ) . A History of Western Ethics . New York : Routledge . p. 27 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 96825 - 6 . Jump up ^ A.A. Long , Hellenistic Philosophy , p. 115 . ^ Jump up to : Ancient Logic by Susanne Bobzien . Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Jump up ^ Diogenes Laërtius ( 2000 ) . Lives of eminent philosophers . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press . VII. 49 Jump up ^ John Sellars , Stoicism , Routledge , 2014 , pp. 84 -- 85 : `` ( Stoics ) have often been presented as the first nominalists , rejecting the existence of universal concepts altogether ... For Chrysippus there are no universal entities , whether they be conceived as substantial Platonic Forms or in some other manner . '' . Jump up ^ Chrysippus -- Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy Jump up ^ Seneca , Epistles , lxv. 2 . Jump up ^ Marcus Aurelius , Meditations , iv. 21 . Jump up ^ Michael Lapidge , Stoic Cosmology , in : John M. Rist , The Stoics , Cambridge University Press , 1978 , pp. 182 -- 183 . ^ Jump up to : Ferguson , Everett . Backgrounds of Early Christianity. 2003 , p. 368 . Jump up ^ Tripolitis , A. , Religions of the Hellenistic - Roman Age , pp. 37 -- 38 . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . Jump up ^ Graver , Margaret ( 2009 ) . Stoicism and Emotion . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 30558 - 5 . OCLC 430497127 . Jump up ^ `` Passion '' . Merriam - Webster . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 29 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Seddon , Keith ( 2005 ) . Epictetus ' Handbook and the Tablet of Cebes . New York : Routledge . p. 217 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 32451 - 9 . OCLC 469313282 . ^ Jump up to : Don E. Marietta , ( 1998 ) , Introduction to ancient philosophy , pp. 153 -- 54 . Sharpe Jump up ^ `` Cato 's suicide in Plutarch AV Zadorojnyi '' . The Classical Quarterly . 2007 Jump up ^ William Braxton Irvine , ( 2009 ) , A guide to the good life : the ancient art of Stoic joy , p. 200 . Oxford University Press Jump up ^ Davidson , A.I. ( 1995 ) Pierre Hadot and the Spiritual Phenomenon of Ancient Philosophy , in Philosophy as a Way of Life , Hadot , P. Oxford Blackwells , pp. 9 -- 10 Jump up ^ Hadot , P. ( 1992 ) La Citadelle intérieure . Introduction aux Pensées de Marc Aurèle . Paris , Fayard , pp. 106 -- 15 Jump up ^ Hadot , P. ( 1987 ) Exercices spirituels et philosophie antique . Paris , 2nd ed. , p. 135 . Jump up ^ Mac Suibhne , S. ( 2009 ) . `` ' Wrestle to be the man philosophy wished to make you ' : Marcus Aurelius , reflective practitioner '' . Reflective Practice. 10 ( 4 ) : 429 -- 36 . doi : 10.1080 / 14623940903138266 . Jump up ^ Robertson , D ( 2010 ) . The Philosophy of Cognitive - Behavioral Therapy : Stoicism as Rational and Cognitive Psychotherapy . London : Karnac . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85575 - 756 - 1 . Jump up ^ Epictetus , Discourses , ii. 5 . 26 Jump up ^ Epictetus , Discourses , i . 9 . 1 Jump up ^ Seneca , Moral letters to Lucilius , Letter 47 : On master and slave , 10 , circa AD 65 . Jump up ^ Marcus Aurelius ( 1964 ) . Meditations . London : Penguin Books . p. 24 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 140 - 44140 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` On the Duties of the Clergy '' . www.newadvent.org . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ Aurelius , Marcus ( 1964 ) . Meditations . London : Penguin Books . p. 26 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 140 - 44140 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Marcus Aurelius ( 1964 ) . Meditations . London : Penguin Books . p. 25 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 140 - 44140 - 6 . Jump up ^ Kee , Howard and Franklin W. Young , Understanding The New Testament , Englewood Cliffs , New Jersey , Prentice Hall , Inc. 1958 , p. 208 . ISBN 978 - 0139365911 Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica . Stoicism . § Stoic elements in Pauline and patristic thought Jump up ^ Agathias . Histories , 2.31 . Jump up ^ David , Sedley . `` Ancient philosophy '' . In E. Craig . Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Musonius Rufus . `` Lecture XII `` On Sexual Indulgence '' . '' Musonius Rufus : The Roman Socrates ( Lectures and Fragments ) , Introduction and Translation by Cora E. Lutz , From Volume X of the Yale Classical Studies , Yale University Press , 1947 Jump up ^ `` CCC , 2366 '' . Vatican.va . Jump up ^ `` Modern Stoicism Build The Fire '' . Build The Fire . 9 February 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Harper , Douglas ( November 2001 ) . `` Online Etymology Dictionary -- Stoic '' . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ Baltzly , Dirk ( 13 December 2004 ) . `` Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy -- Stoicism '' . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 02 . Further reading ( edit ) Primary sources ( edit ) A.A. Long and D.N. Sedley , The Hellenistic Philosophers Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1987 . Inwood , Brad & Gerson LLoyd P. ( eds . ) The Stoics Reader : Selected Writings and Testimonia Indianapolis : Hackett 2008 . Long , George Enchiridion by Epictetus , Prometheus Books , Reprint Edition , January 1955 . Gill C. Epictetus , The Discourses , Everyman 1995 . Irvine , William , A Guide to the Good Life : The Ancient Art of Stoic Joy ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2008 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 537461 - 2 Hadas , Moses ( ed . ) , Essential Works of Stoicism , Bantam Books 1961 . Harvard University Press Epictetus Discourses Books 1 and 2 , Loeb Classical Library Nr. 131 , June 1925 . Harvard University Press Epictetus Discourses Books 3 and 4 , Loeb Classical Library Nr. 218 , June 1928 . Long , George , Discourses of Epictetus , Kessinger Publishing , January 2004 . Lucius Annaeus Seneca the Younger ( transl . Robin Campbell ) , Letters from a Stoic : Epistulae Morales Ad Lucilium ( 1969 , reprint 2004 ) ISBN 0 - 14 - 044210 - 3 Marcus Aurelius , Meditations , translated by Maxwell Staniforth ; ISBN 0 - 14 - 044140 - 9 , or translated by Gregory Hays ; ISBN 0 - 679 - 64260 - 9 . Oates , Whitney Jennings , The Stoic and Epicurean Philosophers , The Complete Extant Writings of Epicurus , Epictetus , Lucretius and Marcus Aurelius , Random House , 9th printing 1940 . Studies ( edit ) Bakalis , Nikolaos , Handbook of Greek Philosophy : From Thales to the Stoics . Analysis and Fragments , Trafford Publishing , May 2005 , ISBN 1 - 4120 - 4843 - 5 Becker , Lawrence C. , A New Stoicism ( Princeton : Princeton Univ . Press , 1998 ) ISBN 0 - 691 - 01660 - 7 Brennan , Tad , The Stoic Life ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2005 ; paperback 2006 ) Brooke , Christopher . Philosophic Pride : Stoicism and Political Thought from Lipsius to Rousseau ( Princeton UP , 2012 ) excerpts Inwood , Brad ( ed . ) , The Cambridge Companion to The Stoics ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2003 ) Lachs , John , Stoic Pragmatism ( Indiana University Press , 2012 ) ISBN 0 - 253 - 22376 - 8 Long , A.A. , Stoic Studies ( Cambridge University Press , 1996 ; repr . University of California Press , 2001 ) ISBN 0 - 520 - 22974 - 6 Robertson , Donald , The Philosophy of Cognitive - Behavioral Therapy : Stoicism as Rational and Cognitive Psychotherapy ( London : Karnac , 2010 ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 85575 - 756 - 1 Sellars , John , Stoicism ( Berkeley : University of California Press , 2006 ) ISBN 1 - 84465 - 053 - 7 Stephens , William O. , Stoic Ethics : Epictetus and Happiness as Freedom ( London : Continuum , 2007 ) ISBN 0 - 8264 - 9608 - 3 Strange , Steven ( ed . ) , Stoicism : Traditions and Transformations ( Cambridge : Cambridge Univ . Press , 2004 ) ISBN 0 - 521 - 82709 - 4 Zeller , Eduard ; Reichel , Oswald J. , The Stoics , Epicureans and Sceptics , Longmans , Green , and Co. , 1892 External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Stoicism Baltzly , Dirk . `` Stoicism '' . In Zalta , Edward N. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . `` Stoicism '' . Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . `` Stoic Ethics '' . Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . `` Stoic Philosophy of Mind '' . Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Hicks , Robert Drew ( 1911 ) . `` Stoics '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . The Stoic Library The Rebirth of Stoicism Stoic Logic : The Dialectic from Zeno to Chrysippus Annotated Bibliography on Ancient Stoic Dialectic `` A bibliography on Stoicism by the Stoic Foundation '' . Archived from the original on 23 September 2012 . Retrieved 14 September 2012 . BBC Radio 4 's In Our Time programme on Stoicism ( requires Flash ) An introduction to Stoic Philosophy Online Stoic Community : New Stoa Stoicism Today Project Stoicism Philosophers Early Zeno of Citium Persaeus Aristo Sphaerus Herillus Cleanthes Chrysippus Zeno of Tarsus Crates of Mallus Diogenes of Babylon Apollodorus Antipater of Tarsus Middle Panaetius Dardanus Mnesarchus Hecato Posidonius Diodotus Geminus Antipater of Tyre Athenodoros Cananites Late Seneca Cornutus Musonius Rufus Euphrates Cleomedes Epictetus Hierocles Sextus Junius Rusticus Marcus Aurelius Philosophy Stoicism categories logic passions physics Neostoicism Concepts Adiaphora Apatheia Ataraxia Ekpyrosis Eudaimonia Katalepsis Kathekon Logos Oikeiôsis Pneuma Prohairesis Sophos Works Epictetus Discourses Enchiridion Marcus Aurelius Meditations Seneca Letters to Lucilius Essays : Anger Benefits Clemency Constancy Happiness Leisure Providence Shortness of Life Tranquillity Consolations Other Lectures ( Musonius Rufus ) On Passions ( Chrysippus ) Republic ( Zeno ) Related articles Paradoxa Stoicorum Stoicorum Veterum Fragmenta Stoic Opposition Ancient Greek schools of philosophy Pre-Socratic Schools Atomism Eleatics Ionian Ephesian Milesian Pluralism Pythagoreanism Sophistic Philosophers Anaxagoras Anaximander Anaximenes Democritus Empedocles Heraclitus Leucippus Melissus Parmenides Protagoras Pythagoras Thales Zeno of Elea Socratic Schools Cynicism Cyrenaics Eretrian school Megarian school Peripateticism Platonism Philosophers Antisthenes Aristippus Aristotle Diogenes of Sinope Euclid of Megara Phaedo of Elis Plato Socrates Hellenistic Schools Epicureanism Neoplatonism Neopythagoreanism Pyrrhonism Stoicism Philosophers Apollonius of Tyana Augustine Epictetus Epicurus John Philoponus Lucretius Plotinus Proclus Pyrrho Sextus Empiricus Zeno of Citium Philosophy Branches Traditional Metaphysics Ontology Epistemology Logic Ethics Aesthetics Philosophy of Action Art Culture Design Music Film Business Color Cosmos Dialogue Education Environment Futility Happiness Healthcare History Human nature Humor Feminism Language Life Literature Mathematics Mind Pain Psychology Philosophy of psychiatry Philosophy of perception Philosophy Religion Science Physics Chemistry Biology Geography Sexuality Social science Culture Economics Justice Law Politics Society Space and time Sport Technology Artificial intelligence Computer science Engineering Information War Schools of thought By era Ancient Western Medieval Renaissance Early modern Modern Contemporary Ancient Chinese Agriculturalism Confucianism Legalism Logicians Mohism Chinese naturalism Neotaoism Taoism Yangism Zen Greco - Roman Aristotelianism Atomism Cynicism Cyrenaics Eleatics Eretrian school Epicureanism Hermeneutics Ionian Ephesian Milesian Megarian school Neoplatonism Peripatetic Platonism Pluralism Presocratic Pyrrhonism Pythagoreanism Neopythagoreanism Sophistic Stoicism Indian Samkhya Nyaya Vaisheshika Yoga Mīmāṃsā Ājīvika Ajñana Cārvāka Jain Anekantavada Syādvāda Buddhist Śūnyatā Madhyamaka Yogacara Sautrāntika Svatantrika Persian Mazdakism Zoroastrianism Zurvanism Medieval European Christian philosophy Scholasticism Thomism Renaissance humanism East Asian Korean Confucianism Edo Neo-Confucianism Neo-Confucianism Indian Vedanta Acintya bheda abheda Advaita Bhedabheda Dvaita Dvaitadvaita Shuddhadvaita Vishishtadvaita Navya - Nyāya Islamic Averroism Avicennism Illuminationism ʿIlm al - Kalām Sufi Jewish Judeo - Islamic Modern People Cartesianism Kantianism Neo-Kantianism Hegelianism Marxism Spinozism 0 Anarchism Classical Realism Liberalism Collectivism Conservatism Determinism Dualism Empiricism Existentialism Foundationalism Historicism Holism Humanism Anti - Idealism Absolute British German Objective Subjective Transcendental Individualism Kokugaku Materialism Modernism Monism Naturalism Natural law Nihilism New Confucianism Neo-scholasticism Pragmatism Phenomenology Positivism Reductionism Rationalism Social contract Socialism Transcendentalism Utilitarianism Contemporary Analytic Applied ethics Analytic feminism Analytical Marxism Communitarianism Consequentialism Critical rationalism Experimental philosophy Falsificationism Foundationalism / Coherentism Generative linguistics Internalism and Externalism Logical positivism Legal positivism Normative ethics Meta - ethics Moral realism Neo-Aristotelian Quinean naturalism Ordinary language philosophy Postanalytic philosophy Quietism Rawlsian Reformed epistemology Systemics Scientism Scientific realism Scientific skepticism Contemporary utilitarianism Vienna Circle Wittgensteinian Continental Critical theory Deconstruction Existentialism Feminist Frankfurt School New Historicism Hermeneutics Neo-Marxism Phenomenology Posthumanism Postmodernism Post-structuralism Social constructionism Structuralism Western Marxism Other Kyoto School Objectivism Russian cosmism more ... Positions Aesthetics Formalism Institutionalism Aesthetic response Ethics Consequentialism Deontology Virtue Free will Compatibilism Determinism Hard Incompatibilism Hard Libertarianism Metaphysics Atomism Dualism Monism Naturalism Epistemology Constructivism Empiricism Idealism Particularism Fideism Rationalism / Reasonism Skepticism Solipsism Mind Behaviorism Emergentism Eliminativism Epiphenomenalism Functionalism Objectivism Subjectivism Normativity Absolutism Particularism Relativism Nihilism Skepticism Universalism Ontology Action Event Process Reality Anti-realism Conceptualism Idealism Materialism Naturalism Nominalism Physicalism Realism Philosophy by region Philosophy - related lists Miscellaneous By region African Ethiopian Aztec Native America Eastern Chinese Egyptian Czech Indian Indonesian Iranian Japanese Korean Vietnam Pakistani Western American Australian British Danish French German Greek Italian Polish Romanian Russian Slovene Spanish Turkish Lists Outline Index Years Problems Schools Glossary Philosophers Movements Publications Miscellaneous Women in philosophy Sage ( philosophy ) Portal Category Book Philosophy of language Philosophers Plato ( Cratylus ) Gorgias Confucius Xunzi Aristotle Stoics Pyrrhonists Scholasticism Ibn Rushd Ibn Khaldun Thomas Hobbes Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Johann Herder Ludwig Noiré Wilhelm von Humboldt Fritz Mauthner Paul Ricœur Ferdinand de Saussure Gottlob Frege Franz Boas Paul Tillich Edward Sapir Leonard Bloomfield Zhuangzi Henri Bergson Lev Vygotsky Ludwig Wittgenstein Philosophical Investigations Tractatus Logico - Philosophicus Bertrand Russell Rudolf Carnap Jacques Derrida Of Grammatology Limited Inc Benjamin Lee Whorf Gustav Bergmann J.L. Austin Noam Chomsky Hans - Georg Gadamer Saul Kripke A.J. Ayer G.E.M. Anscombe Jaakko Hintikka Michael Dummett Donald Davidson Roger Gibson Paul Grice Gilbert Ryle P.F. Strawson Willard Van Orman Quine Hilary Putnam David Lewis John Searle Joxe Azurmendi Scott Soames Stephen Yablo John Hawthorne Stephen Neale Paul Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivist theory of names Direct reference theory Dramatism Expressivism Linguistic determinism Logical atomism Logical positivism Mediated reference theory Nominalism Non-cognitivism Phallogocentrism Quietism Relevance theory Semantic externalism Semantic holism Structuralism Supposition theory Symbiosism Theological noncognitivism Theory of descriptions Verification theory Concepts Ambiguity Linguistic relativity Meaning Language Truth - bearer Proposition Use -- mention distinction Concept Categories Set Class Intension Logical form Metalanguage Mental representation Principle of compositionality Property Sign Sense and reference Speech act Symbol Entity Sentence Statement more ... Related articles Analytic philosophy Philosophy of information Philosophical logic Linguistics Pragmatics Rhetoric Semantics Formal semantics Semiotics Category Task Force Discussion Philosophy of science Concepts Analysis Analytic -- synthetic distinction A priori and a posteriori Causality Commensurability Consilience Construct Creative synthesis Demarcation problem Empirical evidence Explanatory power Fact Falsifiability Feminist method Ignoramus et ignorabimus Inductive reasoning Intertheoretic reduction Inquiry Nature Objectivity Observation Paradigm Problem of induction Scientific law Scientific method Scientific revolution Scientific theory Testability Theory choice Theory - ladenness Underdetermination Unity of science Metatheory of science Coherentism Confirmation holism Constructive empiricism Constructive realism Constructivist epistemology Contextualism Conventionalism Deductive - nomological model Hypothetico - deductive model Inductionism Epistemological anarchism Evolutionism Fallibilism Foundationalism Instrumentalism Pragmatism Model - dependent realism Naturalism Physicalism Positivism / Reductionism / Determinism Rationalism / Empiricism Received view / Semantic view of theories Scientific realism / Anti-realism Scientific essentialism Scientific formalism Scientific skepticism Scientism Structuralism Uniformitarianism Vitalism Philosophy of Physics thermal and statistical Motion Chemistry Biology Environment Geography Social science Technology Engineering Artificial intelligence Computer science Information Mind Psychiatry Psychology Perception Space and time Related topics Alchemy Criticism of science Epistemology Faith and rationality History and philosophy of science History of science History of evolutionary thought Logic Metaphysics Pseudoscience Relationship between religion and science Rhetoric of science Sociology of scientific knowledge Sociology of scientific ignorance Philosophers of science by era Ancient Plato Aristotle Stoicism Epicureans Medieval Averroes Avicenna Roger Bacon William of Ockham Hugh of Saint Victor Dominicus Gundissalinus Robert Kilwardby Early modern Francis Bacon Thomas Hobbes René Descartes Galileo Galilei Pierre Gassendi Isaac Newton David Hume Late modern Immanuel Kant Friedrich Schelling William Whewell Auguste Comte John Stuart Mill Herbert Spencer Wilhelm Wundt Charles Sanders Peirce Wilhelm Windelband Henri Poincaré Pierre Duhem Rudolf Steiner Karl Pearson Contemporary Alfred North Whitehead Bertrand Russell Albert Einstein Otto Neurath C.D. Broad Michael Polanyi Hans Reichenbach Rudolf Carnap Karl Popper Carl Gustav Hempel W.V.O. Quine Thomas Kuhn Imre Lakatos Paul Feyerabend Jürgen Habermas Ian Hacking Bas van Fraassen Larry Laudan Daniel Dennett Portal Category NDL : 00571775 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stoicism&oldid=854097768 '' Categories : Stoicism History of philosophy Ancient Greece Ancient Rome Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline Articles with inconsistent citation formats Articles with short description Use dmy dates from May 2018 Good articles All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Malti მარგალური Mirandés Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Novial Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Seeltersk Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 文言 粵語 中文 Lingua Franca Nova 70 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 August 2018 , at 23 : 29 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoicism
| 2,059 |
|||
when does season 6 of house of cards
|
The sixth and final season of the American political drama web television series House of Cards was confirmed by Netflix on December 4 , 2017 , and is scheduled to be released on November 2 , 2018 . Unlike previous seasons that consisted of thirteen episodes each , the sixth season will consist of only eight . The season will not include former lead actor Kevin Spacey , who was fired from the show due to sexual misconduct allegations .
|
November 2 , 2018
|
House of Cards ( season 6 )
|
house of cards ( season 6 )
|
House of Cards ( season 6 ) Promotional poster Country of origin United States Release Original network Netflix Season chronology ← Previous Season 5 List of House of Cards episodes The sixth and final season of the American political drama web television series House of Cards was confirmed by Netflix on December 4 , 2017 , and is scheduled to be released on November 2 , 2018 . Unlike previous seasons that consisted of thirteen episodes each , the sixth season will consist of only eight . The season will not include former lead actor Kevin Spacey , who was fired from the show due to sexual misconduct allegations . Contents 1 Production 2 Cast 2.1 Returning cast members 2.2 New cast members 3 References 4 External links Production ( edit ) On October 11 , 2017 , The Baltimore Sun reported that House of Cards had been renewed for a sixth season and that filming would begin by the end of October 2017 . On October 18 , 2017 , production of the sixth season of House of Cards appeared to be already in progress , without an official renewal announcement by Netflix , when a gunman opened fire near a House of Cards set outside Baltimore . Production company Media Rights Capital and Netflix stated that production on the show was not impacted by the shooting . Production on the series was shut down on October 30 , 2017 , following the sexual assault allegations towards Kevin Spacey by actor Anthony Rapp , who publicly stated that Spacey had made a sexual advance on him in 1986 , when he was 14 years old . Furthermore , Netflix announced its decision to cancel the series after the upcoming season , though multiple sources stated that the decision to end the series was made prior to Rapp 's accusation . The following day , Netflix and MRC announced that production on the season would be suspended indefinitely , in order to review the current situation and to address any concerns of the cast and crew . On November 3 , 2017 , Netflix announced that they will no longer be associated with Spacey in any capacity whatsoever . On December 4 , 2017 , Ted Sarandos , Netflix 's chief content officer , announced that production would restart in 2018 with Robin Wright in the lead , without Spacey 's involvement , and revealed that the sixth and final season of the show would consist of eight episodes . The latest developments significantly affected the production process , as the cast and crew were forced to scrap plans and start working on a new script for the season in a finite amount of time , due to other contractual obligations . On January 31 , 2018 , House of Cards resumed production , with new cast members including Diane Lane and Greg Kinnear , who were later joined by Australian actor Cody Fern in a regular role . Filming for the sixth season of House of Cards was completed on May 25 , 2018 . Cast ( edit ) See also : List of House of Cards characters Robin Wright ( left ) will play the protagonist of the final season , accompanied by the longest - serving stars of the series , Michael Kelly ( middle ) and Jayne Atkinson ( right ) . Returning cast members ( edit ) The following cast members will star in the sixth season of the series : Robin Wright as Claire Underwood Michael Kelly as Douglas `` Doug '' Stamper Jayne Atkinson as Catherine `` Cathy '' Durant Patricia Clarkson as Jane Davis Constance Zimmer as Janine Skorsky Derek Cecil as Seth Grayson Campbell Scott as Mark Usher Boris McGiver as Tom Hammerschmidt New cast members ( edit ) On January 31 , 2018 , it was announced that Diane Lane and Greg Kinnear will play siblings Annette Shepherd and Bill Shepherd on the sixth season of the series . Australian actor Cody Fern was added a few days later , as Duncan Shepherd , in a regular role . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lawrence , Derek ( August 7 , 2018 ) . `` Netflix announces premiere date for House of Cards final season '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Butler , Erika ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` House of Cards renewed for sixth season , filming to begin by end of October '' . Baltimore Sun . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ; Strause , Jackie ; Sandberg , Bryn ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' Production Not Impacted by Active Shooter '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Vincent , Alice ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix to cancel House of Cards in wake of Kevin Spacey allegations '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards cancelled as fallout continues for Spacey '' . CBC News . Associated Press . October 30 , 2017 . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Though the decision to end the series was announced on Monday , the decision to end the series was made several months ago , according to a person with knowledge of the situation who spoke on condition of anonymity because they were not authorized to discuss the decision . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' House Of Cards ' : Production On Netflix Series Suspended Indefinitely Following Kevin Spacey Allegations '' . Deadline . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` House of Cards : Kevin Spacey Fired '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chmielewski , Dawn ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` Abbreviated ' House Of Cards ' Season 6 Sans Kevin Spacey To Start Production In 2018 , Netflix 's Ted Sarandos Says '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fuster , Jeremy ( November 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' Writers Rushing to Rewrite Season 6 After Kevin Spacey 's Exit ( Report ) '' . TheWrap . Retrieved June 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Otterson , Joe ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' Resumes Production , Diane Lane and Greg Kinnear Join Final Season '' . Variety . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Otterson , Joe ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' Adds ' American Crime Story ' Alum Cody Fern for Season 6 '' . Variety . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Arthur , Andrew ( May 31 , 2018 ) . `` House Of Cards star Robin Wright confirms end of filming for final season '' . Independent.ie . Retrieved June 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' : Diane Lane , Greg Kinnear Join Cast as Final Season Production Resumes '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of House of Cards episodes on IMDb House of Cards ( U.S. TV series ) Episodes Season 1 `` Chapter 1 '' `` Chapter 2 '' `` Chapter 3 '' `` Chapter 4 '' `` Chapter 5 '' `` Chapter 6 '' `` Chapter 7 '' Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Characters Frank Underwood Claire Underwood List of politicians See also Awards and nominations Related House of Cards ( novel ) House of Cards ( UK TV series ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=House_of_Cards_(season_6)&oldid=856796595 '' Categories : House of Cards ( U.S. TV series ) Upcoming television seasons Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2018 Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images Talk Contents About Wikipedia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 15 : 58 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House%20of%20Cards%20%28season%206%29
| 2,060 |
|
what name is given to the spring break in latin america
|
Spring break
|
spring break
|
Spring break is a vacation period in early Spring at universities and schools which started during the 1930s in the United States and is observed in some other mainly Western countries . Spring break is frequently associated with extensive gatherings and riotous partying in warm climate locations such as Daytona Beach , Florida and Cancun , Mexico , attended regardless of participants ' educational standings .
|
As a holiday it is variously known as Easter vacation , Easter holiday , April break , Spring vacation , mid-term break , study week , reading week , reading period , or Easter week , depending on regional conventions . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Asia 1.1. 1 Japan 1.1. 2 Kuwait 1.1. 3 South Korea 1.2 Europe 1.2. 1 Czech Republic 1.2. 2 Georgia 1.2. 3 Germany 1.2. 4 Greece 1.2. 5 Lithuania 1.2. 6 Portugal 1.2. 7 Russia 1.2. 8 Slovakia 1.2. 9 Spain 1.2. 10 United Kingdom 1.3 North America 1.3. 1 Canada 1.3. 2 Jamaica 1.3. 3 Mexico 1.3. 4 United States 1.4 Central America 1.4. 1 Guatemala , El Salvador and Honduras 1.5 South America 1.5. 1 Colombia 1.5. 2 Chile 2 Spring break festivals 2.1 Pacific 2.1. 1 Fiji 2.1. 2 Cook Islands 2.2 Europe 2.2. 1 Croatia 2.2. 2 Germany 2.2. 3 Greece 2.2. 4 Hungary 2.2. 5 Italy 2.2. 6 Spain 2.3 North America 2.3. 1 Caribbean 2.3. 2 Mexico 2.3. 3 United States 2.3. 3.1 Panama City Beach , Florida 2.3. 3.2 Fort Lauderdale , Florida 2.3. 3.3 South Padre Island , Texas 3 Corporate marketing 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Spring break is an academic tradition in various mostly western countries that is scheduled for different periods depending on the state and sometimes the region . Asia ( edit ) Japan ( edit ) In Japan , the Spring break starts with the end of the academic year in March and ends on April 1 with the beginning of a new academic year . Kuwait ( edit ) In Kuwait , the Spring break is between the two academic or school semesters , usually in December or January , but could last until early February . It is usually a 2 or 3 - week break , however , there is no fixed date for it , as the date is adjusted in accordance with the Lunar or Hijri calendar , as it is the case for almost all Arab and Muslim nations . South Korea ( edit ) In South Korea , the Spring break starts in mid-February ( the end of the academic year ) and ends on March 1 ( a national holiday ) with the beginning of a new academic year . Europe ( edit ) Czech Republic ( edit ) In the Czech Republic , only primary and secondary school students have a Spring break . The break is one week long and the date of the break differs from county to county to avoid overcrowding of the break destinations in the Czech Republic ( Czechs usually travel to the mountains to ski there ) . The counties are divided into six groups , each group containing counties evenly distributed across the country . The first group starts the holiday on the first Monday of February , the last group starts the holiday five weeks later ( usually in early March ) . The last group of counties becomes the first one to have the Spring break the next year . Georgia ( edit ) Before 2017 , the Spring break in Georgia was typically an Easter holiday , lasting from Thursday to Tuesday in the Holy Week . In 2017 , the new Minister of Education and Science of Georgia Aleksandre Jejelava made a new reform by which , students of preschools , elementary & high schools as well as colleges and universities get six days of holiday in March , lasting from March 8 to March 15 , for people to go on winter vacations or do other activities . Germany ( edit ) In Germany , universities typically schedule a semester break of five to eight weeks around March . The Whitsun ( Pentecost ) holidays around late May or early June are also considered a Spring break . Greece ( edit ) In Greece , Spring break takes place during the Holy Week and the one after it . Lithuania ( edit ) In Lithuania , Spring break ( called Easter holidays or Spring holidays ) takes place one week before Easter and one day after it ( as it is the second day of Easter ) , all school students have this vacation . Primary school students have another week of holidays after Easter . Portugal ( edit ) In Portugal , Spring break is mostly known as `` Easter Holidays '' and it gives two weeks to all students around the country . Russia ( edit ) Before 1917 there was an Easter Break in schools . In the Soviet Union , Spring break was always from 24 to 31 of March . Now , many schools in Russia still have the Spring break , but the exact date is decided by the school itself . In the majority of cases it is set in the middle of April . Also , the public holidays in May , connected with Labour day , can be an accurate equivatent of the spring break . Slovakia ( edit ) Slovakia gives a week - long break to its elementary school and secondary school students in the months of February and March . The break is one week long and the date of the break differs from county to county to avoid overcrowding of the break destinations in the Slovak Republic . The counties are divided into three groups , the first group starts the holiday on the end of February , the last group starts the holiday two weeks later ( in early March ) . There is , as well another , shorter Easter break which starts on Holly Thursday and ends on next Tuesday . Spain ( edit ) In Spain , there is not a Spring break proper . Instead , the Holy Week is celebrated and students usually have holidays during these days . United Kingdom ( edit ) The Easter break in the United Kingdom is from one to two and a half weeks ( depending on the local council and school policy ) for primary and high schools , and for two to four weeks for university students , and fits around Easter . North america ( edit ) Canada ( edit ) Canada gives a week - long break to its elementary school and secondary school students in the month of March , with the time varying from province to province ; New Brunswick and Quebec , for example , place their March breaks during the first week of March ; Ontario , Nova Scotia , and British Columbia schedule theirs during the second or third week , and is usually a week long ; the break in Alberta and Manitoba usually occurs in the last week of March . In Canada , Spring Break for post-secondary students is called ' reading week ' or ' reading break , ' depending on the duration . However , the formal title of Mid-term Break has been the preferred generic term . Reading Week in Canada usually occurs in the month of February , coinciding with Family Day . Jamaica ( edit ) In Jamaica , the Spring break starts in the first week of Good Friday . The break may range from one week to two weeks , often times two . This break starts depending on which month the Easter holiday begins , March or April . Template : Edited by Jamaican student Mexico ( edit ) In Mexico , Spring break takes place during the Holy Week and the one after it . United States ( edit ) In the United States , Spring break at the college and university level can occur from March to April , depending on term dates and when Easter holiday falls . Usually , Spring break is about one week long , but many K -- 12 institutions in the United States schedule a two - week - long break known as `` Easter Break , '' `` Easter Holidays '' , or `` Easter Vacation '' , as they generally take place in the weeks before or after Easter . However , in the states of Massachusetts and Maine , schools typically schedule Spring break for the week of the third Monday in April to coincide with Patriots ' Day . Central america ( edit ) Guatemala , el salvador and Honduras ( edit ) In Guatemala and Honduras , it takes place during Easter ; schools give students a whole week to rest while the staff workforce rests approximately three days . South america ( edit ) Colombia ( edit ) In Colombia , Spring break takes place the first week of April , during the Holy Week until the second week . Chile ( edit ) In Chile , many schools and universities take vacations in the middle of September coinciding with the celebration of the Fiestas Patrias ( Celebration of that country ). Being located in the Southern Hemisphere , Spring begins approximately at the end of this holiday week so it acts similarly to the American Spring break . Spring break festivals ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Large annual Spring break festivities take place in various countries , often in the form of music festivals and joined by special nightclub parties , beach activities and accommodation offers . This is an incomplete list of places with Spring break festivals . Pacific ( edit ) The South Pacific enjoys Spring break during November . Some tour companies are now chartering out entire island resorts for the festivities . Fiji ( edit ) Fiji Cook Islands ( edit ) Rarotonga Europe ( edit ) European party destinations are increasingly becoming popular for international Spring break guests . Tour agencies have cited the lower drinking ages in these places and that even then , they are rarely enforced . Some tour companies put on special chartered flights for Spring break at discounted rates . Croatia ( edit ) Spring break at Novalja ( Zrće Beach ) , Croatia Novalja ( Zrće Beach ) Germany ( edit ) Pouch Rugia ( Binz / Prora ) and Usedom islands ( Kaiser Spa ) Greece ( edit ) Mykonos Hungary ( edit ) Siófok ( Lake Balaton ) Italy ( edit ) Rimini Spain ( edit ) Ibiza Lloret de Mar Magaluf ( Mallorca ) Salou North america ( edit ) Caribbean ( edit ) Montego Bay , Jamaica Nassau , Bahamas Punta Cana , Dominican Republic Mexico ( edit ) Acapulco Cancún United States ( edit ) Panama City Beach , Florida ( edit ) Starting in the late 90 's , Panama City Beach began advertising the destination hoping to attract crowds that had formerly gone to Fort Lauderdale and then Daytona Beach before those communities enacted restrictions . From 2010 - 2016 an estimated 300,000 students traveled to the destination . The spawn of social media and digital marketing helped boost the beach town into a student mecca during March . Following well publicized shootings and a gang rape in 2015 , several new ordinances were put into effect prohibiting drinking on the beach and establishing a bar closing time of 2 a.m. Central Time . Reports show a drop in Panama City Beach 's Spring break turnout in March 2016 followed by increased family tourism in April 2016 . Both are credited / blamed on the new ordinances by the Bay County Community Development Corporation ( CDC ) . Fort Lauderdale , Florida ( edit ) Fort Lauderdale 's reputation as a Spring break destination for college students started when the Colgate University men 's swim team arrived to practice there over Christmas break in 1934 . Attracting approximately 20,000 college students in the 1950s , Spring break was still known as ' Spring vacation ' and was a relatively low key affair . This began to change when Glendon Swarthout 's novel , Where the Boys Are was published in 1960 , effectively ushering in modern Spring break . Swarthout 's 1960 novel was quickly made into a movie of the same title later that year , Where the Boys Are , in which college girls met boys while on Spring break there . The number of visiting college students immediately jumped to over 50,000 . By the early 1980s , Ft . Lauderdale was attracting between 250,000 - 350,000 college students per year during Spring break . Residents of the Fort Lauderdale area became so upset at the damage done by college students that the local government passed laws restricting parties in 1985 . At the same time , the National Minimum Drinking Age Act was enacted in the United States , requiring that Florida raise the minimum drinking age to 21 and inspiring many underage college vacationers to travel to other locations in the United States for Spring break . By 1989 , the number of college students traveling to Fort Lauderdale fell to 20,000 , a far cry from the 350,000 who went four years prior . South Padre Island , texas ( edit ) In the early 1980s , South Padre Island became the first location outside of Florida to draw a large number of college students for Spring break . With only a few thousand residents , South Padre Island has consistently drawn between 80,000 and 120,000 Spring breakers for the last 30 years . Corporate marketing ( edit ) It is common for major brands that cater to the youth market ( e.g. , Coca - Cola , Gillette , MTV , and branches of the United States Armed Forces ) to market at Spring break destinations . See also ( edit ) Wet T - shirt contest Schoolies week Senior Week Girls Gone Wild ( franchise ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Laurie , John ( 2008 ) . Spring break : The Economic , Socio - Cultural and Public Governance Impacts of College Students on Spring break Host Locations . ProQuest . p. 17 . ISBN 9781109023091 . Jump up ^ studenten-wg.de - About semester breaks in Germany ( German ) Jump up ^ Island Party Fiji Jump up ^ `` PM 's son among Kiwi partygoers forced off Beachcomber Island by blaze '' . 28 November 2015 . Retrieved 15 March 2018 -- via www.nzherald.co.nz . Jump up ^ `` What on earth is Spring Break ? '' . Stuff . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Kressmann , Jeremy ( 10 February 2009 ) . `` Budget Travel : European Spring break '' . Retrieved 23 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Croatia Spring break Jump up ^ Spring break Island Croatia Jump up ^ mdr.de . `` SPUTNIK SPRING BREAK - SPUTNIK SPRING BREAK 2018 '' . MDR SPUTNIK . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Annual Baltic Spring break , Usedom Island , Germany Jump up ^ Firstpost video of Mykonos Spring break Jump up ^ Spring break 2011 . Balaton , video Jump up ^ Spring break Rimini 2012 , video Jump up ^ `` 🌞 Spring Break Ibiza 2018 🌞 - Parties & Accommodation - Stoke Travel '' . stoketravel.com . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spring break 2018 : springbreak européen en Espagne Voyage étudiant Lloret Salou Jeunes etudiants Open Bar Festival '' . www.springbreak-espagne.com . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mallorca Spring Break - SeeMallorca.com '' . SeeMallorca.com . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ 2015 SpringBreak Salou by Funbreak , video Jump up ^ `` Spring Break 2018 in Montego Bay '' . www.springbreak.com . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spring Break 2017 in Nassau '' . www.springbreak.com . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Punta Cana Spring Break 2018 Packages - STS Travel '' . STSTravel.com . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spring Break 2017 in Acapulco , Mexico '' . www.springbreak.com . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Epic Spring break in Cancun , Mexico , video Jump up ^ Baumgarten , Kelly . `` Some businesses see negative economic impact this spring break '' . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ LANDECK , KATIE . `` Panama City reports record bed tax numbers in April '' . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Marsh , Bill ( 19 March 2006 ) . `` The innocent birth of the spring bacchanal '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Laurie , John ( 2008 ) . Spring Break : The Economic , Socio - Cultural and Public Governance Effects of College Students on Spring break Host Locations . ProQuest . p. 12 . ISBN 9781109023091 . ^ Jump up to : George , Paul S. ( 1991 ) . `` Where the boys were '' ( PDF ) . South Florida History Magazine ( 1 ) . Historical Association of Southern Florida . pp. 5 -- 8 . Retrieved 16 November 2017 -- via HistoryMiami . Jump up ^ Bohn , Lauren ( 30 March 2009 ) . `` A brief history of spring break '' . Time . Retrieved 3 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Laurie , John ( 2008 ) . Spring break : The Economic , Socio - Cultural and Public Governance Impacts of College Students of Spring break Host Locations . ProQuest . p. 66 . ISBN 9781109023091 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Spring break at Wikimedia Commons Holidays , observances , and celebrations in Algeria January New Year 's Day ( 1 ) Yennayer ( 12 ) February Valentine 's Day ( 14 ) Tafsut ( 28 ) March International Women 's Day ( 8 ) Victory Day ( 19 ) World Water Day ( 22 ) Maghrebi Blood Donation Day ( 30 ) Spring vacation ( 2 last weeks ) April April Fools ' Day ( 1 ) Knowledge Day ( 16 ) Berber Spring ( 20 ) Earth Day ( 22 ) Election Day ( Thursday ) May International Workers ' Day ( 1 ) World Press Freedom Day ( 3 ) Mother 's Day ( last Sunday ) June -- July -- August Summer vacation ( varies ) June Children 's Day ( 1 ) Father 's Day ( 21 ) July Independence Day ( 5 ) September International Day of Peace ( 21 ) October International Day of Non-Violence ( 2 ) Halloween ( 31 ) November Revolution Day ( 1 ) December Christmas Eve ( 24 ) Christmas ( 25 ) New Year 's Eve ( 31 ) Winter vacation ( 2 last weeks ) Varies ( year round ) Hijri New Year 's Day ( Muharram 1 ) Ashura ( Muharram 10 ) Mawlid ( Rabi ' al - Awwal 12 ) Ramadan ( Ramadan 1 ) Laylat al - Qadr ( Ramadan 27 ) Eid al - Fitr ( Shawwal 1 ) Day of Arafah ( Dhu al - Hijjah 9 ) Eid al - Adha ( Dhu al - Hijjah 10 ) Holi ( varies ) Bold indicates major holidays commonly celebrated in Algeria , which often represent the major celebrations of the month . See also : Lists of holidays . Public holidays in Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican City States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Other entities European Union Holidays , observances , and celebrations in the United States January New Year 's Day ( federal ) Martin Luther King Jr . Day ( federal ) Confederate Heroes Day ( TX ) Fred Korematsu Day ( CA , FL , HI , VA ) Idaho Human Rights Day ( ID ) Inauguration Day ( federal quadrennial , DC area ) Kansas Day ( KS ) Lee -- Jackson Day ( formerly Lee -- Jackson -- King Day ) ( VA ) Robert E. Lee Day ( FL ) Stephen Foster Memorial Day ( 36 ) The Eighth ( LA , former federal ) January -- February Super Bowl Sunday February American Heart Month Black History Month Washington 's Birthday / Presidents ' Day ( federal ) Valentine 's Day Georgia Day ( GA ) Groundhog Day Lincoln 's Birthday ( CA , CT , IL , IN , MO , NJ , NY , WV ) National Girls and Women in Sports Day National Freedom Day ( 36 ) Primary Election Day ( WI ) Ronald Reagan Day ( CA ) Rosa Parks Day ( CA , MO ) Susan B. Anthony Day ( CA , FL , NY , WI , WV , proposed federal ) February -- March Mardi Gras Ash Wednesday ( religious ) Courir de Mardi Gras ( religious ) Super Tuesday March Irish - American Heritage Month National Colon Cancer Awareness Month Women 's History Month St. Patrick 's Day ( religious ) Spring break ( week ) Casimir Pulaski Day ( IL ) Cesar Chavez Day ( CA , CO , TX , proposed federal ) Evacuation Day ( Suffolk County , MA ) Harriet Tubman Day ( NY ) Holi ( NY , religious ) Mardi Gras ( AL ( in two counties ) , LA ) Maryland Day ( MD ) National Poison Prevention Week ( week ) Prince Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole Day ( HI ) Saint Joseph 's Day ( religious ) Seward 's Day ( AK ) Texas Independence Day ( TX ) Town Meeting Day ( VT ) March -- April Easter ( religious ) Palm Sunday ( religious ) Passover ( religious ) Good Friday ( CT , NC , PR , religious ) Easter Monday ( religious ) April Confederate History Month 420 Day April Fools ' Day Arbor Day Confederate Memorial Day ( AL , MS ) Days of Remembrance of the Victims of the Holocaust ( week ) Earth Day Emancipation Day ( DC ) Thomas Jefferson 's Birthday ( AL ) Pascua Florida ( FL ) Patriots ' Day ( MA , ME ) San Jacinto Day ( TX ) Siblings Day Walpurgis Night ( religious ) May Asian Pacific American Heritage Month Jewish American Heritage Month Memorial Day ( federal ) Mother 's Day ( 36 ) Cinco de Mayo Harvey Milk Day ( CA ) Law Day ( 36 ) Loyalty Day ( 36 ) Malcolm X Day ( CA , IL , proposed federal ) May Day Military Spouse Day National Day of Prayer ( 36 ) National Defense Transportation Day ( 36 ) National Maritime Day ( 36 ) Peace Officers Memorial Day ( 36 ) Truman Day ( MO ) June Lesbian , Gay , Bisexual and Transgender Pride Month Father 's Day ( 36 ) Bunker Hill Day ( Suffolk County , MA ) Carolina Day ( SC ) Emancipation Day In Texas / Juneteenth ( TX ) Flag Day ( 36 , proposed federal ) Helen Keller Day ( PA ) Honor America Days ( 3 weeks ) Jefferson Davis Day ( AL , FL ) Kamehameha Day ( HI ) Odunde Festival ( Philadelphia , PA ) Senior Week ( week ) West Virginia Day ( WV ) July Independence Day ( federal ) Lā Hoʻihoʻi Ea ( HI , unofficial ) Parents ' Day ( 36 ) Pioneer Day ( UT ) July -- August Summer vacation August American Family Day ( AZ ) Barack Obama Day ( IL ) Bennington Battle Day ( VT ) Hawaii Admission Day / Statehood Day ( HI ) Lyndon Baines Johnson Day ( TX ) National Aviation Day ( 36 ) Service Reduction Day ( MD ) Victory over Japan Day ( RI , former federal ) Women 's Equality Day ( 36 ) September Prostate Cancer Awareness Month Labor Day ( federal ) California Admission Day ( CA ) Carl Garner Federal Lands Cleanup Day ( 36 ) Constitution Day ( 36 ) Constitution Week ( week ) Defenders Day ( MD ) Gold Star Mother 's Day ( 36 ) National Grandparents Day ( 36 ) National Payroll Week ( week ) Native American Day ( CA , TN , proposed federal ) Patriot Day ( 36 ) September -- October Hispanic Heritage Month Oktoberfest Rosh Hashanah ( religious ) Yom Kippur ( religious ) October Breast Cancer Awareness Month Disability Employment Awareness Month Filipino American History Month LGBT History Month Columbus Day ( federal ) Halloween Alaska Day ( AK ) Child Health Day ( 36 ) General Pulaski Memorial Day German - American Day Indigenous Peoples ' Day ( VT ) International Day of Non-Violence Leif Erikson Day ( 36 ) Missouri Day ( MO ) National School Lunch Week Native American Day ( SD ) Nevada Day ( NV ) Sweetest Day White Cane Safety Day ( 36 ) October -- November Diwali ( religious ) November Native American Indian Heritage Month Veterans Day ( federal ) Thanksgiving ( federal ) Day after Thanksgiving ( 24 ) Election Day ( CA , DE , HI , KY , MT , NJ , NY , OH , PR , WV , proposed federal ) Family Day ( NV ) Hanukkah ( religious ) Lā Kūʻokoʻa ( HI , unofficial ) Native American Heritage Day ( MD , WA ) Obama Day ( Perry County , AL ) December Christmas ( religious , federal ) Alabama Day ( AL ) Christmas Eve ( KY , NC , SC ) Day after Christmas ( KY , NC , SC , TX ) Festivus Hanukkah ( religious , week ) Indiana Day ( IN ) Kwanzaa ( religious , week ) National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day ( 36 ) New Year 's Eve Pan American Aviation Day ( 36 ) Rosa Parks Day ( OH , OR ) Wright Brothers Day ( 36 ) Varies ( year round ) Eid al - Adha ( religious ) Eid al - Fitr ( religious ) Ramadan ( religious , month ) Legend : ( federal ) = federal holidays , ( state ) = state holidays , ( religious ) = religious holidays , ( week ) = weeklong holidays , ( month ) = monthlong holidays , ( 36 ) = Title 36 Observances and Ceremonies Bold indicates major holidays commonly celebrated in the United States , which often represent the major celebrations of the month . See also : Lists of holidays , Hallmark holidays , public holidays in the United States , New Jersey , New York , Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spring_break&oldid=836492609 '' Categories : Types of secular holidays Spring ( season ) Student culture Types of tourism Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from August 2010 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Articles needing additional references from March 2014 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Français Frysk 한국어 Italiano Latviešu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Slovenščina Suomi Svenska ไทย ᏣᎳᎩ 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 April 2018 , at 03 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring%20break
| 2,061 |
||
what is the difference between negative and positive externalities
|
Voluntary exchange is by definition mutually beneficial to both business parties involved , because the parties would not agree to undertake it if either thought it detrimental to their interests . However , a transaction can cause effects on third parties without their knowledge or consent . From the perspective of those affected , these effects may be negative ( pollution from a nearby factory ) , or positive ( honey bees kept for honey that also pollinate neighboring crops ) . Neoclassical welfare economics asserts that , under plausible conditions , the existence of externalities will result in outcomes that are not socially optimal . Those who suffer from external costs do so involuntarily , whereas those who enjoy external benefits do so at no cost .
|
Externality
|
externality
|
In economics , an externality is the cost or benefit that affects a party who did not choose to incur that cost or benefit . Economists often urge governments to adopt policies that `` internalize '' an externality , so that costs and benefits will affect mainly parties who choose to incur them .
|
For example , manufacturing activities that cause air pollution impose health and clean - up costs on the whole society , whereas the neighbors of an individual who chooses to fire - proof his home may benefit from a reduced risk of a fire spreading to their own houses . If external costs exist , such as pollution , the producer may choose to produce more of the product than would be produced if the producer were required to pay all associated environmental costs . Because responsibility or consequence for self - directed action lies partly outside the self , an element of externalization is involved . If there are external benefits , such as in public safety , less of the good may be produced than would be the case if the producer were to receive payment for the external benefits to others . For the purpose of these statements , overall cost and benefit to society is defined as the sum of the imputed monetary value of benefits and costs to all parties involved . Thus , unregulated markets in goods or services with significant externalities generate prices that do not reflect the full social cost or benefit of their transactions ; such markets are therefore inefficient . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of the concept 2 Definition 3 Implications 4 Examples 4.1 Negative 4.2 Positive 4.3 Positional 4.4 Inframarginal 4.5 Technological 5 Supply and demand diagram 5.1 External costs 5.2 External benefits 6 Possible solutions 7 Criticism 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links History of the concept ( edit ) Two British economists are credited with having initiated the formal study of externalities , or `` spillover effects '' : Henry Sidgwick ( 1838 -- 1900 ) is credited with first articulating , and Arthur C. Pigou ( 1877 -- 1959 ) is credited with formalizing the concept of externalities . Definition ( edit ) Suppose that there are K ( \ displaystyle K ) different possible allocations and N ( \ displaystyle N ) different agents , where K , N < ∞ ( \ displaystyle K , N < \ infty ) and N ≥ 2 ( \ displaystyle N \ geq 2 ) . Suppose that each agent has a type θ i ∼ F i ( 0 , 1 ) ( \ displaystyle \ theta _ ( i ) \ sim F_ ( i ) ( 0 , 1 ) ) and that each agent gets payoff v i ( θ i , k ) + t i ( \ displaystyle v_ ( i ) ( \ theta _ ( i ) , k ) + t_ ( i ) ) , where t i ( \ displaystyle t_ ( i ) ) is the transfer paid by the i ( \ displaystyle i ) - th agent . A map f = ( κ , t 1 , ... , t N ) ( \ displaystyle f = ( \ kappa , t_ ( 1 ) , ... , t_ ( N ) ) ) is a social choice function if ∑ i = 1 N t i ( θ ) ≤ 0 ( \ displaystyle \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) t_ ( i ) ( \ theta ) \ leq 0 ) for all θ ∈ ( 0 , 1 ) N . ( \ displaystyle \ theta \ in ( 0 , 1 ) ^ ( N ) . ) An allocation κ : ( 0 , 1 ) N → K ( \ displaystyle \ kappa \ colon ( 0 , 1 ) ^ ( N ) \ to K ) is ex-post efficient if ∑ i = 1 N v i ( θ i , κ ( θ ) ) ≥ ∑ i = 1 N v i ( θ i , k ) ( \ displaystyle \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) v_ ( i ) ( \ theta _ ( i ) , \ kappa ( \ theta ) ) \ geq \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) v_ ( i ) ( \ theta _ ( i ) , k ) ) for all θ = ( θ 1 , ... , θ N ) ∈ ( 0 , 1 ) N ( \ displaystyle \ theta = ( \ theta _ ( 1 ) , ... , \ theta _ ( N ) ) \ in ( 0 , 1 ) ^ ( N ) ) and all k ∈ K ( \ displaystyle k \ in K ) . Let κ ∗ ( \ displaystyle \ kappa ^ ( * ) ) denote an ex-post efficient allocation and let κ i ~ ( \ displaystyle ( \ tilde ( \ kappa _ ( i ) ) ) ) denote an ex-post efficient allocation without agent i ( \ displaystyle i ) . Then the externality imposed by agent i ( \ displaystyle i ) on the other agents is ∑ j ≠ i v j ( θ j , κ i ~ ( θ − i ) ) − ∑ j ≠ i v j ( θ j , κ ∗ ( θ ) ) ( \ displaystyle \ sum _ ( j \ neq i ) v_ ( j ) ( \ theta _ ( j ) , ( \ tilde ( \ kappa _ ( i ) ) ) ( \ theta _ ( - i ) ) ) - \ sum _ ( j \ neq i ) v_ ( j ) ( \ theta _ ( j ) , \ kappa ^ ( * ) ( \ theta ) ) ) , where θ − i ( \ displaystyle \ theta _ ( - i ) ) is the type vector θ ( \ displaystyle \ theta ) without its i ( \ displaystyle i ) - th component . Intuitively , the first term is the hypothetical total payoff for all agents j ≠ i ( \ displaystyle j \ neq i ) given that agent i ( \ displaystyle i ) does not exist , and the second ( subtracted ) term is the actual total payoff for all agents j ≠ i ( \ displaystyle j \ neq i ) given that agent i ( \ displaystyle i ) does exist . Implications ( edit ) External costs and benefits Voluntary exchange is by definition mutually beneficial to both business parties involved , because the parties would not agree to undertake it if either thought it detrimental to their interests . However , a transaction can cause effects on third parties without their knowledge or consent . From the perspective of those affected , these effects may be negative ( pollution from a nearby factory ) , or positive ( honey bees kept for honey that also pollinate neighboring crops ) . Neoclassical welfare economics asserts that , under plausible conditions , the existence of externalities will result in outcomes that are not socially optimal . Those who suffer from external costs do so involuntarily , whereas those who enjoy external benefits do so at no cost . A voluntary exchange may reduce societal welfare if external costs exist . The person who is affected by the negative externalities in the case of air pollution will see it as lowered utility : either subjective displeasure or potentially explicit costs , such as higher medical expenses . The externality may even be seen as a trespass on their lungs , violating their property rights . Thus , an external cost may pose an ethical or political problem . Alternatively , it might be seen as a case of poorly defined property rights , as with , for example , pollution of bodies of water that may belong to no one ( either figuratively , in the case of publicly owned , or literally , in some countries and / or legal traditions ) . On the other hand , a positive externality would increase the utility of third parties at no cost to them . Since collective societal welfare is improved , but private providers would have no way of monetizing the benefit , less of the good will be produced than would be optimal for society as a whole in a theoretical model with no government . Goods with positive externalities include education ( believed to increase societal productivity and well - being , though some benefits are internalized in the form of higher wages ) , public health initiatives ( which may reduce the health risks and costs for third parties for such things as transmittable diseases ) and law enforcement . Positive externalities are often associated with the free rider problem . For example , individuals who are vaccinated reduce the risk of contracting the relevant disease for all others around them , and at high levels of vaccination , society may receive large health and welfare benefits ; but any one individual can refuse vaccination , still avoiding the disease by `` free riding '' on the costs borne by others . There are a number of theoretical means of improving overall social utility when negative externalities are involved . The market - driven approach to correcting externalities is to `` internalize '' third party costs and benefits , for example , by requiring a polluter to repair any damage caused . But in many cases , internalizing costs or benefits is not feasible , especially if the true monetary values can not be determined . Laissez - faire economists such as Friedrich Hayek and Milton Friedman sometimes refer to externalities as `` neighborhood effects '' or `` spillovers '' , although externalities are not necessarily minor or localized . Similarly , Ludwig von Mises argues that externalities arise from lack of `` clear personal property definition . '' Examples ( edit ) Classification of Externalities Consumer Producer Negative Negative Externalities in Consumption Negative Externalities in Production Positive Positive Externalities in Consumption Positive Externalities in Production Negative ( edit ) Light pollution is an example of an externality because the consumption of street lighting has an effect on bystanders that is not compensated for by the consumers of the lighting . A negative externality ( also called `` external cost '' or `` external diseconomy '' ) is an economic activity that imposes a negative effect on an unrelated third party . It can arise either during the production or the consumption of a good or service . Pollution is termed an externality because it imposes costs on people who are `` external '' to the producer and consumer of the polluting product . Barry Commoner commented on the costs of externalities : Clearly , we have compiled a record of serious failures in recent technological encounters with the environment . In each case , the new technology was brought into use before the ultimate hazards were known . We have been quick to reap the benefits and slow to comprehend the costs . Many negative externalities are related to the environmental consequences of production and use . The article on environmental economics also addresses externalities and how they may be addressed in the context of environmental issues . Examples for negative production externalities include : Negative Production Externality Air pollution from burning fossil fuels . This activity causes damages to crops , ( historic ) buildings and public health . Anthropogenic climate change as a consequence of greenhouse gas emissions from the burning of fossil fuels and the rearing of livestock . The Stern Review on the Economics Of Climate Change says `` Climate change presents a unique challenge for economics : it is the greatest example of market failure we have ever seen . '' Water pollution by industries that adds effluent , which harms plants , animals , and humans . Water usage from growing plants ( such as marijuana , if it were to be legalized ) could impose a negative externality on citizens of counties or states who are harmed by decreased water . spam during the sending of unsolicited messages by email . Noise pollution during the production process , which may be mentally and psychologically disruptive . Systemic risk : the risks to the overall economy arising from the risks that the banking system takes . A condition of moral hazard can occur in the absence of well - designed banking regulation , or in the presence of badly designed regulation . Negative effects of Industrial farm animal production , including `` the increase in the pool of antibiotic - resistant bacteria because of the overuse of antibiotics ; air quality problems ; the contamination of rivers , streams , and coastal waters with concentrated animal waste ; animal welfare problems , mainly as a result of the extremely close quarters in which the animals are housed . '' The depletion of the stock of fish in the ocean due to overfishing . This is an example of a common property resource , which is vulnerable to the Tragedy of the commons in the absence of appropriate environmental governance . In the United States , the cost of storing nuclear waste from nuclear plants for more than 1,000 years ( over 100,000 for some types of nuclear waste ) is , in principle , included in the cost of the electricity the plant produces in the form of a fee paid to the government and held in the nuclear waste superfund , although much of that fund was spent on Yucca Mountain without producing a solution . Conversely , the costs of managing the long term risks of disposal of chemicals , which may remain hazardous on similar time scales , is not commonly internalized in prices . The USEPA regulates chemicals for periods ranging from 100 years to a maximum of 10,000 years . Examples of negative consumption externalities include : Negative Consumption Externality Noise pollution Sleep deprivation due to a neighbour listening to loud music late at night . Antibiotic resistance , caused by increased usage of antibiotics . Individuals do not consider this efficacy cost when making usage decisions . Government policies proposed to preserve future antibiotic effectiveness include educational campaigns , regulation , Pigouvian taxes , and patents . Passive smoking Shared costs of declining health and vitality caused by smoking and / or alcohol abuse . Here , the `` cost '' is that of providing minimum social welfare . Economists more frequently attribute this problem to the category of moral hazards , the prospect that parties insulated from risk may behave differently from the way they would if they were fully exposed to the risk . For example , individuals with insurance against automobile theft may be less vigilant about locking their cars , because the negative consequences of automobile theft are ( partially ) borne by the insurance company . Traffic congestion When more people use public roads , road users experience ( congestion costs ) such as more waiting in traffic and longer trip times . Increased road users also increase the likelihood of road accidents . Price increases Consumption by one consumer of goods in addition to their existing supply causes prices to rise and therefore makes other consumers worse off , perhaps by preventing , reducing or delaying their consumption . These effects are sometimes called `` pecuniary externalities '' and are distinguished from `` real externalities '' or `` technological externalities '' . Pecuniary externalities appear to be externalities , but occur within the market mechanism and are not considered to be a source of market failure or inefficiency , although they may still result in substantial harm to others . Second - hand smoke from cigarettes or marijuana . As cannabis legalization is considered , one potential negative consumption externality associated with legalization policy could be the second - hand smoke that could harm other 's lungs , and / or second - hand highs . Positive ( edit ) A positive externality ( also called `` external benefit '' or `` external economy '' or `` beneficial externality '' ) is the positive effect an activity imposes on an unrelated third party . Similar to a negative externality , it can arise either on the production side , or on the consumption side . Positive Production Externality Examples of positive production externalities include : A beekeeper who keeps the bees for their honey . A side effect or externality associated with such activity is the pollination of surrounding crops by the bees . The value generated by the pollination may be more important than the value of the harvested honey . The construction and operation of an airport . This will benefit local businesses , because of the increased accessibility . An industrial company providing first aid classes for employees to increase on the job safety . This may also save lives outside the factory . A foreign firm that demonstrates up - to - date technologies to local firms and improves their productivity . Positive Consumption Externality Examples of positive consumption externalities include : An individual who maintains an attractive house may confer benefits to neighbors in the form of increased market values for their properties . An individual receiving a vaccination for a communicable disease not only decreases the likelihood of the individual 's own infection , but also decreases the likelihood of others becoming infected through contact with the individual . ( See herd immunity ) Increased education of individuals , as this can lead to broader society benefits in the form of greater economic productivity , a lower unemployment rate , greater household mobility and higher rates of political participation . An individual buying a product that is interconnected in a network ( e.g. , a smartphone ) . This will increase the usefulness of such phones to other people who have a video cellphone . When each new user of a product increases the value of the same product owned by others , the phenomenon is called a network externality or a network effect . Network externalities often have `` tipping points '' where , suddenly , the product reaches general acceptance and near - universal usage . In an area that does not have a public fire department , homeowners who purchase private fire protection services provide a positive externality to neighboring properties , which are less at risk of the protected neighbor 's fire spreading to their ( unprotected ) house . The existence or management of externalities may give rise to political or legal conflicts . Collective solutions or public policies are implemented to regulate activities with positive or negative externalities . Positional ( edit ) A position externality `` occurs when new purchases alter the relevant context within which an existing positional good is evaluated . '' Robert H. Frank gives the following example : if some job candidates begin wearing expensive custom - tailored suits , a side effect of their action is that other candidates become less likely to make favorable impressions on interviewers . From any individual job seeker 's point of view , the best response might be to match the higher expenditures of others , lest her chances of landing the job fall . But this outcome may be inefficient , since when all spend more , each candidate 's probability of success remains unchanged . All may agree that some form of collective restraint on expenditure would be useful . '' Frank notes that treating positional externalities like other externalities might lead to `` intrusive economic and social regulation . '' He argues , however , that less intrusive and more efficient means of `` limiting the costs of expenditure cascades '' -- i.e. , the hypothesized increase in spending of middle - income families beyond their means `` because of indirect effects associated with increased spending by top earners '' -- exist ; one such method is the personal income tax . Inframarginal ( edit ) Inframarginal externalities are externalities in which there is no benefit or loss to the marginal consumer . In other words , people neither gain nor lose anything at the margin , but benefits and costs do exist for those consumers within the given inframarginal range . Technological ( edit ) Technological externalities directly affect a firm 's production and therefore , indirectly influence an individual 's consumption ; and the overall impact of society . Supply and demand diagram ( edit ) The usual economic analysis of externalities can be illustrated using a standard supply and demand diagram if the externality can be valued in terms of money . An extra supply or demand curve is added , as in the diagrams below . One of the curves is the private cost that consumers pay as individuals for additional quantities of the good , which in competitive markets , is the marginal private cost . The other curve is the true cost that society as a whole pays for production and consumption of increased production the good , or the marginal social cost . Similarly there might be two curves for the demand or benefit of the good . The social demand curve would reflect the benefit to society as a whole , while the normal demand curve reflects the benefit to consumers as individuals and is reflected as effective demand in the market . What curve is added depends on the type of externality that is described , but not whether it is positive or negative . Whenever an externality arises on the production side , there will be two supply curves ( private and social cost ) . However , if the externality arises on the consumption side , there will be two demand curves instead ( private and social benefit ) . This distinction is essential when it comes to resolving inefficiencies that are caused by externalities . External costs ( edit ) Demand curve with external costs ; if social costs are not accounted for price is too low to cover all costs and hence quantity produced is unnecessarily high ( because the producers of the good and their customers are essentially underpaying the total , real factors of production . ) The graph shows the effects of a negative externality . For example , the steel industry is assumed to be selling in a competitive market -- before pollution - control laws were imposed and enforced ( e.g. under laissez - faire ) . The marginal private cost is less than the marginal social or public cost by the amount of the external cost , i.e. , the cost of air pollution and water pollution . This is represented by the vertical distance between the two supply curves . It is assumed that there are no external benefits , so that social benefit equals individual benefit . If the consumers only take into account their own private cost , they will end up at price P and quantity Q , instead of the more efficient price P and quantity Q. These latter reflect the idea that the marginal social benefit should equal the marginal social cost , that is that production should be increased only as long as the marginal social benefit exceeds the marginal social cost . The result is that a free market is inefficient since at the quantity Q , the social benefit is less than the social cost , so society as a whole would be better off if the goods between Q and Q had not been produced . The problem is that people are buying and consuming too much steel . This discussion implies that negative externalities ( such as pollution ) are more than merely an ethical problem . The problem is one of the disjuncture between marginal private and social costs that is not solved by the free market . It is a problem of societal communication and coordination to balance costs and benefits . This also implies that pollution is not something solved by competitive markets . Some collective solution is needed , such as a court system to allow parties affected by the pollution to be compensated , government intervention banning or discouraging pollution , or economic incentives such as green taxes . External benefits ( edit ) Supply curve with external benefits ; when the market does not account for additional social benefits of a good both the price for the good and the quantity produced are lower than the market could bear . The graph shows the effects of a positive or beneficial externality . For example , the industry supplying smallpox vaccinations is assumed to be selling in a competitive market . The marginal private benefit of getting the vaccination is less than the marginal social or public benefit by the amount of the external benefit ( for example , society as a whole is increasingly protected from smallpox by each vaccination , including those who refuse to participate ) . This marginal external benefit of getting a smallpox shot is represented by the vertical distance between the two demand curves . Assume there are no external costs , so that social cost equals individual cost . If consumers only take into account their own private benefits from getting vaccinations , the market will end up at price P and quantity Q as before , instead of the more efficient price P and quantity Q. These latter again reflect the idea that the marginal social benefit should equal the marginal social cost , i.e. , that production should be increased as long as the marginal social benefit exceeds the marginal social cost . The result in an unfettered market is inefficient since at the quantity Q , the social benefit is greater than the societal cost , so society as a whole would be better off if more goods had been produced . The problem is that people are buying too few vaccinations . The issue of external benefits is related to that of public goods , which are goods where it is difficult if not impossible to exclude people from benefits . The production of a public good has beneficial externalities for all , or almost all , of the public . As with external costs , there is a problem here of societal communication and coordination to balance benefits and costs . This also implies that vaccination is not something solved by competitive markets . The government may have to step in with a collective solution , such as subsidizing or legally requiring vaccine use . If the government does this , the good is called a merit good . Examples include policies to accelerate the introducing of Electric vehicles or promote Bicycling which benefit Public health . Possible solutions ( edit ) There are several general types of solutions to the problem of externalities , including both public - and private - sector resolutions : Pigovian taxes or subsidies intended to redress economic injustices or imbalances . Regulation to limit activity that might cause negative externalities Government provision of services with positive externalities Lawsuits to compensate affected parties for negative externalities Mediation or negotiation between those affected by externalities and those causing them A Pigovian tax ( also called Pigouvian tax , after economist Arthur C. Pigou ) is a tax imposed that is equal in value to the negative externality . The result is that the market outcome would be reduced to the efficient amount . A side effect is that revenue is raised for the government , reducing the amount of distortionary taxes that the government must impose elsewhere . Governments justify the use of Pigovian taxes saying that these taxes help the market reach an efficient outcome because this tax bridges the gap between marginal social costs and marginal private costs . Some arguments against Pigovian taxes say that the tax does not account for all the transfers and regulations involved with an externality . In other words , the tax only considers the amount of externality produced . Another argument against the tax is that it does not take private property into consideration . Under the Pigovian system , one firm , for example , can be taxed more than another firm , even though the other firm is actually producing greater amounts of the negative externality . However , the most common type of solution is a tacit agreement through the political process . Governments are elected to represent citizens and to strike political compromises between various interests . Normally governments pass laws and regulations to address pollution and other types of environmental harm . These laws and regulations can take the form of `` command and control '' regulation ( such as setting standards , targets , or process requirements ) , or environmental pricing reform ( such as ecotaxes or other Pigovian taxes , tradable pollution permits or the creation of markets for ecological services ) . The second type of resolution is a purely private agreement between the parties involved . Government intervention might not always be needed . Traditional ways of life may have evolved as ways to deal with external costs and benefits . Alternatively , democratically run communities can agree to deal with these costs and benefits in an amicable way . Externalities can sometimes be resolved by agreement between the parties involved . This resolution may even come about because of the threat of government action . The private - sector may sometimes be able to drive society to the socially optimal resolution . Ronald Coase argued that an efficient outcome can sometimes be reached without government intervention . Some take this argument further , and make the political claim that government should restrict its role to facilitating bargaining among the affected groups or individuals and to enforcing any contracts that result . This result , often known as the Coase theorem , requires that Property rights be well - defined People act rationally Transaction costs be minimal ( costless bargaining ) If all of these conditions apply , the private parties can bargain to solve the problem of externalities . The second part of the Coase theorem asserts that , when these conditions hold it does not matter which party holds the property rights . As long as someone possesses well - defined property rights , the optimal quantity will be reached through bargaining , This theorem would not apply to the steel industry case discussed above . For example , with a steel factory that trespasses on the lungs of a large number of individuals with pollution , it is difficult if not impossible for any one person to negotiate with the producer , and there are large transaction costs . Hence the most common approach may be to regulate the firm ( by imposing limits on the amount of pollution considered `` acceptable '' ) while paying for the regulation and enforcement with taxes . The case of the vaccinations would also not satisfy the requirements of the Coase theorem . Since the potential external beneficiaries of vaccination are the people themselves , the people would have to self - organize to pay each other to be vaccinated . But such an organization that involves the entire populace would be indistinguishable from government action . In some cases , the Coase theorem is relevant . For example , if a logger is planning to clear - cut a forest in a way that has a negative impact on a nearby resort , the resort - owner and the logger could , in theory , get together to agree to a deal . For example , the resort - owner could pay the logger not to clear - cut -- or could buy the forest . The most problematic situation , from Coase 's perspective , occurs when the forest literally does not belong to anyone , or in any example in which there are not well - defined and enforceable property rights ; the question of `` who '' owns the forest is not important , as any specific owner will have an interest in coming to an agreement with the resort owner ( if such an agreement is mutually beneficial ) . However , the Coase theorem is difficult to implement because Coase does not offer a negotiation method . Moreover , Coasian solutions are unlikely to be reached due to the possibility of running into the assignment problem , the holdout problem , the free - rider problem , and / or transaction costs . Additionally , firms could potentially bribe each other since there is little to no government interaction under the Coase theorem . For example , if one oil firm has a high pollution rate and its neighboring firm is bothered by the pollution , then the latter firm may move depending on incentives . Thus , if the oil firm were to bribe the second firm , the first oil firm would suffer no negative consequences because the government would not know about the bribing . Criticism ( edit ) Ecological economics criticizes the concept of externality because there is not enough system thinking and integration of different sciences in the concept . Ecological economics is founded upon the view that the neoclassical economics ( NCE ) assumption that environmental and community costs and benefits are mutually canceling `` externalities '' is not warranted . Joan Martinez Alier , for instance shows that the bulk of consumers are automatically excluded from having an impact upon the prices of commodities , as these consumers are future generations who have not been born yet . The assumptions behind future discounting , which assume that future goods will be cheaper than present goods , has been criticized by Fred Pearce and by the recent Stern Report ( although the Stern report itself does employ discounting and has been criticized for this and other reasons by ecological economists such as Clive Spash ) . Concerning these externalities , some like the eco-businessman Paul Hawken argue an orthodox economic line that the only reason why goods produced unsustainably are usually cheaper than goods produced sustainably is due to a hidden subsidy , paid by the non-monetized human environment , community or future generations . These arguments are developed further by Hawken , Amory and Hunter Lovins to promote their vision of an environmental capitalist utopia in Natural Capitalism : Creating the Next Industrial Revolution . In contrast , ecological economists , like Joan Martinez - Alier , appeal to a different line of reasoning . Rather than assuming some ( new ) form of capitalism is the best way forward , an older ecological economic critique questions the very idea of internalizing externalities as providing some corrective to the current system . The work by Karl William Kapp explains why the concept of `` externality '' is a misnomer . In fact the modern business enterprise operates on the basis of shifting costs onto others as normal practice to make profits . Charles Eisenstein has argued that this method of privatising profits while socialising the costs through externalities , passing the costs to the community , to the natural environment or to future generations is inherently destructive As social ecological economist Clive Spash has noted , externality theory fallaciously assumes environmental and social problems are minor aberrations in an otherwise perfectly functioning efficient economic system . Internalizing the odd externality does nothing to address the structural systemic problem and fails to recognize the all pervasive nature of these supposed ' externalities ' . See also ( edit ) CC -- PP game Externalities of automobiles Unintended consequences References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Buchanan , James ; Wm . Craig Stubblebine ( November 1962 ) . `` Externality '' . Economica. 29 ( 116 ) : 371 -- 84 . doi : 10.2307 / 2551386 . Jump up ^ Jaeger , William . Environmental Economics for Tree Huggers and Other Skeptics , p. 80 ( Island Press 2012 ) : `` Economists often say that externalities need to be ' internalized , ' meaning that some action needs to be taken to correct this kind of market failure . '' Jump up ^ J.J. Laffont ( 2008 ) . `` externalities , '' The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics , 2nd Ed . Abstract . Jump up ^ Kenneth J. Arrow ( 1969 ) . `` The Organization of Economic Activity : Issues Pertinent to the Choice of Market versus Non-market Allocations , '' in Analysis and Evaluation of Public Expenditures : The PPP System . Washington , D.C. , Joint Economic Committee of Congress . PDF reprint as pp. 1 -- 16 ( press + ) . Jump up ^ `` Economics ( McConnell ) , 18th Edition Chapter 16 : Public Goods , Externalities , and Information Asymmetries '' . Jump up ^ Mas - Colell , Andreu ( 1995 ) . Microeconomic Theory . Oxford . p. 878 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 507340 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` Microeconomics -- Externalities '' . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ Goodstein , Eban . Economics and the Environment . Wiley . p. 32 . ISBN 9781118539729 . Jump up ^ Barry Commoner `` Frail Reeds in a Harsh World '' . New York : The American Museum of Natural History . Natural History . Journal of the American Museum of Natural History , Vol . LXXVIII No. 2 , February , 1969 , p. 44 Jump up ^ Torfs R , Int Panis L , De Nocker L , Vermoote S ( 2004 ) . Peter Bickel and Rainer Friedrich , eds . `` Externalities of Energy Methodology 2005 Update Other impacts : ecosystems and biodiversity '' . EUR 21951 EN -- Extern E. European Commission Publications Office , Luxembourg : 229 -- 37 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Rabl A , Hurley F , Torfs R , Int Panis L , De Nocker L , Vermoote S , Bickel P , Friedrich R , Droste - Franke B , Bachmann T , Gressman A , Tidblad J. Peter Bickel and Rainer Friedrich , eds . `` Externalities of Energy Methodology 2005 Update , Impact pathway Approach Exposure -- Response functions '' ( PDF ) . European Commission Publications Office , Luxembourg , 2005 : 75 -- 129 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Stern , Nicholas ( 2006 ) . `` Introduction '' . The Economics of Climate Change The Stern Review ( PDF ) . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 70080 - 1 . Jump up ^ Economics of Spam , Journal of Economic Perspectives Jump up ^ http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1293468 Jump up ^ De Bandt , O. ; Hartmann , P. ( 1998 ) . `` Risk Measurement and Systemic Risk '' ( PDF ) . Imes.boj.or.jp : 37 -- 84 . Jump up ^ Weiss , Rick ( 2008 - 04 - 30 ) . `` Report Targets Costs Of Factory Farming '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ Pew Commission on Industrial Farm Animal Production . `` Proc Putting Meat on The Table : Industrial Farm Animal Production in America '' . The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health ... Jump up ^ Small , Kenneth A. ; José A. Gomez - Ibañez ( 1998 ) . Road Pricing for Congestion Management : The Transition from Theory to Policy . The University of California Transportation Center , University of California at Berkeley . p. 213 . Jump up ^ Liebowitz , S.J. ; Margolis , Stephen E. ( 1994 ) . `` Network externality : An uncommon tragedy '' . The Journal of Economic Perspectives . American Economic Association . 8 ( 2 ) : 133 -- 50 . doi : 10.1257 / jep. 8.2. 133 . JSTOR 2138540 . ( free version http://www.econ-pol.unisi.it/didattica/ecreti/Liebowitz-Margolis1994.pdf ) Jump up ^ Varian , H.R. ( 2010 ) . Intermediate microeconomics : a modern approach . New York , NY : W.W. Norton & Co . Jump up ^ Determinants of Horizontal Spillovers from FDI : Evidence from a Large Meta - Analysis Jump up ^ Weisbrod , Burton , 1962 . External Benefits of Public Education , Princeton University ^ Jump up to : Robert H. Frank , `` Are Positional Externalities Different from Other Externalities Archived 2012 - 12 - 21 at the Wayback Machine. ? '' ( draft for presentation for Why Inequality Matters : Lessons for Policy from the Economics of Happiness , Brookings Institution , Washington , D.C. , June 4 -- 5 , 2003 ) . Jump up ^ Buekers , J ( 2014 ) . `` Health and environmental benefits related to electric vehicle introduction in EU countries '' . Transportation Research Part D Transport and Environment. 33 : 26 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Buekers , J ; Dons , E ; Elen , B ; Int Panis , L ( 2015 ) . `` Health impact model for modal shift from car use to cycling or walking in Flanders : application to two bicycle highways '' . Journal of Transport and Health . 2 ( 4 ) : 549 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jth. 2015.08. 003 . Jump up ^ Barthold , Thomas A. ( 1994 ) . `` Issues in the Design of Excise Tax . '' Journal of Economic Perspectives. 133 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Nye , John ( 2008 ) . `` The Pigou Problem . '' The Cato Institute . 32 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Barnett , A.H. and Yundle , Bruce . ( 2005 ) . `` The End of the Externality Revolution . '' PDF . Jump up ^ Varian , Hal ( 1994 ) . `` A Solution to the Problem of Externalities When Agents Are Well Informed . '' The American Economic Review . Vol. 84 No. 5 . Jump up ^ Marney , G.A. ( 1971 ) . `` The ' Coase Theorem : ' A Reexamination . '' Quarterly Journal of Economics. Vol. 85 No. 4 . 718 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Costanza , Robert ; Segura , Olman ; Olsen , Juan Martinez - Alier ( 1996 ) . Getting Down to Earth : Practical Applications of Ecological Economics . Washington , D.C. : Island Press . ISBN 1559635037 . Jump up ^ Pearce , Fred `` Blueprint for a Greener Economy '' Jump up ^ `` Spash , C.L. ( 2007 ) The economics of climate change impacts à la Stern : Novel and nuanced or rhetorically restricted ? Ecological Economics 63 ( 4 ) : 706 -- 13 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2014 - 02 - 02 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Hawken , Paul ( 1994 ) `` The Ecology of Commerce '' ( Collins ) Jump up ^ Hawken , Paul ; Amory and Hunter Lovins ( 2000 ) `` Natural Capitalism : Creating the Next Industrial Revolution '' ( Back Bay Books ) Jump up ^ Martinez - Alier , Joan ( 2002 ) The Environmentalism of the Poor : A Study of Ecological Conflicts and Valuation . Cheltenham , Edward Elgar Jump up ^ Kapp , Karl William ( 1963 ) The Social Costs of Business Enterprise . Bombay / London , Asia Publishing House . Jump up ^ Kapp , Karl William ( 1971 ) Social costs , neo-classical economics and environmental planning . The Social Costs of Business Enterprise , 3rd edition . K.W. Kapp . Nottingham , Spokesman : 305 -- 18 Jump up ^ Einsentein , Charles ( 2011 ) , `` Sacred Economics : Money , Gift and Society in an Age in Transition '' ( Evolver Editions ) Jump up ^ Spash , Clive L. ( 16 July 2010 ) . `` The brave new world of carbon trading '' . New Political Economy . Taylor and Francis Online . 15 ( 2 ) : 169 -- 95 . doi : 10.1080 / 13563460903556049 . Copy also available at `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 05 - 10 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 13 . Further reading ( edit ) Baumol , W.J. ( 1972 ) . `` On Taxation and the Control of Externalities '' . American Economic Review . 62 ( 3 ) : 307 -- 22 . JSTOR 1803378 . Johnson , Paul M. Definition `` A Glossary of Economic Terms '' Pigou , A.C. ( 1920 ) . Economics of Welfare . Macmillan and Co . Tullock , G. ( 2005 ) . Public Goods , Redistribution and Rent Seeking . Edward Elgar Publishing , Inc . ISBN 1 - 84376 - 637 - X . Volokh , Alexander ( 2008 ) . `` Externalities '' . In Hamowy , Ronald . The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism . The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism . Thousand Oaks , CA : SAGE ; Cato Institute . pp. 162 -- 63 . doi : 10.4135 / 9781412965811. n101 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4129 - 6580 - 4 . LCCN 2008009151 . OCLC 750831024 . Weitzman , Martin ( October 1974 ) . `` Prices vs. Quantities '' . The Review of Economic Studies . 41 ( 4 ) : 477 -- 91 . doi : 10.2307 / 2296698 . JSTOR 2296698 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Externality . ExternE -- European Union project to evaluate external costs Econ 120 -- Externalities Unintended consequences Abilene paradox Adverse effect Butterfly effect Campbell 's law Cobra effect Counterintuitive CSI effect Externality Excess burden of taxation Failure mode and effects analysis Goodhart 's law Hawthorne effect Hutber 's law Inverse consequences Jevons paradox Murphy 's law Nocebo Osborne effect Parable of the broken window Perverse incentive Risk compensation Self - defeating prophecy Self - refuting idea Serendipity Social trap Streisand effect Tragedy of the commons Tyranny of small decisions Public infrastructure assets and facilities Airports Bridges Broadband Canals Critical infrastructure Dams Electricity generation Energy development Hazardous waste Hospitals Levees Lighthouses Municipal solid waste Parks Ports Public housing Public spaces Public transport Public utilities Public works Rail transport Roads Sewage State schools Telecommunications Wastewater Water supply network Wind power concepts Appropriation Infrastructure asset management Build -- operate -- transfer Design -- build Earmark Engineering contracts Externality Fixed cost Government debt Life - cycle assessment Lindahl tax Maintenance , repair , and operations Natural monopoly Property tax Public capital Public finance Public good Public sector Public -- private partnership Renovation Spillover effect Supply chain Taxation Upgrade issues and ideas Air traffic control Brownfield land Bus rapid transit Carbon footprint Congestion pricing Containerization Ethanol fuel Fuel efficiency Fuel tax Groundwater High - speed rail Hybrid vehicles Land - use planning Mobile data terminal Pork barrel Recycling Renewable resources Reverse osmosis Smart grid Smart growth Stormwater Sustainable urban infrastructure Traffic congestion Transit - oriented development Urban sprawl Waste - to - energy Weatherization Wireless fields of study Architecture Civil engineering Electrical engineering Mechanical engineering Public economics Public policy Urban planning examples Akashi Kaikyō Bridge Autobahn Brooklyn Bridge Bus rapid transit systems Channel Tunnel Controlled - access highway systems Electric power transmission High - speed trains Hong Kong International Airport Hoover Dam Humber Bridge Kansai International Airport Millau Viaduct Nuclear power Offshore wind farms Panama Canal Port of Shanghai San Francisco -- Oakland Bay Bridge Solar power Three Gorges Dam Trans - Alaska pipeline Transcontinental railroads Microeconomics Major topics Aggregation Bilateral monopoly Budget Consumer Convexity and non-convexity Cost Cost -- benefit analysis Deadweight loss Distribution Duopoly Economies of scale Economies of scope Elasticity Equilibria Exchange Expected utility Externality Firms General equilibrium Household Income -- consumption curve Information Indifference curve Intertemporal choice Marginal cost Market failure Market structure Monopoly Monopsony Oligopoly Preferences Production Profit Public goods Returns to scale Risk aversion Scarcity Shortage Social choice Sunk costs Supply & demand Surplus Uncertainty Utility Welfare Subfields Behavioral Business Computational Statistical decision theory Econometrics Engineering Economics Experimental Game theory Industrial organization Labor Managerial Mathematical economics Microfoundations of macroeconomics Operations research Optimization Economics Economic theory Econometrics Applied economics Macroeconomics Adaptive expectations Aggregate demand Balance of payments Business cycle Capacity utilization Capital flight Central bank Consumer confidence Currency Demand shock Depression ( Great Depression ) DSGE Economic growth Economic indicator Economic rent Effective demand General Theory of Keynes Hyperinflation Inflation Interest Interest rate Investment IS -- LM model Microfoundations Monetary policy Money NAIRU National accounts PPP Rate of profit Rational expectations Recession Saving Shrinkflation Stagflation Supply shock Unemployment Macroeconomics publications Microeconomics Aggregation problem Budget set Consumer choice Convexity Cost -- benefit analysis Deadweight loss Distribution Duopoly Economic equilibrium Economic shortage Economic surplus Economies of scale Economies of scope Elasticity Expected utility hypothesis Externality General equilibrium theory Indifference curve Intertemporal choice Marginal cost Market failure Market structure Monopoly Monopsony Non-convexity Oligopoly Opportunity cost Preference Production set Profit Public good Returns to scale Risk aversion Scarcity Social choice theory Sunk costs Supply and demand Theory of the firm Trade Transaction cost Value Uncertainty Utility Microeconomics publications Applied fields Agricultural Business Demographic Development Economic history Education Engineering Environmental Financial Health Industrial organization International Knowledge Labour Law and economics Monetary Natural resource Public Service Transportation Urban Welfare Methodology Behavioral economics Computational economics Econometrics Economic systems Experimental economics Mathematical economics Methodological publications Economic thought Ancient economic thought Austrian school of economics Chicago school of economics Classical economics Feminist economics Heterodox economics Institutional economics Keynesian economics Mainstream economics Marxian economics Neoclassical economics Post-Keynesian economics Schools overview Notable economists and thinkers within economics Kenneth Arrow Gary Becker Francis Ysidro Edgeworth Milton Friedman Ragnar Frisch Friedrich Hayek Harold Hotelling John Maynard Keynes Tjalling Koopmans Paul Krugman Robert Lucas Jr . Jacob Marschak Alfred Marshall Karl Marx John von Neumann Vilfredo Pareto David Ricardo Paul Samuelson Joseph Schumpeter Amartya Sen Herbert A. Simon Adam Smith Robert Solow Léon Walras more International organizations Asia - Pacific Economic Cooperation Economic Cooperation Organization European Free Trade Association International Monetary Fund Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development World Bank World Trade Organization Index Lists Outline Publications Business and economics portal LCCN : sh85046563 GND : 4153414 - 1 BNF : cb119774421 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Externality&oldid=833140034 '' Categories : Environmental economics Market failure Welfare economics Public economics Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from February 2018 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Articles needing more detailed references Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша ລາວ Lietuvių मराठी Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 29 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 21 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Externality
| 2,062 |
|
farkle four of any number with a pair
|
Farkle
|
farkle
|
Farkle , or Farkel , is a dice game that has also been called or is similar to 1000 / 5000 / 10000 , Cosmic Wimpout , Greed , Hot Dice , Squelch , Zilch , or Zonk . Its origins as a folk game are unknown , but the game dates back to at least the mid 1980s . It has been marketed commercially since 1996 under the brand name Pocket Farkel by Legendary Games Inc . While the basic rules are well - established , there is a wide range of variation in both scoring and play , as described below .
|
Contents 1 Equipment 2 Play 2.1 Standard scoring 2.2 Scoring variations 2.3 Play variations 3 Probabilities 3.1 Effects of scoring variations 4 Related games 5 References 6 External links Equipment ( edit ) Dice ( 6 , or 5 in some variations ) Paper and a pencil or pen for keeping score Play ( edit ) College roommates playing Farkle in their dorm , 2010 Farkle is played by two or more players , with each player in succession having a turn at throwing the dice . Each player 's turn results in a score , and the scores for each player accumulate to some winning total ( usually 10,000 ) . At the beginning of each turn , the player throws all the dice at once . After each throw , one or more scoring dice must be set aside ( see sections on scoring below ) . The player may then either end their turn and bank the score accumulated so far , or continue to throw the remaining dice . If the player has scored all six dice , they have `` hot dice '' and may continue their turn with a new throw of all six dice , adding to the score they have already accumulated . There is no limit to the number of `` hot dice '' a player may roll in one turn . If none of the dice score in any given throw , the player has `` farkled '' and all points for that turn are lost . At the end of the player 's turn , the dice are handed to the next player in succession ( usually in clockwise rotation ) , and they have their turn . Once a player has achieved a winning point total , each other player has one last turn to score enough points to surpass that high - score . Standard scoring ( edit ) The following scores for single dice or combinations of dice are widely established , in that they are common to all or nearly all of the above - cited descriptions of farkle scoring . Dice combination Score Each 1 100 Each 5 50 Three 1s 1000 Three 2s 200 Three 3s 300 Three 4s 400 Three 5s 500 Three 6s 600 For example , if a player throws 1 - 2 - 3 - 3 - 3 - 5 , they could do any of the following : score three 3s as 300 and then throw the remaining three dice score the single 1 as 100 and then throw the remaining five dice score the single 5 as 50 and then throw the remaining five dice score three 3s , the single 1 , and the single 5 for a total of 450 and then throw the remaining die score three 3s , the single 1 , and the single 5 for a total of 450 and stop , banking 450 points in that turn This is not an exhaustive list of plays based on that throw , but it covers the most likely ones . If the player continues throwing , as in any of the above cases except the last , they risk farkling and thus losing all accumulated points . On the other hand , if they score five dice and have only one die to throw , they have a 1 in 3 chance of scoring a single 1 or a single 5 , and then having scored all six dice they will have `` hot dice '' and can throw all six dice again to further increase their score . Each scoring combination must be achieved in a single throw . For example , if a player has already set aside two individual 1s and then throws a third with the four dice remaining , they do not have a triplet of 1s for a score of 1000 but merely three individual 1s for a score of 300 . Scoring variations ( edit ) Since farkle is a folk game , variant rules are used in different playing communities . While the standard rules described above are widely used , even they are not universal . For example , the commercially marketed game of Pocket Farkel differs in that three 1s are scored as 300 rather than 1000 . In addition , some players score one or more combinations of dice beyond the standard ones . Those variations include the following . No scoring dice are rolled ( e.g. 2 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 6 - 6 ) is scored as 500 . Three pair ( e.g. , 1 - 1 - 4 - 4 - 6 - 6 ) is scored as 500 , 600 , 750 , 1000 , or 1500 . A straight ( 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 ) is scored as 1000 , 1200 , 1500 , or 2500 . A full house ( three of a kind and a pair ) is scored as the three of a kind value plus 250 . e.g. 3 - 3 - 3 - 2 - 2 = 550 , 4 - 4 - 4 - 3 - 3 = 650 , 5 - 5 - 5 - 1 - 1 = 750 , 1 - 1 - 1 - 3 - 3 = 1250 Four , five and six of a kind are scored in one of 3 ways : adding , doubling or set value : Adding , for each additional matching die above 3 of a kind , the 3 of a kind score is added . e.g. 3 - 3 - 3 = 300 , 3 - 3 - 3 - 3 = 300 + 300 ( 600 ) , 3 - 3 - 3 - 3 - 3 = 300 + 300 + 300 ( 900 ) and 3 - 3 - 3 - 3 - 3 - 3 = 300 + 300 + 300 + 300 ( 1200 ) . Doubling , for each additional matching die above 3 , 4 or 5 of a kind the score is doubled . e.g. 3 - 3 - 3 = 300 , 3 - 3 - 3 - 3 = 300 × 2 ( 600 ) , 3 - 3 - 3 - 3 - 3 = 300 × 2 × 2 ( 1200 ) and 3 - 3 - 3 - 3 - 3 - 3 = 300 × 2 × 2 × 2 ( 2400 ) Set value , 4 of a kind is scored as 1000 or 2000 , 5 of a kind is scored as 2000 or 4000 and 6 of a kind is scored as 3000 , 6000 or 10000 Dice value 3 of a kind Adding Doubling Set value 4 of a kind 5 of a kind 6 of a kind 4 of a kind 5 of a kind 6 of a kind 4 of a kind 5 of a kind 6 of a kind Two 200 400 600 800 400 800 1600 1000 or 2000 2000 or 4000 3000 , 6000 or 10000 One ( low ) 300 600 900 1200 600 1200 2400 Three 300 600 900 1200 600 1200 2400 Four 400 800 1200 1600 800 1600 3200 Five 500 1000 1500 2000 1000 2000 4000 Six 600 1200 1800 2400 1200 2400 4800 One ( high ) 1000 2000 3000 4000 2000 4000 8000 Like the standard combinations , any of these variant combinations must be achieved in a single throw . These are the variations listed in the above - cited descriptions of farkle scoring , but further variations presumably exist . Since it is a folk game , players are free to agree upon whatever scores they choose for whatever combinations they choose to recognize . Play variations ( edit ) Some farkle rules also incorporate one or more of the following variations in the sequence of play . Players may be required to achieve a certain threshold score in their opening turn or turns , before they can begin scoring . Thresholds of 350 , 400 , 500 , or 1000 are used . At the beginning of a game , each player must continue throwing in their turn until they either farkle or reach the threshold . After having reached the threshold once , they are free to stop throwing in subsequent turns whenever they choose . Play is almost always to 10,000 , but can be to 20,000 . In a variant described as `` piggybacking '' or `` high - stakes '' , each player after the first can choose to begin their turn either with a fresh set of six dice , or by throwing the dice remaining after the previous player has completed their turn . For example , if a player banks three 1 's for a score of 1000 , the next player may choose to roll the remaining three dice . If they score at least one die , they score 1000 plus whatever additional score they accumulate . Players may thus assume the greater risk of farkling for the chance of scoring the points already accumulated by the player before them . If a player ends their turn on a `` hot dice '' , the next player may `` piggyback '' using all six dice . Players may be required to make at least one additional throw when they have hot dice , even if they have accumulated a high enough score that they would choose not to risk farkling . Three farkles in a row can result in a deduction of 500 or 1000 points from the player 's score . Another variation is using five dice instead of six . In this version , players can not score three pair , and this variation often couples an `` instant '' win option , where on the first roll of the five dice on any turn , if the player rolls five of a kind , that player instantly wins the game , regardless of the scores to that point . An end - of - game variation described as `` welfare '' requires the winner to score exactly 10,000 points . If a player scores more than 10,000 points , then all points scored in that turn are given to the player with the lowest score . Probabilities ( edit ) Following are the probabilities of scoring combinations in the initial throw of six dice . Dice combination Probability Three of a kind 1 in 3.240 Four of a kind 1 in 20.736 Three pair 1 in 25.92 Straight 1 in 64.8 Two triplets 1 in 155.52 Five of a kind 1 in 259.2 Six of a kind 1 in 7776 For the most part , less probable combinations are scored higher than more probable combinations ( see Scoring Variations ) . Following are the probabilities of scoring combinations in subsequent throws of the dice . Dice combination Five dice left Four dice left Three dice left Three of a kind 1 in 5.184 1 in 10.8 1 in 36 Four of a kind 1 in 51.84 1 in 216 N / A Five of a kind 1 in 1296 N / A N / A Following are the probabilities of farkling if all variant scoring combinations are allowed , depending on the number of dice thrown . Dice thrown Probability 6 1 in 43.2 ( 5 in 216 ) 5 1 in 13 1 in 6.35 ( 20 in 127 ) 1 in 3.6 ( 5 in 18 ) 1 in 2.25 ( 4 in 9 ) 1 in 1.5 ( 2 in 3 ) Three - pair is the only scoring variation that alters the likelihood of farkling , and only on the initial throw of six dice . If three pairs are not scored , the probability of farkling on the initial throw increases to 1 in 32.4 ( 5 in 162 ) . Following are the probabilities of making hot dice in a single throw if all variant scoring combinations are allowed , depending on the number of dice thrown . Dice thrown Probability 6 1 in 12 5 1 in 32 1 in 25 1 in 18 1 in 9 1 in 3 If no variant scoring combinations are allowed , the probabilities of making hot dice are decreased only slightly for 4 - 6 dice thrown , and unchanged for 1 - 3 dice thrown . Odds for these and other die combinations with explanations and simulation results can be found elsewhere . Effects of scoring variations ( edit ) Scoring additional combinations such as straights and three pairs increases the speed of play by awarding high scores for low probability events that otherwise would score little or nothing ( for example , a straight with standard scoring is worth only 150 for the single 1 and single 5 ) . To assess the impact of scoring variations , the following table shows the average score on the initial throw of six dice , assuming that all scoring dice are banked and ignoring any additional scores that would be made on a re-roll of hot dice . The first row shows the average score with standard scoring , and the other rows show the increment in that average for each scoring variant that is used in play . The numbers in the table are calculated based on the following scores for variant combinations : Four of a kind scores three times the score of the corresponding triplet . Five of a kind scores five times the score of the corresponding triplet . Six of a kind scores ten times the score of the corresponding triplet . A straight scores 2500 . Three pair scores 1500 . Scoring combination Average score on initial throw Standard scoring 302 Four of a kind + 47 Five of a kind + 8 Six of a kind + 0.6 Straight + 37 Three pair + 52 Total ( all combinations ) 446.6 The impact of four or five of a kind is substantially similar if they are scored as 1000 and 2000 , respectively . If lower scores are awarded for straights or three pairs , the impact on average scoring will be proportionately lower . The above table somewhat overstates the impact of straight and three pair on overall speed of play , as they only score on the initial throw of six dice . Related games ( edit ) 1000 / 5000 / 10000 Cosmic Wimpout Kismet ( dice game ) Yahtzee References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Farkle Rules '' . Smart Box Design . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Squelch v1. 2 '' . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Zilch '' . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ Rice , Wayne ; Yaconelli , Mike ( 1986 ) . Play It ! : Over 400 Great Games for Groups . Zondervan . p. 210 . ISBN 9780310351917 . Jump up ^ Farkel maker finds new home ^ Jump up to : `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . Pocket Farkel . Archived from the original on 2011 - 08 - 12 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 24 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` My New Favorite Party Game - Farkel '' . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Farkle Deluxe '' . Elverson Puzzle . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Farkle , a game of dice '' . The Renaissance Store . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Zilch ( rules and scoring ) '' . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ Farkle Odds , Odds with complete derivation and simulation results External links ( edit ) Rules : Farkel frequently asked questions ( FAQ ) Detailed Farkle rules and variants Printable Farkle rules Printable Farkle Dice rules with Rules Variations Probabilities : Explanation of Farkle probabilities by Gregory Graham Score Cards : Farkle score cards Printable Farkle Score Cards Standalone Games : Play Zilch online Farkle Online Game An implementation of Farkle in GWBASIC Farkle on PlayOnlineDiceGames.com ( does not allow for final roll after one player has reached 10,000 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Farkle&oldid=852167226 '' Categories : Dice games Drinking games Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本 語 Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 27 July 2018 , at 03 : 00 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farkle
| 2,063 |
||
who sings waiting for the world to change
|
`` Waiting on the World to Change '' is a song by American singer - songwriter John Mayer . It was released as the lead single from his third studio album , Continuum ( 2006 ) , on August 1 , 2006 . The song enjoyed commercial success as a single and won the Grammy for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance at the 49th Grammy Awards .
|
John Mayer
|
Waiting on the World to Change
|
waiting on the world to change
|
`` Waiting on the World to Change '' is a song by American singer - songwriter John Mayer . It was released as the lead single from his third studio album , Continuum ( 2006 ) , on August 1 , 2006 . The song enjoyed commercial success as a single and won the Grammy for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance at the 49th Grammy Awards .
|
Contents ( hide ) 1 Lyrics and structure 2 Promotion and release 3 Critical reception 4 Commercial performance 5 Personnel 6 Charts 7 References 8 External links Lyrics and structure ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Waiting on the World to Change '' contains a highly popular chord progression often found in blues , rock and soul songs . The chord progression is I - vi - IV - I - V - vi - IV - I , and in the case of `` Waiting on the World to Change , '' it is in the key of D. Another interesting fact is the accenting of the beats in the verses . Contrary to most popular music , the second snare backbeat of the second measure of the two - bar beat that repeats through most of the song features an accent on the `` and '' of `` 4 '' , and not directly on `` 4 '' . The song 's theme centers on the singer and his generation 's inaction in regard to current world conditions . However , he attributes this inaction to a lack of power : Now we see everything that 's going wrong With the world and those who lead it We just feel like we do n't have the means To rise above and beat it He also laments the corruption among leaders : It 's not that we do n't care , We just know that the fight ai n't fair John Mayer confirmed this feeling of discontent between the leaders and that led to an interview with The Advocate , explaining the song this way : `` It 's saying , ' Well , I 'll just watch American Idol because I know that if I were engaged in changing anything for the better , or the better as I see it , it would go unnoticed or be completely ineffective . ' A lot of people have that feeling . '' Even so , the song alludes to hope for the future , with the singer intoning that with his generation 's ascension to power , things will change : One day our generation Is gon na rule the population So we keep on waiting Waiting on the world to change Politics was a topic that Mayer had not previously tackled . On his decision to include a politically tinged song , he commented , `` You can not avoid war in life , you can not avoid the fear of terrorism , you can not avoid those things now , they are a part of everyday demeanor . So in that sense it 's become more of an acceptable thing to comment on because it 's just so much of a white elephant . '' Promotion and release ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The music video for the song was directed by Philip Andelman and features Mayer walking along the East River while commissioned graffiti artists Futura , Tats Cru , and Daze spray paint messages relating to the song 's content on New York City billboards . A limited - edition EP of `` Waiting on the World to Change '' was released that includes both the album version and a bonus , acoustic version featuring Ben Harper . The EP also is the only official source for the studio ( electric ) version of `` Good Love Is On The Way '' , a live version of which was previously released on the live album Try ! by the John Mayer Trio . This particular EP has only been made available through Best Buy and with the purchase of the Continuum album . An acoustic studio version of `` Good Love Is on the Way '' is also available on Mayer 's EP entitled The Village Sessions , released on December 12 , 2006 ( `` The Village Sessions '' EP also contains the aforementioned Ben Harper acoustic version of `` Waiting On The World to Change '' ) . Critical reception ( edit ) `` Waiting on the World to Change '' From the album Continuum . This clip includes the final chorus after the bridge . Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` Waiting on the World to Change '' received mixed reviews from music critics . Kelefa Sanneh of The New York Times called the song `` a lovely and anger - free ode to a vaguely dissatisfied generation , '' while Matt Collar with AMG wrote that `` Nobody -- not a single one of Mayer 's contemporaries -- has come up with anything resembling a worthwhile anti-war anthem that is as good and speaks for their generation as much as his ' Waiting on the World to Change ' '' . Rolling Stone called the opening track and first single `` a moving apologia for Gen Y 's seeming ' apathy ' '' . Other reviewers commented on his progression as an artist ; Tony Pascarella found the song `` gives listeners , both old and new , an idea of how far Mayer has come . To be frank , this is no ' Your Body Is A Wonderland . ' With Continuum , Mayer broadens his fan base by infusing a very blues and R&B - influenced sound . '' Not all reviews were glowing : Entertainment Weekly and the Los Angeles Times were both less than impressed , with the Times saying that , in the song , `` his mood tightens up unpleasantly '' . Greg Kot in the Chicago Tribune also referred to the song ( in his report on Mayer 's appearance at the Crossroads Guitar Festival ) as `` ( perhaps ) the most spineless social - justice song ever written . It advocates a passive approach , whereas the song it most closely resembles -- - Curtis Mayfield 's classic `` People Get Ready '' -- - urges everyone to get involved , or risk being left behind `` . Pitchfork found in the track `` the gravitas of an infomercial but only a fraction of the soul '' , giving it the least grade . Commercial Performance ( edit ) On February 22 , 2007 , it peaked at number 14 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart . It stayed on the charts for 41 weeks . The single also reached number 1 on Billboard 's Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks chart , remaining on the chart for over a year . It is Mayer 's most successful single ( both in sales and chart positions ) . To date , in the US , the single has sold over two million digital downloads , becoming the 103rd song to top the two million mark in paid downloads . It is Mayer 's first song to reach that plateau . It has been certified platinum by the RIAA , a distinction for downloads and sales in excess of one million . The song has found success internationally as well . It peaked at number 17 on the Australian ARIA Digital Singles Chart . It also peaked at number 36 on the New Zealand RIANZ Top 40 Singles Chart . Personnel ( edit ) John Mayer -- lead vocals , guitar Pino Palladino -- bass , backing vocals Steve Jordan -- drums , percussion Rick Peterson -- keyboards , backing vocals Roy Hargrove -- horns Harley Pasternak , Jeannie Martinez , Kristen Moss , Lee Padgett , Maggie Slavonic , Ricky Cytonbaum , Sandy Vongdasy , Scotty Crowe -- backing vocals Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2006 -- 07 ) Peak position Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 27 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 55 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 36 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 115 US Billboard Hot 100 14 US Adult Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 15 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wirt , John ( January 26 , 2007 ) , `` John Mayer finding unexpected deeper connection with fans through ' Continuum ' '' Advocate volume unknown : 16 Jump up ^ Mumbi Moody , Nekesa ( 2006 ) . `` John Mayer : Better With Pop '' MSN.com Retrieved August 20 , 2007 Jump up ^ Sanneh , Kelefa ( March 2 , 2007 ) `` The Apologetic Pop Star , Still Trying to Claim the Blues '' The New York Times Retrieved August 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Collar , Matt ( date unknown ) `` Review '' AllMusic . Retrieved August 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ DeCurtis , Anthony ( September 11 , 2006 ) . `` Album Reviews '' Retrieved August 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Pascarella , Tony ( September 28 , 2006 ) . `` John Mayer - Continuum '' AbsolutePunk.net . Retrieved August 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kane , Rich ( September 29 , 2006 ) , `` It 's hard to dislike him '' Los Angeles Times Jump up ^ `` Crossroads Guitar Festival press coverage '' . Crossroads Guitar Festival 2007 . Jump up ^ Strew , Roque ( August 16 , 2006 ) . `` Track Reviews '' Retrieved May 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( 2009 - 06 - 24 ) . `` Week Ending June 21 , 2009 : JoBros ' `` Mo '' Slows Chart Watch - Yahoo ! Music `` . New.music.yahoo.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` John Mayer Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- John Mayer -- Waiting on the World to Change '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- John Mayer -- Waiting On the World to Change '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Log UK : M -- My Vitriol '' . Zobbel.de . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` John Mayer Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` John Mayer Chart History ( Adult Alternative Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` John Mayer Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` John Mayer Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` John Mayer Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Live `` Waiting on the World to Change '' performance , on MSN.com D - PAN music video with ASL accompaniment , on D-PAN.com `` Waiting on the World to Change '' lyrics , at Yahoo ! Music `` Waiting on the World to Change '' music video on YouTube Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) John Mayer Discography Studio albums Room for Squares Heavier Things Continuum Battle Studies Born and Raised Paradise Valley The Search for Everything Live albums Any Given Thursday As / Is Try ! Where the Light Is : John Mayer Live in Los Angeles Extended plays Inside Wants Out The Village Sessions The Complete 2012 Performances Collection The Search for Everything : Wave One The Search for Everything : Wave Two Singles `` No Such Thing '' `` Your Body Is a Wonderland '' `` Why Georgia '' `` Bigger Than My Body '' `` Clarity '' `` Daughters '' `` Waiting on the World to Change '' `` Belief '' `` Gravity '' `` Dreaming with a Broken Heart '' `` Say '' `` Free Fallin ' '' `` Who Says '' `` Heartbreak Warfare '' `` Half of My Heart '' `` Shadow Days '' `` Queen of California '' `` Who You Love '' `` Love on the Weekend '' Featured singles `` Go ! '' `` Streetcorner Symphony '' Video albums Any Given Thursday Where the Light Is : John Mayer Live in Los Angeles Concert tours Battle Studies World Tour Born and Raised World Tour The Search for Everything World Tour Related articles John Mayer Trio Try ! `` Who Did You Think I Was '' Annual John Mayer Holiday Charity Revue Dead & Company Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waiting_on_the_World_to_Change&oldid=819424991 '' Categories : 2006 singles Anti-war songs John Mayer songs Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Music videos directed by Liz Friedlander Songs written by John Mayer Music videos directed by Philip Andelman Political songs Hidden categories : Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Articles that may contain original research from February 2017 All articles that may contain original research Articles needing additional references from February 2017 All articles needing additional references Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultalternativesongs Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Polski Русский Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 08 : 46 . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waiting%20on%20the%20World%20to%20Change
| 2,064 |
where is the township and range system found today
|
Public land survey system
|
public land survey system
|
The Public Land Survey System ( PLSS ) is the surveying method developed and used in the United States to plat , or divide , real property for sale and settling . Also known as the Rectangular Survey System , it was created by the Land Ordinance of 1785 to survey land ceded to the United States by the Treaty of Paris in 1783 , following the end of the American Revolution . Beginning with the Seven Ranges , in present - day Ohio , the PLSS has been used as the primary survey method in the United States . Following the passage of the Northwest Ordinance , in 1787 , the Surveyor General of the Northwest Territory platted lands in the Northwest Territory . The Surveyor General was later merged with the General Land Office , which later became a part of the U.S. Bureau of Land Management ( BLM ) . Today , the BLM controls the survey , sale , and settling of the new lands . Contrary to what some believe , the BLM does not manage the State Plane Coordinate System ( SPCS ) . The SPCS is managed by the National Geodetic Survey ( NGS ) , known as the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey ( USC&GS ) when the system was created .
|
Contents ( hide ) 1 History of the system 1.1 Origins of the system 1.2 Applying the system 2 Non-PLSS regions 3 Survey design and execution 3.1 Commonly used terms 3.2 Survey design 3.3 Survey execution : measurement 3.4 Survey execution : monumentation 3.5 Information to be recorded 4 Sizes of PLSS subdivisions 5 List of meridians 6 Social impact 6.1 Railroad land grants 6.2 Education 6.3 Survey fraud 6.4 Metric system adoption 6.5 Urban design 6.6 Popular culture 7 See also 7.1 Meridians in the United States 8 References 9 External links History of the system ( edit ) Map of territorial growth 1775 Northwest territory Monument referencing the beginning point of the PLSS Originally proposed by Thomas Jefferson to create a nation of `` yeoman farmers '' , the PLSS began shortly after the American Revolutionary War , when the federal government became responsible for large areas of land west of the original thirteen states . The government wished both to distribute land to Revolutionary War soldiers in reward for their services , as well as to sell land as a way of raising money for the nation . Before this could happen , the land needed to be surveyed . The Land Ordinance of 1785 marks the beginning of the Public Land Survey System . The Confederation Congress was deeply in debt following the Declaration of Independence . With little power to tax , the federal government decided to use the sale of the Western Territories to pay off American Revolutionary War debt . The Public Land Survey System has been expanded and slightly modified by Letters of Instruction and Manuals of Instruction , issued by the General Land Office and the Bureau of Land Management and continues in use in most of the states west of Pennsylvania , south to Florida , Alabama , and Mississippi , west to the Pacific Ocean , and north into the Arctic in Alaska . Origins of the system ( edit ) The original colonies ( including their derivatives Maine , Vermont , Tennessee , Kentucky and West Virginia ) continued the British system of metes and bounds . This system describes property lines based on local markers and bounds drawn by humans , often based on topography . A typical , yet simple , description under this system might read `` From the point on the north bank of Muddy Creek one mile above the junction of Muddy and Indian Creeks , north for 400 yards , then northwest to the large standing rock , west to the large oak tree , south to Muddy Creek , then down the center of the creek to the starting point . '' Particularly in New England , this system was supplemented by drawing town plats . The metes - and - bounds system was used to describe a town of a generally rectangular shape , 4 to 6 miles ( ~ 6 to 10 km ) on a side . Within this boundary , a map or plat was maintained that showed all the individual lots or properties . There are some difficulties with this system : Irregular shapes for properties make for much more complex descriptions . Over time , these descriptions become problematic as trees die or streams move by erosion . It was n't useful for the large , newly surveyed tracts of land being opened in the west , which were being sold sight unseen to investors . In addition this system did n't work until there were already people on the ground to maintain records . In the 1783 Treaty of Paris recognizing the United States , Britain also recognized American rights to the land south of the Great Lakes and west to the Mississippi River . The Continental Congress passed the Land Ordinance of 1785 and then the Northwest Ordinance in 1787 to control the survey , sale , and settling of the new lands . The original 13 colonies donated their western lands to the new Union , for the purpose of giving land for new states . These include the lands that formed the Northwest Territory , Kentucky , Tennessee , Alabama , and Mississippi . The state that gave up the most was Virginia , whose original claim included most of the Northwest Territory and Kentucky , too . Some of the western land was claimed by more than one state , especially in the Northwest , where parts were claimed by Virginia , Pennsylvania , and Connecticut , all three of which had claimed lands all the way to the Pacific Ocean . Applying the system ( edit ) The first surveys under the new rectangular system were in eastern Ohio in an area called the Seven Ranges . The Beginning Point of the U.S. Public Land Survey is located at a point on the Ohio - Pennsylvania border between East Liverpool , Ohio and Ohioville , Pennsylvania , on private property . A National Historic Landmark marker commemorating the site lies on the side of a state highway , exactly 1,112 feet ( 339 m ) to the north of the point . Ohio was surveyed in several major subdivisions , collectively described as the Ohio Lands , each with its own meridian and baseline . The early surveying , particularly in Ohio , was performed with more speed than care , with the result that many of the oldest townships and sections vary considerably from their prescribed shape and area . Proceeding westward , accuracy became more of a consideration than rapid sale , and the system was simplified by establishing one major north - south line ( principal meridian ) and one east - west ( base ) line that control descriptions for an entire state or more . For example , a single Willamette Meridian serves both Oregon and Washington . County lines frequently follow the survey , so there are many rectangular counties in the Midwest and the West . Non-plss regions ( edit ) The system is in use in some capacity in most of the country , but large portions use other systems . The territory under the jurisdiction of the Thirteen Colonies at the time of independence did not adopt the PLSS , with the exception of the area that became the Northwest Territory and some of the Southern states . This territory is now Georgia , Connecticut , Delaware , Kentucky , Maine , Maryland , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , New Jersey , New York , North Carolina , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , South Carolina , Tennessee , Vermont , Virginia , and West Virginia . The old Cherokee lands in Georgia use the term section as a land designation , but does not define the same area as the section used by the PLSS . Maine uses a variant of the system in unsettled parts of the state . Other major exceptions to PLSS are : California , before statehood in 1850 , was only crudely surveyed with the boundaries of Spanish and Mexican land grants ( ranchos ) only roughly described ; since statehood the PLSS has been used mostly throughout . Hawaii adopted a system based on the Kingdom of Hawaii native system in place at the time of annexation . Louisiana recognizes early French and Spanish descriptions called arpents , particularly in the southern part of the state , as well as PLSS descriptions . Alabama recognizes Spanish - era land claims , especially near the coast . New Mexico uses the PLSS , but has several areas that retain original metes and bounds left over from Spanish and Mexican rule . These take the form of land grants similar to areas of Texas and California . Ohio 's Virginia Military District was surveyed using the metes and bounds system . Areas in northern Ohio ( the Connecticut Western Reserve and United States Military District ) were surveyed with another standard , sometimes referred to as Congressional Survey townships , which are just five miles ( 8 km ) on each side instead of six . Hence , there are 25 sections per township there , rather than 36 . See Ohio Lands . Texas has a hybrid of its own early system , based on Spanish land grants , and a variation of the PLSS . Wisconsin had French settlement prior to the PLSS in the areas of Green Bay and Prairie du Chien . Both have small amounts of the long , narrow French lots along some water frontage . Michigan had French settlement prior to the PLSS along the Detroit and St. Clair rivers , and near Sault Ste . Marie , Marquette , and Ypsilanti . These were all examples of the French `` long lots '' . Parts of Washington , Oregon , Idaho and Wyoming were settled as Donation Land Claim s . Some were established before the Willamette Meridian , and those established after were often poorly surveyed and did n't correspond to the PLSS . However , the vast majority of these states use the PLSS . Survey design and execution ( edit ) Illustration of the system from the National Atlas Commonly used terms ( edit ) Aliquot part : A terse , hierarchical reference to a piece of land , in which successive subdivisions of some larger area are appended to the beginning of the reference . For example , SW1 / 4 NW1 / 4 S13 , T1SR20E refers to the southwest quarter of the northwest quarter of section 13 of Township 1 South Range 20 East ( a 40 - acre parcel ) . See further discussion below . Base Line : A parallel of latitude , referenced to and established from a designated initial point , upon which all rectangular surveys in a defined area are based . Also spelled baseline . BLM : Bureau of Land Management , the successor agency to the General Land Office Cadastral : Having to do with the boundaries of land parcels . Corner : The point of intersection of any two actual or potential survey lines , defining one corner of a rectangular land parcel . Lot : A subdivision of a section which is not an aliquot part of the section , but which is designated separately . A lot is typically irregular in shape and its acreage varies from that of regular aliquot parts . Initial point : The starting point for a survey ; the intersection point of the Principal Meridian and the Base line in a given region . Land grant : Historically a land grant is an area of land to which title was conferred by a predecessor government , usually Spanish or Mexican , and confirmed by the U.S Government Courts after the territory was acquired by the United States . Monumentation : Placement and / or marking of physical objects on the ground to mark survey points and lines . PLSS : Public Land Survey System Original Survey The first official government survey in a given area . Unless fraud is proven , the original survey is legally valid and binding , regardless of any surveying errors that may have occurred . All subsequent subdivision , sale , etc. must proceed from the original survey . In the United States , most original surveys were done under contract with the General Land Office . Principal meridian ( PM ) : A true meridian running through an initial point , which together with the baseline , form the highest level framework for all rectangular surveys in a given area . The list of all principal meridians is given below . Public domain ( land ) : Land owned and managed by the Federal government . Synonymous with public lands . National Parks and National Forests are a large part of the public domain land today . The original public domain included the lands that were turned over to the Federal Government by the original 13 States , and areas acquired from the native Indian tribes or foreign powers . Range ( Rng , R ) : A measure of the distance east or west from a referenced principal meridian , in units of six miles . Section : An approximately one - square - mile block of land . There are 36 sections in a survey township . Township ( Twp , T ) : ( 1 ) Synonym for survey township , i.e. , a square parcel of land of 36 square miles , or ( 2 ) A measure of the distance north or south from a referenced baseline , in units of six miles . Witness : Any marker set on the ground that marks or represents some other , nearby object or location of surveying importance , such as a corner . A bearing tree is a witness to a survey corner . Survey design ( edit ) The surveying of any regional area , such as a state or two , is a multi-step process . First , two controlling survey lines are established : a baseline , which runs east - west and a principal meridian , which runs north - south ( Fig. 1 ) . The locations of the two are determined by a previously chosen initial point , where they originate and thus intersect . Next , at a defined distance interval , commonly 24 or 30 miles ( 48 km ) depending on the year and location , standard parallels of latitude are established parallel to the baseline . The meridian , baseline and standard parallels thus established form a lattice upon which all further surveying is then based . Subsequent work divides the land into survey townships of roughly 36 square miles ( ~ 93 km ) or 6 miles ( ~ 9.7 km ) on each side . This is done by the establishment of township and range lines . Township lines run parallel to the baseline ( east - west ) , while range lines are true meridians and thus run north - south ; each are established at six mile ( 10 km ) intervals . Lastly , townships are subdivided into 36 sections of approximately one square mile ( 640 acres , ~ 2.6 km ) and sections into four quarter - sections of 0.25 square mile ( 160 acres , ~ 0.65 km ) each . ( See descriptions and figures illustrating the system ) . The intersection of a township line ( or baseline ) with a range line ( or principal meridian ) constitutes a township corner , of a section line with any other type of line a section corner , and a point halfway between any two section corners a quarter corner . The federal government typically surveyed only to this quarter - section level , the subdivision of smaller parcels being carried out subsequently by private surveyors after original sale . Because the survey design is two - dimensional ( rectangular ) , while the actual earth is three - dimensional ( ~ spherical ) , adjustments to land areas must be made periodically to prevent error propagation ; not all sections can be one square mile nor can all townships be exactly 36 square miles . More specifically , all north - south running lines ( all range lines and half of all section lines ) , as with the prime meridian , are always established with reference to true , geodetic north . But it is a physical impossibility to meet this condition and still maintain a rectangular land grid , because such lines converge on the north pole -- they are meridians . These adjustments are done at two different scales . At the small scale ( within a township ) it is done by starting the sectional surveys ( township `` subdivisions '' ) in the southeast corner and moving progressively toward the northwest corner . The algorithm used is to move northward to establish the six eastern-most sections ( and quarter - sections ) , then move west at one mile intervals , parallel to the eastern boundary of the township , repeating this process , until the western side of the township is reached . The result of this is that the northernmost and westernmost tiers of sections -- 11 in all -- are thus allowed to deviate from one square mile , but the other ( southeasterly-most ) 25 sections are not . This method accommodates the curvature problem within a township , and it also allows for any errors made during the surveying itself -- which were nearly unavoidable due to the physical difficulty of the work and the crude equipment used -- without overly compromising the basic rectangular nature of the system as a whole . At the larger multiple township scale , the standard parallels mentioned above allow a longitudinal re-setting of township corner locations , so that townships widths do not continually decrease as one proceeds north ( and is in fact the primary reason for their establishment ) . Thus , corrections for curvature of the earth exist at two separate spatial scales -- a smaller scale within townships , and a larger scale between multiple townships and within standard parallels . Figure 2 . This General Land Office diagram shows the theoretical sectioning of a standard survey township . A specific and terse location descriptor is always used , in which the townships and sections are indexed based on ( 1 ) the township 's position relative to the initial point , ( 2 ) the section 's location within the designated township , and ( 3 ) the principal meridian reference . Township , range , and section are abbreviated as T , R , and S , respectively , and cardinal bearings from the initial point by N , S , E , and W ; each principal meridian also has its established abbreviation . Thus , for example , the description `` T1SR20E S13 MDM '' reads as follows : Township 1 South , Range 20 East , Section 13 , Mount Diablo Meridian . That is , the 13th section in the first township south of the baseline ( in this case , the Mount Diablo Baseline ) and the 20th township east of the principal meridian ( the Mount Diablo Meridian ) . Since township and range lines are six miles apart , the `` T1SR20E '' part of the designation instantly places the location somewhere between zero and six miles south of the baseline , and 114 and 120 miles east of the principal meridian . Knowing how sections are numbered within townships , we identify section 13 as therefore occupying the one square mile located 2 to 3 miles south , and 119 to 120 miles east , of the Mount Diablo initial point ( in central California ) . Note that the sections within a township are numbered in an unconventional , Boustrophedon pattern ( Fig. 2 ) , in which alternating rows are numbered in opposite directions , starting from section 1 in the northeast corner and ending with section 36 in the southeast corner , as per Figure 2 . Therefore , section 13 is adjacent to the eastern range line of the designated township . Numbering in this pattern ensures that numerically sequential sections within the same township are physically adjacent , and share colinear boundaries . Figure 3 . Kent County , Michigan in 1885 as a PLSS example , showing 24 named townships and sectional subdivisions . Survey execution : measurement ( edit ) Distances were always measured in chains and links , based on Edmund Gunter 's 66 foot measuring chain . The chain -- an actual metal chain -- was made up of 100 links , each being 7.92 inches ( 201 mm ) long . Eighty chains constitute one U.S. Survey Mile ( which differs from the International Mile by a few millimeters ) . There were two chainmen , one at each end , who physically made the measurements , one of them typically also acting as `` compassman '' to establish the correct bearing at each chain placement . In forested areas , it was essential for rapid progress and accuracy that the lead chainman follow the correct bearing at all times , since no straightening of the chain was possible without backtracking around trees and re-measuring . It was also necessary to keep the chain level , since all surveying distances are based on the horizontal , not slope , distance . In steep terrain , this meant either shortening the chain , or raising one end of the chain relative to the other , or both . In areas where measuring by chain was not possible , such as extremely steep terrain or that with water obstructions , distances were calculated by triangulation . Survey execution : monumentation ( edit ) Monumentation is the establishment of permanent on - the - ground objects that mark exact locations of surveyed points and lines . They are the legally binding markers used for setting property lines and as such are the culminating work of any survey . They consist of both corner monuments as well as nearby accessory objects that `` witness '' to them . Witness objects allow subsequent surveyors and landowners to find the original corner monument location should the actual monument itself be destroyed . It was not uncommon for squatters or homesteaders to destroy corner monuments if they felt the patenting of the land would threaten their residence on it . For this reason , destruction of corner monuments , or their accompanying witness objects was , and still is , a federal offense . At corners , corner monuments are established to mark their exact location on the ground . As with most PLSS specifications , those for corner monumentation also changed over time . In the 19th century , monuments were commonly a rock pile , a wooden post , or a combination of the two . Trees could be used if the corner happened to fall at the exact spot where one grew . In the 20th century , steel pipes with caps , supported by mounds of rock , became required ( e.g. Fig. 4 ) . Witnesses can be trees , rocks , or trenches dug in the ground ; their exact locations relative to the corner , and the markings made on them , are also recorded in the surveyor 's official fieldnotes . Witness trees at corners are more commonly referred to as bearing trees because the exact distance and bearing from the corner , to them , was required to be recorded ( as well as the taxon and diameter ) . Figure 4 . The engraved cap on a corner monument pipe , in western Yosemite National Park , placed in 1905 during the Park boundary resurvey On each bearing tree , two blazes were typically required , one about chest height and easily visible , and one at ground level ( in case the tree were illegally cut , the stump remaining ) . On the exposed wood of the blaze , surveyors were required to inscribe , with wood chisels , township , range and section information , on typically either two or four bearing trees , if they were within some reasonable distance of the corner ( unspecified early on but later set at a maximum of 3 chains ( 178 feet , 60 meters ) away ) . Bearing trees are of vital importance not just for these land boundary purposes , but also for their use by ecologists in the estimation of historic forest vegetation conditions before settlement , and large scale human disturbance , of the land . No other data set comes close to providing this estimate of original forest composition and structure , and the data have accordingly been used very heavily . Along survey lines , monumentation was much less elaborate , consisting primarily of only the blazing and some very simple scribing of trees directly on , or very close to , the survey line . The purpose was simply to help retrace a surveyed line should that become necessary . It was also additional proof that the line had in fact been run correctly , especially in those cases where the blazed `` line tree '' 's pertinent information ( species , diameter and distance from previous corner ) was recorded in the fieldnotes , as they often were required to be . Information to be recorded ( edit ) What was to be observed and recorded by the surveyors during the execution of the work varied over time . Furthermore , how well individual surveying parties actually met the requirements or recommendations at the time , also varied . The following is a list of the more commonly required landscape and surveying items that were either required or requested be noted , over much of the nineteenth century . The precise length of every line run , noting all necessary offsets therefrom , with the reason and mode thereof . The kind and diameter of all `` bearing trees '' , with the course and distance of the same from their respective corners ; and the precise relative position of witness corners to the true corners . The kinds of materials ( earth or stone ) of which mounds are constructed -- the fact of their being conditioned according to instructions - with the course and distance of the `` pits '' , from the centre of the mound , where necessity exists for deviating from the general rule . Trees on line . The name , diameter , and distance on line to all trees which it intersects . Intersections by line of land objects . The distance at which the line first intersects and then leaves every settler 's claim and improvement ; prairie ; river , creek , or other `` bottom '' ; or swamp , marsh , grove , and wind fall , with the course of the same at both points of intersection ; also the distances at which you begin to ascend , arrive at the top , begin to descend , and reach the foot of all remarkable hills and ridges , with their courses , and estimated height , in feet , above the level land of the surrounding country , or above the bottom lands , ravines , or waters near which they are situated . Intersections by line of water objects . All rivers , creeks , and smaller streams of water which the line crosses ; the distance on line at the points of intersection , and their widths on line . In cases of navigable streams , their width will be ascertained between the meander corners , as set forth under the proper head . The land 's surface - whether level , rolling , broken , or hilly . The soil - whether first , second , or third rate . Timber - the several kinds of timber and undergrowth , in the order in which they predominate . Bottom lands - to be described as wet or dry , and if subject to inundation , state to what depth . Springs of water - whether fresh , saline , or mineral , and the course of the stream flowing from them . Lakes and ponds - describing their banks and giving their height , and also the depth of water , and whether it be pure or stagnant . Improvements . Towns and villages ; Indian towns and wigwams ; houses or cabins ; fields , or other improvements ; sugar tree groves , sugar camps , mill seats , forges , and factories . Coal banks or beds ; peat or turf grounds ; minerals and ores ; with particular description of the same as to quality and extent , and all diggings therefore ; also salt springs and licks . All reliable information you can obtain respecting these objects , whether they be on your immediate line or not , is to appear in the general description to be given at the end of the notes . Roads and trails , with their directions , whence and whither . Rapids , cataracts , cascades , or falls of water , with the height of their fall in feet . Precipices , caves , sink - holes , ravines , stone quarries , ledges of rocks , with the kind of stone they afford . Natural curiosities , interesting fossils , petrifactions , organic remains , also all ancient works of art , such as mounds , fortifications , embankments , ditches , or objects of like nature . The variation of the needle must be noted at all points or places on the lines where there is found any material change of variation , and the position of such points must be perfectly identified in the notes . Sizes of PLSS subdivisions ( edit ) The following table indicates some distance and area conversions in the PLSS : Dimensions ( miles ) ( mi ) Area ( acres ) ( m ) ( km ) Notes Quadrangle / check 24 by 24 576 368,640 1,490 Usually 16 townships Township 6 by 6 36 23,040 93.2 Usually 36 sections Section 1 by 1 640 2.59 Half - section 1 by ⁄ ⁄ 320 1,290,000 1.29 Quarter - section ⁄ by ⁄ ⁄ 160 647,000 Half of quarter - section ⁄ by ⁄ ⁄ 80 324,000 Quarter of quarter - section ⁄ by ⁄ ⁄ 40 162,000 List of meridians ( edit ) Main article : List of principal and guide meridians and base lines of the United States Name Adopted Initial point State ( s ) Black Hills Meridian 1878 43 ° 59 ′ 44 '' N 104 ° 03 ′ 16 '' W / 43.99556 ° N 104.05444 ° W / 43.99556 ; - 104.05444 ( Black Hills Meridian ) South Dakota Boise Meridian 1867 43 ° 22 ′ 21 '' N 116 ° 23 ′ 35 '' W / 43.37250 ° N 116.39306 ° W / 43.37250 ; - 116.39306 ( Boise Meridian ) Idaho Chickasaw Meridian 1833 35 ° 01 ′ 58 '' N 89 ° 14 ′ 47 '' W / 35.03278 ° N 89.24639 ° W / 35.03278 ; - 89.24639 ( Chickasaw Meridian ) Mississippi Choctaw Meridian 1821 31 ° 52 ′ 32 '' N 90 ° 14 ′ 41 '' W / 31.87556 ° N 90.24472 ° W / 31.87556 ; - 90.24472 ( Choctaw Meridian ) Mississippi Cimarron Meridian 1881 36 ° 30 ′ 05 '' N 103 ° 00 ′ 07 '' W / 36.50139 ° N 103.00194 ° W / 36.50139 ; - 103.00194 ( Cimarron Meridian ) Oklahoma Copper River Meridian 1905 61 ° 49 ′ 04 '' N 145 ° 18 ′ 37 '' W / 61.81778 ° N 145.31028 ° W / 61.81778 ; - 145.31028 ( Copper River Meridian ) Alaska Fairbanks Meridian 1910 64 ° 51 ′ 50.048 '' N 147 ° 38 ′ 25.94 '' W / 64.86390222 ° N 147.6405389 ° W / 64.86390222 ; - 147.6405389 ( Fairbanks Meridian ) Alaska Fifth Principal Meridian 1815 34 ° 38 ′ 45 '' N 91 ° 03 ′ 07 '' W / 34.64583 ° N 91.05194 ° W / 34.64583 ; - 91.05194 ( Fifth Principal Meridian ) Arkansas , Iowa , Minnesota , Missouri , North Dakota & South Dakota First Principal Meridian 1819 40 ° 59 ′ 22 '' N 84 ° 48 ′ 11 '' W / 40.98944 ° N 84.80306 ° W / 40.98944 ; - 84.80306 ( First Principal Meridian ) Ohio & Indiana Fourth Principal Meridian 1815 40 ° 00 ′ 50 '' N 90 ° 27 ′ 11 '' W / 40.01389 ° N 90.45306 ° W / 40.01389 ; - 90.45306 ( Fourth Principal Meridian ) Illinois Fourth Principal Extended Meridian 1831 42 ° 30 ′ 27 '' N 90 ° 25 ′ 37 '' W / 42.50750 ° N 90.42694 ° W / 42.50750 ; - 90.42694 ( Fourth Principal Extended Meridian ) Minnesota & Wisconsin Gila and Salt River Meridian 1865 33 ° 22 ′ 38 '' N 112 ° 18 ′ 19 '' W / 33.37722 ° N 112.30528 ° W / 33.37722 ; - 112.30528 ( Gila and Salt River Meridian ) Arizona Humboldt Meridian 1853 40 ° 25 ′ 02 '' N 124 ° 07 ′ 10 '' W / 40.41722 ° N 124.11944 ° W / 40.41722 ; - 124.11944 ( Humboldt Meridian ) California Huntsville Meridian 1807 34 ° 59 ′ 27 '' N 86 ° 34 ′ 16 '' W / 34.99083 ° N 86.57111 ° W / 34.99083 ; - 86.57111 ( Huntsville Meridian ) Alabama & Mississippi Indian Meridian 1870 34 ° 29 ′ 32 '' N 97 ° 14 ′ 49 '' W / 34.49222 ° N 97.24694 ° W / 34.49222 ; - 97.24694 ( Indian Meridian ) Oklahoma Kateel River Meridian 1956 65 ° 26 ′ 16.374 '' N 158 ° 45 ′ 31.01 '' W / 65.43788167 ° N 158.7586139 ° W / 65.43788167 ; - 158.7586139 ( Kateel River Meridian ) Alaska Louisiana Meridian 1807 31 ° 00 ′ 31 '' N 92 ° 24 ′ 55 '' W / 31.00861 ° N 92.41528 ° W / 31.00861 ; - 92.41528 ( Louisiana Meridian ) Louisiana Michigan Meridian 1815 42 ° 25 ′ 28 '' N 84 ° 21 ′ 53 '' W / 42.42444 ° N 84.36472 ° W / 42.42444 ; - 84.36472 ( Michigan Meridian ) Michigan & Ohio Mount Diablo Meridian 1851 37 ° 52 ′ 54 '' N 121 ° 54 ′ 47 '' W / 37.88167 ° N 121.91306 ° W / 37.88167 ; - 121.91306 ( Mount Diablo Meridian ) California & Nevada Navajo Meridian 1869 35 ° 44 ′ 56 '' N 108 ° 31 ′ 59 '' W / 35.74889 ° N 108.53306 ° W / 35.74889 ; - 108.53306 ( Navajo Meridian ) Arizona New Mexico Principal Meridian 1855 34 ° 15 ′ 35 '' N 106 ° 53 ′ 12 '' W / 34.25972 ° N 106.88667 ° W / 34.25972 ; - 106.88667 ( New Mexico Principal Meridian ) Colorado & New Mexico Montana Principal Meridian 1867 45 ° 47 ′ 13 '' N 111 ° 39 ′ 33 '' W / 45.78694 ° N 111.65917 ° W / 45.78694 ; - 111.65917 ( Montana Principal Meridian ) Montana Salt Lake Meridian 1855 40 ° 46 ′ 11 '' N 111 ° 53 ′ 27 '' W / 40.76972 ° N 111.89083 ° W / 40.76972 ; - 111.89083 ( Salt Lake Meridian ) Utah San Bernardino Meridian 1852 34 ° 07 ′ 13 '' N 116 ° 55 ′ 48 '' W / 34.12028 ° N 116.93000 ° W / 34.12028 ; - 116.93000 ( San Bernardino Meridian ) California Second Principal Meridian 1805 38 ° 28 ′ 14 '' N 86 ° 27 ′ 21 '' W / 38.47056 ° N 86.45583 ° W / 38.47056 ; - 86.45583 ( Second Principal Meridian ) Illinois & Indiana Seward Meridian 1911 60 ° 07 ′ 37 '' N 149 ° 21 ′ 26 '' W / 60.12694 ° N 149.35722 ° W / 60.12694 ; - 149.35722 ( Seward Meridian ) Alaska Sixth Principal Meridian 1855 40 ° 00 ′ 07 '' N 97 ° 22 ′ 08 '' W / 40.00194 ° N 97.36889 ° W / 40.00194 ; - 97.36889 ( Sixth Principal Meridian ) Colorado , Kansas , Nebraska , South Dakota & Wyoming Saint Helena Meridian 1819 30 ° 59 ′ 56 '' N 91 ° 09 ′ 36 '' W / 30.99889 ° N 91.16000 ° W / 30.99889 ; - 91.16000 ( Saint Helena Meridian ) Louisiana Saint Stephens Meridian 1805 30 ° 59 ′ 51 '' N 88 ° 01 ′ 20 '' W / 30.99750 ° N 88.02222 ° W / 30.99750 ; - 88.02222 ( Saint Stephens Meridian ) Alabama & Mississippi Tallahassee Meridian 1824 30 ° 26 ′ 03 '' N 84 ° 16 ′ 38 '' W / 30.43417 ° N 84.27722 ° W / 30.43417 ; - 84.27722 ( Tallahassee Meridian ) Florida & Alabama Third Principal Meridian 1805 38 ° 28 ′ 27 '' N 89 ° 08 ′ 54 '' W / 38.47417 ° N 89.14833 ° W / 38.47417 ; - 89.14833 ( Third Principal Meridian ) Illinois Uintah Meridian 1875 40 ° 25 ′ 59 '' N 109 ° 56 ′ 06 '' W / 40.43306 ° N 109.93500 ° W / 40.43306 ; - 109.93500 ( Unitah Meridian ) Utah Umiat Meridian 1956 69 ° 23 ′ 29.654 '' N 152 ° 00 ′ 04.55 '' W / 69.39157056 ° N 152.0012639 ° W / 69.39157056 ; - 152.0012639 ( Umiat Meridian ) Alaska Ute Meridian 1880 39 ° 06 ′ 23 '' N 108 ° 31 ′ 59 '' W / 39.10639 ° N 108.53306 ° W / 39.10639 ; - 108.53306 ( Ute Meridian ) Colorado Washington Meridian 1803 30 ° 59 ′ 56 '' N 91 ° 09 ′ 36 '' W / 30.99889 ° N 91.16000 ° W / 30.99889 ; - 91.16000 ( Washington Meridian ) Mississippi Willamette Meridian 1851 45 ° 31 ′ 11 '' N 122 ° 44 ′ 34 '' W / 45.51972 ° N 122.74278 ° W / 45.51972 ; - 122.74278 ( Willamette Meridian ) Oregon & Washington Wind River Meridian 1875 43 ° 00 ′ 41 '' N 108 ° 48 ′ 49 '' W / 43.01139 ° N 108.81361 ° W / 43.01139 ; - 108.81361 ( Wind River Meridian ) Wyoming Based on the BLM manual 's 1973 publication date , and the reference to Clarke 's Spheroid of 1866 in section 2 - 82 , the coordinates listed are believed to be in the NAD27 datum . Social impact ( edit ) Railroad land grants ( edit ) Illustration of railroad land grant layout . The Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 ( signed by President Abraham Lincoln ) was the first major land grant specifically for the transcontinental railroad . This act provided surveyed , public lands for a railroad right - of - way to build rail systems , and millions of acres to raise the capital needed to build and maintain the future railways . Ten square miles of land on each side of the proposed rail track were granted for every one mile of completed railway . The U.S. Public Land Survey System was utilized for measurement . Every one - mile railway completed was akin to a section . If the railway ran predominantly east and west , a 10 - mile ( 16 km ) range of one square mile sections were allotted on each side of the 400 - foot ( 120 m ) right - of - way . If the railway ran predominantly north and south , a 10 - mile ( 16 km ) township of one square mile sections were allotted on each side of the 400 - foot ( 120 m ) right - of - way . The land was granted in alternating sections ( one square mile ) . Each odd numbered section going to the railroad company . Each even numbered section kept by the government . This created a checkerboard pattern along proposed rail way . This was supposed to guarantee that railroad access would increase the value of not only the railroad granted sections , but also the government owned sections in the checkerboard . The system was devised by Senator Stephen A. Douglas , with political support from Senator Jefferson Davis . Education ( edit ) Under the 1785 act , section 16 of each township was set aside for school purposes , and as such was often called the school section . Section 36 was also subsequently added as a school section in western states . The various states and counties ignored , altered or amended this provision in their own ways , but the general ( intended ) effect was a guarantee that local schools would have an income and that the community schoolhouses would be centrally located for all children . An example of land allotments made specifically for higher education is Ohio 's College Township . Survey fraud ( edit ) There were numerous incidents of fraudulent or bad surveying reported , arguably in nearly every state . The remote nature of the land being surveyed certainly enabled the opportunity for fraud to occur . The most notorious , large scale , and costly fraud was perpetrated by the Benson Syndicate , operating primarily in California in the 1880s . Metric system adoption ( edit ) The U.S. Public Land Survey System is considered one of the major points of contention in the adoption of the metric system in the United States . The U.S. Public Land Survey System has used the Gunter 's chain as a basic measurement . In Canada , however , where the land survey is based on the same units of measure as the U.S. land survey , the metric system was adopted without issue . `` ... the measurements of every plot of ground in the United States have been made in acres , feet , and inches , and are publicly recorded with the titles to the land according to the record system peculiar to this country . '' -- Franklin Institute of Philadelphia ( 1876 ) . Because of this , redefining property boundaries could create a large amount of legal issues and property owner confusion . Many local zoning laws are defined in feet / square feet . Conversion of units for surveyors are not always simple and complex decisions are frequently required ( non-universal conversion factors , soft / hard conversions , number rounding ) . Farmland in Kansas divided into quarter sections Example of road system in a PLSS area ; Nebraska Example of road system in a non-PLSS area ; North Carolina Urban design ( edit ) As roads have typically been laid out along section boundaries spaced one mile ( 1.6 km ) apart , growing urban areas have adopted road grids with mile - long `` blocks '' as their primary street network . Such roads in urban areas are known as section line roads , usually designed primarily for automobile travel and limited in their use for non-motorized travel . In post-World War II suburbs , commercial development has largely occurred along and at intersections of arterials , while the rest of the former square - mile sections have generally filled with residential development , as well as schools , religious facilities , and parks . One example of this is famous Mile Road System of Detroit , Michigan . Occasionally , and more frequently in a metropolitan region 's inner postwar suburbs than in outer areas , arterials are located at approximately half - mile intervals . This strictly regimented urban ( or suburban ) structure has coincided with the similarly strict practice of Euclidean zoning ( named after the town of Euclid , Ohio , which won a 1926 Supreme Court case Village of Euclid , Ohio v. Ambler Realty Co. , which established the constitutionality of zoning ) . In Euclidean zoning , use of a property is dictated and regulated by zoning district , the boundaries of which are often based on locations of arterials . West of the Appalachians , road systems frequently follow the PLSS grid structure ( see illustrations of Nebraska vs North Carolina on left ) . The results can be 90 - degree intersections and very long stretches of straight roads . Popular culture ( edit ) The land system is an important part of American history and culture . Among other things , the stock phrases `` lower 40 '' , `` front 40 '' , `` back 40 '' , and `` 40 acres and a mule '' , which are sometimes heard in American movies , reference the quarter - quarter section . The `` lower 40 '' in a quarter - section is the one at lowest elevation , i.e. in the direction that water drains . The `` lower 40 '' is frequently the location of or the direction of a stream or a pond . The phrase `` 40 acres and a mule '' was the compensation apocryphally promised by the Freedmen 's Bureau following the American Civil War . The idea of 40 work days in an acre came from a Gunter 's chain calculation . At the time of the Homestead Act , four square perch ( 33 ft × 33 ft ) = one work day . RKO Forty Acres was a film studio backlot for filming movies and TV shows such as King Kong , Gone With The Wind and Star Trek . 40 Acres and a Mule Filmworks is the production company of noted American filmmaker Spike Lee . Homesteading , another staple of American western culture , was also dependent on the Public Land Survey System . In the original Homestead Act of 1862 , during the Lincoln Administration , each settler was allocated 160 acres ( 0.65 km ) of land ; in other words , a quarter - section . Later amendments of the Homestead Act allocated more land , as much as 640 acres ( 2.6 km ) ; in other words , a section . This was a good revision to apply to land that was drier or more desolate than the earlier , more desirable lands already settled . Many times , this land was more suited to ranching than to farming . The hodag is a mythical creature and the mascot of Rhinelander , Wisconsin , created by Gene Shepard in 1893 . A specimen of the creature was claimed to have been found in section 37 of a local township ; a township contains only 36 sections . See also ( edit ) United States portal Groma surveying Louisiana Purchase State Park ( beginning point of the Louisiana Purchase survey ) Lot and Block survey system Dominion Land Survey ( Canada ) Meridians in the United States ( edit ) Principal meridian List of principal and guide meridians and base lines of the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Staff ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` The Public Land Survey System ( PLSS ) '' . National Atlas of the United States . U.S. Department of the Interior . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2012 . Retrieved June 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Staff ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` The Public Land Survey System ( PLSS ) '' . National Atlas of the United States . U.S. Department of the Interior . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2012 . Retrieved Nov 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Beginning Point of the U.S. Public Land Survey Pennsylvania ( Historical monument ) . East Liverpool , OH : East Liverpool Historical Society . Retrieved June 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Johnson , J.B. ; Smith , Leonard S. ( 1913 ) . The Theory And Practice of Surveying ( 17th ed . ) . New York : Wiley & Sons . OCLC 221005352 . Jump up ^ Zelizer , Julian E. ( 2004 ) . The American Congress : The Building of Democracy . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . pp. 287 -- 8 . ISBN 9780618179060 . Jump up ^ Staff . `` State Land Department Historical Overview '' . ASLD History . Arizona State Land Department . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2012 . Retrieved June 16 , 2012 . Act of Congress , February 24 , 1863 , granted sections 16 and 36 of each township for the benefit of the common schools Jump up ^ Macdonald , Elizabeth ; Sanders , Rebecca ; Supawanich , Paul ( November 25 , 2008 ) . The Effects of Transportation Corridors ' Roadside Design Features on User Behavior and Safety , and Their Contributions to Health , Environmental Quality , and Community Economic Vitality : a Literature Review ( PDF ) ( Report ) . University of California Transportation Center . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 6 , 2012 . Retrieved June 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://web.ics.purdue.edu/~duffy/IE486.../IE486_p14_Accid%20Anal%20Prv.pdf Jump up ^ Teague , Kipp ( 2012 ) . `` ' 40 Acres ' The Lost Studio Backlot of Movie & Television Fame ( 1926 -- 1976 ) '' . RetroWeb . Self - published . Retrieved June 20 , 2012 . Linklater , Andro ( 2002 ) . Measuring America : How an Untamed Wilderness Shaped the United States and Fulfilled the Promise of Democracy . New York : Walker & Co . ISBN 0 - 8027 - 1396 - 3 . ( Describes the history and social context of the PLSS and some of the political maneuvering that went into its creation . ) -- -- ( 2003 ) . Measuring America : How the United States Was Shaped by the Greatest Land Sale in History . New York : Plume . ISBN 0 - 452 - 28459 - 7 . Meine , Curt ( 2004 ) . Correction Lines : Essays on Land , Leopold , and Conservation . Washington , D.C. : Island Press . ISBN 9781559637329 . Pattison , William ( 1957 ) . Beginnings of the American Land Survey System , 1784 -- 1800 ( Geography Research Paper ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Chicago : University of Chicago . Thrower , Norman J.W. ( 1966 ) . Original Survey and Land Subdivision : A Comparative Study of the Form and Effect of Contrasting Cadastral Surveys . Chicago : Rand McNally for the Association of American Geographers . OCLC 953203 . Treat , Payson J. ( 2003 ) ( 1910 ) . The National Land System , 1785 -- 1820 . New York : E.B. Treat . ISBN 1 - 57588 - 797 - 5 . External links ( edit ) LSD + GPS + UTM coordinates ( batch ) conversion Free map converters & tools Bureau of Land Management Manual of Instructions for the Survey of the Public Lands of the United States , 2009 Manual of Instructions for the Survey of the Public Lands of the United States , 1973 ( as PDF ) - Official manual for PLSS Resources page of the U.S. Department of the Interior , Bureau of Land Management National Land Information System ( NILS ) - Cadastral records and land parcel information including GeoCommunicator below NILS GeoCommunicator - Cadastral records and land parcel information U.S. Geological Survey National Geodetic Survey American Congress on Surveying & Mapping TRS data to latitude / longitude calculator - for 17 western U.S. states www.resurvey.org - reference for land surveyors working in the PLSS Federal Township Plats of Illinois , 1804 - 1891 from the Illinois State Archives Researching New Mexico Land Grants IIC Minnesota Historical Vegetation The Minnesota Bearing Tree Database The Principal Meridian Project Locating Oil or Gas Wells Using The Federal Township and Range System Lists of the coordinates used for section corners in Kansas City , Missouri Wisconsin State Cartographer 's Office - Curiosities and trivia about the PLSS Public Land Survey System in Google Earth - a free Google Earth implementation of the National Integrated Land System ( NILS ) GeoCommunicator map service Sample of PLSS in ESRI ArcGIS - Alabama PLSS Convert PLSS to Latitude and Longitude Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_Land_Survey_System&oldid=840424295 '' Categories : Land surveying of the United States Real estate in the United States Land surveying systems Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012 Pages using citations with format and no URL Lists of coordinates Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 May 2018 , at 20 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public%20Land%20Survey%20System
| 2,065 |
||
when was the last time the chicago white sox won the world series
|
Chicago White Sox 2017 Chicago White Sox season Established in 1888 Team logo Cap insignia Major league affiliations American League ( 1901 -- present ) Central Division ( 1994 -- present ) West Division ( 1969 -- 1993 ) Current uniform Retired numbers 9 11 14 16 19 35 56 72 42 Colors Black , silver , white Name Chicago White Sox ( 1904 -- present ) Chicago White Stockings ( 1901 -- 1903 ) White Stockings ( 1900 ) Saint Paul Saints ( 1895 -- 1899 ) Sioux City Cornhuskers ( 1888 -- 1894 ) Other nicknames The Sox , The ChiSox , The South Siders , The Pale Hose Ballpark Guaranteed Rate Field ( 1991 -- present ) Comiskey Park ( 1910 -- 1990 ) Milwaukee County Stadium ( select games , 1968 -- 1969 ) South Side Park ( III ) ( 1900 -- 1910 ) Major league titles World Series titles ( 3 ) 1906 1917 2005 AL Pennants ( 6 ) 1901 1906 1917 1919 1959 2005 Central Division titles ( 3 ) 2000 2005 2008 West Division titles ( 2 ) 1993 Front office Owner ( s ) Jerry Reinsdorf Manager Rick Renteria General Manager Rick Hahn President of Baseball Operations Kenny Williams
|
2005
|
Chicago White Sox
|
chicago white sox
|
The Chicago White Sox are an American professional baseball team based in Chicago . The White Sox compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) Central division . Home games are held at Guaranteed Rate Field , located on the city 's South Side , and the team is owned by Jerry Reinsdorf . They are one of two major league clubs in Chicago ; the other is the Chicago Cubs , who are a member of the National League ( NL ) Central division .
|
One of the American League 's eight charter franchises , the franchise was established as a major league baseball club in 1901 . The club was originally called the Chicago White Stockings , but this was soon shortened to Chicago White Sox . The team originally played home games at South Side Park before moving to Comiskey Park in 1910 , where they played until Guaranteed Rate Field opened in 1991 . The White Sox won the 1906 World Series with a defense - oriented team dubbed `` the Hitless Wonders '' , and the 1917 World Series led by Eddie Cicotte , Eddie Collins , and Shoeless Joe Jackson . The 1919 World Series was marred by the Black Sox Scandal , in which several members of the White Sox were accused of conspiring with gamblers to fix games . In response , Major League Baseball 's new Commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis banned the players from Major League Baseball for life . In 1959 , led by Early Wynn , Nellie Fox , Luis Aparicio and manager Al López , the White Sox won the American League pennant . They won the AL pennant in 2005 , and went on to win the World Series , led by Paul Konerko , Mark Buehrle , catcher A.J. Pierzynski , and the first Latino manager to win the World Series , Ozzie Guillén . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Ballparks 2.1 Previous ballparks 2.2 Spring training ballparks 3 Logos and uniforms 4 Culture 4.1 Nicknames 4.2 Mascots 4.3 Fight and theme songs 4.4 Rivalries 4.4. 1 Crosstown Classic 4.4. 2 Divisional 4.4. 3 Historical 5 Broadcasting 5.1 Radio 5.2 Television 6 Personnel 6.1 Current roster 6.2 Front office and key personnel 7 Awards and accolades 7.1 World Series championships 7.2 American League championships 7.3 Award winners 7.4 Team captains 7.5 Retired numbers 7.5. 1 Out of circulation , but not retired 7.6 Baseball Hall of Famers 7.7 Ford C. Frick Award recipients 8 Minor league affiliates 9 Silver Chalice subsidiary 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of the Chicago White Sox 1906 White Sox , with club founder Charles Comiskey The White Sox originated as the Sioux City Cornhuskers of the Western League , a minor league under the parameters of the National Agreement with the National League . In 1894 , Charles Comiskey bought the Cornhuskers and moved them to St. Paul , Minnesota , where they became the St. Paul Saints . In 1900 , with the approval of Western League president Ban Johnson , Charles Comiskey moved the Saints into his hometown neighborhood of Armour Square , Chicago , where they became known as the White Stockings , the former name of Chicago 's National League team , the Orphans ( now the Chicago Cubs ) . In 1901 , the Western League broke the National Agreement and became the new major league American League . The very first season in the American League ended with a White Stockings championship . However , that would be the end of the season as the World Series did not begin until 1903 . The franchise , now known as the Chicago White Sox , made its first World Series appearance in 1906 , beating the crosstown Cubs in six games . The White Sox would win a third pennant and second World Series in 1917 , beating the New York Giants in six games with help from stars Eddie Cicotte and `` Shoeless '' Joe Jackson . The Sox were heavily favored in the 1919 World Series , but lost to the Cincinnati Reds in 8 games . Huge bets on the Reds fueled speculation that the series had been fixed . A criminal investigation went on in the 1920 season , and though all players were acquitted , commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis banned six of the White Sox players for life , in what was known as the Black Sox Scandal . This set the franchise back , as they did not win another pennant for 40 years . The White Sox did not finish in the upper half of the American League again until after club founder Charles Comiskey died and passed ownership of the club to his son , J. Louis Comiskey . They finished in the upper half most years between 1936 -- 1946 under the leadership of manager Jimmy Dykes , with star shortstop Luke Appling , known as Ol ' Aches and Pains , and pitcher Ted Lyons . Appling and Lyons have their numbers 4 and 16 retired . After J. Louis Comiskey died in 1939 , ownership of the club was passed down to his widow , Grace Comiskey . The club was later passed down to Grace 's children Dorothy and Chuck in 1956 , with Dorothy selling a majority share to a group led by Bill Veeck after the 1958 season . Veeck was notorious for his promotional stunts , attracting fans to Comiskey Park with the new `` exploding scoreboard '' and outfield shower . In 1961 , Arthur Allyn , Jr. briefly owned the club before selling to his brother John Allyn . Al López , manager of the Go - Go White Sox From 1951 to 1967 , the White Sox had their longest period of sustained success , scoring a winning record for 17 straight seasons . Known as the `` Go - Go White Sox '' for their tendency to focus on speed and getting on base versus power hitting , they featured stars such as Minnie Miñoso , Nellie Fox , Luis Aparicio , Billy Pierce , and Sherm Lollar . From 1957 to 1965 , the Sox were managed by Al López . The Sox finished in the upper half of the American League in eight of his nine seasons , including six years in the top two of the league . In 1959 , the White Sox ended the New York Yankees dominance over the American League , and won their first pennant since the ill - fated 1919 campaign . Despite winning game one of the 1959 World Series 11 - 0 , they fell to the Los Angeles Dodgers in six games . The late 1960s and 70s were a tumultuous time for the Sox , as they struggled to win games and attract fans . Allyn and Bud Selig agreed to a handshake deal that would give Selig control of the club and move them to Milwaukee ; however , this was blocked by the American League . Selig instead bought the Seattle Pilots and moved them to Milwaukee , putting enormous pressure on the American League to place a team in Seattle . A plan was in place for the Sox to move to Seattle and for Charlie Finley to move his Oakland A 's to Chicago . However , Chicago had a renewed interest in the Sox after the 1972 season , and the American League instead added the expansion Seattle Mariners . The 1972 White Sox were one of the lone successful season of this era , as Dick Allen wound up winning the American League MVP award . Some have said that Dick Allen is responsible for saving the White Sox in Chicago . Bill Veeck returned as owner of the Sox in 1975 , and despite not having much money , they managed to win 90 games in 1977 , a team known as the South Side Hitmen . However , the team 's fortunes plummeted after the 1977 season , plagued by 90 - loss teams and scarred by the notorious Disco Demolition Night promotion in 1979 . Bill Veeck was forced to sell the team . He rejected offers from ownership groups intent on moving the club to Denver , eventually agreeing to sell the club to Ed DeBartolo , who was the only prospective owner who promised to keep the Sox in Chicago . However , DeBartolo was rejected by the owners , and the club was then sold to a group headed by Jerry Reinsdorf and Eddie Einhorn . The Reinsdorf era started off well , as the Sox won their first division title in 1983 , led by manager Tony La Russa and stars Carlton Fisk , Tom Paciorek , Ron Kittle , Harold Baines , and LaMarr Hoyt . During the 1986 season , La Russa was fired by announcer - turned - GM Ken Harrelson . La Russa went on to manage in six World Series ( winning 3 ) with the Oakland A 's and St. Louis Cardinals , ending up in the Hall of Fame as the third - winningest manager of all time . Frank Thomas in 1997 The White Sox struggled for the rest of the 1980s , as Chicago fought to keep the Sox in town . Reinsdorf wanted to replace the aging Comiskey Park , and sought public funds to do so . When talks stalled , there was a strong offer to move the team to the Tampa , Florida area . Funding for a new ballpark was approved in an 11th hour deal by the Illinois State Legislature on June 30 , 1988 , with the stipulation that new park had to be built on the corner of 35th and Shields , across the street from the old ballpark , as opposed to the suburban ballpark the owners had designed . Architects offered to redesign the ballpark to a more `` retro '' feel that would fit in the city blocks around Comiskey Park ; however , the ownership group was set on a 1991 open date , and so they kept the old design . In 1991 , the new Comiskey Park opened . However , it would be rendered obsolete a year later with the opening of the retro - inspired Oriole Park at Camden Yards . The park , now known as Guaranteed Rate Field , underwent many renovations in the early 2000s to give it a more retro feel . The White Sox were fairly successful in the 1990s and early 2000s , with 12 winning seasons between 1990 -- 2005 . First Baseman Frank Thomas became the face of the franchise , ending his career as the White Sox ' all - time leader in runs , doubles , home runs , total bases and walks . Other major players included Robin Ventura , Ozzie Guillén , Jack McDowell , and Bobby Thigpen . The Sox would win the West division in 1993 , and were in first place in 1994 when the season was cancelled due to the 1994 MLB Strike . In 2004 , Ozzie Guillén was hired as manager of his former team . After finishing second in 2004 , the Sox won 99 games and the Central Division title in 2005 behind the work of stars Paul Konerko , Mark Buehrle , A.J. Pierzynski , Joe Crede , and Orlando Hernández . They started the playoffs by sweeping the defending champion Boston Red Sox in the ALDS , and then beat the Angels in 5 games to win their first pennant in 46 years , thanks to 4 complete games by the White Sox rotation . The White Sox went on to sweep the Houston Astros in the 2005 World Series , giving the Sox their first World Championship in 88 years . Guillen had marginal success during the rest of his tenure , with the Sox winning the Central Division title in 2008 after a one game playoff with the Minnesota Twins . However , Guillen left the White Sox after the 2011 season , and was replaced by former teammate Robin Ventura . The White Sox finished the 2015 season , their 115th in Chicago , with a 76 - 86 record , a 3 - game improvement over 2014 . The White Sox recorded their 9000th win in franchise history against the home team Detroit by the score of 3 - 2 on Monday , September 21 , 2015 . Ventura returned in 2016 , with a young core featuring Jose Abreu , Adam Eaton , José Quintana , and Chris Sale . Ventura resigned after the 2016 season in which the White Sox finished 78 - 84 . Rick Renteria , the 2016 White Sox bench coach , was promoted to the role of manager . Prior to the start of the 2017 season , the White Sox traded Chris Sale to the Boston Red Sox and Adam Eaton to the Washington Nationals for prospects including Yoan Moncada , Lucas Giolito , and Michael Kopech , signaling the beginning of a rebuilding period . Ballparks ( edit ) Main article : Guaranteed Rate Field In the late 1980s , the franchise threatened to relocate to Tampa Bay ( as did the San Francisco Giants ) , but frantic lobbying on the part of the Illinois governor James R. Thompson and state legislature resulted in approval ( by one vote ) of public funding for a new stadium . Designed primarily as a baseball stadium ( as opposed to a `` multipurpose '' stadium ) New Comiskey Park ( redubbed U.S. Cellular Field in 2003 and Guaranteed Rate Field in 2016 ) was built in a 1960s style similar to Dodger Stadium and Kauffman Stadium . It opened in 1991 to positive reviews ; many praised its wide open concourses , excellent sight lines , and natural grass ( unlike other stadiums of the era such as Rogers Centre in Toronto ) . The park 's inaugural season drew 2,934,154 fans -- at the time , an all - time attendance record for any Chicago baseball team . View from the upper deck of U.S. Cellular Field in 2006 In recent years , money accrued from the sale of naming rights to U.S. Cellular has been allocated for renovations to make the park more aesthetically appealing and fan friendly . Notable renovations of early phases included : re-orientation of the bullpens parallel to the field of play ( thus decreasing slightly the formerly symmetrical dimensions of the outfield ) ; filling seats in up to and shortening the outfield wall ; ballooning foul - line seat sections out toward the field of play ; creating a new multi-tiered batter 's eye , allowing fans to see out through one - way screens from the center - field vantage point , and complete with concession stand and bar - style seating on its ' fan deck ' ; renovating all concourse areas with brick , historic murals , and new concession stand ornaments to establish a more friendly feel . The stadium 's steel and concrete was repainted dark gray and black . The scoreboard Jumbotron was also replaced with a new Mitsubishi Diamondvision HDTV giant screen . More recently , the top quarter of the upper deck was removed in 2004 and a black wrought metal roof was placed over it , covering all but the first eight rows of seats . This decreased seating capacity from 47,098 to 40,615. 2005 also saw the introduction of the Scout Seats , redesignating ( and re-upholstering ) 200 lower deck seats behind home plate as an exclusive area , with seat - side waitstaff and a complete restaurant located underneath the concourse . The most significant structural addition besides the new roof was 2005 's FUNdamentals Deck , a multi-tiered structure on the left field concourse containing batting cages , a small Tee Ball field , speed pitch , and several other child - themed activities intended to entertain and educate young fans with the help of coaching staff from the Chicago Bulls / Sox Training Academy . This structure was used during the 2005 playoffs by ESPN and Fox Broadcasting Company as a broadcasting platform . Designed as a 7 - phase plan , the renovations were completed before the 2007 season with the 7th and final phase . The most visible renovation in this final phase was replacing the original blue seats with green seats . The upper deck already had new green seats , put in before the beginning of the 2006 season . Beginning with the 2007 season a new luxury seating section was added in the former press box . This section has amenities similar to those of the Scout Seats section . After the 2007 season the ballpark continued renovation projects despite that the 7 - phase plan was complete . Previous Ballparks ( edit ) Batting practice at Comiskey Park in 1986 The St. Paul Saints first played their games at Lexington Park . When they moved to Chicago 's Armour Square neighborhood , they began play at the South Side Park . Previously a cricket ground , the park was located on the north side of 39th Street ( now called Pershing Road ) between South Wentworth and South Princeton Avenues . Its massive dimensions yielded few home runs , which was to the advantage of the White Sox ' Hitless Wonders teams of the early 20th century . After the 1909 season , the Sox moved 5 blocks to the north to play in the new Comiskey Park , while the 39th Street grounds became the home of the Chicago American Giants of the Negro Leagues . Billed as the Baseball Palace of the World , it originally held 28,000 seats and eventually grew to hold over 50,000 . It became known for its many odd features , such as the outdoor shower and the exploding scoreboard . When it closed after the 1990 season , it was the oldest ballpark still in Major League Baseball . Spring Training Ballparks ( edit ) The White Sox have held spring training in : Excelsior Springs , Missouri ( 1901 -- 1902 ) Mobile , Alabama ( 1903 ) ; Marlin Springs , Texas ( 1904 ) New Orleans ( 1905 -- 1906 ) Mexico City , Mexico ( 1907 ) Los Angeles ( 1908 ) San Francisco ( Recreation Park , 1909 -- 1910 ) Mineral Wells , Texas ( 1911 , 1916 -- 1919 ) Waco , Texas ( 1912 , 1920 ) ; Paso Robles , California ( 1913 -- 1915 ) Waxahachie , Texas ( 1921 ) Seguin , Texas ( 1922 -- 1923 ) Winter Haven , Florida . ( 1924 ) Shreveport , Louisiana ( 1925 -- 1928 ) Dallas ( 1929 ) San Antonio ( 1930 -- 1932 ) Pasadena , California ( 1933 -- 1942 , 1946 -- 1950 ) French Lick , Indiana ( 1943 -- 1944 ) Terre Haute , Indiana ( 1945 ) Palm Springs , California ( Palm Springs Stadium , 1951 ) El Centro , California ( 1952 -- 1953 ) ; Tampa , Florida ( 1954 -- 1959 , Plant Field , 1954 , Al Lopez Field 1955 -- 1959 ) Sarasota , Florida ( 1960 -- 1997 ; Payne Park Ed Smith Stadium 1989 -- 97 ) . Tucson , Arizona ( Tucson Electric Park , 1998 -- 2008 , Cactus League , shared with Arizona Diamondbacks ) Phoenix , Arizona ( Camelback Ranch , 2009 -- present ) On November 19 , 2007 , the cities of Glendale , Arizona and Phoenix , Arizona broke ground on the Cactus League 's newest Spring Training facility . Camelback Ranch , the $76 million two - team facility is the new home of both the White Sox and the Los Angeles Dodgers for their Spring Training programs . Aside from state - of - the - art baseball facilities at the 10,000 - seat stadium the location includes residential , restaurant and retail development , a 4 - star hotel and 18 - hole golf course . Other amenities include 118,000 sq ft ( 11,000 m ) of Major and minor league clubhouses for the two teams , four Major League practice fields and eight minor league practice fields , two practice infields and parking to accommodate 5,000 vehicles . Logos and uniforms ( edit ) See also : Major League Baseball uniforms Over the years the White Sox have become noted for many of their uniform innovations and changes . In 1960 , the White Sox became the first team in the major sports to put players ' last names on jerseys . 1912 -- 1917 , 1919 -- 1929 , 1931 , and 1936 -- 1938 Chicago White Sox logo In 1912 the White Sox debuted a large `` S '' in a Roman - style font , with a small `` O '' inside the top loop of the `` S '' and a small `` X '' inside the bottom loop . This is the logo associated with the 1917 World Series championship team and the 1919 Black Sox . With a couple of brief interruptions , the dark - blue logo with the large `` S '' lasted through 1938 ( but continued in a modified block style into the 1940s ) . Through the 1940s , the White Sox team colors were primarily navy blue trimmed with red . The White Sox logo in the 1950s and 1960s ( actually beginning in the 1949 season ) was the word `` SOX '' in an Old English font , diagonally arranged , with the `` S '' larger than the other two letters . From 1949 through 1963 , the primary color was black ( trimmed with red after 1951 ) . The Old English `` SOX '' in black lettering is the logo associated with the Go - Go Sox era . In 1964 , the primary color went back to navy blue , and the road uniforms changed from gray to pale blue . In 1971 , the team 's primary color changed from royal blue to red , with the color of their pinstripes and caps changing to red . The 1971 -- 1975 uniform included red socks . Chicago White Sox logo ( 1976 -- 1987 ) In 1976 the team 's uniforms changed again . The team 's primary color changed back from red to navy . The team based their uniforms on a style worn in the early days of the franchise , with white jerseys worn at home , blue on the road . The team brought back white socks for the last time in team history . The socks featured a different stripe pattern every year . The team also had the option to wear blue or white pants with either jersey . Additionally the teams `` SOX '' logo was changed to a modern - looking `` SOX '' in a bold font , with ' CHICAGO ' written across the jersey . Finally , the team 's logo featured a silhouette of a batter over the words `` SOX '' . The new uniforms also featured collars and were designed to be worn untucked -- both unprecedented . Yet by far the most unusual wrinkle was the option to wear shorts , which the White Sox did for the first game of a doubleheader against the Kansas City Royals in 1976 . The Hollywood Stars of the Pacific Coast League had previously tried the same concept , it was also poorly received . Apart from aesthetic issues , as a practical matter shorts are not conducive to sliding , due to the likelihood of significant abrasions . Upon taking over the team in 1980 new owners Eddie Einhorn and Jerry Reinsdorf announced a contest where fans were invited to create new uniforms for the White Sox . The winning entry was submitted by a fan where the word `` SOX '' was written across the front of the jersey , in the same font as a cap , inside of a large blue stripe trimmed with red . The red and blue stripes were also on the sleeves , and the road jerseys were gray to the home whites . In those jerseys the White Sox won 99 games and the AL West championship in 1983 , the best record in the majors . Alternate logo , on road uniforms ( 1991 -- 2010 ) After five years those uniforms were retired and replaced with a more basic uniform which had `` White Sox '' written across the front in script , with `` Chicago '' on the front of the road jersey . The cap logo was also changed to a cursive `` C '' , although the batter logo was retained for several years . For a mid-season 1990 game at Comiskey Park the White Sox appeared once in a uniform based on that of the 1917 White Sox . The White Sox then switched their regular uniform style once more . In September , for the final series at Old Comiskey Park , the old English `` SOX '' logo ( a slightly simplified version of the 1949 -- 63 logo ) was restored , and the new uniform also had the black pinstripes restored . The team 's primary color changed back to black , this time with silver trim . The team also introduced a new sock logo -- a white silhouette of a sock centered inside a white outline of a baseball diamond -- which appeared as a sleeve patch on the away and alternate uniforms until 2011 when the patch was switched with the primary logo on the away uniform . With minor modifications ( i.e. , occasionally wearing vests , black game jerseys ) the White Sox have used this style ever since . During the 2012 and 2013 seasons , the White Sox wore their throwback uniforms at home every Sunday , starting with the 1972 red - pinstriped throwback jerseys worn during the 2012 season , followed by the 1981 -- 86 uniforms the next season . In the 2014 season , the `` Winning Ugly '' throwbacks were promoted to full - time alternate status , and is now worn at home on select dates . In one game during the 2014 season , the White Sox paired their throwbacks with a cap featuring the batter logo instead of the wordmark `` SOX '' ; this is currently their batting practice cap prior to games in the throwback uniforms . Culture ( edit ) Nicknames ( edit ) The White Sox were originally known as the White Stockings , a reference to the original name of the Chicago Cubs . To fit the name in headlines , local newspapers such as the Chicago Tribune abbreviated the name alternatively to Stox and Sox . Charles Comiskey would officially adopt the White Sox nickname in the club 's first years , making them the first team to officially use the `` Sox '' name . The Chicago White Sox are most prominently nicknamed `` the South Siders '' , based on their particular district within Chicago . Other nicknames include the synonymous `` Pale Hose '' ; `` the ChiSox '' , a combination of `` Chicago '' and `` Sox '' , used mostly by the national media to differentiate them between the Boston Red Sox ( BoSox ) ; and `` the Good Guys '' , a reference to the team 's one - time motto `` Good guys wear black '' , coined by broadcaster Ken Harrelson . Most fans and Chicago media refer to the team as simply `` the Sox '' . The Spanish language media sometimes refer to the team as Medias Blancas for `` White Socks . '' Several White Sox teams have received nicknames over the years : The 1906 team were known as the Hitless Wonders , due to their . 230 batting average , worst in the American League . Despite their hitting woes , the Sox would beat the crosstown Cubs for their first world title . The 1919 White Sox are known as the Black Sox , after 8 players were banned from baseball for fixing the 1919 World Series . The 1959 White Sox were referred to as the Go - Go White Sox due to their speed - based offense . The period from 1950 to 1964 , in which the White Sox had 15 consecutive winning seasons , is sometimes referred to as the Go - Go Era . The 1977 team were known as the South Side Hitmen as they contended for the division title after finishing last the year before . The 1983 White Sox became known as the Winning Ugly White Sox in response to Texas Rangers manager Doug Rader 's derisive comments that the White Sox `` ... were n't playing well . They 're winning ugly . '' The Sox went on to win the 1983 American League West division . Mascots ( edit ) Southpaw See also : List of Major League Baseball mascots From 1961 until 1991 , lifelong Chicago resident Andrew Rozdilsky performed as the unofficial yet popular mascot `` Andy the Clown '' for the White Sox at the original Comiskey Park . Known for his elongated `` Come on you White Sox '' battle cry , Andy got his start after a group of friends invited him to a Sox game in 1960 , where he decided to wear his clown costume and entertain fans in his section . That response was so positive that when he won free 1961 season tickets , he decided to wear his costume to all games . Comiskey Park ushers eventually offered free admission to Rozdilsky . Starting in 1981 , the new ownership group led by Jerry Reinsdorf introduced a twosome , called Ribbie and Roobarb , as the official team mascots , and banned Rozdilsky from performing in the lower seating level . Ribbie and Roobarb were very unpopular , as they were seen as an attempt to get rid of the beloved Andy the Clown . In 1988 , the Sox got rid of Ribbie and Roobarb , and Andy The Clown was not permitted to perform in new Comiskey Park when it opened in 1991 . In the early 1990s the White Sox had a cartoon mascot named , ' Waldo The White Sox Wolf ' that advertised the ' Silver and Black Pack ' , the team kid 's club at the time . The team 's current mascot , SouthPaw , was introduced in 2004 to attract young fans . Fight and Theme songs ( edit ) Nancy Faust became the White Sox organist in 1970 , a position she would hold for 40 years . She was one of the first ballpark organists to play pop music , and became known for her songs playing on the names of opposing players ( such as Iron Butterfly 's `` In - A-Gadda - Da - Vida '' for Pete Incaviglia ) . Her many years with the White Sox established her as one of the last great stadium organists . Since 2011 , Lori Moreland has served as the White Sox organist . Similar to the Boston Red Sox with `` Sweet Caroline '' ( and two songs named `` Tessie '' ) , and the New York Yankees with `` Theme from New York , New York '' , several songs have become associated with the White Sox over the years . They include : `` Let 's Go Go Go White Sox '' by Captain Stubby and the Buccaneers -- A tribute to the `` Go - Go White Sox '' of the late 1950s , this song serves as the unofficial fight song of the White Sox . In 2005 , scoreboard operator Jeff Szynal found a record of the song and played it for a `` Turn Back the Clock '' game against the Los Angeles Dodgers , whom the Sox played in the 1959 World Series . After catcher A.J. Pierzynski hit a walk - off home run , they kept the song around as the White Sox went on to win the 2005 World Series . `` Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye '' by Steam -- Organist Nancy Faust played this song during the 1977 pennant race when a Kansas City Royals pitcher was pulled , and it became an immediate hit with White Sox fans . Faust is credited with making the song a stadium anthem and saving it from obscurity . To this day the song remains closely associated with the White Sox , who play it when the team forces a pitching change , and occasionally on Sox home runs and victories . `` Sweet Home Chicago '' -- The Blues Brothers version of this Robert Johnson blues standard is played after White Sox victories . Rivalries ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( August 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Crosstown classic ( edit ) Fielder Jones of the White Sox hits the ball against Cubs at West Side Grounds , 1905 Main article : Cubs -- White Sox rivalry The Chicago Cubs are the crosstown rivals of the White Sox , a rivalry that some made fun of prior to the White Sox 's 2005 title because both of them had extremely long championship droughts . The nature of the rivalry is unique ; with the exception of the 1906 World Series , in which the White Sox upset the favored Cubs , the teams never met in an official game until 1997 , when interleague play was introduced . In the intervening time , the two teams sometimes met for exhibition games . The White Sox currently lead the regular season series 48 -- 39 , winning the last 4 seasons in a row . The BP Crosstown Cup was introduced in 2010 and the White Sox have won the trophy each time . There have been seven series sweeps since interleague play began : four by the Cubs in 1998 , 2004 , 2007 , and 2008 , and three by the White Sox in 1999 , 2008 and 2012 , with 1999 and 2012 occurring in Wrigley Field . An example of this volatile rivalry is the game played between the White Sox and the Chicago Cubs at U.S. Cellular Field on May 20 , 2006 . White Sox catcher A.J. Pierzynski was running home on a sacrifice fly by center fielder Brian Anderson and smashed into Cubs catcher Michael Barrett , who was blocking home plate . Pierzynski lost his helmet in the collision , and slapped the plate as he rose . Barrett stopped him and , after exchanging a few words , punched Pierzynski in the face , causing a melee to ensue . Brian Anderson and Cubs first baseman John Mabry got involved in a separate confrontation , although it was later determined that Mabry was attempting to be a peacemaker . After 10 minutes of conferring following the fight , the umpires ejected Pierzynski , Barrett , Anderson , and Mabry . As Pierzynski entered his dugout , he pumped his arms , causing the soldout crowd at U.S. Cellular Field to erupt in cheers . When play resumed , White Sox second baseman Tadahito Iguchi blasted a grand slam to put the White Sox up 5 -- 0 on their way to a 7 -- 0 win over their crosstown rivals . While there are other major league cities and metropolitan areas in which two teams co-exist , all of the others feature at least one team which began playing there in 1961 or later , whereas the White Sox and Cubs have been competing for their city 's fans since 1901 . Divisional ( edit ) Main article : Major League Baseball rivalries § Chicago White Sox vs. Detroit Tigers The White Sox enjoy healthy divisional rivalries . The Detroit Tigers are one of Chicago 's primary rivals , and the cities of Chicago and Detroit share rivalries in other sports as well , such as the Bulls -- Pistons rivalry , Blackhawks -- Red Wings rivalry and the Bears -- Lions rivalry . The rivalry has had its fair share of fights as well . The two teams are separated by a small under 5 hour drive . Main article : Major League Baseball rivalries § Chicago White Sox vs. Minnesota Twins The Minnesota Twins are high - profile rivals as well , with fans of both teams showing up to US Cellular Field and Target Field in healthy numbers . The White Sox and Twins also played in a one - game playoff in 2008 , the White Sox would win the game 1 -- 0 and the division . Main article : Major League Baseball rivalries § Chicago White Sox vs. Cleveland Indians Chicago has another rivalry with the Cleveland Indians . The rivalry first started upon the creation of the AL Central in 1994 . On July 15 , 1994 an umpire confiscated Albert Belle 's bat , presuming that it was corked . They put it in the umpire 's room at Comiskey Park . However , Indians pitcher Jason Grimsley climbed through the ceiling from the visitor 's clubhouse and stole the bat . The theft was discovered and Belle was suspended ; Grimsley later owned up to the theft . Belle further inflamed matters by spurning the Indians and signing a large free agent contract with the White Sox in 1997 . Historical ( edit ) A historical regional rival was the St. Louis Browns . Through the 1953 season , the two teams were located fairly close to each other ( including the 1901 season when the Browns were the Milwaukee Brewers ) , and could have been seen as the American League equivalent of the Cardinals -- Cubs rivalry , being that Chicago and St. Louis have for years been connected by the same highway ( U.S. Route 66 and now Interstate 55 ) . The rivalry has been somewhat revived at times in the past , involving the Browns ' current identity , the Baltimore Orioles , most notably in 1983 . The current Milwaukee Brewers franchise was also a primary White Sox rival , due to the proximity of the two cities , and with the teams competing in the same division for the 1970 and 1971 seasons , and then again from 1994 to 1997 . The rivalry died down however , when the Brewers moved to the National League in 1998 . Broadcasting ( edit ) See also : List of Chicago White Sox broadcasters Radio ( edit ) Elson in the 1940s . The White Sox did not sell exclusive rights for radio broadcasts from radio 's inception until 1944 , instead having local stations share rights for games . The White Sox first granted exclusive rights in 1944 , and would bounce between stations until 1952 , when the White Sox started having all games broadcast on 1000 AM WCFL . Throughout this period of instability , one thing remained constant : the White Sox play - by - play announcer , Bob Elson . Known as the `` Commander '' , Elson was the voice of the Sox from 1929 until his departure from the club in 1970 . In 1979 , he was the recipient of the Ford Frick Award , and his profile is permanently on display in the National Baseball Hall of Fame . After the 1966 season , radio rights shifted from 1000 AM to 670 AM , WMAQ . An NBC owned & operated station , it was the home of the Sox until the 1996 season ( with the exception of brief stints on 1300 AM WTAQ and 780 AM WBBM ) . After Elson 's retirement in 1970 , Harry Caray began his tenure as the voice of the White Sox , on radio as well as on television . Although best remembered as a broadcaster for the rival Cubs , Caray was very popular with White Sox fans , pining for a `` cold one '' during broadcasts . Caray would often broadcast from the stands , sitting at a table set up amidst the bleachers . It became a badge of honor among Sox fans to `` Buy Harry a beer ... '' By game 's end you 'd see a large stack of empty beer cups beside his microphone . This only endeared him to fans that much more . In fact , it was with the Sox that he started his tradition of leading the fans in the singing of Take Me Out To The Ballgame . Caray , alongside color analyst Jimmy Piersall , was never afraid to criticize the Sox , which angered numerous Sox managers and players , notably Bill Melton and Chuck Tanner . He left to succeed Jack Brickhouse as the voice of the Cubs in 1981 , where he became a national icon . The White Sox shifted through several announcers in the 1980s , before hiring John Rooney as play - by - play announcer in 1989 . In 1992 , he was paired with color announcer Ed Farmer . In 14 seasons together , the duo became a highly celebrated announcing team , even being ranked by USA Today as the top broadcasting team in the American League . Starting with Rooney and Farmer 's fifth season together , Sox games returned to the 1000 AM frequency for the first time in 30 years ( now the ESPN owned & operated station WMVP ) . The last game on WMVP was Game 4 of the 2005 World Series , with the White Sox clinching their first World Series title in 88 years . That also was Rooney 's last game with the Sox , as he left to join the radio broadcast team of the St. Louis Cardinals . In 2006 , radio broadcasts returned to 670 AM , now the CBS - Owned all - sports station WSCR , branded as 670 the Score . Ed Farmer became the play - by - play man after Rooney left , joined in the booth by Chris Singleton from 2006 to 2007 and then Steve Stone in 2008 . In 2009 , Darrin Jackson became the color announcer for White Sox radio , where he remains today . Farmer and Jackson are joined by Chris Rogney , who hosts pregame and postgame shows on WSCR . The Chicago White Sox Radio Network currently has 18 affiliates in 3 states , and the White Sox are on contract with 670 the Score through the 2015 season . As of recently , White Sox games are also broadcast in Spanish with play - by - play announcer Hector Molina joined in the booth by Billy Russo . Formerly broadcasting on ESPN Deportes Radio via WNUA , games will begin to be broadcast on 1200 AM WRTO during the 2015 season . Beginning with the 2016 season , the White Sox radio broadcasts will shift to 890 WLS AM . Television ( edit ) White Sox games appeared sporadically on television throughout the first half of the 20th century , most commonly announced by Jack Brickhouse on Channel 9 , WGN - TV . Starting in 1968 , Jack Drees took play - by - play duties as the Sox were broadcast on channel 32 , WFLD . After 1972 , Harry Caray ( joined by Jimmy Piersall in 1977 ) began double duty as a TV and Radio announcer for the Sox , as broadcasts were moved to channel 44 , WSNS - TV , from 1972 to 1980 , followed by one year on WGN - TV . Don Drysdale became the play - by - play announcer in 1982 , as the White Sox began splitting their broadcasts between WFLD and the new Pay - TV channel , Sportsvision . Ahead of its time , Sportsvision had a chance to gain huge profits for the Sox . However , few people would subscribe to the channel after being used to free - to - air broadcasts for many years , resulting in the franchise losing around $300,000 a month . While this was going on , every Cubs game was on WGN , with Harry Caray becoming the national icon he never was with the White Sox . The relatively easy access to Cubs games versus Sox games in this era , combined with the popularity of Caray and the Cubs being owned by the Tribune Company , is said by some to be the main cause of the Cubs advantage in popularity over the Sox . Harrelson in the broadcast booth in 2007 Three major changes to White Sox broadcasting happened each year from 1989 to 1991 : in 1989 , Sportsvision was replaced by the cable TV channel SportsChannel Chicago . In 1990 , over-the - air broadcasts shifted back to WGN . And in 1991 , Ken Harrelson became the play by play announcer of the White Sox . One of the most polarizing figures in baseball , `` Hawk '' has been both adored and scorned for his emotive announcing style . His history of calling out umpires has earned him reprimands from the Commissioner 's office , and he has been said to be the most biased announcer in baseball . However , Harrelson has said that he is proud of being `` the biggest homer in baseball '' , saying that he is a White Sox fan like his viewers . Currently , White Sox local television broadcasts are split between two channels : the majority of games are broadcast on cable by the regional sports network NBC Sports Chicago ( which the club has a 20 % stake in ) , and remaining games are produced by WGN Sports and are broadcast locally on WGN - TV . WGN games are also occasionally picked up by local stations in Illinois , Iowa , and Indiana . In the past , WGN games were broadcast nationally on the WGN America superstation , but those broadcasts ended after the 2014 season as WGN America began its transition to a standard cable station . WGN Sports - produced White Sox games not carried by WGN - TV were carried by WCIU - TV until the 2015 season , when they moved to MyNetworkTV station WPWR - TV . That arrangement ended on September 1 , 2016 when WGN became an independent station . Prior to 2016 , the announcers were the same no matter where the games were broadcast : Harrelson provided play - by - play , and Steve Stone provided color analysis since 2009 . Games that are broadcast on NBC Sports Chicago feature pregame and postgame shows , hosted by Chuck Garfein with analysis from Bill Melton and occasionally Frank Thomas . In 2016 , the team announced an official split of the play - by - play duties , with Harrelson calling road games and the Crosstown Series and Jason Benetti calling home games . In 2017 , the team announced that the 2018 season will be Harrelson 's final in the booth . He will call 20 games over the course of the season , after which Benetti will take over full - time play - by - play duties . Personnel ( edit ) Current roster ( edit ) Chicago White Sox 2018 spring training roster view talk 40 - man roster Non-roster invitees Coaches / Other Pitchers 70 Aaron Bummer -- Ian Clarkin 68 Dylan Covey 43 Danny Farquhar 71 Jace Fry 51 Carson Fulmer 27 Lucas Giolito 63 Gregory Infante 65 Nate Jones 40 Reynaldo López 37 Juan Minaya 55 Carlos Rodon 33 James Shields -- Thyago Vieira Catchers -- Welington Castillo 38 Omar Narváez 36 Kevan Smith Infielders 79 José Abreu 7 Tim Anderson 24 Matt Davidson -- Casey Gillaspie 10 Yoan Moncada 20 Tyler Saladino 5 Yolmer Sánchez Outfielders -- Micker Adolfo -- Luis Alexander Basabe -- Ryan Cordell 30 Nicky Delmonico 41 Adam Engel 26 Avisail García 28 Leury García 61 Willy García -- Eloy Jiménez 32 Jacob May -- Daniel Palka 22 Charlie Tilson Manager 17 Rick Renteria Coaches 8 Daryl Boston ( first base ) 12 Nick Capra ( third base ) 99 Don Cooper ( pitching ) 29 Curt Hasler ( bullpen ) 47 Joe McEwing ( bench / infield ) 59 Mark Salas ( bullpen catcher / catching ) 46 Greg Sparks ( assistant hitting ) 31 Todd Steverson ( hitting ) 36 active , 0 inactive , 0 non-roster invitees 7 - or 10 - day disabled list * Not on active roster Suspended list Roster , coaches , and NRIs updated December 1 , 2017 Transactions Depth Chart → All MLB rosters Front office and key personnel ( edit ) Chicago White Sox key personnel Chairman Jerry Reinsdorf Senior Executive Vice President Howard Pizer Executive Vice President Ken Williams General Manager Rick Hahn Assistant General Manager Buddy Bell Senior Vice President , Administration Tim Buzard Senior Vice President , Stadium Operations Terry Savarise Senior Vice President , Communications Scott Reifert Senior Vice President , Sales and Marketing Brooks Boyer Head Groundskeeper Roger Bossard Public Address Announcer Gene Honda Organist Lori Moreland Source : Awards and accolades ( edit ) World Series championships ( edit ) Season Manager Regular season record World Series opponent World Series record Ref 1906 Fielder Jones 93 -- 58 Chicago Cubs 4 -- 2 1917 Pants Rowland 100 -- 54 New York Giants 4 -- 2 2005 Ozzie Guillén 99 -- 63 Houston Astros 4 -- 0 3 World Championships American League championships ( edit ) Note : American League Championship Series began in 1969 Season Manager Regular season record AL Runner - Up / ALCS opponent Games ahead / ALCS record Ref 1901 Clark Griffith 83 -- 53 Boston Americans 4.0 1906 Fielder Jones 93 -- 58 New York Highlanders 3.0 1917 Pants Rowland 100 -- 54 Boston Red Sox 9.0 1919 Kid Gleason 88 -- 52 Cleveland Indians 3.5 1959 Al López 94 -- 60 Cleveland Indians 5.0 2005 Ozzie Guillén 99 -- 63 Los Angeles Angels 4 -- 1 6 American League Championships Award winners ( edit ) Main article : List of Chicago White Sox award winners and league leaders Most Valuable Player 1959 : Nellie Fox 1972 : Dick Allen 1993 : Frank Thomas 1994 : Frank Thomas Cy Young Award 1959 : Early Wynn 1983 : LaMarr Hoyt 1993 : Jack McDowell Manager of the Year 1983 : Tony La Russa 1990 : Jeff Torborg 1993 : Gene Lamont 2000 : Jerry Manuel 2005 : Ozzie Guillén Rookie of the Year 1956 -- Luis Aparicio 1963 -- Gary Peters 1966 -- Tommie Agee 1983 -- Ron Kittle 1985 -- Ozzie Guillén 2014 -- José Abreu Team captains ( edit ) Luke Appling 1930 -- 1950 Ozzie Guillén 1990 -- 1997 Carlton Fisk 1990 -- 1993 Paul Konerko 2006 -- 2014 Retired numbers ( edit ) See also : List of Major League Baseball retired numbers The White Sox have retired a total of 12 jersey numbers : 11 worn by former White Sox and number 42 in honor of Jackie Robinson . Nellie Fox 2B Retired May 1 , 1976 Harold Baines RF , DH Coach Retired August 20 , 1989 Luke Appling SS Coach Retired June 7 , 1975 Minnie Miñoso LF Coach Retired May 8 , 1983 Luis Aparicio SS Retired August 14 , 1984 Paul Konerko 1B Retired May 23 , 2015 Ted Lyons Manager Retired July 25 , 1987 Billy Pierce Retired July 25 , 1987 Frank Thomas 1B , DH Retired August 29 , 2010 Mark Buehrle Retired June 24 , 2017 Carlton Fisk Retired September 14 , 1997 Jackie Robinson 2B Retired By all of MLB 1997 Luis Aparicio 's number 11 was issued at his request for the 2010 and 2011 seasons for 11 time Gold Glove winner shortstop Omar Vizquel ( because number 13 was used by manager Ozzie Guillén ; Vizquel , like Aparicio and Guillen , play ( ed ) shortstop and all share a common Venezuelan heritage ) . Also , Harold Baines had his number 3 retired in 1989 ; it has since been ' unretired ' 3 times in each of his subsequent returns . Out of circulation , but not retired ( edit ) 6 : Since Charley Lau 's death in 1984 , no White Sox player or coach ( except Lau disciple Walt Hriniak , the Chicago White Sox ' hitting coach from 1989 to 1995 ) has worn his number 6 jersey , although it has not been officially retired . 13 : Since Ozzie Guillén left as manager of the White Sox , no Sox player or coach has worn his number 13 jersey , although it is not officially retired . Baseball Hall of famers ( edit ) Chicago White Sox Hall of Famers Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Chicago White Sox Roberto Alomar Luis Aparicio Luke Appling Chief Bender Steve Carlton Eddie Collins * Charles Comiskey ( Exec . ) * * George Davis Larry Doby Hugh Duffy ( Mgr . ) Johnny Evers Red Faber Carlton Fisk Nellie Fox Goose Gossage Ken Griffey , Jr . Clark Griffith Harry Hooper George Kell Tony La Russa ( Mgr . ) Bob Lemon ( Mgr . ) Al López ( Mgr . ) Ted Lyons Tim Raines Edd Roush Red Ruffing Ron Santo Ray Schalk * Tom Seaver Al Simmons Frank Thomas Bill Veeck ( Exec . ) * * Ed Walsh * Hoyt Wilhelm Early Wynn Players and managers listed in bold are depicted on their Hall of Fame plaques wearing a White Sox cap insignia . * Has no insignia on his cap due to playing at a time when caps bore no insignia . * * Wears no cap , but the White Sox are considered their primary team Ford C Frick Award recipients ( edit ) Chicago White Sox Ford C. Frick Award recipients Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Jack Brickhouse Harry Caray Bob Elson Milo Hamilton Names in bold received the award based primarily on their work as broadcasters for the White Sox . Minor league affiliates ( edit ) Main article : List of Chicago White Sox minor league affiliates Level Team League Location AAA Charlotte Knights International League Charlotte , North Carolina AA Birmingham Barons Southern League Birmingham , Alabama Advanced A Winston - Salem Dash Carolina League Winston - Salem , North Carolina Kannapolis Intimidators South Atlantic League Kannapolis , North Carolina Rookie Great Falls Voyagers Pioneer League Great Falls , Montana DSL White Sox Dominican Summer League Boca Chica , Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic AZL White Sox Arizona League Glendale , Arizona Silver Chalice subsidiary ( edit ) Silver Chalice is a digital and media investment subsidiary of the White Sox with Brooks Boyers as CEO . Silver Chalice was co-founded by Jerry Reinsdorf , White Sox executive Brooks Boyer , Jason Coyle and John Burris in 2009 . Chalice has since partnered with IMG on Campus Insiders , a college sports digital channel . The company also invested in 120 Sports , a digital sports channel , that launched in June 2016 . These efforts have since been merged with Sinclair Broadcasting Group 's American Sports Network into the new multi-platform network Stadium as of September 2017 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bova , George . `` Sox Fans ' Guide to Sox Uniforms '' . FlyingSock.Com . White Sox Interactive . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1901 , after having won in the minor league American League in 1900 . American League Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball Reference . Sports Reference . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stezano , Martin ( October 24 , 2012 ) . `` 6 Things You May Not Know About the World Series '' . History . A&E Television Networks . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1906 World Series '' . Baseball Reference . Sports Reference . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1917 World Series '' . Baseball Reference . Sports Reference . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Black Sox '' . Chicago Historical Society . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2014 . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` J. Louis Comiskey '' . Baseball Library . Idea Logical . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Retired Numbers '' . WhiteSox.com . MLB Advanced Media . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` All - Time Owners '' . WhiteSox.com . MLB Advanced Media . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Minnie Miñoso '' . Baseball Reference . Sports Reference . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nellie Fox '' . Baseball Reference . Sports Reference . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Luis Aparicio '' . Baseball Reference . Sport Reference . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Billy Pierce '' . Baseball Reference . Sport Reference . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sherm Lollar '' . Baseball Reference . Sport Reference . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Al López '' . Baseball Reference . Sport Reference . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1959 Chicago White Sox season '' . Baseball Reference . Sport Reference . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1959 World Series '' . MLB.com . MLB Advanced Media . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bova , George . `` Save Our Sox ! '' . FlyingSock.com . White Sox Interactive . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dick Allen '' . Baseball Reference . Sport Reference . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Vettel , Phil . `` Steve Dahl 's Disco Demolition at Comiskey Park '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tony La Russa '' . Baseball Reference . Sport Reference . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1983 Chicago White Sox Season '' . Baseball Reference . Sport Reference . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Garfein , Chuck ( February 4 , 2013 ) . `` Hawk Opens Up on Firing La Russa '' . CSN Chicago . Retrieved May 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Paul Francis ( June 21 , 2011 ) . `` The Franchise moves that never happened '' . The Hardball Times . Retrieved May 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bova , George . `` A Conversation with Phillip Bess '' . FlyingSock.com . White Sox Interactive . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Frank Thomas '' . National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1993 Chicago White Sox '' . Baseball Reference . Sport Reference . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2009 . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guillen Back with White Sox as Manager '' . ESPN . November 5 , 2003 . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 Chicago White Sox '' . Baseball Reference . Sport Reference . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 ALCS '' . Baseball Reference . Sport Reference . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` White Sox end 88 - year drought , sweep Astros to win World Series '' . ESPN . October 27 , 2005 . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Merkin , Scott ( October 1 , 2008 ) . `` White Sox claim AL Central Crown '' . WhiteSox.com . MLB Advanced Media . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ van Schouwen , Daryl ( October 4 , 2015 ) . `` White Sox blanked in fitting finish to 2015 '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved October 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Chicago White Sox season '' . Baseball Reference . Sport Reference . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kass , John ( May 12 , 1988 ) . `` Thompson : Sox Vow To Stay If Bill Passes '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ Thornley , Stew ( 2004 ) . `` Twin Cities Ballparks '' . stewthornley.net . Retrieved May 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Cellular Field History '' . WhiteSox.com . MLB Advanced Media . Retrieved June 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Healey , Paul . `` South Side Park '' . Project Ballpark . Retrieved June 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , David J. `` Never on a Friday '' . Chicago Baseball Museum . Retrieved June 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago White Sox Spring Training '' . Jump up ^ `` Chicago White Sox : Spring Training History '' . Spring Training Online . August Publications . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2005 . Retrieved May 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Let 's Play Ball ! '' . Glendale AZ . June 26 , 2007 . Retrieved May 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Cubs Team History & Encyclopedia '' . Baseball Reference . Sports Reference . Retrieved December 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Engber , Daniel ( October 25 , 2015 ) . `` X Marks The Baseball team '' . Explainer . Slate . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ DeFord , Frank ( May 18 , 2005 ) . `` The Finest Nickname in Baseball '' . National Public Radio . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1906 : The Hitless Wonders '' . This Great Game . Retrieved December 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Secter , Bob . `` The 1959 ' Go - Go ' White Sox and the air - raid sirens '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved December 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Evans , Sean ( April 25 , 2012 ) . `` The 25 Greatest Moments in White Sox History '' . Complex . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Singer , Stacey ( September 24 , 1995 ) . `` Andrew Rozdilsky , 77 , Clown for Sox '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ley , Tom ( January 14 , 2014 ) . `` A Brief History of Terrible Chicago Mascots '' . Deadspin . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` White Sox History : The sad story of Ribbie and Roobarb '' . South Side Sox . SBNation . March 16 , 2013 . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Padilla , Doug ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` Sox : ' No grief about our mascot ' '' . ESPN Chicago . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Crouse , Karen ( September 17 , 2010 ) . `` Ballpark Farewell , Played Adagio '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Vickery , Hal . `` Flashing Back with Nancy Faust '' . FlyingSock.com . White Sox Interactive . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Austen , Jake ( June 30 , 2011 ) . `` An organist transplant for the White Sox '' . Chicago Reader . Sun - Times Media . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Theiser , Kelly ( October 18 , 2005 ) . `` Go - Go song revival a hit with fans '' . White Sox official website . MLB Advanced Media . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brown , David ( October 24 , 2011 ) . `` Goodbye , Paul Leka : Writer of sports anthem ' Na Na Hey Hey ' dies '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` All - Time Broadcasters '' . WhiteSox.com . MLB Advanced Media . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Right on Q : A brief history of the White Sox on the radio '' . South Side Sox . SB Nation . May 17 , 2014 . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1979 Ford Frick Award Winner Bob Elson '' . National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1989 Ford Frick Award Winner Harry Caray '' . National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bohn , Matt . `` Harry Caray '' . SABR.org . Society for American Baseball Research . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Steve ( July 26 , 2005 ) . `` Rooney , Farmer give White Sox AL 's top radio team '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Broadcasters '' . WhiteSox.com . MLB Advanced Media . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Radio Afiliates '' . WhiteSox.com . MLB Advanced Media . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` White Sox Announce new Spanish radio broadcasters '' . WhiteSox.com . MLB Advanced Media . March 28 , 2012 . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Broadcast Schedule '' . Official Site of the Chicago White Sox . MLB Advanced Media . Retrieved March 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` All - Time Broadcasters - Television '' . WhiteSox.com . MLB Advanced Media . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` White Sox History : The story of SportsVision '' . South Side Sox . SB Nation . November 30 , 2012 . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Edelman , Alexander . `` Ken Harrelson '' . SABR.org . Society for American Baseball Research . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Selig reprimands Harrelson for rant against umpire '' . Chicago Tribune . June 1 , 2012 . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Diamond , Jared ( September 26 , 2012 ) . `` How Biased Is Your Announcer ? '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Feder , Robert ( December 15 , 2014 ) . `` WGN America comes home to Chicago '' . Robert Feder . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Sherman , Ed ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` White Sox add WPWR - Ch. 50 to station rotation '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Berger , Ralph . `` Steve Stone '' . SABR.org . Society for American Baseball Research . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Van Schouwen , Daryl ( June 24 , 2016 ) . `` White Sox adding Jason Benetti to play - by - play team '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kane , Colleen ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Ken ' Hawk ' Harrelson to retire in 2018 after ' greatest ride of my life ' '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago White Sox Front Office '' . Official Site of the Chicago White Sox . MLB Advanced Media . Retrieved June 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1906 Chicago White Sox '' . Baseball Reference . Sports Reference . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1917 Chicago White Sox '' . Baseball Reference . Sports Reference . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2005 Chicago White Sox '' . Baseball Reference . Sports Reference . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1901 Chicago White Sox '' . Baseball Reference . Sports Reference . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1919 Chicago White Sox '' . Baseball Reference . Sports Reference . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1959 Chicago White Sox '' . Baseball Reference . Sports Reference . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Most Valuable Player Winners '' . MLB.com . Retrieved July 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cy Young Award winners '' . MLB.com . Retrieved July 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Manager of the Year Winners '' . MLB.com . Retrieved July 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` All - time winners '' . MLB.com . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Retired Numbers '' . Chicago White Sox . Retrieved September 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` White Sox Un-Retire Aparicio 's Number , Vizquel to Wear No. 11 During 2010 Season '' . Press release . WhiteSox.com . MLB Advanced Media . February 8 , 2010 . Retrieved May 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Sherman , Ed ( April 21 , 2014 ) . `` Executive Profile : Brooks Boyer '' . Chicago Tribune . pp. 1 -- 3 . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Channick , Robert ( June 25 , 2014 ) . `` All - digital 120 Sports kicking off streaming network '' . Chicago Tribune . Tronc . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Marszalek , Diana ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` Stadium Sports Network Rolls Out on Broadcast TV '' . Broadcasting & Cable . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chicago White Sox . Chicago portal Baseball portal Chicago White Sox official website Chicago White Sox at Chicago Tribune Chicago White Sox Based in Chicago , Illinois Franchise History Seasons Owners and executives Managers Players Opening Day starting pitchers first - round draft picks Broadcasters Team records Award winners No - hitters Ballparks South Side Park Comiskey Park Guaranteed Rate Field Spring training : * Recreation Park Palm Springs Stadium Plant Field Al Lopez Field Payne Park Ed Smith Stadium Tucson Electric Park Camelback Ranch Culture and lore 1994 bat burglary 2008 Blackout Game Andy the Clown Armour Square / Bridgeport Black Sox Scandal Curse of the Black Sox Eight Men Out Field of Dreams Shoeless Joe ( novel ) Captain Stubby and the Buccaneers Disco Demolition Night `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' Gene Honda The Hitless Wonders `` Let 's Go , Go - Go White Sox '' `` Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye '' Nancy Faust Nicknames Only The Lonely Perfect games Charlie Robertson Mark Buehrle Philip Humber Ribbie and Roobarb The Sodfather Southpaw South Side Hitmen Sox -- 35th The Stratton Story `` Sweet Home Chicago '' `` Take Me Out to the Ball Game '' Turn Back the Clock Winning Ugly White Flag Trade Rivalries Chicago Cubs Key personnel Chairman : Jerry Reinsdorf Vice Chairman : Eddie Einhorn Executive Vice President : Ken Williams General Manager : Rick Hahn Special Assistant to the GM : Jim Thome Manager : Rick Renteria World Series championships ( 3 ) 1906 1917 2005 American League championships ( 6 ) 1901 1906 1917 1919 1959 2005 Division championships ( 5 ) West : 1983 1993 Central : 2000 2005 2008 Minor league affiliates Charlotte Knights ( AAA ) Birmingham Barons ( AA ) Winston - Salem Dash ( A Adv . ) Kannapolis Intimidators ( A ) Great Falls Voyagers ( Rookie Adv . ) AZL White Sox ( Rookie ) DSL White Sox ( Rookie ) Media NBC Sports Chicago WGN Sports ( WGN9 / CW50 ) 89 WLS ESPN Deportes 1220 AM White Sox Radio Network Seasons ( 118 ) 1900s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Links to related articles ( show ) Awards and achievements Preceded by New York Giants 1905 World Series Champions Chicago White Sox 1906 Succeeded by Chicago Cubs 1907 Preceded by Boston Red Sox 1916 World Series Champions Chicago White Sox 1917 Succeeded by Boston Red Sox 1918 Preceded by Boston Red Sox World Series Champions Chicago White Sox 2005 Succeeded by St. Louis Cardinals 2006 ( show ) Awards and achievements Preceded by First American League Champions American League Champions Chicago White Sox 1900 and 1901 Succeeded by Philadelphia Athletics 1902 Preceded by Philadelphia Athletics 1905 American League Champions Chicago White Sox 1906 Succeeded by Detroit Tigers 1907 Preceded by Boston Red Sox 1916 American League Champions Chicago White Sox 1917 Succeeded by Boston Red Sox 1918 Preceded by Boston Red Sox 1918 American League Champions Chicago White Sox 1919 Succeeded by Cleveland Indians 1920 Preceded by New York Yankees 1958 American League Champions Chicago White Sox 1959 Succeeded by New York Yankees 1960 Preceded by Boston Red Sox American League Champions Chicago White Sox 2005 Succeeded by Detroit Tigers 2006 ( show ) Awards and achievements Preceded by California Angels 1982 American League West Champions Chicago White Sox Succeeded by Kansas City Royals 1984 Preceded by Oakland Athletics 1992 American League West Champions Chicago White Sox 1993 Succeeded by Seattle Mariners 1995 Preceded by Cleveland Indians 1999 American League Central Champions Chicago White Sox 2000 Succeeded by Cleveland Indians 2001 Preceded by Minnesota Twins American League Central Champions Chicago White Sox 2005 Succeeded by Minnesota Twins 2006 Preceded by Cleveland Indians 2007 American League Central Champions Chicago White Sox 2008 Succeeded by Minnesota Twins 2009 Chicago White Sox managers Clark Griffith ( 1901 -- 1902 ) Nixey Callahan ( 1903 -- 1904 ) Fielder Jones ( 1904 -- 1908 ) Billy Sullivan ( 1909 ) Hugh Duffy ( 1910 -- 1911 ) Nixey Callahan ( 1912 -- 1914 ) Pants Rowland ( 1915 -- 1918 ) Kid Gleason ( 1919 -- 1923 ) Johnny Evers ( 1924 ) Ed Walsh ( 1924 ) Eddie Collins ( 1924 ) Johnny Evers ( 1924 ) Eddie Collins ( 1925 -- 1926 ) Ray Schalk ( 1927 -- 1928 ) Lena Blackburne ( 1928 -- 1929 ) Donie Bush ( 1930 -- 1931 ) Lew Fonseca ( 1932 -- 1934 ) Jimmy Dykes ( 1934 -- 1946 ) Ted Lyons ( 1946 -- 1948 ) Jack Onslow ( 1949 -- 1950 ) Red Corriden ( 1950 ) Paul Richards ( 1951 -- 1954 ) Marty Marion ( 1954 -- 1956 ) Al López ( 1957 -- 1965 ) Eddie Stanky ( 1966 -- 1968 ) Les Moss ( 1968 ) Al López ( 1968 ) Les Moss ( 1968 ) Al López ( 1968 -- 1969 ) Don Gutteridge ( 1969 -- 1970 ) Bill Adair ( 1970 ) Chuck Tanner ( 1970 -- 1975 ) Paul Richards ( 1976 ) Bob Lemon ( 1977 -- 1978 ) Larry Doby ( 1978 ) Don Kessinger ( 1979 ) Tony La Russa ( 1979 -- 1986 ) Doug Rader ( 1986 ) Jim Fregosi ( 1986 -- 1988 ) Jeff Torborg ( 1989 -- 1991 ) Gene Lamont ( 1992 -- 1995 ) Terry Bevington ( 1995 -- 1997 ) Jerry Manuel ( 1998 -- 2003 ) Ozzie Guillén ( 2004 -- 2011 ) Don Cooper ( 2011 ) Robin Ventura ( 2012 -- 2016 ) Rick Renteria ( 2017 -- ) Chicago White Sox retired numbers 2 Nellie Fox 3 Harold Baines 4 Luke Appling 9 Minnie Miñoso 11 Luis Aparicio 14 Paul Konerko 16 Ted Lyons 19 Billy Pierce 35 Frank Thomas 56 Mark Buehrle 72 Carlton Fisk Championship Navigation Boxes Chicago White Stockings 1901 American League Champion Inaugural Roster Jimmy Burke Nixey Callahan Clark Griffith Fred Hartman Zaza Harvey Dummy Hoy Frank Isbell Fielder Jones Jack Katoll Herm McFarland Sam Mertes Wiley Piatt Roy Patterson Frank Shugart John Skopec Joe Sugden Billy Sullivan Manager Clark Griffith Regular season Chicago White Sox 1906 World Series champions Nick Altrock George Davis Jiggs Donahue Patsy Dougherty Ed Hahn Frank Isbell Fielder Jones Ed McFarland Bill O'Neill Frank Owen George Rohe Billy Sullivan Lee Tannehill Babe Towne Ed Walsh Doc White Manager Fielder Jones Regular season Windy City Showdown Chicago White Sox 1917 World Series champions Eddie Cicotte Eddie Collins Shano Collins Dave Danforth Red Faber Happy Felsch Chick Gandil Joe Jackson Nemo Leibold Byrd Lynn Fred McMullin Swede Risberg Reb Russell Ray Schalk Jim Scott Buck Weaver Lefty Williams Manager Pants Rowland Regular season Chicago White Sox 2005 World Series champions 1 Willie Harris 5 Juan Uribe 7 Timo Pérez 8 Carl Everett 12 A.J. Pierzynski 14 Paul Konerko ( ALCS MVP ) 15 Tadahito Iguchi 18 Cliff Politte 20 Jon Garland 22 Scott Podsednik 23 Jermaine Dye ( World Series MVP ) 24 Joe Crede 26 Orlando Hernández 27 Geoff Blum 32 Dustin Hermanson 33 Aaron Rowand 34 Freddy García 36 Chris Widger 38 Pablo Ozuna 43 Dámaso Marte 45 Bobby Jenks 46 Neal Cotts 51 Luis Vizcaíno 52 José Contreras 56 Mark Buehrle Manager 13 Ozzie Guillén Bench Coach 3 Harold Baines First Base Coach 30 Tim Raines Third Base Coach 28 Joey Cora Pitching Coach 21 Don Cooper Hitting Coach 29 Greg Walker Bullpen Coach 53 Art Kusnyer Bullpen Catcher 59 Man - soo Lee General Manager Kenny Williams Regular season American League Division Series American League Championship Series Major League Baseball ( 2017 ) American League East Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers National League East Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals West Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants Postseason World Series Champions NL NL Champions NLCS NLDS AL AL Champions ALCS ALDS Wild Card Game Appearances Streaks Droughts Series Steroid usage Drug policy suspensions Mitchell Report Juiced Vindicated Biogenesis baseball scandal BALCO scandal Game of Shadows Barry Bonds perjury case Miscellaneous All - Star Game World Baseball Classic International games Records Awards Retired numbers Hall of Fame Executive Management Winter Meetings Hot stove league Transactions MLB drafts First year player Rule 5 Players Association TV contracts Highest paid players Luxury tax Instant replay MLB logo MLB team uniforms Minor League Baseball History AL Seasons Tie - breakers Tie - breaking procedures Rivalries Interleague play Schedule Stadiums Civil Rights Game Jackie Robinson Day Spring training Opening Day Lockouts / strikes Mascots MLB.com Timeline Timeline of Major League Baseball History of team nicknames Dead - ball era Live - ball era Golden age of baseball Relocation of the 1950s -- 60s Expansion 1961 1962 1969 1977 1993 1998 Commissioner : Rob Manfred League Presidents NL AL American League Organization Parent league : Major League Baseball Partner league : National League Origins : ( History Western League ) Honorary president : Frank Robinson Current teams East Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers Former , relocated , and disestablished teams Baltimore Orioles ( 1901 -- 1902 ) Kansas City Athletics ( 1955 -- 1967 ) Milwaukee Brewers I ( 1901 ) Milwaukee Brewers II ( 1970 -- 1997 ) Philadelphia Athletics ( 1901 -- 1954 ) Seattle Pilots ( 1969 ) St. Louis Browns ( 1902 -- 1953 ) Washington Senators I ( 1901 -- 1960 ) Washington Senators II ( 1961 -- 1971 ) Championship play List of champions Championship Series Division Series Wild Card winners Related articles Designated hitter Professional baseball Sports teams based in the Chicago metropolitan area Baseball MLB Chicago Cubs Chicago White Sox MWL Kane County Cougars AA Gary SouthShore RailCats FL Joliet Slammers Schaumburg Boomers Windy City ThunderBolts MCL DuPage County Hounds Joliet Admirals NWI Oilmen Southland Vikings PL DuPage Drones Basketball NBA Chicago Bulls WNBA Chicago Sky G League Windy City Bulls ABA Chicago Fury Chicago Steam Libertyville VIpers Football NFL Chicago Bears WFA Chicago Force LFL Chicago Bliss Hockey NHL Chicago Blackhawks AHL Chicago Wolves USHL Chicago Steel Lacrosse CILL Chicago Outlaws MCLC Chicago Lacrosse Club Chitown Lacrosse Club Lincoln Park Lacrosse Club Windy City Lacrosse Club Roller derby USARS Chicago Red Hots WFTDA Chicago Outfit Roller Derby Windy City Rollers Rugby RSL Chicago Griffins RFC Chicago Lions RFC Soccer MLS Chicago Fire NWSL Chicago Red Stars PDL Chicago Fire Premier Indoor soccer MASL Chicago Mustangs Softball NPF Chicago Bandits Australian rules football USAFL Chicago Swans College athletics ( NCAA Division I ) Chicago State Cougars DePaul Blue Demons Loyola Ramblers Northern Illinois Huskies Northwestern Wildcats UIC Flames Valparaiso Crusaders College athletics ( NCAA Division II ) Lewis Flyers Sports teams based in Illinois Baseball MLB Chicago Cubs Chicago White Sox MWL Kane County Cougars Peoria Chiefs FL Gateway Grizzlies Joliet Slammers Normal CornBelters Schaumburg Boomers Southern Illinois Miners Windy City ThunderBolts NWL Rockford Rivets PL Danville Dans Quincy Gems Springfield Sliders Basketball NBA Chicago Bulls WNBA Chicago Sky G League Windy City Bulls ABA Chicago Fury Chicago Steam Libertyville Vipers Windy City Groove IBA Kankakee County Soldiers Rockford Riverdawgs Windy City Blazers MPBA Champaign Swarm Chicago Force Pontiac 66ers Windy City Groove Football NFL Chicago Bears CIF Quad City Steamwheelers IFL Bloomington Edge LFL Chicago Bliss Hockey NHL Chicago Blackhawks AHL Chicago Wolves Rockford IceHogs ECHL Quad City Mallards SPHL Peoria Rivermen FHL Danville Dashers USHL Central Illinois Flying Aces Chicago Steel NAHL Springfield Jr . Blues Inline hockey MLRH Chicago Carnage Roller derby USARS Chicago Red Hots WFTDA Chicago Outfit Roller Derby McLean County MissFits Rockford Rage Southern Illinois Roller Girls Twin City Derby Girls Windy City Rollers Rugby RSL Chicago Griffins RFC Chicago Lions RFC MRFU Rowdies Rugby Football Club Springfield Celts Rugby Club Soccer MLS Chicago Fire PDL Chicago Fire U-23 NPSL Quad City Eagles PLA Aurora Borealis SC RWB Adria NWSL Chicago Red Stars WPSL Chicago Red Stars Reserves Indoor soccer MASL Chicago Mustangs Softball NPF Chicago Bandits Ultimate AUDL Chicago Wildfire College athletics ( NCAA Division I ) Bradley Braves Chicago State Cougars DePaul Blue Demons Eastern Illinois Panthers Illinois Fighting Illini Illinois State Redbirds Loyola Ramblers Northern Illinois Huskies Northwestern Wildcats SIU Edwardsville Cougars Southern Illinois Salukis UIC Flames Western Illinois Leathernecks College athletics ( NCAA Division II ) Lewis Flyers McKendree Bearcats Quincy Hawks UIS Prairie Stars Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chicago_White_Sox&oldid=814748035 '' Categories : Chicago White Sox Baseball teams in Chicago Cactus League Major League Baseball teams Professional baseball teams in Illinois Sports clubs established in 1894 1900 establishments in Illinois Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Use American English from May 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from May 2015 Articles needing additional references from August 2008 All articles needing additional references Articles that may contain original research from August 2008 All articles that may contain original research Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 December 2017 , at 18 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago%20White%20Sox
| 2,066 |
who won season 8 america's next top model
|
The winner was 20 - year - old Jaslene Gonzalez from Chicago , Illinois , who notably had made it to the semi-finals of cycle 7 , but was not cast . Gonzalez became the first winner without any bottom two appearance .
|
Jaslene Gonzalez
|
America 's Next Top Model ( cycle 8 )
|
america's next top model ( cycle 8 )
|
February 28 ( 2007 - 02 - 28 ) -- May 16 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 16 )
|
Additional information Judges Tyra Banks Nigel Barker J. Alexander Twiggy No. of contestants 13 Winner Jaslene Gonzalez Cycle chronology ← Previous Cycle 7 Next → Cycle 9 Season summary The eighth cycle of America 's Next Top Model aired from February 28 , 2007 to May 16 , 2007 , and was the second season of the series to be aired on The CW network . The international destination during this cycle was Sydney , Australia . The winner , similar to all of the cycles aired on The CW network , received representation by Elite Model Management , a cover & six - page spread within Seventeen magazine , and a US $100,000 contract with CoverGirl cosmetics . The cycle 's promotional tagline was `` Welcome To The Jungle , Ladies '' and the promotional theme songs were both Danity Kane 's `` One Shot '' and Shiny Toy Guns ' `` Le Disko . '' The winner was 20 - year - old Jaslene Gonzalez from Chicago , Illinois , who notably had made it to the semi-finals of cycle 7 , but was not cast . Gonzalez became the first winner without any bottom two appearance . The cycle 's finale episode attracted more than 6.6 million viewers , a record for both the franchise and the CW . Contents ( hide ) 1 Contestants 2 Episodes 2.1 The Girl Who Wo n't Stop Talking 2.2 The Girls Go To Prom 2.3 The Girl Who Cries All The Time 2.4 The Girl Who Changes Her Attitude 2.5 The Girl Who Takes Credit 2.6 The Girl Who Gets Thrown In The Pool 2.7 The Girl Who Impresses Pedro 2.8 The Girls Go Down Under 2.9 The Girl Who Picks A Fight 2.10 The Girl Who Blames The Taxi Driver 2.11 The Girl Who Does Not Want To Dance 2.12 The Girl Who Becomes America 's Next Top Model 3 Summaries 3.1 Call - out order 3.2 Photo Shoot Guide 3.3 Other cast members 3.4 Makeovers 4 Post-Top Model careers 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Contestants ( edit ) ( ages stated are at start of contest ) Contestant Age Hometown Finish Place Kathleen DuJour 20 Brooklyn , New York Episode 2 13 Samantha Francis 19 Pinson , Alabama Episode 3 12 Cassandra Watson 24 Seattle , Washington Episode 4 11 Felicia Provost 19 Houston , Texas Episode 5 10 Diana Zalewski 21 Garfield , New Jersey Episode 6 9 Sarah VonderHaar 20 Lake Zurich , Illinois Episode 7 8 Whitney Cunningham 21 West Palm Beach , Florida Episode 8 7 Jael Strauss 22 Detroit , Michigan Episode 9 6 Brittany Hatch 21 Savannah , Georgia Episode 11 5 Dionne Walters 20 Montgomery , Alabama Episode 12 Renee DeWitt 20 Maui , Hawaii Episode 13 Natasha Galkina 21 Dallas , Texas Jaslene Gonzalez 20 Chicago , Illinois Episodes ( edit ) The Girl Who Wo n't Stop Talking ( edit ) First aired February 28 , 2007 Featured photographer : Nigel Barker Special guests : Johnta Austin , Jermaine Dupri , Russell Baer , Marc Ecko , Phillip Bloch The Girls Go To Prom ( edit ) First aired March 7 , 2007 Featured photographer : Carlos Rios Special guests : Roy Campbell , Hallie Bowman CoverGirl of the Week : Jaslene Gonzalez The Girl Who Cries All The Time ( edit ) First aired March 14 , 2007 Featured photographer : Joseph Cultice Special guests : Neeko , Roxanna Floyd , Carissa Rosenberg CoverGirl of the Week : Jaslene Gonzalez The Girl Who Changes Her Attitude ( edit ) First aired March 21 , 2007 Featured photographer : Mike Rosenthal Special guest : Benny Ninja CoverGirl of the Week : Jael Strauss The Girl Who Takes Credit ( edit ) First aired March 28 , 2007 Featured photographer : Richard Reinsdorf Special guests : Cathy Gould , Deda Coben CoverGirl of the Week : Whitney Cunningham The Girl Who Gets Thrown In The Pool ( edit ) First aired April 4 , 2007 Featured photographer : Kareem Black Special guests : 50 Cent , Melrose Bickerstaff , Nicole Richie , Paris Hilton , Beverly Johnson , Nancy Josephson , Nikki Haskell , Larry Sanitsky , Benny Medina , Tia Mowry , Tamera Mowry , Bill Maher , Markus Klinko and Indrani , Jennifer Weiderman CoverGirl of the Week : Natasha Galkina The Girl Who Impresses Pedro ( edit ) First aired April 11 , 2007 Featured photographer : Matthew Jordan Smith Special guests : Tia Mowry , Efren Ramirez , Rebecca Epley , Kim Stolz , Joanie Dodds , Michelle Deighton , Bre Scullark , Michelle Babin , Amanda Babin , Shannon Stewart , Christian Marc CoverGirl of the Week : Jaslene Gonzalez The Girls Go Down Under ( edit ) First aired April 18 , 2007 Featured commercial director : Simon Higgins Special guests : April Wilkner , Erika Heynatz , Gary Riotto , Nick Hudson CoverGirl of the Week : Natasha Galkina The Girl Who Picks A Fight ( edit ) First aired April 25 , 2007 The Girl Who Blames The Taxi Driver ( edit ) First aired May 2 , 2007 Featured photographers : Tyra Banks , Michael Omm Special guests : Jodhi Meares , Priscilla Leighton Clark , Wayne Cooper , Lill Boyd , Anna Hewett , Tina Kalivas , Jayson Brunsdon , Arabella Ramsay , Alice McCall , Kit Willow , David Sciola , Brad Rope , Adrian Allen , Tamati Williams , Samuel Sirena CoverGirl of the Week : Natasha Galkina The Girl Who Does Not Want To Dance ( edit ) First aired May 9 , 2007 Featured photographer : Kane Skennar Special guests : Carissa Rosenberg , Uncle Max , Calita Murray , Justin Schwarz , Sharon Williams CoverGirl of the Week : Jaslene Gonzalez The Girl Who Becomes America 's Next Top Model ( edit ) First aired May 16 , 2007 Featured photographer : Jim De Yonker Special guests : CariDee English , Brent Poer , Sarah - Jane Clarke , Heidi Middleton , Carissa Rosenberg Summaries ( edit ) Call - out order ( edit ) Order Episodes 5 6 7 8 9 11 12 13 Natasha Jaslene Jaslene Brittany Renee Natasha Jael Dionne Natasha Jaslene Renee Jaslene Jaslene Kathleen Brittany Felicia Jael Natasha Dionne Natasha Natasha Renee Natasha Jaslene Natasha Natasha Sarah Felicia Diana Sarah Brittany Brittany Dionne Brittany Jaslene Renee Natasha Renee Cassandra Diana Renee Dionne Whitney Jaslene Brittany Renee Dionne Dionne Dionne 5 Renee Samantha Brittany Felicia Jaslene Sarah Renee Jaslene Brittany Brittany 6 Samantha Cassandra Cassandra Renee Jael Renee Jaslene Jael Jael 7 Dionne Renee Dionne Whitney Diana Jael Whitney Whitney 8 Whitney Sarah Jael Natasha Sarah Whitney Sarah 9 Brittany Dionne Whitney Jaslene Dionne Diana 10 Felicia Whitney Sarah Diana Felicia 11 Jael Natasha Natasha Cassandra 12 Jaslene Jael Samantha 13 Diana Kathleen The contestant was eliminated The contestant won the competition In episode 1 , the pool of 20 girls was reduced to 13 who moved on to the main competition . However , this first call - out does not reflect their performance that first week . Episode 10 was the recap episode . Photo Shoot Guide ( edit ) Episode 1 photo shoot : Mark Ecko 's Pool Party ( casting ) Episode 2 photo shoot : Political Controversies Episode 3 photo shoot : Highschool clichés Episode 4 photo shoot : Nude Candy - coated Episode 5 photo shoot : Crime Scene Victims Episode 6 photo shoot : Gender - swap Episode 7 photo shoot : Four Personalities Beautyshots Episode 8 photo shoot : Unforgettable ANTM moments with Past Contestants Episode 9 commercial : CoverGirl Queen Mascara Commercial with Australian Accent Episode 11 photo shoots : Swimsuits for Women 's and Men 's Magazines Episode 12 photo shoot : Aboriginal Dances Episode 13 photo shoots & Commercial : Covergirl beauty shot ; `` My Life As A Covergirl '' commercial shoot for truShine lipcolor ; Seventeen magazine covers Other cast members ( edit ) Jay Manuel -- photography Sutan -- make - up Christian Marc -- hair Anda & Masha -- wardrobe Makeovers ( edit ) Brittany -- Wavy red weave ; later , weave removed and hair remained red Cassandra -- Voluminous afro Diana -- Golden blonde long hair Dionne -- Black short hair ala Kelis Felicia -- Black hair with bangs Jael -- Originally got a brown weave ; after 8 hours , Tyra changed her mind and she got a brown pixie cut . Jaslene -- Volumized layered hair Natasha -- Trimmed chocolate brown hair with bangs Renee -- Choppy blonde bob Sarah -- Caramel brown hair Whitney -- Wavy brown weave Post-top Model careers ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Renee DeWitt was signed with NEXT Model Management and appeared on Modelville . On December 10 , 2014 , DeWitt was sentenced to 12 years in prison after pleading guilty to four felony burglary counts , one count of vehicle theft , one count of firearm possession and one misdemeanor count of identity theft . She was dismissed of more than a dozen other counts under a plea agreement . Whitney Cunningham had done some print work and signed with CESD Modeling Agency . Kathleen DuJour did some test shots . Samantha Francis was signed with Fusion Model Management in New York City , Apple Model Management in Bangkok and Style International Management in Hong Kong . She used to be signed with Elite Model Management in New York . She was featured as a `` Top Model in Action '' during cycle 13 . Natasha Galkina is currently signed with Red Model Management in New York City , under the name `` Alie M '' , NEXT Model Management in Milan and Elite Model Management in New York . She used to be signed with MUSE Modeling Agency in New York , IMG Models in New York , MGMT First in New York City , Ace Model Management in Athens , Beatrice International Models in Milan , Wilhelmina Models in L.A and Ford Models in New York . She also appears a lots of editorials for Italian Vogue as well as A Cover Of Beauty In Vogue In Russia , Teen Vogue , I-D Magazine , Elle Magazine , Seventeen Magazine , Harper 's Bazaar in Hong Kong , Fashion Magazine , Vanity Fair , Marie Claire and Maxim Magazine . She also signed with Fenton Moon NY along with Andrea Debevc and Mikaela Schipani . Jaslene Gonzalez is currently signed with MC2 Models in New York , Faces Model Management in Malaysia and Exodus Model Management . She has modeled for the New York Post ( Tempo ) , US Weekly , In Touch Weekly , had a 6 - page spread in an issue of Vibe Vixen magazine , a 12 - page fashion spread for ZooZoom Magazine . Named One Of Latina Magazine 's Latinas Of the Year , had a 9 - page spread for Colures ( U.K fashion Magazine ) , was featured in Trace ( magazine ) : Model Behaviour as Falls new faces , has been on the covers and had spreads of over a dozen magazines such as Latina , Imagén , Hombre , 6 Degrees , FN , ZooZoom , Fashion Salon Seventeen , Urban Latino , Bleu , Vanidades , Scene , JamRock , Splendor , Time Out. and Metrostyle Catalog . She has also appeared in Lot29 Fall / Winter 07 - 08 and Spring / Summer 08 ad campaigns ; she has had a total of four billboards in Times Square so far . Also , she shares one of her Lot29 billboards in Times Square , New York with Katarzyna Dolinska . Gonzalez shot an ad campaign for online retailer ShopBop , 8 - page fashion spreads for both Scene Magazine and JamRock Magazine . She is also featured on the pages of Living Proof Magazine , American Salon Magazine and currently has an ad campaign with Marianne Stores . Gonzalez has had an Ad Campaign for designer Cesar Galindo ' s Spring 2008 Collection and appeared on the pages of Supermodels Unlimited Magazine twice for the August and September / October 2008 issues . Gonzalez is also part of the `` Heart On My Sleeve '' clothing campaign by Aubrey O'Day . Gonzalez is on the pages of YRB Magazine . She has also been featured on COACD , fashionista.com and in Women 's Wear Daily . Gonzalez currently has nationwide campaigns with Garnier Nutrisse , and Southpole . In addition , Kett Cosmetics , Marianne Stores F / W 09 , and Recession Denim F / W 09 campaigns . She has also been on the cover Nuovo Magazine . She has been on the cover of Nylon Mexico . In India , she has been in Marie Claire ( June 2012 ) , New Woman and Grazia . Brittany Hatch was signed with Beatrice International Models in Milan and with New York Model Management . Felicia Provost used to be signed with Elite Model Management in Chicago . Jael Strauss used to be signed with Otto Models and also had her own clothing line with Hitch Couture . As of 2012 , Strauss is reported to be battling methamphetamine addiction . Appearing on the Dr. Phil show on September 13 , 2012 , she discussed her struggle with addiction . Sarah VonderHaar was signed with Elite Model Management in Chicago . Dionne Walters was signed with Eye Candy Model Management . Cassandra Watson was signed with Look Model Agency in San Francisco and SMG Models in Seattle . Diana Zalewski continued her education , and did some test shots . Notes ( edit ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` America 's Next Top Model -- Cast -- Tyra Banks '' . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The CW reveals the identities of its ' America 's Next Top Model 8 ' girls '' . Reality TV World . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Next Top Model Cycle 8 Kathleen '' . March 11 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2007 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` America 's Next Top Model Cycle 8 Samantha '' . March 11 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2007 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` America 's Next Top Model Cycle 8 Cassandra '' . March 11 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2007 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` America 's Next Top Model Cycle 8 Felicia '' . March 11 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2007 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` America 's Next Top Model Cycle 8 Diana '' . March 11 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2007 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` America 's Next Top Model Cycle 8 Sarah '' . March 11 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2007 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` America 's Next Top Model Cycle 8 Whitney '' . March 11 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2007 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` America 's Next Top Model Cycle 8 Jael '' . March 11 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2007 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` America 's Next Top Model Cycle 8 Brittany '' . March 11 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2007 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` America 's Next Top Model Cycle 8 Dionne '' . March 11 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2007 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` America 's Next Top Model Cycle 8 Renee '' . March 11 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2007 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` America 's Next Top Model Cycle 8 Natasha '' . March 11 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2007 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` America 's Next Top Model Cycle 8 Jaslene '' . March 11 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2007 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` America 's Next Top Model finalist Renee Alway sentenced to 12 years in prison '' . Daily Mail . December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Natalie Gal -- Fenton Moon NY Archived June 25 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Jaslene Gonzalez '' . Jump up ^ `` InTouch Weekly '' . All-ANTM.net . Jump up ^ `` Hombre '' . All-ANTM.net . Jump up ^ `` Seventeen Magazine '' . All-ANTM.net . Jump up ^ `` Vanidades Cover Confirmed '' . 6 Degrees . February 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Splendor Magazine '' . horacionieto.com . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Can She Stay On Top ? '' . Time Out Magazine . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Metrostyle Teams up with Winners from the Television Show America 's Next Top Model '' . businesswire.com . Jump up ^ `` Lot29 Billboard '' . Adrants.com . Jump up ^ `` Second Time Square Billboards '' . Jump up ^ `` Clothing '' . Marianne Stores . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cesar Galindo '' . Isabella Gucci . Jump up ^ `` Heart On My Sleeve '' . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` title '' . YRB Magazine . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jaslene '' . COACD.BlogSpot.com . Jump up ^ `` ' Her body is covered in sores and her teeth are rotting ' : The former America 's Next Top Model contestant battling a meth addiction '' . Jump up ^ Cassandra Watson -- SMG Models External links ( edit ) Official page at The CW America 's Next Top Model at the Internet Movie Database Entertainment Tonight Pictures and Official Previews at tv.yahoo.com TV Guide.com Interviews Eliminated Contestants America 's Next Top Model , cycle 8 at TV.com ( hide ) America 's Next Top Model Cycles 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 All - Stars ( 17 ) British Invasion ( 18 ) College Edition ( 19 ) Guys & Girls 20 21 22 23 Contestants Winners Adrianne Curry Yoanna House Eva Pigford Naima Mora Nicole Linkletter Danielle Evans CariDee English Jaslene Gonzalez Saleisha Stowers Whitney Thompson McKey Sullivan Teyona Anderson Nicole Fox Krista White Ann Ward Brittani Kline Lisa D'Amato Sophie Sumner Laura James Jourdan Miller Keith Carlos Nyle DiMarco India Gants Finalists Elyse Sewell Mercedes Scelba - Shorte Yaya DaCosta Bre Scullark Jade Cole Melrose Bickerstaff Eugena Washington Natasha Galkina Renee DeWitt Chantal Jones Anya Kop Fatima Siad Analeigh Tipton Allison Harvard Laura Kirkpatrick Leila Goldkuhl Other alumni Toccara Jones Kim Stolz Cassandra Whitehead Anchal Joseph Heather Kuzmich Lisa Jackson Dominique Reighard Isis King Celia Ammerman Natalie Pack Jane Randall Esther Petrack AzMarie Livingston Jasmia Robinson Chantelle Young Related series Modelville ( 2008 ) Stylista ( 2008 ) True Beauty ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=America%27s_Next_Top_Model_(cycle_8)&oldid=801576005 '' Categories : America 's Next Top Model 2007 American television seasons ETC ( TV channel ) shows Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles lacking reliable references from May 2016 All articles lacking reliable references Articles needing additional references from August 2007 All articles needing additional references Use mdy dates from August 2017 Articles needing additional references from August 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Bahasa Melayu Русский Simple English ไทย Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 September 2017 , at 14 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America%2527s%20Next%20Top%20Model%20%28cycle%208%29
| 2,067 |
where did the term walkie talkie come from
|
Walkie - talkie
|
walkie - talkie
|
A walkie - talkie ( more formally known as a handheld transceiver , or HT ) is a hand - held , portable , two - way radio transceiver . Its development during the Second World War has been variously credited to Donald L. Hings , radio engineer Alfred J. Gross , and engineering teams at Motorola . First used for infantry , similar designs were created for field artillery and tank units , and after the war , walkie - talkies spread to public safety and eventually commercial and jobsite work .
|
Typical walkie - talkies resemble a telephone handset , with a speaker built into one end and a microphone in the other ( in some devices the speaker also is used as the microphone ) and an antenna mounted on the top of the unit . They are held up to the face to talk . A walkie - talkie is a half - duplex communication device . Multiple walkie - talkies use a single radio channel , and only one radio on the channel can transmit at a time , although any number can listen . The transceiver is normally in receive mode ; when the user wants to talk he presses a `` push - to - talk '' ( PTT ) button that turns off the receiver and turns on the transmitter . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Developments 3 Contemporary use 3.1 Military 3.2 Amateur radio 3.3 Personal use 3.4 Recreation 3.5 Smartphone apps & connected devices 4 Specialized uses 5 Accessories 6 ITU classification 7 See also 8 References 8.1 Footnotes 8.2 Notations 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) A SCR - 300 military backpack transceiver , nicknamed `` walkie talkie '' Canadian inventor Donald Hings was the first to create a portable radio signaling system for his employer CM&S in 1937 . He called the system a `` packset '' , although it later became known as a `` walkie - talkie '' . In 2001 , Hings was formally decorated for the device 's significance to the war effort . Hings ' model C - 58 `` Handy - Talkie '' was in military service by 1942 , the result of a secret R&D effort that began in 1940 . Alfred J. Gross , a radio engineer and one of the developers of the Joan - Eleanor system , also worked on the early technology behind the walkie - talkie between 1938 and 1941 , and is sometimes credited with inventing it . The first device to be widely nicknamed a `` walkie - talkie '' was developed by the US military during World War II , the backpacked Motorola SCR - 300 . It was created by an engineering team in 1940 at the Galvin Manufacturing Company ( forerunner of Motorola ) . The team consisted of Dan Noble , who conceived of the design using frequency modulation ; Henryk Magnuski , who was the principal RF engineer ; Marion Bond ; Lloyd Morris ; and Bill Vogel . A SCR - 536 US military `` handie talkie '' , the first hand - held walkie - talkie The first handheld walkie - talkie was the AM SCR - 536 transceiver from 1941 , also made by Motorola , named the Handie - Talkie ( HT ) . The terms are often confused today , but the original walkie - talkie referred to the back mounted model , while the handie - talkie was the device which could be held entirely in the hand . Both devices used vacuum tubes and were powered by high voltage dry cell batteries . Noemfoor , Dutch New Guinea , July 1944 . A US soldier ( foreground ) uses a Handie - Talkie during the Battle of Noemfoor . Following World War II , Raytheon developed the SCR - 536 's military replacement , the AN / PRC - 6 . The AN / PRC - 6 circuit used 13 vacuum tubes ( receiver and transmitter ) ; a second set of thirteen tubes was supplied with the unit as running spares . The unit was factory set with one crystal which could be changed to a different frequency in the field by replacing the crystal and re-tuning the unit . It used a 24 - inch whip antenna . There was an optional handset that could be connected to the AN / PRC - 6 by a 5 - foot cable . An adjustable strap was provided for carrying and support while operating . In the mid-1970s , the United States Marine Corps initiated an effort to develop a squad radio to replace the unsatisfactory helmet - mounted AN / PRR - 9 receiver and receiver / transmitter handheld AN / PRT - 4 ( both developed by the US Army ) . The AN / PRC - 68 , first produced in 1976 by Magnavox , was issued to the Marines in the 1980s , and was adopted by the US Army as well . The abbreviation HT , derived from Motorola 's `` Handie - Talkie '' trademark , is commonly used to refer to portable handheld ham radios , with `` walkie - talkie '' often used as a layman 's term or specifically to refer to a toy . Public safety and commercial users generally refer to their handhelds simply as `` radios '' . Surplus Motorola Handie - Talkies found their way into the hands of ham radio operators immediately following World War II . Motorola 's public safety radios of the 1950s and 1960s were loaned or donated to ham groups as part of the Civil Defense program . To avoid trademark infringement , other manufacturers use designations such as `` Handheld Transceiver '' or `` Handie Transceiver '' for their products . Developments ( edit ) Some cellular telephone networks offer a push - to - talk handset that allows walkie - talkie - like operation over the cellular network , without dialing a call each time . However , the cellphone provider must be accessible . Walkie - talkies for public safety , commercial and industrial uses may be part of trunked radio systems , which dynamically allocate radio channels for more efficient use of limited radio spectrum . Such systems always work with a base station that acts as a repeater and controller , although individual handsets and mobiles may have a mode that bypasses the base station . Contemporary use ( edit ) A modern Project 25 capable professional walkie - talkie A Motorola HT1000 two - way radio Walkie - talkies are widely used in any setting where portable radio communications are necessary , including business , public safety , military , outdoor recreation , and the like , and devices are available at numerous price points from inexpensive analog units sold as toys up to ruggedized ( i.e. waterproof or intrinsically safe ) analog and digital units for use on boats or in heavy industry . Most countries allow the sale of walkie - talkies for , at least , business , marine communications , and some limited personal uses such as CB radio , as well as for amateur radio designs . Walkie - talkies , thanks to increasing use of miniaturized electronics , can be made very small , with some personal two - way UHF radio models being smaller than a deck of cards ( though VHF and HF units can be substantially larger due to the need for larger antennas and battery packs ) . In addition , as costs come down , it is possible to add advanced squelch capabilities such as CTCSS ( analog squelch ) and DCS ( digital squelch ) ( often marketed as `` privacy codes '' ) to inexpensive radios , as well as voice scrambling and trunking capabilities . Some units ( especially amateur HTs ) also include DTMF keypads for remote operation of various devices such as repeaters . Some models include VOX capability for hands - free operation , as well as the ability to attach external microphones and speakers . Consumer and commercial equipment differ in a number of ways ; commercial gear is generally ruggedized , with metal cases , and often has only a few specific frequencies programmed into it ( often , though not always , with a computer or other outside programming device ; older units can simply swap crystals ) , since a given business or public safety agent must often abide by a specific frequency allocation . Consumer gear , on the other hand , is generally made to be small , lightweight , and capable of accessing any channel within the specified band , not just a subset of assigned channels . Military ( edit ) Military organizations use handheld radios for a variety of purposes . Modern units such as the AN / PRC - 148 Multiband Inter / Intra Team Radio ( MBITR ) can communicate on a variety of bands and modulation schemes and include encryption capabilities . Amateur radio ( edit ) Walkie - talkies ( also known as HTs or `` handheld transceivers '' ) are widely used among amateur radio operators . While converted commercial gear by companies such as Motorola are not uncommon , many companies such as Yaesu , Icom , and Kenwood design models specifically for amateur use . While superficially similar to commercial and personal units ( including such things as CTCSS and DCS squelch functions , used primarily to activate amateur radio repeaters ) , amateur gear usually has a number of features that are not common to other gear , including : Wide - band receivers , often including radio scanner functionality , for listening to non-amateur radio bands . Multiple bands ; while some operate only on specific bands such as 2 meters or 70 cm , others support several UHF and VHF amateur allocations available to the user . Since amateur allocations usually are not channelized , the user can dial in any frequency desired in the authorized band . Multiple modulation schemes : a few amateur HTs may allow modulation modes other than FM , including AM , SSB , and CW , and digital modes such as radioteletype or PSK31 . Some may have TNCs built in to support packet radio data transmission without additional hardware . A newer addition to the Amateur Radio service is Digital Smart Technology for Amateur Radio or D - STAR . Handheld radios with this technology have several advanced features , including narrower bandwidth , simultaneous voice and messaging , GPS position reporting , and callsign routed radio calls over a wide - ranging international network . As mentioned , commercial walkie - talkies can sometimes be reprogrammed to operate on amateur frequencies . Amateur radio operators may do this for cost reasons or due to a perception that commercial gear is more solidly constructed or better designed than purpose - built amateur gear . Personal use ( edit ) The personal walkie - talkie has become popular also because of the U.S. Family Radio Service ( FRS ) and similar licence - free services ( such as Europe 's PMR446 and Australia 's UHF CB ) in other countries . While FRS walkie - talkies are also sometimes used as toys because mass - production makes them low cost , they have proper superheterodyne receivers and are a useful communication tool for both business and personal use . The boom in licence - free transceivers has , however , been a source of frustration to users of licensed services that are sometimes interfered with . For example , FRS and GMRS overlap in the United States , resulting in substantial pirate use of the GMRS frequencies . Use of the GMRS frequencies ( USA ) requires a license ; however most users either disregard this requirement or are unaware . Canada reallocated frequencies for licence - free use due to heavy interference from US GMRS users . The European PMR446 channels fall in the middle of a United States UHF amateur allocation , and the US FRS channels interfere with public safety communications in the United Kingdom . Designs for personal walkie - talkies are in any case tightly regulated , generally requiring non-removable antennas ( with a few exceptions such as CB radio and the United States MURS allocation ) and forbidding modified radios . A Motorola FRS radio Most personal walkie - talkies sold are designed to operate in UHF allocations , and are designed to be very compact , with buttons for changing channels and other settings on the face of the radio and a short , fixed antenna . Most such units are made of heavy , often brightly colored plastic , though some more expensive units have ruggedized metal or plastic cases . Commercial - grade radios are often designed to be used on allocations such as GMRS or MURS ( the latter of which has had very little readily available purpose - built equipment ) . In addition , CB walkie - talkies are available , but less popular due to the propagation characteristics of the 27 MHz band and the general bulkiness of the gear involved . Personal walkie - talkies are generally designed to give easy access to all available channels ( and , if supplied , squelch codes ) within the device 's specified allocation . Personal two - way radios are also sometimes combined with other electronic devices ; Garmin 's Rino series combine a GPS receiver in the same package as an FRS / GMRS walkie - talkie ( allowing Rino users to transmit digital location data to each other ) Some personal radios also include receivers for AM and FM broadcast radio and , where applicable , NOAA Weather Radio and similar systems broadcasting on the same frequencies . Some designs also allow the sending of text messages and pictures between similarly equipped units . While jobsite and government radios are often rated in power output , consumer radios are frequently and controversially rated in mile or kilometer ratings . Because of the line of sight propagation of UHF signals , experienced users consider such ratings to be wildly exaggerated , and some manufacturers have begun printing range ratings on the package based on terrain as opposed to simple power output . While the bulk of personal walkie - talkie traffic is in the 27 MHz and 400 - 500 MHz area of the UHF spectrum , there are some units that use the `` Part 15 '' 49 MHz band ( shared with cordless phones , baby monitors , and similar devices ) as well as the `` Part 15 '' 900 MHz band ; in the US at least , units in these bands do not require licenses as long as they adhere to FCC Part 15 power output rules . A company called TriSquare is , as of July 2007 , marketing a series of walkie - talkies in the United States , based on frequency - hopping spread spectrum technology operating in this frequency range under the name eXRS ( eXtreme Radio Service -- despite the name , a proprietary design , not an official allocation of the US FCC ) . The spread - spectrum scheme used in eXRS radios allows up to 10 billion virtual `` channels '' and ensures private communications between two or more units . Recreation ( edit ) Low - power versions , exempt from licence requirements , are also popular children 's toys such as the Fisher Price Walkie - Talkie for children illustrated in the top image on the right . Prior to the change of CB radio from licensed to `` permitted by part '' ( FCC rules Part 95 ) status , the typical toy walkie - talkie available in North America was limited to 100 milliwatts of power on transmit and using one or two crystal - controlled channels in the 27 MHz citizens ' band using amplitude modulation ( AM ) only . Later toy walkie - talkies operated in the 49 MHz band , some with frequency modulation ( FM ) , shared with cordless phones and baby monitors . The lowest cost devices are very simple electronically ( single - frequency , crystal - controlled , generally based on a simple discrete transistor circuit where `` grown - up '' walkie - talkies use chips ) , may employ superregenerative receivers , and may lack even a volume control , but they may nevertheless be elaborately decorated , often superficially resembling more `` grown - up '' radios such as FRS or public safety gear . Unlike more costly units , low - cost toy walkie - talkies may not have separate microphones and speakers ; the receiver 's speaker sometimes doubles as a microphone while in transmit mode . An inexpensive children 's walkie - talkie An unusual feature , common on children 's walkie - talkies but seldom available otherwise even on amateur models , is a `` code key '' , that is , a button allowing the operator to transmit Morse code or similar tones to another walkie - talkie operating on the same frequency . Generally the operator depresses the PTT button and taps out a message using a Morse Code crib sheet attached as a sticker to the radio . However , as Morse Code has fallen out of wide use outside amateur radio circles , some such units either have a grossly simplified code label or no longer provide a sticker at all . In addition , personal UHF radios will sometimes be bought and used as toys , though they are not generally explicitly marketed as such ( but see Hasbro 's ChatNow line , which transmits both voice and digital data on the FRS band ) . Smartphone apps & connected devices ( edit ) A variety of mobile apps exist that mimic a walkie - talkie / Push - to - talk style interaction . They are marketed as low - latency , asynchronous communication . The advantages touted over two - way voice calls include : the asynchronous nature not requiring full user interaction ( like SMS ) and it is voice over IP ( VOIP ) so it does not use minutes on a cellular plan . Applications on the market that offer this walkie - talkie style interaction for audio include Voxer , Zello , Orion Labs , Motorola Wave , and HeyTell , among others . Other smartphone - based walkie - talkie products are made by companies like goTenna , Fantom Dynamics and BearTooth , and offer a radio interface . Unlike mobile data dependent applications , these products work by pairing to an app on the user 's smartphone and working over a radio interface . These products are consumer oriented implementations of technologies that have been widely available to HAM radio enthusiasts for years . Specialized uses ( edit ) A USDA grain inspector with RCA TacTec walkie - talkie , New Orleans , 1976 In addition to land mobile use , waterproof walkie talkie designs are also used for marine VHF and aviation communications , especially on smaller boats and ultralight aircraft where mounting a fixed radio might be impractical or expensive . Often such units will have switches to provide quick access to emergency and information channels . Intrinsically safe walkie - talkies are often required in heavy industrial settings where the radio may be used around flammable vapors . This designation means that the knobs and switches in the radio are engineered to avoid producing sparks as they are operated . Accessories ( edit ) There are various accessories available for walkie - talkies such as rechargeable batteries , drop in rechargers , multi-unit rechargers for charging as many as six units at a time , and an audio accessory jack that can be used for headsets or speaker microphones . Newer models allow the connection to wireless headsets via Bluetooth . ITU classification ( edit ) In line to the ITU Radio Regulations , article 1.73 , a walkie - talkie is classified as radio station / land mobile station . See also ( edit ) AN / PRC - 6 MOTO Talk Push to talk Serval project Signal Corps Radio Survival radio Vehicular communication systems References ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Christopher H. Sterling ( 2008 ) . Military Communications : From Ancient Times to the 21st Century . ABC - CLIO . pp. 504 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 732 - 6 . Jump up ^ http://www.telecomhall.ca/tour/inventors/2006/donald_l_hings/WalkieTalkie.pdf?sourceid=navclient&ie=UTF-8&rls=GGLJ,GGLJ:2006-10,GGLJ:en&q=Donald+L.+Hings+ . THE VANCOUVER SUN , Friday August 17 , 2001 Walkie - Talkie Inventor Receives Order of Canada Jump up ^ `` CBC.ca - The Greatest Canadian Invention '' . CBC News . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` TM - 11296 - Radio set AN / PRC - 6 '' ( PDF ) . radiomanual.info . Dept. of the Army . Retrieved 13 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Al Gross '' . Lemelson - MIT Program . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ Wolinsky , Howard ( 2003 - 09 - 25 ) . `` Riding Radio Waves For 75 Years , Motorola Milestones '' . Chicago Sun Times . Archived from the original on 23 March 2012 . Retrieved 23 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Radio set AN / PCR - 6 '' ( PDF ) . VIRhistory.com . Retrieved 13 January 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.rigpix.com/tokyohypower/ht750.htm Tokyo HyPower HT750 Jump up ^ http://www.rigpix.com/mizuho/mizuho_mx2.htm Mizuho MX2 Jump up ^ Pogue , David ( 5 September 2012 ) . `` Smartphone ? Presto ! 2 - Way Radio '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 3 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Two Way Radios '' page of IntercomsOnline.com . Notations ( edit ) Onslow , David . `` Two - Way Radio Success : How to Choose Two - Way Radios , Commercial Intercoms , and Other Wireless Communication Devices for Your Business '' . IntercomsOnline.com . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 24 . Further reading ( edit ) Dunlap , Orrin E. , Jr . Marconi : The man and his wireless . ( Arno Press. , New York : 1971 ) Harlow , Alvin F. , Old Waves and New Wires : The History of the Telegraph , Telephone , and Wireless . ( Appleton - Century Co. , New York : 1936 ) Herrick , Clyde N. , Radio : Theory and Servicing . ( Reston Publishing Company , Inc. , Virginia 1975 ) Martin , James . Future Developments in Telecommunications 2nd Ed. , ( Prentice Hall Inc. , New Jersey : 1977 ) Martin , James . The Wired Society . ( Prentice Hall Inc. , New Jersey : 1978 ) Silver , H. Ward . Two - Way Radios and Scanners for Dummies . ( Wiley Publishing , Hoboken , NH , 2005 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7645 - 9582 - 0 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Walkie - talkie . Look up walkie - talkie in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . SCR - 300 - A Technical Manual U.S. Army Signal Corp Museum - exhibits and collections Al Gross , 2000 Lemelson - MIT Lifetime Achievement Award Winner , developed the `` walkie - talkie '' . RetroCom , a collection of vintage radio gear images and articles . Simple VHF walkie - talkie circuit ( note : requires an experienced builder , and may be illegal to operate without a proper license from your local communications agency ) Walkie - Talkie Central hide Telecommunications History Beacon Broadcasting Cable protection system Cable TV Communications satellite Computer network Drums Electrical telegraph Fax Heliographs Hydraulic telegraph Internet Mass media Mobile phone Optical telecommunication Optical telegraphy Pager Photophone Prepay mobile phone Radio Radiotelephone Satellite communications Semaphore Smartphone Smoke signals Telecommunications history Telautograph Telegraphy Teleprinter ( teletype ) Telephone The Telephone Cases Television Timeline of communication technology Undersea telegraph line Videoconferencing Videophone Videotelephony Whistled language Pioneers Edwin Howard Armstrong John Logie Baird Paul Baran Alexander Graham Bell Tim Berners - Lee Jagadish Chandra Bose Vint Cerf Claude Chappe Donald Davies Lee de Forest Philo Farnsworth Reginald Fessenden Elisha Gray Erna Schneider Hoover Charles K. Kao Hedy Lamarr Innocenzo Manzetti Guglielmo Marconi Antonio Meucci Radia Perlman Alexander Stepanovich Popov Johann Philipp Reis Nikola Tesla Camille Tissot Alfred Vail Charles Wheatstone Vladimir K. Zworykin Transmission media Coaxial cable Fiber - optic communication Optical fiber Free - space optical communication Molecular communication Radio waves Transmission line Network topology and switching Links Nodes Terminal node Network switching ( circuit packet ) Telephone exchange Multiplexing Space - division Frequency - division Time - division Polarization - division Orbital angular - momentum Code - division Networks ARPANET BITNET Cellular network Computer CYCLADES Ethernet FidoNet Internet ISDN LAN Mobile NGN NPL network Public Switched Telephone Radio Telecommunications equipment Television Telex WAN Wireless World Wide Web Portal hide Two - way radio Amateur and hobbyist Amateur radio Amateur radio repeater Citizens band radio Family Radio Service General Mobile Radio Service KDR 444 LPD433 Mobile rig Multi-Use Radio Service PMR446 UHF CB ( Australia ) Aviation ( aeronautical mobile ) Air traffic control Aircraft emergency frequency Airband Common traffic advisory frequency Mandatory frequency airport MULTICOM Single Frequency Approach UNICOM Land - based commercial and government mobile Base station Business band Mobile radio Professional mobile radio Radio repeater Specialized Mobile Radio Trunked radio system Walkie - talkie Marine ( shipboard ) 2182 kHz 500 kHz Coast radio station Marine VHF radio Maritime mobile amateur radio Signaling / Selective calling CTCSS D - STAR Dual - tone multi-frequency MDC - 1200 Push - to - talk Quik - Call I Quik - Call II Selcall SELCAL System elements and principles Antenna APRS Automatic vehicle location Call sign CAD DC remote Dispatch Dynamic range compression Fade margin Link budget Rayleigh fading Tone remote Radiotelephony procedure Voting ( diversity combining ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walkie-talkie&oldid=842045429 '' Categories : Canadian inventions Mobile telecommunications user equipment Radio communications Walkie - talkies Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Русский Sardu Simple English Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 May 2018 , at 21 : 16 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walkie-talkie
| 2,068 |
||
what is the chemical composition of hydrogen peroxide
|
Hydrogen peroxide is a chemical compound with the formula H O . In its pure form , it is a pale blue , clear liquid , slightly more viscous than water . Hydrogen peroxide is the simplest peroxide ( a compound with an oxygen -- oxygen single bond ) . It is used as an oxidizer , bleaching agent and antiseptic . Concentrated hydrogen peroxide , or `` high - test peroxide '' , is a reactive oxygen species and has been used as a propellant in rocketry . Its chemistry is dominated by the nature of its unstable peroxide bond .
|
Hydrogen peroxide
|
hydrogen peroxide
|
Hydrogen peroxide is a chemical compound with the formula H O . In its pure form , it is a pale blue , clear liquid , slightly more viscous than water . Hydrogen peroxide is the simplest peroxide ( a compound with an oxygen -- oxygen single bond ) . It is used as an oxidizer , bleaching agent and antiseptic . Concentrated hydrogen peroxide , or `` high - test peroxide '' , is a reactive oxygen species and has been used as a propellant in rocketry . Its chemistry is dominated by the nature of its unstable peroxide bond .
|
Hydrogen peroxide is unstable and slowly decomposes in the presence of base or a catalyst . Because of its instability , hydrogen peroxide is typically stored with a stabilizer in a weakly acidic solution . Hydrogen peroxide is found in biological systems including the human body . Enzymes that use or decompose hydrogen peroxide are classified as peroxidases . Contents ( hide ) 1 Properties 1.1 Aqueous solutions 1.2 Structure 1.3 Comparison with analogues 2 Discovery 3 Manufacture 3.1 Availability 4 Reactions 4.1 Decomposition 4.2 Redox reactions 4.3 Organic reactions 4.4 Precursor to other peroxide compounds 5 Biological function 6 Uses 6.1 Bleaching 6.2 Detergents 6.3 Production of organic compounds 6.4 Disinfectant 6.4. 1 Cosmetic applications 6.4. 2 Use in alternative medicine 6.5 Propellant 6.6 Other uses 7 Safety 7.1 Historical incidents 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Properties ( edit ) The boiling point of H O has been extrapolated as being 150.2 ° C , approximately 50 ° C higher than water . In practice , hydrogen peroxide will undergo potentially explosive thermal decomposition if heated to this temperature . It may be safely distilled at lower temperatures under reduced pressure . Aqueous solutions ( edit ) In aqueous solutions hydrogen peroxide differs from the pure material due to the effects of hydrogen bonding between water and hydrogen peroxide molecules . Hydrogen peroxide and water form a eutectic mixture , exhibiting freezing - point depression ; pure water has a melting point of 0 ° C and pure hydrogen peroxide of − 0.43 ° C. The boiling point of the same mixtures is also depressed in relation with the mean of both boiling points ( 125.1 ° C ) . It occurs at 114 ° C . This boiling point is 14 ° C greater than that of pure water and 36.2 ° C less than that of pure hydrogen peroxide . Phase diagram of H O and water : Area above blue line is liquid . Dotted lines separate solid + liquid phases from solid + solid phases . Density of aqueous solution of H O H O ( w / w ) Density ( g / cm ) Temperature ( ° C ) 3 % 1.0095 15 27 % 1.10 20 35 % 1.13 20 50 % 1.20 20 70 % 1.29 20 75 % 1.33 20 96 % 1.42 20 98 % 1.43 20 100 % 1.45 20 Structure ( edit ) Hydrogen peroxide ( H O ) is a nonplanar molecule with ( twisted ) C symmetry . Although the O − O bond is a single bond , the molecule has a relatively high rotational barrier of 2460 cm ( 29.45 kJ / mol ) ; for comparison , the rotational barrier for ethane is 12.5 kJ / mol . The increased barrier is ascribed to repulsion between the lone pairs of the adjacent oxygen atoms and results in hydrogen peroxide displaying atropisomerism . The molecular structures of gaseous and crystalline H O are significantly different . This difference is attributed to the effects of hydrogen bonding , which is absent in the gaseous state . Crystals of H O are tetragonal with the space group D P4 2 . Structure and dimensions of H O in the gas phase Structure and dimensions of H O in the solid ( crystalline ) phase Properties of H O and its analogues Name Formula Molar mass ( g / mol ) T ( ° C ) T ( ° C ) Hydrogen peroxide HOOH 34.01 − 0.43 150.2 * Water HOH 18.02 0.00 99.98 Hydrogen disulfide HSSH 66.15 − 89.6 70.7 Hydrazine H NNH 32.05 114 Hydroxylamine NH OH 33.03 33 58 * Diphosphane H PPH 65.98 − 99 63.5 * Comparison with analogues ( edit ) Hydrogen peroxide has several structural analogues with H − X − X − H bonding arrangements ( water also shown for comparison ) . It has the highest ( theoretical ) boiling point of this series ( X = O , N , S ) . Its melting point is also fairly high , being comparable to that of hydrazine and water , with only hydroxylamine crystallising significantly more readily , indicative of particularly strong hydrogen bonding . Diphosphane and hydrogen disulfide exhibit only weak hydrogen bonding and have little chemical similarity to hydrogen peroxide . All of these analogues are thermodynamically unstable . Structurally , the analogues all adopt similar skewed structures , due to repulsion between adjacent lone pairs . Discovery ( edit ) Alexander von Humboldt synthesized one of the first synthetic peroxides , barium peroxide , in 1799 as a by - product of his attempts to decompose air . Nineteen years later Louis Jacques Thénard recognized that this compound could be used for the preparation of a previously unknown compound , which he described as oxidized water -- subsequently known as hydrogen peroxide . An improved version of this process used hydrochloric acid , followed by addition of sulfuric acid to precipitate the barium sulfate byproduct . Thénard 's process was used from the end of the 19th century until the middle of the 20th century . Thénard and Joseph Louis Gay - Lussac synthesized sodium peroxide in 1811 . The bleaching effect of peroxides and their salts on natural dyes became known around that time , but early attempts of industrial production of peroxides failed , and the first plant producing hydrogen peroxide was built in 1873 in Berlin . The discovery of the synthesis of hydrogen peroxide by electrolysis with sulfuric acid introduced the more efficient electrochemical method . It was first implemented into industry in 1908 in Weißenstein , Carinthia , Austria . The anthraquinone process , which is still used , was developed during the 1930s by the German chemical manufacturer IG Farben in Ludwigshafen . The increased demand and improvements in the synthesis methods resulted in the rise of the annual production of hydrogen peroxide from 35,000 tonnes in 1950 , to over 100,000 tonnes in 1960 , to 300,000 tonnes by 1970 ; by 1998 it reached 2.7 million tonnes . Pure hydrogen peroxide was long believed to be unstable , as early attempts to separate it from the water , which is present during synthesis , all failed . This instability was due to traces of impurities ( transition - metal salts ) , which catalyze the decomposition of the hydrogen peroxide . Pure hydrogen peroxide was first obtained in 1894 -- almost 80 years after its discovery -- by Richard Wolffenstein , who produced it by vacuum distillation . Determination of the molecular structure of hydrogen peroxide proved to be very difficult . In 1892 the Italian physical chemist Giacomo Carrara ( 1864 -- 1925 ) determined its molecular mass by freezing - point depression , which confirmed that its molecular formula is H O. At least half a dozen hypothetical molecular structures seemed to be consistent with the available evidence . In 1934 , the English mathematical physicist William Penney and the Scottish physicist Gordon Sutherland proposed a molecular structure for hydrogen peroxide that was very similar to the presently accepted one . Manufacture ( edit ) Previously , hydrogen peroxide was prepared industrially by hydrolysis of the ammonium peroxydisulfate , which was itself obtained by the electrolysis of a solution of ammonium bisulfate ( NH HSO ) in sulfuric acid : ( NH ) O + 2 H O → H O + 2 ( NH ) HSO Today , hydrogen peroxide is manufactured almost exclusively by the anthraquinone process , which was formalized in 1936 and patented in 1939 . It begins with the reduction of an anthraquinone ( such as 2 - ethylanthraquinone or the 2 - amyl derivative ) to the corresponding anthrahydroquinone , typically by hydrogenation on a palladium catalyst ; the anthrahydroquinone then undergoes autoxidation to regenerate the starting anthraquinone , with hydrogen peroxide as a by - product . Most commercial processes achieve oxidation by bubbling compressed air through a solution of the derivatized anthracene , whereby the oxygen present in the air reacts with the labile hydrogen atoms ( of the hydroxy groups ) , giving hydrogen peroxide and regenerating the anthraquinone . Hydrogen peroxide is then extracted , and the anthraquinone derivative is reduced back to the dihydroxy ( anthracene ) compound using hydrogen gas in the presence of a metal catalyst . The cycle then repeats itself . The simplified overall equation for the process is simple : H + O → H O The economics of the process depend heavily on effective recycling of the quinone ( which is expensive ) and extraction solvents , and of the hydrogenation catalyst . A process to produce hydrogen peroxide directly from the elements has been of interest for many years . Direct synthesis is difficult to achieve , as the reaction of hydrogen with oxygen thermodynamically favours production of water . Systems for direct synthesis have been developed , most of which are based around finely dispersed metal catalysts . None of these has yet reached a point where they can be used for industrial - scale synthesis . ISO tank container for hydrogen peroxide transportation A tank car designed for transporting hydrogen peroxide by rail Availability ( edit ) Hydrogen peroxide is most commonly available as a solution in water . For consumers , it is usually available from pharmacies at 3 and 6 wt % concentrations . The concentrations are sometimes described in terms of the volume of oxygen gas generated ; one milliliter of a 20 - volume solution generates twenty milliliters of oxygen gas when completely decomposed . For laboratory use , 30 wt % solutions are most common . Commercial grades from 70 % to 98 % are also available , but due to the potential of solutions of more than 68 % hydrogen peroxide to be converted entirely to steam and oxygen ( with the temperature of the steam increasing as the concentration increases above 68 % ) these grades are potentially far more hazardous and require special care in dedicated storage areas . Buyers must typically allow inspection by commercial manufacturers . In 1994 , world production of H O was around 1.9 million tonnes and grew to 2.2 million in 2006 , most of which was at a concentration of 70 % or less . In that year bulk 30 % H O sold for around 0.54 USD / kg , equivalent to 1.50 USD / kg ( 0.68 USD / lb ) on a `` 100 % basis '' . Hydrogen peroxide occurs in surface water , groundwater and in the atmosphere . It forms upon illumination or natural catalytic action by substances contained in water . Sea water contains 0.5 to 14 μg / L of hydrogen peroxide , freshwater 1 to 30 μg / L and air 0.1 to 1 parts per billion . Reactions ( edit ) Decomposition ( edit ) Hydrogen peroxide is thermodynamically unstable and decomposes to form water and oxygen with a ΔH of − 98.2 kJ / mol and a Δ S of 70.5 J / ( mol K ) : 2 H O → 2 H O + O The rate of decomposition increases with rising temperature , concentration and pH , with cool , dilute , acidic solutions showing the best stability . Decomposition is catalysed by various compounds , including most transition metals and their compounds ( e.g. manganese dioxide , silver , and platinum ) . Certain metal ions , such as Fe or Ti , can cause the decomposition to take a different path , with free radicals such as ( HO ) and ( HOO ) being formed . Non-metallic catalysts include potassium iodide , which reacts particularly rapidly and forms the basis of the elephant toothpaste experiment . Hydrogen peroxide can also be decomposed biologically by the enzyme catalase . The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide liberates oxygen and heat ; this can be dangerous , as spilling high - concentration hydrogen peroxide on a flammable substance can cause an immediate fire . Redox reactions ( edit ) Hydrogen peroxide exhibits oxidizing and reducing properties , depending on pH . In acidic solutions , H O is one of the most powerful oxidizers known -- stronger than chlorine , chlorine dioxide , and potassium permanganate . Also , through catalysis , H O can be converted into hydroxyl radicals ( OH ) , which are highly reactive . Oxidant / reduced product Oxidation potential , V fluorine / hydrogen fluoride 3.0 ozone / oxygen hydrogen peroxide / water 1.8 potassium permanganate / manganese dioxide 1.7 chlorine dioxide / HClO 1.5 chlorine / chloride 1.4 In acidic solutions Fe is oxidized to Fe ( hydrogen peroxide acting as an oxidizing agent ) : 2 Fe ( aq ) + H O + 2 H ( aq ) → 2 Fe ( aq ) + 2 H O ( l ) and sulfite ( SO ) is oxidized to sulfate ( SO ) . However , potassium permanganate is reduced to Mn by acidic H O . Under alkaline conditions , however , some of these reactions reverse ; for example , Mn is oxidized to Mn ( as MnO ) . In basic solution , hydrogen peroxide can reduce a variety of inorganic ions . When it acts as a reducing agent , oxygen gas is also produced . For example , hydrogen peroxide will reduce sodium hypochlorite and potassium permanganate , which is a convenient method for preparing oxygen in the laboratory : NaOCl + H O → O + NaCl + H O 2 KMnO + 3 H O → 2 MnO + 2 KOH + 2 H O + 3 O Organic reactions ( edit ) Hydrogen peroxide is frequently used as an oxidizing agent . Illustrative is oxidation of thioethers to sulfoxides : Ph − S − CH + H O → Ph − S ( O ) − CH + H O Alkaline hydrogen peroxide is used for epoxidation of electron - deficient alkenes such as acrylic acid derivatives , and for the oxidation of alkylboranes to alcohols , the second step of hydroboration - oxidation . It is also the principal reagent in the Dakin oxidation process . Precursor to other peroxide compounds ( edit ) Hydrogen peroxide is a weak acid , forming hydroperoxide or peroxide salts with many metals . It also converts metal oxides into the corresponding peroxides . For example , upon treatment with hydrogen peroxide , chromic acid ( CrO + H SO ) forms an unstable blue peroxide CrO ( O ) . This kind of reaction is used industrially to produce peroxoanions . For example , reaction with borax leads to sodium perborate , a bleach used in laundry detergents : Na O + 4 H O + 2 NaOH → 2 Na O ( OH ) + H O O converts carboxylic acids ( RCO H ) into peroxy acids ( RC ( O ) O H ) , which are themselves used as oxidizing agents . Hydrogen peroxide reacts with acetone to form acetone peroxide and with ozone to form trioxidane . Hydrogen peroxide forms stable adducts with urea ( hydrogen peroxide - urea ) , sodium carbonate ( sodium percarbonate ) and other compounds . An acid - base adduct with triphenylphosphine oxide is a useful `` carrier '' for H O in some reactions . The peroxide anion is a stronger nucleophile than hydroxide and displaces hydroxyl from oxyanions e.g. forming perborates and percarbonates . Sodium perborate and sodium percarbonate are important consumer and industrial bleaching agents ; they stabilize hydrogen peroxide and limit side reactions ( e.g. reduction and decomposition note below ) . The peroxide anion forms an adduct with urea , hydrogen peroxide -- urea . Hydrogen peroxide is both an oxidizing agent and reducing agent . The oxidation of hydrogen peroxide by sodium hypochlorite yields singlet oxygen . The net reaction of a ferric ion with hydrogen peroxide is a ferrous ion and oxygen . This proceeds via single electron oxidation and hydroxyl radicals . This is used in some organic chemistry oxidations , e.g. in the Fenton 's reagent . Only catalytic quantities of iron ion is needed since peroxide also oxidizes ferrous to ferric ion . The net reaction of hydrogen peroxide and permanganate or manganese dioxide is manganous ion ; however , until the peroxide is spent some manganous ions are reoxidized to make the reaction catalytic . This forms the basis for common monopropellant rockets . Biological function ( edit ) Ascaridole Hydrogen peroxide is formed in human and animals as a short - lived product in biochemical processes and is toxic to cells . The toxicity is due to oxidation of proteins , membrane lipids and DNA by the peroxide ions . The class of biological enzymes called SOD ( superoxide dismutase ) is developed in nearly all living cells as an important antioxidant agent . They promote the disproportionation of superoxide into oxygen and hydrogen peroxide , which is then rapidly decomposed by the enzyme catalase to oxygen and water . 2 O 2 − + 2 H + → SOD H 2 O 2 + O 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( ( 2O2 ^ ( - ) ) + 2H+ - > ( ( ) \ atop ( \ ce ( SOD ) ) ) ( H2O2 ) + O2 ) ) ) Formation of hydrogen peroxide by superoxide dismutase ( SOD ) Peroxisomes are organelles found in virtually all eukaryotic cells . They are involved in the catabolism of very long chain fatty acids , branched chain fatty acids , D - amino acids , polyamines , and biosynthesis of plasmalogens , etherphospholipids critical for the normal function of mammalian brains and lungs . Upon oxidation , they produce hydrogen peroxide in the following process : R − CH 2 − CH 2 − CO − SCoA + O 2 → FAD R − CH = CH − CO − SCoA + H 2 O 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( ( R - CH2 - CH2 - CO-SCoA ) + O2 - > ( ( ) \ atop ( \ ce ( FAD ) ) ) ( R - CH = CH - CO-SCoA ) + H2O2 ) ) ) FAD = flavin adenine dinucleotide Catalase , another peroxisomal enzyme , uses this H O to oxidize other substrates , including phenols , formic acid , formaldehyde , and alcohol , by means of the peroxidation reaction : H 2 O 2 + R ′ H 2 ⟶ R ′ + 2 H 2 O ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( H2O2 + R'H2 - > R ' + 2H2O ) ) ) , thus eliminating the poisonous hydrogen peroxide in the process . This reaction is important in liver and kidney cells , where the peroxisomes neutralize various toxic substances that enter the blood . Some of the ethanol humans drink is oxidized to acetaldehyde in this way . In addition , when excess H O accumulates in the cell , catalase converts it to H O through this reaction : H 2 O 2 → CAT 1 2 O 2 + H 2 O ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( H2O2 - > ( ( ) \ atop ( \ ce ( CAT ) ) ) ( 1 / 2O2 ) + H2O ) ) ) Another origin of hydrogen peroxide is the degradation of adenosine monophosphate which yields hypoxanthine . Hypoxanthine is then oxidatively catabolized first to xanthine and then to uric acid , and the reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme xanthine oxidase : Hypoxanthine Xanthine oxidase H O , O H O Xanthine Xanthine oxidase H O , O H O Uric acid Degradation of hypoxanthine through xanthine to uric acid to form hydrogen peroxide . Australian bombardier beetle The degradation of guanosine monophosphate yields xanthine as an intermediate product which is then converted in the same way to uric acid with the formation of hydrogen peroxide . Eggs of sea urchin , shortly after fertilization by a sperm , produce hydrogen peroxide . It is then quickly dissociated to OH radicals . The radicals serve as initiator of radical polymerization , which surrounds the eggs with a protective layer of polymer . The bombardier beetle has a device which allows it to shoot corrosive and foul - smelling bubbles at its enemies . The beetle produces and stores hydroquinone and hydrogen peroxide , in two separate reservoirs in the rear tip of its abdomen . When threatened , the beetle contracts muscles that force the two reactants through valved tubes into a mixing chamber containing water and a mixture of catalytic enzymes . When combined , the reactants undergo a violent exothermic chemical reaction , raising the temperature to near the boiling point of water . The boiling , foul - smelling liquid partially becomes a gas ( flash evaporation ) and is expelled through an outlet valve with a loud popping sound . Hydrogen peroxide is a signaling molecule of plant defense against pathogens . Hydrogen peroxide has roles as a signalling molecule in the regulation of a wide variety of biological processes . The compound is a major factor implicated in the free - radical theory of aging , based on how readily hydrogen peroxide can decompose into a hydroxyl radical and how superoxide radical byproducts of cellular metabolism can react with ambient water to form hydrogen peroxide . These hydroxyl radicals in turn readily react with and damage vital cellular components , especially those of the mitochondria . At least one study has also tried to link hydrogen peroxide production to cancer . These studies have frequently been quoted in fraudulent treatment claims . The amount of hydrogen peroxide in biological systems can be assayed using a fluorimetric assay . Uses ( edit ) Bleaching ( edit ) About 60 % of the world 's production of hydrogen peroxide is used for pulp - and paper - bleaching . Detergents ( edit ) The second major industrial application is the manufacture of sodium percarbonate and sodium perborate , which are used as mild bleaches in laundry detergents . Sodium percarbonate , which is an adduct of sodium carbonate and hydrogen peroxide , is the active ingredient in such products as OxiClean and Tide laundry detergent . When dissolved in water , it releases hydrogen peroxide and sodium carbonate : 2 Na CO 3 H O → 2 Na CO + 3 H O Production of organic compounds ( edit ) It is used in the production of various organic peroxides with dibenzoyl peroxide being a high volume example . It is used in polymerisations , as a flour bleaching agent and as a treatment for acne . Peroxy acids , such as peracetic acid and meta - chloroperoxybenzoic acid are also produced using hydrogen peroxide . Hydrogen peroxide has been used for creating organic peroxide - based explosives , such as acetone peroxide . Disinfectant ( edit ) Skin shortly after exposure to 35 % H O Hydrogen peroxide is used in certain waste - water treatment processes to remove organic impurities . In advanced oxidation processing , the Fenton reaction gives the highly reactive hydroxyl radical ( OH ) . This degrades organic compounds , including those that are ordinarily robust , such as aromatic or halogenated compounds . It can also oxidize sulfur based compounds present in the waste ; which is beneficial as it generally reduces their odour . Hydrogen peroxide can be used for the sterilization of various surfaces , including surgical tools and may be deployed as a vapour ( VHP ) for room sterilization . H O demonstrates broad - spectrum efficacy against viruses , bacteria , yeasts , and bacterial spores . In general , greater activity is seen against Gram - positive than Gram - negative bacteria ; however , the presence of catalase or other peroxidases in these organisms can increase tolerance in the presence of lower concentrations . Higher concentrations of H O ( 10 to 30 % ) and longer contact times are required for sporicidal activity . Hydrogen peroxide is seen as an environmentally safe alternative to chlorine - based bleaches , as it degrades to form oxygen and water and it is generally recognized as safe as an antimicrobial agent by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) . Historically hydrogen peroxide was used for disinfecting wounds , partly because of its low cost and prompt availability compared to other antiseptics . It is now thought to inhibit healing and to induce scarring because it destroys newly formed skin cells . Only a very low concentration of H O can induce healing , and only if not repeatedly applied . Surgical use can lead to gas embolism formation . Despite this , it is still used for wound treatment in many developing countries . Dermal exposure to dilute solutions of hydrogen peroxide cause whitening or bleaching of the skin due to microembolism caused by oxygen bubbles in the capillaries . Cosmetic applications ( edit ) Diluted H O ( between 1.9 % and 12 % ) mixed with ammonium hydroxide is used to bleach human hair . The chemical 's bleaching property lends its name to the phrase `` peroxide blonde '' . Hydrogen peroxide is also used for tooth whitening . It can be found in most whitening toothpastes . Hydrogen peroxide has shown positive results involving teeth lightness and chroma shade parameters . It works by oxidizing colored pigments onto the enamel where the shade of the tooth can indeed become lighter . Hydrogen peroxide can be mixed with baking soda and salt to make a home - made toothpaste . Hydrogen peroxide may be used to treat acne , although benzoyl peroxide is a more common treatment . Use in alternative medicine ( edit ) Practitioners of alternative medicine have advocated the use of hydrogen peroxide for various conditions , including emphysema , influenza , AIDS and cancer , although there is no evidence of effectiveness and in some cases it may even be fatal . The practice calls for the daily consumption of hydrogen peroxide , either orally or by injection and is , in general , based around two precepts . First , that hydrogen peroxide is naturally produced by the body to combat infection ; and second , that human pathogens ( including cancer : See Warburg hypothesis ) are anaerobic and can not survive in oxygen - rich environments . The ingestion or injection of hydrogen peroxide is therefore believed to kill disease by mimicking the immune response in addition to increasing levels of oxygen within the body . This makes it similar to other oxygen - based therapies , such as ozone therapy and hyperbaric oxygen therapy . Both the effectiveness and safety of hydrogen peroxide therapy is scientifically questionable . Hydrogen peroxide is produced by the immune system but in a carefully controlled manner . Cells called phagocytes engulf pathogens and then use hydrogen peroxide to destroy them . The peroxide is toxic to both the cell and the pathogen and so is kept within a special compartment , called a phagosome . Free hydrogen peroxide will damage any tissue it encounters via oxidative stress ; a process which also has been proposed as a cause of cancer . Claims that hydrogen peroxide therapy increase cellular levels of oxygen have not been supported . The quantities administered would be expected to provide very little additional oxygen compared to that available from normal respiration . It should also be noted that it is difficult to raise the level of oxygen around cancer cells within a tumour , as the blood supply tends to be poor , a situation known as tumor hypoxia . Large oral doses of hydrogen peroxide at a 3 % concentration may cause irritation and blistering to the mouth , throat , and abdomen as well as abdominal pain , vomiting , and diarrhea . Intravenous injection of hydrogen peroxide has been linked to several deaths . The American Cancer Society states that `` there is no scientific evidence that hydrogen peroxide is a safe , effective or useful cancer treatment . '' Furthermore , the therapy is not approved by the U.S. FDA . Propellant ( edit ) Further information : High - test peroxide Rocket - belt hydrogen - peroxide propulsion system used in a jet pack High - concentration H O is referred to as `` high - test peroxide '' ( HTP ) . It can be used either as a monopropellant ( not mixed with fuel ) or as the oxidizer component of a bipropellant rocket . Use as a monopropellant takes advantage of the decomposition of 70 -- 98 % concentration hydrogen peroxide into steam and oxygen . The propellant is pumped into a reaction chamber , where a catalyst , usually a silver or platinum screen , triggers decomposition , producing steam at over 600 ° C ( 1,112 ° F ) , which is expelled through a nozzle , generating thrust . H O monopropellant produces a maximal specific impulse ( I ) of 161 s ( 1.6 kN s / kg ) . Peroxide was the first major monopropellant adopted for use in rocket applications . Hydrazine eventually replaced hydrogen - peroxide monopropellant thruster applications primarily because of a 25 % increase in the vacuum specific impulse . Hydrazine ( toxic ) and hydrogen peroxide ( less - toxic ( ACGIH TLV 0.01 and 1 ppm respectively ) ) are the only two monopropellants ( other than cold gases ) to have been widely adopted and utilized for propulsion and power applications . The Bell Rocket Belt , reaction control systems for X-1 , X-15 , Centaur , Mercury , Little Joe , as well as the turbo - pump gas generators for X-1 , X-15 , Jupiter , Redstone and Viking used hydrogen peroxide as a monopropellant . As a bipropellant , H O is decomposed to burn a fuel as an oxidizer . Specific impulses as high as 350 s ( 3.5 kN s / kg ) can be achieved , depending on the fuel . Peroxide used as an oxidizer gives a somewhat lower I than liquid oxygen , but is dense , storable , noncryogenic and can be more easily used to drive gas turbines to give high pressures using an efficient closed cycle . It can also be used for regenerative cooling of rocket engines . Peroxide was used very successfully as an oxidizer in World War II German rocket motors ( e.g. T - Stoff , containing oxyquinoline stabilizer , for both the Walter HWK 109 - 500 Starthilfe RATO externally podded monopropellant booster system , and for the Walter HWK 109 - 509 rocket motor series used for the Me 163 B ) , most often used with C - Stoff in a self - igniting hypergolic combination , and for the low - cost British Black Knight and Black Arrow launchers . In the 1940s and 1950s , the Hellmuth Walter KG - conceived turbine used hydrogen peroxide for use in submarines while submerged ; it was found to be too noisy and require too much maintenance compared to diesel - electric power systems . Some torpedoes used hydrogen peroxide as oxidizer or propellant . Operator error in the use of hydrogen - peroxide torpedoes was named as possible causes for the sinkings of HMS Sidon and the Russian submarine Kursk . SAAB Underwater Systems is manufacturing the Torpedo 2000 . This torpedo , used by the Swedish Navy , is powered by a piston engine propelled by HTP as an oxidizer and kerosene as a fuel in a bipropellant system . Other uses ( edit ) Chemiluminescence of cyalume , as found in a glow stick Hydrogen peroxide has various domestic uses , primarily as a cleaning and disinfecting agent . Glow sticks Hydrogen peroxide reacts with certain di - esters , such as phenyl oxalate ester ( cyalume ) , to produce chemiluminescence ; this application is most commonly encountered in the form of glow sticks . Horticulture Some horticulturalists and users of hydroponics advocate the use of weak hydrogen peroxide solution in watering solutions . Its spontaneous decomposition releases oxygen that enhances a plant 's root development and helps to treat root rot ( cellular root death due to lack of oxygen ) and a variety of other pests . Fish aeration Laboratory tests conducted by fish culturists in recent years have demonstrated that common household hydrogen peroxide can be used safely to provide oxygen for small fish . The hydrogen peroxide releases oxygen by decomposition when it is exposed to catalysts such as manganese dioxide . Safety ( edit ) Regulations vary , but low concentrations , such as 6 % , are widely available and legal to buy for medical use . Most over-the - counter peroxide solutions are not suitable for ingestion . Higher concentrations may be considered hazardous and are typically accompanied by a Material Safety Data Sheet ( MSDS ) . In high concentrations , hydrogen peroxide is an aggressive oxidizer and will corrode many materials , including human skin . In the presence of a reducing agent , high concentrations of H O will react violently . High - concentration hydrogen peroxide streams , typically above 40 % , should be considered hazardous due to concentrated hydrogen peroxide 's meeting the definition of a DOT oxidizer according to U.S. regulations , if released into the environment . The EPA Reportable Quantity ( RQ ) for D001 hazardous wastes is 100 pounds ( 45 kg ) , or approximately 10 US gallons ( 38 L ) , of concentrated hydrogen peroxide . Hydrogen peroxide should be stored in a cool , dry , well - ventilated area and away from any flammable or combustible substances . It should be stored in a container composed of non-reactive materials such as stainless steel or glass ( other materials including some plastics and aluminium alloys may also be suitable ) . Because it breaks down quickly when exposed to light , it should be stored in an opaque container , and pharmaceutical formulations typically come in brown bottles that block light . Hydrogen peroxide , either in pure or diluted form , can pose several risks , the main one being that it forms explosive mixtures upon contact with organic compounds . Highly concentrated hydrogen peroxide itself is unstable and can cause a boiling liquid expanding vapour explosion ( BLEVE ) of the remaining liquid . Distillation of hydrogen peroxide at normal pressures is thus highly dangerous . It is also corrosive , especially when concentrated , but even domestic - strength solutions can cause irritation to the eyes , mucous membranes and skin . Swallowing hydrogen peroxide solutions is particularly dangerous , as decomposition in the stomach releases large quantities of gas ( 10 times the volume of a 3 % solution ) , leading to internal bloating . Inhaling over 10 % can cause severe pulmonary irritation . With a significant vapour pressure ( 1.2 kPa at 50 ° C ) , hydrogen - peroxide vapour is potentially hazardous . According to U.S. NIOSH , the immediately dangerous to life and health ( IDLH ) limit is only 75 ppm . The U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration ( OSHA ) has established a permissible exposure limit of 1.0 ppm calculated as an 8 - hour time - weighted average ( 29 CFR 1910.1000 , Table Z - 1 ) . Hydrogen peroxide has also been classified by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists ( ACGIH ) as a `` known animal carcinogen , with unknown relevance on humans '' . For workplaces where there is a risk of exposure to the hazardous concentrations of the vapours , continuous monitors for hydrogen peroxide should be used . Information on the hazards of hydrogen peroxide is available from OSHA and from the ATSDR . Historical incidents ( edit ) On 16 July 1934 , in Kummersdorf , Germany , a propellant tank containing an experimental monopropellant mixture consisting of hydrogen peroxide and ethanol exploded during a test , killing three people . During the Second World War , doctors in German concentration camps experimented with the use of hydrogen peroxide injections in the killing of human subjects . Several people received minor injuries after a hydrogen peroxide spill on board a flight between the U.S. cities of Orlando and Memphis on 28 October 1998 . The Russian submarine K - 141 Kursk sailed to perform an exercise of firing dummy torpedoes at the Pyotr Velikiy , a Kirov - class battlecruiser . On 12 August 2000 , at 11 : 28 local time ( 07 : 28 UTC ) , there was an explosion while preparing to fire the torpedoes . The only credible report to date is that this was due to the failure and explosion of one of the Kursk 's hydrogen peroxide - fueled torpedoes . It is believed that HTP , a form of highly concentrated hydrogen peroxide used as propellant for the torpedo , seeped through its container , damaged either by rust or in the loading procedure back on land where an incident involving one of the torpedoes accidentally touching ground went unreported . The vessel was lost with all hands . A similar incident was responsible for the loss of HMS Sidon in 1955 . On 15 August 2010 , a spill of about 30 US gallons ( 110 L ) of cleaning fluid occurred on the 54th floor of 1515 Broadway , in Times Square , New York City . The spill , which a spokesperson for the New York City fire department said was of hydrogen peroxide , shut down Broadway between West 42nd and West 48th streets as fire engines responded to the hazmat situation . There were no reported injuries . See also ( edit ) FOX reagent , used to measure levels of hydrogen peroxide in biological systems . Hydrogen chalcogenide References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Easton , M.F. ; Mitchell , A.G. ; Wynne - Jones , W.F.K. ( 1952 ) . `` The behaviour of mixtures of hydrogen peroxide and water . Part 1. ? Determination of the densities of mixtures of hydrogen peroxide and water '' . Transactions of the Faraday Society . 48 : 796 . doi : 10.1039 / TF9524800796 . ^ Jump up to : `` NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards # 0335 '' . National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health ( NIOSH ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Hydrogen peroxide '' . Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health Concentrations ( IDLH ) . National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health ( NIOSH ) . Jump up ^ Hill , C.N. ( 2001 ) . A Vertical Empire : The History of the UK Rocket launch and Space Programme , 1950 -- 1971 . Imperial College Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86094 - 268 - 6 . Jump up ^ Brauer , Georg , ed. ( 1963 ) . Handbook of preparative inorganic chemistry . 1 . Translation editing by Reed F. ( 2nd ed . ) . New York , N.Y. : Academic Press . p. 140 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 126601 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Hydrogen Peroxide Technical Library '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 3 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Robert H. ; Leacock , Robert A. ; Peters , C. Wilbur ; Hecht , Karl T. ( 1965 ) . `` Internal - Rotation in Hydrogen Peroxide : The Far - Infrared Spectrum and the Determination of the Hindering Potential '' ( PDF ) . The Journal of Chemical Physics. 42 ( 6 ) : 1931 . Bibcode : 1965JChPh ... 42.1931 H . doi : 10.1063 / 1.1696228 . Jump up ^ Dougherty , Dennis A. ; Anslyn , Eric V. ( 2005 ) . Modern Physical Organic Chemistry . University Science . p. 122 . ISBN 1 - 891389 - 31 - 9 . Jump up ^ Abrahams , S.C. ; Collin , R.L. ; Lipscomb , W.N. ( 1 January 1951 ) . `` The crystal structure of hydrogen peroxide '' . Acta Crystallographica. 4 ( 1 ) : 15 -- 20 . doi : 10.1107 / S0365110X51000039 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , L.W. ( 1820 ) . `` Der tropfbar flüssige Sauerstoff , oder das oxygenierte Wasser '' . Annals of Physics ( in German ) . 65 -- 66 : 3 . Bibcode : 1820AnP ... 64 ... 1T . doi : 10.1002 / andp. 18200640102 . Jump up ^ Thénard , L.J. ( 1818 ) . `` Observations sur des nouvelles combinaisons entre l'oxigène et divers acides '' . Annales de chimie et de physique . 2nd series . 8 : 306 -- 312 . Jump up ^ C.W. Jones , J.H. Clark . Applications of Hydrogen Peroxide and Derivatives . Royal Society of Chemistry , 1999 . ^ Jump up to : Offermanns , Heribert ; Dittrich , Gunther ; Steiner , Norbert ( 2000 ) . `` Wasserstoffperoxid in Umweltschutz und Synthese '' . Chemie in unserer Zeit. 34 ( 3 ) : 150 . doi : 10.1002 / 1521 - 3781 ( 200006 ) 34 : 3 3.0.CO ; 2 - A . Jump up ^ Wolffenstein , Richard ( October 1894 ) . `` Concentration und Destillation von Wasserstoffsuperoxyd '' . Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft ( in German ) . 27 ( 3 ) : 3307 -- 3312 . doi : 10.1002 / cber. 189402703127 . Jump up ^ G. Carrara ( 1892 ) `` Sul peso molecolare e sul potere rifrangente dell ' acqua ossigenata '' ( On the molecular weight and on the refractive power of oxygenated water ( i.e. , hydrogen peroxide ) ) , Atti della Reale Accademia dei Lincei , series 5 , 1 ( 2 ) : 19 -- 24 . Carrara 's findings were confirmed by : W.R. Orndorff and John White ( 1893 ) `` The molecular weight of hydrogen peroxide and of benzoyl peroxide , '' American Chemical Journal , 15 : 347 -- 356 . Jump up ^ See , for example : In 1882 , Kingzett proposed as a structure H O =O . See : Thomas Kingzett , Charles ( 29 September 1882 ) . `` On the activity of oxygen and the mode of formation of hydrogen dioxide '' . The Chemical News . 46 ( 1192 ) : 141 -- 142 . In his 1922 textbook , Joseph Mellor considered three hypothetical molecular structures for hydrogen peroxide , admitting ( p. 952 ) : `` ... the constitution of this compound has not been yet established by unequivocal experiments '' . See : Joseph William Mellor , A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry , vol. 1 ( London , England : Longmans , Green and Co. , 1922 ) , p. 952 -- 956 . W.C. Schumb , C.N. Satterfield , and R.L. Wentworth ( 1 December 1953 ) `` Report no . 43 : Hydrogen peroxide , Part two '' , Office of Naval Research , Contract No . N5ori - 07819 On p. 178 , the authors present six hypothetical models for hydrogen peroxide 's molecular structure . On p. 184 , the present structure is considered almost certainly correct -- although a small doubt remained . ( Note : The report by Schumb et al. was reprinted as : W.C. Schumb , C.N. Satterfield , and R.L. Wentworth , Hydrogen Peroxide ( New York , New York : Reinhold Publishing Corp . ( American Chemical Society Monograph ) , 1955 ) . ) Jump up ^ See : Penney , W.G. ; Sutherland , G.B.B.M. ( 1934 ) . `` The theory of the structure of hydrogen peroxide and hydrazine '' . Journal of Chemical Physics. 2 ( 8 ) : 492 -- 498 . doi : 10.1063 / 1.1749518 . Penney , W.G. ; Sutherland , G.B.B.M. ( 1934 ) . `` A note on the structure of H O and H N with particular reference to electric moments and free rotation '' . Transactions of the Faraday Society . 30 : 898 -- 902 . doi : 10.1039 / tf934300898b . ^ Jump up to : Campos - Martin , Jose M. ; Blanco - Brieva , Gema ; Fierro , Jose L.G. ( 2006 ) . `` Hydrogen Peroxide Synthesis : An Outlook beyond the Anthraquinone Process '' . Angewandte Chemie International Edition . 45 ( 42 ) : 6962 -- 6984 . doi : 10.1002 / anie. 200503779 . PMID 17039551 . Jump up ^ H. Riedl and G. Pfleiderer , U.S. Patent 2,158,525 ( 2 October 1936 in USA , and 10 October 1935 in Germany ) to I.G. Farbenindustrie , Germany Jump up ^ Noritaka Mizuno Gabriele Centi , Siglinda Perathoner , Salvatore Abate `` Direct Synthesis of Hydrogen Peroxide : Recent Advances '' in Modern Heterogeneous Oxidation Catalysis : Design , Reactions and Characterization 2009 , Wiley - VCH . doi : 10.1002 / 9783527627547. ch8 Jump up ^ Edwards , Jennifer K. ; Solsona , Benjamin ; N , Edwin Ntainjua ; Carley , Albert F. ; Herzing , Andrew A. ; Kiely , Christopher J. ; Hutchings , Graham J. ( 20 February 2009 ) . `` Switching Off Hydrogen Peroxide Hydrogenation in the Direct Synthesis Process '' . Science . 323 ( 5917 ) : 1037 -- 1041 . Bibcode : 2009Sci ... 323.1037 E . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1168980 . PMID 19229032 . ^ Jump up to : Ronald Hage , Achim Lienke ; Lienke ( 2005 ) . `` Applications of Transition - Metal Catalysts to Textile and Wood - Pulp Bleaching '' . Angewandte Chemie International Edition . 45 ( 2 ) : 206 -- 222 . doi : 10.1002 / anie. 200500525 . PMID 16342123 . Jump up ^ Campos - Martin , Jose M. ; Blanco - Brieva , Gema ; Fierro , Jose L.G. ( 2006 ) . `` Hydrogen Peroxide Synthesis : An Outlook beyond the Anthraquinone Process '' . Angewandte Chemie International Edition . 45 ( 42 ) : 6962 -- 6984 . doi : 10.1002 / anie. 200503779 . ISSN 1433 - 7851 . PMID 17039551 . Jump up ^ Petrucci , Ralph H. ( 2007 ) . General Chemistry : Principles & Modern Applications ( 9th ed . ) . Prentice Hall . p. 606 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 149330 - 2 . Jump up ^ Ravikumar , Kabayadi S. ; Kesavan , Venkitasamy ; Crousse , Benoit ; Bonnet - Delpon , Danièle ; Bégué , Jean - Pierre ( 2003 ) . `` Mild and Selective Oxidation of Sulfur Compounds in Trifluoroethanol : Diphenyldisulfide and Methyl phenyl Sulfoxide '' . Org . Synth. 80 : 184 . doi : 10.15227 / orgsyn. 080.0184 . Jump up ^ Xu , W.L. ; Li , Y.Z. ; Zhang , Q.S. ; Zhu , H.S. ( 2004 ) . `` A Selective , Convenient , and Efficient Conversion of Sulfides to Sulfoxides '' . Synthesis ( 2 ) : 227 -- 232 . doi : 10.1055 / s - 2004 - 44387 . Jump up ^ Chernyshov , Ivan Yu. ; Vener , Mikhail V. ; Prikhodchenko , Petr V. ; Medvedev , Alexander G. ; Lev , Ovadia ; Churakov , Andrei V. ( 2017 - 01 - 04 ) . `` Peroxosolvates : Formation Criteria , H2O2 Hydrogen Bonding , and Isomorphism with the Corresponding Hydrates '' . Crystal Growth & Design . 17 ( 1 ) : 214 -- 220 . doi : 10.1021 / acs. cgd. 6b01449 . ISSN 1528 - 7483 . Jump up ^ Löffler G. and Petrides , P.E. Physiologische Chemie. 4 ed. , p. 288 , Springer , Berlin 1988 , ISBN 3 - 540 - 18163 - 6 ( in German ) Jump up ^ Löffler G. and Petrides , P.E. Physiologische Chemie. 4 ed. , pp. 321 -- 322 , Springer , Berlin 1988 , ISBN 3 - 540 - 18163 - 6 ( in German ) Jump up ^ Gabaldón T ( 2010 ) . `` Peroxisome diversity and evolution '' . Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 365 ( 1541 ) : 765 -- 73 . doi : 10.1098 / rstb. 2009.0240 . PMC 2817229 . PMID 20124343 . Jump up ^ Wanders RJ , Waterham HR ( 2006 ) . `` Biochemistry of mammalian peroxisomes revisited '' . Annu. Rev. Biochem. 75 ( 1 ) : 295 -- 332 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. biochem. 74.082803. 133329 . PMID 16756494 . Jump up ^ Nelson , David ; Cox , Michael ; Lehninger , Albert L. and Cox , Michael M. Lehninger Biochemie , pp. 663 -- 664 , Springer , 2001 , ISBN 3 - 540 - 41813 - X ( in German ) Jump up ^ Riley , Edward P. et al. ( ed . ) Fetal Alcoholspectrum Disorder Fasd : Management and Policy Perspectives , Wiley - VCH , 2010 , ISBN 3 - 527 - 32839 - 4 p. 112 ^ Jump up to : Nelson , David ; Cox , Michael ; Lehninger , Albert L. and Cox , Michael M. Lehninger Biochemie , p. 932 , Springer , 2001 , ISBN 3 - 540 - 41813 - X ( in German ) Jump up ^ Kröger , M. ( 1989 ) . `` History '' . Chemie in unserer Zeit. 23 : 34 . doi : 10.1002 / ciuz. 19890230106 . Jump up ^ Schildknecht , H. ; Holoubek , K. ( 1961 ) . `` The bombardier beetle and its chemical explosion '' . Angewandte Chemie. 73 : 1 . doi : 10.1002 / ange. 19610730102 . Jump up ^ Weber CG ( Winter 1981 ) . `` The Bombadier Beetle Myth Exploded '' . Creation / Evolution . National Center for Science Education . 2 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Isaak , Mark ( May 30 , 2003 ) . `` Bombardier Beetles and the Argument of Design '' . TalkOrigins Archive . Jump up ^ Wie Pflanzen sich schützen , Helmholtz - Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology ( in German ) Jump up ^ Veal EA , Day AM , Morgan BA ; Day ; Morgan ( April 2007 ) . `` Hydrogen peroxide sensing and signaling '' . Mol . Cell. 26 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 14 . doi : 10.1016 / j. molcel. 2007.03. 016 . PMID 17434122 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Weindruch , Richard ( January 1996 ) . `` Calorie Restriction and Aging '' . Scientific American : 49 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Giorgio M , Trinei M , Migliaccio E , Pelicci PG ; Trinei ; Migliaccio ; Pelicci ( September 2007 ) . `` Hydrogen peroxide : a metabolic by - product or a common mediator of ageing signals ? '' . Nat. Rev. Mol . Cell Biol. 8 ( 9 ) : 722 -- 8 . doi : 10.1038 / nrm2240 . PMID 17700625 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ González , D. ; Bejarano , I. ; Barriga , C. ; Rodríguez , A.B. ; Pariente , J.A. ( 2010 ) . `` Oxidative Stress - Induced Caspases are Regulated in Human Myeloid HL - 60 Cells by Calcium Signal '' . Current Signal Transduction Therapy . 5 : 181 -- 186 . doi : 10.2174 / 157436210791112172 . Jump up ^ Bejarano , I ; Espino , J ; González - Flores , D ; Casado , JG ; Redondo , PC ; Rosado , JA ; Barriga , C ; Pariente , JA ; Rodríguez , AB ( 2009 ) . `` Role of Calcium Signals on Hydrogen Peroxide - Induced Apoptosis in Human Myeloid HL - 60 Cells '' . International Journal of Biomedical science . 5 ( 3 ) : 246 -- 256 . PMC 3614781 . PMID 23675144 . Jump up ^ López - Lázaro M ( July 2007 ) . `` Dual role of hydrogen peroxide in cancer : possible relevance to cancer chemoprevention and therapy '' . Cancer Lett. 252 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 8 . doi : 10.1016 / j. canlet. 2006.10. 029 . PMID 17150302 . Jump up ^ Rapoport , R. ; Hanukoglu , I. ; Sklan , D. ( May 1994 ) . `` A fluorimetric assay for hydrogen peroxide , suitable for NAD ( P ) H - dependent superoxide generating redox systems '' . Anal Biochem. 218 ( 2 ) : 309 -- 13 . doi : 10.1006 / abio. 1994.1183 . PMID 8074285 . Jump up ^ Jones , Craig W. ( 1999 ) . Applications of hydrogen peroxide and its derivatives . Royal Society of Chemistry . ISBN 0 - 85404 - 536 - 8 . Jump up ^ Tarr , edited by Matthew A. ( 2003 ) . Chemical degradation methods for wastes and pollutants environmental and industrial applications . New York : M. Dekker . p. 165 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 91255 - 3 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Pignatello , Joseph J. ; Oliveros , Esther ; MacKay , Allison ( January 2006 ) . `` Advanced Oxidation Processes for Organic Contaminant Destruction Based on the Fenton Reaction and Related Chemistry '' . Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology . 36 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 84 . doi : 10.1080 / 10643380500326564 . Jump up ^ Pera - Titus , Marc ; Garcı́a - Molina , Verónica ; Baños , Miguel A ; Giménez , Jaime ; Esplugas , Santiago ( February 2004 ) . `` Degradation of chlorophenols by means of advanced oxidation processes : a general review '' . Applied Catalysis B : Environmental . 47 ( 4 ) : 219 -- 256 . doi : 10.1016 / j. apcatb. 2003.09. 010 . Jump up ^ Goor , G. ; Glenneberg , J. ; Jacobi , S. ( 2007 ) . `` Hydrogen Peroxide '' . Ullmann 's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry . Ullmann 's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry . Weinheim : Wiley - VCH . doi : 10.1002 / 14356007. a13_443. pub2 . ISBN 3 - 527 - 30673 - 0 . Jump up ^ Ascenzi , edited by Joseph M. ( 1996 ) . Handbook of disinfectants and antiseptics . New York : M. Dekker . p. 161 . ISBN 0 - 8247 - 9524 - 5 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Rutala , W.A. ; Weber , D.J. ( 1 September 2004 ) . `` Disinfection and Sterilization in Health Care Facilities : What Clinicians Need to Know '' . Clinical Infectious Diseases . 39 ( 5 ) : 702 -- 709 . doi : 10.1086 / 423182 . PMID 15356786 . Jump up ^ Falagas , M.E. ; Thomaidis , P.C. ; Kotsantis , I.K. ; Sgouros , K. ; Samonis , G. ; Karageorgopoulos , D.E. ( July 2011 ) . `` Airborne hydrogen peroxide for disinfection of the hospital environment and infection control : a systematic review '' . Journal of Hospital Infection . 78 ( 3 ) : 171 -- 177 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jhin. 2010.12. 006 . PMID 21392848 . Jump up ^ Block , ( edited by ) Seymour S. ( 2000 ) . `` Chapter 9 : Peroxygen compounds '' . Disinfection , sterilization , and preservation ( 5th ed . ) . Philadelphia : Lea & Febiger . pp. 185 -- 204 . ISBN 0 - 683 - 30740 - 1 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ McDonnell , G ; Russell , AD ( January 1999 ) . `` Antiseptics and disinfectants : activity , action , and resistance '' . Clinical Microbiology Reviews . 12 ( 1 ) : 147 -- 79 . PMC 88911 . PMID 9880479 . Jump up ^ Block , ( edited by ) Seymour S. ( 2000 ) . `` Chapter 27 : Chemical Sporicidal and Sporostatic Agents '' . Disinfection , sterilization , and preservation ( 5th ed . ) . Philadelphia : Lea & Febiger . pp. 529 -- 543 . ISBN 0 - 683 - 30740 - 1 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Sec . 184.1366 Hydrogen peroxide '' . U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access . 1 April 2001 . Archived from the original on 3 July 2007 . Retrieved 7 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Wilgus TA , Bergdall VK , Dipietro LA , Oberyszyn TM ; Bergdall ; Dipietro ; Oberyszyn ( 2005 ) . `` Hydrogen peroxide disrupts scarless fetal wound repair '' . Wound Repair Regen. 13 ( 5 ) : 513 -- 9 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1067 - 1927.2005. 00072. x . PMID 16176460 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Loo , Alvin Eng Kiat ; Wong , Yee Ting ; Ho , Rongjian ; Wasser , Martin ; Du , Tiehua ; Ng , Wee Thong ; Halliwell , Barry ; Sastre , Juan ( 13 November 2012 ) . `` Effects of Hydrogen Peroxide on Wound Healing in Mice in Relation to Oxidative Damage '' . PLoS ONE . 7 ( 11 ) : e49215 . Bibcode : 2012PLoSO ... 749215L . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0049215 . PMC 3496701 . PMID 23152875 . Jump up ^ Shaw , A ; Cooperman , A ; Fusco , J ( 1967 ) . `` Gas embolism produced by hydrogen peroxide '' . N Engl J Med. 277 ( 5 ) : 238 -- 41 . doi : 10.1056 / nejm196708032770504 . PMID 6029311 . Jump up ^ `` Hydrogen peroxide : reminder of risk of gas embolism when used in surgery - GOV.UK '' . www.gov.uk . Jump up ^ Rahman , GA ; Adigun , IA ; Yusuf , IF ; Ofoegbu , CKP ( 28 May 2010 ) . `` Wound dressing where there is limitation of choice '' . Nigerian Journal of Surgical Research . 8 ( 3 -- 4 ) . doi : 10.4314 / njsr. v8i3 - 4.54882 . Jump up ^ Velding , K. ; Klis , S. - A. ; Abass , K.M. ; Tuah , W. ; Stienstra , Y. ; van der Werf , T. ( 9 June 2014 ) . `` Wound Care in Buruli Ulcer Disease in Ghana and Benin '' . American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 91 ( 2 ) : 313 -- 318 . doi : 10.4269 / ajtmh. 13 - 0255 . PMC 4125255 . PMID 24914002 . Jump up ^ `` Hydrogen peroxide : health effects , incident management and toxicology '' . Retrieved 3 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Lane , Nick ( 2003 ) . Oxygen : the molecule that made the world ( First issued in paperback , repr . ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 117 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 860783 - 0 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Steven . `` Brushing Up on Gum Disease '' . FDA Consumer . Archived from the original on 14 May 2007 . Retrieved 7 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Capizzi , R. ; Landi , F. ; Milani , M. ; Amerio , P. ( 2004 ) . `` Skin tolerability and efficacy of combination therapy with hydrogen peroxide stabilized cream and adapalene gel in comparison with benzoyl peroxide cream and adapalene gel in common acne . A randomized , investigator - masked , controlled trial '' . British Journal of Dermatology. 151 ( 2 ) : 481 -- 484 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2133.2004. 06067. x . PMID 15327558 . Jump up ^ Douglass , William Campbell ( 1995 ) . Hydrogen peroxide : medical miracle . ( Atlanta , GA ) : Second Opinion Pub . ISBN 978 - 1 - 885236 - 07 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Hydrogen Peroxide , 3 % . 3 . Hazards Identification Southeast Fisheries Science Center , daughter agency of NOAA . ^ Jump up to : `` Questionable methods of cancer management : hydrogen peroxide and other ' hyperoxygenation ' therapies '' . CA : A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 43 ( 1 ) : 47 -- 56 . 1993 . doi : 10.3322 / canjclin. 43.1. 47 . PMID 8422605 . ^ Jump up to : Cooper , Anderson ( 12 January 2005 ) . `` A Prescription for Death ? '' . CBS News . Retrieved 7 July 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Mikkelson , Barbara ( 30 April 2006 ) . `` Hydrogen Peroxide '' . Snopes.com . Retrieved 7 July 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Naturopath Sentenced For Injecting Teen With Hydrogen Peroxide -- 7NEWS Denver '' . Thedenverchannel.com. 2006 - 03 - 27 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ Halliwell , Barry ( 1 January 2007 ) . `` Oxidative stress and cancer : have we moved forward ? '' . Biochemical Journal . 401 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 11 . doi : 10.1042 / BJ20061131 . PMID 17150040 . Jump up ^ http://www.hydrogen-peroxide.us/history-US-General-Kinetics/AIAA-2006-5236_hydrogen_peroxide_versus_hydrazine.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.hydrogen-peroxide.us/uses-monoprop-steam-generation/AIAA-1999-2880_The_Use_of_Hydrogen_Peroxide_for_Propulsion_and_Power-pitch.pdf Jump up ^ `` Peroxide Accident -- Walter Web Site '' . Histarmar.com.ar . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ Scott , Richard ( November 1997 ) . `` Homing Instincts '' . Jane 's Navy Steam generated by catalytic decomposition of 80 -- 90 % hydrogen peroxide was used for driving the turbopump turbines of the V - 2 rockets , the X-15 rocketplanes , the early Centaur RL - 10 engines and is still used on Soyuz for that purpose today . International . Jump up ^ Soyuz using hydrogen peroxide propellant ( NASA website ) Jump up ^ `` Ways to use Hydrogen Peroxide in the Garden '' . Using Hydrogen Peroxide . Retrieved 3 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Bhattarai SP , Su N , Midmore DJ ; Su ; Midmore ( 2005 ) . `` Oxygation Unlocks Yield Potentials of Crops in Oxygen - Limited Soil Environments '' . Advances in Agronomy . Advances in Agronomy. 88 : 313 -- 377 . doi : 10.1016 / S0065 - 2113 ( 05 ) 88008 - 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 000786 - 8 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Material Compatibility with Hydrogen Peroxide '' . Retrieved 3 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hydrogen Peroxide Mouthwash is it Safe ? '' . Retrieved 30 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Occupational Safety and Health Guideline for Hydrogen Peroxide '' . Archived from the original on 13 May 2013 . Jump up ^ For example , see an MSDS for a 3 % peroxide solution . Jump up ^ H2O2 toxicity and dangers Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry website Jump up ^ CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics , 76th Ed , 1995 -- 1996 Jump up ^ `` CDC - Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations ( IDLH ) : Chemical Listing and Documentation of Revised IDLH Values - NIOSH Publications and Products '' . Retrieved 3 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents & Biological Exposure Indices , ACGIH '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ATSDR - Redirect - MMG : Hydrogen Peroxide '' . Retrieved 3 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Nazi Doctors : Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide '' . Robert Jay Lifton . Retrieved 1 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Accident No : DCA - 99 - MZ - 001 '' ( PDF ) . U.S National Transportation Safety Board . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Wheaton , Sarah ( 16 August 2010 ) . `` Bleach Spill Shuts Part of Times Square '' . The New York Times . Bibliography J. Drabowicz ; et al. ( 1994 ) . G. Capozzi ; et al. , eds . The Syntheses of Sulphones , Sulphoxides and Cyclic Sulphides . Chichester UK : John Wiley & Sons . pp. 112 -- 6 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 93970 - 6 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) N.N. Greenwood ; A. Earnshaw ( 1997 ) . Chemistry of the Elements ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford UK : Butterworth - Heinemann . A great description of properties & chemistry of H O . J. March ( 1992 ) . Advanced Organic Chemistry ( 4th ed . ) . New York : Wiley . p. 723 . W.T. Hess ( 1995 ) . `` Hydrogen Peroxide '' . Kirk - Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology . 13 ( 4th ed . ) . New York : Wiley . pp. 961 -- 995 . External links ( edit ) Wikiversity has learning resources about Observing the Effects of Concentration on Enzyme Activity Hydrogen Peroxide at The Periodic Table of Videos ( University of Nottingham ) Material Safety Data Sheet ATSDR Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry FAQ International Chemical Safety Card 0164 NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards Process flow sheet of Hydrogen Peroxide Production by anthrahydroquinone autoxidation Hydrogen Peroxide Handbook by Rocketdyne Hydrogen compounds H AsO H AsO HAt HSO F HBF HBr HBrO HBrO HBrO HBrO HCl HClO HClO HClO HClO HCN HCNO H CrO / H Cr O H CO H CS HF HFΟ HI HIO HIO HIO HIO HMnO H MoO HNC NaHCO HNCO HNO HNO HNO H N O HNO S H NSO H O H O H O H PO H PO H PO H P O H P O H PtCl H Se H SeO H SeO H SiO H SiF HSCN HNSC H SO H SO H SO H S O H S O H S O H S O CF SO H H Te H TeO H TeO H TiO H Po HCo ( CO ) Antiseptics and disinfectants ( D08 ) Acridine derivatives Ethacridine lactate 9 - Aminoacridine Euflavine Biguanides and amidines Dibrompropamidine Chlorhexidine Propamidine Hexamidine Polihexanide Phenol and derivatives Hexachlorophene Policresulen Phenol Triclosan Triclocarban Chloroxylenol Biphenylol Fenticlor Nitrofuran derivatives Nitrofurazone Iodine products Iodine / octylphenoxypolyglycolether Povidone - iodine Diiodohydroxypropane Quinoline derivatives Dequalinium Chlorquinaldol Oxyquinoline Clioquinol Quaternary ammonium compounds Benzalkonium Benzethonium chloride Cetrimonium ( bromide / chloride ) Cetylpyridinium Cetrimide Benzoxonium chloride Didecyldimethylammonium chloride Mercurial products Mercuric amidochloride Phenylmercuric borate Mercuric chloride Merbromin Thiomersal Mercuric iodide Silver compounds Silver nitrate Alcohols Propanol ( propyl alcohol ) Isopropanol ( isopropyl alcohol ) Ethanol ( ethyl alcohol ) Other Potassium permanganate Sodium hypochlorite Hydrogen peroxide Eosin Tosylchloramide Octenidine dihydrochloride WHO - EM Withdrawn from market Clinical trials : Phase III Never to phase III Stomatological preparations ( A01 ) Caries prophylaxis Dectaflur Olaflur Sodium fluoride Sodium monofluorophosphate Stannous fluoride Infection and antiseptics Amphotericin B Benzoxonium chloride Chlorhexidine Chlortetracycline Clotrimazole Cetylpyridinium chloride Domiphen bromide Doxycycline Eugenol Hexetidine Hydrogen peroxide Mepartricin Metronidazole Miconazole Minocycline Natamycin Neomycin Oxyquinoline Polynoxylin Sodium perborate Tetracycline Tibezonium iodide Corticosteroids ( Glucocorticoids ) Dexamethasone Hydrocortisone Triamcinolone Other Amlexanox Acetylsalicylic acid Becaplermin Benzydamine Epinephrine / Adrenalone Drugs used for diseases of the ear ( S02 ) Infection Acetic acid Aluminium acetotartrate Aluminium triacetate ( Burow 's solution ) Boric acid Chloramphenicol Chlorhexidine Ciprofloxacin Clioquinol Gentamicin Hydrogen peroxide Miconazole Neomycin Nitrofurazone Ofloxacin Polymyxin B Rifamycin Tetracycline Corticosteroids Betamethasone Dexamethasone Fluocinolone acetonide Hydrocortisone Prednisolone Analgesics and anesthetics Lidocaine Cocaine Phenazone Human hair color Hair color Black Blond Brown ( varieties : Chestnut Auburn ) Red ( varieties : Auburn Titian ) White / Grey Hair coloring Blue rinse Grecian Formula Hair dye stripping Hair highlighting Henna Hydrogen peroxide Blue hair Other Disappearing blonde gene Fischer -- Saller scale Fischer scale Melanocortin 1 receptor Molecules detected in outer space Molecules Diatomic Aluminium monochloride Aluminium monofluoride Aluminium monoxide Argonium Carbon monophosphide Carbon monosulfide Carbon monoxide Carborundum Cyanogen radical Diatomic carbon Fluoromethylidynium Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen fluoride Hydrogen ( molecular ) Hydroxyl radical Iron ( II ) oxide Magnesium monohydride cation Methylidyne radical Nitric oxide Nitrogen ( molecular ) Nitrogen monohydride Nitrogen sulfide Oxygen ( molecular ) Phosphorus monoxide Phosphorus mononitride Potassium chloride Silicon carbide Silicon mononitride Silicon monoxide Silicon monosulfide Sodium chloride Sodium iodide Sulfur monohydride Sulfur monoxide Titanium oxide Triatomic Aluminium hydroxide Aluminium isocyanide Amino radical Carbon dioxide Carbonyl sulfide CCP radical Chloronium Diazenylium Dicarbon monoxide Disilicon carbide Ethynyl radical Formyl radical Hydrogen cyanide ( HCN ) Hydrogen isocyanide ( HNC ) Hydrogen sulfide Hydroperoxyl Iron cyanide Isoformyl Magnesium cyanide Magnesium isocyanide Methylene radical Nitrous oxide Nitroxyl Ozone Phosphaethyne Potassium cyanide Protonated molecular hydrogen Sodium cyanide Sodium hydroxide Silicon carbonitride c - Silicon dicarbide Silicon naphthalocyanine Sulfur dioxide Thioformyl Thioxoethenylidene Titanium dioxide Tricarbon Water Four atoms Acetylene Ammonia Cyanic acid Cyanoethynyl Cyclopropynylidyne Formaldehyde Fulminic acid HCCN Hydrogen peroxide Hydromagnesium isocyanide Isocyanic acid Isothiocyanic acid Ketenyl Methylene amidogen Methyl radical Propynylidyne Protonated carbon dioxide Protonated hydrogen cyanide Silicon tricarbide Thioformaldehyde Tricarbon monoxide Tricarbon sulfide Thiocyanic acid Five atoms Ammonium ion Butadiynyl Carbodiimide Cyanamide Cyanoacetylene Cyanoformaldehyde Cyanomethyl Cyclopropenylidene Formic acid Isocyanoacetylene Ketene Methane Methoxy radical Methylenimine Propadienylidene Protonated formaldehyde Protonated formaldehyde Silane Silicon - carbide cluster Six atoms Acetonitrile Cyanobutadiynyl radical E-Cyanomethanimine Cyclopropenone Diacetylene Ethylene Formamide HC N Ketenimine Methanethiol Methanol Methyl isocyanide Pentynylidyne Propynal Protonated cyanoacetylene Seven atoms Acetaldehyde Acrylonitrile Vinyl cyanide Cyanodiacetylene Ethylene oxide Hexatriynyl radical Methylacetylene Methylamine Methyl isocyanate Vinyl alcohol Eight atoms Acetic acid Aminoacetonitrile Cyanoallene Ethanimine Glycolaldehyde Heptatrienyl radical Hexapentaenylidene Methylcyanoacetylene Methyl formate Propenal Nine atoms Acetamide Cyanohexatriyne Cyanotriacetylene Dimethyl ether Ethanol Methyldiacetylene Octatetraynyl radical Propene Propionitrile Ten atoms or more Acetone Benzene Benzonitrile Buckminsterfullerene ( C fullerene , buckyball ) C fullerene Cyanodecapentayne Cyanopentaacetylene Cyanotetra - acetylene Ethylene glycol Ethyl formate Methyl acetate Methyl - cyano - diacetylene Methyltriacetylene Propanal n - Propyl cyanide Pyrimidine Deuterated molecules Ammonia Ammonium ion Formaldehyde Formyl radical Heavy water Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen deuteride Hydrogen isocyanide Methylacetylene Trihydrogen cation Unconfirmed Anthracene Dihydroxyacetone Ethyl methyl ether Glycine Graphene H NCO Linear C Naphthalene cation Phosphine Pyrene Silylidine Related Abiogenesis Astrobiology Astrochemistry Atomic and molecular astrophysics Chemical formula Circumstellar envelope Cosmic dust Cosmic ray Cosmochemistry Diffuse interstellar band Earliest known life forms Extraterrestrial life Extraterrestrial liquid water Forbidden mechanism Helium hydride ion Homochirality Intergalactic dust Interplanetary medium Interstellar medium Photodissociation region Iron -- sulfur world theory Kerogen Molecules in stars Nexus for Exoplanet System Science Organic compound Outer space PAH world hypothesis Panspermia Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon ( PAH ) RNA world hypothesis Spectroscopy Tholin Book : Chemistry Category : Astrochemistry Category : Molecules Portal : Astrobiology Portal : Astronomy Portal : Chemistry Oxygen compounds AgO Al O AmO Am O As O As O Au O B O BaO BeO Bi O BiO Bi O BrO Br O Br O CO CO C O CaO CaO CdO CeO Ce O Ce O ClO Cl O Cl O Cl O Cl O Cl O CoO Co O Co O CrO Cr O Cr O Cr O CsO Cs O CuO D O Dy O Er O Eu O OF O O FeO Fe O Fe O Ga O Ga O GeO GeO H O H O H O HfO HgO Hg O Ho O I O I O I O I O In O IrO KO K O La O Li O Li O Lu O MgO Mg O MnO MnO Mn O Mn O MoO MoO Mo O NO NO N O N O N O N O NaO Na O Na O NbO NbO Nd O Chemical formulas TRP channel modulators TRPA Activators 4 - Hydroxynonenal 4 - Oxo - 2 - nonenal 4 , 5 - EET 12S - HpETE 15 - Deoxy - Δ - prostaglandin J2 α - Sanshool ( ginger , Sichuan and melegueta peppers ) Acrolein Allicin ( garlic ) Allyl isothiocyanate ( mustard , radish , horseradish , wasabi ) AM404 Bradykinin Cannabichromene ( cannabis ) Cannabidiol ( cannabis ) Cannabigerol ( cannabis ) Cinnamaldehyde ( cinnamon ) CR gas ( dibenzoxazepine ; DBO ) CS gas ( 2 - chlorobenzal malononitrile ) Curcumin ( turmeric ) Dehydroligustilide ( celery ) Diallyl disulfide Dicentrine ( Lindera spp . ) Farnesyl thiosalicylic acid Formalin Gingerols ( ginger ) Hepoxilin A3 Hepoxilin B3 Hydrogen peroxide Icilin Isothiocyanate Ligustilide ( celery , Angelica acutiloba ) Linalool ( Sichuan pepper , thyme ) Methylglyoxal Methyl salicylate ( wintergreen ) N - Methylmaleimide Nicotine ( tobacco ) Oleocanthal ( olive oil ) Paclitaxel ( Pacific yew ) Paracetamol ( acetaminophen ) PF - 4840154 Phenacyl chloride Polygodial ( Dorrigo pepper ) Shogaols ( ginger , Sichuan and melegueta peppers ) Tear gases Tetrahydrocannabinol ( cannabis ) Thiopropanal S - oxide ( onion ) Umbellulone ( Umbellularia californica ) WIN 55,212 - 2 Blockers Dehydroligustilide ( celery ) Nicotine ( tobacco ) Ruthenium red TRPC Activators Adhyperforin ( St John 's wort ) Diacyl glycerol GSK1702934A Hyperforin ( St John 's wort ) Substance P Blockers DCDPC DHEA - S Flufenamic acid GSK417651A GSK2293017A Meclofenamic acid N - ( p - amylcinnamoyl ) anthranilic acid Niflumic acid Pregnenolone sulfate Progesterone Pyr3 Tolfenamic acid TRPM Activators ADP - ribose BCTC Calcium ( intracellular ) Cold Coolact P Cooling Agent 10 CPS - 369 Eucalyptol ( eucalyptus ) Frescolat MGA Frescolat ML Geraniol Hydroxycitronellal Icilin Linalool Menthol ( mint ) PMD 38 Pregnenolone sulfate Rutamarin ( Ruta graveolens ) Steviol glycosides ( e.g. , stevioside ) ( Stevia rebaudiana ) Sweet tastants ( e.g. , glucose , fructose , sucrose ; indirectly ) Thio - BCTC WS - 3 WS - 12 WS - 23 Blockers Capsazepine Clotrimazole DCDPC Flufenamic acid Meclofenamic acid Mefenamic acid N - ( p - amylcinnamoyl ) anthranilic acid Nicotine ( tobacco ) Niflumic acid Ruthenium red Rutamarin ( Ruta graveolens ) Tolfenamic acid TPPO TRPML Activators MK6 - 83 PI ( 3 , 5 ) P SF - 22 TRPP Activators Triptolide ( Tripterygium wilfordii ) Blockers Ruthenium red TRPV Activators 2 - APB 5 ' , 6 ' - EET 9 - HODE 9 - oxoODE 12S - HETE 12S - HpETE 13 - HODE 13 - oxoODE 20 - HETE α - Sanshool ( ginger , Sichuan and melegueta peppers ) Allicin ( garlic ) AM404 Anandamide Bisandrographolide ( Andrographis paniculata ) Camphor ( camphor laurel , rosemary , camphorweed , African blue basil , camphor basil ) Cannabidiol ( cannabis ) Cannabidivarin ( cannabis ) Capsaicin ( chili pepper ) Carvacrol ( oregano , thyme , pepperwort , wild bergamot , others ) DHEA Diacyl glycerol Dihydrocapsaicin ( chili pepper ) Estradiol Eugenol ( basil , clove ) Evodiamine ( Euodia ruticarpa ) Gingerols ( ginger ) GSK1016790A Heat Hepoxilin A3 Hepoxilin B3 Homocapsaicin ( chili pepper ) Homodihydrocapsaicin ( chili pepper ) Incensole ( incense ) Lysophosphatidic acid Low pH ( acidic conditions ) Menthol ( mint ) N - Arachidonoyl dopamine N - Oleoyldopamine N - Oleoylethanolamide Nonivamide ( PAVA ) ( PAVA spray ) Nordihydrocapsaicin ( chili pepper ) Paclitaxel ( Pacific yew ) Paracetamol ( acetaminophen ) Phorbol esters ( e.g. , 4α - PDD ) Piperine ( black pepper , long pepper ) Polygodial ( Dorrigo pepper ) Probenecid Protons RhTx Rutamarin ( Ruta graveolens ) Resiniferatoxin ( RTX ) ( Euphorbia resinifera / pooissonii ) Shogaols ( ginger , Sichuan and melegueta peppers ) Tetrahydrocannabivarin ( cannabis ) Thymol ( thyme , oregano ) Tinyatoxin ( Euphorbia resinifera / pooissonii ) Tramadol Vanillin ( vanilla ) Zucapsaicin Blockers α - Spinasterol ( Vernonia tweediana ) AMG - 517 Asivatrep BCTC Cannabigerol ( cannabis ) Cannabigerolic acid ( cannabis ) Cannabigerovarin ( cannabis ) Cannabinol ( cannabis ) Capsazepine DCDPC DHEA DHEA - S Flufenamic acid GRC - 6211 HC - 067047 Lanthanum Meclofenamic acid N - ( p - amylcinnamoyl ) anthranilic acid NGD - 8243 Niflumic acid Pregnenolone sulfate RN - 1734 RN - 9893 Ruthenium red SB - 705498 Tivanisiran Tolfenamic acid See also : Receptor / signaling modulators Ion channel modulators NDL : 00565090 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_peroxide&oldid=836947748 '' Categories : Antiseptics Bleaches Disinfectants 1894 introductions Household chemicals Hydrogen compounds Hydrogen peroxide Light - sensitive chemicals Peroxides Otologicals Oxidizing agents Rocket oxidizers Hair coloring Reactive oxygen species Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Use dmy dates from October 2013 ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata Chembox having GHS data All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 54 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 April 2018 , at 20 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen%20peroxide
| 2,069 |
|
who plays mimi on the drew carey show
|
Kathy Kinney ( born November 3 , 1954 ) is an American actress and comedian . She gained considerable popularity in the late 1990s for playing Mimi Bobeck , the outrageously made - up , flamboyantly vulgar , and vindictive nemesis of Drew Carey on the sitcom The Drew Carey Show . She had been involved with television , feature films , and stage work for years .
|
Kathy Kinney
|
Kathy Kinney
|
kathy kinney
|
Kathy Kinney ( born November 3 , 1954 ) is an American actress and comedian . She gained considerable popularity in the late 1990s for playing Mimi Bobeck , the outrageously made - up , flamboyantly vulgar , and vindictive nemesis of Drew Carey on the sitcom The Drew Carey Show . She had been involved with television , feature films , and stage work for years .
|
Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 1.1 Early life 1.2 Career 2 References 3 External links Biography ( edit ) Early Life ( edit ) Kinney was born in Stevens Point , Wisconsin , the daughter of Irish Americans Marian and Harold Kinney , an automobile dealer . Her father died when she was 15 years old . For two years after high school , Kathy Kinney worked for the California Conservation Corps between 1972 and 1974 . After completing a six - month Back Country season in Kings Canyon , she left the program with thousands of dollars in scholarships . She attended the University of Wisconsin -- Stevens Point , and in 1976 moved to New York City , where she found work as a secretary at WCBS - TV . Her boss enjoyed hunting , and sometimes she chatted with him about his hunting trips , occasionally quipping , `` So , did you kill anything this week ? '' She used this experience to inspire herself for the role of Mimi . During this time at WCBS she also worked nights at New York comedy clubs to improve her improvisational comedy skills . This eventually led to a job teaching improv classes . One such class had in its attendance Bill Sherwood , a director . He later wrote a part for her in his 1986 film , Parting Glances . Career ( edit ) Armed with the success of Parting Glances , Kinney visited friends in Los Angeles , and decided to permanently move there to pursue a career in acting . In L.A. , Kinney worked hard as a character actress , getting small roles in various TV series such as Seinfeld ( Season 4 , Episode 22 , `` The Handicap Spot ) '' , Lois & Clark : The New Adventures of Superman ( with Drew Carey , with whom she would work again in The Drew Carey Show ) , Grace Under Fire , Full House , The Larry Sanders Show , and My Name Is Earl . Her first memorable television role is generally considered her regular stint on Newhart as Miss Goddard , the town librarian ( 1989 -- 1990 ) . Kinney has avoided auditions for what she calls `` the heavy - girl roles '' . Critics occasionally grumble that Mimi , her character on The Drew Carey Show , is a waddling fat joke , but her weight has never seemed to be the point of a fat joke . `` One time I had to say to Drew , ' Aw , you 're just fat , ' as the ultimate put - down . I personally do n't like it , but if fat jokes slip in because they 're funny , I do n't care . '' She is , however , less comfortable about being typecast because of her weight . `` Once in a while I would lose some weight , just by accident , and someone would say to me , ' You 're going to diet yourself out of a career , ' '' she says . `` And I tell them , ' I 'm losing weight , not my talent . ' Why is it the first thing ( some people ) look at is the shape ? It points up to me the prejudice that still exists . '' The Mimi Bobeck character was written only into the pilot of Drew Carey Show . The character interviewed for a cosmetics job at Winfred - Louder and when not hired , because of her garish makeup , raised a big fuss and threatened to sue . Positive public reaction prompted the Mimi storyline to continue , as the store hired her as a secretary to prevent her from suing . The show aired from 1995 to 2004 . Kinney has also appeared in the American version of Whose Line Is It Anyway ? , again working with Drew Carey . In addition to her television roles , Kinney has also appeared in several movies , including Arachnophobia , Stanley & Iris , Scrooged , Three Fugitives , Lenny the Wonder Dog , and This Boy 's Life . In 2006 she visited Iraq with former co-star Drew Carey and his Improv All - Star Team , a series of USO performance for American troops ; film of her appearance appears in the documentary Patriot Act : A Jeffrey Ross Home Movie . In 2008 , Kinney became the co-creator and star of MrsP.com , an entertainment website for children . Kinney portrays Mrs. P , an eccentric redhead who loves books and reads classic children 's stories from her magical library . After nearly two years in development , the site launched in beta on November 10 , 2008 . On March 24 , 2009 , Kinney appeared in character as Mimi in the beginning of The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson . A week later ( April Fools ' Day ) , Kinney reprised her role as Mimi during that day 's The Price Is Right , hosted by Carey , appearing as a guest model . She repeated the role on April Fool 's Day 2010 , this time usurping the post of executive producer . She replaced the show 's announcer with a man in a monkey suit along with using 4 male models . She guest starred on The Penguins of Madagascar as Rhonda the walrus , Marlene 's disgusting roommate , in the 2009 episode `` Roomies '' . Rhonda made a second appearance in the episode `` The Hoboken Surprise '' in 2011 . In March 2010 , Kinney co-authored with Cindy Ratzlaff a book entitled Queen of Your Own Life : The Grown - up Woman 's Guide to Claiming Happiness and Getting the Life You Deserve , published by Harlequin . Kinney has also been doing guest spots on The Secret Life of the American Teenager . Beginning in March 2011 , Kinney has appeared in Drew Carey 's Improv - A-Ganza . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Melissa , Melissa ( August 26 , 2009 ) . `` Kathy Kinney and the emancipation of Mimi '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved March 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Storm , Jonathan ( December 3 , 1996 ) . `` She 's The Big Draw On ` Drew ' As Sharp - tongued Mimi , Kathy Kinney Holds Her Own With Funnyman Drew Carey . Who 's The Person Behind The Muumuu And All That Makeup ? '' . philly.com . Philadelphia Media Network . Retrieved March 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kathy Kinney Biography ( 1954 - ) Jump up ^ Kathy Kinney : See About Mimi Jump up ^ Kathy Kinney Biography - Yahoo ! Movies Jump up ^ `` Your Town Stevens Point : Kathy Kinney : A Wisconsin Girl at Heart '' . WSAW - TV . December 19 , 2014 . Retrieved March 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kathy Kinney , Who Played Drew Carey 's TV Nemesis , Looks Back On Iconic ' Mimi ' Role '' . The Huffington Post . November 3 , 2014 . Retrieved March 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Dawidziak , Mark ( March 30 , 2010 ) . `` Kathy Kinney reprising Mimi character on Drew Carey 's ' The Price is Right ' '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved March 2 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Kathy Kinney on IMDb VIAF : 71149961 LCCN : no2006084645 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kathy_Kinney&oldid=796191672 '' Categories : 1954 births American film actresses American television actresses American people of Irish descent Living people People from Portage County , Wisconsin People from Stevens Point , Wisconsin Actresses from Wisconsin 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses University of Wisconsin -- Stevens Point alumni Hidden categories : Pages to import images to Wikidata Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français 日本 語 Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 19 August 2017 , at 03 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathy%20Kinney
| 2,070 |
when did phone numbers go from 6 to 7 digits
|
Seven - digit dialing
|
seven - digit dialing
|
Seven - digit dialing is a telephone dialing procedure customary in the territories of the North American Numbering Plan , for dialing telephone numbers in the local calling area . It is also sometimes known as local format or network format .
|
Contents 1 History 2 Structure 3 Office code protection 4 Limitations 5 Timeline 5.1 Before 1947 5.2 1947 to 1951 5.3 1951 to 1960 5.4 1960 to 1981 5.5 1981 to 1994 5.6 1995 to present 6 See also 7 References History ( edit ) Originally , telephone exchanges consisted of manual boards operated by switchboard operators . Numbers were typically four digits or fewer for local calls within an exchange due to practical limitations ( if each line had a jack on the switchboard , four digits or 10000 possible numbers filled a 100 x 100 board ) . As the number of subscribers grew , multiple exchanges served individual neighborhoods of large cities . A city telephone number consisted of an exchange name and four digits , such as `` Pennsylvania 5000 '' . A rural telephone number , often party line , was often up to four digits plus a letter or letter and digits to indicate which of the multiple parties on the line was desired . Various schemes were used to convert these to dialable numbers as dial replaced manual switchboards ; many moderately - large cities used a 2L + 4N format where `` ADelaide 1234 '' would be dialled as AD - 1234 ( 23 - 1234 , a six - digit local call ) . A few of the largest cities , such as New York , used seven dial pulls ( `` PENnsylvania 5000 '' became PEN - 5000 and later PEnnsylvania 6 - 5000 , dialled PE6 - 5000 or 736 - 5000 ) . The initial 86 area codes were assigned in 1947 as routing codes for operator calls ; the first cross-country Bell System direct distance dial call was made in 1951 . The system was based on fixed - length numbers ; a direct - dial long distance call consisted of a three - digit area code and a seven - digit local number . Numbers in 2L + 4N cities ( such as Montréal and Toronto ) were systematically lengthened to seven digits in the 1950s , a few exchanges at a time , so that all local numbers were seven digits when direct distance dialling finally came to town . Exchange prefixes were added to small - town numbers to extend four or five - digit local numbers to the standardised seven - digit length , matching in length the then - longest local numbers in the largest major US markets . Structure ( edit ) Within the multinational calling area administered by the North American Numbering Plan , telephone numbers are composed of three fixed - length fields : a three - digit numbering plan area ( NPA ) code ( area code ) , a three - digit ( NXX ) central office code , and a four - digit ( XXXX ) station number . In seven - digit dialing , only the central office code and the station number is dialed , indicating that the call destination is within the local area code . This was the standard in most of North America from the 1950s onward . In some small villages with only one local exchange , it may have been permissible to dial only the four - digit station number . A long distance call within the same area code could often be dialed as 1 + 7D , without using an area code . The scheme relied on the second digit of an area code being 0 - 1 and the second digit of a local exchange being 2 - 9 . This dialing plan was incompatible with the introduction of area code 334 and area code 360 , and was therefore eliminated by January 1 , 1995 in the United States , and by September 1994 in Canada . It also was eliminated as early as 1981 in some numbering plan areas in the United States that had introduced interchangeable central office codes . Interchangeable central office codes are central office codes ( NXXs ) which , with a zero or one as the middle digit , resemble and duplicate area codes in the pre-1995 format . They were introduced to postpone area code splits in major cities such as New York City and Los Angeles , but in 1988 , AT&T / Bellcore made them mandatory for area codes nearing exhaust of non-interchangeable codes . The Massachusetts 617 / 508 split was the last one before the policy changed -- 617 did not yet have interchangeable NXXs at the time . Area codes with interchangeable NXXs had mandatory 10 - digit long distance dialing in order to allow exchanges to distinguish between intra - and inter-area code calls . From 1988 to 1994 , few area codes splits were possible due to the dwindling supply of area codes , so conservation measures became necessary . As of 1995 , with the introduction of interchangeable NPA codes , nearly all code combinations are useful as NPAs or as NXXes . Office code protection ( edit ) Traditionally , identical central office codes in adjacent Numbering Plan Areas ( NPAs ) would be assigned as far apart from each other as possible , so that callers living near an NPA boundary would not confuse numbers in the adjacent NPAs . Central office code protection made it possible in some low density areas to use seven digits to reach areas in another area code . Examples : Washington , D.C. ( area code 202 ) to adjacent areas of Maryland ( area code 301 ) and Virginia ( area code 703 ) , discontinued on October 1 , 1990 to allow assignment of a code in all three area codes . Hull from Ottawa before 2006 , as every Ottawa - Hull local number originally was reserved in both area code 613 and 819 ) . This was terminated on 21 October 2006 to allow assignment of a code in both 613 and 819 , although five central office codes associated with the federal government were protected in 819 to allow dialing without potentially reaching non-government lines . Limitations ( edit ) Area code overlay plans introduced a requirement in most areas that calls must include the area code , resulting in a 10 - digit dialing requirement . Seven - digit dialing remains possible in some areas of North America . Traditionally , calling from one area code to another , specifically for long distance calls , requires the caller to dial the trunk digit `` 1 '' before the code and number . More recently , with the increasing number and decreasing geographic size of area codes , it is increasingly possible to dial a number in another area code that is not long distance where such a call does require the area code , but not the trunk digit ( initial `` 1 '' ) . Many modern cellular phones automatically prepend the telephone 's own area code if the user enters only seven digits , sending a total of ten digits . In many voice - over-IP services , users can configure default handling of seven - digit dialing . Timeline ( edit ) Before 1947 ( edit ) Local numbers were of varying length depending on local provisioning of service and the technology in place . Places without dial service varied between those with `` modern - looking '' numbers such as an exchange name and digits ( e.g. General 5678 ) and those with numbers that referenced a multi-party line identification ( e.g. 2 - R - 48 ) . New York City had the longest numbers , as two - letter - five - number . The North American Numbering Plan was implemented in 1947 , on paper , assigning 86 area codes to approximate areas of 48 states , D.C. and nine provinces . All area codes had a zero or one as the middle digit . 1947 to 1951 ( edit ) The NANP area codes were implemented in use to allow operators to dial other operators for call completion assistance . Several cities were upgraded in this period to seven - digit ( two - letter - five - number ) phone numbers . As there are no letters on the 0 or 1 position , it fit with the assumption that no central office code would have a zero or one as the middle digit . Direct Distance Dialing was implemented in late 1951 in Englewood , New Jersey , giving customers in that exchange the ability to directly dial phones in a select number of cities as far away as San Francisco . 1951 to 1960 ( edit ) Direct distance dialing slowly was expanded to other major cities , restrained by the complexity of the technology , the time needed to expand local exchanges to seven - digit numbers , and the limited technology to compile and process billing of long distance calls without modern computers being affordable . By 1960 , a few places in Canada had DDD as well as most large American cities . This decade is notable for some thirty more area codes being implemented , including codes for Alaska , Hawaii and the Caribbean . 1960 to 1981 ( edit ) Major progress in provisioning DDD service , computerizing long distance billing . Few area codes were introduced during this time . Toll free 800 service was introduced . Service demands in the largest American cities of New York and greater Los Angeles resulted in the first use of interchangeable NXXes . All - number calling is implemented , replacing 2L - 5N numbers . Although a very small number of places still have non-seven - digit dialing by 1981 , they are extremely rare . 1981 to 1994 ( edit ) New area codes are introduced , a handful in 1981 - 83 , then status - quo for most of the time until 1990 . From 1990 to 1994 , all remaining assignable codes are put into service . Exhaust of NXX codes results in interchangeable NXXes in several more area codes . 1 + 10 digit or 10 - digit dialing is implemented in area codes that have interchangeable NXX codes . Protected dialing plans as in national capital areas are discontinued to help meet demand without an area code relief . As 1994 nears an end , 1 + 10 or 10 becomes required throughout the numbering plan in preparation for interchangeable NPA codes . All local numbers are now seven - digit , as the last technological hold - outs have given way to modern switching technology . The concept of a ten - digit local number is now conceived , as New York has an overlay code but seven - digit dialing is still the norm . 1995 to present ( edit ) Interchangeable NPA codes are introduced in Washington and Alabama , and some 40 new area codes are introduced through the year 1999 as pent - up demand for code relief is implemented . This includes two additional toll - free prefixes as the 888 code was quickly exhausted by assorted wasteful practices ) . Since 1999 , a more steady rate of area code introductions has taken place , the rate being slower due to one or more factors : * economic recession , * consumer resistance , * conservation measures or regulatory measures , * pent - up demand being satisfied , * new market entrants leaving the business . With overlays in several areas ( the relief method of choice in Canada since 2000 ) , ten - digit local numbers are now supplanting seven - digit dialing ; as of 2019 , only three Canadian area codes ( 506 , 807 and 867 ) will still be single - code areas ( no overlay ) and allow seven - digit local dialing . Although fewer American area codes are overlaid , seven - digit dialing is also disappearing in the United States . See also ( edit ) Linked numbering schemed List of country calling codes E. 164 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ In - state calling ( archived ) at fairpoint.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seven-digit_dialing&oldid=847097301 '' Categories : North American Numbering Plan Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2008 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 22 June 2018 , at 22 : 28 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven-digit%20dialing
| 2,071 |
||
who caused the great chicago fire of 1871
|
The fire started at about 9 : 00 p.m. on October 8 , in or around a small barn belonging to the O'Leary family that bordered the alley behind 137 DeKoven Street . The shed next to the barn was the first building to be consumed by the fire , but city officials never determined the exact cause of the blaze . There has , however , been much speculation over the years . The most popular tale blames Mrs. O'Leary's cow , who allegedly knocked over a lantern ; others state that a group of men were gambling inside the barn and knocked over a lantern . Still other speculation suggests that the blaze was related to other fires in the Midwest that day .
|
Great Chicago fire
|
great chicago fire
|
The Great Chicago Fire was a conflagration that burned from Sunday , October 8 , to early Tuesday , October 10 , 1871 . The fire killed up to 300 people , destroyed roughly 3.3 square miles ( 9 km ) of Chicago , Illinois , and left more than 100,000 residents homeless .
|
Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 Spread of the fire 3 Aftermath 4 Panorama of Chicago after the 1871 Fire 5 Rumors about the fire 6 Surviving structures 7 Related events 8 In popular culture 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Origin ( edit ) 1871 Chicago view before the ' Great Conflagration ' The fire started at about 9 : 00 p.m. on October 8 , in or around a small barn belonging to the O'Leary family that bordered the alley behind 137 DeKoven Street . The shed next to the barn was the first building to be consumed by the fire , but city officials never determined the exact cause of the blaze . There has , however , been much speculation over the years . The most popular tale blames Mrs. O'Leary's cow , who allegedly knocked over a lantern ; others state that a group of men were gambling inside the barn and knocked over a lantern . Still other speculation suggests that the blaze was related to other fires in the Midwest that day . The fire 's spread was aided by the city 's use of wood as the predominant building material in a style called balloon frame . More than two thirds of the structures in Chicago at the time of the fire were made entirely of wood , with most of the houses and buildings being topped with highly flammable tar or shingle roofs . All of the city 's sidewalks and many roads were also made of wood . Compounding this problem , Chicago had received only 1 inch ( 2.5 cm ) of rain from July 4 to October 9 , causing severe drought conditions before the fire , while strong southwest winds helped to carry flying embers towards the heart of the city . In 1871 , the Chicago Fire Department had 185 firefighters with just 17 horse - drawn steam engines to protect the entire city . The initial response by the fire department was quick , but due to an error by the watchman , Matthias Schaffer , the firefighters were sent to the wrong place , allowing the fire to grow unchecked . An alarm sent from the area near the fire also failed to register at the courthouse where the fire watchmen were , while the firefighters were tired from having fought numerous small fires and one large fire in the week before . These factors combined to turn a small barn fire into a conflagration . Spread of the fire ( edit ) 1868 map of Chicago , highlighting the area destroyed by the fire ( location of O'Leary's barn indicated by red dot ) When firefighters finally arrived at DeKoven Street , the fire had grown and spread to neighboring buildings and was progressing towards the central business district . Firefighters had hoped that the South Branch of the Chicago River and an area that had previously thoroughly burned would act as a natural firebreak . All along the river , however , were lumber yards , warehouses , and coal yards , and barges and numerous bridges across the river . As the fire grew , the southwest wind intensified and became superheated , causing structures to catch fire from the heat and from burning debris blown by the wind . Around 11 : 30 p.m. , flaming debris blew across the river and landed on roofs and the South Side Gas Works . With the fire across the river and moving rapidly towards the heart of the city , panic set in . About this time , Mayor Roswell B. Mason sent messages to nearby towns asking for help . When the courthouse caught fire , he ordered the building to be evacuated and the prisoners jailed in the basement to be released . At 2 : 30 a.m. on the 9th , the cupola of the courthouse collapsed , sending the great bell crashing down . Some witnesses reported hearing the sound from a mile ( 1.6 km ) away . As more buildings succumbed to the flames , a major contributing factor to the fire 's spread was a meteorological phenomenon known as a fire whirl . As overheated air rises , it comes into contact with cooler air and begins to spin creating a tornado - like effect . These fire whirls are likely what drove flaming debris so high and so far . Such debris was blown across the main branch of the Chicago River to a railroad car carrying kerosene . The fire had jumped the river a second time and was now raging across the city 's north side . Despite the fire spreading and growing rapidly , the city 's firefighters continued to battle the blaze . A short time after the fire jumped the river , a burning piece of timber lodged on the roof of the city 's waterworks . Within minutes , the interior of the building was engulfed in flames and the building was destroyed . With it , the city 's water mains went dry and the city was helpless . The fire burned unchecked from building to building , block to block . Finally , late into the evening of the 9th , it started to rain , but the fire had already started to burn itself out . The fire had spread to the sparsely populated areas of the north side , having consumed the densely populated areas thoroughly . Aftermath ( edit ) Aftermath of the fire , corner of Dearborn and Monroe Streets , 1871 Once the fire had ended , the smoldering remains were still too hot for a survey of the damage to be completed for many days . Eventually , the city determined that the fire destroyed an area about 4 miles ( 6 km ) long and averaging ⁄ mile ( 1 km ) wide , encompassing an area of more than 2,000 acres ( 809 ha ) . Destroyed were more than 73 miles ( 117 km ) of roads , 120 miles ( 190 km ) of sidewalk , 2,000 lampposts , 17,500 buildings , and $222 million in property -- about a third of the city 's valuation ( more than $4 billion in 2016 dollars ) . Of the 300,000 inhabitants , 100,000 were left homeless . 120 bodies were recovered , but the death toll may have been as high as 300 . The county coroner speculated that an accurate count was impossible , as some victims may have drowned or had been incinerated , leaving no remains . In the days and weeks following the fire , monetary donations flowed into Chicago from around the country and abroad , along with donations of food , clothing , and other goods . These donations came from individuals , corporations , and cities . New York City gave $450,000 along with clothing and provisions , St. Louis gave $300,000 , and the Common Council of London gave 1,000 guineas , as well as ₤ 7,000 from private donations . Cincinnati , Cleveland , and Buffalo , all commercial rivals , donated hundreds and thousands of dollars . Milwaukee , along with other nearby cities , helped by sending fire - fighting equipment . Additionally , food , clothing and books were brought by train from all over the continent . Mayor Mason placed the Chicago Relief and Aid Society in charge of the city 's relief efforts . Operating from the First Congregational Church , city officials and aldermen began taking steps to preserve order in Chicago . Price gouging was a key concern , and in one ordinance , the city set the price of bread at 8 ¢ for a 12 - ounce ( 340 g ) loaf . Public buildings were opened as places of refuge , and saloons closed at 9 in the evening for the week following the fire . Many people who were left homeless after the incident were never able to get their normal lives back since all their personal papers and belongings burned in the conflagration . The fire also led to questions about development in the United States . Due to Chicago 's rapid expansion at that time , the fire led to Americans reflecting on industrialization . Based on a religious point of view , some said that Americans should return to a more old - fashioned way of life , and that the fire was caused by people ignoring traditional morality . On the other hand , others believed that a lesson to be learned from the fire was that cities needed to improve their building techniques . Frederick Law Olmsted observed that poor building practices in Chicago were a problem : `` Chicago had a weakness for `` big things , '' and liked to think that it was outbuilding New York . It did a great deal of commercial advertising in its house - tops . The faults of construction as well as of art in its great showy buildings must have been numerous . Their walls were thin , and were overweighted with gross and coarse misornamentation . '' Chicago Tribune editorial Olmsted also believed that with brick walls , and disciplined firemen and police , the deaths and damage caused would have been much less . Almost immediately , the city began to rewrite its fire standards , spurred by the efforts of leading insurance executives , and fire - prevention reformers such as Arthur C. Ducat . Chicago soon developed one of the country 's leading fire - fighting forces . Business owners , and land speculators such as Gurdon Saltonstall Hubbard , quickly set about rebuilding the city . The first load of lumber for rebuilding was delivered the day the last burning building was extinguished . By the World 's Columbian Exposition 22 years later , Chicago hosted more than 21 million visitors . The Palmer House hotel burned to the ground in the fire 13 days after its grand opening . Its developer , Potter Palmer , secured a loan and rebuilt the hotel to higher standards across the street from the original , proclaiming it to be `` The World 's First Fireproof Building '' . In 1956 , the remaining structures on the original O'Leary property at 558 W. DeKoven Street were torn down for construction of the Chicago Fire Academy , a training facility for Chicago firefighters . A bronze sculpture of stylized flames , entitled Pillar of Fire by sculptor Egon Weiner , was erected on the point of origin in 1961 . Panorama of Chicago after the 1871 Fire ( edit ) Attributed to George N. Barnard Rumors about the fire ( edit ) 1871 illustration from Harper 's Magazine depicting Mrs. O'Leary milking the cow Almost from the moment the fire broke out , various theories about its cause began to circulate . The most popular and enduring legend maintains that the fire began in the O'Leary barn , as Mrs. O'Leary was milking her cow . The cow kicked over a lantern ( or an oil lamp in some versions ) , setting fire to the barn . The O'Leary family denied this , stating that they were in bed before the fire started , but stories of the cow began to spread across the city . Catherine O'Leary seemed the perfect scapegoat : she was a poor , Irish Catholic immigrant . During the latter half of the 19th century , anti-Irish sentiment was strong throughout the United States and in Chicago . This was intensified as a result of the growing political power of the city 's Irish population . This story was circulating in Chicago even before the flames had died out , and it was noted in the Chicago Tribune 's first post-fire issue . In 1893 the reporter Michael Ahern retracted the `` cow - and - lantern '' story , admitting it was fabricated , but even his confession was unable to put the legend to rest . Although the O'Learys were never officially charged with starting the fire , the story became so engrained in local lore that Chicago 's city council officially exonerated them -- and the cow -- in 1997 . Amateur historian Richard Bales has suggested the fire started when Daniel `` Pegleg '' Sullivan , who first reported the fire , ignited hay in the barn while trying to steal milk . Part of Bales ' evidence includes an account by Sullivan who claimed in an inquiry before the Fire Department of Chicago on November 25 , 1871 that he saw the fire coming through the side of the barn and ran across DeKoven Street to free the animals from the barn , one of which included a cow owned by Sullivan 's mother . Bales ' account does not have consensus . The Chicago Public Library staff criticized his account in their web page on the fire . Despite this , the Chicago city council was convinced of Bales ' argument and stated that the actions of Sullivan on that day should be scrutinized after the O'Learys were exonerated in 1997 . Anthony DeBartolo reported evidence in the Chicago Tribune suggesting that Louis M. Cohn may have started the fire during a craps game . According to Cohn , on the night of the fire , he was gambling in the O'Learys ' barn with one of their sons and some other neighborhood boys . When Mrs. O'Leary came out to the barn to chase the gamblers away at around 9 : 00 , they knocked over a lantern in their flight , although Cohn states that he paused long enough to scoop up the money . Following his death in 1942 , Cohn bequeathed $35,000 which was assigned by his executors to the Medill School of Journalism at Northwestern University . The bequest was given to the school on September 28 , 1944 , along with his confession . An alternative theory , first suggested in 1882 by Ignatius L. Donnelly in Ragnarok : The Age of Fire and Gravel , is that the fire was caused by a meteor shower . At a 2004 conference of the Aerospace Corporation and the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics , engineer and physicist Robert Wood suggested that the fire began when Biela 's Comet broke up over the Midwest . That four large fires took place , all on the same day , all on the shores of Lake Michigan ( see Related Events ) , suggests a common root cause . Eyewitnesses reported sighting spontaneous ignitions , lack of smoke , `` balls of fire '' falling from the sky , and blue flames . According to Wood , these accounts suggest that the fires were caused by the methane that is commonly found in comets . But as meteorites are not known to start or spread fires and are cool to the touch after reaching the ground , this theory has not found favor in the scientific community . A common cause for the fires in the Midwest can be found in the fact that the area had suffered through a tinder - dry summer , so that winds from the front that moved in that evening were capable of generating rapidly expanding blazes from available ignition sources , which were plentiful in the region . Methane - air mixtures become flammable only when the methane concentration exceeds 5 % , at which point the mixtures also become explosive . Methane gas is lighter than air and thus does not accumulate near the ground ; any localized pockets of methane in the open air would rapidly dissipate . Moreover , if a fragment of an icy comet were to strike the Earth , the most likely outcome , due to the low tensile strength of such bodies , would be for it to disintegrate in the upper atmosphere , leading to an air burst explosion analogous to that of the Tunguska event . Surviving structures ( edit ) pre fire house in Chicago on Cleveland Avenue ( photographed in 2016 ) The following structures are the only structures from the burnt district still standing : St. Ignatius College Prep St. Michael 's Church , Old Town Chicago Water Tower Chicago Avenue Pumping Station Police Constable Bellinger 's cottage at 2121 N. Hudson St. Michael 's Church and the Pumping Station were both gutted in the fire , but their exteriors survived , and the buildings were rebuilt using the surviving walls . Additionally , though the inhabitable portions of the building were destroyed , the bell tower of St. James Cathedral survived the fire and was incorporated into the rebuilt church . The stones near the top of the tower are still blackened from the soot and smoke . A couple of wooden cottages on North Cleveland Avenue also survived the blaze . Related events ( edit ) On that hot , dry , and windy autumn day , three other major fires occurred along the shores of Lake Michigan at the same time as the Great Chicago Fire . Some 250 miles ( 400 km ) to the north , the Peshtigo Fire consumed the town of Peshtigo , Wisconsin , along with a dozen other villages . It killed 1,200 to 2,500 people and charred approximately 1.5 million acres ( 6,000 km2 ) . The Peshtigo Fire remains the deadliest in American history but the remoteness of the region meant it was little noticed at the time , due to the fact that one of the first things that burned were the telegraph lines to Green Bay . Across the lake to the east , the town of Holland , Michigan , and other nearby areas burned to the ground . Some 100 miles ( 160 km ) to the north of Holland , the lumbering community of Manistee also went up in flames in what became known as The Great Michigan Fire . Farther east , along the shore of Lake Huron , the Port Huron Fire swept through Port Huron , Michigan and much of Michigan 's `` Thumb '' . On October 9 , 1871 , a fire swept through the city of Urbana , Illinois , 140 miles ( 230 km ) south of Chicago , destroying portions of its downtown area . Windsor , Ontario , likewise burned on October 12 . The city of Singapore , Michigan , provided a large portion of the lumber to rebuild Chicago . As a result , the area was so heavily deforested that the land deteriorated into barren sand dunes and the town had to be abandoned . In popular culture ( edit ) The University of Illinois at Chicago athletic teams are nicknamed the Flames , in commemoration of the Great Chicago Fire . Although set in Philadelphia , Theodore Dreiser 's 1912 novel The Financier portrays the nationwide impact the 1871 Chicago fire had on the stock markets and the financial world . The 1937 film In Old Chicago is centered on the fire , with a highly fictionalized portrayal of the O'Leary family as the main characters . It is alluded to with the 1967 unfinished instrumental `` The Elements : Fire '' , intended for the unreleased The Beach Boys album Smile , and completed and released as `` Mrs. O'Leary's Cow '' on the 2004 Brian Wilson solo album Brian Wilson Presents Smile . In 1974 , the Chicago Fire football team had played in the short - lived World Football League . Another Chicago Fire played in the American Football Association . A key section of Richard C. Meredith 's 1976 science fiction novel Run , Come See Jerusalem ! depicts the Great Chicago Fire from the point of view of rival time - travelers from the future , whose struggle amidst the raging flames would impact the entire history of the world . In the 1976 TV film Time Travelers , the protagonists travel back to shortly before the fire , trying to find the cure for a present - day infectious disease outbreak . Events of Dana Fuller Ross 's 1986 novel Illinois ! occur around the Great Chicago Fire . The 1987 Williams pinball `` Fire ! '' was inspired by the Great Chicago Fire . A cow sound can be heard at the start of gameplay , alluding to Mrs. O'Leary's cow . In the 1987 film Roxanne , the mayor of Chicago proposes to use a cow as the fire department mascot . In the 1987 film Near Dark , one character is heard saying , `` Hey Jesse , remember that fire we started in Chicago , '' hinting they were the culprits . The 1996 novel The Great Fire is about the events . The Major League Soccer team Chicago Fire was founded on October 8 , 1997 , the 126th anniversary of the Great Chicago Fire . In the 1998 episode `` Hot Time in the Old Town '' of Early Edition , Gary is sent back to 1871 to prevent the fire . The punk rock band Allister wrote a song called `` The Legend of Pegleg Sullivan '' for their 2005 album Before the Blackout ; the lyrics are written assuming Daniel Sullivan started the fire . In 2014 , the city of Chicago and Redmoon Theater partnered to create The Great Chicago Fire Festival . Held on October 4 , 2014 , the event fell victim to technical difficulties as replicas of 1871 houses on floating barges in the Chicago River failed to ignite property due to electrical problems and heavy rain on the preceding days . See also ( edit ) Chicago portal Dwight L. Moody -- 19th - century evangelist whose church was burned down in the fire Horatio Spafford -- author of hymn `` It Is Well With My Soul '' Ida Henrietta Hyde References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bales , Richard ( 2004 ) . `` What do we know about the Great Chicago Fire ? '' . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ Pierce , Bessie Louise ( 2007 ) ( 1957 ) . A History of Chicago : Volume III : The Rise of a Modern City , 1871 -- 1893 . Republished . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 66842 - 0 . Jump up ^ L.L. Owens , The Great Chicago Fire , ABDO , p. 7 . ^ Jump up to : Murphy , Jim ( 1995 ) . The Great Fire . U.S.A . Scholastic Inc . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Donald ( 1996 ) . City of the Century : The Epic of Chicago and the Making of America . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0684831384 . Jump up ^ `` The fire Fiend '' . Chicago Daily Tribune . 1871 - 10 - 08 . p. 3 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ Abbott , Karen . `` What ( or Who ) Caused the Great Chicago Fire ? '' . Smithsonian Magazine . Retrieved 24 February 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.davemanuel.com/inflation-calculator.php ? Jump up ^ `` The Great Fires in Chicago and The West '' , by a Chicago Clergyman , Published by J.W. Goodspeed , Chicago , 1871 Jump up ^ John J. Pauly , `` The Great Chicago Fire as a National Event , '' American Quarterly 36 , no . 5 ( Winter 1984 ) : p. 671 . The Johns Hopkins University Press , JSTOR 2712866 Jump up ^ Pierce , Betty Louise , A History of Chicago : The Rise of a Modern City , Chicago , University of Chicago Press , 1957 , p. 7 Jump up ^ John J. Pauly , `` The Great Chicago Fire as a National Event , '' American Quarterly 36 , no . 5 ( Winter 1984 ) : p. 673 - 674 . The Johns Hopkins University Press , JSTOR 2712866 Jump up ^ Chicago Landmarks Archived 2009 - 05 - 04 at the Wayback Machine ... retrieved December 14 , 2006 Jump up ^ Cromie , Robert ( 1994 ) . The Great Chicago Fire . New York : Rutledge Hill Press . ISBN 1 - 55853 - 264 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Chicago Tribune . `` Mrs. O'leary , Cow Cleared By City Council Committee '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 9 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Bales , Richard F. ; Thomas F. Schwartz ( 2005 ) . The Great Chicago Fire and the Myth of Mrs. O'Leary's Cow . Jefferson , NC : McFarland & Co. pp. 127 -- 130 . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 2358 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Was Daniel `` Peg Leg '' Sullivan the Real Culprit ? the Cause of the Great Chicago Fire `` . thechicagofire.com . Archived from the original on 23 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Chicago Fire '' . Chicago Public Library . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ Did a Cow Really Cause the Great Chicago Fire ? Mental Floss Jump up ^ DeBartolo , Anthony ( 1997 -- 98 ) . `` Who Caused The Great Chicago Fire : The Cow ? Or Louis M. Cohn ? '' . Hyde Park Media . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ Wood , Robert ( February 3 , 2004 ) . `` Did Biela 's Comet Cause the Chicago and Midwest Fires ? '' ( PDF ) . American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics . Jump up ^ Calfee , Mica ( February 2003 ) . `` Was It A Cow Or A Meteorite ? '' . Meteorite Magazine . 9 ( 1 ) . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Meteorites Do n't Pop Corn '' . NASA . 2001 - 07 - 27 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Gess , D. ; Lutz , W. ( 2003 ) . Firestorm at Peshtigo : A Town , Its People , and the Deadliest Fire in American History . New York : Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 7293 - 8 . OCLC 52421495 . Jump up ^ Bales , R.F. ; Schwartz , T.F. ( April 2005 ) . `` Debunking Other Myths '' . The Great Chicago Fire and the Myth of Mrs. O'Leary's Cow . McFarland . p. 111 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 2358 - 3 . OCLC 68940921 . Jump up ^ `` Gases -- Explosive and Flammability Concentration Limits '' . EngineeringToolBox.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` Landfill Gas '' . Environmental Health Fact Sheet . Illinois Department of Public Health . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ Beech , M. ( November 2006 ) . `` The Problem of Ice Meteorites '' ( PDF ) . Meteorite Quarterly . 12 ( 4 ) : 17 -- 19 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : WBEZ : Cider House Story Jump up ^ Tasker , G. ( 2003 - 10 - 10 ) . `` Worst fire largely unknown '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Wilkins , A. ( 2012 - 03 - 29 ) . `` October 8 , 1871 : The Night America Burned '' . io9 . Gawker Media . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ H.R. Page & Co. ( 1882 ) . `` The Great Fire of 1871 '' . History of Manistee County , Michigan . Chicago : H.R. Page & Co . Jump up ^ `` History Of The Urbana Fire Department '' . Urbana Firefighters Local 1147 . 2008 - 03 - 07 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` The Timeline : Fire of 1871 '' . Settling Canada 's South : How Windsor Was Made . Windsor Public Library . 2002 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ Royce , Julie Albrecht ( 2007 ) . Traveling Michigan 's Sunset Coast , pp. 58 -- 59 . Dog Ear Publishing . Retrieved 3 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` UIC Symbols : School Colors , Mascot , Song '' . UIC On - line Student Handbook . The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois . 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` In Old Chicago film by King ( 1937 ) '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Further reading ( edit ) Bales , Richard F. ( 2002 ) . The Great Chicago Fire and the Myth of Mrs. O'Leary's Cow . Jefferson , NC. : McFarland . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1424 - 3 . Chicago and the Great Conflagration -- Elias Colbert and Everett Chamberlin , 1871 , 528 pp . `` Who Caused the Great Chicago Fire ? A Possible Deathbed Confession '' -- by Anthony DeBartolo , Chicago Tribune , October 8 , 1997 and `` Odds Improve That a Hot Game of Craps in Mrs. O'Leary's Barn Touched Off Chicago Fire '' -- by Anthony DeBartolo , Chicago Tribune , March 3 , 1998 `` History of the Great Fires in Chicago and the West '' . -- Rev. Edgar J. Goodspeed , D.D. , 677 pp . Morris , Roy , Jr. , Sheridan : The Life and Wars of General Phil Sheridan , Crown Publishing , 1992 , ISBN 0 - 517 - 58070 - 5 . `` People & Events : The Great Fire of 1871 '' . The Public Broadcasting System ( PBS ) Website . Retrieved September 3 , 2004 . The Great Conflagration -- James W. Sheahan and George P. Upton , 1871 , 458 pp . Shaw , William B. ( October 5 , 1921 ) . `` The Chicago Fire -- Fifty Years After '' . The Outlook . 129 : 176 -- 178 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 30 . Smith , Carl ( 1995 ) . Urban Disorder and the Shape of Belief : The Great Chicago Fire , the Haymarket Bomb , and the Model Town of Pullman . Chicago , Ill. : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 76416 - 8 . `` Mrs. O'Leary's Comet : Cosmic Causes of the Great Chicago Fire '' by Mel Waskin ( Jan 1985 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1871 Great Chicago Fire . The Cause of the Great Chicago Fire The Great Chicago Fire Great Chicago Fire & the Web of Memory Coordinates : 41 ° 52 ′ 09 '' N 87 ° 38 ′ 30 '' W / 41.8693 ° N 87.6418 ° W / 41.8693 ; - 87.6418 City of Chicago Architecture Beaches Climate Colleges and universities Community areas Crime Culture Demographics Economy companies Expressways Flag Geography Government Harbor History Politics Timeline Landmarks Literature Media Museums Neighborhoods Parks People Performing arts music theater Public schools list Skyscrapers Sports Tourism Transportation Visual arts Portal Cook County Metropolitan area Illinois United States Chicago Landmark memorials and monuments National Historic Landmark , National Register of Historic Places , Chicago Landmark Site of the Haymarket Tragedy Site of First Self - Sustaining Nuclear Reaction ( Nuclear Energy ) Union Stock Yard Gate National Historic Landmark , National Register of Historic Places Jean Baptiste Point Du Sable Homesite National Register of Historic Places , Chicago Landmark Douglas Tomb Getty Tomb Victory Monument Chicago Landmark Clarence Buckingham Memorial Fountain and Garden Site of the Origin of the Chicago Fire of 1871 Site of Fort Dearborn Heald Square Monument Site of the Origins of the I&M Canal Illinois - Indiana State Line Boundary Marker Abraham Lincoln : The Man statue Site of the John and Mary Jones House Wigwam ( Site of the Sauganash Hotel ) Statue of The Republic See also Rosehill Cemetery entrance Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Chicago_Fire&oldid=807670732 '' Categories : 1871 fires 1871 in Illinois Urban fires in the United States History of Chicago History of the United States ( 1865 -- 1918 ) Landmarks in Chicago Fires in Illinois Great Chicago Fire 19th century in Chicago October 1871 events Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Latviešu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2017 , at 12 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great%20Chicago%20Fire
| 2,072 |
|
where is the high court of kerala located
|
The High Court of Kerala is the highest court in the Indian state of Kerala and in the Union Territory of Lakshadweep . It is headquartered at Kochi . Drawing its powers under Article 226 of the Constitution of India , the High Court has the power to issue directions , orders and writs including the writs of habeas corpus , mandamus , prohibition , quo warranto and certiorari for ensuring the enforcement of the Fundamental Rights guaranteed by the Constitution to citizens or for other specified purposes . The High Court is empowered with original , appellate and revisional jurisdiction in civil as well as criminal matters , and the power to answer references to it under some statutes . The High Court has the superintendence and visitorial jurisdiction over all courts and tribunals of inferior jurisdiction covered under its territorial jurisdiction .
|
Kochi
|
Kerala High Court
|
kerala high court
|
The High Court of Kerala is the highest court in the Indian state of Kerala and in the Union Territory of Lakshadweep . It is headquartered at Kochi . Drawing its powers under Article 226 of the Constitution of India , the High Court has the power to issue directions , orders and writs including the writs of habeas corpus , mandamus , prohibition , quo warranto and certiorari for ensuring the enforcement of the Fundamental Rights guaranteed by the Constitution to citizens or for other specified purposes . The High Court is empowered with original , appellate and revisional jurisdiction in civil as well as criminal matters , and the power to answer references to it under some statutes . The High Court has the superintendence and visitorial jurisdiction over all courts and tribunals of inferior jurisdiction covered under its territorial jurisdiction .
|
At present , the sanctioned Judge strength of the High Court of Kerala is 27 Permanent Judges including the Chief Justice and 12 Additional Judges . Depending on the importance and nature of the question to be adjudicated , the judges sit as Single ( one judge ) , Division ( two judges ) , Full ( three judges ) or such other benches of larger strengths . The foundation stone for the new multi-storied building now housing the High Court of Kerala was laid on 14 March 1994 by the then Chief Justice of India , Justice M.N. Venkatachaliah . The estimated cost of construction was 10 crore Indian rupees . The construction was completed in 2005 at a cost of 85 crore Indian rupees . The completed High Court building was inaugurated by the Chief Justice of India , Justice Y.K. Sabharwal on 11 February 2006 . The new High Court building is equipped with modern amenities like videoconferencing , air conditioned courtrooms , intranet , facilities for retrieval of order copies and publishing of the case status via the internet . The building is built on 5 acres ( 20,000 m ) of land and has a built - up area of 550,000 square feet ( 51,000 m ) over nine floors . The building has in it a post office , bank , medical clinic , library , canteens and such other most needed utilities and services . The High Court of Kerala has moved to its new building from the date of its inauguration , from the adjacent Ram Mohan Palace , where it had been functioning . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of judicial system in the State of Kerala 1.1 Judicial system in the Kingdom of Travancore 1.2 Judicial system in the Kingdom of Cochin 1.3 After the integration of Travancore and Cochin kingdoms 1.4 Establishment of High Court of Kerala 2 Judges 3 Past Chief Justices 4 Controversy 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History of judicial system in the State of Kerala ( edit ) KHCAA Golden Jubilee Chamber Complex The present State of Kerala is result of integrating the erstwhile princely kingdoms of Travancore and Cochin with Malabar district and Kasaragod . The present judicial system in Kerala has its roots dating back to the days of the monarchs of the Kingdoms of Travancore and Cochin . In 1811 , following the 1808 insurrection against British Cochin and Quilon , Colonel H.M. Munro succeeded Colonel Macaulay as the Resident in Travancore with supervision over the Kingdom of Cochin . Following an investigation into the rampant lawlessness and the abuse of the system , Colonel Munro surveyed the region with his assistant Captain Blacker and established reforms including courts , pensions , construction of roads , bridges and schools . He functioned as the Diwan until February 1818 when he handed over the reins to Nanjappayya of Coimbatore . Thus it was Colonel Munro laid the foundations for a systematic legal system , resulting in the present day scenario . Until his time , there were no independent tribunals for the administration of justice . Judicial system in the Kingdom of Travancore ( edit ) In the Kingdom of Travancore , Colonel Munro recommended necessary regulations to be passed for the reorganisation of the Courts . These recommendations were accepted by the then Travancore monarch and a Regulation in tune to his recommendations was passed in 1811 . Zilla Courts and a Huzur Court were established in the Kingdom of Travancore , in the years 1811 and 1814 respectively . Colonel Munro established five zilla ( District ) courts in A.D 1811 at Padmanabhapuram , Thiruvananthapuram , Mavelikkara , Vaikom and Aluva . Huzur Court , which functioned as the final appellate Court was later replaced by Sadar Court in 1861 . Sadar Court , which possessed almost all the powers of the present High Court of Kerala , continued functioning until 1881 . Later in 1887 , the High Court of Travancore was established with bench strength of five judges . One among the five judges was appointed as the Chief Justice . The judges had the assistance of a Pundit , who acted as an amicus curiae to advise them on the various points of Hindu law . Mr. Ramachandra Iyer was appointed as the first Chief Justice , at his prime age of 35 . Judicial system in the Kingdom of Cochin ( edit ) In the Kingdom of Cochin , Desavazhis and Naduvazhis were empowered to settle the disputes following the prevailing customary law . More serious matters used to be attended by the monarch himself . In 1812 , for the first time in its history , graded law courts were established under the Diwanship of Colonel Munro , in the Kingdom of Cochin . The first Subordinate Courts ( Sub Courts ) were established by Colonel Munro at Trichur ( Thrissur ) and Tripunithura . Until 1835 , Huzur Court was the final appellate Court . Huzur Court had a bench strength of three judges . Later the Huzur Court was reconstituted as Rajah 's Court of Appeal and Subordinate Courts were reconstituted as Zilla Courts . The Zilla Courts were empowered with unlimited jurisdiction , but subject to the confirmation from the Rajah 's Court of Appeal . The Rajah 's Court of Appeal was reconstituted as the Chief Court of Cochin in 1900 . The Chief Court of Cochin had three permanent judges one of whom acted as the Chief Judge . Mr. S. Locke was appointed as the first Chief Judge . Later the Chief Court of Cochin was reconstituted as the High Court , during the Diwanship of Sri . Shanmukham Chettiyar . After the integration of Travancore and Cochin Kingdoms ( edit ) After India gained her independence on 15 August 1947 , the Kingdoms of Travancore and Cochin were integrated to form the Travancore - Cochin State or Thiru - Kochi on 1 July 1949 . Later , the High Court of Travancore - Cochin was established at Ernakulam on 7 July 1949 under the Travancore - Cochin High Court Act ( 1949 ) . Mr. Puthupally Krishna Pillai was the last Chief Justice of High Court of Travancore - Cochin . Establishment of High Court of Kerala ( edit ) On 1 November 1956 , the States Reorganisation Act , 1956 was passed thereby integrating the State of Travancore - Cochin with Malabar district and Kasaragod to form the present State of Kerala . The High Court of Kerala , as it is today was established on 1 November 1956 as the High Court designated for the State of Kerala . The Kerala High Court Act , 1958 defined the jurisdiction and various functions , and powers of the High Court of Kerala . Initially , many cases from both the Travancore - Cochin High Court and the High Court of Madras were transferred to the High Court of Kerala for adjudication . Justice K.T. Koshi was appointed as the first Chief Justice of High Court of Kerala . Judges ( edit ) Name Position From Navniti Prasad Singh Chief Justice 20 March 2017 Antony Dominic Permanent Judge 2 December 2008 P.N. Ravindran Permanent Judge 9 December 2009 K. Surendra Mohan Permanent Judge 15 December 2010 P.R. Ramachandra Menon Permanent Judge 15 December 2010 C.K. Abdul Rehim Permanent Judge 15 December 2010 C.T. Ravi Kumar Permanent Judge 15 December 2010 V. Chitambaresh Permanent Judge 7 December 2012 A.M. Shaffique Permanent Judge 7 December 2012 K. Harilal Permanent Judge 24 June 2013 K. Vinod Chandran Permanent Judge 24 June 2013 P. D . Rajan Permanent Judge 16 January 2014 K. Ramakrishnan Permanent Judge 30 June 2014 B. Kemal Pasha Permanent Judge 30 June 2014 A. Hariprasad Permanent Judge 30 June 2014 Dama Seshadri Naidu Permanent Judge 30 June 2014 P. Ubaid Additional Judge 1 January 2014 K. Abraham Mathew Additional Judge 1 January 2014 Alexander Thomas Additional Judge 23 January 2014 A. Muhamed Mustaque Additional Judge 23 January 2014 A.K. Jayasankaran Nambiar Additional Judge 23 January 2014 Anil K. Narendran Additional Judge 23 January 2014 P.V. Asha Additional Judge 21 May 2014 P.B. Suresh Kumar Additional Judge 21 May 2014 Sunil Thomas Additional Judge 10 April 2015 Shaji P. Chaly Additional Judge 10 April 2015 Anu Sivaraman Additional Judge 10 April 2015 Raja Vijayaraghavan V Additional Judge 21 May 2014 B. Sudheendra Kumar Additional Judge 10 April 2015 K.P. Jyothindranath Additional Judge 10 April 2015 Mary Joseph Additional Judge 10 April 2015 Sathish Ninan Additional Judge 5 October 2016 Devan Ramachandran Additional Judge 5 October 2016 P. Somarajan Additional Judge 5 October 2016 V. Shircy Additional Judge 5 October 2016 A.M. Babu Additional Judge 5 October 2016 Past Chief Justices ( edit ) Sl No Name of the Chief Justice From To K.T. Koshi 12 September 1944 30 January 1959 K. Sankaran 16 August 1946 29 March 1960 Mohammed Ahmed Ansari 29 March 1960 26 November 1961 M.S. Menon 29 January 1953 12 June 1969 5 P.T. Raman Nair 22 February 1957 1 September 1971 6 T.C. Raghavan 15 December 1959 21 May 1973 7 P. Govindan Nair 29 January 1962 3 January 1977 8 V.P. Gopalan Nambiyar 22 March 1965 19 January 1980 9 V. Balakrishna Eradi 5 April 1967 30 January 1981 10 P. Subramanian Poti 20 March 1969 26 September 1983 11 K. Bhaskaran 3 April 1972 9 October 1985 12 V.S. Malimath 24 October 1985 11 June 1991 13 M. Jagannadha Rao 8 August 1991 5 April 1994 14 Sujata V. Manohar 21 April 1994 4 November 1994 15 M.M. Pareed Pillay 3 January 1985 17 September 1995 16 U.P. Singh 23 July 1996 19 December 1997 17 Om Prakash Verma 20 November 1997 19 March 1999 18 Arijit Pasayat 20 September 1999 8 May 2000 19 Arvind Vinayakarao Savant 30 May 2000 17 September 2000 20 K.K. Usha 25 February 1991 3 July 2001 21 B.N. Srikrishna 6 September 2001 1 October 2002 22 Jawahar Lal Gupta 1 November 2002 22 January 2004 23 NK Sodhi 5 April 2004 17 November 2004 24 B. Subhashan Reddy 21 November 2004 2 March 2005 25 Rajeev Gupta 27 April 2005 11 January 2006 26 Vinod Kumar Bali 22 January 2006 24 January 2007 27 H.L. Dattu 18 May 2007 12 December 2008 28 S.R. Bannurmath 18 March 2009 22 January 2010 29 Jasti Chelameswar 17 March 2010 10 October 2011 30 Manjula Chellur 26 September 2012 5 August 2014 31 Ashok Bhushan 26 March 2015 12 May 2016 32 Mohan Shantanagoudar 22 September 2016 17 February 2017 33 Navniti Prasad Singh 20 March 2017 Incumbent Controversy ( edit ) The High of Kerala building in Kochi had not assigned Number 13 to any of its courtrooms due to triskaidekaphobia . This created a controversy in Kerala as the state prides itself on being the most literate in India . A petitioner questioned this in Kerala High Court itself whether it was due to superstitious beliefs , as the room numbering skipped from 12 to 14 . After hearing this petition , the High Court not only dismissed it , but imposed a fine of ₹ 10,000 ( US $160 ) on the petitioner . Later , the Supreme Court of India over-ruled the High Court 's decision admonishing the encouragement of superstitions , `` The High Court is an institution . It should not be allowed to encourage this sort of superstitions , '' Kerala Legislative Assembly passed resolution for setting up a high court bench at Thiruvananthapuram , capital city of kerala . The Union Government and the Supreme Court are favourable in sanctioning more high court benches in country , and had already sanctioned many in other states . However , a new high court bench at Thiruvananthapuram is still pending , due to opposition by some in the high court at Ernakulam . The opposition is based on the rationale that when the United State of Travancore - Cochin ( the forerunner to the State of Kerala ) was created , it was agreed that the United State 's capital would be Travancore 's capital Thiruvananthapuram , where the legislature and the executive would be based , but that the judiciary would be based in Kochi , Cochin 's capital . See also ( edit ) High Courts of India KHCAA Golden Jubilee Chamber Complex References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://highcourtofkerala.nic.in/profile.html Jump up ^ `` Funds for infrastructure of High Courts '' . Press Information Bureau for Government of India . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ Playne S , Bond JW , Wright A. ( 2004 ) Southern India : its history , people , commerce , and industrial resources , page 368 . Asian Educational Services Jump up ^ High Court of Kerala - Profile of sitting judges Jump up ^ Profile of M.A. Ansari at Andhra Pradesh High Court . Jump up ^ Personal website of M. Jagannadha Rao Archived 17 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Kerala high court told not to be superstitious '' . Gulf News . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Number 13 finds ally in Kerala MLA '' . NDTV . Archived from the original on 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 23 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` SC regrets Kerala HC 's superstitious belief '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 21 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kerala High Court . High Court of Kerala History of present judiciary in Kerala Speech at the inauguration of the new building ( hide ) High courts of India Allahabad High Court Bombay High Court Calcutta High Court Chhattisgarh High Court Delhi High Court Gujarat High Court Gauhati High Court Himachal Pradesh High Court Hyderabad High Court Jammu and Kashmir High Court Jharkhand High Court Karnataka High Court Kerala High Court Madhya Pradesh High Court Madras High Court Manipur High Court Meghalaya High Court Odisha High Court Patna High Court Punjab and Haryana High Court Rajasthan High Court Sikkim High Court Tripura High Court Uttarakhand High Court Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kerala_High_Court&oldid=803476865 '' Categories : High Courts of India Law enforcement in Kerala 1956 establishments in India Kerala High Court Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2010 EngvarB from April 2013 Use dmy dates from April 2013 Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2008 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia മലയാളം தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 2 October 2017 , at 19 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala%20High%20Court
| 2,073 |
who played rodrick in diary of a wimpy kid
|
Devon Bostick ( born November 13 , 1991 ) is a Canadian actor best known for playing the lead role of Simon in the Atom Egoyan directed film Adoration , Brent in Saw VI , Rodrick Heffley in the first three Diary of a Wimpy Kid movies and Jasper Jordan on The CW show The 100 from 2014 to 2017 .
|
Devon Bostick
|
Devon Bostick
|
devon bostick
|
Devon Bostick Bostick in 2016 . ( 1991 - 11 - 13 ) November 13 , 1991 ( age 26 ) Toronto , Ontario , Canada Occupation Actor Years active 1998 -- present Devon Bostick ( born November 13 , 1991 ) is a Canadian actor best known for playing the lead role of Simon in the Atom Egoyan directed film Adoration , Brent in Saw VI , Rodrick Heffley in the first three Diary of a Wimpy Kid movies and Jasper Jordan on The CW show The 100 from 2014 to 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life and career 2 Filmography 2.1 Film 2.2 Television 2.3 Music video 3 References 4 External links Life and career ( edit ) Bostick in 2008 Bostick was born in Toronto , Ontario , Canada . His mother , Stephanie Gorin , is a casting agent in Toronto , who works in stage and screen , and his father , Joe Bostick , is an actor as well as a film fight coordinator . His maternal grandparents are English immigrants , and his father is of part Norwegian descent . Devon began acting when in grade five . He is a graduate of the Etobicoke School of the Arts in Toronto . He has had roles in the television series Degrassi : The Next Generation , Flashpoint and in the film Citizen Duane , and appeared in the series premiere of Rookie Blue . His film work has included roles in Godsend , Fugitive Pieces and The Stone Angel . In Adoration , he plays Simon , a boy who is being raised by his uncle ( played by Scott Speedman ) after his parents ' death . He also appears in an online spoof trailer for a hoax movie called `` Ice Fortress '' . He had roles in The Poet , a World War II drama starring Roy Scheider and Colm Feore , Saw VI as Brent and Assassin 's Creed : Lineage as Ezio Auditore . Bostick also played Erica 's deceased brother Leo in CBC Television 's series Being Erica , and Rodrick Heffley in the Diary of a Wimpy Kid movies . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2003 The Truth About the Head Boy Godsend Zachary Clark Wells 2005 Land of the Dead Brian 2006 King of Sorrow Low Man 2006 Aruba Mark 2006 Citizen Duane Maurie Balfour 2006 American Pie Presents The Naked Mile High School Student # 4 Direct - to - video 2007 The Poet Guard # 1 2007 Fugitive Pieces Ben -- Teen 2007 The Stone Angel Young Marvin 2007 Saw IV Derek Scenes Cut 2008 Adoration Simon 2008 The Dreaming Boy 2009 Survival of the Dead Boy 2009 Saw VI Brent Assassin 's Creed : Lineage Ezio Auditore da Firenze Short film Diary of a Wimpy Kid Rodrick Heffley Verona Christopher Short film 2011 The Entitled Dean Taylor 2011 Hidden 3D Lucas 2011 The Sacrifice Mike Direct - to - video 2011 Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Rodrick Rules Rodrick Heffley 2012 Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Dog Days 2012 Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Class Clown 2012 Dead Before Dawn 3D Casper Galloway 2012 A Dark Truth Renaldo 2013 The Art of the Steal Ponch 2014 Small Time Freddy Klein 2015 Regression Roy Gray 2015 Being Charlie Adam 2017 Okja Silver Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1998 Exhibit A : Secrets of Forensic Science Son 1 episode 2002 -- 2003 Odyssey 5 Gothic Teen 2 episodes 2003 DC 9 / 11 : Time of Crisis Fireman 's son Television film 2003 Jake 2.0 Young Kid 1 episode 1 - 800 - Missing Zack 1 episode Hustle The Kid Television film 2005 Knights of the South Bronx Darren Television film 2006 -- 2007 Degrassi : The Next Generation Nic 3 episodes 2007 Stump Ryan TV series 2007 A Life Interrupted Young Bobby Television film 2007 The Altar Boy Gang Terry Television film 2008 Princess Older boy Television film 2008 Roxy Hunter and the Horrific Halloween Drew Television film 2009 The Good Germany Dale Mackay 1 episode 2009 Guns Boy # 3 2 episodes 2009 The Border Ali Jabir 1 episode 2009 Being Erica Leo Strange 13 episodes Rookie Blue Martin Blentz 1 episode Flashpoint Paul 1 episode Haven Jimmy 1 episode 2011 She 's the Mayor Doctor Jimmy 1 episode 2011 The Listener Bennie 1 episode 2013 Aim High Marcus Anderson Web series , 10 episodes 2014 -- 2017 The 100 Jasper Jordan Main cast ( Season 1 -- 4 ) Music video ( edit ) Year Song Artist Director 2015 Til It Happens to You Lady Gaga Catherine Hardwicke References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lederman , Marsha ( March 27 , 2011 ) . `` Devon Bostick 's not really evil -- he just acts that way '' . The Globe and Mail . Toronto . Jump up ^ Ouzounian , Richard ( March 25 , 2011 ) . `` Devon Bostick : Not just another wimpy kid '' . The Star . Toronto . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . Mobile.twitter.com . March 1 , 2013 . Retrieved April 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Devon Bostick . IMDb Jump up ^ Martha 's Nautical News . November 2007 Jump up ^ Lacey , Liam ( May 24 , 2008 ) . `` Egoyan brings post-9 / 11 vision to Cannes '' . Toronto : The Globe and Mail . Retrieved May 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dinoff , Dustin ( September 4 , 2006 ) . `` Contemporary World Cinema : Film Diary : Citizen Duane '' . Playback . p. 13 . Jump up ^ Leydon , Joe ( May 3 , 2004 ) . `` Godsend '' . Variety . p. 62 . Jump up ^ Writer , Staff ( February 18 , 2009 ) . `` Being Erica '' . Winnipeg Free Press . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Caims , Bryan ( May 19 , 2009 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE ! We Chat With ' Saw VI ' Star Devon Bostick '' . FEARnet . Horror Entertainment . Retrieved September 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Official Cast Reveal number 2 Dead Before Dawn '' . Deadbeforedawnthemovie.com . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Etan Vlessing ( June 28 , 2011 ) . `` Bostick , Sutherland to star in Dead Before Dawn '' Playback `` . Playbackonline.ca . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Devon Bostick . Devon Bostick on IMDb Devon Bostick on Twitter BNF : cb165839132 ( data ) GND : 1026438101 ISNI : 0000 0000 8028 6141 LCCN : no2010090951 VIAF : 121664154 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Devon_Bostick&oldid=848316127 '' Categories : 1991 births Living people People from Etobicoke Male actors from Toronto Canadian people of English descent Canadian people of Norwegian descent Canadian male child actors Canadian male film actors Canadian male television actors Canadian drummers Male drummers 20th - century Canadian male actors 21st - century Canadian male actors Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2016 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша 日本 語 Português Русский 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 July 2018 , at 05 : 29 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon%20Bostick
| 2,074 |
|
who plays horse face guy in bazaar bark
|
Bizaardvark
|
bizaardvark
|
Bizaardvark is an American comedy television series created by Kyle Stegina and Josh Lehrman that premiered on Disney Channel on June 24 , 2016 . The series stars Madison Hu , Olivia Rodrigo , Jake Paul , DeVore Ledridge , and Ethan Wacker . In addition to the series ' regular episodes , the series has also aired shorts under the title of Bizaardvark Shorts .
|
Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Production 4 Episodes 5 Ratings 6 Broadcast 7 Digital releases 8 References 9 External links Plot Frankie and Paige are two teenage best friends who post funny songs and comedic videos on the Internet . After hitting 10,000 subscribers on their Vuuugle channel Bizaardvark ( a portmanteau of the words `` bizarre '' and `` aardvark '' ) , they are accepted into the Vuuugle studios , where they make their videos while also having to share them with other `` Vuuuglers '' . Characters Main Frankie Wong ( Madison Hu ) is one star of Bizaardvark who plays the keyboard and piano . Paige Olvera ( Olivia Rodrigo ) is the other star of Bizaardvark who plays the guitar . Dirk Mann ( Jake Paul ) is the star of Dare Me Bro , where he takes dare requests that he performs . Amelia Duckworth ( DeVore Ledridge ) is the star of Perfect Perfection with Amelia who details about fashion . Bernard `` Bernie '' Schotz ( Ethan Wacker ) is a friend of Frankie and Paige who becomes their agent . He also becomes friends with Dirk and develops a crush on Amelia . Recurring Liam ( Johnathan McClain ) is the son of Vuuugle 's creator who speaks to the Vuuuglers through a robotic TV screen . Grandma Schotz ( Ellen Ratner ) is the grandmother of Bernie who lives with her . Belissa ( Maya Jade Frank ) is a superfan of Bizaardvark where she is the webmaster of the fansite `` I Heart Vark . '' Viking Guy ( Adam Haas Hunter ) is a tall viking who is the star of Vuuugle 's `` Live Like a Viking '' Channel . He was introduced in the second season where he also carried Liam 's robotic TV screen up the stairs until his office was relocated to the main level of the Vuuugle building . Production The series was created by Kyle Stegina and Josh Lehrman , who were discovered by the Disney Channel Storytellers program . They serve as the series ' co-executive producers . Eric Friedman serves as the executive producer and its showrunner . Marc Warren , who previously supervised Disney Channel Storytellers , was the executive producer on the pilot . The series started shooting in early 2016 . On December 15 , 2016 , Disney Channel renewed the series for a second season . The second season premiered on June 23 , 2017 . On July 22 , 2017 , it was announced that Jake Paul would be leaving both Bizaardvark and Disney Channel . Episodes Main article : List of Bizaardvark episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 20 June 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 24 ) January 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 27 ) TBA June 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 23 ) TBA Ratings Season Episodes First aired Last aired Avg . viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) 20 June 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 24 ) 2.41 January 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 27 ) 0.99 1.27 19 June 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 23 ) 1.49 TBA TBD 1.12 Broadcast The series premiered in both the United States and Canada following the premiere of Adventures in Babysitting on Disney Channel and Disney Channel Canada , respectively , on June 24 , 2016 . Digital releases All episodes of Bizaardvark are available for digital purchase on Amazon and iTunes . References Jump up ^ `` First ! '' . Bizaardvark . Episode 1 . June 24 , 2016 . Disney Channel . Frankie : Okay , we need a name for our channel . Paige : Let 's just go through the alphabet . `` A '' , aardvark . Frankie : `` B '' , bizarre . Both : Bizaardvark ! ^ Jump up to : Lakeitcha Thomas ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` Bizaardvark Fact Sheet '' . Disney ABC Press . Retrieved May 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Wagmeister ( October 16 , 2015 ) . `` Disney Channel Greenlights Tween Music Comedy Series Bizaardvark '' . Variety . Retrieved May 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Denise Petski ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` Bizaardvark Renewed for Second Season by Disney Channel '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` Jake Paul Exits Disney Channel Series Bizaardvark '' . Deadline . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brian Steinberg ( July 23 , 2017 ) . `` Disney 's Split with Jake Paul Spotlights Challenge for Social - Media Sensations '' . Variety . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 6.24. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 1.27. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 6.23. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Wagmeister ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` Disney Channel Announces Premiere Dates , Guest Stars for Bizaardvark & Adventures in Babysitting '' . Variety . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Channel to Premiere New Live - Action Sitcom Bizaardvark '' . Broadway World . April 26 , 2016 . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 100th Disney Channel Original Movie , Adventures in Babysitting , Premieres Friday , June 24 , on Disney Channel '' ( Press release ) . Corus Entertainment . April 28 , 2016 . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bizaardvark '' . Amazon . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bizaardvark , Vol. 1 '' . iTunes . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . External links Bizaardvark on IMDb Disney Channel original programming Former 1990s debuts Flash Forward ( 1995 -- 97 ) The Famous Jett Jackson ( 1998 -- 2001 ) So Weird ( 1999 -- 2001 ) The Jersey ( 1999 -- 2004 ) 2000s debuts Totally Circus ( 2000 ) Even Stevens ( 2000 -- 03 ) In a Heartbeat ( 2000 -- 01 ) Totally Hoops ( 2001 ) Lizzie McGuire ( 2001 -- 04 ) The Proud Family ( 2001 -- 05 ) Kim Possible ( 2002 -- 07 ) Totally in Tune ( 2002 ) That 's So Raven ( 2003 -- 07 ) Lilo & Stitch : The Series ( 2003 -- 06 ) Phil of the Future ( 2004 -- 06 ) Dave the Barbarian ( 2004 -- 05 ) Brandy & Mr. Whiskers ( 2004 -- 06 ) American Dragon : Jake Long ( 2005 -- 07 ) The Suite Life of Zack & Cody ( 2005 -- 08 ) The Buzz on Maggie ( 2005 -- 06 ) The Emperor 's New School ( 2006 -- 08 ) Hannah Montana ( 2006 -- 11 ) Disney Channel Games ( 2006 -- 11 ) The Replacements ( 2006 -- 09 ) Shorty McShorts ' Shorts ( 2006 -- 07 ) Cory in the House ( 2007 -- 08 ) As the Bell Rings ( 2007 -- 09 ) Phineas and Ferb ( 2007 -- 15 ) Wizards of Waverly Place ( 2007 -- 12 ) The Suite Life on Deck ( 2008 -- 11 ) Stitch ! ( 2008 -- 15 ) Sonny with a Chance ( 2009 -- 11 ) Jonas ( 2009 -- 10 ) 2010s debuts Good Luck Charlie ( 2010 -- 14 ) Fish Hooks ( 2010 -- 14 ) Shake It Up ( 2010 -- 13 ) Take Two with Phineas and Ferb ( 2010 -- 11 ) A.N.T. Farm ( 2011 -- 14 ) So Random ! ( 2011 -- 12 ) PrankStars ( 2011 ) Jessie ( 2011 -- 15 ) Austin & Ally ( 2011 -- 16 ) Gravity Falls ( 2012 -- 16 ) Code : 9 ( 2012 ) Dog with a Blog ( 2012 -- 15 ) Wander Over Yonder ( 2013 -- 16 ) Liv and Maddie ( 2013 -- 17 ) Win , Lose or Draw ( 2014 ) I Did n't Do It ( 2014 -- 15 ) Girl Meets World ( 2014 -- 17 ) K.C. Undercover ( 2015 -- 18 ) Best Friends Whenever ( 2015 -- 16 ) Descendants : School of Secrets ( 2015 , short - form ) Descendants : Wicked World ( 2015 -- 17 , short - form ) Walk the Prank ( 2016 ) Mech - X4 ( 2016 ) Current Mickey Mouse ( since 2013 , short - form ) Bunk 'd ( since 2015 ) Stuck in the Middle ( since 2016 ) Bizaardvark ( since 2016 ) Elena of Avalor ( since 2016 ) Tangled : The Series ( since 2017 ) Andi Mack ( since 2017 ) Hotel Transylvania : The Series ( since 2017 ) Raven 's Home ( since 2017 ) Upcoming Bug Juice ( 1998 -- 2001 , early 2018 ) Go Away , Unicorn ! ( 2018 ) Amphibia ( 2019 ) The Owl House ( 2019 ) Star vs. the Forces of Evil ( TBA ) See also It 's a Laugh Productions Disney Television Animation Brookwell McNamara Entertainment Crossovers Disney Channel Storytellers 25 Days of Christmas It 's a Laugh Productions Series Current Bunk 'd ( since 2015 ) Bizaardvark ( since 2016 ) Raven 's Home ( since 2017 ) Former The Suite Life of Zack & Cody ( 2005 -- 08 ) Hannah Montana ( 2006 -- 11 ) Cory in the House ( 2007 -- 08 ) Wizards of Waverly Place ( 2007 -- 12 ) The Suite Life on Deck ( 2008 -- 11 ) Sonny with a Chance ( 2009 -- 11 ) Jonas ( 2009 -- 10 ) I 'm in the Band ( 2009 -- 11 ) Good Luck Charlie ( 2010 -- 14 ) Pair of Kings ( 2010 -- 13 ) Shake It Up ( 2010 -- 13 ) A.N.T. Farm ( 2011 -- 14 ) So Random ! ( 2011 -- 12 ) Kickin ' It ( 2011 -- 15 ) Jessie ( 2011 -- 15 ) Austin & Ally ( 2011 -- 16 ) Lab Rats ( 2012 -- 16 ) Crash & Bernstein ( 2012 -- 14 ) Dog with a Blog ( 2012 -- 15 ) Liv and Maddie ( 2013 -- 17 ) Mighty Med ( 2013 -- 15 ) I Did n't Do It ( 2014 -- 15 ) Girl Meets World ( 2014 -- 17 ) K.C. Undercover ( 2015 -- 18 ) Best Friends Whenever ( 2015 -- 16 ) Gamer 's Guide to Pretty Much Everything ( 2015 -- 17 ) Lab Rats : Elite Force ( 2016 ) Films Hannah Montana : The Movie ( 2009 ) Wizards of Waverly Place : The Movie ( 2009 ) The Suite Life Movie ( 2011 ) Good Luck Charlie , It 's Christmas ! ( 2011 ) Crossovers `` That 's So Suite Life of Hannah Montana '' ( 2006 ) `` Take This Job and Love It '' ( 2007 ) `` Wizards on Deck with Hannah Montana '' ( 2009 ) `` Weasels on Deck '' ( 2010 ) `` Charlie Shakes it Up '' ( 2011 ) `` Austin & Jessie & Ally All Star New Year '' ( 2012 ) `` Good Luck Jessie : NYC Christmas '' ( 2013 ) `` Jessie 's Aloha - holidays with Parker and Joey '' ( 2014 ) `` Karate Kid - tastrophe '' ( 2015 ) `` Lab Rats vs. Mighty Med '' ( 2015 ) TV specials The Wizards Return : Alex vs. Alex ( 2013 ) Related ABC Kids Disney Channel Disney XD Disney Channel Original Series Disney Channel Original Movies Toon Disney ( 1998 -- 2009 ) Disney Channel Storytellers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bizaardvark&oldid=832575329 '' Categories : 2010s American comedy television series 2016 American television series debuts American children 's comedy television series American television sitcoms American teen sitcoms Disney Channel shows English - language television programs Television series by It 's a Laugh Productions Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Български Cebuano Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Magyar 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Українська Tiếng Việt 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 March 2018 , at 20 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizaardvark
| 2,075 |
||
who sang i could not ask for more first
|
`` I Could Not Ask for More '' is a song composed by American songwriter Diane Warren and originally recorded and released in February , 1999 , by American recording artist Edwin McCain as part of the original soundtrack of the romantic drama film Message in a Bottle , starring Kevin Costner , Robin Wright Penn and Paul Newman . It was a featured track in his third studio album Messenger and became a Billboard - charted Top 40 single in the summer of 1999 .
|
Edwin McCain
|
I Could Not Ask for More
|
i could not ask for more
|
`` What Matters '' ( 1998 ) `` I Could Not Ask for More '' ( 1999 ) `` Go Be Young '' ( 2000 ) `` I Could Not Ask for More '' is a song composed by American songwriter Diane Warren and originally recorded and released in February , 1999 , by American recording artist Edwin McCain as part of the original soundtrack of the romantic drama film Message in a Bottle , starring Kevin Costner , Robin Wright Penn and Paul Newman . It was a featured track in his third studio album Messenger and became a Billboard - charted Top 40 single in the summer of 1999 . In 2001 , American country music artist Sara Evans popularly covered the song , sending her rendition to No. 2 on Billboards Hot Country Songs chart . Contents 1 Chart performance 1.1 Weekly charts 1.2 Year - end charts 2 Sara Evans version 2.1 Music video 2.2 Chart performance 2.2. 1 Year - end charts 3 References 4 External links Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Peak position Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) Canada ( RPM ) 12 US Billboard Hot 100 37 US Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks US Billboard Hot Adult Top 40 Tracks 6 US Billboard Mainstream Top 40 21 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1999 ) Position Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 61 Sara Evans version ( edit ) `` I Could Not Ask for More '' Single by Sara Evans from the album Born to Fly B - side `` Born to Fly '' Released February 12 , 2001 Format CD single Genre Country Length 4 : 05 Label RCA Nashville Songwriter ( s ) Diane Warren Producer ( s ) Sara Evans , Paul Worley Sara Evans singles chronology `` Born to Fly '' ( 2000 ) `` I Could Not Ask for More '' ( 2001 ) `` Saints & Angels '' ( 2001 ) `` Born to Fly '' ( 2000 ) `` I Could Not Ask for More '' ( 2001 ) `` Saints & Angels '' ( 2001 ) Music video `` I Could Not Ask for More '' at CMT.com Released in February 2001 , Sara Evans ' cover version of the song was the second single from her third studio album Born to Fly ( 2000 ) . Evans ' version was a Top 5 hit on the country music charts . Music video ( edit ) The Sara Evans music video features her in White Sands National Monument singing the song in different outfits and frequently sitting in different chairs throughout the video . Chart performance ( edit ) `` I Could Not Ask for More '' debuted at number 52 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart for the week of February 17 , 2001 . It soon reached # 2 on that chart , behind `` I 'm Already There '' by Lonestar . Chart ( 2001 ) Peak position US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) US Billboard Hot 100 35 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2001 ) Position US Country Songs ( Billboard ) 18 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Canadian AC peak Jump up ^ Canadian peak ^ Jump up to : `` Edwin McCain - I Could Not Ask for More ( Billboard chart history ) '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved August 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles - Volume 70 , No. 8 , December 13 , 1999 '' . RPM . December 13 , 1999 . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sara Evans Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Sara Evans Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2001 : Country Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 2001 . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Sara Evans Discography Studio albums Three Chords and the Truth No Place That Far Born to Fly Restless Real Fine Place Stronger Slow Me Down At Christmas Words Compilation albums Greatest Hits Playlist : The Very Best of Sara Evans Notable singles `` Three Chords and the Truth '' `` No Place That Far '' `` Fool , I 'm a Woman '' `` Born to Fly '' `` I Could Not Ask for More '' `` Saints & Angels '' `` I Keep Looking '' `` Backseat of a Greyhound Bus '' `` Perfect '' `` Suds in the Bucket '' `` A Real Fine Place to Start '' `` Cheatin ' '' `` Coalmine '' `` You 'll Always Be My Baby '' `` As If '' `` Some Things Never Change '' `` Feels Just Like a Love Song '' `` A Little Bit Stronger '' `` My Heart Ca n't Tell You No '' `` Slow Me Down '' `` Put My Heart Down '' Guest singles `` That 's the Beat of a Heart '' Related articles Jay Barker This 2000s country song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Could_Not_Ask_for_More&oldid=852608595 '' Categories : 1999 singles 2001 singles 1999 songs Edwin McCain songs Sara Evans songs Songs written by Diane Warren Music videos directed by Peter Zavadil Song recordings produced by Matt Serletic Rock ballads Country ballads Song recordings produced by Paul Worley Atlantic Records singles RCA Records Nashville singles 2000s country song stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 All stub articles Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 30 July 2018 , at 04 : 41 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20Could%20Not%20Ask%20for%20More
| 2,076 |
|
what is the point of having stages of change in the trans theoretical model
|
Transtheoretical model
|
transtheoretical model
|
The transtheoretical model of behavior change is an integrative theory of therapy that assesses an individual 's readiness to act on a new healthier behavior , and provides strategies , or processes of change to guide the individual . The model is composed of constructs such as : stages of change , processes of change , levels of change , self - efficacy , and decisional balance .
|
The transtheoretical model is also known by the abbreviation `` TTM '' and sometimes by the term `` stages of change '' , although this latter term is a synecdoche since the stages of change are only one part of the model along with processes of change , levels of change , etc . Several self - help books -- Changing for Good ( 1994 ) , Changeology ( 2012 ) , and Changing to Thrive ( 2016 ) -- and articles in the news media have discussed the model . It has been called `` arguably the dominant model of health behaviour change , having received unprecedented research attention , yet it has simultaneously attracted criticism '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 History and core constructs 1.1 Stages of change 1.1. 1 Details of each stage 1.2 Processes of change 1.3 Decisional balance 1.4 Self - efficacy 1.5 Levels of change 2 Outcomes of programs 2.1 Stress management 2.2 Adherence to antihypertensive medication 2.3 Adherence to lipid - lowering drugs 2.4 Depression prevention 2.5 Weight management 2.6 Smoking cessation 2.6. 1 Example for TTM application on smoke control 2.7 Travel research 3 Criticisms 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links History and core constructs ( edit ) James O. Prochaska of the University of Rhode Island , and Carlo Di Clemente and colleagues developed the transtheoretical model beginning in 1977 . It is based on analysis and use of different theories of psychotherapy , hence the name `` transtheoretical '' . Prochaska and colleagues refined the model on the basis of research that they published in peer - reviewed journals and books . Stages of change ( edit ) This construct refers to the temporal dimension of behavioural change . In the transtheoretical model , change is a `` process involving progress through a series of stages '' : Precontemplation ( `` not ready '' ) -- `` People are not intending to take action in the foreseeable future , and can be unaware that their behaviour is problematic '' Contemplation ( `` getting ready '' ) -- `` People are beginning to recognize that their behaviour is problematic , and start to look at the pros and cons of their continued actions '' Preparation ( `` ready '' ) -- `` People are intending to take action in the immediate future , and may begin taking small steps toward behaviour change '' Action -- `` People have made specific overt modifications in modifying their problem behaviour or in acquiring new healthy behaviours '' Maintenance -- `` People have been able to sustain action for at least six months and are working to prevent relapse '' Termination -- `` Individuals have zero temptation and they are sure they will not return to their old unhealthy habit as a way of coping '' In addition , the researchers conceptualized `` Relapse '' ( recycling ) which is not a stage in itself but rather the `` return from Action or Maintenance to an earlier stage '' . The quantitative definition of the stages of change ( see below ) is perhaps the most notorious feature of the model . However it is also one of the most critiqued , even in the field of smoking cessation , where it was originally formulated . It has been said that such quantitative definition ( i.e. a person is in preparation if it intends to change within a month ) does not reflect the nature of behaviour change , that it does not have better predictive power than simpler questions ( i.e. `` do you have plans to change ... '' ) , and that it has problems regarding its classification reliability . Communication theorist and sociologist Everett Rogers suggested that the stages of change are analogues of the stages of the innovation adoption process in Rogers ' theory of diffusion of innovations . Details of each stage ( edit ) Stage Precontemplation Contemplation Preparation Action Maintenance Relapse Standard time more than 6 months in the next 6 months in the next month now at least 6 months any time Stages of change Stage 1 : Precontemplation ( not ready ) People at this stage do not intend to start the healthy behavior in the near future ( within 6 months ) , and may be unaware of the need to change . People here learn more about healthy behavior : they are encouraged to think about the pros of changing their behavior and to feel emotions about the effects of their negative behavior on others . Precontemplators typically underestimate the pros of changing , overestimate the cons , and often are not aware of making such mistakes . One of the most effective steps that others can help with at this stage is to encourage them to become more mindful of their decision making and more conscious of the multiple benefits of changing an unhealthy behavior . Stage 2 : Contemplation ( getting ready ) At this stage , participants are intending to start the healthy behavior within the next 6 months . While they are usually now more aware of the pros of changing , their cons are about equal to their Pros . This ambivalence about changing can cause them to keep putting off taking action . People here learn about the kind of person they could be if they changed their behavior and learn more from people who behave in healthy ways . Others can influence and help effectively at this stage by encouraging them to work at reducing the cons of changing their behavior . Stage 3 : Preparation ( ready ) People at this stage are ready to start taking action within the next 30 days . They take small steps that they believe can help them make the healthy behavior a part of their lives . For example , they tell their friends and family that they want to change their behavior . People in this stage should be encouraged to seek support from friends they trust , tell people about their plan to change the way they act , and think about how they would feel if they behaved in a healthier way . Their number one concern is : when they act , will they fail ? They learn that the better prepared they are , the more likely they are to keep progressing . Stage 4 : Action ( current action ) People at this stage have changed their behavior within the last 6 months and need to work hard to keep moving ahead . These participants need to learn how to strengthen their commitments to change and to fight urges to slip back . People in this stage progress by being taught techniques for keeping up their commitments such as substituting activities related to the unhealthy behavior with positive ones , rewarding themselves for taking steps toward changing , and avoiding people and situations that tempt them to behave in unhealthy ways . Stage 5 : Maintenance ( monitoring ) People at this stage changed their behavior more than 6 months ago . It is important for people in this stage to be aware of situations that may tempt them to slip back into doing the unhealthy behavior -- particularly stressful situations . It is recommended that people in this stage seek support from and talk with people whom they trust , spend time with people who behave in healthy ways , and remember to engage in healthy activities to cope with stress instead of relying on unhealthy behavior . Relapse ( recycling ) Relapse in the TTM specifically applies to individuals who successfully quit smoking or using drugs or alcohol , only to resume these unhealthy behaviors . Individuals who attempt to quit highly addictive behaviors such as drug , alcohol , and tobacco use are at particularly high risk of a relapse . Achieving a long - term behavior change often requires ongoing support from family members , a health coach , a physician , or another motivational source . Supportive literature and other resources can also be helpful to avoid a relapse from happening . Processes of change ( edit ) Processes of change The 10 processes of change are `` covert and overt activities that people use to progress through the stages '' . To progress through the early stages , people apply cognitive , affective , and evaluative processes . As people move toward Action and Maintenance , they rely more on commitments , conditioning , contingencies , environmental controls , and support . Prochaska and colleagues state that their research related to the transtheoretical model shows that interventions to change behavior are more effective if they are `` stage - matched '' , that is , `` matched to each individual 's stage of change '' . In general , for people to progress they need : A growing awareness that the advantages ( the `` pros '' ) of changing outweigh the disadvantages ( the `` cons '' ) -- the TTM calls this decisional balance . Confidence that they can make and maintain changes in situations that tempt them to return to their old , unhealthy behavior -- the TTM calls this self - efficacy . Strategies that can help them make and maintain change -- the TTM calls these processes of change . The ten processes of change include : Consciousness - raising ( Get the facts ) -- increasing awareness via information , education , and personal feedback about the healthy behavior . Dramatic relief ( Pay attention to feelings ) -- feeling fear , anxiety , or worry because of the unhealthy behavior , or feeling inspiration and hope when they hear about how people are able to change to healthy behaviors . Self - reevaluation ( Create a new self - image ) -- realizing that the healthy behavior is an important part of who they are and want to be . Environmental reevaluation ( Notice your effect on others ) -- realizing how their unhealthy behavior affects others and how they could have more positive effects by changing . Social liberation ( Notice public support ) -- realizing that society is more supportive of the healthy behavior . Self - liberation ( Make a commitment ) -- believing in one 's ability to change and making commitments and re-commitments to act on that belief . Helping relationships ( Get support ) -- finding people who are supportive of their change . Counter-conditioning ( Use substitutes ) -- substituting healthy ways of acting and thinking for unhealthy ways . Reinforcement management ( Use rewards ) -- increasing the rewards that come from positive behavior and reducing those that come from negative behavior . Stimulus control ( Manage your environment ) -- using reminders and cues that encourage healthy behavior as substitutes for those that encourage the unhealthy behavior . Health researchers have extended Prochaska 's and DiClemente 's 10 original processes of change by an additional 21 processes . In the first edition of Planning Health Promotion Programs , Bartholomew et al. ( 2006 ) summarised the processes that they identified in a number of studies ; however , their extended list of processes was removed from later editions of the text . The additional processes of Bartholomew et al. were : Risk comparison ( Understand the risks ) -- comparing risks with similar dimensional profiles : dread , control , catastrophic potential and novelty Cumulative risk ( Get the overall picture ) -- processing cumulative probabilities instead of singe incident probabilities Qualitative and quantitative risks ( Consider different factors ) -- processing different expressions of risk Positive framing ( Think positively ) -- focusing on success instead of failure framing Self - examination relate to risk ( Be aware of your risks ) -- conducting an assessment of risk perception , e.g. personalisation , impact on others Reevaluation of outcomes ( Know the outcomes ) -- emphasising positive outcomes of alternative behaviours and reevaluating outcome expectancies Perception of benefits ( Focus on benefits ) -- perceiving advantages of the healthy behaviour and disadvantages of the risk behaviour Self - efficacy and social support ( Get help ) -- mobilising social support ; skills training on coping with emotional disadvantages of change Decision making perspective ( Decide ) -- focusing on making the decision Tailoring on time horizons ( Set the time frame ) -- incorporating personal time horizons Focus on important factors ( Prioritise ) -- incorporating personal factors of highest importance Trying out new behaviour ( Try it ) -- changing something about oneself and gaining experience with that behaviour Persuasion of positive outcomes ( Persuade yourself ) -- promoting new positive outcome expectations and reinforcing existing ones Modelling ( Build scenarios ) -- showing models to overcome barriers effectively Skill improvement ( Build a supportive environment ) -- restructuring environments to contain important , obvious and socially supported cues for the new behaviour Coping with barriers ( Plan to tackle barriers ) -- identifying barriers and planning solutions when facing these obstacles Goal setting ( Set goals ) -- setting specific and incremental goals Skills enhancement ( Adapt your strategies ) -- restructuring cues and social support ; anticipating and circumventing obstacles ; modifying goals Dealing with barriers ( Accept setbacks ) -- understanding that setbacks are normal and can be overcome Self - rewards for success ( Reward yourself ) -- feeling good about progress ; reiterating positive consequences Coping skills ( Identify difficult situations ) -- identifying high risk situations ; selecting solutions ; practicing solutions ; coping with relapse While most of these processes are associated with health interventions such as smoking cessation and other addictive behaviour , some of them are also used in travel interventions . Depending on the target behaviour the effectiveness of the process should differ . Also some processes are recommended in a specific stage , while others can be used in one or more stages . Recently , these processes have been identified in travel interventions , broadening the scope of TTM in other research domains . Decisional balance ( edit ) Main article : Decisional balance sheet This core construct `` reflects the individual 's relative weighing of the pros and cons of changing '' . Decision making was conceptualized by Janis and Mann as a `` decisional balance sheet '' of comparative potential gains and losses . Decisional balance measures , the pros and the cons , have become critical constructs in the transtheoretical model . The pros and cons combine to form a decisional `` balance sheet '' of comparative potential gains and losses . The balance between the pros and cons varies depending on which stage of change the individual is in . Sound decision making requires the consideration of the potential benefits ( pros ) and costs ( cons ) associated with a behavior 's consequences . TTM research has found the following relationships between the pros , cons , and the stage of change across 48 behaviors and over 100 populations studied . The cons of changing outweigh the pros in the Precontemplation stage . The pros surpass the cons in the middle stages . The pros outweigh the cons in the Action stage . The evaluation of pros and cons is part of the formation of attitudes . Attitude is defined as a `` psychological tendency that is expressed by evaluating a particular entity with some degree of favour or disfavour '' . This means that by evaluating pros and cons we form a positive or negative attitude about something or someone . During the change process individuals gradually shift from cons to pros , forming a more positive attitude towards the target behaviour . Attitudes are one of the core constructs explaining behaviour and behaviour change in various research domains . Other behaviour models , such as the theory of planned behavior ( TPB ) and the stage model of self - regulated change , also emphasise attitude as an important determinant of behaviour . The progression through the different stages of change is reflected in a gradual change in attitude before the individual acts . Most of the processes of change aim at evaluating and reevaluating as well as reinforcing specific elements of the current and target behaviour . The processes of change contribute to a great degree on attitude formation . Due to the synonymous use of decisional balance and attitude , travel behaviour researchers have begun to combine the TTM with the TPB . Forward uses the TPB variables to better differentiate the different stages . Especially all TPB variables ( attitude , perceived behaviour control , descriptive and subjective norm ) are positively show a gradually increasing relationship to stage of change for bike commuting . As expected , intention or willingness to perform the behaviour increases by stage . Similarly , Bamberg uses various behavior models , including the transtheoretical model , theory of planned behavior and norm - activation model , to build the stage model of self - regulated behavior change ( SSBC ) . Bamberg claims that his model is a solution to criticism raised towards the TTM . Some researchers in travel , dietary , and environmental research have conducted empirical studies , showing that the SSBC might be a future path for TTM - based research . Self - efficacy ( edit ) This core construct is `` the situation - specific confidence people have that they can cope with high - risk situations without relapsing to their unhealthy or high risk - habit '' . The construct is based on Bandura 's self - efficacy theory and conceptualizes a person 's perceived ability to perform on a task as a mediator of performance on future tasks . In his research Bandura already established that greater levels of perceived self - efficacy leads to greater changes in behavior . Similarly , Ajzen mentions the similarity between the concepts of self - efficacy and perceived behavioral control . This underlines the integrative nature of the transtheoretical model which combines various behavior theories . A change in the level of self - efficacy can predict a lasting change in behavior if there are adequate incentives and skills . The transtheoretical model employs an overall confidence score to assess an individual 's self - efficacy . Situational temptations assess how tempted people are to engage in a problem behavior in a certain situation . Levels of change ( edit ) This core construct identifies the depth or complexity of presenting problems according to five levels of increasing complexity . Different therapeutic approaches are recommended for each level as well as for each stage of change . The levels are : Symptom / situational problems : e.g. , motivational interviewing , behavior therapy , exposure therapy Current maladaptive cognitions : e.g. , Adlerian therapy , cognitive therapy , rational emotive therapy Current interpersonal conflicts : e.g. , Sullivanian therapy , interpersonal therapy Family / systems conflicts : e.g. , strategic therapy , Bowenian therapy , structural family therapy Long - term intrapersonal conflicts : e.g. , psychoanalytic therapies , existential therapy , Gestalt therapy Outcomes of programs ( edit ) The outcomes of the TTM computerized tailored interventions administered to participants in pre-Action stages are outlined below . Stress management ( edit ) A national sample of pre-Action adults was provided a stress management intervention . At the 18 - month follow - up , a significantly larger proportion of the treatment group ( 62 % ) was effectively managing their stress when compared to the control group . The intervention also produced statistically significant reductions in stress and depression and an increase in the use of stress management techniques when compared to the control group . Two additional clinical trials of TTM programs by Prochaska et al. and Jordan et al. also found significantly larger proportions of treatment groups effectively managing stress when compared to control groups . Adherence to antihypertensive medication ( edit ) Over 1,000 members of a New England group practice who were prescribed antihypertensive medication participated in an adherence to antihypertensive medication intervention . The vast majority ( 73 % ) of the intervention group who were previously pre-Action were adhering to their prescribed medication regimen at the 12 - month follow - up when compared to the control group . Adherence to lipid - lowering drugs ( edit ) Members of a large New England health plan and various employer groups who were prescribed a cholesterol lowering medication participated in an adherence to lipid - lowering drugs intervention . More than half of the intervention group ( 56 % ) who were previously pre-Action were adhering to their prescribed medication regimen at the 18 - month follow - up . Additionally , only 15 % of those in the intervention group who were already in Action or Maintenance relapsed into poor medication adherence compared to 45 % of the controls . Further , participants who were at risk for physical activity and unhealthy diet were given only stage - based guidance . The treatment group doubled the control group in the percentage in Action or Maintenance at 18 months for physical activity ( 43 % ) and diet ( 25 % ) . Depression prevention ( edit ) Participants were 350 primary care patients experiencing at least mild depression but not involved in treatment or planning to seek treatment for depression in the next 30 days . Patients receiving the TTM intervention experienced significantly greater symptom reduction during the 9 - month follow - up period . The intervention 's largest effects were observed among patients with moderate or severe depression , and who were in the Precontemplation or Contemplation stage of change at baseline . For example , among patients in the Precontemplation or Contemplation stage , rates of reliable and clinically significant improvement in depression were 40 % for treatment and 9 % for control . Among patients with mild depression , or who were in the Action or Maintenance stage at baseline , the intervention helped prevent disease progression to Major Depression during the follow - up period . Weight management ( edit ) Fifty - hundred - and - seventy - seven overweight or moderately obese adults ( BMI 25 - 39.9 ) were recruited nationally , primarily from large employers . Those randomly assigned to the treatment group received a stage - matched multiple behavior change guide and a series of tailored , individualized interventions for three health behaviors that are crucial to effective weight management : healthy eating ( i.e. , reducing calorie and dietary fat intake ) , moderate exercise , and managing emotional distress without eating . Up to three tailored reports ( one per behavior ) were delivered based on assessments conducted at four time points : baseline , 3 , 6 , and 9 months . All participants were followed up at 6 , 12 , and 24 months . Multiple Imputation was used to estimate missing data . Generalized Labor Estimating Equations ( GLEE ) were then used to examine differences between the treatment and comparison groups . At 24 months , those who were in a pre-Action stage for healthy eating at baseline and received treatment were significantly more likely to have reached Protons or Maintenance than the comparison group ( 47.5 % vs. 34.3 % ) . The intervention also impacted a related , but untreated behavior : fruit and vegetable consumption . Over 48 % of those in the treatment group in a pre-Action stage at baseline progressed to Action or Maintenance for eating at least 5 servings a day of fruit and vegetables as opposed to 39 % of the comparison group . Individuals in the treatment group who were in a pre-Action stage for exercise at baseline were also significantly more likely to reach Action or Maintenance ( 44.9 % vs. 38.1 % ) . The treatment also had a significant effect on managing emotional distress without eating , with 49.7 % of those in a pre-Action stage at baseline moving to Action or Maintenance versus 30.3 % of the comparison group . The groups differed on weight lost at 24 months among those in a pre-action stage for healthy eating and exercise at baseline . Among those in a pre-Action stage for both healthy eating and exercise at baseline , 30 % of those randomized to the treatment group lost 5 % or more of their body weight vs. 18.6 % in the comparison group . Coaction of behavior change occurred and was much more pronounced in the treatment group with the treatment group losing significantly more than the comparison group . This study demonstrates the ability of TTM - based tailored feedback to improve healthy eating , exercise , managing emotional distress , and weight on a population basis . The treatment produced the highest population impact to date on multiple health risk behaviors . Smoking cessation ( edit ) Multiple studies have found individualized interventions tailored on the 14 TTM variables for smoking cessation to effectively recruit and retain pre-Action participants and produce long - term abstinence rates within the range of 22 % -- 26 % . These interventions have also consistently outperformed alternative interventions including best - in - class action - oriented self - help programs , non-interactive manual - based programs , and other common interventions . Furthermore , these interventions continued to move pre-Action participants to abstinence even after the program ended . For a summary of smoking cessation clinical outcomes , see Velicer , Redding , Sun , & Prochaska , 2007 and Jordan , Evers , Spira , King & Lid , 2013 . Example for TTM application on smoke control ( edit ) In the treatment of smoke control , TTM focuses on each stage to monitor and to achieve a progression to the next stage . Stage Precontemplation Contemplation Preparation Action Maintenance Can Relapse to an earlier stage Standard time more than 6 months in the next 6 months in the next month now at least 6 months any time Action and intervention not ready to quit or demoralized ambivalent intend to quit take action and quit sustained back to smoke Related source Book , newspaper , friend Book , newspaper , friend doctor , nurse , friend ... doctor , nurse , friend ... friend , family temptation , stress , distress In each stage , a patient may have multiple sources that could influence their behavior . These may include : friends , books , and interactions with their healthcare providers . These factors could potentially influence how successful a patient may be in moving through the different stages . This stresses the importance to have continuous monitoring and efforts to maintain progress at each stage . TTM helps guide the treatment process at each stage , and may assist the healthcare provider in making an optimal therapeutic decision . Travel research ( edit ) The use of TTM in travel behaviour interventions is rather novel . A number of cross-sectional studies investigated the individual constructs of TTM , e.g. stage of change , decisional balance and self - efficacy , with regards to transport mode choice . The cross-sectional studies identified both motivators and barriers at the different stages regarding biking , walking and public transport . The motivators identified were e.g. liking to bike / walk , avoiding congestion and improved fitness . Perceived barriers were e.g. personal fitness , time and the weather . This knowledge was used to design interventions that would address attitudes and misconceptions to encourage an increased use of bikes and walking . These interventions aim at changing people 's travel behaviour towards more sustainable and more active transport modes . In health - related studies , TTM is used to help people walk or bike more instead of using the car . Most intervention studies aim to reduce car trips for commute to achieve the minimum recommended physical activity levels of 30 minutes per day . Other intervention studies using TTM aim to encourage sustainable behaviour . By reducing single occupied motor vehicle and replacing them with so called sustainable transport ( public transport , car pooling , biking or walking ) , green house gas emissions can be reduced considerably . A reduction in the number of cars on our roads solves other problems such as congestion , traffic noise and traffic accidents . By combining health and environment related purposes , the message becomes stronger . Additionally , by emphasising personal health , physical activity or even direct economic impact , people see a direct result from their changed behaviour , while saving the environment is a more general and effects are not directly noticeable . Different outcome measures were used to assess the effectiveness of the intervention . Health - centred intervention studies measured BMI , weight , waist circumference as well as general health . However only one of three found a significant change in general health , while BMI and other measures had no effect . Measures that are associated with both health and sustainability were more common . Effects were reported as number of car trips , distance travelled , main mode share etc . Results varied due to greatly differing approaches . In general , car use could be reduced between 6 % and 55 % , while use of the alternative mode ( walking , biking and / or public transport ) increased between 11 % and 150 % . These results indicate a shift to action or maintenance stage , some researchers investigated attitude shifts such as the willingness to change . Attitudes towards using alternative modes improved with approximately 20 % to 70 % . Many of the intervention studies did not clearly differentiate between the five stages , but categorised participants in pre-action and action stage . This approach makes it difficult to assess the effects per stage . Also , interventions included different processes of change ; in many cases these processes are not matched to the recommended stage . It highlights the need to develop a standardised approach for travel intervention design . Identifying and assessing which processes are most effective in the context of travel behaviour change should be a priority in the future in order to secure the role of TTM in travel behaviour research . Criticisms ( edit ) The TTM has been called `` arguably the dominant model of health behaviour change , having received unprecedented research attention , yet it has simultaneously attracted criticism '' . Depending on the field of application ( e.g. smoking cessation , substance abuse , condom use , diabetes treatment , obesity and travel ) somewhat different criticisms have been raised . In a systematic review , published in 2003 , of 23 randomized controlled trials , the authors found that `` stage based interventions are no more effective than non-stage based interventions or no intervention in changing smoking behaviour . However , it was also mentioned that stage based interventions are often used and implemented inadequately in practice . Thus , criticism is directed towards the use rather the effectiveness of the model itself . Looking at interventions targeting smoking cessation in pregnancy found that stage - matched interventions were more effective than non-matched interventions . One reason for this was the greater intensity of stage - matched interventions . Also , the use of stage - based interventions for smoking cessation in mental illness proved to be effective . Further studies , e.g. a randomized controlled trail published in 2009 , found no evidence that a TTM based smoking cessation intervention was more effective than a control intervention not tailored to stage of change . The study claims that those not wanting to change ( i.e. precontemplators ) tend not to be responsive to neither stage nor non-stage based interventions . Since stage - based interventions tend to be more intensive they appear to be most effective at targeting contemplators and above rather than pre-contemplators . A 2010 systematic review of smoking cessation studies under the auspices of the Cochrane Collaboration found that `` stage - based self - help interventions ( expert systems and / or tailored materials ) and individual counselling were neither more nor less effective than their non-stage - based equivalents . Main criticism is raised regarding the `` arbitrary dividing lines '' that are drawn between the stages . West claimed that a more coherent and distinguishable definition for the stages is needed . Especially the fact that the stages are bound to a specific time interval is perceived to be misleading . Additionally , the effectiveness of stage - based interventions differs depending on the behavior . A continuous version of the model has been proposed , where each process is first increasingly used , and then decreases in importance , as smokers make progress along some latent dimension . This proposal suggests the use of processes without reference to stages of change . The model `` assumes that individuals typically make coherent and stable plans '' , when in fact they often do not . Within research on prevention of pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases a systematic review from 2003 comes to the conclusion that `` no strong conclusions '' can be drawn about the effectiveness of interventions based on the transtheoretical model . Again this conclusion is reached due to the inconsistency of use and implementation of the model . This study also confirms that the better stage - matched the intervention the more effect it has to encourage condom use . Within the health research domain , a 2005 systematic review of 37 randomized controlled trials claims that `` there was limited evidence for the effectiveness of stage - based interventions as a basis for behavior change . Studies with which focused on increasing physical activity levels through active commute however showed that stage - matched interventions tended to have slightly more effect than non-stage matched interventions . Since many studies do not use all constructs of TTM , additional research suggested that the effectiveness of interventions increases the better it is tailored on all all core constructs of the TTM in addition to stage of change . In diabetes research the `` existing data are insufficient for drawing conclusions on the benefits of the transtheoretical model '' as related to dietary interventions . Again , studies with slightly different design , e.g. using different processes , proved to be effective in predicting the stage transition of intention to exercise in relation to treating patients with diabetes . TTM has generally found a greater popularity regarding research on physical activity , due to the increasing problems associated with unhealthy diets and sedentary living , e.g. obesity , cardiovascular problems . A 2011 Cochrane Systematic Review found that there is little evidence to suggest that using the Transtheoretical Model Stages of Change ( TTM SOC ) method is effective in helping obese and overweight people lose weight . Earlier in a 2009 paper , the TTM was considered to be useful in promoting physical activity . In this study , the algorithms and questionnaires that researchers used to assign people to stages of change lacked standardisation to be compared empirically , or validated . Similar criticism regarding the standardisation as well as consistency in the use of TTM is also raised in a recent review on travel interventions . With regard to travel interventions only stages of change and sometimes decisional balance constructs are included . The processes used to build the intervention are rarely stage - matched and short cuts are taken by classifying participants in a pre-action stage , which summarises the precontemplation , contemplation and preparation stage , and an action / maintenance stage . More generally , TTM has been criticised within various domains due to the limitations in the research designs . For example , many studies supporting the model have been cross-sectional , but longitudinal study data would allow for stronger causal inferences . Another point of criticism is raised in a 2002 review , where the model 's stages were characterized as `` not mutually exclusive '' . Furthermore , there was `` scant evidence of sequential movement through discrete stages '' . While research suggests that movement through the stages of change is not always linear , a study conducted in 1996 demonstrated that the probability of forward stage movement is greater than the probability of backward stage movement . Due to the variations in use , implementation and type of research designs , data confirming TTM are ambiguous . More care has to be taken in using a sufficient amount of constructs , trustworthy measures , and longitudinal data . See also ( edit ) Change management Decision cycle Notes ( edit ) The following notes summarize major differences between the well - known 1983 , 1992 , and 1997 versions of the model . Other published versions may contain other differences . For example , Prochaska , Prochaska , and Levesque ( 2001 ) do not mention the Termination stage , Self - efficacy , or Temptation . Jump up ^ In the 1983 version of the model , the Preparation stage is absent . Jump up ^ In the 1983 version of the model , the Termination stage is absent . In the 1992 version of the model , Prochaska et al. showed Termination as the end of their `` Spiral Model of the Stages of Change '' , not as a separate stage . Jump up ^ In the 1983 version of the model , Relapse is considered one of the five stages of change . Jump up ^ In the 1983 version of the model , the processes of change were said to be emphasized in only the Contemplation , Action , and Maintenance stages . Jump up ^ In the 1983 version of the model , `` decisional balance '' is absent . In the 1992 version of the model , Prochaska et al. mention `` decisional balance '' but in only one sentence under the `` key transtheoretical concept '' of `` processes of change '' . Jump up ^ In the 1983 version of the model , `` self - efficacy '' is absent . In the 1992 version of the model , Prochaska et al. mention `` self - efficacy '' but in only one sentence under the `` key transtheoretical concept '' of `` stages of change '' . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Prochaska , James O. ; DiClemente , Carlo C. ( 2005 ) . `` The transtheoretical approach '' . In Norcross , John C. ; Goldfried , Marvin R. Handbook of psychotherapy integration . Oxford series in clinical psychology ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press . pp. 147 -- 171 . ISBN 0195165799 . OCLC 54803644 . ^ Jump up to : Prochaska , JO ; Butterworth , S ; Redding , CA ; Burden , V ; Perrin , N ; Leo , M ; Flaherty - Robb , M ; Prochaska , JM . Initial efficacy of MI , TTM tailoring and HRI 's with multiple behaviors for employee health promotion . Prev Med 2008 Mar ; 46 ( 3 ) : 226 -- 31 . Accessed 2009 Mar 21 . Jump up ^ Greene , GW ; Rossi , SR ; Rossi , JS ; Velicer , WF ; Fava , JL ; Prochaska , JO . Dietary applications of the stages of change model . J Am Diet Assoc 1999 Jun ; 99 ( 6 ) : 673 -- 8 . Accessed 2009 Mar 21 . Jump up ^ Pro-Change Behavior Systems . About us . Transtheoretical model . 2008 Mar . Accessed 2009 Mar 21 . ^ Jump up to : Fromme , Donald K. ( 2011 ) . Systems of psychotherapy : dialectical tensions and integration . New York : Springer - Verlag . pp. 34 -- 36 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4419 - 7308 - 5 . ISBN 9781441973078 . OCLC 696327398 . ^ Jump up to : Prochaska , James O. ; Norcross , John C. ; DiClemente , Carlo C. ( 1994 ) . Changing for good : the revolutionary program that explains the six stages of change and teaches you how to free yourself from bad habits ( 1st ed . ) . New York : William Morrow and Company . ISBN 0688112633 . OCLC 29429279 . Jump up ^ Norcross , John C. ; Loberg , Kristin ; Norcross , Jonathon ( 2012 ) . Changeology : 5 steps to realizing your goals and resolutions . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 9781451657616 . OCLC 779265892 . Jump up ^ Prochaska , James O. ; Prochaska , Janice M. ( 2016 ) . Changing to thrive : using the stages of change to overcome the top threats to your health and happiness . Center City , MN : Hazelden . ISBN 9781616496296 . OCLC 956501910 . Jump up ^ Goleman , Daniel . New addiction approach gets results . New York Times 1993 Sep 1 . Accessed 2009 Mar 19 . Jump up ^ Miller , Kay . Revolving resolutions -- Year after new year , we vow to lose weight , stop smoking , find love or a better job -- only to fail . A few simple strategies could set us straight . Star Tribune : Newspaper of the Twin Cities 2001 Dec 29 . Jump up ^ Stettner , Morey . A methodical way to change bad behavior . Investor 's Business Daily 2005 Dec 19 . Jump up ^ Understanding change : expect a few bumps . Washington Post 2007 Jan 2 . Accessed 2009 Mar 19 . Jump up ^ Carbine , Michael E. Health plans use a variety of strategies to identify and ensure compliance among diabetics . Archived 2009 - 06 - 01 at the Wayback Machine . AIS 's Health Business Daily 2009 Mar 6 . Accessed 2009 Mar 19 . ^ Jump up to : Armitage , Christopher J. ( 2009 - 05 - 01 ) . `` Is there utility in the transtheoretical model ? '' . British Journal of Health Psychology . 14 ( Pt 2 ) : 195 -- 210 . doi : 10.1348 / 135910708X368991 . ISSN 1359 - 107X . PMID 18922209 . ^ Jump up to : Prochaska , James O. ; Norcross , John C. ( 2014 ) ( 1979 ) . Systems of psychotherapy : a transtheoretical analysis ( 8th ed . ) . Australia ; Stamford , CT : Cengage Learning . ISBN 9781133314516 . OCLC 851089001 . ^ Jump up to : Prochaska , JO ; Velicer , WF . The transtheoretical model of health behavior change . Archived 2010 - 06 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . Am J Health Promot 1997 Sep -- Oct ; 12 ( 1 ) : 38 -- 48 . Accessed 2009 Mar 18 . Jump up ^ Prochaska , JO ; Velicer , WF . The transtheoretical model of health behavior change . Am J Health Promot 1997 Sep -- Oct ; 12 ( 1 ) : 38 -- 48 . Accessed 2009 Mar 18 . ^ Jump up to : West , Robert ( August 2005 ) . `` Time for a change : putting the Transtheoretical ( Stages of Change ) Model to rest '' . Addiction. 100 ( 8 ) : 1036 -- 1039 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1360 - 0443.2005. 01139. x . PMID 16042624 . See also the responses to West in the same issue : doi : 10.1111 / add. 2005.100. issue - 8 Jump up ^ Rogers , Everett M. ( 2003 ) ( 1962 ) . Diffusion of innovations ( 5th ed . ) . New York : Free Press . pp. 198 -- 201 . ISBN 0743222091 . OCLC 52030797 . Jump up ^ Prochaska , JO ; Velicer , WF ; Rossi , JS ; Goldstein , MG ; Marcus , BH ; et al. Stages of change and decisional balance for 12 problem behaviors . Archived 2011 - 06 - 06 at the Wayback Machine . Health Psychol 1994 Jan ; 13 ( 1 ) : 39 -- 46 . Accessed 2009 Mar 18 . Jump up ^ Prochaska , JO ; Velicer , WF ; DiClemente , CC ; Fava , J. Measuring processes of change : applications to the cessation of smoking . J Consult Clin Psychol 1988 Aug ; 56 ( 4 ) : 520 -- 8 . PMID 3198809 . ^ Jump up to : Prochaska , JM ; Prochaska , JO ; Levesque , DA . A transtheoretical approach to changing organizations . Adm Policy Ment Health 2001 Mar ; 28 ( 4 ) : 247 -- 61 . Accessed 2009 Mar 20 . Jump up ^ McConnaughy , EA ; Prochaska , JO ; Velicer , WF . Stages of change in psychotherapy : measurement and sample profiles . Psychotherapy : Theory , Research and Practice 1983 ; 20 ( 3 ) : 368 -- 375 . ^ Jump up to : DiClemente , CC ; Prochaska , JO ; Gibertini , M. Self - efficacy and the stages of self - change of smoking . Cognit Ther Res 1985 ; 9 ( 2 ) : 181 -- 200 . Accessed 2009 Mar 22 . ^ Jump up to : Velicer , WF ; DiClemente , CC ; Prochaska , JO ; Brandenburg , N. Decisional balance measure for assessing and predicting smoking status . Archived 2008 - 07 - 08 at the Wayback Machine . J Pers Soc Psychol 1985 May ; 48 ( 5 ) : 1279 -- 89 . Accessed 2009 Mar 18 . ^ Jump up to : Velicer , WF ; Prochaska , JO ; Rossi , JS ; Snow , MG . Assessing outcome in smoking cessation studies . Psychol Bull 1992 Jan ; 111 ( 1 ) : 23 -- 41 . PMID 1539088 . Jump up ^ Prochaska , JO ; DiClemente , CC ; Velicer , WF ; Rossi , JS . Standardized , individualized , interactive , and personalized self - help programs for smoking cessation . Health Psychol 1993 Sep ; 12 ( 5 ) : 399 -- 405 . Accessed 2009 Mar 18 . Jump up ^ Prochaska , JO ; Redding , CA ; Evers , KE . The Transtheoretical Model and Stages of Change . In : Glanz , K ; Rimer , BK ; Viswanath , K. ( eds . ) Health Behavior and Health Education . 4th ed . San Francisco : Jossey - Bass ; 2008 . p. 105 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7879 - 9614 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Bartholomew , L.K.K. , Parcel , G.S.S. , Kok , G. , Gottlieb , N.H.H. , 2006 . Planning Health Promotion Programs : An Intervention Mapping Approach . 1st ed . San Franscisco : Jossey - Bass . ^ Jump up to : Friman , M. , Huck , J. , Olsson , L. , 2017 . Transtheoretical Model of Change during Travel Behavior Interventions : An Integrative Review . International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14 , 581 - 596 . Jump up ^ Janis , I.L. & Mann , L. ( 1977 ) Decision making : a psychological analysis of conflict , choice and commitment . New York : Free Press . ISBN 0 - 02 - 916160 - 6 Jump up ^ Hall , K.L. & Rossi , J.S. ( 2008 ) Meta - analysis Examination of the sting and weak principals across 48 behaviors . Preventative Medicine , 46 , 266 - 274 . Jump up ^ Eagly , A.H. , Chaiken , S. , 1993 . The psychology of attitudes . Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers , p. 1 Jump up ^ Bagozzi , R.P. , Yi , Y. , 1989 . The Degree of Intention Formation as a Moderator of the Attitude - Behavior Relationship . Social Psychology Quarterly 52 , 266 - 279 . Jump up ^ Ajzen , I. , 1991 . The theory of planned behavior . Organizational behavior and human decision processes 50 , 179 - 211 . ^ Jump up to : Bamberg , S. , 2013 . Changing environmentally harmful behaviors : A stage model of self - regulated behavioral change . Journal of Environmental Psychology 34 , 151 - 159 . ^ Jump up to : Forward , S.E. , 2014 . Exploring people 's willingness to bike using a combination of the theory of planned behavioural and the transtheoretical model . Revue Européenne de Psychologie Appliquée / European Review of Applied Psychology 64 , 151 - 159 . Jump up ^ Klöckner , C.A. , 2017 . A stage model as an analysis framework for studying voluntary change in food choices : The case of beef consumption reduction in Norway . Appetite 108 , 434 - 449 . Jump up ^ Klöckner , C.A. , Nayum , A. , 2016 . Specific barriers and drivers in different stages of decision - making about energy efficiency upgrades in private homes . Frontiers in Psychology , Vol 7 ( 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Prochaska , J.O. , Velicer , W.F. , 1997 . The transtheoretical model of health behavior change . American journal of health promotion 12 , 38 - 48 . ^ Jump up to : Bandura , A. ( 1977 ) . Self - efficacy : toward a unifying theory of behavioral change . Psychological Review , 84 ( 2 ) , 191 - 216 . Jump up ^ Ajzen , I. ( 2002 ) , Perceived Behavioral Control , Self - Efficacy , Locus of Control , and the Theory of Planned Behavior 1 . Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 32 : 665 -- 683 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1559 - 1816.2002. tb00236. x Jump up ^ Evers , K.E. , Prochaska , J.O. , Johnson , J.L. , Mauriello , L.M. , Padula , J.A. , & Prochaska , J.M. ( 2006 ) . A randomized clinical trial of a population - and transtheoretical model - based stress - management intervention . Health Psychol. , 25 , 521 - 529 . ^ Jump up to : Jordan , P.J. , Evers , K.E. , Spira , J.L. , King , L.A. , & Lid , V. ( 2013 ) . Computerized , tailored interventions improve outcomes and reduce barriers to care . Poster presented at the 17th Annual International meeting and Exposition of the American Telemedicine Association in Austin , TX , May 5 -- 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Johnson , S.S. , Driskell , M.M. , Johnson , J.L. , Prochaska , J.M. , Zwick , W. , & Prochaska , J.O. ( 2006b ) . Efficacy of a transtheoretical model - based expert system for antihypertensive adherence . Disease Management , 9 , 291 - 301 . Jump up ^ Johnson , S.S. , Driskell , M.M. , Johnson , J.L. , Dyment , S.J. , Prochaska , J.O. , Prochaska , J.M. et al. ( 2006a ) . Transtheoretical model intervention for adherence to lipid - lowering drugs . Disease Management , 9 , 102 - 114 . Jump up ^ Levesque , D.A. , Van Marter , D.F. , Schneider , R.J. , Bauer , M.R. , Goldberg , D.N. , Prochaska , J.O. , & Prochaska , J.M. ( 2011 ) . Randomized trial of a computer - tailored intervention for patients with depression . American Journal of Health Promotion , 26 ( 2 ) , 77 - 89 . Jump up ^ Johnson , S.S. , Paiva , A.L. , Cummins , C.O. , Johnson , J.L. , Dyment , S.J. , Wright , J.A. , Prochaska , J.O. , Prochaska , J.M. , & Sherman , K. ( 2008 ) . Transtheoretical model - based multiple behavior intervention for weight management : Effectiveness on a population basis . Preventive Medicine , 46 , 238 - 246 . Jump up ^ Prochaska , J.O. , DiClemente , C.C. , Velicer , W.F. , & Rossi , J.S. ( 1993 ) . Standardized , individualized , interactive , and personalized self - help programs for smoking cessation . Health Psychology , 12 , 399 - 405 . ^ Jump up to : Prochaska , J.O. , Velicer , W.F. , Fava , J.L. , Ruggiero , L. , Laforge , R.G. , Rossi , J.S. et al. ( 2001a ) . Counselor and stimulus control enhancements of a stage - matched expert system intervention for smokers in a managed care setting . Preventive Medicine , 32 , 23 - 32 . ^ Jump up to : Prochaska , J.O. , Velicer , W.F. , Fava , J.L. , Rossi , J.S. , & Tsoh , J.Y. ( 2001b ) . Evaluating a population - based recruitment approach and a stage - based expert system intervention for smoking cessation . Addictive Behaviors , 26 , 583 - 602 . Jump up ^ Velicer , W.F. , Fava , J.L. , Prochaska , J. 0. , Abrams , D.B. , Emmons , K.M. , & Pierce , J. ( 1995 ) Distribution of smokers by stage in three representative samples . Preventive Medicine , 24 , 401 - 411 . Jump up ^ Velicer , W.F. , Redding , C.A. , Sun , X. , & Prochaska , J.O. ( 2007 ) . Demographic variables , smoking variables , and outcome across five studies . Health Psychology , 26 , 278 - 287 . Jump up ^ Prochaska , JO ; DiClemente , CC ; Velicer , WF ; Rossi , JS . Standardized , individualized , interactive , and personalized self - help programs for smoking cessation . Health Psychol 1993 Sep ; 12 ( 5 ) : 399 -- 405 . Accessed 2009 March 18 . ^ Jump up to : Mutrie , N. ; Carney , C. ; Blamey , A. ; Crawford , F. ; Aitchison , T. ; Whitelaw , A. `` Walk in to work out '' : A randomised controlled trial of a self help intervention to promote active commuting . J. Epidemiol . Community Health 2002 , 56 , 407 -- 412 . Jump up ^ van Bekkum , J.E. , Williams , J.M. , Graham Morris , P. , 2011 . Cycle commuting and perceptions of barriers : stages of change , gender and occupation . Health Education 111 , 476 - 497 . Jump up ^ Crawford , F. , Mutrie , N. , Hanlon , P. , 2001 . Employee attitudes towards active commuting . International Journal of Health Promotion and Education 39 , 14 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Mundorf , N. ; Redding , C.A. ; Fu , T. ; Paiva , A. ; Brick , L. ; Prochaska , J.O. Promoting sustainable transportation across campus communities using the transtheoretical model of change . Commun . commons 2013 , 427 -- 438 . Jump up ^ Diniz , I. ; Duarte , M. ; Peres , K. ; de Oliveira , E. ; Berndt , A. Active commuting by bicycle : Results of an educational intervention study . J. Phys . Act . Health 2015 , 12 , 801 -- 807 . ^ Jump up to : Hemmingsson , E. ; Udden , J. ; Neovius , M. ; Ekelund , U. ; Rössner , S. Increased physical activity in abdominally obese women through support for changed commuting habits : A randomized clinical trial . Int. J. Obes. 2009 , 33 , 645 -- 652 . Jump up ^ McKee , R. ; Mutrie , N. ; Crawford , F. ; Green , B. Promoting walking to school : Results of a quasi-experimental trial . J. Epidemiol . Community Health 2007 , 61 , 818 -- 823 . Jump up ^ Molina - García , J. ; Castillo , I. ; Queralt , A. ; Sallis , J.F. Bicycling to university : Evaluation of a bicycle - sharing program in spain . Health Promot . Inter. 2013 , 30 , 350 -- 358 . Jump up ^ Wen , L.M. ; Orr , N. ; Bindon , J. ; Rissel , C. Promoting active transport in a workplace setting : Evaluation of a pilot study in Australia . Health Promot . Inter. 2005 , 20 , 123 -- 133 . Jump up ^ Rose , G. ; Marfurt , H. Travel behaviour change impacts of a major ride to work day event . Transp . Res . Part A , Policy Pract. 2007 , 41 , 351 -- 364 . Jump up ^ Gatersleben , B. ; Appleton , K.M. Contemplating cycling to work : Attitudes and perceptions in different stages of change . Transp . Res . Part A Policy Pract. 2007 , 41 , 302 -- 312 . Jump up ^ Meloni , I. ; Sanjust , B. ; Sottile , E. ; Cherchi , E. Propensity for voluntary travel behavior changes : An experimental analysis . Procedia -- Soc . Behav . Sci. 2013 , 87 , 31 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Cooper , C. Successfully changing individual travel behavior : Applying community - based social marketing to travel choice . Transp . Res . Rec. J. Transp . Res . Board 2007 , 2021 , 89 -- 99 . Jump up ^ Rissel , C.E. ; New , C. ; Wen , L.M. ; Merom , D. ; Bauman , A.E. ; Garrard , J. The effectiveness of community - based cycling promotion : Findings from the cycling connecting communities project in Sydney , Australia . Int. J. Behav . Nutr . Phys . Act . 2010 , 7 , 1 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Riemsma , RP ; Pattenden , J ; Bridle , C ; Sowden , AJ ; Mather , L ; Watt , IS ; Walker , A. Systematic review of the effectiveness of stage based interventions to promote smoking cessation . BMJ 2003 May 31 ; 326 ( 7400 ) : 1175 -- 7 . Accessed 2009 Mar 18 . Jump up ^ Aveyard , P ; Lawrence , T ; Cheng , KK ; Griffin , C ; Croghan , E ; Johnson , C. A randomized controlled trial of smoking cessation for pregnant women to test the effect of a transtheoretical model - based intervention on movement in stage and interaction with baseline stage . Br J Health Psychol 2006 May ; 11 ( Pt 2 ) : 263 -- 78 . Accessed 2009 Mar 18 . Jump up ^ Hall , S.M. , Tsoh , J.Y. , Prochaska , J.J. , Eisendrath , S. , Rossi , J.S. , Redding , C.A. , Rosen , A.B. , Meisner , M. , Humfleet , G.L. , Gorecki , J.A. , 2006 . Treatment for Cigarette Smoking Among Depressed Mental Health Outpatients : A Randomized Clinical Trial . American Journal of Public Health 96 , 1808 - 1814 . Jump up ^ Aveyard , P ; Massey , L ; Parsons , A ; Manaseki , S ; Griffin , C. The effect of transtheoretical model based interventions on smoking cessation . Soc Sci Med 2009 Feb ; 68 ( 3 ) : 397 -- 403 . Accessed 2009 Mar 18 . Jump up ^ Cahill , K ; Lancaster , T ; Green , N. Stage - based interventions for smoking cessation . Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Nov 10 ; 11 : CD004492 . PMID 21069681 . Accessed 2011 Feb 15 . Jump up ^ Noël , Yvonnick ( June 1999 ) . `` Recovering unimodal latent patterns of change by unfolding analysis : application to smoking cessation '' . Psychological Methods. 4 ( 2 ) : 173 -- 191 . doi : 10.1037 / 1082 - 989X. 4.2. 173 . ^ Jump up to : Horowitz , SM . Applying the transtheoretical model to pregnancy and STD prevention : a review of the literature . Am J Health Promot 2003 May -- Jun ; 17 ( 5 ) : 304 -- 28 . Accessed 2009 Mar 18 . Jump up ^ Bridle , C ; Riemsma , RP ; Pattenden , J ; Sowden , AJ ; Mather , L ; Watt , IS ; Walker , A. Systematic review of the effectiveness of health behavior interventions based on the transtheoretical model . Psychol Health 2005 ; 20 : 283 -- 301 . Accessed 2009 Mar 18 . Jump up ^ Prochaska JO . Moving beyond the transtheoretical model . Addiction 2006 Jun ; 101 ( 6 ) : 768 - 74 Jump up ^ Kirk , A. , MacMillan , F. , Webster , N. , 2010 . Application of the Transtheoretical model to physical activity in older adults with Type 2 diabetes and / or cardiovascular disease . Psychology of Sport and Exercise 11 , 320 - 324 . Jump up ^ Spencer , L. , Adams , T.B. , Malone , S. , Roy , L. , Yost , E. , 2006 . Applying the transtheoretical model to exercise : a systematic and comprehensive review of the literature . Health promotion practice 7 , 428 - 443 . Jump up ^ Sallis , J. Physical Activity and Food Environments : Solutions to the Obesity Epidemic . Milbank Q. 2009 Mar ; 87 ( 1 ) : 123 -- 154 . Accessed 2010 Mar 30 . ^ Jump up to : Littell , JH ; Girvin , H. Stages of change . A critique . Behav Modif 2002 Apr ; 26 ( 2 ) : 223 -- 73 . Accessed 2009 Mar 19 . Jump up ^ Martin , R. , Velicer , WF , Fava , JL . Latent transition analysis to the stages of change for smoking cessation . Addictive Behaviors 1996 , 21 ( 1 ) : 67 - 80 Jump up ^ Prochaska , JO ; DiClemente , CC . Stages and processes of self - change of smoking : toward an integrative model of change . Archived 2011 - 06 - 06 at the Wayback Machine . J Consult Clin Psychol 1983 Jun ; 51 ( 3 ) : 390 -- 5 . Accessed 2009 Mar 18 . Jump up ^ Prochaska , JO ; DiClemente , CC ; Norcross , JC . In search of how people change . Applications to addictive behaviors . Archived 2008 - 07 - 23 at the Wayback Machine . Am Psychol 1992 Sep ; 47 ( 9 ) : 1102 -- 14 . Accessed 2009 Mar 16 . Further reading ( edit ) Prochaska , JO ; DiClemente , CC . The transtheoretical approach : crossing traditional boundaries of therapy . Homewood , IL : Dow Jones - Irwin ; 1984 . ISBN 0 - 87094 - 438 - X . Miller , WR ; Heather , N. ( eds . ) . Treating addictive behaviors . 2nd ed . New York : Plenum Press ; 1998 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 45852 - 7 . Velasquez , MM . Group treatment for substance abuse : a stages - of - change therapy manual . New York : Guilford Press ; 2001 . ISBN 1 - 57230 - 625 - 4 . Burbank , PM ; Riebe , D. Promoting exercise and behavior change in older adults : interventions with the transtheoretical model . New York : Springer ; 2002 . ISBN 0 - 8261 - 1502 - 0 . Prochaska , J.O. , & Norcross , J.C. ( 2002 ) . Stages of change . In J.C. Norcross ( Ed . ) , Psychotherapy relationships that work ( 303 - 313 ) . New York : Oxford University Press . DiClemente , CC . Addiction and change : how addictions develop and addicted people recover . New York : Guilford Press ; 2003 . ISBN 1 - 57230 - 057 - 4 . Glanz , K ; Rimer , BK ; Viswanath , K. ( eds . ) Health behavior and health education : theory , research , and practice , 4th ed . San Francisco , CA : Jossey - Bass ; 2008 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7879 - 9614 - 7 . Prochaska , J.O. , Wright , J.A. , & Velicer , W.F. ( 2008 ) . Evaluating Theories of Health Behavior Change : A hierarchy of Criteria Applied to the Transtheoretical Model . Applied Psychology , 57 ( 4 ) , 561 - 588 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1464 - 0597.2008. 00345. x Patterson , D.A. , & Buckingham , S.L. ( 2010 ) Does motivational interviewing stages of change increase treatment retention among persons who are alcohol and other drug dependant and HIV - infected ? Journal of HIV / AIDS and Social Services , 9 ( 1 ) , 45 - 57 . Patterson , D.A. & Nochajski , T.H. ( 2010 ) Using the Stages of change model to help clients through the 12 - steps of Alcoholics Anonymous . Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions , 10 ( 2 ) , 224 - 227 . Connors , GJ ; Donovan , DM ; DiClemente , CC . Substance abuse treatment and the stages of change : selecting and planning interventions . 2nd ed . New York : Guilford Press , 2013 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4625 - 0804 - 4 . Prochaska , JO ; Norcross , JC . Systems of psychotherapy : a transtheoretical analysis . 8th ed . Australia : Cengage Learning , 2014 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 1333 - 1451 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Wikiversity has learning resources about Public health Pro-Change Behavior Systems , Inc . Company founded by James O. Prochaska . Mission is to enhance the well - being of individuals and organizations through the scientific development and dissemination of Transtheoretical Model - based change management programs . Public health General Auxology Biological hazard Chief Medical Officer Cultural competence Deviance Environmental health Euthenics Genomics Globalization and disease Health economics Health literacy Health policy Health system Health care reform Public health law Maternal health Medical anthropology Medical sociology Mental health Pharmaceutical policy Public health laboratory Reproductive health Social psychology Sociology of health and illness Preventive healthcare Behavior change Theories Family planning Health promotion Human nutrition Preventive nutrition Hygiene Food safety Hand washing Infection control Oral hygiene Occupational safety and health Human factors and ergonomics Hygiene Injury prevention Medicine Nursing Patient safety Organization Pharmacovigilance Safe sex Sanitation Emergency Fecal -- oral transmission Open defecation Sanitary sewer Waterborne diseases Smoking cessation Vaccination Vector control Population health Biostatistics Child mortality Community health Epidemiology Global health Health impact assessment Health system Infant mortality Open - source healthcare software Public health informatics Social determinants of health Health equity Race and health Social medicine Biological and epidemiological statistics Case - control study Randomized controlled trial Relative risk Statistical hypothesis testing Analysis of variance ( ANOVA ) Regression analysis ROC curve Student 's t - test Z - test Statistical software Infectious and epidemic disease prevention Asymptomatic carrier Epidemics List Notifiable diseases List Public health surveillance Disease surveillance Quarantine Sexually transmitted infection Tropical disease Vaccine trial Food hygiene and safety management Food Additive Chemistry Engineering Microbiology Processing Safety Safety scandals Genetically modified food Good agricultural practice Good manufacturing practice HACCP ISO 22000 Health behavioral sciences Diffusion of innovations Health belief model Health communication Health psychology Positive deviance PRECEDE - PROCEED model Social cognitive theory Social norms approach Theory of planned behavior Transtheoretical model Organizations , education and history Organizations Europe Centre for Disease Prevention and Control Committee on the Environment , Public Health and Food Safety India Ministry of Health and Family Welfare U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention City and county health departments Council on Education for Public Health Public Health Service World Health Organization World Toilet Organization Education Health education Higher education Bachelor of Science in Public Health Doctor of Public Health Professional degrees of public health Schools of public health History Sara Josephine Baker Samuel Jay Crumbine Carl Rogers Darnall Joseph Lister Margaret Sanger John Snow Typhoid Mary Germ theory of disease Social hygiene movement Commons WikiProject Psychotherapy ( list ) Schools Psychodynamic Psychoanalysis Adlerian therapy Analytical therapy Mentalization - based treatment Transference focused psychotherapy Cognitive and behavioral Behavior therapy Cognitive behavioral therapy Cognitive therapy Compassion focused therapy Dialectical behavior therapy Rational emotive behavior therapy Combined with Applied behavior analysis Clinical behavior analysis or CBA Functional analytic psychotherapy Acceptance and commitment therapy Humanistic Person - centered therapy Emotionally focused therapy Existential therapy Focusing Gestalt therapy Logotherapy Other Art therapy Dance therapy Feminist therapy Interpretive therapy Multimodal therapy Music therapy Narrative therapy Play therapy Reality therapy Systemic therapy Transactional analysis List Integrative Eclectic psychotherapy Integrative psychotherapy Transtheoretical model Approaches Brief psychotherapy Counseling Online counseling Residential treatment Self - help Support groups Research Clinical formulation Clinical pluralism Common factors theory Practitioner -- scholar model Society for Psychotherapy Research Techniques Behaviour therapy Aversion therapy Applied behavior analysis ( ABA ) ( formerly Behavior modification ) Desensitization Homework Other individual therapy Autogenic training Biofeedback Cognitive restructuring Exposure therapy Free association Hypnotherapy Group psychotherapy Family therapy Psychodrama Sensitivity training Relationship counseling People Philippe Pinel ( 1745 -- 1826 ) Josef Breuer ( 1842 -- 1925 ) Sigmund Freud ( 1856 -- 1939 ) Pierre Janet ( 1859 -- 1947 ) Alfred Adler ( 1870 -- 1937 ) Sándor Ferenczi ( 1873 -- 1933 ) Carl Jung ( 1875 -- 1961 ) Ludwig Binswanger ( 1881 -- 1966 ) Melanie Klein ( 1882 -- 1960 ) Otto Rank ( 1884 -- 1939 ) Karen Horney ( 1885 -- 1952 ) Harry Stack Sullivan ( 1892 -- 1949 ) Fritz Perls ( 1893 -- 1970 ) Anna Freud ( 1895 -- 1982 ) Donald Winnicott ( 1896 -- 1971 ) Wilhelm Reich ( 1897 -- 1957 ) Milton H. Erickson ( 1901 -- 1980 ) Jacques Lacan ( 1901 -- 1981 ) Erik Erikson ( 1902 -- 1994 ) Carl Rogers ( 1902 -- 1987 ) Viktor Frankl ( 1905 -- 1997 ) George Kelly ( 1905 -- 1967 ) Rollo May ( 1909 -- 1994 ) Virginia Axline ( 1911 -- 1988 ) Carl Whitaker ( 1912 -- 1995 ) Albert Ellis ( 1913 -- 2007 ) James Bugental ( 1915 -- 2008 ) Joseph Wolpe ( 1915 -- 1997 ) Virginia Satir ( 1916 -- 1988 ) Aaron T. Beck ( b . 1921 ) Salvador Minuchin ( 1921 -- 2017 ) Hans Herrman Strupp ( 1921 -- 2006 ) Paul Watzlawick ( 1921 -- 2007 ) Haim Ginott ( 1922 -- 1973 ) Arthur Janov ( 1924 -- 2017 ) Eugene Gendlin ( 1926 -- 2017 ) R.D. Laing ( 1927 -- 1989 ) Jean Baker Miller ( 1927 -- 2006 ) Otto F. Kernberg ( b . 1928 ) Irvin D. Yalom ( b . 1931 ) Arnold Lazarus ( 1932 -- 2013 ) Lorna Smith Benjamin ( b . 1934 ) Marsha M. Linehan ( b . 1943 ) Vittorio Guidano ( 1944 -- 1999 ) Les Greenberg ( b . 1945 ) William R. Miller ( b . 1947 ) Michael White ( 1948 -- 2008 ) Jeffrey Young ( b . 1950 ) Peter Fonagy ( b . 1952 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transtheoretical_model&oldid=812454538 '' Categories : Behavior Health promotion Integrative psychotherapy Psychotherapy Public health Public health education Stage theories Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2017 Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 27 November 2017 , at 22 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transtheoretical%20model
| 2,077 |
||
how many variations of power rangers are there
|
Despite initial criticism that its action violence targeted child audiences , the franchise has continued , and as of 2017 the show consists of 24 television seasons of 20 different themed series and three theatrical films released in 1995 , 1997 and 2017 . In 2010 , Haim Saban , creator of the series , regained ownership of the franchise after seven years under The Walt Disney Company .
|
20 different themed series
|
Power Rangers
|
power rangers
|
Power Rangers The current logo for the Power Rangers franchise Created by Haim Saban Shuki Levy Original work Mighty Morphin Power Rangers Print publications Novel ( s ) Power Rangers : The Official Movie Novel Comics Mighty Morphin Power Rangers MMPR : Pink Power Rangers : Aftershock Go Go Power Rangers Justice League / Power Rangers Films and television Film ( s ) Mighty Morphin Power Rangers : The Movie Turbo : A Power Rangers Movie Power Rangers Television series See series below Number of seasons : 25 Number of episodes : 873 ( list of episodes ) Original release : August 28 , 1993 ( 1993 - 08 - 28 ) -- present Theatrical presentations Play ( s ) Mighty Morphin Power Rangers World Tour Live on Stage Games Traditional Power Rangers Collectible Card Game Video game ( s ) See list Audio Soundtrack ( s ) Mighty Morphin Power Rangers The Album : A Rock Adventure Power Rangers - Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Original music `` Go Go Power Rangers '' `` Power Rangers : The Official Single '' Official website http://www.powerrangers.com/ Power Rangers is an American entertainment and merchandising franchise built around a live action superhero television series . Produced first by Saban Entertainment , later by BVS Entertainment , and today by SCG Power Rangers the television series takes much of its footage from the Japanese tokusatsu Super Sentai , produced by Toei Company . The first Power Rangers entry , Mighty Morphin Power Rangers , debuted on August 28 , 1993 , and helped launch the Fox Kids programming block of the 1990s , during which it catapulted into popular culture along with a line of action figures and other toys by Bandai . As of 2001 , the media franchise has generated over $6 billion in retail sales worldwide . Despite initial criticism that its action violence targeted child audiences , the franchise has continued , and as of 2017 the show consists of 24 television seasons of 20 different themed series and three theatrical films released in 1995 , 1997 and 2017 . In 2010 , Haim Saban , creator of the series , regained ownership of the franchise after seven years under The Walt Disney Company . In 2018 , shortly after naming Hasbro the new master toy licensee , Saban Brands and Hasbro announced that Hasbro would acquire the franchise in a $522 million deal , with the first products from Hasbro becoming available in Spring 2019 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 History 2.1 Adapting the Super Sentai series 2.2 Broadcast history 3 Television series 4 Feature films 5 Distribution 5.1 Home media 6 Toys 7 Video games 8 Comics 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Premise Further information : List of Power Rangers characters and List of Power Rangers villains Since Power Rangers derives most of its footage from the Super Sentai series , it features many hallmarks that distinguish it from other superhero series . Each series revolves around a team of youths recruited and trained by a mentor to morph into the eponymous Power Rangers , able to utilize special powers and pilot immense assault machines , called Zords , to overcome the periodic antagonists . In the original series Mighty Morphin , the wizard Zordon recruits `` teenagers with attitude '' against Rita Repulsa . When `` morphed , '' the rangers become powerful superheroes wearing color - coded skin - tight spandex suits and helmets with opaque visors ; identical except in individual rangers ' color and helmet design . Morphed Rangers generally possess enhanced strength , durability , agility and combat prowess . Some possess superhuman or psychic abilities such as super-speed , element manipulation , extra-sensory perception or invisibility . In addition , each individual ranger has a unique weapon , as well as common weaponry used for ground fighting . When enemies grow to incredible size ( as nearly all do ) , Rangers utilize individual Zords that combine into a larger Megazord . Rangers teams operate in teams of five or three , with more Rangers joining the team later . Each team of Rangers , with a few exceptions , obeys a general set of conventions , outlined at the beginning of Mighty Morphin and implied by mentors throughout many of the other series : Power Rangers may not use their Ranger powers for personal gain or for escalating a fight ( unless the enemy does so ) , nor may the Power Rangers disclose their identities to the general public . The penalty for disobeying these rules is the loss of their power . As in Super Sentai , the color palette of each Power Rangers team changes every series . Only Red and Blue appear in every Ranger team , while a Yellow Ranger has been present in every season except Power Rangers Dino Charge . Other colors and designations also appear throughout the series . A Rangers ' color designation also influences their wardrobe throughout the series : civilian clothing often matches Ranger color . History Adapting the Super Sentai series Before creating Power Rangers , the idea of adapting Sentai series to the American public emerged in the late 1970s after the agreement between Toei Company and Marvel Comics to exchange concepts to adapt them to their respective audiences . Toei , together with Marvel , created the Spider Man series , based on the comics of the same name , and produced three Super Sentai series , which had great success in Japan . While Stan Lee and Marvel tried to sell the Sun Vulcan series to various television stations , including HBO , but unlike what happened in Japan , this did not succeed and after three years , the agreement ended . Several years later , another idea to adapt Super Sentai began in the 80s when Haim Saban made a business trip to Japan , in which , during his stay at the hotel , the only thing that was being transmitted on his television was the Japanese series `` Super Sentai '' . At that time , Saban was fascinated by the concept of 5 people masked in spandex suits fighting monsters , so in 1985 , he produced the pilot episode of Bio-Man , an American adaptation of Choudenshi Bioman , which was rejected by several of the largest American television stations . Production of Power Rangers episodes involves extensive localization of and revision of original Super Sentai source material in order to incorporate American culture and conform to American television standards . Rather than making an English dub or translation of the Japanese footage , Power Rangers programs consist of scenes featuring English - speaking actors spliced with scenes featuring either Japanese actors dubbed into English or the action scenes from the Super Sentai Series featuring the Rangers fighting monsters or the giant robot ( Zord and Megazord ) battles with English dubbing . In some series , original fight scenes are filmed to incorporate characters or items unique to the Power Rangers production . Like many of Saban Entertainment previous ventures in localizing Japanese television for a Western audience , the plot , character names , and other names usually differ greatly from the source footage , though a few seasons have stayed close to the story of the original Super Sentai season . Along with adapting the villains from the Super Sentai counterparts , most Power Rangers series also feature villains with no Sentai counterpart . Generally , the primary antagonist of a Power Rangers series ( for example , Lord Zedd , Divatox , etc . ) are not adapted from the Sentai . Exceptions to this includes Mighty Morphin , Zeo , Lightspeed Rescue and a few others which only use villains adapted from the Japanese shows . The series that began the franchise , Mighty Morphin Power Rangers ( an American adaptation of the 1992 Japanese Super Sentai Series , Kyōryū Sentai Zyuranger ) , began broadcasting as part of the Fox Kids block of programing that aired on the FOX network . It lasted for three seasons ( from 1993 to 1996 ) . Broadcast history The Saban Entertainment run of the franchise -- beginning with Power Rangers in Space -- used this version of the Power Rangers logo ( 1998 -- 2001 ) . Saban Entertainment distributed the Power Rangers series from 1993 until the end of 2001 , and Fox broadcast it until the fall of 2002 . The Walt Disney Company purchased the franchise as part of a buyout that took place in 2001 . This resulted in Fox Family Worldwide becoming ABC Family Worldwide Inc . This buyout also saw Saban Entertainment becoming BVS Entertainment in 2002 , from News Corporation , Fox 's parent company , and Haim Saban . The show continued to air on Fox until the company replaced its Fox Kids package with `` FoxBox '' in the United States . Since September 2002 , all Power Rangers shows had aired on various Disney - owned networks ( ABC Kids , Toon Disney and Jetix channels worldwide ) . When Wild Force ended , Disney moved production of the franchise from Los Angeles to New Zealand . This resulted in the closure of MMPR Productions and the dismissal of many members of the production . From Ninja Storm to date , Power Rangers is produced in New Zealand . ABC Family , another Disney - owned network , also used to air Power Rangers until it did away with its Jetix timeslot after August 31 , 2006 . On February 12 , 2009 , Toon Disney ended in the wake of Disney XD , ending cable airings of Power Rangers in certain areas of the United States . Several ABC affiliate broadcasting groups declined to air most of the Power Rangers series since 2006 due to the lack of FCC - compliant educational and informational content in the programs . The Saban era seasons , starting with In Space , have gone under the `` Saban 's Power Rangers '' moniker , up until Time Force . Since the re-acquisition of Power Rangers by Saban in 2010 , this practice has continued once again starting with Samurai . Starting in 2005 , up until 2007 , during its run on Jetix , Power Rangers reruns were aired under the moniker Power Rangers Generations , showcasing select episodes from Mighty Morphin through Dino Thunder . An article in The New Zealand Herald published on March 7 , 2009 , identified Power Rangers RPM as the last season of the Power Rangers run . Production manager Sally Campbell stated in an interview , `` ... at this stage we will not be shooting another season . '' A September 1 , 2009 , revision to Disney A to Z : The Official Encyclopedia by Disney 's head archivist Dave Smith states that `` production of new episodes ( of Power Rangers ) ceased in 2009 '' . Production of Power Rangers ceased and the last series by BVS Entertainment , RPM , ended on December 26 , 2009 . On October 1 , 2009 , Bandai released a press release that Disney would re-broadcast Mighty Morphin Power Rangers starting in January 2010 on ABC Kids in lieu of a new series utilizing footage from the 2009 Super Sentai television series . A new toy line accompanied the series and appeared in stores in the later part of 2009 . ABC 's over-the air telecasts ended on August 28 , 2010 , and turned the hour back to affiliates . On May 12 , 2010 , Haim Saban bought back the Power Rangers franchise from Disney for $43 million and announced plans to produce a new season of the television series . The eighteenth season , Samurai , began airing on Nickelodeon on February 7 , 2011 , with the previous episodes beginning rebroadcast on Nicktoons later that year . It was also announced that Saban plans to make a new Power Rangers movie . On July 2 , 2012 , it was announced that Saban Brands would launch a Saturday morning cartoon block on The CW , called Vortexx , on August 25 , 2012 , that would air Power Rangers Lost Galaxy . The series was removed before the season even finished , ending up doing so on the Vortexx website . The block itsel ended in fall 2014 . To commemorate the series ' 20th anniversary , Nickelodeon began airing Power Rangers Megaforce on February 2 , 2013 , featuring all of the past rangers from the series ' 20 - year history in the last episode of the season . On October 1 , 2013 , Saban Brands announced that it had extended agreements with Nickelodeon and Bandai America Incorporated through 2016 for its globally recognized Power Rangers franchise . The 90s Are All That aired Mighty Morphin Power Rangers as part of Mighty Morphin Weekend in 2013 . In May 2014 , Saban Brands and Lionsgate Films announced that they are planning to produce a new Power Rangers feature film , and would hopefully launch a Power Rangers film franchise . The movie , titled simply Power Rangers , was released on March 24 , 2017 , with mixed reviews and a failure at the box office , as a result , the future of a cinematographic universe for the franchise is uncertain . In January 2016 , Saban and Nickelodeon extended their broadcast partnership through 2018 . In February 2018 , the companies announced that Power Rangers would continue airing on Nickelodeon through 2021 . Television series Main article : List of Power Rangers episodes The first six seasons , starting with Mighty Morphin Power Rangers and ending with In Space , were direct continuations of the preceding season with evolving storylines and character development . The second season began the annual tradition of the Power Rangers acquiring new Zords to battle enemies when they grow to an incredible size while the core suites from first season were used except for the White Ranger . The fourth season began the annual tradition of the Power Rangers receiving new powers and Zords similar to the Super Sentai series . Beginning with Lost Galaxy , although it had ties with the previous story arc , each Power Rangers series had its own self - contained storylines , independent of previous series . Crossover episodes between different series featuring rangers , villains , and other characters from past seasons also began with Lost Galaxy , with a few exceptions . Season No . Season title Super Sentai counterpart Original network First aired Last aired No. of episodes `` Mighty Morphin Power Rangers '' Kyōryu Sentai Zyuranger Fox Kids August 28 , 1993 ( 1993 - 08 - 28 ) May 23 , 1994 60 When the evil witch Rita Repulsa and her minions Goldar , Squatt , Baboo , and Finster , are freed from their imprisonment on the Moon , the wizard Zordon , with the help of his assistant Alpha 5 , enlists five teenagers -- Jason Lee Scott , Trini Kwan , Billy Cranston , Kimberly Hart , and Zack Taylor -- to become the Mighty Morphin Power Rangers to battle Rita 's invasion of the Earth , using their Power Coins and Dinozords to combat her monsters . Rita soon creates her own evil Power Ranger by brainwashing a recent transfer student Tommy Oliver , but the Power Rangers are able to free him from her control and he joins their side . `` Mighty Morphin Power Rangers '' Gosei Sentai Dairanger Fox Kids July 21 , 1994 ( 1994 - 07 - 21 ) May 20 , 1995 52 Rita 's superior Lord Zedd returns to the Earth to take over for Rita 's incompetence , imprisoning her once more . His new monsters prove too powerful for the Dinozords , leading Zordon to empower them into the Thunderzords . Jason , Trini , and Zack leave to join a youth conference in Switzerland , and are replaced by Rocky DeSantos , Aisha Campbell , and Adam Park , respectively , and Rita returns and marries Lord Zedd . `` Mighty Morphin Power Rangers '' Ninja Sentai Kakuranger Fox Kids September 2 , 1995 ( 1995 - 09 - 02 ) November 27 , 1995 33 Rita 's brother Rito Revolto comes to Earth and destroys the Power Rangers ' Power Coins and Thunderzords . The Power Rangers seek out Ninjor , creator of the Power Coins , for new Power Coins giving them new ninja powers and the Ninjazords , and later the Shogunzords . Rita also enchants a new Australian exchange student Kat Hillard into slowly draining Kimberly of her Ranger powers , until the spell is broken ; when Kimberly ultimately leaves to train for the Olympics , she entrusts Kat to be her replacement amongst the Power Rangers . 3.5 `` Mighty Morphin Alien Rangers '' Ninja Sentai Kakuranger Fox Kids February 5 , 1996 ( 1996 - 02 - 05 ) February 17 , 1996 10 When Rita 's father Master Vile comes to Earth , he turns back time , turning the Power Rangers , and many of their friends , into children . Zordon calls upon his proteges the Alien Rangers of Aquitar to protect the Earth from Master Vile 's monsters and to help work on a machine that would return the child rangers to their proper ages . Unfortunately , only Billy returns to normal as the machine which required the power coins as a power source is stolen by Rito & Goldar allowing Rita & Zedd to destroy the coins . The child rangers then travel throughout time to gather the fragments of the Zeo Crystal to bring time back to normal . During her journey in Africa , Aisha meets Tanya Sloan and realizes that she can do more help to stop the sickness plaguing the wildlife and sends Tanya back with her Zeo Crystal . `` Power Rangers Zeo '' Chōriki Sentai Ohranger Fox Kids April 20 , 1996 ( 1996 - 04 - 20 ) November 27 , 1996 50 With the Zeo Crystal restored , time brought back to normal , and Master Vile defeated , the Rangers are caught off guard when Goldar and Rito destroy their headquarters . Although Zordon reveals he is fine , he warns the Rangers that the Machine Empire is planning on conquering the Earth , and the Rangers must use the power of the Zeo Crystal to become the Zeo Rangers to battle them . Billy , who used his scientific prowess to return to his original age during Alien Rangers , decides to work on the Zeo Zords and other machinery , and his presence in the destruction of the previous Command Center leaves him unable to receive the powers of the Gold Ranger , Trey of Triforia , but Jason returns instead . Billy soon begins to age rapidly , a side effect from the regenerator , he used to return to his normal age , and leaves Earth to be healed on Aquitar . 5 `` Power Rangers Turbo '' Gekisou Sentai Carranger Fox Kids April 19 , 1997 ( 1997 - 04 - 19 ) November 24 , 1997 45 After Divatox 's plans are foiled , she sets her sights on conquering the Earth , with the Turbo Rangers and eventually the intergalactic police officer the Blue Senturion combatting her monsters . Tommy , Adam , Tanya , and Kat soon retire from being Power Rangers , choosing T.J. Johnson , Carlos Vallerte , Ashley Hammond , and Cassie Chan as their replacements , who are also assisted by the Phantom Ranger . Zordon also leaves , putting Dimitria in his place . 6 `` Power Rangers in Space '' Denji Sentai Megaranger Fox Kids February 6 , 1998 ( 1998 - 02 - 06 ) November 21 , 1998 43 After Divatox succeeds in destroying the Command Center , she is called off planet to participate in Dark Specter 's evil alliance in conquering the universe . T.J. , Carlos , Ashley , and Cassie travel into outer space to try to stop him , and meet up with Andros , who they join to become the Space Rangers to stop Dark Specter and his protege Astronema . They eventually awaken Andros ' friend Zhane , the Silver Ranger , and free Andros ' sister Karone ( Astronema ) from Dark Specter 's control and ultimately use Zordon , captured by Dark Specter , to defeat Dark Specter 's armies and free the universe from his control . 7 `` Power Rangers Lost Galaxy '' Seijuu Sentai Gingaman Fox Kids February 6 , 1999 ( 1999 - 02 - 06 ) December 18 , 1999 45 The governments of the Earth decide to send out an experimental space colony Terra Venture , on which Leo Corbett stows away to join his brother Mike on the journey to find new planets . When it encounters a wormhole on the Moon , Leo , Mike , Kai Chen , and Kendrix Morgan go through it and encounter Maya and her planet Mirinoi which is under attack from Scorpius and his minions , led by Trakeena . After Leo , Mike , and Kendrix are stranded , Kai commandeers the Astro Megaship along with its mechanic Damon Henderson to save them . Mike , Kai , Damon , Maya , and Kendrix are chosen by the Quasar Sabers to fight Scorpius , but Mike seemingly falls to his death , leaving Leo to act as the leader of the Galaxy Rangers in his stead back on Terra Venture . Mike later returns after it is revealed the Magna Defender has been using his body as a vessel to fight Scorpius ' monsters along with the Galaxy Rangers . Mid-season , Deviot revives the Psycho Rangers and the space rangers come to help . Kendrix ultimately dies while saving the Pink Space Ranger , Cassie and is replaced by Karone . They later must fight Captain Mutiny and his space pirates after they are transported to the Lost Galaxy . 8 `` Power Rangers Lightspeed Rescue '' Kyuukyuu Sentai GoGoFive Fox Kids February 12 , 2000 ( 2000 - 02 - 12 ) November 18 , 2000 40 Carter Grayson , Chad Lee , Joel Rawlings , Kelsey Winslow , and Dana Mitchell are hired by Operation Lightspeed to protect Mariner Bay from a group of evil demons led by Queen Bansheera from taking over the world by fighting as the Lightspeed Rangers . They are later joined by Dana 's long lost brother Ryan . 9 `` Power Rangers Time Force '' Mirai Sentai Timeranger Fox Kids February 3 , 2001 ( 2001 - 02 - 03 ) November 17 , 2001 40 When the mutant Ransik and his daughter Nadira escape custody of the Time Force police in the year 3000 by stealing the very prison , they travel back in time to 2001 , but not before seemingly killing the Red Time Force Ranger Alex . His subordinates Jen Scotts , Lucas Kendall , Katie Walker , and Trip travel back in time to 2001 and seek out Alex 's ancestor Wes Collins , as his DNA unlocks the Time Force Morphers , allowing all of them to become the Time Force Power Rangers to recapture the mutants Ransik uses to thwart them and stop the Bio-Lab who ended up creating him . They are ultimately joined by Eric Myers , who uses the Quantum Morpher and Q - Rex to fight . 10 `` Power Rangers Wild Force '' Hyakujuu Sentai Gaoranger Fox Kids ( Eps. 1 - 26 ) ABC Kids ( Eps. 27 - 40 ) February 9 , 2002 ( 2002 - 02 - 09 ) November 16 , 2002 40 Jungle man Cole Evans , Air Force pilot Taylor Earhardt , would - be pro-bowler Max Cooper , florist Danny Delgado , and martial artist Alyssa Enrilé are chosen by Princess Shayla of the floating island Animaria to be the Wild Force Power Rangers to fight the evil Orgs . They are later joined by Merrick Baliton , one of the original Wild Force Power Rangers who used a forbidden power to defeat the Master Org 3,000 years in the past , after he is freed from the power in the present . 11 `` Power Rangers Ninja Storm '' Ninpuu Sentai Hurricaneger ABC Kids February 15 , 2003 ( 2003 - 02 - 15 ) November 15 , 2003 38 Shane Clarke , Tori Hanson , and Dustin Brooks are bumbling students of Kanoi Watanabe 's Wind Ninja Academy , but when Lothor kidnaps the other students , they are all that remain to protect the Earth from Lothor 's evil space ninjas as the Wind Rangers . They are also joined in battle by adopted brothers Hunter and Blake Bradley of the rival Thunder Ninja Academy as the Thunder Rangers and Kanoi 's son Cam as the Samurai Ranger . 12 `` Power Rangers Dino Thunder '' Bakuryuu Sentai Abaranger Jetix ( ABC Family ) February 14 , 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 14 ) November 20 , 2004 38 When the evil Mesogog appears to bring the Earth back to the Mesozoic age , Dr. Tommy Oliver of Reefside reluctantly enlists his students Conner McKnight , Ethan James , and Kira Ford to battle him as the Dino Rangers . Tommy later joins them as a Ranger , once more , as well as Trent Fernandez - Mercer , adopted son of Tommy 's once colleague Dr. Anton Mercer , who is Mesogog 's alterego . 13 `` Power Rangers S.P.D. '' Tokusou Sentai Dekaranger Jetix ( ABC Family ) ( Eps. 1 - 21 ) Jetix ( Toon Disney ) ( Eps. 22 - 38 ) February 5 , 2005 ( 2005 - 02 - 05 ) November 14 , 2005 38 In the year 2025 , the Space Patrol Delta police force protects the galaxy from the Troobian Empire 's forces . When their A-Squad of Power Rangers fall in battle , B - Squad members Sky Tate , Bridge Carson , and Syd Drew are joined by rookies Jack Landors and Z Delgado under the direction of Commander Anubis Cruger to be the S.P.D. Power Rangers . They are later joined by Sam , a young boy they save from the Troobian Empire who in the future becomes the Omega Ranger , as well as Cmdr . Cruger as the Shadow Ranger and technical expert Dr. Kat Manx as the Kat Ranger . 14 `` Power Rangers Mystic Force '' Mahou Sentai Magiranger Jetix ( Toon Disney ) February 20 , 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 20 ) November 13 , 2006 32 The sorceress Udonna enlists the help of Chip Thorn , Madison Rocca , Vida Rocca , Xander Bly , and new guy in town Nick Russell to become the Mystic Rangers to protect Briarwood and its nearby magical forest from the evil forces of Morticon , who plans on taking over both the magical and human worlds . They are eventually joined by Udonna 's old friend Daggeron and his genie Jenji , and Udonna and her long lost husband Leanbow , who has been trapped as the evil Koragg since falling in battle 20 years prior . 15 `` Power Rangers Operation Overdrive '' GoGo Sentai Boukenger Jetix ( Toon Disney ) February 26 , 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 26 ) November 12 , 2007 32 Wealthy adventurer Andrew Hartford tasks Will Aston , Dax Lo , Ronny Robinson , Rose Ortiz , and reluctantly his own son Mack to act as the Overdrive Rangers , searching for the jewels of the Corona Aurora before either Flurious or Moltor , and later Kamdor and the Fearcats can . They are later joined by Tyzonn , member of a search and rescue team from the planet Mercuria , who has a past with the Fearcats . 16 `` Power Rangers Jungle Fury '' Juken Sentai Gekiranger Jetix ( Toon Disney ) February 18 , 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 18 ) November 3 , 2008 32 The Pai Zhua , or `` Order of the Claw '' , has protected the world from the evil spirit of Dai Shi for nearly ten thousand years . When Jarrod , Lily Chilman , and Theo Martin are chosen by Master Mao to guard the container of Dai Shi 's spirit , Jarrod is deemed unworthy and replaced by rookie or `` cub '' member Casey Rhodes . Angered by this slight , Jarrod attempts to steal Dai Shi 's vessel , only to become possessed by his spirit . Mao , who falls in battle , entrusts in best student R.J. to lead the others as the Jungle Fury Power Rangers to stop Dai Shi from taking over the world . R.J. later joins them in battle , as does Dom Hargan , a former Pai Zhua student who went to find his path in life . 17 `` Power Rangers RPM '' Engine Sentai Go - onger ABC Kids March 7 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 07 ) December 26 , 2009 32 A malicious and rapidly evolving computer virus known as Venjix has ravaged the Earth , leaving the surviving members of humanity to huddle for safety in the force field protected city of Corinth . To stop Venjix 's attacks , led by his humanoid warrior Tenaya , the mysterious Doctor K enlists Scott Truman , Flynn McAllistair , Summer Landsdown , and reluctantly Ziggy Grover and the apparent cyborg Dillon as the RPM Ranger Operators . They are later joined by Gem and Gemma , Doctor K 's old friends , who were presumed dead during Venjix 's attack . RV `` Mighty Morphin Power Rangers '' Kyōryu Sentai Zyuranger ABC Kids January 2 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 02 ) August 28 , 2010 32 A rebroadcast of the first half of the first season of Mighty Morphin Power Rangers with an updated opening sequence and visual effects added to the original episodes . 18 19 `` Power Rangers Samurai '' `` Power Rangers Super Samurai '' Samurai Sentai Shinkenger Nickelodeon February 7 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 07 ) February 18 , 2012 December 10 , 2011 December 15 , 2012 23 22 In order to prevent Master Xandred 's Nighlok forces from taking over the Earth , Mentor Ji of the Shiba House trains Jayden , Kevin , Mia , Mike , and Emily in the ways of the samurai to fight as the Samurai Power Rangers . They are later joined by Jayden 's childhood friend Antonio as the Gold Ranger , who is instrumental in unlocking the group 's Super Mode . 20 `` Power Rangers Megaforce '' Tensou Sentai Goseiger Nickelodeon February 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 02 ) December 7 , 2013 22 Zordon 's protege Gosei calls on high school students Troy Burrows , Noah Carver , Jake Holling , Emma Goodall , and Gia Moran to become the Megaforce Power Rangers to battle the invasion of the Warstar Empire . They are later joined by the Robo Knight in his fight against the Toxic Mutants . 21 `` Power Rangers Super Megaforce '' Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger Nickelodeon February 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 15 ) November 22 , 2014 20 With the Warstar Empire 's forces increasing their invasion , Gosei gives the Rangers new morphers to assume Super Mega Mode , allowing them to call on the powers of all of the previous Power Rangers . They are joined by Orion , a citizen from the planet Andresia . 22 23 `` Power Rangers Dino Charge '' `` Power Rangers Super Dino Charge '' Zyuden Sentai Kyoryuger Nickelodeon February 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 07 ) January 30 , 2016 December 12 , 2015 December 10 , 2016 22 22 When an intergalactic bounty hunter comes to Earth looking for the Energems , entrusted to an alien who lost them during the asteroid bombardment that resulted in the extinction of the dinosaurs , the Dino Charge Power Rangers are formed to find the Energems first . 24 25 `` Power Rangers Ninja Steel '' `` Power Rangers Super Ninja Steel '' Shuriken Sentai Ninninger Nickelodeon January 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 21 ) January 27 , 2018 December 2 , 2017 TBA 22 TBA The Power Rangers are protecting an item called the Ninja Nexus Prism from the forces of Galvanax , the champion of the universe 's most popular intergalactic game show , who wants the Prism , which contains six magical Ninja Power Throwing Stars , to become invincible . The Rangers must master the arsenal of throwing stars , Zords , and Megazords , all made from the titular legendary `` ninja steel '' , to stop Galvanax 's warrior contestants sent to Earth to retrieve the Prism , the Steel and the Power Stars for him . 26 `` Power Rangers Beast Morphers '' Tokumei Sentai Go - Busters Nickelodeon TBA ( TBA ) TBA TBA Set in the future , a secret agency combines a newly discovered substance called `` Morph - X '' with animal DNA to create the Power Rangers Beast Morphers team . The Rangers must fight off an evil sentient computer virus bent on taking over the source of all Ranger power , the Morphin Grid itself . Feature films The Power Rangers franchise has also generated three theatrical motion pictures . The first two are distributed by 20th Century Fox , and the third film released in 2017 by Lionsgate . Film Release date Box office revenue Director United States Foreign Total TV series franchise Mighty Morphin Power Rangers : The Movie June 30 , 1995 $38,187,431 $28,245,763 $66,433,194 Bryan Spicer Turbo : A Power Rangers Movie March 28 , 1997 $8,363,899 $1,251,941 $9,615,840 David Winning and Shuki Levy Reboot Power Rangers March 24 , 2017 $84,350,803 $50,525,733 $134,876,536 Dean Israelite Distribution Power Rangers has long had success in international markets and continues to air in many countries , with the exception of New Zealand , where the series filming takes place as of 2009 . As of 2006 , Power Rangers aired at least 65 times a week in more than 40 worldwide markets . Many markets carry or have carried the series on their respective Fox or later Jetix / Disney XD channels or have syndicated the program on regional children 's channels or blocks , either dubbed into the local language or broadcast in the original English . Since the 2010 acquisition by Saban Brands , international television distribution rights for Power Rangers have been managed by MarVista Entertainment . Broadcast in East Asian territories has been treated differently from in other international markets due to the prevalence and familiarity of ' the Super Sentai brand originating in Japan . Power Rangers was briefly banned in Malaysia for supposedly encouraging the use of drugs because it contained the word `` Morphin ' '' in its title , which could be associated with morphine . The show eventually aired without the offending word . In Japan , many Power Rangers television seasons and movies were dubbed into Japanese for television and video with the voice actors often pulled from past Super Sentai casts , leading to the English - dubbed action sequences being `` re-dubbed '' or `` restored '' back to Japanese as well . Power Rangers Mystic Force is the latest season to be broadcast in Japan on Toei Channel in January 2014 , with the Magiranger cast voicing their counterparts . After broadcast of Power Rangers ended in South Korea with Wild Force , Bandai of Korea started airing dubbed Super Sentai series under the 파워 레인저 ( Power Ranger ) brand on JEI TV . Some seasons of Super Sentai broadcast in South Korea have similarly named titles as their American counterparts , such as Power Ranger Dino Thunder for Abaranger in 2007 and Power Ranger S.P.D. in place of Dekaranger . Home Media This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) As of October 2009 , 33 Power Rangers DVD collections have been released in the United States : Mighty Morphin Power Rangers : The Movie , 1995 ; 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment Turbo : A Power Rangers Movie , 1997 ; 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment Mighty Morphin Power Rangers : The Movie / Turbo : A Power Rangers Movie , 1995 , 1997 ; 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment ( DVD compilation set of both movies . ) The Best of the Power Rangers : The Ultimate Rangers , 2003 ; Buena Vista Home Entertainment ( DVD compilation of episodes from five different seasons of Power Rangers . The episodes include `` Forever Red '' and `` White Light '' ( Tommy 's reintroduction as the White Power Ranger ) ) Power Rangers Ninja Storm Volumes 1 -- 5 , 2003 ; Buena Vista Home Entertainment Power Rangers Dino Thunder Volumes 1 -- 5 , 2004 ; Buena Vista Home Entertainment Power Rangers S.P.D. Volumes 1 -- 5 , 2005 ; Buena Vista Home Entertainment Power Rangers Mystic Force Volumes 1 -- 3 and ' Dark Wish ' , 2006 ; Buena Vista Home Entertainment Power Rangers Operation Overdrive Volumes 1 -- 5 , 2007 ; Buena Vista Home Entertainment ( The release of an entire season for the first time in the US . ) Power Rangers Jungle Fury Volumes 1 & 2 , 2008 ; Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment ( Volumes 3 - 5 are only available in the UK . ) Power Rangers RPM Volumes 1 & 2 , 2009 ; Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment Power Rangers RPM ' Bandai Demo DVD ' , 2009 ; Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment ( A promo DVD given away at Disney Stores . Contains the episode In or Out ) . Power Rangers Samurai Volumes 1 -- 5 , 2012 ; Lionsgate Home Entertainment Power Rangers Samurai `` Monster Bash '' and 2 MMPR Halloween episodes ; Lionsgate Home Entertainment Power Rangers Samurai `` Christmas Together , Samurai Forever '' and 2 MMPR Christmas episodes ; Lionsgate Home Entertainment Power Rangers Super Samurai Volumes 1 -- 4 plus The Complete Series ; Lionsgate Home Entertainment Internationally , additional DVD releases have occurred ( such as Lightspeed Rescue , Time Force and Wild Force in Germany ) and as free DVDs attached to the Jetix magazine , published in the UK . Mighty Morphin Power Rangers Season 1 , Season 2 , and Season 3 , Power Rangers Zeo , Power Rangers Turbo , and Power Rangers In Space have been released in Germany as well in both English and German , with Power Rangers Lost Galaxy only in German . Additionally , Ninja Storm , Dino Thunder , S.P.D. , Mystic Force , and Operation Overdrive saw complete boxset releases in the UK . In France , Mighty Morphin Season 1 and Season 2 have been released in their entirety in 5 episode DVD volumes , and the first 25 episodes of Season 3 were released in May 2008 . In Italy , Mighty Morphin , Zeo , Dino Thunder and S.P.D. have appeared in their entirety . Zeo and S.P.D. were made available as commercial DVDs , while Mighty Morphin and Dino Thunder were issued as bi-weekly volumes at newsstands . The iTunes Store previously made Power Rangers episodes available : part of Mighty Morphin Power Rangers , all of Power Rangers S.P.D. , and the first 26 episodes of Power Rangers Mystic Force . Subsequent seasons and episodes of the program also made their appearances in the iTunes Store , but as of July 2009 , Turbo : A Power Rangers Movie is the only Power Rangers film available . In 2012 , Mighty Morphin Power Rangers Season 1 volumes 1 & 2 were released on iTunes to coincide with the DVD releases . As of February 2013 , all 3 seasons of MMPR were released on iTunes . On June 15 , 2011 , all episodes of Power Rangers from Mighty Morphin Power Rangers Season 1 to Mighty Morphin Power Rangers re-version were made available for instant streaming on Netflix . As of 2018 , all seasons through Ninja Steel have been made available on Netflix . On March 12 , 2012 , Shout ! Factory announced a home video distribution deal with Saban , which includes the first 17 series of Power Rangers . Shout ! Factory released the first seven seasons on DVD in August 2012 , seasons 8 - 12 on November 2013 , a 20 - year collection on December 2013 , and seasons 13 - 17 on April 2014 . On March 22 , 2012 Lionsgate Home Entertainment reached a home media distribution deal with Saban to release Power Rangers Samurai to DVD and Blu - ray . As of April 2015 , all series through Super Megaforce are available on the iTunes Store . As of 2016 , Dino Charge became available on iTunes . Toys On February 15 , 2018 , Saban Brands announced that their 25 - year partnership with Bandai will end in 2019 . The next day , it was confirmed that Hasbro will be the new `` global master toy licensee '' for the franchise starting in April 2019 , with a future option for Hasbro to buy the entire franchise . Video games Main article : List of Power Rangers video games Comics Power Rangers has had several series of comics over the years . Mighty Morphin Power Rangers , Hamilton Comics , 1994 - 1995 . Mighty Morphin Power Rangers , Marvel Comics , 1995 - 1996 . Power Rangers Zeo , Image Comics , 1996 . Power Rangers Turbo , Saban Powerhouse , 1997 . Power Rangers Ninja Storm , Disney Adventures , 2003 . Power Rangers Ninja Storm , Tokyopop , 2003 - 2004 . Power Rangers Ninja Storm , Jetix Magazine , 2003 . Power Rangers Dino Thunder , Tokyopop , 2004 . Power Rangers Dino Thunder , Jetix Magazine , 2004 . Power Rangers S.P.D. , Jetix Magazine , 2005 . Power Rangers Operation Overdrive , Jetix Magazine , 2007 . Power Rangers Super Samurai , Papercutz , 2012 . Power Rangers Megaforce , Papercutz , 2013 . Mighty Morphin Power Rangers , Papercutz , 2014 . In 2015 , Boom Studios won the Power Rangers comics license , which brought a lot of award - winning publications . Mighty Morphin Power Rangers , BOOM ! Studios , 2016 - present . Mighty Morphin Power Rangers : Pink , BOOM ! Studios , 2016 - 2017 . Mighty Morphin Power Rangers : Annuals , BOOM ! Studios , 2016 - present . Power Rangers : Aftershock , BOOM ! Studios , 2017 . Go Go Power Rangers , BOOM ! Studios , 2017 - present . Justice League / Power Rangers . BOOM ! Studios / DC Comics , 2017 . See also Television in the United States portal Film in the United States portal Science Fiction portal 1990s portal 2000s portal 2010s portal Big Bad Beetleborgs Kamen Rider : Dragon Knight List of Power Rangers cast members Masked Rider Mystic Knights of Tir Na Nog Ninja Turtles : The Next Mutation Super Sentai Superhuman Samurai Syber - Squad Tattooed Teenage Alien Fighters from Beverly Hills VR Troopers List of the highest - grossing media franchises Notes Jump up ^ As the series progresses , one or more of the Rangers will usually receive motorcycles for long - distance travel , as well as individual Zords . In many series , a Ranger is also given additional Zords or weapons . In some cases , one Ranger may receive something that other Rangers do not ; an example is the Battlizer given to the Red Ranger of each series since Power Rangers in Space ( until Operation Overdrive ) . Jump up ^ Public servants ( rescue squad , police officers , etc . ) appearing as Rangers disregard this convention in Power Rangers Lightspeed Rescue , Power Rangers S.P.D. , Power Rangers Operation Overdrive and Power Rangers RPM . Jump up ^ An original Power Ranger , the Titanium Ranger , was created especially for Lightspeed Rescue to add a sixth Power Ranger to the series . Jump up ^ Other color designations include metallic colors , violet , and `` Shadow '' , as well as protagonists who have powers and costumes similar to those of the Rangers but are not called `` Power Rangers '' , such as the Blue Senturion and Koragg the Knight Wolf . Jump up ^ A joke highlighted this correlation in Dino Thunder when Tommy Oliver ( a former Green Ranger , White Ranger , and Red Ranger ) became the new Black Ranger ; he said that he had to go shopping because he did not own enough black - colored clothing . References Jump up ^ `` Toei Company Profile Toei '' . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` BANDAI Co. , Ltd Global Development '' . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Kerry , Dollan ( November 26 , 2001 ) . `` Beyond Power Rangers '' . Forbes . Forbes , Inc . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hasbro to Acquire Saban Brands ' Power Rangers and Other Entertainment Assets '' . BusinessWire . Retrieved 1 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Gruenwedel , Erik ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` Hasbro Acquires Saban 's ' Power Rangers ' for $522 Million '' . Media Play News . Retrieved May 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Day of the Dumpster '' . Mighty Morphin Power Rangers . Season 1 . Episode 1 . 1993 - 08 - 28 . Fox . Jump up ^ Power Rangers Dino Thunder , Power Rangers S.P.D. , Power Rangers Operation Overdrive , Power Rangers Jungle Fury Jump up ^ https://lostmediawiki.com/Taiyo_Sentai_Sun_Vulcan_(lost_Marvel_pilot;_1980s ) Jump up ^ https://io9.gizmodo.com/secret-origins-of-the-japanese-superhero-show-that-beca-1722551968 Jump up ^ Bates , James ( August 12 , 1986 ) . `` A Crop of New Shows Sprouts From Saban Firm 's TV Success '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Haim Saban , producer , in Hollywood , Washington , Israel '' . The New Yorker . May 10 , 2010 . p. 4 . Retrieved May 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Heffley , Lynne ( November 25 , 1993 ) . `` Low - Tech Equals High Ratings : Fox 's Offbeat ' Mighty Morphin Power Rangers ' Flexes Its Kidvid Muscle '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The original ' Power Rangers ' return in 2010 '' . Kung Fu Cinema . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 08 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Haim Saban '' . Saban . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2009 . Retrieved February 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` News Corp. and Haim Saban Reach Agreement to Sell Fox Family Worldwide to Disney for $5.3 Billion '' . saban . July 23 , 2001 . Retrieved February 23 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Disney buys Fox Family for $3 B '' . CNNfn . www.money.cnn.com . July 23 , 2001 . Retrieved September 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Lights out for ' Power Rangers ' '' . New York Post . March 10 , 2009 . Retrieved October 8 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` LIGHTS OUT FOR ' POWER RANGERS ' '' . New York Post . 2009 - 03 - 10 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ Eriksen , Alanah May ( March 6 , 2009 ) . `` ' Power Rangers ' defeated '' . The New Zealand Herald . Retrieved March 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Supplement to Disney A to Z : The Official Encyclopedia '' ( PDF ) . September 1 , 2009 . p. 87 . Retrieved September 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` PRESS RELEASE : Bandai America Powers Up Like It 's 1993 ; Brings Back Mighty Morphin Power Rangers in New Toy Line Bandai America '' . October 1 , 2009 . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2009 . Retrieved October 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` CORRECTING and REPLACING PHOTOS Bandai America Powers up Like It 's 1993 ; Brings Back Mighty Morphin Power Rangers in New Toy Line '' . October 1 , 2009 . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Carugati , Anna ( November 9 , 2010 ) . `` Video Interview : Saban Brands ' Elie Dekel '' . Retrieved November 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Littleton , Cynthia ( 2010 - 05 - 12 ) . `` Saban re-acquires rights to ' Rangers ' - Entertainment News , TV News , Media - Variety '' . Retrieved May 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bond , Paul ( August 10 , 2010 ) . `` Disney 's Q3 boosted by TV operations profit ; Power Rangers sale added $43 million to coffers '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' Power Rangers Samurai '' premiering in February 2011 `` . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2011 . Retrieved December 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Saban Capital Group Acquires Power Rangers from The Walt Disney Company `` The Toy Book '' . May 12 , 2010 . Retrieved May 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` SABAN BRINGS `` POWER RANGERS '' FRANCHISE TO NICKELODEON '' ( Press release ) . Viacom . Retrieved May 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mogul Saban buys back Power Rangers from Disney '' . Google News . Associated Press . May 12 , 2010 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 05 - 16 . Retrieved May 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Saban Brands Partners with The CW to Launch Five - Hour Kids Television Block '' ( PDF ) . Saban . July 2 , 2012 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 22 , 2013 . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wallenstein , Andrew ( July 2 , 2012 ) . `` Saban Brands to rebuild CW toon block '' . Variety . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Marcucci , Carl ( July 3 , 2012 ) . `` The CW signs Saban Brands for kids block '' . Radio & Television Business Report . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Saban Brands to Launch Vortexx on The CW '' . PR Newswire . July 12 , 2012 . Retrieved July 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Saban Brands to launch Vortexx kid shows on The CW '' . Los Angeles Business . July 12 , 2012 . Retrieved July 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Saban Brands Announces Extended Partnerships for Power Rangers Franchise with Nickelodeon and Bandai America Through 2016 '' . Business Wire . Retrieved October 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike , Jr . ( May 7 , 2014 ) . `` Lionsgate , Saban Brands Reboot ' Power Rangers ' As Pic Franchise '' . Deadline.com . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dynamic New Season , Saban 's Power Rangers Dino Super Charge , to Premiere Saturday , Jan. 30 , at 12 p.m. ( ET / PT ) on Nickelodeon '' . Business Wire . January 12 , 2016 . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers Extends Run With Nickelodeon '' . Comickbook.com . February 12 , 2016 . Retrieved February 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kelley , Shamus ( February 17 , 2018 ) . `` Power Rangers Beast Morphers Confirmed '' . Den of Geek ! . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mighty Morphin ' Power Rangers ( 1995 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Turbo : A Power Rangers Movie ( 1997 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Lionsgate '' . SABAN 'S POWER RANGERS TO BEGIN PRODUCTION TODAY. 2016 - 02 - 29 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Shows Muscle with Boys Properties '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( July 26 , 2010 ) . `` MarVista to sell ' Rangers ' TV library '' . Variety . Retrieved July 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` MarVista to Re-Introduce Power Rangers to International Market '' . WorldScreen . July 26 , 2010 . Retrieved July 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Graziadio , Marissa ( September 13 , 2010 ) . `` New Partners On Board for Power Rangers Samurai '' . Retrieved September 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Malaysia : Authorities ban the hit television series Mighty Morphin Power Rangers '' , Reuters , December 22 , 1995 Jump up ^ `` 파워 레인저 '' . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` 파워 레인저 S.P.D. '' Archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 09 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers Operation Overdrive - First 2 Volumes of ' Complete Series ' DVDs Planned @ TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2007 . Retrieved June 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers Operation Overdrive - Box Art , Date , Price & Extras for Volume 3 : Blue Sapphire DVD @ TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2007 . Retrieved August 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers Operation Overdrive - Finish the Adventure in February : Final Two Volumes Kick Into Overdrive @ TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2007 . Retrieved November 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers Jungle Fury - Disney Announces Vol. 1 and Vol. 2 DVDs for Jungle Fury @ TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . September 13 , 2008 . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2008 . Retrieved September 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers RPM , Vol. 2 : Race for Corinth @ Amazon.com '' . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers R.P.M. - Disney Store 's Promo Disc Says Volumes 3 and 4 ' Coming Soon ' '' . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2009 . Retrieved October 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Mighty Morphin Power Rangers Season 1 @ Amazon.de '' . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Mighty Morphin Power Rangers Season 2 @ Amazon.de '' . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Mighty Morphin Power Rangers Season 3 @ Amazon.de '' . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers Zeo @ Amazon.de '' . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers Turbo @ Amazon.de '' . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers In Space @ Amazon.de '' . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers Lost Galaxy @ Amazon.de '' . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers Ninja Storm @ Amazon.co.uk '' . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers Dino Thunder @ Amazon.co.uk '' . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers S.P.D. @ Amazon.co.uk '' . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers Mystic Force @ Amazon.co.uk '' . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers Operation Overdrive @ Amazon.co.uk '' . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers Mighty Morphin - Volume 28 @ lcj-editions.com '' . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2008 . Retrieved August 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bowers , Trinnette ( June 15 , 2011 ) . `` Power Rangers : At a Netflix near you '' . My Fox Orlando . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2011 . Retrieved June 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mighty Morphin Power Rangers - ' Seasons 1 - 7 : From Mighty Morphin to Lost Galaxy ' Announced : Date , Cost , Action Figure ! '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2012 . Retrieved June 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Multiple Shows ( 5 ) - Power Rangers : Season 8 - 12 '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved November 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mighty Morphin Power Rangers - Pricing is Revealed for ' Power Rangers Legacy : The First 20 Years ' '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . September 4 , 2013 . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Multiple Shows ( 5 ) - Power Rangers : Seasons 13 - 17 '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved November 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lionsgate to Distribute ' Power Rangers Samurai ' '' . Home Media Magazine . 2012 - 03 - 22 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ Sorrentino , Mike ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Power Rangers toy maker is moving on after 25 years '' . CNET . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sorrentino , Mike ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` Power Rangers action figures , Megazords get a new maker '' . CNET . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . External links Find more aboutPower Rangersat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Official website Power Rangers at TV.com Power Rangers at Bandai hide Power Rangers Media TV series Saban Entertainment Mighty Morphin Power Rangers ( 1993 -- 1995 ; 2010 ) season 1 2010 re-version Alien Rangers ( 1996 ) Zeo ( 1996 ) episodes Turbo ( 1997 ) episodes in Space ( 1998 ) episodes Lost Galaxy ( 1999 ) episodes Lightspeed Rescue ( 2000 ) episodes Time Force ( 2001 ) episodes Disney / Jetix Wild Force ( 2002 ) episodes Ninja Storm ( 2003 ) episodes Dino Thunder ( 2004 ) episodes S.P.D. ( 2005 ) episodes Mystic Force ( 2006 ) episodes Operation Overdrive ( 2007 ) episodes Jungle Fury ( 2008 ) episodes RPM ( 2009 ) episodes Saban Brands Samurai & Super Samurai ( 2011 -- 2012 ) season 1 Megaforce & Super Megaforce ( 2013 -- 2014 ) season 1 Dino Charge & Dino Super Charge ( 2015 -- 2016 ) season 1 Ninja Steel & Super Ninja Steel ( 2017 -- 2018 ) season 1 Hasbro Beast Morphers ( 2019 ) Films Mighty Morphin Power Rangers : The Movie ( 1995 ) Turbo : A Power Rangers Movie ( 1997 ) Power Rangers ( 2017 ) Web series Power Rangers Hyperforce ( 2017 -- 2018 ) Video games Mighty Morphin Power Rangers ( 1994 ) The Movie ( 1995 ) The Fighting Edition ( 1995 ) Zeo : Battle Racers ( 1996 ) Lightspeed Rescue ( 2000 ) Time Force ( 2001 ) Wild Force ( 2002 ) Ninja Storm ( 2003 ) Dino Thunder ( 2004 ) S.P.D. ( 2005 ) Super Legends ( 2007 ) Legacy Wars ( 2017 ) Others `` Day of the Dumpster '' ( series premiere ) `` Go Go Power Rangers '' ( theme song ) `` Power Rangers '' ( song ) A Rock Adventure World Tour Live on Stage Collectible Card Game Comics Mighty Morphin Justice League / Power Rangers List of Mighty Morphin Power Rangers home video releases Universe Rangers Planets Races Villains Zords Related media Power / Rangers Super Sentai Power Rangers Dino Force Brave Super Sentai Ishinomori series Gorenger ( 1975 -- 1977 ) J.A.K.Q. ( 1977 ) Shōwa Period series Battle Fever J ( 1979 ) Denziman ( 1980 ) Sun Vulcan ( 1981 ) Goggle - V ( 1982 ) Dynaman ( 1983 ) Bioman ( 1984 ) Changeman ( 1985 ) Flashman ( 1986 ) Maskman ( 1987 ) Liveman ( 1988 ) Heisei Period series ( XX ) Turboranger ( 1989 ) Fiveman ( 1990 ) Jetman ( 1991 ) Zyuranger ( 1992 ) Dairanger ( 1993 ) Kakuranger ( 1994 ) Ohranger ( 1995 ) Carranger ( 1996 ) Megaranger ( 1997 ) Gingaman ( 1998 ) GoGoFive ( 1999 ) Timeranger ( 2000 ) Heisei Period series ( XXI ) Gaoranger ( 2001 ) Hurricaneger ( 2002 ) Abaranger ( 2003 ) Dekaranger ( 2004 ) Magiranger ( 2005 ) Boukenger ( 2006 ) Gekiranger ( 2007 ) Go - onger ( 2008 ) Shinkenger ( 2009 ) Goseiger ( 2010 ) Gokaiger ( 2011 ) Go - Busters ( 2012 ) Kyoryuger ( 2013 ) ToQger ( 2014 ) Ninninger ( 2015 ) Zyuohger ( 2016 ) Kyuranger ( 2017 ) Lupinranger VS Patranger ( 2018 ) Related media Chō Ninja Tai Inazuma ! Akibaranger Power Rangers Sport Ranger France Five Gatchaman Kyoryuger Brave See also Super Hero Time Rangers Strike Project. R Dice - O Kamen Rider Metal Hero Pretty Cure ABC Kids Disney 's One Saturday Morning ( 1997 -- 2002 ) 101 Dalmatians : The Series Buzz Lightyear of Star Command Doug DuckTales Even Stevens Hercules Disney 's House of Mouse Jungle Cubs Lizzie McGuire Lloyd in Space Mary - Kate and Ashley in Action ! Mickey Mouse Works Pepper Ann Recess Sabrina : The Animated Series Science Court Teacher 's Pet Teamo Supremo The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh The Bugs Bunny and Tweety Show The Weekenders ABC Kids ( 2002 -- 2011 ) Even Stevens ( 2002 -- 2005 ) Fillmore ! ( 2002 -- 2004 ) Hannah Montana ( 2006 -- 2011 ) Kim Possible ( 2002 -- 2006 ) Lilo & Stitch : The Series ( 2003 -- 2006 ) Lizzie McGuire ( 2002 -- 2005 ) NBA Inside Stuff ( 2002 -- 2004 ) Phil of the Future ( 2004 -- 2006 ) Power Rangers ( 2002 -- 2010 ) Recess ( 2002 -- 2004 ) Teamo Supremo ( 2002 -- 2003 ) That 's So Raven ( 2003 -- 2011 ) The Buzz on Maggie ( 2005 -- 2006 ) The Emperor 's New School ( 2006 -- 2011 ) The Proud Family ( 2002 -- 2006 ) The Replacements ( 2006 -- 2011 ) The Suite Life of Zack & Cody ( 2005 -- 2011 ) W.I.T.C.H. ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Related topics Children 's programming on the American Broadcasting Company Disney 's One Too Saturday morning programming on Disney Channel Jambalaya Studios Disney Television Animation Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Power_Rangers&oldid=850086992 '' Categories : Power Rangers Works by Saban Capital Group 1990s American television series 1993 American television series debuts 2000s American television series 2010s American television series ABC Kids Action figures American children 's action television series American Broadcasting Company network shows American television series based on Japanese television series Bandai brands Fox network shows Jetix 2010s Nickelodeon shows Superheroes Television franchises 1990s toys 2000s toys 2010s toys Television programs adapted into films Television programs adapted into comics Television programs adapted into video games Television programs adapted into plays Hasbro brands Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from March 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2001 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009 Wikipedia articles needing style editing from June 2016 All articles needing style editing Wikipedia articles that are excessively detailed from June 2016 All articles that are excessively detailed Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2009 Articles containing potentially dated statements from July 2009 Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Bosanski Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 July 2018 , at 14 : 20 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power%20Rangers
| 2,078 |
|
where is philadelphia pa located on the map
|
Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Consolidated city - county City of Philadelphia From top left , the Philadelphia skyline , a statue of Benjamin Franklin , the Liberty Bell , the Philadelphia Museum of Art , Philadelphia City Hall , and Independence Hall Flag Seal Etymology : Greek : philos ( love ) and adelphos ( brother ) Nickname ( s ) : `` Philly '' , `` City of Brotherly Love '' , `` The Athens of America '' more ... Motto : `` Philadelphia maneto '' ( `` Let brotherly love endure '' ) Location of Philadelphia in Philadelphia County , Pennsylvania . Philadelphia Philadelphia Show map of Pennsylvania Show map of the US Show all Location in the United States Coordinates : 39 ° 57 ′ N 75 ° 10 ′ W / 39.950 ° N 75.167 ° W / 39.950 ; - 75.167 Coordinates : 39 ° 57 ′ N 75 ° 10 ′ W / 39.950 ° N 75.167 ° W / 39.950 ; - 75.167 Country United States Commonwealth Pennsylvania County Philadelphia Historic countries Kingdom of England Kingdom of Great Britain Historic colony Province of Pennsylvania Founded October 27 , 1682 Incorporated October 25 , 1701 Founded by William Penn Government Type Mayor -- Council Body Philadelphia City Council Mayor Jim Kenney ( D ) Area Consolidated city - county 142.71 sq mi ( 369.62 km ) Land 134.18 sq mi ( 347.52 km ) Water 8.53 sq mi ( 22.09 km ) Urban 1,799.5 sq mi ( 4,660.5 km ) Metro 4,629.0 sq mi ( 11,988.6 km ) Elevation 39 ft ( 12 m ) Population ( 2010 ) Consolidated city - county 1,567,872 Estimate ( 2016 ) 1,567,872 Rank US : 6th Density 11,685.02 / sq mi ( 4,511.61 / km ) Metro 6,069,875 ( US : 7th ) CSA 7,183,479 ( US : 8th ) Demonym Philadelphian Time zone EST ( UTC - 5 ) Summer ( DST ) EDT ( UTC - 4 ) ZIP code 19092 - 19093 , 19099 , 191xx Area code ( s ) 215 , 267 FIPS code 42 - 60000 GNIS feature ID 1215531 Website www.phila.gov
|
Philadelphia
|
philadelphia
|
Philadelphia
|
Historic countries Kingdom of England Kingdom of Great Britain Historic colony Province of Pennsylvania Founded October 27 , 1682 Incorporated October 25 , 1701 Founded by William Penn Government Type Mayor -- Council Body Philadelphia City Council Mayor Jim Kenney ( D ) Area Consolidated city - county 142.71 sq mi ( 369.62 km ) Land 134.18 sq mi ( 347.52 km ) Water 8.53 sq mi ( 22.09 km ) Urban 1,799.5 sq mi ( 4,660.5 km ) Metro 4,629.0 sq mi ( 11,988.6 km ) Elevation 39 ft ( 12 m ) Population ( 2010 ) Consolidated city - county 1,567,872 Estimate ( 2016 ) 1,567,872 Rank US : 6th Density 11,685.02 / sq mi ( 4,511.61 / km ) Metro 6,069,875 ( US : 7th ) CSA 7,183,479 ( US : 8th ) Demonym Philadelphian Time zone EST ( UTC - 5 ) Summer ( DST ) EDT ( UTC - 4 ) ZIP code 19092 - 19093 , 19099 , 191xx Area code ( s ) 215 , 267 FIPS code 42 - 60000 GNIS feature ID 1215531 Website www.phila.gov Philadelphia ( / ˌfɪləˈdɛlfi. ə / ) is the largest city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and the sixth-most populous city in the United States , with an estimated population of 1,567,872 and more than 6 million in the seventh - largest metropolitan statistical area , as of 2016 . Philadelphia is the economic and cultural anchor of the Delaware Valley -- a region located in the Northeastern United States at the confluence of the Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers with 7.2 million people residing in the eighth - largest combined statistical area in the United States . In 1682 , William Penn , an English Quaker , founded the city to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony . Philadelphia played an instrumental role in the American Revolution as a meeting place for the Founding Fathers of the United States , who signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776 and the Constitution in 1787 . Several other key Philadelphia events during the Revolution include the First and Second Continental Congress , the preservation of the Liberty Bell , the Battle of Germantown , the Siege of Fort Mifflin , and the Philadelphia Convention . Philadelphia was one of the nation 's capitals in the Revolutionary War , and served as temporary U.S. capital while Washington , D.C. , was under construction . In the 19th century , Philadelphia became a major industrial center and a railroad hub . It grew from an influx of European immigrants ; the majority came from Ireland , Italy and Germany -- the three largest reported ancestry groups in the city as of 2015 . The city became a prime destination for African Americans during the Great Migration of the 20th century , as well as Puerto Ricans , surpassing two million occupants by 1950 . The Philadelphia area 's many universities and colleges make it a top study destination , as the city has evolved into an educational and economic hub . With a gross domestic product of $388 billion , Philadelphia ranks ninth among world cities and fourth in the nation . Philadelphia is the center of economic activity in Pennsylvania and is home to five Fortune 1000 companies . The Philadelphia skyline is growing , with a market of almost 81,900 commercial properties in 2016 including several nationally prominent skyscrapers . The city is known for its arts , culture , and rich history , attracting over 41 million domestic tourists alone in 2015 . Philadelphia has more outdoor sculptures and murals than any other American city . Fairmount Park , when combined with the adjacent Wissahickon Valley Park in the same watershed , is one of the largest contiguous urban park areas in the United States . The 67 National Historic Landmarks in the city helped account for the $10 billion generated by tourism . Philadelphia is the birthplace of the United States Marine Corps , and is also the home of many U.S. firsts , including the first library ( 1731 ) , first hospital ( 1751 ) and medical school ( 1765 ) , first Capital ( 1777 ) , first stock exchange ( 1790 ) , first zoo ( 1874 ) , and first business school ( 1881 ) . Philadelphia is the only World Heritage City in the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Geography 2.1 Topography 2.2 Cityscape 2.2. 1 City planning 2.2. 2 Architecture 2.3 Climate 3 Demographics 3.1 Religion 3.2 Languages 3.3 Dialect 4 Economy 5 Culture 5.1 Arts 5.2 Cuisine 5.3 Marijuana 6 Sports 6.1 Olympic bidding 7 Parks 8 Law and government 8.1 Courts 8.2 Politics 8.3 Crime 9 Education 9.1 Primary and secondary education 9.2 Higher education 10 Media 10.1 Newspapers 10.2 Radio and television 11 Infrastructure 11.1 Transportation 11.1. 1 Airports 11.1. 2 Roads 11.1. 3 Bus service 11.1. 4 Rail 11.1. 5 Walkability 11.2 Utilities 12 Notable people 13 Sister Cities 14 Image gallery 15 See also 16 Notes 17 References 18 Further reading 19 External links History Main articles : History of Philadelphia and Timeline of Philadelphia An 18th century map of Philadelphia , ca . 1752 . External video 10 Towns that Changed America , WTTW , 56 : 02 , segment from 7 : 23 - 12 : 20 Before Europeans arrived , the Philadelphia area was home to the Lenape ( Delaware ) Indians in the village of Shackamaxon . The Lenape are a Native American tribe and First Nations band government . They are also called Delaware Indians , and their historical territory was along the Delaware River watershed , western Long Island , and the Lower Hudson Valley . Most Lenape were pushed out of their Delaware homeland during the 18th century by expanding European colonies , exacerbated by losses from intertribal conflicts . Lenape communities were weakened by newly introduced diseases , mainly smallpox , and violent conflict with Europeans . Iroquois people occasionally fought the Lenape . Surviving Lenape moved west into the upper Ohio River basin . The American Revolutionary War and United States ' independence pushed them further west . In the 1860s , the United States government sent most Lenape remaining in the eastern United States to the Indian Territory ( present - day Oklahoma and surrounding territory ) under the Indian removal policy . In the 21st century , most Lenape now reside in the US state of Oklahoma , with some communities living also in Wisconsin , Ontario ( Canada ) and their traditional homelands . Europeans came to the Delaware Valley in the early 17th century , with the first settlements founded by the Dutch , who in 1623 built Fort Nassau on the Delaware River opposite the Schuylkill River in what is now Brooklawn , New Jersey . The Dutch considered the entire Delaware River valley to be part of their New Netherland colony . In 1638 , Swedish settlers led by renegade Dutch established the colony of New Sweden at Fort Christina ( present - day Wilmington , Delaware ) and quickly spread out in the valley . In 1644 , New Sweden supported the Susquehannocks in their military defeat of the English colony of Maryland . In 1648 , the Dutch built Fort Beversreede on the west bank of the Delaware , south of the Schuylkill near the present - day Eastwick section of Philadelphia , to reassert their dominion over the area . The Swedes responded by building Fort Nya Korsholm , named New Korsholm after a town that is now in Finland . In 1655 , a Dutch military campaign led by New Netherland Director - General Peter Stuyvesant took control of the Swedish colony , ending its claim to independence , although the Swedish and Finnish settlers continued to have their own militia , religion , and court , and to enjoy substantial autonomy under the Dutch . The English conquered the New Netherland colony in 1664 , but the situation did not really change until 1682 , when the area was included in William Penn 's charter for Pennsylvania . In 1681 , in partial repayment of a debt , Charles II of England granted William Penn a charter for what would become the Pennsylvania colony . Despite the royal charter , Penn bought the land from the local Lenape to be on good terms with the Native Americans and ensure peace for his colony . Penn made a treaty of friendship with Lenape chief Tammany under an elm tree at Shackamaxon , in what is now the city 's Fishtown section . Penn named the city Philadelphia , which is Greek for brotherly love ( from philos , `` love '' or `` friendship '' , and adelphos , `` brother '' ) . As a Quaker , Penn had experienced religious persecution and wanted his colony to be a place where anyone could worship freely . This tolerance , far more than afforded by most other colonies , led to better relations with the local Native tribes and fostered Philadelphia 's rapid growth into America 's most important city . Benjamin Franklin , 1777 Penn planned a city on the Delaware River to serve as a port and place for government . Hoping that Philadelphia would become more like an English rural town instead of a city , Penn laid out roads on a grid plan to keep houses and businesses spread far apart , with areas for gardens and orchards . The city 's inhabitants did not follow Penn 's plans , as they crowded by the Delaware River , the port , and subdivided and resold their lots . Before Penn left Philadelphia for the last time , he issued the Charter of 1701 establishing it as a city . It became an important trading center , poor at first , but with tolerable living conditions by the 1750s . Benjamin Franklin , a leading citizen , helped improve city services and founded new ones , such as fire protection , a library , and one of the American colonies ' first hospitals . A number of important philosophical societies were formed , which were centers of the city 's intellectual life : the Philadelphia Society for Promoting Agriculture ( 1785 ) , the Pennsylvania Society for the Encouragement of Manufactures and the Useful Arts ( 1787 ) , the Academy of Natural Sciences ( 1812 ) , and the Franklin Institute ( 1824 ) . These worked to develop and finance new industries and attract skilled and knowledgeable immigrants from Europe . Philadelphia 's importance and central location in the colonies made it a natural center for America 's revolutionaries . By the 1750s , Philadelphia had surpassed Boston to become the largest city and busiest port in British America , and second in the British Empire , behind London . The city hosted the First Continental Congress before the American Revolutionary War ; the Second Continental Congress , which signed the United States Declaration of Independence , during the war ; and the Constitutional Convention ( 1787 ) after the war . Several battles were fought in and near Philadelphia as well . Philadelphia served as the temporary capital of the United States , 1790 -- 1800 , while the Federal City was under construction in the District of Columbia . In 1793 , the largest yellow fever epidemics in U.S. history killed at least 4,000 and up to 5,000 people in Philadelphia , roughly 10 % of the city 's population . The state government left Philadelphia in 1799 , and the federal government was moved to Washington , DC in 1800 with completion of the White House and Capitol . The city remained the young nation 's largest with a population of nearly 50,000 at the turn of the 19th century ; it was a financial and cultural center . Before 1800 , its free black community founded the African Methodist Episcopal Church ( AME ) , the first independent black denomination in the country , and the first black Episcopal Church . The free black community also established many schools for its children , with the help of Quakers . New York City soon surpassed Philadelphia in population , but with the construction of roads , canals , and railroads , Philadelphia became the first major industrial city in the United States . Throughout the 19th century , Philadelphia had a variety of industries and businesses , the largest being textiles . Major corporations in the 19th and early 20th centuries included the Baldwin Locomotive Works , William Cramp and Sons Ship and Engine Building Company , and the Pennsylvania Railroad . Industry , along with the U.S. Centennial , was celebrated in 1876 with the Centennial Exposition , the first official World 's Fair in the United States . Immigrants , mostly Irish and German , settled in Philadelphia and the surrounding districts . The rise in population of the surrounding districts helped lead to the Act of Consolidation of 1854 , which extended the city limits of Philadelphia from the 2 square miles of present - day Center City to the roughly 130 square miles of Philadelphia County . These immigrants were largely responsible for the first general strike in North America in 1835 , in which workers in the city won the ten - hour workday . The city was a destination for thousands of Irish immigrants fleeing the Great Famine in the 1840s ; housing for them was developed south of South Street and later occupied by succeeding immigrants . They established a network of Catholic churches and schools and dominated the Catholic clergy for decades . Anti-Irish , anti-Catholic Nativist riots had erupted in Philadelphia in 1844 . In the latter half of the century , immigrants from Russia , Eastern Europe and Italy ; and African Americans from the southern U.S. settled in the city . Between 1880 and 1930 , the African - American population of Philadelphia increased from 31,699 to 219,559 . Twentieth - century black newcomers were part of the Great Migration out of the rural South to northern and midwestern industrial cities . In the American Civil War , Philadelphia was represented by the Washington Grays . The Birth of Pennsylvania , 1680 , by Jean Leon Gerome Ferris . William Penn , holding paper , standing and facing King Charles II , in the King 's breakfast chamber at Whitehall . Penn 's Treaty with the Indians by Benjamin West John Trumbull 's Declaration of Independence , depicting the five - man drafting committee presenting their draft of the Declaration to the Congress , Independence Hall , June 28 , 1776 . President 's House , Philadelphia . This mansion at 6th & Market Streets served as the presidential mansion of George Washington and John Adams , 1790 -- 1800 . Library and Surgeon 's Hall , Fifth - street Engraving , 1800 , by William Russell Birch Philadelphians celebrating Independence Day . 1812 . Philadelphia on Election Day , 1815 . An anti-Irish Catholic nativist riot in Southwark , July 7 , 1844 . Opening day ceremonies at the Centennial Exhibition at Memorial Hall , 1876 , first World 's Fair in the US . By the 20th century , Philadelphia had become known as `` corrupt and contented '' , with a complacent population and an entrenched Republican political machine . The first major reform came in 1917 when outrage over the election - year murder of a police officer led to the shrinking of the Philadelphia City Council from two houses to just one . In July 1919 , Philadelphia was one of more than 36 industrial cities nationally to suffer a race riot of ethnic whites against blacks during Red Summer , in post-World War I unrest , as recent immigrants competed with blacks for jobs . In the 1920s , the public flouting of Prohibition laws , organized crime or mob violence , and police involvement in illegal activities led to the appointment of Brigadier General Smedley Butler of the U.S. Marine Corps as director of public safety , but political pressure prevented any long - term success in fighting crime and corruption . In 1940 , non-Hispanic whites constituted 86.8 % of the city 's population . The population peaked at more than two million residents in 1950 , then began to decline with the restructuring of industry , which led to the loss of many middle - class union jobs . In addition , suburbanization had been drawing off many of the wealthier residents to outlying railroad commuting towns and newer housing . The economic impact of these changes would reduce Philadelphia 's tax base and the resources of local government . Philadelphia struggled through a long period of adjustment to these economic changes . The city in fact approached bankruptcy in the late 1980s . Revitalization and gentrification of neighborhoods began in the late 1970s and continues into the 21st century , with much of the development in the Center City and University City areas of the city . After many of the old manufacturers and businesses left Philadelphia or shut down , the city started attracting service businesses and began to more aggressively market itself as a tourist destination . Glass - and - granite skyscrapers were built in Center City . Historic areas such as Independence National Historical Park located in Old City and Society Hill were renovated during the reformist mayoral era of the 1950s through the 1980s . They are now among the most desirable living areas of Center City . This has slowed the city 's 40 - year population decline after it lost nearly one - quarter of its population . Geography A simulated - color image of Philadelphia and the Delaware River , taken by NASA 's Landsat 7 satellite Topography Philadelphia is at 39 ° 57 ′ north latitude and 75 ° 10 ′ west longitude , and the 40th parallel north passes through the northern parts of the city . The city encompasses 142.6 square miles ( 369.3 km ) , of which 135.1 square miles ( 349.9 km ) is land and 7.6 square miles ( 19.7 km ) , or 5.29 % , is water . Bodies of water include the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers , and Cobbs , Wissahickon , and Pennypack creeks . The lowest point is 10 feet ( 3 m ) above sea level , while the highest point is in Chestnut Hill , about 445 feet ( 136 m ) above sea level ( near the intersection of Germantown Avenue and Bethlehem Pike ) . Philadelphia sits on the Fall Line that separates the Atlantic Coastal Plain from the Piedmont . The rapids on the Schuylkill River at East Falls were inundated by the completion of the Fairmount Dam . The city is the seat of its own county . The adjacent counties are Montgomery to the north ; Bucks to the northeast ; Burlington County , New Jersey , to the east ; Camden County , New Jersey , to the southeast ; Gloucester County , New Jersey , to the south ; and Delaware County to the west . Cityscape Panoramic view of the Center City Philadelphia skyline , viewed from Camden , New Jersey , across the Delaware River . Comcast Center and the spired One Liberty Place are recognizable as the two tallest skyscrapers in this image . Philadelphia skyline at night from the Spring Garden Street Bridge , 2017 Center City from the South Street Bridge , 2016 City planning See also : List of Philadelphia neighborhoods A Portraiture of the City of Philadelphia , created by Thomas Holme to be the first map for Philadelphia , ca . 1683 ; the map displays the grid pattern associated with Philadelphia . Elfreth 's Alley , `` Our nation 's oldest residential street '' , dating to 1702 . Philadelphia skyline as seen from Belmont Plateau , Fairmount Park . Philadelphia 's central city was created in the 17th century following the plan by William Penn 's surveyor Thomas Holme . Center City is structured with long straight streets running east - west and north - south , forming a grid pattern . The original city plan was designed to allow for easy travel and to keep residences separated by open space that would help prevent the spread of fire . The Delaware River and Schuylkill Rivers served as early boundaries between which the city 's early street plan was kept within . In addition , Penn planned the creation of five public parks in the city which were renamed in 1824 ( in parenthesis ) : Centre Square , North East Publick Square ( Franklin Square ) , Northwest Square ( Logan Square ) , Southwest Square ( Rittenhouse Square ) , and Southeast Square ( Washington Square ) . Center City has grown into the second-most populated downtown area in the United States , after Midtown Manhattan in New York City , with an estimated 183,240 residents in 2015 . Philadelphia 's neighborhoods are divided into large sections -- North , Northeast , Northwest , West , South and Southwest Philadelphia -- all of which surround Center City , which corresponds closely with the city 's limits before consolidation in 1854 . Each of these large areas contains numerous neighborhoods , some of whose boundaries derive from the boroughs , townships , and other communities that made up Philadelphia County before their absorption into the city . The City Planning Commission , tasked with guiding growth and development of the city , has divided the city into 18 planning districts as part of the Philadelphia2035 physical development plan . Much of the city 's 1980 zoning code was overhauled from 2007 to 2012 as part of a joint effort between former mayors John F. Street and Michael Nutter . The zoning changes were intended to rectify incorrect zoning mapping that would streamline future community preferences and development , which the city forecasts an additional 100,000 residents and 40,000 jobs to be added to Philadelphia in 2035 . The Philadelphia Housing Authority is the largest landlord in Pennsylvania . Established in 1937 , it is the nation 's fourth - largest housing authority , housing about 84,000 people and employing 1,250 . In 2013 , its budget was $371 million . The Philadelphia Parking Authority works to ensure adequate parking for city residents , businesses and visitors . Architecture Main articles : Architecture of Philadelphia and List of tallest buildings in Philadelphia Second Empire - style Philadelphia City Hall , as viewed on Broad Street , constructed from 1871 until 1901 ; by terms of a gentlemen 's agreement , it remained the tallest building in the city until it was surpassed by One Liberty Place in 1987 . Christ Church , a sophisticated example of Georgian architecture . Philadelphia 's architectural history dates back to Colonial times and includes a wide range of styles . The earliest structures were of logs construction , but brick structures were common by 1700 . During the 18th century , the cityscape was dominated by Georgian architecture , including Independence Hall and Christ Church . The Second Bank of the United States in background ( with statue of Robert Morris in foreground ) by William Strickland ( 1824 ) , a perfect example of Greek Revival architecture . Federal style homes on Delancey Street in Society Hill . In the first decades of the 19th century , Federal architecture and Greek Revival architecture were dominated by Philadelphia architects such as Benjamin Latrobe , William Strickland , John Haviland , John Notman , Thomas U. Walter , and Samuel Sloan . Frank Furness is considered Philadelphia 's greatest architect of the second half of the 19th century , but his contemporaries included John McArthur , Jr. , Addison Hutton , Wilson Eyre , the Wilson Brothers , and Horace Trumbauer . In 1871 , construction began on the Second Empire - style Philadelphia City Hall . The Philadelphia Historical Commission was created in 1955 to preserve the cultural and architectural history of the city . The commission maintains the Philadelphia Register of Historic Places , adding historic buildings , structures , sites , objects and districts as it sees fit . In 1932 , Philadelphia became home to the first International Style skyscraper in the United States , The PSFS Building , designed by George Howe and William Lescaze . It is the United States ' first modern skyscraper and considered the most important one built in the first part of the 20th century . The 548 ft ( 167 m ) City Hall remained the tallest building in the city until 1987 when One Liberty Place was constructed . Numerous glass and granite skyscrapers were built in Philadelphia 's Center City from the late 1980s onwards . In 2007 , the Comcast Center surpassed One Liberty Place to become the city 's tallest building . The Comcast Innovation and Technology Center is under construction in Center City and is planned to reach a height of 1,121 feet ( 342 meters ) ; upon completion , the tower is expected to be the tallest skyscraper in the United States outside of New York City and Chicago . For much of Philadelphia 's history , the typical home has been the row house . The row house was introduced to the United States via Philadelphia in the early 19th century and , for a time , row houses built elsewhere in the United States were known as `` Philadelphia rows '' . A variety of row houses are found throughout the city , from Victorian - style homes in North Philadelphia to twin row houses in West Philadelphia . While newer homes are scattered throughout the city , much of the housing is from the early 20th century or older . The great age of the homes has created numerous problems , including blight and vacant lots in many parts of the city , while other neighborhoods such as Society Hill , which has the largest concentration of 18th - century architecture in the United States , have been rehabilitated and gentrified . Climate Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Climate chart ( explanation ) J J J O 40 26 2.7 44 28 3.8 53 34 3.6 64 44 3.7 74 54 3.4 83 64 4.4 87 69 3.5 85 68 3.8 78 60 3.2 67 48 56 39 3.6 45 30 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° F Precipitation totals in inches ( show ) Metric conversion J J J O 77 5 − 4 67 7 − 2 96 12 90 18 7 94 23 12 87 28 18 110 31 21 89 30 20 96 26 16 81 19 9 76 13 90 7 − 1 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° C Precipitation totals in mm According to the Köppen climate classification , Philadelphia falls under the northern periphery of the humid subtropical climate zone ( Köppen Cfa ) , whereas according to the Trewartha climate classification , the city has a temperate maritime climate ( Do ) . Summers are typically hot and muggy , fall and spring are generally mild , and winter is cold . Snowfall is highly variable , as some winters consist of light snow while others consist of major snowstorms , with normal seasonal snowfall standing at 22.4 in ( 57 cm ) ; snow in November or April is rare and a sustained snow cover is also rare . Precipitation is generally spread throughout the year , with eight to twelve wet days per month , at an average annual rate of 41.5 inches ( 1,050 mm ) , but historically ranging from 29.31 in ( 744 mm ) in 1922 to 64.33 in ( 1,634 mm ) in 2011 . The most rain recorded in one day occurred on July 28 , 2013 , when 8.02 in ( 204 mm ) fell at Philadelphia International Airport . The January daily average temperature is 33.0 ° F ( 0.6 ° C ) , though , in a normal winter , the temperature frequently rises to 50 ° F ( 10 ° C ) during thaws and dips to 10 ° F ( − 12 ° C ) for 2 or 3 nights . July averages 78.1 ° F ( 25.6 ° C ) , although heat waves accompanied by high humidity and heat indices are frequent ; highs reach or exceed 90 ° F ( 32 ° C ) on 27 days of the year . The average window for freezing temperatures is November 6 thru April 2 , allowing a growing season of 217 days . Early fall and late winter are generally dry ; February 's average precipitation of 2.64 inches ( 67 mm ) makes it the area 's driest month . The dewpoint in the summer averages between 59.1 ° F ( 15 ° C ) to 64.5 ° F ( 18 ° C ) . Seasonal snowfall accumulation has ranged from trace amounts in 1972 -- 73 to 78.7 inches ( 200 cm ) in the winter of 2009 -- 10 . The city 's heaviest single - storm snowfall , at 30.7 in ( 78 cm ) , occurred in January 1996 . The highest recorded temperature was 106 ° F ( 41 ° C ) on August 7 , 1918 , but temperatures at or above 100 ° F ( 38 ° C ) are uncommon . The lowest officially recorded temperature was − 11 ° F ( − 24 ° C ) on February 9 , 1934 , but , with the last such occurrence being January 19 , 1994 , temperatures at or below 0 ° F ( − 18 ° C ) are rare . The record low maximum is 5 ° F ( − 15 ° C ) on February 10 , 1899 , and December 30 , 1880 , while the record high minimum is 83 ° F ( 28 ° C ) on July 23 , 2011 , and July 24 , 2010 . In the American Lung Association 2015 State of the Air report , Philadelphia County received an ozone grade of F and a 24 - hour particle pollution rating of C . ( show ) Climate data for Philadelphia ( Philadelphia Airport ) , 1981 -- 2010 normals , extremes 1872 -- present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 74 ( 23 ) 79 ( 26 ) 87 ( 31 ) 95 ( 35 ) 97 ( 36 ) 102 ( 39 ) 104 ( 40 ) 106 ( 41 ) 102 ( 39 ) 96 ( 36 ) 84 ( 29 ) 73 ( 23 ) 106 ( 41 ) Mean maximum ° F ( ° C ) 62.0 ( 16.7 ) 62.7 ( 17.1 ) 73.6 ( 23.1 ) 83.2 ( 28.4 ) 89.1 ( 31.7 ) 94.2 ( 34.6 ) 96.4 ( 35.8 ) 94.7 ( 34.8 ) 89.8 ( 32.1 ) 81.7 ( 27.6 ) 72.3 ( 22.4 ) 63.5 ( 17.5 ) 97.5 ( 36.4 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 40.3 ( 4.6 ) 43.8 ( 6.6 ) 52.7 ( 11.5 ) 63.9 ( 17.7 ) 73.8 ( 23.2 ) 82.7 ( 28.2 ) 87.1 ( 30.6 ) 85.3 ( 29.6 ) 78.0 ( 25.6 ) 66.6 ( 19.2 ) 56.0 ( 13.3 ) 44.8 ( 7.1 ) 64.6 ( 18.1 ) Daily mean ° F ( ° C ) 33.0 ( 0.6 ) 35.7 ( 2.1 ) 43.5 ( 6.4 ) 54.0 ( 12.2 ) 63.9 ( 17.7 ) 73.3 ( 22.9 ) 78.1 ( 25.6 ) 76.6 ( 24.8 ) 69.1 ( 20.6 ) 57.5 ( 14.2 ) 47.6 ( 8.7 ) 37.5 ( 3.1 ) 55.9 ( 13.3 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 25.6 ( − 3.6 ) 27.7 ( − 2.4 ) 34.4 ( 1.3 ) 44.1 ( 6.7 ) 54.0 ( 12.2 ) 63.8 ( 17.7 ) 69.2 ( 20.7 ) 67.9 ( 19.9 ) 60.3 ( 15.7 ) 48.4 ( 9.1 ) 39.2 ( 4 ) 30.1 ( − 1.1 ) 47.1 ( 8.4 ) Mean minimum ° F ( ° C ) 8.7 ( − 12.9 ) 12.7 ( − 10.7 ) 19.4 ( − 7 ) 31.6 ( − 0.2 ) 42.0 ( 5.6 ) 52.2 ( 11.2 ) 59.8 ( 15.4 ) 57.8 ( 14.3 ) 47.2 ( 8.4 ) 35.8 ( 2.1 ) 26.0 ( − 3.3 ) 15.8 ( − 9 ) 6.4 ( − 14.2 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) − 7 ( − 22 ) − 11 ( − 24 ) 5 ( − 15 ) 14 ( − 10 ) 28 ( − 2 ) 44 ( 7 ) 51 ( 11 ) 44 ( 7 ) 35 ( 2 ) 25 ( − 4 ) 8 ( − 13 ) − 5 ( − 21 ) − 11 ( − 24 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 3.03 ( 77 ) 2.65 ( 67.3 ) 3.79 ( 96.3 ) 3.56 ( 90.4 ) 3.71 ( 94.2 ) 3.43 ( 87.1 ) 4.35 ( 110.5 ) 3.50 ( 88.9 ) 3.78 ( 96 ) 3.18 ( 80.8 ) 2.99 ( 75.9 ) 3.56 ( 90.4 ) 41.53 ( 1,054.9 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 6.5 ( 16.5 ) 8.8 ( 22.4 ) 2.9 ( 7.4 ) 0.5 ( 1.3 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0.3 ( 0.8 ) 3.4 ( 8.6 ) 22.4 ( 56.9 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 10.6 9.4 10.5 11.3 11.1 9.8 9.9 8.4 8.7 8.6 9.3 10.6 118.2 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.1 in ) 4.4 3.6 1.8 0.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.2 1.8 12.2 Average relative humidity ( % ) 66.2 63.6 61.7 60.4 65.4 67.8 69.6 70.4 71.6 70.8 68.4 67.7 67.0 Mean monthly sunshine hours 155.7 154.7 202.8 217.0 245.1 271.2 275.6 260.1 219.3 204.5 154.7 137.7 2,498.4 Percent possible sunshine 52 52 55 55 55 61 61 61 59 59 52 47 56 Source : NOAA ( relative humidity and sun 1961 -- 1990 ) Demographics Main article : Demographics of Philadelphia See also : History of the Irish in Philadelphia , History of the Italians in Philadelphia , History of the Jews in Philadelphia , and LGBT culture in Philadelphia Historical population Year Pop . ± % 1683 600 -- 1731 12,000 + 1900.0 % 1790 28,522 + 137.7 % 1800 41,220 + 44.5 % 1810 53,722 + 30.3 % 1820 63,802 + 18.8 % 1830 80,462 + 26.1 % 1840 93,665 + 16.4 % 1850 121,376 + 29.6 % 1860 565,529 + 365.9 % 1870 674,022 + 19.2 % 1880 847,170 + 25.7 % 1890 1,046,964 + 23.6 % 1900 1,293,697 + 23.6 % 1910 1,549,008 + 19.7 % 1920 1,823,779 + 17.7 % 1930 1,950,961 + 7.0 % 1940 1,931,334 − 1.0 % 1950 2,071,605 + 7.3 % 1960 2,002,512 − 3.3 % 1970 1,948,609 − 2.7 % 1980 1,688,210 − 13.4 % 1990 1,585,577 − 6.1 % 2000 1,517,550 − 4.3 % 1,526,006 + 0.6 % 2016 1,567,872 + 2.7 % Populations for City of Philadelphia , not for Philadelphia County . Population for Philadelphia County was 54,388 ( including 42,520 urban ) in 1790 ; 81,009 ( including 69,403 urban ) in 1800 ; 111,210 ( including 91,874 urban ) in 1810 ; 137,097 ( including 112,772 urban ) in 1820 ; 188,797 ( including 161,410 urban ) in 1830 ; 258,037 ( including 220,423 urban ) in 1840 ; and 408,762 ( including 340,045 urban ) in 1850 . Under Act of Consolidation , 1854 , City of Philadelphia absorbed the various districts , boroughs , townships , other suburbs , and remaining rural area in Philadelphia County as the consolidated City and County of Philadelphia . Source : According to the 2014 United States Census estimates , there were 1,560,297 people residing in the City of Philadelphia , representing a 2.2 % increase since 2010 . From the 1960s up until 2006 , the city 's population declined year after year . It eventually reached a low of 1,488,710 residents in 2006 before beginning to rise again . Since 2006 , Philadelphia added 71,587 residents in eight years . A study done by the city projected that the population would increase to about 1,630,000 residents by 2035 , an increase of about 100,000 from 2010 . The racial makeup of the city in 2014 was 45.3 % White ( 35.8 % Non-Hispanic ) , 44.1 % Black or African American , 0.8 % Native American and Alaska Native , 7.2 % Asian , 0.1 % Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander , 2.5 % Two or More Races , and 13.6 % were Hispanic or Latino . ( hide ) Census Racial composition 2000 1990 1980 1970 White ( includes White Hispanics ) 41.8 % 45.0 % 53.5 % 58.2 % 65.6 % -- Non-Hispanic White 36.9 % 42.5 % 52.1 % 57.1 % 63.8 Black or African American 43.6 % 43.2 % 37.8 % 39.9 % 33.6 % -- Non-Hispanic Black 42.2 % 42.6 % 39.3 % 37.5 % 33.3 % Native American 0.5 % 0.3 % 0.2 % 0.1 % 0.1 % Asian 6.3 % 4.5 % 2.7 % 1.1 % 0.3 % Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander 0.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % Some other race 5.9 % 4.8 % 3.7 % 2.7 % 0.4 % Two or more races 2.8 % 2.2 % n / a n / a n / a Hispanic or Latino ( of any race ) 12.3 % 8.5 % 5.6 % 3.8 % 2.4 % Map of racial distribution in Philadelphia , 2010 Census . Each dot is 25 people : White , Black , Asian , Hispanic , or Other In comparison , the 2010 Census Redistricting Data indicated that the racial makeup of the city was 661,839 ( 43.4 % ) African American , 626,221 ( 41.0 % ) White , 6,996 ( 0.5 % ) Native American , 96,405 ( 6.3 % ) Asian ( 2.0 % Chinese , 1.2 % Indian , 0.9 % Vietnamese , 0.6 % Cambodian , 0.4 % Korean , 0.3 % Filipino , 0.2 % Pakistani , 0.1 % Indonesian ) , 744 ( 0.0 % ) Pacific Islander , 90,731 ( 5.9 % ) from other races , and 43,070 ( 2.8 % ) from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 187,611 persons ( 12.3 % ) ; 8.0 % of Philadelphia is Puerto Rican , 1.0 % Dominican , 1.0 % Mexican , 0.3 % Cuban , and 0.3 % Colombian . The racial breakdown of Philadelphia 's Hispanic / Latino population was 63,636 ( 33.9 % ) White , 17,552 ( 9.4 % ) African American , 3,498 ( 1.9 % ) Native American , 884 ( 0.47 % ) Asian , 287 ( 0.15 % ) Pacific Islander , 86,626 ( 46.2 % ) from other races , and 15,128 ( 8.1 % ) from two or more races . The five largest European ancestries reported in the 2010 United States Census Census included Irish ( 12.5 % ) , Italian ( 8.4 % ) , German ( 8.1 % ) , Polish ( 3.6 % ) , and English ( 3.0 % ) . The average population density was 11,457 people per square mile ( 4,405.4 / km2 ) . The Census reported that 1,468,623 people ( 96.2 % of the population ) lived in households , 38,007 ( 2.5 % ) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters , and 19,376 ( 1.3 % ) were institutionalized . In 2013 , the city reported having 668,247 total housing units , down slightly from 670,171 housing units in 2010 . As of 2013 , 87 percent of housing units were occupied , while 13 percent were vacant , a slight change from 2010 where 89.5 percent of units were occupied , or 599,736 and 10.5 percent were vacant , or 70,435 . Of the city 's residents , 32 percent reported having no vehicles available while 23 percent had two or more vehicles available , as of 2013 . In 2010 , 24.9 percent of households reported having children under the age of 18 living with them , 28.3 percent were married couples living together and 22.5 percent had a female householder with no husband present , 6.0 percent had a male householder with no wife present , and 43.2 percent were non-families . The city reported 34.1 percent of all households were made up of individuals while 10.5 percent had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 3.20 . In 2013 , the percentage of women who gave birth in the previous 12 months who were unmarried was 56 percent . Of Philadelphia 's adults , 31 percent were married or lived as a couple , 55 percent were not married , 11 percent were divorced or separated , and 3 percent were widowed . According to the Census Bureau , the median household income in 2013 was $36,836 , down 7.9 percent from 2008 when the median household income was $40,008 ( in 2013 dollars ) . For comparison , the median household income among metropolitan areas was $60,482 , down 8.2 percent in the same period , and the national median household income was $55,250 , down 7.0 percent from 2008 . The city 's wealth disparity is evident when neighborhoods are compared . Residents in Society Hill had a median household income of $93,720 while residents in one of North Philadelphia 's districts reported the lowest median household income , $14,185 . During the last decade , Philadelphia experienced a large shift in its age profile . In 2000 , the city 's population pyramid had a largely stationary shape . In 2013 , the city took on an expansive pyramid shape , with an increase in the three millennial age groups , 20 to 24 , 25 to 29 , and 30 to 34 . The city 's 25 - to 29 - year - old age group was the city 's largest age cohort . According to the 2010 Census , 343,837 ( 22.5 % ) were under the age of 18 ; 203,697 ( 13.3 % ) from 18 to 25 ; 434,385 ( 28.5 % ) from 25 to 44 ; 358,778 ( 23.5 % ) from 45 to 64 ; and 185,309 ( 12.1 % ) who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 33.5 years . For every 100 females there were 89.4 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 85.7 males . The city had 22,018 births in 2013 , down from a peak 23,689 births in 2008 . Philadelphia 's death rate was at its lowest in at least a half - century , 13,691 deaths in 2013 . Another factor attributing to the population increase is Philadelphia 's immigration rate . In 2013 , 12.7 percent of residents were foreign - born , just shy of the national average , 13.1 percent . `` Leacht Quimhneachain Na Gael '' , Irish famine memorial located in Penn 's Landing , honoring Philadelphia 's large Irish community ( 14.2 % of the city 's population ) . Irish , Italians , Polish , Germans , English , and Greeks are the largest ethnic European groups in the city . Philadelphia has the second - largest Irish and Italian populations in the United States , after New York City . South Philadelphia remains one of the largest Italian neighborhoods in the country and is home to the Italian Market . The Pennsport neighborhood and Gray 's Ferry section of South Philadelphia , home to many Mummer clubs , are well known as Irish neighborhoods . The Kensington section , Port Richmond , and Fishtown have historically been heavily Irish and Polish . Port Richmond is well known in particular as the center of the Polish immigrant and Polish - American community in Philadelphia , and it remains a common destination for Polish immigrants . Northeast Philadelphia , although known for its Irish and Irish - American population , is also home to a large Jewish and Russian population . Mount Airy in Northwest Philadelphia also contains a large Jewish community , while nearby Chestnut Hill is historically known as an Anglo - Saxon Protestant stronghold . Washington Square West , the heart of Gayborhood . There has also been an increase of yuppie , bohemian , and hipster types particularly around Center City , the neighborhood of Northern Liberties , and in the neighborhoods around the city 's universities , such as near Temple in North Philadelphia and particularly near Drexel and University of Pennsylvania in West Philadelphia . Philadelphia is also home to a significant gay and lesbian population . Philadelphia 's Gayborhood , which is located near Washington Square , is home to a large concentration of gay and lesbian friendly businesses , restaurants , and bars . The Black American population in Philadelphia is the third - largest in the country , after New York City and Chicago . Historically , West Philadelphia and North Philadelphia were largely black neighborhoods , but many are leaving these areas in favor of the Northeast and Southwest sections of Philadelphia . There is a higher proportion of Muslims in the Black American population than most cities in America . West Philadelphia also has significant Caribbean and African immigrant populations . The Puerto Rican population in Philadelphia is the second - largest after New York City , and the second fastest - growing after Orlando . There are large Puerto Rican and Dominican populations in North Philadelphia and the Northeast , as well as a significant Mexican population in South Philadelphia . Philadelphia has significant Asian populations mainly hailing from countries like India , China , Vietnam , and South Korea . Chinatown and the Northeast have the largest Asian presences , with a large Korean community in Olney , Philadelphia . South Philadelphia is also home to large Cambodian , Vietnamese , and Chinese communities . It has the fifth largest Muslim population among American cities . Religion Interior of the Cathedral Basilica of Saints Peter and Paul , head church of the Archdiocese of Philadelphia According to a 2014 study by the Pew Research Center , 68 % of the population of the city identified themselves as Christians , with 41 % professing attendance at a variety of churches that could be considered Protestant , and 26 % professing Roman Catholic beliefs , while 24 % claim no religious affiliation . The same study says that other religions ( including Judaism , Buddhism , Islam , and Hinduism ) collectively make up about 8 % of the population . Metropolitan Philadelphia 's Jewish population , the sixth largest in the United States , was estimated at 206,000 in 2001 and almost 300,000 in 2009 . ( though this number includes many secular Jews ) . There is also a significant Eastern Orthodox population as well as a strong Lutheran community . The greater Philadelphia area is home to one of the largest Lutheran communities in the United States ( the largest on the East Coast ) . The Muslim African American community in Philadelphia has grown substantially over the last decade . According to several statistics , Philadelphia has surpassed Detroit and New York City to become the American metropolitan area with the highest proportion of Muslims . Religions with less numerous adherents can also be found . There is Buddhism in Chinatown , and Caribbean and African traditional religions in North and West Philadelphia . These numbers are also growing . Historically the city has strong connections to The Religious Society of Friends , Unitarian Universalism , and Ethical Culture , all of which continue to be represented in the city . The Friends General Conference is based in Philadelphia . African diasporic religions are popular in Hispanic and Caribbean communities in North and West Philadelphia . Languages Italian Market , reflecting South Philadelphia 's Italian heritage . As of 2010 , 79.12 % ( 1,112,441 ) of Philadelphia residents age 5 and older spoke English at home as a primary language , while 9.72 % ( 136,688 ) spoke Spanish , 1.64 % ( 23,075 ) Chinese , 0.89 % ( 12,499 ) Vietnamese , 0.77 % ( 10,885 ) Russian , 0.66 % ( 9,240 ) French , 0.61 % ( 8,639 ) other Asian languages , 0.58 % ( 8,217 ) African languages , 0.56 % ( 7,933 ) Cambodian ( Mon - Khmer ) , and Italian was spoken as a main language by 0.55 % ( 7,773 ) of the population over the age of five . In total , 20.88 % ( 293,544 ) of Philadelphia 's population age 5 and older spoke a mother language other than English . Dialect Main article : Philadelphia English The Philadelphia accent is considered by some to be the most distinctive accent in North America . The dialect , which is spread throughout the Delaware Valley and South Jersey , is part of Mid-Atlantic American English , and as such it is similar in many ways to the Baltimore dialect . Unlike the Baltimore dialect , however , the Philadelphia accent also shares many similarities with the New York accent . Thanks to over a century of linguistic data collected by researchers at the University of Pennsylvania under sociolinguist William Labov , the Philadelphia dialect has been one of the best - studied forms of American English . The accent is traditionally found within the Irish American and Italian American working - class neighborhoods . Philadelphia also has its own unique collection of neologisms and slang terms . Economy Main article : Economy of Philadelphia Top publicly traded companies in Philadelphia for 2016 Corporation Rank Comcast 37 Aramark 199 Crown Holdings 321 FMC 654 Urban Outfitters 657 Notes Rankings for fiscal year ended 2016 . Source : Fortune Philadelphia Stock Exchange , the oldest stock exchange in the United States . First Bank of the United States Philadelphia is the center of economic activity in Pennsylvania with the headquarters of seven Fortune 1000 companies located within city limits . According to the Bureau of Economic Analysis , the Philadelphia area had a total gross metropolitan product of $347 billion in 2010 , the seventh - largest metropolitan economy in the United States . Philadelphia was rated by the GaWC5 as an ' Alpha - City ' in its categorization of world cities . Philadelphia 's economic sectors include information technology , manufacturing , oil refining , food processing , health care , biotechnology , tourism , and financial services . Financial activities account for the largest sector of the metropolitan area 's economy , and it is one of the largest health education and research centers in the United States . The city is home to the Philadelphia Stock Exchange and some of the area 's largest companies including cable television and internet provider Comcast , insurance companies Colonial Penn , CIGNA , Independence Blue Cross , energy company Sunoco , food services company Aramark and Crown , chemical makers Rohm and Haas and FMC , pharmaceutical company GlaxoSmithKline , Boeing Rotorcraft Systems , and automotive parts retailer Pep Boys . Philadelphia 's annualized unemployment rate was 7.8 % in 2014 , down from 10.0 % the previous year . This is higher than the national average of 6.2 % . Similarly , the rate of new jobs added to the city 's economy lagged behind the national job growth . In 2014 , about 8,800 jobs were added to the city 's economy . Sectors with the largest number of jobs added were in education and health services , leisure and hospitality , and professional and business services . Declines were seen in the city 's manufacturing and government sectors . While about 31.9 % of the city 's population is not in the labor force , the city 's largest employers are the federal and city governments , respectively . Philadelphia 's largest private employer is the University of Pennsylvania followed by the Children 's Hospital of Philadelphia . A study commissioned by the city 's government projected 40,000 jobs to be added to the city by 2035 , raising the city 's 2010 number of jobs from 675,000 total to an estimated 715,000 jobs . Philadelphia 's history attracts many tourists , with the Independence National Historical Park ( which includes the Liberty Bell , Independence Hall , and other historical sites ) receiving over 3.6 million visitors in 2014 . The Greater Philadelphia region was visited by 39 million people in 2013 generating $10 billion in economic impact . Culture Main articles : Culture of Philadelphia , Cultural depictions of Philadelphia , List of people from Philadelphia , List of sites of interest in Philadelphia , and List of National Historic Landmarks in Philadelphia Independence Hall , where both the United States Declaration of Independence and the United States Constitution were debated and adopted . The Edgar Allan Poe National Historic Site ; During what has been called his most prolific period , Poe published some of his most well - known works in Philadelphia , including `` The Tell - Tale Heart , '' `` The Murders in the Rue Morgue , '' and `` The Gold - Bug '' . Philadelphia is home to many national historical sites that relate to the founding of the United States . Independence National Historical Park is the center of these historical landmarks being one of the country 's 22 UNESCO World Heritage Sites . Independence Hall , where the Declaration of Independence was signed , and the Liberty Bell are the city 's most famous attractions . Other historic sites include homes for Edgar Allan Poe , Betsy Ross , and Thaddeus Kosciuszko , early government buildings like the First and Second Banks of the United States , Fort Mifflin , and the Gloria Dei ( Old Swedes ' ) Church . Philadelphia alone has 67 National Historic Landmarks , the third most of any city in the country . Philadelphia 's major science museums include the Franklin Institute , which contains the Benjamin Franklin National Memorial ; the Academy of Natural Sciences ; the Mütter Museum ; and the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology . History museums include the National Constitution Center , the Atwater Kent Museum of Philadelphia History , the National Museum of American Jewish History , the African American Museum in Philadelphia , the Historical Society of Pennsylvania , the Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons in the state of Pennsylvania and The Masonic Library and Museum of Pennsylvania , Eastern State Penitentiary and the Battleship New Jersey Museum and Memorial . Philadelphia is home to the United States ' first zoo and hospital , as well as Fairmount Park , one of America 's oldest and largest urban parks . The city is home to important archival repositories , including the Library Company of Philadelphia , established in 1731 , and the Athenaeum of Philadelphia , founded in 1814 . The Presbyterian Historical Society , the country 's oldest continuous denominational historical society , is also located there . Arts Quince Street in Old City ; a perfect representation of many of the small side streets in the area . Philadelphia Museum of Art , amongst the largest art museums in the United States . The city contains many art museums , such as the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts and the Rodin Museum , which holds the largest collection of work by Auguste Rodin outside France . The city 's major art museum , the Philadelphia Museum of Art , is one of the largest art museums in the United States . Its long flight of steps to the main entrance became famous after the film Rocky ( 1976 ) . Philadelphia Sketch Club , one of America 's oldest artists ' clubs . The club 's own web page proclaims it the oldest . Walnut Street Theatre , the oldest continuously operating theatre in the English - speaking world and the oldest in the United States . The city is home to the Philadelphia Sketch Club , one of the country 's oldest artists ' clubs , and The Plastic Club , started by women excluded from the Sketch Club . It has a profusion of art galleries , many of which participate in the First Friday event . The first Friday of every month , galleries in Old City are open late . Annual events include film festivals and parades , the most famous being the New Year 's Day Mummers Parade . Areas such as South Street and Old City have a vibrant night life . The Avenue of the Arts in Center City contains many restaurants and theaters , such as the Kimmel Center for the Performing Arts , which is home to the Philadelphia Orchestra , generally considered one of the top five orchestras in the United States , and the Academy of Music , the nation 's oldest continually operating opera house , home to the Opera Company of Philadelphia and the Pennsylvania Ballet . The Wilma Theatre and Philadelphia Theatre Company have new buildings constructed in the last decade on the avenue . They produce a variety of new works . Several blocks to the east are the Walnut Street Theatre , America 's oldest theatre and the largest subscription theater in the world ; as well as the Lantern Theatre at St. Stephens Church , one of a number of smaller venues . See also : List of public art in Philadelphia Philadelphia has more public art than any other American city . In 1872 , the Association for Public Art ( formerly the Fairmount Park Art Association ) was created , the first private association in the United States dedicated to integrating public art and urban planning . In 1959 , lobbying by the Artists Equity Association helped create the Percent for Art ordinance , the first for a U.S. city . The program , which has funded more than 200 pieces of public art , is administered by the Philadelphia Office of Arts and Culture , the city 's art agency . The `` Grand Old Lady of Locust Street '' , the Academy of Music , home of the Philadelphia Orchestra , 1900 -- 2001 The atrium of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts , the nation 's oldest art school and art museum Philadelphia has more murals than any other U.S. city , thanks in part to the 1984 creation of the Department of Recreation 's Mural Arts Program , which seeks to beautify neighborhoods and provide an outlet for graffiti artists . The program has funded more than 2,800 murals by professional , staff and volunteer artists and educated more than 20,000 youth in underserved neighborhoods throughout Philadelphia . Philadelphia artists have had a prominent national role in popular music . In the 1970s , Philadelphia soul influenced the music of that and later eras . On July 13 , 1985 , Philadelphia hosted the American end of the Live Aid concert at John F. Kennedy Stadium . The city reprised this role for the Live 8 concert , bringing some 700,000 people to the Ben Franklin Parkway on July 2 , 2005 . Philadelphia is home to the world - renowned Philadelphia Boys Choir & Chorale , which has performed its music all over the world . Dr. Robert G. Hamilton , founder of the choir , is a notable native Philadelphian . The Philly Pops is another famous Philadelphia music group . The city has played a major role in the development and support of American rock music and rap music . Famous rock acts in the area such as Bill Haley & His Comets , Todd Rundgren and Nazz , Hall & Oates , The Hooters , Ween , and Cinderella call Philadelphia home . Hip - hop / Rap artists such as The Roots , DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince , The Goats , Schoolly D , and Lisa `` Left Eye '' Lopes hail from the city . Cuisine Main article : Cuisine of Philadelphia Pat 's Steaks in the foreground and Geno 's Steaks in the background McGillin 's Olde Ale House , the oldest tavern in Philadelphia . The city is known for its hoagies , scrapple , soft pretzels , water ice , Irish potato candy , Tastykake , and is home to the cheesesteak , developed by German and Italian immigrants . Philadelphia boasts a number of cheesesteak establishments , however two locations in South Philadelphia are perhaps the most famous among tourists : Pat 's King of Steaks and its across the street rival Geno 's Steaks . Its high - end restaurants include Morimoto , Iron Chef Masaharu Morimoto 's first restaurant , Vetri , famous on the East Coast for its take on Northern Italian cuisine , and Lacroix , a staple restaurant situated in Rittenhouse Square . Italian specialties have been supplemented by many new Vietnamese and other Asian restaurants , both budget and high - end . McGillin 's Olde Ale House , located on Drury Street in Center City , is the oldest continuously operated tavern in the city . Philadelphia is also home to a landmark eatery founded in 1892 , the Reading Terminal Market . The enclosed public market hosts over a hundred merchants offering Pennsylvania Dutch specialties , artisan cheese and meat , locally grown groceries , and specialty and ethnic foods . Marijuana Philadelphia has decriminalized small amounts of marijuana in the city , reducing penalties for possession and public use to minor fines and community service . The move makes Philadelphia the largest city in the United States to decriminalize pot . Sports This section needs additional citations for verification . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main articles : Sports in Philadelphia and U.S. cities with teams from four major sports Citizens Bank Park , home of the Phillies Philadelphia 's professional sports teams date at least to the 1860 founding of baseball 's Athletics . The city is one of 12 U.S. cities to have all four major sports : the Philadelphia Phillies in the National League of Major League Baseball , the Philadelphia Eagles of the National Football League , the Philadelphia Flyers of the National Hockey League , and the Philadelphia 76ers of the National Basketball Association . The Philadelphia metro area is also home of the Philadelphia Union of Major League Soccer . The Union play their home games at Talen Energy Stadium , a soccer - specific stadium in Chester , Pennsylvania . Philadelphia began play in MLS in 2010 , after beating several other cities in competition for the rights to an MLS expansion franchise . The city 's professional teams went without a championship from 1983 , when the 76ers won the NBA Championship , until 2008 , when the Phillies won the World Series . In 2004 , ESPN ranked Philadelphia second on its list of The Fifteen Most Tortured Sports Cities . The failure was sometimes attributed in jest to the `` Curse of Billy Penn . '' The sports fans of Philadelphia are known for being referred to as the `` Meanest Fans in America '' . The Flyers play at the Wells Fargo Center Major - sport professional sports teams that originated in Philadelphia but which then moved to other cities include the Golden State Warriors basketball team and the Oakland Athletics baseball team . Philadelphia is also the home city of the Philadelphia Spinners , a professional ultimate team that is part of the Major League Ultimate . They are one of the original eight teams of the American Ultimate Disc League that began in April 2012 . They played at Franklin Field and won the inaugural AUDL championship . As of 2013 , the Spinners play in the newer MLU at various stadiums through the city and surrounding southern suburbs . Historic Boathouse Row at night on the Schuylkill , an enduring symbol of Philadelphia 's rich rowing history . Rowing has been popular in Philadelphia since the 18th century . Boathouse Row is a symbol of Philadelphia 's rich rowing history , and each Big Five member has its own boathouse . Philadelphia hosts numerous local and collegiate rowing clubs and competitions , including the annual Dad Vail Regatta , the largest intercollegiate rowing event in the U.S , the Stotesbury Cup Regatta , and the Head of the Schuylkill Regatta , all of which are held on the Schuylkill River . The regattas are hosted and organized by the Schuylkill Navy , an association of area rowing clubs that has produced numerous Olympic rowers . Philadelphia is home to professional , semi-professional and elite amateur teams in cricket , rugby league ( Philadelphia Fight ) , rugby union and other sports . Major sporting events in the city include the Penn Relays , Philadelphia Marathon , Broad Street Run , and the Philadelphia International Championship bicycle race . The Collegiate Rugby Championship is played every June at Talen Energy Stadium ; the CRC is broadcast live on NBC and regularly draws attendances of 18,000 . Philadelphia is home to the Philadelphia Big 5 , a group of five Division I college basketball programs . The Big 5 are Saint Joseph 's University , University of Pennsylvania , La Salle University , Temple University , and Villanova University . The sixth NCAA Division I school in Philadelphia is Drexel University . At least one of the teams is competitive nearly every year and at least one team has made the NCAA tournament for the past four decades . Villanova won the 2016 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament championship . Team League Sport Venue Capacity Founded Championships Philadelphia Phillies MLB Baseball Citizens Bank Park 46,528 1883 1980 , 2008 Philadelphia Eagles NFL American Football Lincoln Financial Field 69,176 1933 1948 , 1949 , 1960 Philadelphia 76ers NBA Basketball Wells Fargo Center 21,600 1963 1966 -- 67 , 1982 -- 83 Philadelphia Flyers NHL Ice Hockey Wells Fargo Center 19,786 1967 1973 -- 74 , 1974 -- 75 Philadelphia Soul AFL Arena Football Wells Fargo Center 17,597 2008 , 2016 Philadelphia Union MLS Soccer Talen Energy Stadium 18,500 none Olympic bidding The city of Philadelphia has placed four bids for the Olympics in 1920 , 1948 , 1952 and 1956 , losing all their bids and having also pulled their bids another three times for the 2004 , 2016 and 2024 games . On April 22 , 2013 , Mayor Michael Nutter 's office declared Philadelphia 's interest in bidding for the 2024 Games . The city had expressed interest in hosting the 2016 Games , but lost out to Chicago as the USOC 's bid city . The City of Philadelphia withdrew from consideration on May 28 , 2014 , in a letter to the USOC , citing `` timing '' as a major factor in the decision . The city reiterated a continued interest in pursuing the games in the future . On May 28 , 2014 , Mayor Michael Nutter announced that he had written to the USOC earlier that month , informing it of the city 's decision not to pursue a bid to host the 2024 Summer Olympic Games . Parks Fairmount Park , ca . 1900 Main article : Fairmount Park See also : List of parks in Philadelphia As of 2014 , the total city parkland , including municipal , state and federal parks within the city limits , amounts to 11,211 acres ( 45.37 km ) . Philadelphia 's largest park is Fairmount Park which includes the Philadelphia Zoo and encompasses 2,052 acres ( 8.30 km ) of the total parkland , while the adjacent Wissahickon Valley Park contains 2,042 acres ( 8.26 km ) . Fairmount Park , when combined with Wissahickon Valley Park , is one of the largest contiguous urban park areas in the United States . The two parks , along with the historic Colonial Revival , Georgian and Federal architecture contained in them , have been listed as one entity on the National Register of Historic Places since 1972 . Law and government Old City Hall served as Philadelphia 's town hall from 1800 to 1854 . From a governmental perspective , Philadelphia County is a legal nullity , as all county functions were assumed by the city in 1952 . The city has been coterminous with the county since 1854 . Philadelphia 's 1952 Home Rule Charter was written by the City Charter Commission , which was created by the Pennsylvania General Assembly in an Act of April 21 , 1949 , and a city ordinance of June 15 , 1949 . The existing City Council received a proposed draft on February 14 , 1951 , and the electors approved it in an election held April 17 , 1951 . The first elections under the new Home Rule Charter were held in November 1951 , and the newly elected officials took office in January 1952 . The city uses the strong - mayor version of the mayor - council form of government , which is headed by one mayor , in whom executive authority is vested . Elected at - large , the mayor is limited to two consecutive four - year terms under the city 's home rule charter , but can run for the position again after an intervening term . James A. Byrne United States Courthouse , houses the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit and the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania . Courts The Philadelphia County Court of Common Pleas ( First Judicial District ) is the trial court of general jurisdiction for Philadelphia , hearing felony - level criminal cases and civil suits above the minimum jurisdictional limit of $7000 ( excepting small claims cases valued between $7000 and $12000 and landlord - tenant issues heard in the Municipal Court ) under its original jurisdiction ; it also has appellate jurisdiction over rulings from the Municipal and Traffic Courts and over decisions of certain Pennsylvania state agencies ( e.g. the Pennsylvania Liquor Control Board ) . It has 90 legally trained judges elected by the voters . It is funded and operated largely by city resources and employees . The current District Attorney is Seth Williams , a Democrat . The last Republican to hold the office is Ron Castille , who left in 1991 and is currently the Chief Justice of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court . The Philadelphia Municipal Court handles matters of limited jurisdiction as well as landlord - tenant disputes , appeals from traffic court , preliminary hearings for felony - level offenses , and misdemeanor criminal trials . It has 25 legally trained judges elected by the voters . Philadelphia Traffic Court is a court of special jurisdiction that hears violations of traffic laws . It has seven judges elected by the voters . As with magisterial district judges , the judges need not be lawyers , but must complete the certifying course and pass the qualifying examination administered by the Minor Judiciary Education Board . Pennsylvania 's three appellate courts also have sittings in Philadelphia . The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania , the court of last resort in the state , regularly hears arguments in Philadelphia City Hall . Also , the Superior Court of Pennsylvania and the Commonwealth Court of Pennsylvania sit in Philadelphia several times a year . Judges for these courts are elected at large . Each court has a prothonotary 's office in Philadelphia as well . Additionally , Philadelphia is home to the federal United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania and the Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit , both of which are housed in the James A. Byrne United States Courthouse . Politics See also : List of mayors of Philadelphia Jim Kenney , the current and 99th Mayor of Philadelphia The Mayor is Jim Kenney , who replaced Michael Nutter , who served two terms from 2009 to January 2016 . Kenney , as all Philadelphia mayors have been since 1952 , is a member of the Democratic Party , which tends to dominate local politics so thoroughly that the Democratic Mayoral primary is often more widely covered than the general election . The legislative branch , the Philadelphia City Council , consists of ten council members representing individual districts and seven members elected at large . Democrats currently hold 14 seats , with Republicans representing two allotted at - large seats for the minority party , as well as the Northeast - based Tenth District . The current council president is Darrell Clarke . As of December 31 , 2016 , there were 1,102,620 registered voters in Philadelphia . Registered voters constitute 70.3 % of the total population . Democratic : 853,140 ( 77.4 % ) Republican : 125,530 ( 11.4 % ) Other Parties and No party : 123,950 ( 11.2 % ) Presidential Elections Results Year Republican Democratic Third Parties 2016 15.3 % 108,748 82.3 % 584,025 2.4 % 16,845 2012 14.0 % 96,467 85.2 % 588,806 0.8 % 5,503 2008 16.3 % 117,221 83.0 % 595,980 0.7 % 4,824 19.3 % 130,099 80.4 % 542,205 0.3 % 1,765 2000 18.0 % 100,959 80.0 % 449,182 2.0 % 11,039 16.0 % 85,345 77.4 % 412,988 6.6 % 34,944 1992 20.9 % 133,328 68.2 % 434,904 11.0 % 69,826 32.5 % 219,053 66.6 % 449,566 0.9 % 6,358 1984 34.6 % 267,178 64.9 % 501,369 0.5 % 3,555 1980 34.0 % 244,108 58.7 % 421,253 7.3 % 52,739 1976 32.0 % 239,000 66.3 % 494,579 1.7 % 12,618 1972 43.9 % 344,096 55.1 % 431,736 1.0 % 8,138 1968 29.9 % 254,153 61.9 % 525,768 8.3 % 70,196 1964 26.2 % 239,733 73.4 % 670,645 0.3 % 3,094 1960 31.8 % 291,000 68.0 % 622,544 0.2 % 1,733 1956 43.0 % 383,414 56.9 % 507,289 0.2 % 1,618 1952 41.4 % 396,874 58.2 % 557,352 0.5 % 4,321 1948 48.1 % 425,962 48.9 % 432,699 3.0 % 26,636 1944 41.0 % 346,380 58.7 % 496,367 0.3 % 2,883 1940 39.8 % 354,878 59.7 % 532,149 0.5 % 4,491 1936 36.9 % 329,881 60.5 % 539,757 2.6 % 23,310 1932 54.5 % 331,092 42.9 % 260,276 2.6 % 15,651 1928 60.0 % 420,320 39.5 % 276,573 0.5 % 3,703 1924 77.7 % 347,457 12.1 % 54,213 10.1 % 45,352 1920 73.4 % 307,826 21.5 % 90,151 5.1 % 21,235 1916 66.8 % 194,163 31.2 % 90,800 1.9 % 5,647 1912 36.5 % 91,944 26.4 % 66,308 37.1 % 93,438 1908 69.1 % 185,263 28.1 % 75,310 2.8 % 7,568 1904 80.9 % 227,709 17.3 % 48,784 1.8 % 5,161 1900 73.9 % 173,657 24.8 % 58,179 1.3 % 3,053 1896 72.1 % 176,462 25.9 % 63,323 2.1 % 5,102 1892 57.5 % 116,685 41.6 % 84,470 1.0 % 1,947 1888 54.2 % 111,358 45.2 % 92,786 0.6 % 1,300 From the American Civil War until the mid-20th century , Philadelphia was a bastion of the Republican Party , which arose from the staunch pro-Northern views of Philadelphia residents during and after the war ( Philadelphia was chosen as the host city for the first Republican National Convention in 1856 ) . After the Great Depression , Democratic registrations increased , but the city was not carried by Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt in his landslide victory of 1932 ( in which Pennsylvania was one of the few states won by Republican Herbert Hoover ) . Four years later , however , voter turnout surged and the city finally flipped to the Democrats . Roosevelt carried Philadelphia with over 60 % of the vote in 1936 . The city has remained loyally Democratic in every presidential election since . It is now one of the most Democratic in the country ; in 2008 , Democrat Barack Obama drew 83 % of the city 's vote . Obama 's win was even greater in 2012 , capturing 85 % of the vote . In 2016 , Democrat Hillary Clinton won 82 % of the vote , a small but noticeable dropoff . Philadelphia once comprised six congressional districts . However , as a result of the city 's declining population , it now has only three : the 1st district , represented by Bob Brady ; the 2nd , represented by Dwight Evans ; and the 13th , represented by Brendan Boyle . All three are Democrats . Although they are usually swamped by Democrats in city , state and national elections , Republicans still have some support in the area , primarily in the northeast . A Republican represented a significant portion of Philadelphia in the House as late as 1983 , and Sam Katz ran competitive mayoral races as the Republican nominee in both 1999 and 2003 . Pennsylvania 's longest - serving Senator , Arlen Specter , was from Philadelphia ; he served as a Republican from 1981 and as a Democrat from 2009 , losing that party 's primary in 2010 and leaving office in January 2011 . He was also the city 's District Attorney from 1966 to 1974 . Philadelphia has hosted various national conventions , including in 1848 ( Whig ) , 1856 ( Republican ) , 1872 ( Republican ) , 1900 ( Republican ) , 1936 ( Democratic ) , 1940 ( Republican ) , 1948 ( Republican ) , 1948 ( Progressive ) , 2000 ( Republican ) , and 2016 ( Democratic ) . Philadelphia has been home to one Vice President , George M. Dallas , and one Civil War general who won his party 's nomination for president but lost in the general election : George B. McClellan . See also : Philadelphia County , Pennsylvania § Politics Crime Main article : Crime in Philadelphia A Philadelphia Police car on the Ben Franklin Parkway Like many American cities , Philadelphia saw a gradual yet pronounced rise in crime in the years following World War II . There were 525 murders in 1990 , a rate of 31.5 per 100,000 . There were an average of about 600 murders a year for most of the 1990s . The murder count dropped in 2002 to 288 , then rose four years later to 406 in 2006 and 392 in 2007 . A few years later , Philadelphia began to see a rapid drop in homicides and violent crime . In 2013 , there were 246 murders , which is a decrease of over 25 % from the previous year , and a decrease of over 44 % since 2007 . And in 2014 , there were 248 homicides , up by one since 2013 . In 2015 , according to annual homicide statistics and crime maps provided on the Philadelphia Police Department 's website , there were 280 murders in the city . The same departmental site documents that the number of homicides fell slightly ( 1.07 % ) the following year , with 277 murders in Philadelphia in 2016 . In 2006 , Philadelphia 's homicide rate of 27.7 per 100,000 people was the highest of the country 's 10 most populous cities . In 2012 , Philadelphia had the fourth - highest homicide rate among the country 's most populous cities . And in 2014 , the rate dropped to 16.0 homicides per 100,000 residents placing Philadelphia as the sixth - highest city in the country . In 2004 , there were 7,513.5 crimes per 200,000 people in Philadelphia . Among its neighboring Mid-Atlantic cities in the same population group , Baltimore and Washington , D.C. were ranked second - and third-most dangerous cities in the United States , respectively . Camden , New Jersey , a city across the Delaware River from Philadelphia , was ranked as the most dangerous city in the United States . The number of shootings in the city has declined significantly in the last 10 years . Shooting incidents peaked in 2006 when 1,857 shootings were recorded . That number has dropped 44 percent to 1,047 shootings in 2014 . Similarly , major crimes in the city has decreased gradually in the last ten years since its peak in 2006 when 85,498 major crimes were reported . In the past three years , the number of reported major crimes fell 11 percent to a total of 68,815 . Violent crimes , which include homicide , rape , aggravated assault , and robbery , decreased 14 percent in the past three years with a reported 15,771 occurrences in 2014 . Based on the rate of violent crimes per 1,000 residents in American cities with 25,000 people or more , Philadelphia was ranked as the 54th most dangerous city in 2015 . Education Main article : Education in Philadelphia Primary and secondary education William Penn Charter School , established in 1689 , is the oldest Quaker school in the nation Education in Philadelphia is provided by many private and public institutions . The School District of Philadelphia runs the city 's public schools . The Philadelphia School District is the eighth largest school district in the United States with 142,266 students in 218 public schools and 86 charter schools as of 2014 . The city 's K - 12 enrollment in district run schools has dropped in the last five years from 156,211 students in 2010 to 130,104 students in 2015 . During the same time period , the enrollment in charter schools has increased from 33,995 students in 2010 to 62,358 students in 2015 . This consistent drop in enrollment has led the city to close 24 of its public schools in 2013 . During the 2014 school year , the city spent an average of $12,570 per pupil , below the average among comparable urban school districts . Graduation rates among district - run schools , meanwhile , have steadily increased in the last ten years . In 2005 , Philadelphia had a district graduation rate of 52 % . This number has increased to 65 % in 2014 , still below the national and state averages . Scores on the state 's standardized test , the Pennsylvania System of School Assessment ( PSSA ) have trended upward from 2005 to 2011 but have decreased since . In 2005 , the district - run schools scored an average of 37.4 % on math and 35.5 % on reading . The city 's schools reached its peak scores in 2011 with 59.0 % on math and 52.3 % on reading . In 2014 , the scores dropped significantly to 45.2 % on math and 42.0 % on reading . Of the city 's public high schools , including charter schools , only four performed above the national average on the SAT ( 1497 out of 2400 ) in 2014 : Masterman , Central , Girard , and MaST Community Charter School . All other district - run schools were below average . Higher education Cohen Hall , previously named Logan Hall , former home of the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania ; The Wharton School is consistently ranked as the best business school in the world Quadrangle at the University of Pennsylvania , one of the highest ranked universities in the world . Perelman School of Medicine , the oldest medical school in the United States Philadelphia has the third - largest student concentration on the East Coast , with over 120,000 college and university students enrolled within the city and nearly 300,000 in the metropolitan area . There are over 80 colleges , universities , trade , and specialty schools in the Philadelphia region . One of the founding members of the Association of American Universities is in city , the University of Pennsylvania , an Ivy League institution with claims to being the oldest university in the country . The city 's largest private school by number of students is Temple University , followed by Drexel University . Along with the University of Pennsylvania , Temple University and Drexel University make up the city 's major research universities . The city is also home to five schools of medicine : Drexel University College of Medicine , Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine , Temple University School of Medicine , and the Thomas Jefferson University . Hospitals , universities , and higher education research institutions in Philadelphia 's four congressional districts received more than $252 million in National Institutes of Health grants in 2015 . Other institutions of higher learning within the city 's borders include : Saint Joseph 's University La Salle University Peirce College University of the Sciences in Philadelphia The University of the Arts Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts Curtis Institute of Music Thomas Jefferson University Moore College of Art and Design The Art Institute of Philadelphia The Restaurant School at Walnut Hill College Philadelphia University Chestnut Hill College Holy Family University Community College of Philadelphia Messiah College Philadelphia Campus Media For more details on this topic , see Media in Philadelphia . Newspapers The Inquirer Building entrance . Philadelphia 's two major daily newspapers are The Philadelphia Inquirer , which is the eighteenth largest newspaper and third - oldest surviving daily newspaper in the country , and the Philadelphia Daily News . Both newspapers were purchased from The McClatchy Company ( after buying out Knight Ridder ) in 2006 by Philadelphia Media Holdings and operated by the group until the organization declared bankruptcy in 2010 . After two years of financial struggle , the two newspapers were sold to Interstate General Media in 2012 . The two newspapers have a combined circulation of about 500,000 readers . The city also has a number of other , smaller newspapers and magazine in circulation such as the Philadelphia Tribune , which serves the African - American community , the Philadelphia , a monthly regional magazine ; Philadelphia Weekly , a weekly - printed alternative newspaper ; Philadelphia City Paper another weekly - printed newspaper ; Philadelphia Gay News , which services the LGBT community ; The Jewish Exponent a weekly - printed newspaper servicing the Jewish community ; Philadelphia Metro , free daily newspaper ; and Al Día , a weekly newspaper servicing the Latino community . In addition , there are several student - run newspapers including The Daily Pennsylvanian , The Temple News , and The Triangle . Radio and television The first experimental radio license was issued in Philadelphia in August 1912 to St. Joseph 's College . The first commercial broadcasting radio stations appeared in 1922 : first WIP , then owned by Gimbel 's department store , on March 17 , followed the same year by WFIL , WOO , WCAU and WDAS . The highest - rated stations in Philadelphia include soft rock WBEB , KYW Newsradio , and urban adult contemporary WDAS - FM . Philadelphia is served by three major non-commercial public radio stations , WHYY - FM ( NPR ) , WRTI ( jazz , classical ) , and WXPN - FM ( adult alternative music ) , as well as several smaller stations . Original WCAU studio at 1622 Chestnut Street . Rock stations WMMR and WYSP had historically been intense rivals . However , in 2011 , WYSP switched to sports talk as WIP - FM , which broadcasts all Philadelphia Eagles games . WMMR 's The Preston and Steve Show has been the area 's top - rated morning show since Howard Stern left broadcast radio for satellite - based Sirius Radio . Four urban stations ( WUSL ( `` Power 99 '' ) , WPHI ( `` Hot 107.9 '' ) , WDAS and WRNB ( `` Old School 100.3 '' ) ) are popular choices on the FM dial . WBEB is the city 's Adult Contemporary station , while WTDY - FM ( `` Wired 96.5 '' ) is the major Rhythmic Top 40 station . In the 1930s , the experimental station W3XE , owned by Philco , became the first television station in Philadelphia ; it became NBC 's first affiliate in 1939 , and later became KYW - TV ( CBS ) . WCAU - TV , WPVI - TV , WHYY - TV , WPHL - TV , and WTXF - TV had all been founded by the 1970s . In 1952 , WFIL ( now WPVI ) premiered the television show Bandstand , which later became the nationally broadcast American Bandstand hosted by Dick Clark . Today , as in many large metropolitan areas , each of the commercial networks has an affiliate , and call letters have been replaced in promotional use by corporate IDs : CBS3 , 6ABC , NBC10 , Fox29 , Telefutura28 , Telemundo62 , Univision65 , plus My PHL 17 and CW Philly 57 . The region is served also by public broadcasting stations WYBE - TV ( Philadelphia ) , WHYY - TV ( Wilmington , Delaware and Philadelphia ) , WLVT - TV ( Lehigh Valley ) , and NJTV ( New Jersey ) . In September 2007 , Philadelphia approved a Public - access television cable TV channel . Until September 2014 , Philadelphia was the only media market in the United States with owned - and - operated stations of all five English - language major broadcast networks ( NBC -- WCAU , CBS -- KYW - TV , ABC -- WPVI - TV , Fox -- WTXF - TV and The CW -- WPSG ) ; three of the major Spanish - language networks ( Univision , UniMas and Telemundo ) also have O&Os serving the market ( respectively , WUVP - DT , WFPA - CD and WWSI ) . The city is also the nation 's fourth - largest consumer in media market , as ranked by the Nielsen Media Research , with over 2.9 million TV homes . Infrastructure Transportation 30th Street Station in 2016 . Main article : Transportation in Philadelphia Philadelphia is served by the Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority ( SEPTA ) , which operates buses , trains , rapid transit , trolleys , and `` trackless trolleys '' ( electric buses ) throughout Philadelphia , the four Pennsylvania suburban counties of Bucks , Chester , Delaware , and Montgomery , in addition to service to Mercer County , New Jersey and New Castle County , Delaware . The city 's subway , opened in 1907 , is the third - oldest in America . Market -- Frankford Line train departing 52nd Street station . Beginning in 1981 , large sections of the SEPTA Regional Rail service to the far suburbs of Philadelphia were discontinued due to lack of funding . Several projects have been proposed to extend rail service back to these areas , but lack of funding has again been the chief obstacle to implementation . These projects include the proposed Schuylkill Valley Metro to Wyomissing , Pennsylvania , and a return of the Media / Elwyn line to Wawa , Pennsylvania . Philadelphia 's 30th Street Station is a major railroad station on Amtrak 's Northeast Corridor , which offers access to Amtrak , SEPTA , and NJ Transit lines . The PATCO Speedline provides rapid transit service to Camden , Collingswood , Westmont , Haddonfield , Woodcrest ( Cherry Hill ) , Ashland ( Voorhees ) , and Lindenwold , New Jersey , from stations on Locust Street between 16th and 15th , 13th and 12th , and 10th and 9th Streets , and on Market Street at 8th Street . Airports Control tower at Philadelphia International Airport Two airports serve Philadelphia : the Philadelphia International Airport ( PHL ) , straddling the southern boundary of the city , and the Northeast Philadelphia Airport ( PNE ) , a general aviation reliever airport in Northeast Philadelphia . Philadelphia International Airport provides scheduled domestic and international air service , while Northeast Philadelphia Airport serves general and corporate aviation . In 2013 , Philadelphia International Airport was the 15th busiest airport in the world measured by traffic movements ( i.e. takeoffs and landings ) . It is also the fourth largest hub and primary transatlantic gateway for American Airlines . SEPTA 's Airport Regional Rail Line provides direct service between the Center City railroad stations and Philadelphia International Airport . Roads William Penn initially planned a Philadelphia that had numbered streets traversing north and south and `` tree '' named streets traversing east and west , with the two main streets Broad Street and High Street converging at Centre Square . The plans have since expanded to include major highways that span other major sections of Philadelphia . Traffic heading into Philadelphia on Interstate 95 during the morning rush hour . Interstate 95 runs through the city along the Delaware River as a main north - south artery known as the Delaware Expressway . The city is also served by the Schuylkill Expressway , a portion of Interstate 76 that runs along the Schuylkill River . It meets the Pennsylvania Turnpike at King of Prussia , Pennsylvania , providing access to Harrisburg , Pennsylvania and points west . Interstate 676 , the Vine Street Expressway , was completed in 1991 after years of planning . A link between I - 95 and I - 76 , it runs below street level through Center City , connecting to the Ben Franklin Bridge at its eastern end . Roosevelt Boulevard and the Roosevelt Expressway ( U.S. 1 ) connect Northeast Philadelphia with Center City . Woodhaven Road ( Route 63 ) , built in 1966 , and Cottman Avenue ( Route 73 ) serve the neighborhoods of Northeast Philadelphia , running between Interstate 95 and the Roosevelt Boulevard ( U.S. 1 ) . The Fort Washington Expressway ( Route 309 ) extends north from the city 's northern border , serving Montgomery County and Bucks County . U.S. 30 , extending east - west from West Philadelphia to Lancaster , is known as Lancaster Avenue throughout most of the city and through the adjacent Main Line suburbs . The Ben Franklin Bridge , viewed at sunrise from Center City toward Camden , New Jersey Interstate 476 , commonly nicknamed the `` Blue Route '' through Delaware County , bypasses the city to the west , serving the city 's western suburbs , as well as providing a link to Allentown and points north . Similarly , Interstate 276 , the Pennsylvania Turnpike 's Delaware River Extension , acts as a bypass and commuter route to the north of the city as well as a link to the New Jersey Turnpike to New York . However , other planned freeways have been canceled , such as an Interstate 695 running southwest from downtown ; two freeways connecting Interstate 95 to Interstate 76 that would have replaced Girard Avenue and South Street ; and a freeway upgrade of Roosevelt Boulevard . The Delaware River Port Authority operates four bridges in the Philadelphia area across the Delaware River to New Jersey : the Walt Whitman Bridge ( I - 76 ) , the Benjamin Franklin Bridge ( I - 676 and US 30 ) , the Betsy Ross Bridge ( Route 90 ) , and the Commodore Barry Bridge ( US 322 ) . The Tacony - Palmyra Bridge connects PA Route 73 in the Tacony section of Northeast Philadelphia with New Jersey 's Route 73 in Palmyra , Camden County , and is maintained by the Burlington County Bridge Commission . Bus service Philadelphia is also a major hub for Greyhound Lines , which operates 24 - hour service to points east of the Mississippi River . Most of Greyhound 's services in Philadelphia operate to / from the Philadelphia Greyhound Terminal , located at 1001 Filbert Street in Center City Philadelphia . In 2006 , the Philadelphia Greyhound Terminal was the second busiest Greyhound terminal in the United States , after the Port Authority Bus Terminal in New York . Besides Greyhound , six other bus operators provide service to the Center City Greyhound terminal : Bieber Transportation Group , Capitol Trailways , Martz Trailways , Peter Pan Bus Lines , Fullington Trailways , and the bus division for New Jersey Transit . Other services include Megabus and Bolt Bus . Rail Main article : History of rail transport in Philadelphia Suburban Station with art deco architecture Since the early days of rail transport in the United States , Philadelphia has served as hub for several major rail companies , particularly the Pennsylvania Railroad and the Reading Railroad . The Pennsylvania Railroad first operated Broad Street Station , then 30th Street Station and Suburban Station , and the Reading Railroad operated out of Reading Terminal , now part of the Pennsylvania Convention Center . The two companies also operated competing commuter rail systems in the area , known collectively as the Regional Rail system . The two systems today , for the most part still intact but now connected , operate as a single system under the control of the SEPTA , the regional transit authority . Additionally , the PATCO Speedline subway system and NJ Transit 's Atlantic City Line operate successor services to southern New Jersey . Part of the Schuylkill River Trail , considered to be the best urban trail in the nation Philadelphia , once home to more than 4,000 trolleys on 65 lines , is one of the few North American cities to maintain streetcar lines . Today , SEPTA operates five `` subway - surface '' trolleys that run on street - level tracks in West Philadelphia and subway tunnels in Center City . SEPTA also recently reintroduced trolley service to the Girard Avenue Line , Route 15 . Today , Philadelphia is a regional hub of the federally owned Amtrak system , with 30th Street Station being a primary stop on the Washington - Boston Northeast Corridor and the Keystone Corridor to Harrisburg and Pittsburgh . 30th Street also serves as a major station for services via the Pennsylvania Railroad 's former Pennsylvania Main Line to Chicago . 30th Street is Amtrak 's third - busiest station in numbers of passengers as of fiscal year 2013 . Walkability A 2015 study by Walk Score ranked Philadelphia the fourth most walkable major city in the United States . Utilities Fairmount Water Works , Philadelphia 's second municipal waterworks . Historically , Philadelphia sourced its water by the Fairmount Water Works , the nation 's first major urban water supply system . In 1909 , Water Works was decommissioned as the city transitioned to modern sand filtration methods . Today , the Philadelphia Water Department ( PWD ) provides drinking water , wastewater collection , and stormwater services for Philadelphia , as well as surrounding counties . PWD draws about 57 percent of its drinking water from the Delaware River and the balance from the Schuylkill River . The public wastewater system consists of three water pollution control plants , 21 pumping stations , and about 3,657 miles of sewers . A 2007 investigation by the Environmental Protection Agency found elevated levels of Iodine - 131 in the city 's potable water . In 2012 , the EPA 's readings discovered that the city had the highest readings of I - 131 in the nation . The city campaigned against an Associated Press report that the high levels of I - 131 were the results of local gas drilling in the Upper Delaware River . Exelon subsidiary PECO Energy Company , founded as the Philadelphia Electric Company in 1881 , provides electricity to over 1.6 million customers in the southeastern Pennsylvania area including the city of Philadelphia and most of its suburbs . The company has over 500 power substations and 29,000 miles of distribution of transmission lines in its service making it the largest combination utility in the state . Philadelphia Gas Works ( PGW ) , overseen by the Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission , is the nation 's largest municipally owned natural gas utility . It serves over 500,000 homes and businesses in the Philadelphia area . Founded in 1836 , the company came under city ownership in 1987 and has been providing the majority of gas distributed within city limits . In 2014 , the Philadelphia City Council refused to conduct hearings on a $1.86 billion sale of PGW , part of a two - year effort that was proposed by the mayor . The refusal led to the prospective buyer terminating its offer . Southeastern Pennsylvania was assigned the 215 area code in 1947 when the North American Numbering Plan of the `` Bell System '' went into effect . The geographic area covered by the code was split nearly in half in 1994 when area code 610 was created , with the city and its northern suburbs retaining 215 . Overlay area code 267 was added to the 215 service area in 1997 , and 484 was added to the 610 area in 1999 . A plan in 2001 to introduce a third overlay code to both service areas ( area code 445 to 215 , area code 835 to 610 ) was delayed and later rescinded . An effort was approved on 2005 to provide low - cost , citywide Wi - Fi service to the city . Wireless Philadelphia would have been the first municipal internet utility offering in a large US city , but the plan was abandoned in 2008 as EarthLink pushed back the completion date several times . Mayor Nutter 's administration closed the project in 2009 after an attempt to revitalize it failed . Notable people Main article : List of people from Philadelphia Sister cities Chinatown Gate at 10th and Arch ( 2013 ) , a symbol of Philadelphia 's friendship with Tianjin . Philadelphia has eight official sister cities , as designated by the Citizen Diplomacy International -- Philadelphia : City Country Date Florence Italy 1964 Tel Aviv Israel 1966 Toruń Poland 1976 Tianjin China 1980 Incheon South Korea 1984 Douala Cameroon 1986 Nizhny Novgorod Russia 1992 Frankfurt Germany 2015 Philadelphia also has three partnership cities or regions : City Country Date Kobe Japan 1986 Abruzzo Italy Aix - en - Provence France 1999 Philadelphia has dedicated landmarks to its sister cities . Dedicated in June 1976 , the Sister Cities Plaza , a site of 0.5 acres ( 2,000 m ) located at 18th and Benjamin Franklin Parkway , honors Philadelphia 's relationships with Tel Aviv and Florence which were its first sister cities . Another landmark , the Toruń Triangle , honoring the sister city relationship with Toruń , Poland , was constructed in 1976 , west of the United Way building at 18th Street and the Benjamin Franklin Parkway . In addition , the Triangle contains the Copernicus monument . Renovations were made to Sister Cities Park in mid-2011 and on May 10 , 2012 , SCP was reopened and currently features an interactive fountain honoring Philadelphia 's ten sister and friendship cities , a café and visitor 's center , children 's play area , outdoor garden , and boat pond , as well as pavilion built to environmentally friendly standards . The Chinatown Gate , erected in 1984 and crafted by artisans of Tianjin , stands astride the intersection of 10th and Arch Streets as an elaborate and colorful symbol of the sister city relationship . The CDI of Philadelphia has participated in the U.S. Department of State 's `` Partners for Peace '' project with Mosul , Iraq , as well as accepting visiting delegations from dozens of other countries . Image gallery National Constitution Center Carpenters ' Hall Southwark District Betsy Ross House St. Peter 's Churchyard Merchants ' Exchange Building Christ Church Burial Ground Tomb of the Unknown Revolutionary War Soldier Benjamin Chew House , Germantown Society Hill Governor 's Council Chamber , Independence Hall Senate Chamber , Congress Hall Delancey Place , Rittenhouse Rittenhouse Square Pennsylvania Hospital New Market and Head House Franklin Court , Old City The Washington Monument at Eakins Oval Kimmel Center for the Performing Arts , current home of the Philadelphia Orchestra Eastern State Penitentiary See also Pennsylvania portal Philadelphia portal Largest metropolitan areas in the Americas List of companies based in the Philadelphia area List of people from Philadelphia National Register of Historic Places listings in Philadelphia United States metropolitan areas Notes Jump up ^ Description of the Lenape peoples ( Delaware nations ) historic territories inside the divides of the frequently mountainous landforms flanking the Delaware River 's drainage basin . These terrains encompass from South to North and then counter-clockwise : the shores from the east - shore mouth of the river and the sea coast to Western Long Island ( all of both colonial New Amsterdam and New Sweden ) , and portions of Western Connecticut up to the latitude of the Massachusetts corner of today 's boundaries -- making the eastern bounds of their influence , thence their region extended : westerly past the region around Albany , NY to the Susquehanna River side of the Catskills , then southerly through the eastern Poconos outside the rival Susquehannock lands past Eastern Pennsylvania then southerly past the site of Colonial Philadelphia past the west bank mouth of the Delaware and extending south from that point along a stretch of sea coast in northern colonial Delaware . The Susquehanna - Delaware watershed divides bound the frequently contested ' hunting grounds ' between the rival Susquehannock peoples and the Lenape peoples , whilst the Catskills and Berkshires played a similar boundary role in the northern regions of their original colonial era range . Jump up ^ See North American blizzard of 2009 # Snowfall ( December 19 -- 20 , 2009 ) , February 5 -- 6 , 2010 North American blizzard # Snowfall ( February 5 -- 6 , 2010 ) , and February 9 -- 10 , 2010 North American blizzard # Impact ( February 9 -- 10 , 2010 ) . The February storms contributed to a record ( for any month ) monthly total accumulation of 51.5 in ( 131 cm ) . If no snow fell outside of February that season , 2009 -- 10 would still rank as 5th - snowiest . See the Franklin Institute for a visual representation of seasonal snowfall . Jump up ^ The last occurrence of such a temperature was July 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima ( i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year ) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010 . Jump up ^ Official temperature and precipitation measurements for Philadelphia were taken at the Weather Bureau Office in downtown from January 1872 to 19 June 1940 , and at Philadelphia Int'l from 20 June 1940 to the present . Snowfall and snow depth records date to 1 January 1884 and 1 October 1948 , respectively . In 2006 , snowfall measurements were moved to National Park , New Jersey directly across the Delaware River from the airport . ^ Jump up to : From 15 % sample Jump up ^ E.g. , in the opening chapter of The Handbook of Language Variation and Change ( ed . Chambers et al. , Blackwell 2002 ) , J.K. Chambers writes that `` variationist sociolinguistics had its effective beginnings only in 1963 , the year in which William Labov presented the first sociolinguistic research report '' ; the dedication page of the Handbook says that Labov 's `` ideas imbue every page '' . Jump up ^ 1,102,620 / 1,567,872 = 70.3 % ( registered voters divided by 2016 population estimate ) Jump up ^ The leading `` other '' candidate , Progressive Theodore Roosevelt , received 82,963 votes , while Socialist candidate Eugene Debs received 9,784 votes , Prohibition candidate Eugene Chafin received 571 votes , and Socialist Labor candidate Arthur Reimer received 120 votes . References Jump up ^ `` LCP Art '' . Retrieved June 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Estimates of Resident Population Change and Rankings : July 1 , 2014 to July 1 , 2015 - United States -- Metropolitan Statistical Area ; and for Puerto Rico '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Estimates of Resident Population Change and Rankings : July 1 , 2014 to July 1 , 2015 - United States -- Combined Statistical Area ; and for Puerto Rico '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places of 50,000 or More , Ranked by July 1 , 2015 Population '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` US Board on Geographic Names '' . United States Geological Survey . February 2 , 2015 . Retrieved January 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Brookes , Karin ( 2005 ) . Zoë Ross , ed . Insight Guides : Philadelphia and Surroundings ( Second Edition ( Updated ) ed . ) . APA Publications . pp. 21 -- 22 . ISBN 1 - 58573 - 026 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder -- People Reporting Ancestry '' . factfinder.census.gov . U.S. Census Bureau . 2015 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Click on ' Add / Remove Geographies ' , enter ' Philadelphia ' , select city or county ( same result either way ) , click on ' Show Table ' . Jump up ^ Tucker , Laura ( November 25 , 2014 ) . `` Philadelphia '' . QS Quacquarelli Symonds Limited . Retrieved October 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sisak , Michael A. ( November 6 , 2015 ) . `` Philadelphia Becomes First World Heritage City in US '' . ABC News Internet Ventures . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Global city GDP rankings 2008 -- 2025 '' . Pricewaterhouse Coopers . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2011 . Retrieved November 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia PA '' . CrediFi . Retrieved October 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Philadelphia 's Newest Skyscraper : The Comcast Innovation and Technology Center '' . Visit Philadelphia . Retrieved April 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Visit Philadelphia 2016 Annual Report '' . Visit Philadelphia . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gateway to Public Art in Philadelphia Archived August 10 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , Fairmount Park Art Association . ^ Jump up to : `` 2014 City Park Facts '' ( PDF ) . tpl.org . The Trust for Public Land . pp. 9 , 25 , 28 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on September 20 , 2016 . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Marine Corps Decade Timeline '' . Jump up ^ `` Marine Corps marks its founding in Philly in 1775 '' . Philadelphia Media Network . ^ Jump up to : `` Philadelphia Firsts 1681 -- 1899 '' . USHistory . Retrieved April 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` John Morgan ( 1735 - 1789 ) '' . Penn in the 18th Century . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` About the Philadelphia Zoo '' . Philadelphia Zoo . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2015 . Retrieved April 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` About Wharton '' . The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved April 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia selected as World Heritage City '' . Philly.com . Philadelphia Media Network ( Digital ) , LLC . Jump up ^ `` 10 Towns that Changed America '' . WTTW. April 19 , 2016 . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pritzker 422 ^ Jump up to : Josephy 188 -- 189 Jump up ^ Brookes , Karin ; John Gattuso , Lou Harry , Edward Jardim , Donald Kraybill , Susan Lewis , Dave Nelson and Carol Turkington ( 2005 ) . Zoë Ross , ed . Insight Guides : Philadelphia and Surroundings ( Second Edition ( Updated ) ed . ) . APA Publications . p. 21 . ISBN 1 - 58573 - 026 - 2 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Weigley RF ( eds ) ; et al. ( 1982 ) . Philadelphia : A 300 - Year History . New York and London : W.W. Norton & Company . pp. 4 -- 5 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 01610 - 2 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Avery , Ron ( 1999 ) . A Concise History of Philadelphia . Philadelphia : Otis Books . p. 19 . ISBN 0 - 9658825 - 1 - 9 . Jump up ^ Philadelphia : A 300 - Year History , pages 7 , 14 -- 16 Jump up ^ `` Explore PA History website '' . Explorepahistory.com . Retrieved December 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lew , Alan A. ( 2004 ) . `` Chapter 4 -- The Mid-Atlantic and Megalopolis '' . Geography : USA . Northern Arizona University . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rappleye , Charles ( 2010 ) . Robert Morris : Financier of the American Revolution . New York City : Simon and Schuster . p. 13 . ISBN 1 - 4165 - 7091 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` View of Philadelphia , Circa 1770 '' . Library of Congress . World Digital Library . Retrieved January 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Insight Guides : Philadelphia and Surroundings , pages 30 -- 33 Jump up ^ `` Part 3 : Philadelphia / The Yellow Fever Epidemic '' . Africans in America . PBS Online . 1998 . Jump up ^ Arnebeck , Bob ( January 30 , 2008 ) . `` A Short History of Yellow Fever in the US '' . Benjamin Rush , Yellow Fever and the Birth of Modern Medicine . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2009 . Retrieved December 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Philadelphia : A 300 - Year History , pages 214 , 218 , 428 -- 429 Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of Philadelphia '' . Philadelphia History . ushistory.org . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2013 . Retrieved December 14 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Consolidation Act of 1854 '' . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Insight Guides : Philadelphia and Surroundings , pages 38 -- 39 Jump up ^ `` Notes on the historical development of population in West Philadelphia '' , University of Pennsylvania . Jump up ^ `` Detroit and the Great Migration , 1916 -- 1929 by Elizabeth Anne Martin '' . Bentley Historical Library , University of Michigan . July 5 , 2007 . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ John Hazelton , The Historical Value of Trumbull 's - Declaration of Independence , The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography - Volume 31 , ( Historical Society of Pennsylvania , 1907 ) , 38 . Jump up ^ Philadelphia : A 300 - Year History , pages 535 , 537 Jump up ^ Philadelphia : A 300 - Year History , pages 563 -- 564 Jump up ^ Philadelphia : A 300 - Year History , pages 578 -- 581 Jump up ^ `` Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places : Earliest Census to 1990 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Continuing Economic Decline : A Foreboding Future for Philadelphia '' ( PDF ) . White Paper . October 15 , 1996 . Retrieved September 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia 's Changing Middle Class : After Decades of Decline , Prospects for Growth '' . www.pewtrusts.org . Retrieved September 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Insight Guides : Philadelphia and Surroundings , pages 44 -- 45 Jump up ^ A Concise History of Philadelphia , page 78 Jump up ^ `` USGS Geography : The National Map '' . Retrieved December 17 , 2007 . ( Example coordinates of high point : Latitude : 40 ° 04 ′ 37 '' , Longitude : − 75 ° 12 ′ 29 '' . ) Jump up ^ Railsback , Bruce . `` The Fall Line . '' GEOL 1122 : Earth 's History of Global Change . University of Georgia Department of Geology . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Neighborhoods and Place Names , A -- K '' . Philadelphia Information Locator System . Jump up ^ Historical marker on Elfreth 's Alley ^ Jump up to : Daly , Molly ( February 4 , 2011 ) . `` A Guide To Philadelphia 's ' Squares ' '' . CBS Philly . Retrieved April 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Franklin Square History '' . Historic Philadelphia . Retrieved April 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Maria Panaritis ( April 22 , 2015 ) . `` ( Greater ) Center City 's population second only to Midtown Manhattan 's '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Insight Guides : Philadelphia and Surroundings . p. 58 . Jump up ^ `` About Philadelphia2035 '' . Retrieved April 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia 2035 : The Comprehensive Plan '' . Philadelphia City Planning Commission . Retrieved April 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Housing Authority '' . Pha.phila.gov . Retrieved December 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Parking Authority : History '' . Philapark.org . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2012 . Retrieved December 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Christ Church '' . AIA Philadelphia . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2015 . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Philadelphia : A 300 - Year History . pp. 11 , 41 , 174 -- 175 , 251 -- 253 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Historical Commission '' . Phila.gov . Retrieved April 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Aitken , Joanne ( June 3 -- 19 , 2004 ) . `` Breaking Ground '' . Philadelphia City Paper . Jump up ^ Mark Alan Hughes ( June 1 , 2000 ) . `` Dirt Into Dollars ; Converting Vacant Land Into Valuable Development '' . Retrieved December 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Climate Summary for Philadelphia , Pennsylvania '' . Weatherbase . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Trewartha GT , Horn LH ( 1980 ) Introduction to climate , 5th edn . McGraw Hill , New York , NY ^ Jump up to : `` NowData -- NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved December 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Average Days of Precipitation , . 01 Inches or more '' . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2006 . Retrieved July 28 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Station Name : PA PHILADELPHIA INTL AP '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` Philadelphia Record Highs and Lows '' . Retrieved April 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia County -- State of the Air 2015 '' . American Lung Association . April 29 , 2015 . Retrieved April 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ThreadEx ; search for location = `` PA - Philadelphia '' , variable = `` Station thread '' Jump up ^ Wood , Anthony R. `` Snow total at airport gets a boost A new measuring station and technique likely contributed to two 8 - inch - plus readings '' . Philly.com . The Inquirer . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` WMO Climate Normals for PHILADELPHIA / INT'L ARPT PA 1961 -- 1990 '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Census '' ( PDF ) . United States Census . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 8 , 2010 . page 36 Jump up ^ Campbell Gibson . `` Population of the 100 largest cities and other urban places in the United States : 1790 to 1990 '' . United States Bureau of the Census . Jump up ^ `` Historical , demographic , economic , and social data : the United States , 1790 -- 1970 '' . Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research , Ann Arbor , Michigan . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Census Bureau Delivers Pennsylvania 's 2010 Census Population Totals , Including First Look at Race and Hispanic Origin Data for Legislative Redistricting '' . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2011 . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Census : Phila . keeps on growing '' . Philly.com. April 5 , 2012 . Retrieved July 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2014 -- 2014 Population Estimates '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved March 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Philadelphia2035 Summary '' ( PDF ) . City of Philadelphia Planning Committee . Retrieved April 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` State & County QuickFacts -- Philadelphia County , Pennsylvania '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved March 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia County QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau '' . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : American FactFinder , United States Census Bureau . `` Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics : 2010 2010 Demographic Profile Data ( Public Law 94 - 171 ) Summary File '' . U.S. Census Bureau , 2010 Census . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pennsylvania -- Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places : Earliest Census to 1990 '' . ^ Jump up to : United States Census Bureau . `` How Does the Census 2000 Question on Race Differ from the 1990 Question ? '' . census.gov . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2001 . Retrieved January 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Factfinder2census.gov '' . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2011 . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` American FactFinder -- Results '' . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Philadelphia 2015 : The State of the City '' ( PDF ) . The Pew Charitable Trusts . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trulia ( March 15 , 2013 ) . `` America 's Most Irish Towns '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Exploring Gay Philadelphia '' . Visit Philadelphia . Retrieved July 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Guide to Philadelphia 's Gayborhood '' . CBS Local Media . June 5 , 2013 . Retrieved July 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia immigration '' . Philadelphia immigration . August 5 , 2013 . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Laura Sanchez Ubanell ( January 3 , 2014 ) . `` Puerto Rico 's population continues to decline as the economic plague persists '' . Voxxi . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2014 . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Latino Philadelphia at a Glance '' ( PDF ) . Latino Philadelphia . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Overcoming the World Missions Crisis : Thinking Strategically to Reach the World , Russell Penney , page 110 , 2001 Jump up ^ Major U.S. metropolitan areas differ in their religious profiles , Pew Research Center Jump up ^ `` America 's Changing Religious Landscape '' . Pew Research Center : Religion & Public Life . May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia '' . Jewish Virtual Library . Jump up ^ Barbara Bradley Hagerty ( May 28 , 2008 ) . `` Philly 's Black Muslims Increasingly Turn to Polygamy '' . NPR . Jump up ^ `` History Database Search '' . Facts On File . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Levitt , Ross ( December 30 , 2009 ) . `` Group : Remains of more than 500 animals found at Philadelphia home '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Joseph A. Slobodzian ( January 15 , 2012 ) . `` Man gets life sentence in killing over Santeria '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer -- via NorthIowaToday.com . Jump up ^ `` Occult Tongue Voodoo '' . philly.com . Jump up ^ `` The Italian Market ; A South Philadelphia mainstay since the 19th Century '' . Visit Philadelphia . Retrieved July 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia County , Pennsylvania '' . Modern Language Association . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2013 . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ New York Times Sunday Review , Loose Ends `` The Sound of Philadelphia Fades Out '' Daniel Nester March 1 , 2014 Jump up ^ Gordon , Matthew J. ( 2006 ) . `` Interview with William Labov '' . Journal of English Linguistics. 34 ( 4 ) : 332 -- 51 . doi : 10.1177 / 0075424206294308 . Jump up ^ Tom Avril ( October 22 , 2012 ) . `` Penn linguist Labov wins Franklin Institute award '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved October 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rocca , Mo ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` An earful and accent that 's distinctly Philly '' . CBS Interactive Inc . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Philly Slang '' . PhillyTalk.com . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fortune 500 2016 '' . Fortune . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gross Metropolitan Product '' . U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis . September 29 , 2011 . Retrieved November 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The World According to GaWC 2010 '' . Globalization and World Cities Research Network . Retrieved April 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Park Statistics '' . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ehrlich , Eugene and Gorton Carruth . The Oxford Illustrated Literary Guide to the United States . New York : Oxford University Press , 1982 : 209 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 503186 - 5 Jump up ^ Haas , Irvin . Historic Homes of American Authors . Washington , DC : The Preservation Press , 1991 : 183 . ISBN 0 - 89133 - 180 - 8 ^ Jump up to : `` Listing of National Historic Landmarks by State - Pennsylvania ( 169 ) '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . January 2017 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Zoo : About '' . Philadelphia Zoo . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2015 . Retrieved April 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pennsylvania Hospital : About Us '' . Penn Medicine . Retrieved April 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Park System History '' . City of Philadelphia . Retrieved April 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Main Web page , Philadelphia Museum of Art , accessed April 26 , 2007 ^ Jump up to : Weeks , Jerome ( August 2006 ) . `` Philly goes the distance '' . The Dallas Morning News . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Windfall '' . Time . January 15 , 1940 . Retrieved December 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Sketch Club '' . Retrieved December 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Public Art '' . Greater Philadelphia Tourism Marketing Corporation . Retrieved May 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Aitken , Joanne ( September 2 , 2004 ) . `` Forget Paris '' . City paper . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Wetenhall , John . `` About A Brief History of Percent - For - Art in America '' ( PDF ) . Public Art Review . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 1 , 2006 . Retrieved September 24 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Office of Art and Culture '' . Retrieved December 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mural Arts Program About page '' . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2007 . Retrieved November 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Rodney Kim ( July 2 , 2005 ) . `` Live 8 Philadelphia Review '' . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2006 . Retrieved April 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` McGillin 's History '' . McGillin 's Olde Ale House . Retrieved June 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Reading Terminal Merchants '' . Reading Terminal . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia becomes largest US city to decriminalize marijuana '' . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baichwal , Ravi ( June 10 , 2010 ) . `` Philly reels from loss to Blackhawks '' . WLS . abclocal.go.com . Retrieved February 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles , Phillies top GQ list of ' Worst Fans in America ' '' . March 17 , 2011 . Retrieved June 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Westcott , Rich . `` The Early Years of Philadelphia Baseball '' . SABR . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Boathouse Row '' . A View on Cities . Retrieved June 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` About the Dad Vail Regatta '' . Dad Vail Regatta Organizing Committee . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` About The Stotesbury Cup Regatta '' . Retrieved June 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Head of the Schuylkill Regatta History and Growth '' . Head of the Schuylkill Regatta ® . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2013 . Retrieved November 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Boathouse Row Clubs '' . Schuylkill Navy & Boathouse Row . Retrieved June 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Warner , Bob . `` Philadelphia voices interest in the 2024 Olympics '' . Philly.com . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Claudia Vargas ( May 29 , 2014 ) . `` Phila . wo n't bid to host 2024 Summer Olympics '' . Philly.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The City of Philadelphia , Emerald Ash Borer Management Plan '' ( PDF ) . dcnr.state.pa.us . The City of Philadelphia . 2012 . p. 2 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on December 19 , 2016 . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . The City contains approximately 6,781 acres of watershed parks including East / West Fairmount Parks ( 2052 ac . ) , Wissahickon Valley Park ( 2042 ac . ) Jump up ^ `` National Register of Historic Places - Fairmount Park - # 72001151 '' . focus.nps.gov . National Park Service . February 7 , 1972 . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2016 . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Locations : Philadelphia ; Both banks of Schuylkill River and Wissahickon Creek , from Spring Garden St. to Northwestern Ave . Jump up ^ Charter Commission ( 1967 ) ( 1951 ) . `` Philadelphia Home Rule Charter , Annotated '' ( PDF ) . City of Philadelphia . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 25 , 2010 . Retrieved January 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` City Charter Commission '' . Agency History . City of Philadelphia , Department of Records . November 8 , 2000 . Retrieved April 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Third Judicial Circuit '' . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. District Court , Eastern District of Pennsylvania '' . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Court of Common Pleas '' . The Philadelphia Courts , First Judicial District of Pennsylvania . February 11 , 2010 . Retrieved February 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` MunicipalCourt '' . The Philadelphia Courts , First Judicial District of Pennsylvania . February 11 , 2010 . Retrieved February 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Traffic Court '' . The Philadelphia Courts , First Judicial District of Pennsylvania . February 11 , 2010 . Retrieved February 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Traffic Court '' . Pennsylvania Unified Judicial System . Retrieved January 8 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Administration of Voter Registration in Pennsylvania - 2016 Report to the General Assembly '' ( PDF ) . PA Department of State . June 2017 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leip , David . `` Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections '' . uselectionatlas.org . Jump up ^ `` Senator Arlen Specter to Teach At Penn Law '' . News and Stories . The University of Pennsylvania School of Law . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2011 . Retrieved February 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Madonna , G. Terry ( February 13 , 2015 ) . `` Politically Uncorrected : Presidential nominees and Philadelphia conventions '' . Daily Local News . Retrieved March 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bewley , Joel ; Jan Hefler ( December 11 , 2006 ) . `` Four killings put 2006 total over ' 05 top '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Year in Murder : 2013 Marks a Historic Low for Many Cities '' . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Crime Maps & Stats - Philadelphia Police Department '' . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Homicides in 2007 '' . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia PA Crime Statistics ( 2005 Crime Data ) '' . AreaConnect LLC . Retrieved December 11 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rankings by Population Group ( Top 10 / Bottom 10 ) '' . Morgan Quitno Awards . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2006 . Retrieved December 11 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 most dangerous places to live in the USA '' . Jump up ^ `` About Us -- The School District of Philadelphia '' . Philadelphia School District . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` About Us -- Schools -- The School District of Philadelphia '' . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hurdle , Jon ( March 7 , 2013 ) . `` Philadelphia Officials Vote to Close 23 Schools '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jacobs , Peter ( October 7 , 2014 ) . `` The Average SAT Score Last Year Was Just Under 1500 '' . Business Insider . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 50 best business schools in the world '' . Jump up ^ Florida , Richard ( August 27 , 2012 ) . `` America 's Leading College Towns '' . The Atlantic : City Lab . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brownlee , David B. ; Thomas , George E. ( 2000 ) . Building America 's First University : An Historical and Architectural Guide to the University of Pennsylvania . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 0812235150 . Jump up ^ Oliver , Sharon ( October 21 , 2011 ) . `` The Phila . area 's biggest colleges '' . Philadelphia Business Journal . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NIH Awards by Location & Organization '' . April 20 , 2015 . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2013 Top Media Outlets : Newspapers , Blogs , Consumer Magazines , Social Networks , Websites , and Broadcast Media '' ( PDF ) . BurrellesLuce . June 2013 . Retrieved April 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wilkinson , Gerry . `` The History of the Philadelphia Inquirer '' . Philadelphia Press Association . Retrieved May 27 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Launder , William ( April 2 , 2012 ) . `` Philadelphia Newspapers Sold Yet Again '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved April 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bishop , Todd ( January 7 , 2000 ) . `` The Media : One revolution after another '' . Philadelphia Business Journal . Jump up ^ Ogden , Christopher ( 1999 ) . Legacy : A Biography of Moses and Walter Annenberg . New York : Little , Brown and Company . ISBN 0 - 316 - 63379 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Local Television Market Universe Estimates 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Nielsen Media Research . Retrieved April 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 final '' . aci.aero . Jump up ^ `` Airports Council International '' . Aci.aero . Retrieved April 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Atlantic City with service to ... '' ( PDF ) . ( 218 KB ) Jump up ^ `` Schuylkill River Trail Named Best Urban Trail in the Nation '' . Metro Corp . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Studio 34 's Eponymous Trolley , or , A Short History of Route 34 '' . Studio 34 : Yoga Healing Arts . 2008 . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2008 . Retrieved March 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Amtrak Fact Sheet , FY2013 , Commonwealth of Pennsylvania '' ( PDF ) . Amtrak . November 2013 . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Most Walkable Cities in the United States : 2015 '' . Walk Score . Jump up ^ `` Fairmount Water Works : Our Story '' . Fairmount Water Works . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` About Philadelphia Water '' . City of Philadelphia . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jeff McMahon ( April 10 , 2011 ) . `` EPA : New Radiation Highs in Little Rock Milk , Philadelphia Drinking Water '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese Nuclear Emergency : Radiation Monitoring '' . EPA . June 30 , 2011 . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2012 . Retrieved February 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Andrew Maykuth ( September 28 , 2010 ) . `` Philadelphia Water Department taking measured approach to fracking '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . p. 2 . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` PECO : Company Information '' . PECO Energy Company . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PGW : About Us '' . Philadelphia Gas Works . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Maykuth , Andrew ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` $1.86 B sale of Philadelphia Gas Works is dead '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hepp , Chris ( December 8 , 2014 ) . `` PGW deal latest casualty in Philly 's Nutter - and - Clarke soap opera '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` PA 445 Implementation for 215 / 267 NPA Rescinded -- 445 NPA Code Reclaimed '' ( PDF ) . ( 64.5 KB ) Jump up ^ `` Wireless Philadelphia '' . Technically . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` What is CDI * -- Citizen Diplomacy International ? '' . Citizen Diplomacy International Philadelphia . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Florence , Italy '' . Citizen Diplomacy International Philadelphia . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tel Aviv , Israel '' . Citizen Diplomacy International Philadelphia . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Torun , Poland '' . Citizen Diplomacy International Philadelphia . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tianjin , China '' . Citizen Diplomacy International Philadelphia . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Incheon , Korea '' . Citizen Diplomacy International Philadelphia . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Douala , Cameroon '' . Citizen Diplomacy International Philadelphia . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nizhny Novgorod , Russia '' . Citizen Diplomacy International Philadelphia . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Frankfurt am Main , Germany '' . Citizen Diplomacy International Philadelphia . Retrieved September 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe , Japan '' . Citizen Diplomacy International Philadelphia . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Abruzzo , Italy '' . International Visitors Council of Philadelphia . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Aix - en - Provence , France '' . Citizen Diplomacy International Philadelphia . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sister Cities park '' . International Visitors Council of Philadelphia . Retrieved June 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ IVC of Philadelphia Partners with Mosul , Iraq in Groundbreaking Program Retrieved January 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Inbound delegations visiting Philadelphia Retrieved January 26 , 2011 . Further reading Main article : Bibliography of Philadelphia External links Find more aboutPhiladelphiaat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity City of Philadelphia government Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia , Historical Encyclopedia in progress Historic Philadelphia Photographs Greater Philadelphia GeoHistory Network -- historical maps and atlases of Philadelphia philly.com -- Local news Visitor Site for Greater Philadelphia Official Convention & Visitors Site for Philadelphia Places adjacent to Philadelphia Philadelphia Main Line Cheltenham Bensalem Upper Darby Philadelphia Camden , New Jersey Tinicum Township ( Delco ) West Deptford Township , New Jersey Cherry Hill , New Jersey Articles Relating to Philadelphia and Philadelphia County ( hide ) City of Philadelphia Nickname ( s ) : City of Brotherly Love Topics History Timeline Accent Architecture Bibliography Companies Cuisine Culture Demographics Economy Education Media Music Notable people Sites of interest Historic Landmarks Skyscrapers Transit Government City Hall Mayors City Council District Attorney Airport Fire Department Free Library Police Department School district Sister cities Federal : U.S. Mint U.S. District Court for the Eastern Dist. of Pa . U.S. Court of Appeals for the 3rd Circuit Neighborhoods Center City North Philadelphia Lower North Upper North Northwest Northeast Philadelphia South Philadelphia Southwest Philadelphia West Philadelphia Museums Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University African American Museum in Philadelphia American Philosophical Society American Swedish Historical Museum Athenaeum of Philadelphia Barnes Foundation Bartram 's Garden Belmont Mansion Betsy Ross House Chemical Heritage Foundation Civil War Museum Cliveden Eastern State Penitentiary Ebenezer Maxwell Mansion Edgar Allan Poe National Historic Site Elfreth 's Alley Fabric Workshop and Museum Fairmount Water Works Fort Mifflin Franklin Institute Germantown White House Glen Foerd on the Delaware Grand Army of the Republic Civil War Museum and Library Grumblethorpe Hill - Physick - Keith House Historic Strawberry Mansion Historical Society of Frankford Historical Society of Pennsylvania Independence National Historical Park Independence Seaport Museum Insectarium Institute of Contemporary Art John Johnson House John Ruan House La Salle University Art Museum Lemon Hill Marian Anderson Residence Museum Masonic Temple , Library , and Museum Museum of the American Revolution Mütter Museum National Constitution Center National Liberty Museum National Museum of American Jewish History Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts Philadelphia History Museum Philadelphia Museum of Art Philadelphia 's Magic Gardens Please Touch Museum Powel House RittenhouseTown Rodin Museum Rosenbach Museum and Library Ryerss Museum and Library Shofuso Japanese House and Garden Stenton Thaddeus Kosciuszko National Memorial University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology Wagner Free Institute of Science Woodmere Art Museum Wyck House Sports 76ers Eagles Flyers Phillies Soul Union Squares Centre Franklin Logan Rittenhouse Washington Wards 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 Related articles Delaware Valley Independence Hall Liberty Bell Commons Portal Municipalities and communities of Philadelphia in Philadelphia County , Pennsylvania , United States Sections and Neighborhoods Center City Avenue of the Arts Chinatown Fitler Square Franklin Square Logan Square Old City Penn 's Landing Rittenhouse Square Society Hill South Street Washington Square West South Bella Vista Central South Philadelphia Devil 's Pocket Dickinson Square West East Passyunk Crossing FDR Park Girard Estate Graduate Hospital Grays Ferry Greenwich Hawthorne Italian Market Little Saigon Lower Moyamensing Marconi Plaza Moyamensing Newbold Packer Park Passyunk Square Pennsport Point Breeze Queen Village Schuylkill Southern Boulevard Parkway Southwark Southwest Center City Sports Complex Tasker West Passyunk Wharton Whitman Wilson Park Southwest Angora Bartram Village Clearview Eastwick Elmwood Park Hog Island Kingsessing Mount Moriah Paschall Penrose Southwest Schuylkill West Avenue of Technology Belmont Village Carroll Park Cathedral Park Centennial District Cedar Park Cobbs Creek Dunlap Garden Court Haddington Haverford North Mantua Mill Creek Overbrook Overbrook Farms Overbrook Park Parkside Powelton Village Saunders Park Spruce Hill Squirrel Hill University City Walnut Hill Woodland Terrace Wynnefield Wynnefield Heights North Lower North Badlands Belfield Brewerytown Cabot Callowhill Cecil B. Moore El Centro de Oro / Fairhill Fairmount Francisville Hartranft Ivy Hill Ludlow N3RD Street North Central Northern Liberties Poplar Reading Viaduct Sharswood South Lehigh Spring Garden Stanton Strawberry Mansion Yorktown Upper North Allegheny West Badlands Franklinville Glenwood Hunting Park Nicetown -- Tioga Olde Kensington Swampoodle West Kensington Olney - Oak Lane East Oak Lane Feltonville Fern Rock Koreatown Logan Ogontz Olney West Oak Lane Northwest Lower Northwest Andorra East Falls Manayunk Roxborough Wissahickon Upper Northwest Beggarstown Chestnut Hill Germantown Morton Mount Airy Wister Cedarbrook Northeast Near Northeast Burholme Castor Gardens Crescentville Fox Chase Frankford Holme Circle Holmesburg Juniata Lawndale Lexington Park Mayfair Oxford Circle Rhawnhurst Ryers Tacony Wissinoming Far Northeast Academy Gardens Ashton - Woodenbridge Bustleton Byberry Crestmont Farms Millbrook Modena Park Morrell Park Normandy Parkwood Pennypack Somerton Torresdale Upper Holmesburg Winchester Park River Wards Bridesburg Fishtown Harrowgate Kensington Olde Richmond Port Richmond Former Municipalities Cities Philadelphia ( Center City ) Boroughs Aramingo Bridesburg Frankford Germantown Manayunk West Philadelphia Whitehall Districts Belmont Kensington Moyamensing Northern Liberties Penn Richmond Southwark Spring Garden Townships Blockley Bristol Byberry Delaware Germantown Kingsessing Lower Dublin Moreland Northern Liberties Oxford Passyunk Penn Roxborough Footnotes As a consolidated city - county Philadelphia is its own county seat . Delaware Valley Counties Atlantic Berks Bucks Burlington Camden Cape May Cecil Chester Cumberland Delaware Gloucester Hunterdon Kent Mercer Montgomery New Castle Ocean Philadelphia Salem Major cities Philadelphia Cities and towns 50k - 99k Abington Bensalem Brandywine Hundred Bristol Camden Cherry Hill Gloucester Township Hamilton Lower Merion New Castle Hundred Pennsauken Reading Trenton Upper Darby Vineland Wilmington Cities and towns 30k - 50k Atlantic City Cheltenham Chester Deptford Dover Evesham Ewing Falls Haverford Lawrence Lower Makefield Middletown Millville Monroe Mount Laurel Newark Norristown Northampton Radnor Ridley Warminster Washington Willingboro Winslow Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Harrisburg ( capital ) Topics Index Delegations Government History Geography Geology Law Pennsylvanians State parks Symbols Tourist attractions Society Agriculture Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Gambling Politics Sports Metro areas Altoona Baltimore - Washington Erie Harrisburg -- Carlisle Johnstown Lancaster Lebanon Lehigh Valley New York Philadelphia Pittsburgh Reading Scranton ‐ Wilkes - Barre State College Williamsport York - Hanover Largest cities Allentown Altoona Bethlehem Butler Chester DuBois Easton Erie Greensburg Harrisburg Hazleton Johnstown Lancaster Lebanon McKeesport New Castle Philadelphia Pittsburgh Pottsville Reading Scranton Sunbury Wilkes - Barre Williamsport York Largest municipalities Abington Bensalem Bethel Park Bristol Cheltenham Cranberry Darby Falls Hampden Haverford Hempfield Lower Macungie Lower Makefield Lower Merion Lower Paxton Manheim McCandless Middletown Millcreek Township Monroeville Mount Lebanon Norristown Northampton North Huntingdon Penn Hills Radnor Ridley Ross Shaler Spring State College Tredyffrin Upper Darby Upper Merion Warminster West Chester Whitehall York Township Regions Allegheny Mountains Allegheny National Forest Allegheny Plateau Atlantic Coastal Plain Bald Eagle Valley Blue Ridge Central Coal Region Cumberland Valley Delaware Valley Dutch Country Eastern Endless Mountains Great Valley Mahoning Valley Happy Valley Laurel Highlands Lehigh Valley Main Line Moshannon Valley Nittany Valley Northeastern Northern Tier Northwestern North Penn Valley Ohio Valley Oil Region Oley Valley Pennsylvania Highlands Penns Valley Philicon Valley Piedmont Pocono Mountains Ridge and Valley Saucon Valley South Central Southeastern Southern Southwestern Susquehanna Valley Western Wyoming Valley Counties Adams Allegheny Armstrong Beaver Bedford Berks Blair Bradford Bucks Butler Cambria Cameron Carbon Centre Chester Clarion Clearfield Clinton Columbia Crawford Cumberland Dauphin Delaware Elk Erie Fayette Forest Franklin Fulton Greene Huntingdon Indiana Jefferson Juniata Lackawanna Lancaster Lawrence Lebanon Lehigh Luzerne Lycoming McKean Mercer Mifflin Monroe Montgomery Montour Northampton Northumberland Perry Philadelphia Pike Potter Schuylkill Snyder Somerset Sullivan Susquehanna Tioga Union Venango Warren Washington Wayne Westmoreland Wyoming York Location of the capital of the United States and predecessors 1774 First Continental Congress Philadelphia 1775 -- 81 Second Continental Congress Philadelphia → Baltimore → Lancaster → York → Philadelphia 1781 -- 89 Congress of the Confederation Philadelphia → Princeton → Annapolis → Trenton → New York City 1789 -- present Federal government of the United States New York City → Philadelphia → Washington , D.C. The 100 most populous metropolitan statistical areas of the United States of America New York , NY Los Angeles , CA Chicago , IL Dallas , TX Houston , TX Washington , DC Philadelphia , PA Miami , FL Atlanta , GA Boston , MA San Francisco , CA Phoenix , AZ Riverside , CA Detroit , MI Seattle , WA Minneapolis , MN San Diego , CA Tampa , FL Denver , CO St. Louis , MO Baltimore , MD Charlotte , NC San Juan , PR Orlando , FL San Antonio , TX Portland , OR Pittsburgh , PA Sacramento , CA Cincinnati , OH Las Vegas , NV Kansas City , MO Austin , TX Columbus , OH Cleveland , OH Indianapolis , IN San Jose , CA Nashville , TN Virginia Beach , VA Providence , RI Milwaukee , WI Jacksonville , FL Memphis , TN Oklahoma City , OK Louisville , KY Richmond , VA New Orleans , LA Hartford , CT Raleigh , NC Birmingham , AL Buffalo , NY Salt Lake City , UT Rochester , NY Grand Rapids , MI Tucson , AZ Honolulu , HI Tulsa , OK Fresno , CA Bridgeport , CT Worcester , MA Albuquerque , NM Omaha , NE Albany , NY New Haven , CT Bakersfield , CA Knoxville , TN Greenville , SC Oxnard , CA El Paso , TX Allentown , PA Baton Rouge , LA McAllen , TX Dayton , OH Columbia , SC Greensboro , NC Sarasota , FL Little Rock , AR Stockton , CA Akron , OH Charleston , SC Colorado Springs , CO Syracuse , NY Winston - Salem , NC Cape Coral , FL Boise , ID Wichita , KS Springfield , MA Madison , WI Lakeland , FL Ogden , UT Toledo , OH Deltona , FL Des Moines , IA Jackson , MS Augusta , GA Scranton , PA Youngstown , OH Harrisburg , PA Provo , UT Palm Bay , FL Chattanooga , TN United States Census Bureau population estimates for July 1 , 2012 All - America City Award : Hall of Fame Akron , Ohio Anchorage , Alaska Asheville , North Carolina Baltimore Boston Cincinnati Cleveland Columbus , Ohio Dayton , Ohio Des Moines , Iowa Edinburg , Texas Fayetteville , North Carolina Fort Wayne , Indiana Fort Worth , Texas Gastonia , North Carolina Grand Island , Nebraska Grand Rapids , Michigan Hickory , North Carolina Independence , Missouri Kansas City , Missouri Laurinburg , North Carolina New Haven , Connecticut Peoria , Illinois Philadelphia Phoenix , Arizona Roanoke , Virginia Rockville , Maryland Saint Paul , Minnesota San Antonio Seward , Alaska Shreveport , Louisiana Tacoma , Washington Toledo , Ohio Tupelo , Mississippi Wichita , Kansas Worcester , Massachusetts County seats of Pennsylvania Cities Allentown Butler Easton Chester ( 1682 - 1851 ) Erie Franklin Greensburg Harrisburg Lancaster Lebanon Lock Haven Meadville New Castle Philadelphia Pittsburgh Pottsville Reading Scranton Sunbury Uniontown Warren Washington Wilkes - Barre Williamsport York Boroughs Beaver Bedford Bellefonte Brookville Carlisle Chambersburg Clarion Clearfield Coudersport Danville Doylestown Ebensburg Emporium Gettysburg Hollidaysburg Honesdale Huntingdon Indiana Jim Thorpe Kittanning Laporte Lewisburg Lewistown McConnellsburg Media Mercer Middleburg Mifflintown Milford Montrose New Bloomfield Norristown Ridgway Smethport Somerset Stroudsburg Tionesta Towanda Tunkhannock Waynesburg Wellsboro West Chester Town Bloomsburg Mayors of cities with populations exceeding 100,000 in Pennsylvania State capital : Eric Papenfuse ( Harrisburg ) Jim Kenney ( Philadelphia ) Bill Peduto ( Pittsburgh ) Ed Pawlowski ( Allentown ) Joseph E. Sinnott ( Erie ) Wally Scott ( Reading ) William Courtright ( Scranton ) Other states AL AK AZ AR CA CO CT DE FL GA HI ID IL IN IA KS KY LA ME MD MA MI MN MS MO MT NE NV NH NJ NM NY NC ND OH OK OR PA RI SC SD TN TX UT VT VA WA WV WI WY Home Rule Municipalities in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania First Class Township of Cheltenham Township of Haverford Township of McCandless Township of Mt . Lebanon Township of O'Hara Township of Penn Hills City of Philadelphia Township of Plymouth Township of Radnor Township of Upper Darby Township of Upper St. Clair Township of Whitehall Township of Wilkes - Barre Second Class Township of Chester Township of Elk Township of Ferguson Township of Hampton Township of Hanover Township of Horsham Borough of Kingston Township of Middletown Township of Peters Township of Pine City of Pittsburgh Township of Richland Township of Tredyffrin Township of Upper Providence Township of West Deer Township of Whitemarsh Third Class City of Allentown City of Carbondale City of Chester City of Clairton City of Coatesville City of Farrell City of Franklin City of Greensburg City of Hermitage City of Johnstown Borough of Latrobe City of Lebanon City of McKeesport City of Reading City of St. Marys City of Warren City of Wilkes - Barre N / A Borough of Bellevue Borough of Bethel Park Borough of Bradford Woods Borough of Bryn Athyn Borough of Cambridge Springs Borough of Chalfont City of DuBois Borough of Edinboro Borough of Greentree City of Hazleton Township of Kingston Borough of Monroeville Borough of Murrysville Borough of Norristown Borough of Portage Township of Salisbury City of Scranton Borough of State College Borough of Tyrone Borough of West Chester Borough of Whitehall Borough of Youngsville Northeast megalopolis Major metropolitan areas ( over 1,000,000 ) New York city Philadelphia city Washington city Boston city Baltimore city Providence city Hartford city Other cities ( over 100,000 ) Newark Jersey City Yonkers Worcester Springfield Alexandria Paterson Bridgeport Elizabeth New Haven Stamford Allentown Manchester Waterbury Cambridge Lowell Cheesesteak Toppings Cheese Cheez Whiz American Provolone Fried onions Contributors Pat Olivieri Harry Olivieri Tony Luke Jr . Joey Vento Restaurants in Philadelphia Pat 's King of Steaks Geno 's Steaks Jim 's Steaks Tony Luke 's Steve 's Prince of Steaks John 's Roast Pork Dalessandro 's Steaks Joe 's Steaks Miscellaneous Steak sandwich Preceded by none Capital of Pennsylvania 1682 -- 1799 Succeeded by Lancaster VIAF : 180363010 LCCN : n78095520 GND : 4103331 - 0 BNF : cb11940713z ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philadelphia&oldid=807750048 '' Categories : Philadelphia 1682 establishments in Pennsylvania Cities in Pennsylvania Consolidated city - counties in the United States County seats in Pennsylvania Former capitals of the United States Former state capitals in the United States Planned cities in the United States Populated places established in 1682 Populated places on the Schuylkill River Port cities and towns of the United States Atlantic coast Ukrainian communities in the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from October 2017 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2009 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010 Articles needing additional references from June 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles using small message boxes All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2012 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from May 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from May 2012 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikiquote Wikivoyage Languages Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés Asturianu Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Bikol Central Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Chamoru Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deitsch Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 贛 語 Gĩkũyũ ગુજરાતી 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Кырык мары لۊری شومالی Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Māori मराठी მარგალური مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Na Vosa Vakaviti Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی ភាសា ខ្មែរ Piemontèis Polski Português Română Romani Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла Sardu Scots Seeltersk Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Twi Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Volapük Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2017 , at 22 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia
| 2,079 |
|
who become the first woman in international olympic committee
|
International Olympic Committee
|
international olympic committee
|
Coordinates : 46 ° 31 ′ 5 '' N 6 ° 35 ′ 49 '' E / 46.51806 ° N 6.59694 ° E / 46.51806 ; 6.59694
|
International Olympic Committee Comité International Olympique Motto Citius , Altius , Fortius ( Latin : Faster , higher , stronger ) Formation 23 June 1894 ; 123 years ago ( 1894 - 06 - 23 ) Type Sports federation Headquarters Lausanne , Switzerland Membership 105 active members , 32 honorary members , 2 honour members ( Senegal and United States ) Official language English , French and the host country 's official language when necessary Honorary President Dr. Jacques Rogge President Dr. Thomas Bach Vice Presidents Mr. Yu Zaiqing Mr. J.A. Samaranch Prof. Dr. Uğur Erdener Ms. Anita DeFrantz Website www.olympic.org The International Olympic Committee ( IOC ; French : Comité International Olympique , CIO ) is the supreme authority of the worldwide Olympic movement . Based in Lausanne , Switzerland , IOC is a non-profit independent international organisation made up of volunteers , which is committed to building a better world through sport . It redistributes more than 90 percent of its income to the wider sporting movement , which means that every day the equivalent of US $ 3.4 million goes to help athletes and sports organisations at all levels around the world . Its mission is enshrined in the Olympic Charter : to support the development of competitive sport by ethical and environmentally sustainable means . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Mission and role 3 IOC Executive Board 4 IOC Commissions 5 Organization 5.1 IOC Session 6 Honours 7 IOC members 7.1 Cessation of membership 7.2 International federations recognised by IOC 8 Olympic marketing 8.1 Revenue 8.2 Revenue distribution 8.3 Organising Committees for the Olympic Games ( OCOGs ) 8.4 National Olympic Committees ( NOCs ) 8.5 International Olympic Sports Federations ( IFs ) 8.6 Other organisations 9 Environmental concerns 9.1 International Olympic Committee approaches 9.2 Venue construction effects on air 9.2. 1 Methods to measure particulates in the air 9.2. 2 Measures undertaken to improve the air quality 9.3 Venue construction effects on soil 9.4 Venue construction effects on water 10 Controversies 10.1 Amateurism and professionalism 10.2 1976 Winter Olympics ( Denver , Colorado ) 10.3 Salt Lake bid scandal 10.4 Other controversies : 2006 -- 2013 10.5 Russian doping scandal 11 See also 12 References 12.1 Notes 13 Further reading 14 External links History ( edit ) The IOC was created by Pierre de Coubertin , on 23 June 1894 with Demetrios Vikelas as its first president . As of June 2017 , its membership consists of 95 active members , 41 honorary members , an honorary president ( Jacques Rogge ) and one honour member ( Henry Kissinger ) . The IOC is the supreme authority of the worldwide modern Olympic movement . The IOC organises the modern Olympic Games and Youth Olympic Games , held in summer and winter , every four years . The first Summer Olympics organised by the IOC was held in Athens , Greece , in 1896 ; the first Winter Olympics was in Chamonix , France , in 1924 . Until 1992 , both Summer and Winter Olympics were held in the same year . After that year , however , the IOC shifted the Winter Olympics to the even years between Summer Games , to help space the planning of the two events from one another , and improve the financial balance of the IOC , which receives greater income on Olympic years . The first Summer Youth Olympics were in Singapore in 2010 and the first Winter Youth Olympics were held in Innsbruck in 2012 . In 2009 , the UN General Assembly granted the IOC Permanent Observer status . This decision enables the IOC to be directly involved in the UN Agenda and to attend UN General Assembly meetings where it can take the floor . This has provided the possibility to promote sport at a new level . In addition , in 1993 , the UN General Assembly approved a Resolution that further solidified IOC -- UN cooperation with the decision to revive the Olympic Truce , by adopting a Resolution entitled `` Building a peaceful and better world through sport and the Olympic ideal , '' which calls upon Member States to observe the Olympic Truce before every iteration of the games , and to cooperate with the IOC and the International Paralympic Committee in their efforts to use sport as a tool to promote peace , dialogue and reconciliation in areas of conflict during and beyond the period of the Olympic and Paralympic Games . During each proclamation at the Olympics , announcers speak in different languages , French is always spoken first followed by an English translation and the dominant language of the host nation . Mission and role ( edit ) Further information : Olympic Charter The stated mission of the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) is to promote Olympic throughout the world and to lead the Olympic Movement . To encourage and support the organisation , development and coordination of sport and sports competitions ; To ensure the regular celebration of the Olympic Games ; To cooperate with the competent public or private organisations and authorities in the endeavour to place sport at the service of humanity and thereby to promote peace ; To act against any form of discrimination affecting the Olympic Movement ; To encourage and support the promotion of women in sport at all levels and in all structures with a view to implementing the principle of equality of men and women ; IOC Executive Board ( edit ) Designation Name Country Honorary President Dr. Jacques Rogge Belgium President Dr. Thomas Bach Germany Vice-Presidents Mr. Yu Zaiqing China Mr. Juan Antonio Samaranch , Jr . Spain Prof. Dr. Uğur Erdener Turkey Ms. Anita DeFrantz United States Executive Members Mrs. Gunilla Lindberg Sweden Mr. Wu Ching - kuo Chinese Taipei Mr. Gian - Franco Kasper Switzerland Mrs. Angela Ruggiero United States Dr. Sergey Bubka Ukraine Mr. Ng Ser Miang Singapore Mr. Willi Kaltschmitt Luján Guatemala Dr. Robin E. Mitchell Fiji Mrs. Nicole Hoevertsz Aruba Dr. Denis Oswald Switzerland Director General Mr. Christophe De Kepper Belgium IOC Commissions ( edit ) Commission Chairman / Chairperson Country IOC Athletes ' Commission Mrs. Angela Ruggiero United States IOC Athletes ' Entourage Commission Dr. Sergey Bubka Ukraine IOC Audit Committee Mr. Pierre - Olivier Beckers - Vieujant Belgium IOC Communication Commission Mr. Camiel Eurlings Netherlands IOC Coordination Commission Beijing 2022 Mr. Alexander Zhukov Russia IOC Coordination Commission Pyeongchang 2018 Mrs. Gunilla Lindberg Sweden IOC Coordination Commission Tokyo 2020 Mr. John Coates Australia IOC Coordination Commission Buenos Aires 2018 ( YOG ) Ms. Li Lingwei * China IOC Coordination Commission Lausanne 2020 ( YOG ) Ms. Danka Barteková Slovakia IOC Culture and Olympic Heritage Commission Mr. Wu Ching - kuo Chinese Taipei IOC Digital and Technology Commission Dr. Gerardo Werthein Argentina IOC Ethics Commission Ban Ki - moon South Korea IOC Evaluation Commission Paris 2024 / Los Angeles 2028 Mr. Patrick Baumann Switzerland IOC Finance Commission Mr. Ng Ser Miang Singapore IOC Members Election Commission HRH Anne , Princess Royal United Kingdom IOC Legal Affairs Commission Mr. John Coates Australia IOC Marketing Commission Mr. Tsunekazu Takeda Japan IOC Medical and Scientific Commission Prof. Dr. Uğur Erdener Turkey IOC Olympic Channel Commission Mr. Larry Probst United States IOC Olympic Education Commission Mr. Barry Maister New Zealand IOC Olympic Programme Commission Mr. Franco Carraro Italy IOC Olympic Solidarity Commission HE Sheikh Ahmed Al - Fahad Al - Ahmed Al - Sabah Kuwait IOC Commission for Public Affairs and Social Development Through Sport Mr. Mario Pescante Italy IOC Sport and Active Society Commission Mr. Sam Ramsamy South Africa IOC Sustainability and Legacy Commission HSH Albert II , Prince of Monaco Monaco IOC Women in Sport Commission Ms. Lydia Nsekera Burundi ( * ) Interim Chairperson Organization ( edit ) See also : Presidents of the International Olympic Committee and Olympic Congress IOC Session ( edit ) The IOC Session is the general meeting of the members of the IOC , held once a year in which each member has one vote . It is the IOC 's supreme organ and its decisions are final . Extraordinary Sessions may be convened by the President or upon the written request of at least one third of the members . Among others , the powers of the Session are : To adopt or amend the Olympic Charter . To elect the members of the IOC , the Honorary President and the honorary members . To elect the President , the Vice-Presidents and all other members of the IOC Executive Board . To elect the host city of the Olympic Games . Honours ( edit ) In addition to the Olympic medals for competitors , the IOC awards a number of other honours : the IOC President 's Trophy is the highest sports award given to athletes who have excelled in their sport and had an extraordinary career and created a lasting impact on their sport . the Pierre de Coubertin medal is awarded to athletes who demonstrate a special spirit of sportsmanship in Olympic events the Olympic Cup is awarded to institutions or associations with a record of merit and integrity in actively developing the Olympic Movement the Olympic Order is awarded to individuals for particularly distinguished contributions to the Olympic Movement , and superseded the Olympic Certificate . the Olympic Laurel is awarded to individuals for promoting education , culture , development , and peace through sport . IOC members ( edit ) Further information : List of members of the International Olympic Committee The first IOC , at the 1896 Athens Games For most of its existence , the IOC was controlled by members who were selected by other members . Countries that had hosted the Games were allowed two members . When named , they did not become the representatives of their respective countries to the IOC , but rather the opposite , IOC members in their respective countries . Cessation of membership ( edit ) The membership of IOC members ceases in the following circumstances : Resignation : any IOC member may cease their membership at any time by delivering a written resignation to the President . Non re-election : any IOC member ceases to be a member without further formality if they are not re-elected . Age limit : any IOC member ceases to be a member at the end of the calendar year during which they reach the age of 80 . Failure to attend Sessions or take active part in IOC work for two consecutive years . Transfer of domicile or of main center of interests to a country other than the country which was theirs at the time of their election . Members elected as active athletes cease to be a member upon ceasing to be a member of the IOC Athletes ' Commission . Presidents and individuals holding an executive or senior leadership position within NOCs , world or continental associations of NOCs , IFs or associations of IFs , or other organisations recognised by the IOC cease to be a member upon ceasing to exercise the function they were exercising at the time of their election . Expulsion : an IOC member may be expelled by decision of the Session if such member has betrayed their oath or if the Session considers that such member has neglected or knowingly jeopardised the interests of the IOC or acted in a way which is unworthy of the IOC . International federations recognised by IOC ( edit ) There are currently 73 sport federations recognised by IOC . These are : The 29 members of Association of Summer Olympic International Federations ( ASOIF ) The 7 members of Association of International Olympic Winter Sports Federations ( AIOWF ) The 35 members of Association of IOC Recognised International Sports Federations ( ARISF ) And 2 of the members of SportAccord ( Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile and International Softball Federation ) Olympic marketing ( edit ) 1985 German Democratic Republic stamp During the first half of the 20th century the IOC ran on a small budget . As president of the IOC from 1952 to 1972 , Avery Brundage rejected all attempts to link the Olympics with commercial interest . Brundage believed the lobby of corporate interests would unduly impact the IOC 's decision - making . Brundage 's resistance to this revenue stream meant the IOC left organising committees to negotiate their own sponsorship contracts and use the Olympic symbols . When Brundage retired the IOC had US $2 million in assets ; eight years later the IOC coffers had swelled to US $45 million . This was primarily due to a shift in ideology toward expansion of the Games through corporate sponsorship and the sale of television rights . When Juan Antonio Samaranch was elected IOC president in 1980 his desire was to make the IOC financially independent . Samaranch appointed Canadian IOC member Richard Pound to lead the initiative as Chairman of the `` New Sources of Finance Commission '' . In 1982 the IOC drafted ISL Marketing a Swiss sports marketing company , to develop a global marketing programme for the Olympic Movement . ISL successfully developed the programme but was replaced by Meridian Management , a company partly owned by the IOC in the early 1990s . In 1989 , one of the staff members at ISL Marketing , Michael Payne , moved to the IOC and became the organisation 's first marketing director . However ISL and subsequently Meridian , continued in the established role as the IOC 's sales and marketing agents until 2002 . In 2002 the IOC terminated the relationship with Meridian and took its marketing programme in - house under the Direction of Timo Lumme , the IOC 's managing director of IOC Television and Marketing Services . During his 17 years with the IOC , in collaboration with ISL Marketing and subsequently Meridian Management , Payne made major contributions to the creation of a multibillion - dollar sponsorship marketing programme for the organisation which , along with improvements in TV marketing and improved financial management , helped to restore the IOC 's financial viability . Revenue ( edit ) The Olympic Movement generates revenue through five major programmes . The International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) manages broadcast partnerships and The Olympic Partner ( TOP ) worldwide sponsorship programme . The Organising Committees for the Olympic Games ( OCOGs ) manage domestic sponsorship , ticketing and licensing programmes within the host country under the direction of the IOC . The Olympic Movement generated a total of more than US $4 billion , € 2.5 billion in revenue during the Olympic quadrennium from 2001 to 2004 . Revenue distribution ( edit ) The IOC distributes some of Olympic marketing revenue to organisations throughout the Olympic Movement to support the staging of the Olympic Games and to promote the worldwide development of sport . The IOC retains approximately 10 % of Olympic marketing revenue for the operational and administrative costs of governing the Olympic Movement . Organising Committees for the Olympic Games ( OCOGs ) ( edit ) The IOC provides The Olympic Partner ( TOP ) programme contributions and Olympic broadcast revenue to the OCOGs to support the staging of the Olympic Games and Olympic Winter Games : TOP programme revenue to OCOGs ; the two OCOGs of each Olympic quadrennium generally share approximately 50 % of TOP programme revenue and value - in - kind contributions , with approximately 30 % provided to the summer OCOG and 20 % provided to the winter OCOG . Broadcast revenue to OCOGs ; the IOC contributes 49 % of the Olympic broadcast revenue for each Games to the OCOG . During the 2001 -- 2004 Olympic quadrennium , the Salt Lake 2002 Organizing Committee received US $443 million , € 395 million in broadcast revenue from the IOC , and the Athens 2004 Organizing Committee received US $732 million , € 690 million . Domestic programme revenue to OCOGs ; the OCOGs generate substantial revenue from the domestic marketing programmes that they manage within the host country , including domestic sponsorship , ticketing and licensing . National Olympic Committees ( NOCs ) ( edit ) Further information : National Olympic Committee The NOCs receive financial support for the training and development of Olympic teams , Olympic athletes and Olympic hopefuls . The IOC distributes TOP programme revenue to each of the NOCs throughout the world . The IOC also contributes Olympic broadcast revenue to Olympic Solidarity , an IOC organisation that provides financial support to NOCs with the greatest need . The continued success of the TOP programme and Olympic broadcast agreements has enabled the IOC to provide increased support for the NOCs with each Olympic quadrennium . The IOC provided approximately US $318.5 million to NOCs for the 2001 -- 2004 quadrennium . International Olympic sports federations ( IFs ) ( edit ) The IOC is now the largest single revenue source for the majority of IFs , with its contributions of Olympic broadcast revenue that assist the IFs in the development of their respective sports worldwide . The IOC provides financial support from Olympic broadcast revenue to the 28 IFs of Olympic summer sports and the seven IFs of Olympic winter sports after the completion of the Olympic Games and the Olympic Winter Games , respectively . The continually increasing value of Olympic broadcast partnership has enabled the IOC to deliver substantially increased financial support to the IFs with each successive Games . The seven winter sports IFs shared US $85.8 million , € 75 million in Salt Lake 2002 broadcast revenue . The contribution to the 28 summer sports IFs from Athens 2004 broadcast revenue has not yet been determined , but the contribution is expected to mark a significant increase over the US $190 million , € 150 million that the IOC provided to the summer IFs following Sydney 2000 . Other organisations ( edit ) The IOC contributes Olympic marketing revenue to the programmes of various recognised international sports organisations , including the International Paralympic Committee , and the World Anti-Doping Agency ( WADA ) . Environmental concerns ( edit ) The International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) recognizes that the Olympic Games demand tremendous environmental resources , activities , and construction projects that could be detrimental to a host city 's environment . In 1995 , IOC President Juan Antonio Samaranch stated , `` the International Olympic Committee is resolved to ensure that the environment becomes the third dimension of the organization of the Olympic Games , the first and second being sport and culture . '' Acting on this statement , in 1996 the IOC added the ' environment ' as a third pillar to its vision for Olympic games . The IOC requires cities bidding to host the Olympics to provide a comprehensive strategy to protect the environment in preparation for hosting , and following the conclusion of the Games . This initiative was most notably acted upon in 2000 , when the `` Green Olympics '' effort was developed by the Beijing Organizing Committee for the Beijing Olympic Games . The Beijing 2008 Summer Olympics effort to host environmentally friendly games resulted in over 160 projects meeting the goal of `` green '' games through improved air quality and water quality , implementation of sustainable energy sources , improved waste management , and environmental education . These projects included industrial plant relocation or closure , furnace replacement , introduction of new emission standards , and more strict traffic control . Most of these measures were adopted on a temporary basis , and although real improvements were realized ( particularly in air quality ) , most of these improvements had disappeared one year following the Games . Although these improvements were short lived , IOC 's inclusion of environmental policies in evaluating and selecting host cities demonstrates a corporate responsibility that may be built upon in years to come . Detailed frameworks for environmental sustainability have been released for the 2018 Winter Olympics , and 2020 Summer Olympics in PyeongChang , South Korea , and Tokyo , Japan , respectively . International Olympic Committee approaches ( edit ) The IOC has 4 major approaches to addressing environmental health concerns during the construction and competitions of the Olympic Games . First , the IOC Sustainability and Legacy Commission focuses on how the IOC can improve the strategies and policies associated with environmental health throughout the process of cities hosting the Olympic Games . Secondly , every candidate city must provide information to the IOC on environmental health issues like air quality and environmental impact assessments . Thirdly , every host city is given the option to declare `` pledges '' to address specific or general environmental health concerns of hosting the Olympic Game . Fourthly , the IOC has every host city collaborate with the United Nations to work towards addressing environmental health objectives . Ultimately , the IOC uses these four major approaches in an attempt to minimize the negative environmental health concerns of a host city . Venue construction effects on air ( edit ) Cities hosting the Olympic Games have two primary concerns : traffic congestion and air pollution , both of which can result in compromised air quality during and after Olympic venue construction . Research at the Beijing Olympic Games identified particulate matter - measured in terms of PM10 ( the amount of aerodynamic diameter of particle ≤ 10 μm in a given amount of air ) - as a top priority that should be taken into consideration . The particulate matter in the air , along with other airborne pollutants , cause both serious health problems , such as asthma , and contribute to the deterioration of urban ecosystems . Black Carbon is released into the air from incomplete combustion of carbonaceous fluids contributing to global climate change and human health effects . The black carbon concentrations are highly impacted by the truck traffic due to the traffic congestion during the massive construction . Additionally , secondary pollutants like CO , NOx , SO2 , benzene , toluene , ethylbenzene , and xylenes ( BTEX ) are also released during the venue construction , resulting in harmful effects to the environment . Methods to measure particulates in the air ( edit ) Environmental magnetic methods have been established as a successful way of measuring the degree of pollution in air , water and soil . Environmental magnetism is sensitive to particle size , and has proven effective even at low detection levels . For these reasons , it is becoming more widely used . Measures undertaken to improve the air quality ( edit ) Various air quality measures are undertaken before and after the Olympics Games . Research studies demonstrate that the primary method to reduce concentrations of air pollutants is traffic control , including barring heavy vehicles from the roads . For the Beijing Olympics , vehicles not meeting the Euro 1 emission standards were also banned from the roads , and the odd - even rule was implemented in the Beijing administrative area . Additional air quality improvement measures include replacing coal with natural gas , suspending construction and / or imposing strict dust control on construction sites , closing or relocating the polluting industrial plants , building long subway lines , using cleaner fluid in power plants , and reducing the activity by some of the polluting factories . These were several air quality improvement measures implemented by the Beijing government . There , levels of primary and secondary pollutants were reduced , and good air quality was recorded during the Beijing Olympics on most of the days . Venue construction effects on soil ( edit ) Soil contamination can occur during the process of constructing the Olympic venues . In the case of the 2006 Winter Olympic Games in Torino , Italy , negative environmental impacts were observed , including impacts on soil . Before the Games , researchers studied four areas which the Games would likely affect : a floodplain , a highway , the motorway connecting the city to Lyon , France , and a landfill . They performed an extensive analysis in the types of chemicals found in the soils in these areas both before and after the Games . Their findings revealed an increase in the number of metals in the topsoils post-Games , and indicated that soil was capable , as part of an ecosystem , of negating , or `` buffering , '' the effects of many heavy metals . However , their findings also revealed that this was not the case for all metals , and that mercury , lead , and arsenic may have been transferred into the food chain on a massive scale . One of the promises made to Londoners when they won the right to host the 2012 Olympic Games was that the Olympic Park would be a `` blueprint for sustainable living . '' However , residents of the allotments of Manor Road were relocated , due to the building of the Olympic stadium , and would later disagree that the Olympics had had any positive effect on their lives . Allotments , originally , were intended to provide low - income residents with a plot of land on which to grow their own food , thus receiving the dual health benefits of a supply of fresh food and outdoor work . Many of these sites were lost as a result of the Olympic venue construction , most notably the Manor Road site . Residents were promised that the allotments would be returned , and they eventually were . However , the soil quality would never be the same . Crops tended by allotment residents were the result of years of careful cultivation , and thus , those years of care and attention were destroyed by a bulldozer . Further , allotment residents were exposed to radioactive waste for five months prior to moving , during the excavation of the site for the Games . Other local residents , construction workers , and onsite archeologists faced similar exposures and risks . In contrast , the Sydney Olympic Games of 2000 provided an opportunity to improve a highly contaminated area known as the Homebush Bay site . A study commissioned by the New South Wales Government Olympic Coordination Authority , which was responsible for the Games ' site preparation , looked at soil contamination prior to the Games . The work assessed soils that had been previously impacted by waste and identified areas that could pose a risk to the environment . Soil metal concentrations were found to be high enough to potentially contaminate groundwater . After risk areas were identified , a remediation strategy was developed . Contaminated soil was consolidated into four containment areas within the site , which left the remaining areas available for recreational use . Also , the contained waste materials no longer posed a threat to surrounding aquifers . Sydney 's winning Olympic bid provided a catalyst to undertake the `` greenest '' single urban remediation ever attempted in Australia . Venue construction effects on water ( edit ) The Olympic Games can affect water quality in the surrounding region in several ways , including water runoff and the transfer of polluting substances from the air to water sources through rainfall . Harmful particulates come from both natural substances ( such as plant matter crushed by higher volumes of pedestrian and vehicle traffic ) and man - made substances ( such as exhaust from vehicles or industry ) . Contaminants from these two categories lead to elevated amounts of toxins in street dust . Street dust then reaches water sources through runoff , facilitating the transfer of toxins to environments and communities that rely on these water sources . For example , one method of measuring the runoff contamination of water sources involves magnetism . Magnetism measurement systems allow specialists to measure the differences in mineral magnetic parameters in samples of water , air , and vegetation . Unlike traditional methods of measuring pollutants , magnetism is relatively inexpensive , and can identify smaller particle sizes . Another method used to assess the amount and effects of water pollutants is to measure the amount of PM2. 5 in rainfall . Measuring PM2. 5 ( the amount of aerodynamic diameter of particle ≤ 2.5 μm in a given amount of air ) is a common metric for assessing air quality . Comparing PM2. 5 levels between air and rainfall samples allows scientists to determine the amount of air pollution being transferred to water sources . Pollutants in rainfall quickly and directly affect pollution in groundwater sources . In 2013 , researchers in Beijing found a significant relationship between the amount of PM2. 5 concentrations in the air and in rainfall . Studies showed that rainfall had a significant `` washing '' effect on PM2. 5 in the air , transferring a large portion of these pollutants from the air to water sources . In this way , Beijing 's notorious air pollution has a direct and significant impact on rainfall , and therefore , on water resources throughout the region . Controversies ( edit ) Olympic Games Main topics Bids Boycotts Ceremonies Charter Host cities IFs IOC Medal Medal tables Medalists NOCs Pierre de Coubertin medal Scandals and controversies Sports Symbols Torch relays Venues Games Summer Winter Summer Paralympic Winter Paralympic Deaflympics Youth Special American Asian Pacific African European Ancient Intercalated Amateurism and professionalism ( edit ) Main article : Olympic Games § Amateurism and professionalism Pierre de Coubertin , founder of the IOC , was influenced by the ethos of the aristocracy as exemplified in the English public schools . The public schools subscribed to the belief that sport formed an important part of education and there was a prevailing concept of fairness in which practicing or training was considered cheating . As class structure evolved through the 20th century , the definition of the amateur athlete as an aristocratic gentleman became outdated . The advent of the state - sponsored `` full - time amateur athlete '' of the Eastern Bloc countries further eroded the ideology of the pure amateur , as it put the self - financed amateurs of the Western countries at a disadvantage . The Soviet Union entered teams of athletes who were all nominally students , soldiers , or working in a profession , but many of whom were in reality paid by the state to train on a full - time basis . Nevertheless , the IOC held to the traditional rules regarding amateurism . Near the end of the 1960s , the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association ( CAHA ) felt their amateur players could no longer be competitive against the Soviet team 's full - time athletes and the other constantly improving European teams . They pushed for the ability to use players from professional leagues but met opposition from the IIHF and IOC . Avery Brundage , president of the IOC from 1952 to 1972 , was opposed to the idea of amateur and professional players competing together . At the IIHF Congress in 1969 , the IIHF decided to allow Canada to use nine non-NHL professional hockey players at the 1970 World Championships in Montreal and Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada . The decision was reversed in January 1970 after Brundage said that ice hockey 's status as an Olympic sport would be in jeopardy if the change was made . In response , Canada withdrew from international ice hockey competition and officials stated that they would not return until `` open competition '' was instituted . Beginning in the 1970s , amateurism requirements were gradually phased out of the Olympic Charter . After the 1988 Games , the IOC decided to make all professional athletes eligible for the Olympics , subject to the approval of the IFs . 1976 Winter Olympics ( Denver , Colorado ) ( edit ) Main article : Bids for the 1976 Winter Olympics The cities of Denver , Colorado , United States ; Sion , Switzerland ; Tampere , Finland ; and Vancouver ( with the Garibaldi mountains ) , Canada , made bids for the Games . The games were originally awarded to Denver on 12 May 1970 , but a 300 % rise in costs and worries about environmental impact led to Colorado voters ' rejection on 7 November 1972 , by a 3 to 2 margin , of a $5 million bond issue to finance the games with public funds . Denver officially withdrew on 15 November , and the IOC then offered the games to Whistler , British Columbia , Canada , but they too declined owing to a change of government following elections . Whistler would go on to be associated with neighbouring Vancouver 's successful bid for the 2010 games . Salt Lake City , Utah , a 1972 Winter Olympics final candidate who would eventually host the 2002 Winter Olympics , offered itself as a potential host after the withdrawal of Denver . The IOC , still reeling from the Denver rejection , declined and selected Innsbruck to host the 1976 Winter Olympics , which had hosted the 1964 Winter Olympics games twelve years earlier , on 5 February 1973 . Salt Lake bid scandal ( edit ) Main article : 2002 Winter Olympic bid scandal A scandal broke on 10 December 1998 , when Swiss IOC member Marc Hodler , head of the coordination committee overseeing the organisation of the 2002 games , announced that several members of the IOC had taken bribes . Soon four independent investigations were underway : by the IOC , the United States Olympic Committee ( USOC ) , the SLOC , and the United States Department of Justice . Before any of the investigations could even get under way , both Welch and Johnson resigned their posts as the head of the SLOC . Many others soon followed . The Department of Justice filed charges against the two : fifteen charges of bribery and fraud . Johnson and Welch were eventually acquitted of all criminal charges in December 2003 . As a result of the investigation , ten members of the IOC were expelled and another ten were sanctioned . This was the first expulsion or sanction for corruption in the more than a century the IOC had existed . Although nothing strictly illegal had been done , it was felt that the acceptance of the gifts was morally dubious . Stricter rules were adopted for future bids , and caps were put into place as to how much IOC members could accept from bid cities . Additionally , new term and age limits were put into place for IOC membership , and fifteen former Olympic athletes were added to the committee . Other controversies : 2006 -- 2013 ( edit ) In 2006 , a report ordered by the Nagano region 's governor said the Japanese city provided millions of dollars in an `` illegitimate and excessive level of hospitality '' to IOC members , including $4.4 million spent on entertainment alone . Earlier reports put the figure at approximately $14 million . The precise figures are unknown since Nagano , after the IOC asked that the entertainment expenditures not be made public , destroyed the financial records . International groups attempted to pressure the IOC to reject Beijing 's bid in protest of the state of human rights in the People 's Republic of China . One Chinese dissident who expressed similar sentiments was arrested and sentenced to two years in prison for calling on the IOC to do just that at the same time that IOC inspectors were touring the city . Amnesty International expressed concern in 2006 regarding the Olympic Games to be held in China in 2008 , likewise expressing concerns over the human rights situation . The second principle in the Fundamental Principles of Olympism , Olympic Charter states that The goal of Olympism is to place sport at the service of the harmonious development of man , with a view to promoting a peaceful society concerned with the preservation of human dignity . Amnesty International considers the policies and practices of the People 's Republic as failing to meet that principle , and urged the IOC to press China to immediately enact human rights reform . In August 2008 , the IOC issued DMCA take down notices on Tibetan Protest videos of the Beijing Olympics hosted on YouTube . YouTube and the Electronic Frontier Foundation ( EFF ) both pushed back against the IOC , which then withdrew their complaint . In 2010 , the International Olympic Committee was nominated for the Public Eye Awards . This award seeks to present `` shame - on - you - awards to the nastiest corporate players of the year '' . Before the start of the 2012 Olympic Games , the IOC decided not to hold a minute of silence to honor the 11 Israeli Olympians who were killed 40 years prior in the Munich Massacre . Jacques Rogge , the then - IOC President , said it would be `` inappropriate '' to do so . Speaking of the decision , Israeli Olympian Shaul Ladany , who had survived the Munich Massacre , commented : `` I do not understand . I do not understand , and I do not accept it '' . In February 2013 , the IOC did not include wrestling as one of its core Olympic sports for the Summer Olympic program for the 2020 Olympics . This decision was poorly received by the sporting and wrestling community . Wrestling was still part of the program at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro . This decision was later overturned , and wrestling will be a part of the 2020 Olympic Games in Tokyo . As planned , the alpine ski run and luge racing area of 2022 Beijing Olympic Winter Games will be built in the core area of Beijing Songshan National Reserves . A great number of valuable species such as Lonicera oblata and Cypripedium shanxiense S.C. Chen are found here and many of them can not be conserved through ex situ conservation . Many Chinese professionals of biology and environmentalists deemed that if the Olympic venues are developed in such area , the rare species and integrated ecological environment will be catastrophically collapsed . Chinese government intended to remove such area out from the range of the natural reserves and chose some other area with few rare species as the reserves . Besides , the comments regarding the strict compliance with laws and protection of Songshan National Reserves are widely deleted or restricted in China . All these actions have been criticized by some media and the professionals of biology in China . Russian doping scandal ( edit ) See also : Doping in Russia , Russia at the 2016 Summer Olympics , McLaren Report , Independent Olympians at the Olympic Games , and Olympic Athletes from Russia at the 2018 Winter Olympics Media attention began growing in December 2014 when German broadcaster ARD reported on state - sponsored doping in Russia , comparing it to doping in East Germany . In November 2015 , the World Anti-Doping Agency ( WADA ) published a report and the International Association of Athletics Federations ( IAAF ) suspended Russia indefinitely from world track and field events . The United Kingdom Anti-Doping agency later assisted WADA with testing in Russia . In June 2016 , they reported that they were unable to fully carry out their work and noted intimidation by armed Federal Security Service ( FSB ) agents . After a Russian former lab director made allegations about the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi , WADA commissioned an independent investigation led by Richard McLaren . McLaren 's investigation found corroborating evidence , concluding in a report published in July 2016 that the Ministry of Sport and the FSB had operated a `` state - directed failsafe system '' using a `` disappearing positive ( test ) methodology '' ( DPM ) from `` at least late 2011 to August 2015 '' . In response to these findings , WADA announced that RUSADA should be regarded as non-compliant with respect to the World Anti-Doping Code and recommended that Russia be banned from competing at the 2016 Summer Olympics . The International Olympic Commission ( IOC ) rejected the recommendation , stating that the IOC and each sport 's international federation would make decisions on each athlete 's individual basis . One day prior to the opening ceremony , 270 athletes were cleared to compete under the Russian flag , while 167 were removed because of doping . In contrast , the entire Kuwaiti team was banned from competing under their own flag ( for a non-doping related matter ) . The IOC 's decision on 24 July 2016 was criticised by athletes and writers . It received support from the European Olympic Committees , which said that Russia is `` a valued member '' . Cam Cole of Canada 's National Post said that the IOC had `` caved , as it always does , defaulting to whatever compromise it could safely adopt without offending a superpower . '' Expressing disappointment , a member of the IOC Athletes ' Commission , Hayley Wickenheiser , wrote , `` I ask myself if we were not dealing with Russia would this decision to ban a nation ( have ) been an easier one ? I fear the answer is yes . '' Writing for Deutsche Welle in Germany , Olivia Gerstenberger said that Bach had `` flunked '' his first serious test , adding , `` With this decision , the credibility of the organization is shattered once more , while that of state - sponsored doping actually receives a minor boost . '' Bild ( Germany ) described Bach as `` Putin 's poodle '' . Paul Hayward , chief sports writer of The Daily Telegraph ( UK ) , remarked , `` The white flag of capitulation flies over the International Olympic Committee . Russia 's deep political reach should have told us this would happen . Leaders of thirteen national anti-doping organisations wrote that the IOC had `` violated the athletes ' fundamental rights to participate in Games that meet the stringent requirements of the World Anti-Doping Code '' and `` ( demonstrated that ) it lacks the independence required to keep commercial and political interests from influencing the tough decisions necessary to protect clean sport . '' WADA 's former chief investigation , Jack Robertson , said `` The anti-doping code is now just suggestions to follow or not '' and that `` WADA handed the IOC that excuse ( not enough time before the Olympics ) by sitting on the allegations for close to a year . '' McLaren was dissatisfied with the IOC 's handling of his report , saying `` It was about state - sponsored doping and the mis - recording of doping results and they turned the focus into individual athletes and whether they should compete . ( ... ) it was a complete turning upside down of what was in the report and passing over responsibility to all the different international federations . '' In contrast to the IOC , the International Paralympic Committee voted unanimously to ban the entire Russian team from the 2016 Summer Paralympics , having found evidence that the DPM was also in operation at the 2014 Winter Paralympics . On 5 December 2017 , the IOC announced that Russia is banned with immediate effect . Russian athletes will be allowed to participate at the Olympics as neutrals . See also ( edit ) Association of International Olympic Winter Sports Federations ( AIOWF ) Association of IOC Recognised International Sports Federations ( ARISF ) Association of Summer Olympic International Federations ( ASOIF ) Deaflympics International Academy of Sport Science and Technology ( AISTS ) International Committee of Sports for the Deaf ( ICSD ) International Paralympic Committee SportAccord FICTS ( Fédération Internationale Cinéma Télévision Sportifs ) ( Organisation recognised by the IOC ) References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : http://www.olympic.org/Documents/Reference_documents_Factsheets/IOC_Members.pdf Jump up ^ `` IOC Members List '' . Retrieved 15 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cooperation With The UN '' . 21 June 2016 . Retrieved 14 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 2 : Mission and Role of the IOC '' ( PDF ) . Olympic Charter . IOC. 8 July 2011 . pp. 14 -- 15 . Retrieved 29 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kip Keino to receive Olympic Laurel distinction '' ( Press release ) . Lausanne : International Olympic Committee . 4 August 2016 . Retrieved 8 August 2016 . KIP KEINO ( KEN ) IS THE FIRST EVER RECIPIENT OF THE OLYMPIC LAUREL , A DISTINCTION CREATED BY THE INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEE ( IOC ) TO HONOUR AN OUTSTANDING INDIVIDUAL FOR THEIR ACHIEVEMENTS IN EDUCATION , CULTURE , DEVELOPMENT AND PEACE THROUGH SPORT . Jump up ^ Source : Olympic Charter , in force as from 1 September 2004 . Jump up ^ `` International federations '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 4 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ASOIF -- Members '' . asoif.com . Retrieved 8 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AIOWF - Members '' . olympic.org . Archived from the original on 29 June 2012 . Retrieved 4 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Who We Are - ARISF ( Association of IOC Recognized Sports Federation ) '' . ARISF. 2015 . Retrieved 8 August 2016 . Jump up ^ International Softball Federation Jump up ^ `` Issues of the Olympic Games '' . Olympic Primer . LA84 Foundation of Los Angeles . Archived from the original on 25 April 2009 . Retrieved 30 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Buchanon & Mallon 2006 , p. ci . ^ Jump up to : Cooper - Chen 2005 , p. 231 . ^ Jump up to : `` IOC Marketing Supremo : Smile , Beijing '' . china.org.cn. 6 August 2008 . Retrieved 23 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` How the IOC took on Nike in Atlanta '' . Sports Business Journal Daily . Sports Business Journal . 11 July 2005 . Retrieved 23 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` London Bid ' Has Improved ' '' . Sporting Life . Archived from the original on 15 May 2011 . Retrieved 23 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Boost for London 's Olympic Bid '' . RTÉ Sport. 14 February 2005 . Archived from the original on 21 September 2005 . Retrieved 23 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Struan ( 22 October 2008 ) . `` Payne -- London 2012 to tap fountain of youth '' . Sportbusiness.com . Retrieved 23 February 2011 . Jump up ^ IOC : Revenue Sources and Distribution Jump up ^ Jin Y , Zhang JJ , Ma X , Connaughton DP. ( 2011 ) . Residents ' Perceptions of Environmental Impacts of the 2008 Beijing Green Olympic Games . European Sport Management Quarterly , 11 : 3 , 275 - 300 . ) ) Jump up ^ Jagemann H. ( 2003 ) . Sport and the Environment : Ways toward Achieving the Sustainable Development of Sport . Retrieved October 23 , 2016 from : http://thesportjournal.org/article/sports-and-the-environment-ways-towards-achieving-the-sustainable-development-of-sport/ Jump up ^ Beyer S. ( 2006 ) . The green Olympic Movement : Beijing 2008 . Chinese Journal of International Law , 5 : 2 , 423 - 440 . Jump up ^ IOC. ( 2009 ) . Host City Contract . Retrieved October 23 , 2016 from : http://www.gamesmonitor.org.uk/files/Host%20City%20Contract.pdf Jump up ^ Chen Y , Jin GZ , Kumar N , Shi G. ( 2012 ) . The Promise of Beijing : Evaluating the Impact of the 2008 Olympic Games on Air Quality . Journal of Environmental Economics and Management , 66 , 424 - 433 . Jump up ^ The PyeongChang Organizing Committee for the 2018 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games . Creating a New Horizon for Sustainable 2018 PyeongChang Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games : Furthering Benefits to Human and Nature . Retrieved October 23 , 2016 from : `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 October 2016 . Retrieved 26 October 2016 . Jump up ^ The Tokyo Organizing Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games . Tokyo 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games High - level Sustainability Plan . Retrieved October 23 , 2016 from : https://tokyo2020.jp/en/games/sustainability/data/sus-plan-EN.pdf Jump up ^ https://www.olympic.org/sustainability-and-legacy-commission Jump up ^ http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R44575.pdf ^ Jump up to : Qiao Q , Zhang C , Huang B , Piper JDA. ( 2011 ) . Evaluating the environmental quality impact of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games : magnetic monitoring of street dust in Beijing Olympic Park . Geophysical Journal International , Vol. 187 ; 1222 . Jump up ^ Chena DS , Chenga SY , Liub L , Chenc T , Guoa XR. ( 2007 ) . An integrated MM5 -- CMAQ modeling approach for assessing transboundary PM10 contribution to the host city of 2008 Olympic summer games -- Beijing , China . Atmospheric environment . Vol. 41 ; 1237 - 1250 . Jump up ^ Wang X et . al. ( 2009 ) . Evaluating the air quality impacts of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games : On - road emission factors and black carbon profiles . Atmospheric environment . Vol. 43 ; 4535 - 4543 . Jump up ^ Wang T et . al. ( 2010 ) . Air quality during the 2008 Beijing Olympics : secondary pollutants and regional impact . Atmos . Chem. Phys . Vol. 10 ; 7603 -- 7615 . Jump up ^ `` Soil Heavy Metals Patterns in the Torino Olympic Winter Games Venue ( E.U. ) '' . Soil and Sediment Contamination. 17 ( 3 ) : 205 -- 220 . doi : 10.1080 / 15320380802006905 . Jump up ^ Sadd D. ( 2012 ) . Not all Olympic ' events ' are good for the health just ask the previous occupants of the Manor Road . Allotments Perspectives in Public Health . Vol. 132 ; 2 , 62 - 63. ( SIC ) Jump up ^ Suh J-Y , Birch G.F. , Hughes K. , Matthai C. ( 2004 ) Spatial distribution and source of heavy metals in reclaimed lands of Homebush Bay : the venue of the 2000 Olympic Games , Sydney , New South Wales . Australian Journal of Earth Sciences . Vol. 51 : 53 - 66 . Jump up ^ Qiao , 1223 . Jump up ^ Ouyang W et . al . The washing effect of precipitation on particulate matter and the pollution dynamics of rainwater in downtown Beijing . Science of the Total Environment . Vol. 505 ; 306 - 314 . 1 Feb. 2015 . Jump up ^ Ouyang W. 313 . ^ Jump up to : Eassom , Simon ( 1994 ) . Critical Reflections on Olympic Ideology . Ontario : The Centre for Olympic Studies . pp. 120 -- 123 . ISBN 0 - 7714 - 1697 - 0 . Jump up ^ Benjamin , Daniel ( 1992 - 07 - 27 ) . `` Traditions Pro Vs. Amateur '' . Time . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ Schantz , Otto . `` The Olympic Ideal and the Winter Games Attitudes Towards the Olympic Winter Games in Olympic Discourses -- from Coubertin to Samaranch '' ( PDF ) . Comité International Pierre De Coubertin . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 5 , 2013 . Retrieved September 13 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Podnieks & Szemberg 2008 , Story # 17 -- Protesting amateur rules , Canada leaves international hockey . Jump up ^ Podnieks & Szemberg 2008 , Story # 40 -- Finally , Canada to host the World Championship . Jump up ^ `` Summit Series ' 72 Summary '' . Hockey Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on 2008 - 08 - 07 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Amateurism '' . USA Today . 12 July 1999 . Retrieved 9 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Colorado only state ever to turn down Olympics '' . Denver.rockymountainnews.com . Archived from the original on 1 June 2009 . Retrieved 23 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Games that got away -- 2002 Winter Olympics coverage '' . Deseretnews.com . Archived from the original on 1 September 2010 . Retrieved 23 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Samaranch reflects on bid scandal with regret '' . 2002 Winter Olympics coverage . Deseret News Archives . 19 May 2001 . Archived from the original on 26 February 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Mainichi Daily News ends its partnership with MSN , takes on new Web address '' . Mdn.mainichi-msn.co.jp . Retrieved 8 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Jordan , Mary ; Sullivan , Kevin ( 21 January 1999 ) , `` Nagano Burned Documents Tracing ' 98 Olympics Bid '' , Washington Post , pp. A1 , retrieved 20 August 2016 Jump up ^ Macintyre , Donald ( 1 February 1999 ) . `` Japan 's Sullied Bid '' . Time Magazine . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Bodeen , Christopher ( 25 February 2001 ) . `` Beijing opens itself up to Olympic inspectors '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on 15 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Olympic Charter , in force as from 1 September 2004 '' , International Olympic Committee Archived 27 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` People 's Republic of China : The Olympics countdown -- failing to keep human rights promises '' Amnesty International , 21 September 2006 Archived 18 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ IOC backs off DMCA take - down for Tibet protest `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 18 August 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` The Public Eye Awards Nominations 2010 '' . Public Eye . Archived from the original on 28 September 2010 . Retrieved 17 February 2010 . Jump up ^ James Montague ( 5 September 2012 ) . `` The Munich massacre : A survivor 's story '' . CNN . Retrieved 25 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wrestling dropped from 2020 Games '' . Espn.go.com. 2013 - 02 - 14 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Wrestling reinstated for Tokyo 2020 Olympics News '' . ESPN.co.uk. 2013 - 09 - 08 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Beijing Winter Olympics 2022 's Environmental Impact Includes Nature Reserve Damage , Critics Say '' . ibtimes.com. 2015 - 08 - 13 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Update on the status of Russia testing '' ( PDF ) . WADA . June 2016 . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` McLaren Independent Investigations Report into Sochi Allegations '' . WADA . July 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WADA Statement : Independent Investigation confirms Russian State manipulation of the doping control process '' . WADA . July 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Decision of the IOC Executive Board concerning the participation of Russian athletes in the Olympic Games Rio 2016 '' . IOC. 24 July 2016 . Retrieved 24 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` IOC sets up 3 - person panel to rule on Russian entries '' . San Diego Tribune . Archived from the original on 2016 - 07 - 31 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Rio 2016 : 270 Russians cleared to compete at Olympic Games '' . BBC . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Pound confident Russian athletes will be found guilty of Sochi 2014 doping despite IOC inaction '' . insidethegames.biz . June 5 , 2017 . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Doping pressure mounts on IOC at German parliament '' . dw.com. April 27 , 2017 . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rio Olympics 2016 : Wada criticises IOC for failing to ban Russian team '' . bbc.com . July 25 , 2016 . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` British Olympians slam ' spineless IOC ' over Russia '' . sports.yahoo.com . July 25 , 2016 . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Olympics : No blanket ban for Russia -- who 's saying what '' . pri.org . July 24 , 2016 . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Canadian athletes critical of IOC decision '' . thespec.com . July 24 , 2016 . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Greg Rutherford calls IOC decision over Russia team for Rio ' spineless ' '' . theguardian.com . July 24 , 2016 . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Russia Decision Muddies Legacy of I.O.C. President Thomas Bach '' . nytimes.com . July 25 , 2016 . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` International Olympic Committee 's dereliction of duty over Russia weakens bond between spectator and spectacle '' . telegraph.co.uk . July 25 , 2016 . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IOC chooses obfuscation and chaos on Russia competing at Olympics '' . theguardian.com . July 24 , 2016 . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Armour : IOC 's decision on Russia a copout '' . usatoday.com . July 24 , 2016 . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` IOC abdicates its responsibility in Russian doping case on the wings of money and mythology '' . http://nationalpost.com . July 24 , 2016 . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Spineless IOC Surrenders Olympic Integrity to Russia Forever '' . thedailybeast.com . July 24 , 2016 . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Opinion : A non-decision from the IOC '' . dw.com. 24 July 2016 . Archived from the original on 25 July 2016 . Retrieved 11 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Russian doping scandal : ' When it mattered most , the IOC failed to lead ' '' . theguardian.com . July 31 , 2016 . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` On Eve of Olympics , Top Investigator Details Secret Efforts to Undermine Russian Doping Probe '' . propublica.org . August 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sport faces ' crisis point ' after Russian doping scandal , says investigator '' . news.sky.com . September 2016 . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Are Russian authorities ready to cooperate in drug scandal investigation ? '' . espn.com . March 15 , 2017 . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The IPC suspends the Russian Paralympic Committee with immediate effect '' . espn.com . March 15 , 2017 . Retrieved August 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` IOC suspends Russian NOC and creates a path for clean individual athletes to compete in Pyeongchang 2018 under the Olympic Flag '' ( Press release ) . International Olympic Committee . 5 December 2017 . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Chappelet , Jean - Loup ; Brenda Kübler - Mabbott ( 2008 ) . International Olympic Committee and the Olympic system : the governance of world sport . New York : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 43167 - 5 . Lenskyj , Helen Jefferson ( 2000 ) . Inside the Olympic Industry : Power , Politics and Activism . New York : SUNY . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to International Olympic Committee . Official website Overview of IOC - elections of hosting cities International Olympic Committee ANOCs IFs NOCs OCOGs Charter Congresses Cup Meetings Members Order Presidents Sports Symbols Association of National Olympic Committees African Games Asian Games European Games Pan American Games Pacific Games Africa ANOCA -- Association of National Olympic Committees of Africa Americas PASO -- Pan American Sports Organization Asia OCA -- Olympic Council of Asia Europe EOC -- European Olympic Committees Oceania ONOC -- Oceania National Olympic Committees International sports federations ASOIF ( 28 ) Summer Olympics Federations FINA ( aquatic sports ) WA ( archery ) IAAF ( athletics ) BWF ( badminton ) FIBA ( basketball ) AIBA ( boxing ) ICF ( canoeing ) UCI ( cycling ) FEI ( equestrianism ) FIE ( fencing ) FIH ( field hockey ) FIFA ( football / soccer ) IGF ( golf ) FIG ( gymnastics ) IHF ( handball ) IJF ( judo ) UIPM ( modern pentathlon ) FISA ( rowing ) WR ( rugby ) WS ( sailing ) ISSF ( shooting ) ITTF ( table tennis ) WT ( taekwondo ) ITF ( tennis ) ITU ( triathlon ) FIVB ( volleyball ) IWF ( weightlifting ) UWW ( wrestling ) AIOWF ( 7 ) Winter Olympics Federations IBU ( biathlon ) IBSF ( bobsleigh and skeleton ) WCF ( curling ) IIHF ( ice hockey ) FIL ( luge ) ISU ( skating sports ) FIS ( skiing sports ) ARISF ( 37 ) Others recognised by IOC FAI ( air sports ) IFAF ( american football ) FIA ( auto racing ) FIB ( bandy ) WBSC ( baseball and softball ) FIPV ( basque pelota ) WCBS ( billiard sports ) CMSB ( boules ) WB ( bowling ) WBF ( bridge ) ICU ( cheer ) FIDE ( chess ) ICC ( cricket ) WDSF ( dance sport ) IFF ( floorball ) WFDF ( flying disc ) WKF ( karate ) IKF ( korfball ) ILSF ( life saving ) FIM ( motorcycle sport ) UIAA ( mountaineering ) IFMA ( muay Thai ) INF ( netball ) IOF ( orienteering ) FIP ( polo ) UIM ( powerboating ) IRF ( racquetball ) FIRS ( roller sports ) ISMF ( ski mountaineering ) IFSC ( sports climbing ) WSF ( squash ) IFS ( sumo ) ISA ( surfing ) TWIF ( tug - of - war ) CMAS ( underwater sports ) IWWF ( waterski and wakeboard ) IWUF ( wushu ) Others in GAISF ( 21 ) IAF ( aikido ) IFBB ( body building ) ICSF ( casting ) WDF ( darts ) IDBF ( dragon boat ) FMJD ( draughts ) IFA ( fistball ) IGF ( go ) IFI ( ice stock sport ) JJIF ( ju - jitsu ) FIK ( kendo ) WAKO ( kickboxing ) FIL ( lacrosse ) WMF ( minigolf ) IPF ( powerlifting ) FIAS ( sambo ) FISav ( savate ) ISTAF ( sepaktakraw ) ISFF ( sleddog ) ISTF ( soft tennis ) CIPS ( sport fishing ) GAISF observer members ( 7 ) WAF ( arm wrestling ) WDA ( dodgeball ) FIFG ( footgolf ) IUKL ( kettlebell lifting ) IFP ( poker ) IPSF ( pole dance ) ITSF ( table football / soccer ) Others ( 22 ) ARI ( australian rules football ) IBA ( bodyboarding ) PBA ( bowls ) IFBA ( broomball ) WCF ( croquet ) IGAA ( gaelic football and hurling ) IKF ( kabaddi ) IMMAF ( mixed martial arts ) WMRA ( mountain running ) IPF ( padel ) IPSC ( practical shooting ) IQA ( quidditch ) IFMAR ( radio - controlled racing ) IRF ( rogaining ) RLIF ( rugby league ) WSSF ( snowshoe running ) ISF ( skyrunning ) WSSA ( sport stacking ) ITPF ( tent pegging ) FIT ( touch football ) ITRA ( trail running ) IAU ( ultra running ) International Olympic Committee International World Games Association Global Association of International Sports Federations Olympic Games Ceremonies Charter Participating nations Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Host cities Bids Venues IOC NOCs Country codes Medal Medal tables Medalists Ties Diploma Scandals and controversies Colonialism Doping Sports Symbols Torch relays Pierre de Coubertin medal Women Deaths WWI Olympic video games Summer Games 1896 Athens 1900 Paris 1904 St. Louis 1908 London 1912 Stockholm 1916 Berlin 1920 Antwerp 1924 Paris 1928 Amsterdam 1932 Los Angeles 1936 Berlin 1940 Tokyo 1944 London 1948 London 1952 Helsinki 1956 Melbourne 1960 Rome 1964 Tokyo 1968 Mexico City 1972 Munich 1976 Montreal 1980 Moscow 1984 Los Angeles 1988 Seoul 1992 Barcelona 1996 Atlanta 2000 Sydney 2004 Athens 2008 Beijing 2012 London 2016 Rio de Janeiro 2020 Tokyo 2024 Paris 2028 Los Angeles 2032 TBD Winter Games 1924 Chamonix 1928 St. Moritz 1932 Lake Placid 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 Sapporo 1944 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1948 St. Moritz 1952 Oslo 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 Squaw Valley 1964 Innsbruck 1968 Grenoble 1972 Sapporo 1976 Innsbruck 1980 Lake Placid 1984 Sarajevo 1988 Calgary 1992 Albertville 1994 Lillehammer 1998 Nagano 2002 Salt Lake City 2006 Turin 2010 Vancouver 2014 Sochi 2018 Pyeongchang 2022 Beijing 2026 TBD 2030 TBD Ancient Olympic Games Intercalated Games 1906 Paralympic Games Youth Olympic Games VIAF : 158842742 LCCN : n80125398 ISNI : 0000 0004 0626 1762 GND : 210056 - 3 SUDOC : 026586827 BNF : cb11880594w ( data ) HDS : 16345 NDL : 001131460 Olympics portal Sports portal Switzerland portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Olympic_Committee&oldid=819127810 '' Categories : International Olympic Committee 1894 establishments in Switzerland International sports bodies based in Switzerland Sports organisations established in 1894 United Nations General Assembly observers International sports federations Olympic organisations Supraorganizations Organisations based in Lausanne Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links CS1 errors : external links Articles with weasel words from March 2013 Articles needing additional references from September 2013 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles in need of updating from September 2016 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles with multiple maintenance issues Use dmy dates from September 2013 Coordinates not on Wikidata All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from October 2017 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Arpetan Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Bikol Central Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Napulitano Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 January 2018 , at 16 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Olympic%20Committee
| 2,080 |
||
who won the gold medal in the olympic men's curling
|
Games Gold Silver Bronze 1924 Chamonix details Great Britain ( GBR ) William Jackson Robin Welsh Thomas Murray Laurence Jackson D.G. Astley Sweden ( SWE ) Johan Petter Åhlén Carl August Kronlund Ture Ödlund Carl Wilhelm Petersén Carl Axel Pettersson Erik Severin Karl Wahlberg Victor Wetterström France ( FRA ) Henri Cournollet Georges André Armand Bénédic Pierre Canivet Robert Planque Henri Aldebert 1928 -- 1994 not included in the Olympic programme 1998 Nagano details Switzerland ( SUI ) Patrick Hürlimann Patrik Lörtscher Daniel Müller Diego Perren Dominic Andres Canada ( CAN ) Mike Harris Richard Hart Collin Mitchell George Karrys Paul Savage Norway ( NOR ) Eigil Ramsfjell Jan Thoresen Stig - Arne Gunnestad Tore Torvbråten Anthon Grimsmo 2002 Salt Lake City details Norway ( NOR ) Pål Trulsen Lars Vågberg Flemming Davanger Bent Ånund Ramsfjell Torger Nergård Canada ( CAN ) Kevin Martin Don Walchuk Carter Rycroft Don Bartlett Ken Tralnberg Switzerland ( SUI ) Andreas Schwaller Christof Schwaller Markus Eggler Damian Grichting Marco Ramstein 2006 Turin details Canada ( CAN ) Brad Gushue Mark Nichols Russ Howard Jamie Korab Mike Adam Finland ( FIN ) Markku Uusipaavalniemi Wille Mäkelä Kalle Kiiskinen Teemu Salo Jani Sullanmaa United States ( USA ) Pete Fenson Shawn Rojeski Joseph Polo John Shuster Scott Baird 2010 Vancouver details Canada ( CAN ) Kevin Martin John Morris Marc Kennedy Ben Hebert Adam Enright Norway ( NOR ) Thomas Ulsrud Torger Nergård Christoffer Svae Håvard Vad Petersson Thomas Løvold Switzerland ( SUI ) Ralph Stöckli Jan Hauser Markus Eggler Simon Strübin Toni Müller 2014 Sochi details Canada ( CAN ) Brad Jacobs Ryan Fry E.J. Harnden Ryan Harnden Caleb Flaxey Great Britain ( GBR ) David Murdoch Greg Drummond Scott Andrews Michael Goodfellow Tom Brewster Sweden ( SWE ) Niklas Edin Sebastian Kraupp Fredrik Lindberg Viktor Kjäll Oskar Eriksson 2018 Pyeongchang details United States ( USA ) John Shuster Tyler George Matt Hamilton John Landsteiner Joe Polo Sweden ( SWE ) Niklas Edin Oskar Eriksson Rasmus Wranå Christoffer Sundgren Henrik Leek Switzerland ( SUI ) Benoît Schwarz Claudio Pätz Peter de Cruz Valentin Tanner Dominik Märki
|
United States (
|
List of Olympic medalists in curling
|
list of olympic medalists in curling
|
Curling is a team sport that is contested at the Winter Olympic Games . A men 's tournament was held at the 1924 Winter Olympics before the sport was removed from the official programme until the 1998 Games . For 82 years , the 1924 tournament was considered a demonstration sport , so the medals were not officially counted by the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) . The tournament was won by a team from the Royal Caledonian Curling Club in Scotland , who represented Great Britain . In 2006 , Scottish newspaper The Herald conducted an investigation that found evidence that curling had been part of the official programme . The IOC subsequently recognized the top three teams as full medal winners .
|
Although not part of the official programme , curling was contested as a demonstration sport in 1932 , 1988 and 1992 . Curling was re-added as a demonstration event in 1988 because the Olympics were being held in Calgary , Alberta , Canada , where the sport has a strong following . In November 1992 , the Nagano Winter Olympic Organizing Committee and IOC Coordination Committee reached an agreement to include curling in the official programme of the 1998 Games in Nagano , Japan . Both the men 's and women 's tournaments have been held at every Winter Olympics since . In total , 132 athletes have won a medal in curling , and 11 have won two . In 2010 , Anette Norberg , Eva Lund , Cathrine Lindahl and Anna Le Moine of Sweden won the gold medal in the women 's tournament , becoming the first curlers to win consecutive gold medals . Kaitlyn Lawes , John Morris ( two gold ) , and Kevin Martin of Canada ( one gold , one silver ) , Torger Nergård of Norway ( one gold , one silver ) , John Shuster and Joe Polo of the United States ( one gold , one bronze ) , and Mirjam Ott of Switzerland ( two silver ) have also won two medals . Norberg also won a silver in 1988 when curling was a demonstration sport . According to the IOC , Carl August Kronlund of Sweden was the oldest Winter Olympics medallist , winning silver in 1924 at the age of 59 . Robin Welsh of Great Britain was the oldest Winter Olympics gold medallist , winning in 1924 when he was 54 . Teams from Canada have been successful in the sport since its return to the programme , winning two medals at each Olympics for a total of five gold , three silver and two bronze . Switzerland is the only other nation to win at least one medal at every Olympics since 1998 with one gold , two silver and one bronze . Teams from Norway , Sweden , Great Britain , and the United States have also won gold medals in the sport . A total of 27 medals ( nine of each color ) have been awarded since 1924 and have been won by teams from ten National Olympic Committees ( NOC ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Medalists 1.1 Men 1.2 Women 1.3 Mixed doubles 1.4 Notes 2 Athlete medal leaders 3 See also 4 References 4.1 Specific 4.2 General 5 External links Medalists ( edit ) Men ( edit ) Games Gold Silver Bronze 1924 Chamonix details Great Britain ( GBR ) William Jackson Robin Welsh Thomas Murray Laurence Jackson D.G. Astley Sweden ( SWE ) Johan Petter Åhlén Carl August Kronlund Ture Ödlund Carl Wilhelm Petersén Carl Axel Pettersson Erik Severin Karl Wahlberg Victor Wetterström France ( FRA ) Henri Cournollet Georges André Armand Bénédic Pierre Canivet Robert Planque Henri Aldebert 1928 -- 1994 not included in the Olympic programme 1998 Nagano details Switzerland ( SUI ) Patrick Hürlimann Patrik Lörtscher Daniel Müller Diego Perren Dominic Andres Canada ( CAN ) Mike Harris Richard Hart Collin Mitchell George Karrys Paul Savage Norway ( NOR ) Eigil Ramsfjell Jan Thoresen Stig - Arne Gunnestad Tore Torvbråten Anthon Grimsmo 2002 Salt Lake City details Norway ( NOR ) Pål Trulsen Lars Vågberg Flemming Davanger Bent Ånund Ramsfjell Torger Nergård Canada ( CAN ) Kevin Martin Don Walchuk Carter Rycroft Don Bartlett Ken Tralnberg Switzerland ( SUI ) Andreas Schwaller Christof Schwaller Markus Eggler Damian Grichting Marco Ramstein 2006 Turin details Canada ( CAN ) Brad Gushue Mark Nichols Russ Howard Jamie Korab Mike Adam Finland ( FIN ) Markku Uusipaavalniemi Wille Mäkelä Kalle Kiiskinen Teemu Salo Jani Sullanmaa United States ( USA ) Pete Fenson Shawn Rojeski Joseph Polo John Shuster Scott Baird 2010 Vancouver details Canada ( CAN ) Kevin Martin John Morris Marc Kennedy Ben Hebert Adam Enright Norway ( NOR ) Thomas Ulsrud Torger Nergård Christoffer Svae Håvard Vad Petersson Thomas Løvold Switzerland ( SUI ) Ralph Stöckli Jan Hauser Markus Eggler Simon Strübin Toni Müller 2014 Sochi details Canada ( CAN ) Brad Jacobs Ryan Fry E.J. Harnden Ryan Harnden Caleb Flaxey Great Britain ( GBR ) David Murdoch Greg Drummond Scott Andrews Michael Goodfellow Tom Brewster Sweden ( SWE ) Niklas Edin Sebastian Kraupp Fredrik Lindberg Viktor Kjäll Oskar Eriksson 2018 Pyeongchang details United States ( USA ) John Shuster Tyler George Matt Hamilton John Landsteiner Joe Polo Sweden ( SWE ) Niklas Edin Oskar Eriksson Rasmus Wranå Christoffer Sundgren Henrik Leek Switzerland ( SUI ) Benoît Schwarz Claudio Pätz Peter de Cruz Valentin Tanner Dominik Märki Women ( edit ) Games Gold Silver Bronze 1998 Nagano details Canada ( CAN ) Sandra Schmirler Jan Betker Joan McCusker Marcia Gudereit Atina Ford Denmark ( DEN ) Helena Blach Lavrsen Margit Pörtner Dorthe Holm Trine Qvist Jane Bidstrup Sweden ( SWE ) Elisabet Gustafson Katarina Nyberg Louise Marmont Elisabeth Persson Margaretha Lindahl 2002 Salt Lake City details Great Britain ( GBR ) Rhona Martin Deborah Knox Fiona MacDonald Janice Rankin Margaret Morton Switzerland ( SUI ) Luzia Ebnöther Mirjam Ott Tanya Frei Laurence Bidaud Nadia Röthlisberger Canada ( CAN ) Kelley Law Julie Skinner Georgina Wheatcroft Diane Nelson Cheryl Noble 2006 Turin details Sweden ( SWE ) Anette Norberg Eva Lund Cathrine Lindahl Anna Svärd Ulrika Bergman Switzerland ( SUI ) Mirjam Ott Binia Beeli Valeria Spälty Michèle Moser Manuela Kormann Canada ( CAN ) Shannon Kleibrink Amy Nixon Glenys Bakker Christine Keshen Sandra Jenkins 2010 Vancouver details Sweden ( SWE ) Anette Norberg Eva Lund Cathrine Lindahl Anna Le Moine Kajsa Bergström Canada ( CAN ) Cheryl Bernard Susan O'Connor Carolyn Darbyshire Cori Bartel Kristie Moore China ( CHN ) Wang Bingyu Liu Yin Yue Qingshuang Zhou Yan Liu Jinli 2014 Sochi details Canada ( CAN ) Jennifer Jones Kaitlyn Lawes Jill Officer Dawn McEwen Kirsten Wall Sweden ( SWE ) Margaretha Sigfridsson Maria Prytz Christina Bertrup Maria Wennerström Agnes Knochenhauer Great Britain ( GBR ) Eve Muirhead Anna Sloan Vicki Adams Claire Hamilton Lauren Gray 2018 Pyeongchang details Sweden ( SWE ) Anna Hasselborg Sara McManus Agnes Knochenhauer Sofia Mabergs Jennie Wåhlin South Korea ( KOR ) Kim Eun - jung Kim Kyeong - ae Kim Seon - yeong Kim Yeong - mi Kim Cho - hi Japan ( JPN ) Satsuki Fujisawa Chinami Yoshida Yumi Suzuki Yurika Yoshida Mari Motohashi Mixed doubles ( edit ) Games Gold Silver Bronze 2018 Pyeongchang details Canada ( CAN ) Kaitlyn Lawes John Morris Switzerland ( SUI ) Jenny Perret Martin Rios Norway ( NOR ) Kristin Skaslien Magnus Nedregotten Notes ( edit ) ^ The members of the 1924 British team vary depending on the source . William Jackson , Robin Welsh , Thomas Murray and Laurence Jackson are listed as the medallists by the British Olympic Association and International Society of Olympic Historians . The Herald reports that those four are the only British curlers that played , and they received gold medals and certificates . However , the IOC database omits Laurence Jackson and includes T. Aikman , D.G. Astley , W. Brown , R. Cousin and J. McLeod . According to The Herald , the IOC believes that those five also received medals . The World Curling Federation 's list agrees with the BOA , but also lists John T. Robertson Aikman ( incorrectly ) as an alternate . Athlete medal leaders ( edit ) Athlete Nation Olympics Gold Silver Bronze Total Morris , John John Morris Canada ( CAN ) 2010 , 2018 0 0 Norberg , Anette Anette Norberg Sweden ( SWE ) 2006 , 2010 0 0 Lawes , Kaitlyn Kaitlyn Lawes Canada ( CAN ) 2014 , 2018 0 0 Lund , Eva Eva Lund Sweden ( SWE ) 2006 , 2010 0 0 Lindahl , Cathrine Cathrine Lindahl Sweden ( SWE ) 2006 , 2010 0 0 Le Moine , Anna Anna Le Moine Sweden ( SWE ) 2006 , 2010 0 0 Knochenhauer , Agnes Agnes Knochenhauer Sweden ( SWE ) 2014 , 2018 0 Martin , Kevin Kevin Martin Canada ( CAN ) 2002 , 2010 0 Nergård , Torger Torger Nergård Norway ( NOR ) 2002 , 2010 0 Shuster , John John Shuster United States ( USA ) 2006 , 2018 0 Polo , Joe Joe Polo United States ( USA ) 2006 , 2018 0 Ott , Mirjam Mirjam Ott Switzerland ( SUI ) 2002 , 2006 0 0 Edin , Niklas Niklas Edin Sweden ( SWE ) 2014 , 2018 0 Eriksson , Oskar Oskar Eriksson Sweden ( SWE ) 2014 , 2018 0 See also ( edit ) List of Paralympic medalists in wheelchair curling List of men 's World Curling champions List of women 's World Curling champions References ( edit ) Specific ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Curling equipment and history '' . International Olympic Committee . Archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 26 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Anna ( 2006 - 02 - 09 ) . `` GB curlers awarded belated gold '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Gillon , Doug ( 2006 - 01 - 23 ) . `` The Herald sweeps Britain to curling gold medal '' . The Herald . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Brits win curling gold 82 years late '' . ABC News . 2006 - 02 - 10 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Britain taste 82 - year - old gold '' . Australian Olympic Committee . 2006 - 02 - 10 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Curling History '' . CBC Sports . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 11 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` An Agreement By Nagano Games '' . The New York Times . 1992 - 11 - 29 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ Hoogkamp , Paul ( 2010 - 02 - 26 ) . `` Gold medal thriller goes to Sweden '' . CTV Olympics . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ Campigotto , Jesse ( 2010 - 02 - 15 ) . `` Bernard not the favourite in women 's curling '' . CBC Sports . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Factsheet : Records and medals at the Olympic Winter Games '' ( PDF ) . International Olympic Committee . February 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Team GB medalists -- Chamonix 1924 '' . British Olympic Association . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Great Britain Curling at the 1924 Chamonix Winter Games '' . Olympics at Sports-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` 1924 curling medallists '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Results & statistics -- I. Olympic Winter Games 1924 '' . World Curling Federation . Archived from the original on 2011 - 08 - 26 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 03 . General ( edit ) `` Search all Olympic medalists '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 10 . `` Results & statistics -- Championships '' . World Curling Federation . Archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 02 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 03 . External links ( edit ) Curling -- Olympics at Sports-reference.com Olympic Review and Revue Olympique . LA84 Foundation Curling at the Winter Olympics Summary by year 1924 1928 1932 ( demonstration ) 1936 -- 1984 1988 ( demonstration ) 1992 ( demonstration ) 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Men 's events 1924 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Women 's events 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Mixed doubles 2018 List of medalists List of venues Lists of Olympic medalists Summer sports Archery Athletics men women Badminton Basketball Boxing Canoeing men women Cycling men women Diving Equestrian Fencing men women Field hockey Football Golf Gymnastics men women Handball men women Judo Modern pentathlon Rowing men women Rugby Sailing by discipline by class Shooting Swimming men women Synchronized swimming Table tennis Taekwondo Tennis Triathlon Volleyball Water polo Weightlifting Wrestling freestyle Greco - Roman Winter sports Alpine skiing Biathlon Bobsleigh Cross-country skiing Curling Figure skating Freestyle skiing Ice hockey Luge Nordic combined Short track speed skating Skeleton Ski jumping Snowboarding Speed skating Discontinued sports Baseball Basque pelota Cricket Croquet Jeu de paume Lacrosse Polo Rackets Roque Softball Tug of war Water motorsports Unofficial sports Art competitions Olympic sports Olympic medal All - time Olympic Games medal table Olympic champions in men 's curling Demonstration events 1932 : Burns , Bowman , Pow , Willis ( CAN ) 1988 : Ramsfjell , Loen , Søgård , Bakke , Meland ( NOR ) 1992 : U. Dick , J. Dick , Hürlimann , Kläy , Däppen ( SUI ) Official events 1924 : W. Jackson , Welsh , Murray , L. Jackson , Astley ( GBR ) 1998 : Hürlimann , Lörtscher , Müller , Perren , Andres ( SUI ) 2002 : Trulsen , Vågberg , Davanger , Ramsfjell , Nergård ( NOR ) 2006 : Gushue , Nichols , Howard , Korab , Adam ( CAN ) 2010 : Martin , Morris , Kennedy , Hebert , Enright ( CAN ) 2014 : Jacobs , Fry , E.J. Harnden , R. Harnden , Flaxey ( CAN ) 2018 : Shuster , George , Hamilton , Landsteiner , Polo ( USA ) Olympic champions in women 's curling Demonstration events 1988 : Moore , Sparkes , D. Jones , Ryan , Vande ( CAN ) 1992 : Schöpp , Mayer , Wagner , Huth , Scheibel ( GER ) Official events 1998 : Schmirler , Betker , McCusker , Gudereit , Ford ( CAN ) 2002 : Martin , Knox , MacDonald , Rankin , Morton ( GBR ) 2006 : Norberg , Lund , Lindahl , Svärd , Bergman ( SWE ) 2010 : Norberg , Lund , Lindahl , Le Moine , Bergström ( SWE ) 2014 : J. Jones , Lawes , Officer , McEwen , Wall ( CAN ) 2018 : Hasselborg , McManus , Knochenhauer , Mabergs , Wåhlin ( SWE ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Olympic_medalists_in_curling&oldid=832876100 '' Categories : Lists of Winter Olympic medalists by sport Curling at the Winter Olympics Olympic medalists in curling Curlers Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Français 한국어 Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 13 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Olympic%20medalists%20in%20curling
| 2,081 |
hum dil de chuke sanam movie music director
|
Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam
|
hum dil de chuke sanam
|
Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam ( English : I Have Given My Heart Away , Darling ) is a 1999 Indian Hindi - language romantic drama film directed by Sanjay Leela Bhansali . It was released internationally as Straight From the Heart . The film stars Salman Khan , Ajay Devgn and Aishwarya Rai and is shot at Prag Mahal , Gujarat .
|
The story is adopted from Maitreyi Devi 's Bengali novel Na Hanyate and is based on a love triangle . It also reflects the influence of the German novella Immensee and the 1943 Nazi - era film based on it , Immensee . It has some inspiration from 1983 movie Woh Saat Din . It was filmed throughout the Gujarat - Rajasthan border region , in addition to Budapest , Hungary , which was used to represent Italy . The film was premiered in the Indian Panorama section at the 1999 International Film Festival of India . It was remade in Bengali as Neel Akasher Chandni in 2009 , with Jeet reprising Salman Khan 's role , Jisshu Sengupta reprising Ajay Devgn 's role , and Koel Mallick reprising Aishwarya Rai 's role . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 DVD release 4 Reception 5 Soundtrack 5.1 Track listing 6 Awards 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Nandini ( Aishwarya Rai ) is the daughter of Pundit Darbar ( Vikram Gokhale ) , a renowned proponent of Indian classical music . It is announced that a young man named Sameer ( Salman Khan ) will be arriving to stay with the Darbar family , as he wants to grasp the intricacies of Indian classical music under the guidance of the Pundit . He is accommodated in Nandini 's room , causing her to take a dislike to Sameer . At first the two tease and prank one another , but soon enough they fall deeply in love . The two spend romantic moments during several family events , including weddings and festivals . One day , the pair are caught rehearsing their wedding vows by the Pundit and he is enraged since he has already planned Nandini 's wedding with Vanraj ( Ajay Devgn ) , who had fallen in love with her during her cousin Anu 's ( Sheeba Chaddha ) wedding . Sameer is banished from the household and the Pundit quits singing since he believes Nandini has brought shame to the family . Sameer is asked never to meet Nandini again . Although he eventually leaves for Italy , he writes letters to Nandini asking her to join him , but his letters do not reach her . After a futile suicide attempt , Nandini reluctantly weds Vanraj . He tries to consummate their marriage on their wedding night , but Nandini is disgusted by his approach and acts coldly towards him . He asks her for an explanation but she chooses to remain silent . Nandini finally receives Sameer 's letters and Vanraj walks in on her reading them . He is enraged and initially decides to return her to her parents , but soon realizes that since she is in love with another man , the right thing to do would be to unite the pair . Vanraj seeks his parents ' consent , which they give after disagreeing at first . Nandini and Vanraj arrive in Italy but come up against dead ends searching for Sameer . During their search , they are mobbed and Nandini is shot in the arm . Moved by Vanraj 's gentleness and affection towards her , Nandini begins to warm up to him . Eventually they are able to locate Sameer through his mother ( Helen ) , and Vanraj dutifully arranges for their meeting on the night of Sameer 's debut concert . He then bids goodbye to Nandini and walks away heartbroken . Upon meeting Sameer , she apologises to him and tells him that she has come to love Vanraj . She reflects on the unwavering love and devotion that Vanraj has showered upon her throughout their relationship , and realises that Vanraj is her true soul mate . She runs back to him and he tells her that he can not live without her . Vanraj adorns a mangala sutra around her neck and they embrace each other with fireworks in the background . Cast ( edit ) Aishwarya Rai won several accolades for her performance in the film . Salman Khan as Sameer Rossellini Ajay Devgn as Vanraj Aishwarya Rai as Nandini Darbar Zohra Sehgal as the Grandmother Vikram Gokhale as Pundit Darbar Smita Jaykar as Amrita Rekha Rao as Kamna Kenny Desai as Bhairaon Sheeba Chaddha as Anupama Kanu Gill as Vanraj 's mom Rajeev Varma as Vikramjeet Vinay Pathak as Tarun Helen as Mrs. Rosselline Dimple Inamdar as Shilpa Akash Karnataki as Bharat DVD release ( edit ) In 2000 , Video - sound company in the United States , released the official DVD edition of the film with a `` making of '' segment . The main feature was presented in an aspect ratio of 1.85 and the original Dolby Digital 5.1 mix . The second release was by Digital Entertainment Inc . This was a collectors ' edition two - disc set , filled with supplementary features . These included : Making of the Film IIFA 2000 and Zee Gold awards , 2000 Television Promos Theatrical Trailer Subtitles in English , Spanish , French , Japanese and Arabic Dolby Digital 5.1 Surround Audio Anamorphic Widescreen Presentation Attractive Information Booklet Shemaroo and Eros International released single - disc editions in the India market , sans supplementary features . The movie was released under its English title Straight From The Heart . This DVD was released by Pathfinder Home Entertainment , which was a port of the Digital Entertainment Inc. edition , sans supplementary features . Reception ( edit ) Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam was well received by most critics -- especially for its emotional content , cinematography and music -- as well as the performances of the lead actors and a surprising performance by guest star Helen . Anupama Chopra said `` this three - hour spectacular is stuffed with songs , romance , comedy , devotional material , and color - soaked dance numbers that are huge even by Hindi standards . '' Michael Dequina writing for TheMovieReport.com said of the three leads `` Rai , in a luminous , award - winning performance ( largely considered her big dramatic breakthrough -- and justifiably so ) , fills in the conflicted emotional shades that Khan fails to bring with his one - dimensional presence ; and Devgn 's soulful subtlety does its job in suggesting Sameer to be a more formidable romantic adversary than viewers would see him as being . '' The reviewer for Filmfare felt it was a `` once in a decade type of extravaganza '' and wrote , `` Cinematographically , the movie is flawless and by virtue of this fact alone , a must - see . It aims at capturing poetry on screen without becoming pretentious . The music by Ismail Darbari is simply enchanting . The film juxtaposes Indian thematic content with exotic foreign locales . '' Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam was a Hit at the Indian box office , becoming the third highest grossing of the Bollywood films of 1999 with ₹ 200 million . It also did well in the foreign box office with ₹ 85 million . Soundtrack ( edit ) Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam Soundtrack album by Ismail Darbar Released 21 June 1999 ( 1999 - 06 - 21 ) Genre Feature film soundtrack Length 54 : 03 Language Hindi Label T - Series Ismail Darbar chronology Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam ( 1999 ) Tera Jadoo Chal Gayaa ( 2000 ) String Module Error : Match not foundString Module Error : Match not found The music was composed by Ismail Darbar with lyrics by Mehboob and sung by Kavita Krishnamurthy , Alka Yagnik , Kumar Sanu , Udit Narayan , Hariharan , Vinod Rathod , Sultan Khan , Shankar Mahadevan , KK and others . It received nine Filmfare Awards nominations in the music and singing categories and produced some winners as well . Vikas Bhatnagar of Planet Bollywood gave the soundtrack a perfect 10 out of 10 stars and said it has `` cemented it 's ( sic ) place in the history books of greatest ever Hindi soundtracks . '' Track listing ( edit ) ankhon ki gustakhiyaan # Song Singer ( s ) Length `` Chand Chupa Badal Mein '' Udit Narayan , Alka Yagnik 05 : 46 `` Nimbooda '' Kavita Krishnamurthy , Karsan Sargathi 06 : 23 `` Aankhon Ki Gustakhiyan '' Kavita Krishnamurthy , Kumar Sanu 05 : 00 `` Man Mohini '' Shankar Mahadevan 02 : 26 5 `` Jhonka Hawa Ka '' Kavita Krishnamurthy , Hariharan 05 : 46 6 `` Dholi Taro Dhol Baje '' Kavita Krishnamurthy , Vinod Rathod , Karsan Sagathia 06 : 16 7 `` Love Theme '' Kavita Krishnamurthy , Shankar Mahadevan 02 : 11 8 `` Tadap Tadap '' K.K. , Dominique Cerejo 06 : 36 9 `` Albela Sajan '' Kavita Krishnamurthy , Sultan Khan , Shankar Mahadevan 03 : 20 10 `` Kaipoche '' Damayanti Bardai , Jyotsna Hardikar , K.K. , Shankar Mahadevan 05 : 03 11 `` Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam '' Kavita Krishnamurthy , Mohammed Salamat , Dominique Cerejo 06 : 45 Awards ( edit ) Won Award Recipient ( s ) 47th National Film Awards National Film Award for Best Production Design Nitin Chandrakant Desai National Film Award for Best Music Direction Ismail Darbar National Film Award for Best Choreography Vaibhavi Merchant National Film Award for Best Cinematography Anil Mehta 45th Filmfare Awards Best Movie Sanjay Leela Bhansali Best Director Best Actress Aishwarya Rai Best Male Playback Udit Narayan for `` Chand Chupa Badal Mein '' Best Art Director Nitin Chandrakant Desai Best Cinematographer Anil Mehta Best Choreography Saroj Khan for `` Nimbooda '' Best Background Score Anjan Biswas RD Burman Award Ismail Darbar Star Screen Awards Star Screen Award Best Film Sanjay Leela Bhansali Star Screen Award Best Director Star Screen Award Best Actress Aishwarya Rai Star Screen Award Best Female Playback Kavita Krishnamurthy Star Screen Award for Best Screenplay Sanjay Leela Bhansali & Kenneth Philips 1st IIFA Awards Best Movie Sanjay Leela Bhansali Best Director Best Actress Aishwarya Rai Best Male Playback Udit Narayan , `` Chand Chupa Badal Mein '' Best Cinematography Anail Mehta Best Story Pratap Karvat / Sanjay Leela Bansali Best Dialogue Amrik Gill Best Screenplay Sanjay Leela Bansali Best Choreography Saroj Khan Best Sound Recording Jeetendra Chaudhary Best Sound Re -- Recording Sushmita Sen Zee Cine Awards Zee Cine Award Best Film Sanjay Leela Bhansali Zee Cine Award Best Director Zee Cine Award Best Actor - Female Aishwarya Rai Lux Face of the Year Zee Cine Award Best Playback Singer - Male Udit Narayan Zee Cine Award Best Playback Singer - Female Kavita Krishnamurthy Zee Gold Awards Best Director Sanjay Leela Bhansali Best Actress Critics ' Award Aishwarya Rai Best Male Singer Kumar Sanu Best Costume Designer Neeta Lulla Best Cinematographer Anil Mehta Best Screenplay Sanjay Leela Bhansali Nominated Filmfare Award for Best Actor - Salman Khan Filmfare Award for Best Actor - Ajay Devgn References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam '' . boxofficeindia . BOI . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Budget : 16 , 00 , 00,000 Jump up ^ `` Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam '' . boxofficeindia . BOI . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Worldwide Gross : 51 , 38 , 50,000 Jump up ^ `` Straight From the Heart '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 27 May 2013 . Jump up ^ http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/FrmIP1999Award.aspx?PdfName=IP1999.pdf Jump up ^ `` Planet - Bollywood - Film Review - Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam '' . Indolink.com. 18 June 1999 . Retrieved 27 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rediff On The NeT , Movies : The review of Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam '' . Rediff.com. 17 June 1999 . Retrieved 27 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Eisner , Ken ( 5 November 2000 ) . `` Variety Reviews - Straight From the Heart - Film Reviews - - Review by Ken Eisner '' . Variety.com . Retrieved 27 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Movie Report Archive : July 2003 - TheMovieReport.com '' . Mrbrownmovies.com . Retrieved 27 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam '' . Filmfare . Archived from the original on 16 February 2001 . Retrieved 25 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1999 '' . BoxOfficeIndia.Com . Archived from the original on 18 September 2010 . Retrieved 19 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office India overseas earners '' . BoxOfficeIndia.Com . Retrieved 19 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Filmfare nominations 1999 '' . IndiaTimes.com . Archived from the original on 8 July 2012 . Retrieved 20 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam Music Review '' . External links ( edit ) Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam on IMDb Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam at Bollywood Hungama Films by Sanjay Leela Bhansali Director Khamoshi : The Musical ( 1996 ) Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam ( 1999 ) Devdas ( 2002 ) Black ( 2005 ) Saawariya ( 2007 ) Guzaarish ( 2010 ) Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram - Leela ( 2013 ) Bajirao Mastani ( 2015 ) Padmaavat ( 2018 ) Producer My Friend Pinto ( 2011 ) Rowdy Rathore ( 2012 ) Shirin Farhad Ki Toh Nikal Padi ( 2012 ) Mary Kom ( 2014 ) Gabbar Is Back ( 2015 ) Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram - Leela ( 2013 ) Bajirao Mastani ( 2015 ) Padmaavat ( 2018 ) Filmfare Award for Best Film 1954 -- 1975 Do Bigha Zamin ( 1954 ) Boot Polish ( 1955 ) Jagriti ( 1956 ) Jhanak Jhanak Payal Baaje ( 1957 ) Mother India ( 1958 ) Madhumati ( 1959 ) Sujata ( 1960 ) Mughal - e-Azam ( 1961 ) Jis Desh Men Ganga Behti Hai ( 1962 ) Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam ( 1963 ) Bandini ( 1964 ) Dosti ( 1965 ) Himalay Ki Godmein ( 1966 ) Guide ( 1967 ) Upkar ( 1968 ) Brahmachari ( 1969 ) Aradhana ( 1970 ) Khilona ( 1971 ) Anand ( 1972 ) Be-Imaan ( 1973 ) Anuraag ( 1974 ) Rajnigandha ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Deewaar ( 1976 ) Mausam ( 1977 ) Bhumika ( 1978 ) Main Tulsi Tere Aangan Ki ( 1979 ) Junoon ( 1980 ) Khubsoorat ( 1981 ) Kalyug ( 1982 ) Shakti ( 1983 ) Ardh Satya ( 1984 ) Sparsh ( 1985 ) Ram Teri Ganga Maili ( 1986 ) Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak ( 1989 ) Maine Pyar Kiya ( 1990 ) Ghayal ( 1991 ) Lamhe ( 1992 ) Jo Jeeta Wohi Sikandar ( 1993 ) Hum Hain Rahi Pyar Ke ( 1994 ) Hum Aapke Hain Koun ... ! ( 1995 ) Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge ( 1996 ) Raja Hindustani ( 1997 ) Dil To Pagal Hai ( 1998 ) Kuch Kuch Hota Hai ( 1999 ) Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Kaho Naa ... Pyaar Hai ( 2001 ) Lagaan ( 2002 ) Devdas ( 2003 ) Koi ... Mil Gaya ( 2004 ) Veer - Zaara ( 2005 ) Black ( 2006 ) Rang De Basanti ( 2007 ) Taare Zameen Par ( 2008 ) Jodhaa Akbar ( 2009 ) 3 Idiots ( 2010 ) Dabangg ( 2011 ) Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara ( 2012 ) Barfi ! ( 2013 ) Bhaag Milkha Bhaag ( 2014 ) Queen ( 2015 ) Bajirao Mastani ( 2016 ) Dangal ( 2017 ) Hindi Medium ( 2018 ) IIFA Award for Best Film Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam ( 2000 ) Kaho Naa ... Pyaar Hai ( 2001 ) Lagaan ( 2002 ) Devdas ( 2003 ) Kal Ho Naa Ho ( 2004 ) Veer - Zaara ( 2005 ) Black ( 2006 ) Rang De Basanti ( 2007 ) Chak De ! India ( 2008 ) Jodhaa Akbar ( 2009 ) 3 Idiots ( 2010 ) Dabangg ( 2011 ) Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara ( 2012 ) Barfi ! ( 2013 ) Bhaag Milkha Bhaag ( 2014 ) Queen ( 2015 ) Bajrangi Bhaijaan ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hum_Dil_De_Chuke_Sanam&oldid=843042571 '' Categories : 1999 films 1990s Hindi - language films Films directed by Sanjay Leela Bhansali Films shot in Hungary Films shot in India Films set in Gujarat Films set in Italy Indian romantic drama films Indian romantic musical films 1990s romantic drama films 1990s romantic musical films Films based on Indian novels Films based on romance novels Films whose cinematographer won the Best Cinematography National Film Award Films shot in Gujarat Films scored by Ismail Darbar Films about composers Films whose production designer won the Best Production Design National Film Award Films featuring a Best Choreography National Film Award - winning choreography Hindi films remade in other languages Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from May 2014 Music infoboxes with Module : String errors Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Deutsch Español فارسی Français हिन्दी Italiano मराठी नेपाल भाषा ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Русский Suomi 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 May 2018 , at 13 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hum%20Dil%20De%20Chuke%20Sanam
| 2,082 |
||
who is going to host the 2024 olympics
|
The 2024 Summer Olympics ( French : Jeux olympiques d'été de 2024 ) , officially known as the Games of the XXXIII Olympiad , and commonly known as Paris 2024 , is a forthcoming international multi-sport event that is scheduled to take place from 26 July to 11 August 2024 in Paris , France .
|
Paris , France
|
2024 Summer Olympics
|
2024 summer olympics
|
The 2024 Summer Olympics ( French : Jeux olympiques d'été de 2024 ) , officially known as the Games of the XXXIII Olympiad , and commonly known as Paris 2024 , is a forthcoming international multi-sport event that is scheduled to take place from 26 July to 11 August 2024 in Paris , France .
|
Having previously hosted both the 1900 and 1924 Summer Olympics , Paris will become only the second city to host the Olympic Games three times , after London ( 1908 , 1948 and 2012 ) . The 2024 Games also mark the centennial of the 1924 Games , which were the last Summer Olympics to be held in Paris . They will be the sixth overall Olympic Games held in France ( including summer and winter Games ) . Bidding to host these Games began in 2015 with five candidate cities in contention , but Hamburg , Rome and Budapest withdrew , leaving Paris and Los Angeles as the only two candidates remaining . A proposal to elect the 2024 and 2028 Olympic host cities at the same time was approved by an Extraordinary IOC Session on 11 July 2017 in Lausanne . On 31 July 2017 , the IOC made a deal with Los Angeles to host the 2028 Summer Olympics , making Paris the host of the 2024 Summer Olympics . The formal announcement of the hosts for both Olympiads took place at the 131st IOC Session in Lima , Peru , on 13 September 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Bidding process 1.1 Host city election 2 Sports 3 Venues 3.1 Grand Paris zone 3.2 Paris Centre zone 3.3 Versailles zone 3.4 Stand - alone venues 3.5 Non-competitive venues 3.6 Provisional football venues 4 Marketing 4.1 Emblem 4.2 Mascot 5 Broadcasting rights 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Bidding process ( edit ) Further information : Bids for the 2024 and 2028 Summer Olympics Paris , Hamburg , Budapest , Rome , and Los Angeles were the five candidate cities . However , the process was hit by withdrawals , with political uncertainty and cost cited as deterring bidding cities . Hamburg withdrew its bid on 29 November 2015 after holding a referendum . Rome withdrew its bid on 21 September 2016 citing fiscal difficulties . On 22 February 2017 , Budapest withdrew its bid after a petition against the bid collected more signatures than necessary for a referendum . Following these withdrawals , the IOC Executive Board met in Lausanne , Switzerland to discuss the 2024 and 2028 bid processes on 9 June 2017 . The International Olympic Committee formally proposed electing the 2024 and 2028 Olympic host cities at the same time in 2017 , a proposal which was approved by an Extraordinary IOC Session on 11 July 2017 in Lausanne . The IOC set up a process whereby the LA 2024 and Paris 2024 bid committees would meet with the IOC to discuss who would host the 2024 Games , who would host the 2028 Games , and whether it were actually possible to select the host city for both at the same time . Following the decision to award the 2024 and 2028 Games simultaneously , Paris was understood to be the preferred host for the 2024 Games . On 31 July 2017 , the IOC announced Los Angeles as the sole candidate for the 2028 Games , opening Paris up to be confirmed as hosts for the 2024 Games . Both decisions were ratified at the 131st IOC Session on 13 September 2017 . Host city election ( edit ) Paris was elected as the host city on September 13 , 2017 at the 131st IOC Session in Lima , Peru . The two French IOC members , Guy Drut and Tony Estanguet were ineligible to vote in this host city election under the rules of the Olympic Charter . 2024 Summer Olympics bidding results City NOC name Votes Paris France Unanimous Sports ( edit ) In 2007 , the IOC established the concept of Olympics including 28 sports : 25 permanent ' core ' sports with 3 additional sports selected for each individual Games . On 8 September 2013 , IOC added wrestling to the Olympic programme for the 2020 and 2024 Games , representing one of these additional sports . FILA ( now known as United World Wrestling ) changed freestyle and Greco - Roman wrestling weight classes for men and decreased to 6 categories in order to add more weights for women . However , in August 2016 , the IOC added five sports to the 2020 Olympics , with plans to separately evaluate the existing 28 sports . No indication was given how this would affect the number of sports in 2024 . The Paris organizers are also in discussions with the IOC and various professional eSport organizations to introduce eSports as a medal - winning sport during the Olympics . Tony Estanguet of the Paris committee said that introducing eSports would help to make the Olympics more relevant to the younger generations : `` The youth , yes they are interested in esport and this kind of thing . Let 's look at it . Let 's meet them . Let 's try if we can find some bridges . '' The final decision as to whether video games will be featured in the 2024 Olympics will be made in 2020 . During the Lima Session , the IOC approved the Rio 2016 sports program for Paris 2024 . New sports will be chosen during the 134th IOC Session in 2019 in Milan , Italy . The 2024 Summer Olympic programme is scheduled to feature 28 sports encompassing 306 events , though this is likely to change depending on success of the five additional sports added to the Tokyo Olympics . This means there could be up to 33 sports , and any new sports which are added to the Olympic programme . The number of events in each discipline is noted in parentheses . Aquatics Diving ( 8 ) Swimming ( 34 ) Synchronized swimming ( 2 ) Water polo ( 2 ) Archery ( 4 ) Athletics ( 47 ) Badminton ( 5 ) Basketball ( 2 ) Boxing ( 13 ) Canoeing Slalom ( 4 ) Sprint ( 12 ) Cycling BMX ( 2 ) Mountain biking ( 2 ) Road ( 4 ) Track ( 10 ) Equestrian Dressage ( 2 ) Eventing ( 2 ) Jumping ( 2 ) Fencing ( 10 ) Field hockey ( 2 ) Football ( 2 ) Golf ( 2 ) Gymnastics Artistic ( 14 ) Rhythmic ( 2 ) Trampoline ( 2 ) Handball ( 2 ) Judo ( 14 ) Modern pentathlon ( 2 ) Rowing ( 14 ) Rugby sevens ( 2 ) Sailing ( 10 ) Shooting ( 15 ) Table tennis ( 4 ) Taekwondo ( 8 ) Tennis ( 5 ) Triathlon ( 2 ) Volleyball Volleyball ( 2 ) Beach volleyball ( 2 ) Weightlifting ( 15 ) Wrestling Freestyle ( 12 ) Greco - Roman ( 6 ) Venues ( edit ) Grand Paris zone ( edit ) Stade de France with uncovered athletics track during the 2003 World Championships U Arena Venue Events Capacity Status Stade de France Opening and Closing Ceremonies 75,000 Existing Athletics Saint - Denis Aquatics ( swimming , diving and synchronised swimming ) 17,000 Additional Water polo 5,000 Existing Le Bourget Badminton 7,000 Temporary Volleyball 18,000 Temporary Shooting 3,000 Temporary Stade Olympique Yves - du - Manoir Field hockey 15,000 Existing U Arena Gymnastics ( artistic , rhythmic and trampoline ) 17,000 Existing Le Zénith Weightlifting 6,000 Existing Paris Centre zone ( edit ) Champs de Mars Grand Palais Les Invalides Stade Roland Garros Venue Events Capacity Status Champ de Mars Beach Volleyball 12,000 Temporary Seine Marathon 13,000 ( 3,000 sitting ) Temporary Racewalking Marathon Swimming Triathlon Champs - Élysées Road Cycling 10,000 Temporary Grand Palais Fencing 8,000 Existing Taekwondo Les Invalides Archery 6,000 Temporary Paris expo Porte de Versailles Table tennis 6,000 Temporary Handball 12,000 Stade Jean - Bouin Rugby 20,000 Existing Stade Roland Garros Tennis 24,000 Existing Boxing 10,000 Temporary Parc des Princes Football 61,000 Existing Stade Pierre de Coubertin Women 's Basketball ( preliminaries ) 4,000 Existing Karate Paris Arena Judo 15,000 Existing Men 's Basketball , Men 's and Women 's Basketball ( play - offs ) Men 's Basketball ( preliminaries ) 7,000 Wrestling Versailles zone ( edit ) Le Golf National Vélodrome de Saint - Quentin - en - Yvelines Château de Versailles Venue Events Capacity Status Le Golf National Golf 35,000 Existing Vélodrome de Saint - Quentin - en - Yvelines Track cycling 10,000 ( 2 x 5,000 ) Existing BMX ( racing and freestyle ) Modern Pentathlon ( fencing ) Château de Versailles Equestrian ( jumping , dressage , eventing country races at own park circuit ) 80,000 ( 22,000 + 58,000 ) Temporary Modern Pentathlon ( excluding fencing ) Élancourt Hill Mountain Bike 25,000 Existing Stand - alone venues ( edit ) Marseille Venue Events Capacity Status Vaires - sur - Marne Rowing 22,000 Existing Kayak Canoe slalom Marseille Sailing 5 , 000 Existing Biarritz Surfing 5 , 000 Temporary Non-competitive venues ( edit ) Venue Events Capacity Status L'Île - Saint - Denis Olympic Village 17,000 Additional Le Bourget Media Village -- Temporary International Broadcast Centre Main Press Centre Provisional football venues ( edit ) Parc Olympique Lyonnais Parc des Princes , 61,338 , Paris ( 4 preliminaries , M / W quarterfinals , finals ) Stade Vélodrome , 67,394 , Marseille , ( 3 preliminaries , M / W quarterfinal , M semi-final ) Parc Olympique Lyonnais , 59,186 , Lyon , ( 3 preliminaries , M quarterfinal , W semi-final , M 3rd place ) Stade Pierre - Mauroy , 50,157 , Lille , ( 3 preliminaries , W quarterfinal , M semi-final , W 3rd place ) Stade Matmut Atlantique , 42,115 , Bordeaux , ( 3 preliminaries , M / W quarterfinal , W semi-final ) Stade Geoffroy - Guichard , 42,000 , Saint - Étienne , ( 8 preliminaries ) Stade de la Beaujoire , 37,473 , Nantes , ( 8 preliminaries ) YellowPark , 40,000 , Nantes , ( 8 preliminaries ) Allianz Riviera , 35,624 , Nice , ( 8 preliminaries ) Stadium Municipal , 33,150 , Toulouse , ( 8 preliminaries ) Marketing ( edit ) Emblem ( edit ) The emblem of the 2024 Games will be unveiled in December 2018 . Mascot ( edit ) The mascot ( s ) for the 2024 Games will be announced in 2022 . Broadcasting rights ( edit ) Armenia -- APMTV Asia -- Dentsu ( rights to be sold to local broadcasters ) Brazil -- Grupo Globo Canada -- CBC / Radio - Canada , TSN , RDS China -- CCTV Europe -- Discovery Communications , Eurosport Germany -- ARD , ZDF Hungary -- MTVA Japan -- Japan Consortium Kosovo -- RTK Latin America -- América Móvil MENA -- beIN Sports New Zealand -- Sky Television North Korea -- SBS Pacific Islands : -- Sky Television South Africa -- SABC , SuperSport South Korea -- SBS Sub-Saharan Africa -- Econet Media , SuperSport United States -- NBCUniversal United Kingdom -- BBC ^ 1 -- Included nations & territories are Cook Islands , Fiji , Kiribati , Marshall Islands , Federated States of Micronesia , Nauru , Niue , Palau , Samoa , Solomon Islands , Tonga , Tuvalu and Vanuatu . See also ( edit ) Olympics portal Olympic Games International Olympic Committee List of IOC country codes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Butler , Nick ( 7 February 2018 ) . `` Paris 2024 to start week earlier than planned after IOC approve date change '' . insidethegames.biz . Retrieved 7 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` IOC Executive Board approve joint awarding plans for 2024 and 2028 Olympics '' . Inside the Games . 9 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Wharton , David . `` Los Angeles makes deal to host 2028 Summer Olympics '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Olympic Games : Paris & LA to host 2024 & 2028 respectively '' . www.bbc.com . Retrieved 16 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Butler , Nick . `` Exclusive : IOC vow to `` further adjust '' candidature process after Budapest 2024 withdrawal `` . Inside the Games . Retrieved 1 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Five world - class cities in strong competition for Olympic Games 2024 -- IOC to contribute USD 1.7 billion to the local organising committee '' ( Press release ) . Lausanne , Switzerland : International Olympic Committee . 16 September 2015 . Archived from the original on 18 September 2015 . Retrieved 17 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Rome 2024 Olympic bid collapses in acrimony Archived 21 September 2016 at the Wayback Machine . at BBC News . Retrieved 21 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2024 Olympics : Budapest to drop bid to host Games '' . BBC . 22 February 2017 . Archived from the original on 23 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Mather , Victor ( 22 February 2017 ) . `` Budapest Withdraws Bid to Host 2024 Summer Olympics '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 23 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Budapest to withdraw bid for 2024 Olympics , leaving L.A. and Paris as only contenders '' . Los Angeles Times . February 2017 . Archived from the original on 23 February 2017 . Retrieved 22 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Meeting of the IOC Executive Board in Lausanne -- Information for the media '' . Olympic.org. 19 May 2017 . Archived from the original on 22 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bach Says Paris and LA Mayors Are ' Optimistic ' About Agreement After Initial Discussions - GamesBids.com '' . gamesbids.com . Jump up ^ `` Paris set to host 2024 Olympics , Los Angeles to be awarded 2028 Games by IOC '' . ABC News . Retrieved 1 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wrestling added to Olympic programme for 2020 and 2024 Games '' . Olympic.org. 8 September 2013 . Archived from the original on 23 September 2016 . Retrieved 13 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2020 Olympic Games : Shortlisted International Federations Report '' ( PDF ) . International Olympic Committee . August 2013 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 23 February 2014 . Retrieved 15 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IOC approves five new sports for Olympic Games Tokyo 2020 '' . Olympic.org. 3 August 2016 . Archived from the original on 7 October 2016 . Retrieved 21 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Paris Olympic bid committee is open to esports on 2024 Olympic program '' . Associated Press . August 9 , 2017 . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Morris , Chris . `` Video Games May Be a Part of the 2024 Olympics '' . Fortune . Jump up ^ `` No Changes in Core Olympic Sports for Paris 2024 '' . Around the Rings. 15 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` JO 2024 : les nouveaux sports seront connus en 2019 '' ( in French ) . L'Equipe. 15 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Connoly , Eoin ( 17 May 2017 ) . `` Wednesday 's Daily Deal Round - Up : Olympic partnerships for Discovery and more '' . SportsPro . Sportspromedia.com . Retrieved 17 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IOC awards 2018 -- 2024 broadcast rights in Asia '' . International Olympic Committee . Olympic.org. 29 July 2015 . Archived from the original on 30 July 2015 . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IOC reaches agreement for broadcast rights in Brazil with Grupo Globo through to 2032 '' . International Olympic Committee . Olympic.org. 10 December 2015 . Archived from the original on 13 December 2015 . Retrieved 11 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IOC awards 2022 -- 2024 broadcast rights in Canada to CBC / Radio - Canada '' . International Olympic Committee . Olympic.org. 21 October 2015 . Archived from the original on 25 October 2015 . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TSN , RDS to broadcast 2022 and 2024 Olympic Games '' . TSN. 21 October 2015 . Archived from the original on 23 October 2015 . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IOC awards 2018 -- 2024 broadcast rights in China '' . International Olympic Committee . Olympic.org. 4 December 2014 . Archived from the original on 7 December 2014 . Retrieved 4 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IOC awards all TV and multiplatform broadcast rights in Europe to Discovery and Eurosport for 2018 -- 2024 Olympic Games '' . International Olympic Committee . Olympic.org. 29 June 2015 . Archived from the original on 1 July 2015 . Retrieved 29 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Carp , Sam ( 1 August 2017 ) . `` Report : ARD and ZDF secure long - term Olympic deal '' . SportsPro . Sportspromedia.com . Retrieved 1 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hungarian Public Television Agrees Deal To Broadcast Summer And Winter Olympics Until 2024 '' . Hungary today . hungarytoday.hu. 20 June 2016 . Archived from the original on 21 June 2016 . Retrieved 20 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` IOC awards 2018 -- 2024 broadcast rights in Japan '' . International Olympic Committee . Olympic.org. 19 June 2014 . Archived from the original on 26 June 2014 . Retrieved 19 June 2014 . Jump up ^ King , Matthew ( 1 December 2017 ) . `` IOC Award América Móvil 2018 - 2024 Broadcast Rights in Latin America '' . International Olympic Committee . Olympic.org . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IOC awards 2018 -- 2024 broadcast rights in Middle East and North Africa '' . International Olympic Committee . Olympic.org. 27 July 2015 . Archived from the original on 30 July 2015 . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` IOC awards 2018 - 2024 broadcast rights in New Zealand and Pacific Island Territories '' . Olympic.org. 23 March 2016 . Archived from the original on 26 March 2016 . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` IOC awards SBS broadcast rights for 2018 , 2020 , 2022 and 2024 Olympic Games '' . Olympic.org. 4 July 2011 . Archived from the original on 20 August 2012 . Retrieved 18 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` IOC Awards 2018 - 2024 Broadcast Rights in Africa '' . IOC . Olympic.org. 10 July 2017 . Archived from the original on 10 July 2017 . Retrieved 10 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IOC awards Olympic Games broadcast rights to NBCUniversal through to 2032 '' . Olympic.org. 7 May 2014 . Archived from the original on 8 May 2014 . Retrieved 7 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Olympics : BBC to broadcast every Games up to and including 2024 '' . BBC Sport. 2 February 2016 . Archived from the original on 2 February 2016 . Retrieved 3 February 2016 . External links ( edit ) Paris 2024 Paris 2024 ( IOC ) Preceded by Tokyo Summer Olympic Games Paris XXXIII Olympiad ( 2024 ) Succeeded by Los Angeles Bids for the 2024 and 2028 Summer Olympic Games 131st Session of the International Olympic Committee ( Lima , Peru ) Elected cities Paris ( 2024 ) Los Angeles ( 2028 ) Cancelled bids Budapest Hamburg Rome Non-selected bids Berlin Boston Washington , D.C. Olympic Games Ceremonies Charter Participating nations Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Host cities Bids Venues IOC NOCs Country codes Medal Medal tables Medalists Ties Diploma Scandals and controversies Colonialism Doping Sports Symbols Torch relays Pierre de Coubertin medal Women Deaths WWI Olympic video games Summer Games 1896 Athens 1900 Paris 1904 St. Louis 1908 London 1912 Stockholm 1916 Berlin 1920 Antwerp 1924 Paris 1928 Amsterdam 1932 Los Angeles 1936 Berlin 1940 Tokyo 1944 London 1948 London 1952 Helsinki 1956 Melbourne 1960 Rome 1964 Tokyo 1968 Mexico City 1972 Munich 1976 Montreal 1980 Moscow 1984 Los Angeles 1988 Seoul 1992 Barcelona 1996 Atlanta 2000 Sydney 2004 Athens 2008 Beijing 2012 London 2016 Rio de Janeiro 2020 Tokyo 2024 Paris 2028 Los Angeles 2032 TBD Winter Games 1924 Chamonix 1928 St. Moritz 1932 Lake Placid 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 Sapporo 1944 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1948 St. Moritz 1952 Oslo 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 Squaw Valley 1964 Innsbruck 1968 Grenoble 1972 Sapporo 1976 Innsbruck 1980 Lake Placid 1984 Sarajevo 1988 Calgary 1992 Albertville 1994 Lillehammer 1998 Nagano 2002 Salt Lake City 2006 Turin 2010 Vancouver 2014 Sochi 2018 Pyeongchang 2022 Beijing 2026 TBD 2030 TBD Ancient Olympic Games Intercalated Games 1906 Paralympic Games Youth Olympic Games Venues of the 2024 Summer Olympics Grand Paris Zone Stade de France Seine - Saint - Denis Water Polo Arena ( Piscine de Marville ) Le Bourget Stade Olympique Yves - du - Manoir , Colombes U Arena , Nanterre Le Zénith Paris Centre Zone Champ de Mars Eiffel Tower and river Seine Champs Elysees Grand Palais Les Invalides Jardins des Tuileries Paris expo Porte de Versailles Halle Georges Carpentier Stade Charlety Stade Jean - Bouin Stade Roland Garros Court Philippe Chatrier Court Suzanne Lenglen Court des Serres Parc des Princes Stade Pierre de Coubertin ( Paris ) Palais des sports Marcel - Cerdan Bercy Arena Versailles Zone Le Golf National Vélodrome de Saint - Quentin - en - Yvelines Château de Versailles Élancourt Hill Football stadia Stade Vélodrome Parc des Princes Parc Olympique Lyonnais Stade Pierre - Mauroy Nouveau Stade de Bordeaux Stade de la Beaujoire , Nantes ( renovated ) Olympics portal 2020s portal France portal Paris portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Summer_Olympics&oldid=835415719 '' Categories : 2024 Summer Olympics 2024 in French sport 2024 in multi-sport events 2020s in Paris Summer Olympics in Paris Scheduled multi-sport events Summer Olympics by year August 2024 sports events Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Use dmy dates from August 2017 Articles containing French - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Аҧсшәа Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Олык марий Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 粵語 中文 38 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 April 2018 , at 15 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024%20Summer%20Olympics
| 2,083 |
who played the funny monkey in war of the planet of the apes
|
List of Planet of the apes characters
|
list of planet of the apes characters
|
The Planet of the Apes franchise contains many characters that appear in one or more works .
|
Contents ( hide ) 1 Caesar 1.1 Original series 1.1. 1 Escape from the Planet of the Apes 1.1. 2 Conquest of the Planet of the Apes 1.1. 3 In Battle for the Planet of the Apes 1.2 Reboot series 1.2. 1 Rise of the Planet of the Apes 1.2. 2 Dawn of the Planet of the Apes 1.2. 3 War for the Planet of the Apes 2 Characters exclusive to Planet of the Apes ( 1968 - 1973 ) 2.1 Aldo 2.2 Aldo ( chimpanzee ) 2.3 Armando 2.4 Governor Breck 2.5 Brent 2.6 Cornelius 2.7 Dr. Otto Hasslein 2.8 Kolp 2.9 Landon 2.9. 1 Rise of the Planet of the Apes 2.10 The Lawgiver 2.11 Lisa 2.12 Mr. MacDonald 2.13 Maddox 2.14 Mandemus 2.15 Dr. Maximus 2.16 Méndez 2.17 Dr. Milo 2.18 Nova 2.19 Taylor 2.19. 1 Planet of the Apes 2.19. 2 Beneath the Planet of the Apes 2.19. 3 Escape from the Planet of the Apes 2.20 General Ursus 2.21 Virgil 2.22 Dr. Zaius 2.22. 1 Planet of the Apes 2.22. 2 Beneath the Planet of the Apes 2.22. 3 Escape from the Planet of the Apes 2.22. 4 Television 2.23 Zira 2.23. 1 Sequels 3 Characters exclusive to Planet of the Apes ( 1974 TV series ) 3.1 Veska 4 Characters exclusive to Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) 4.1 General Thade 4.2 Capt . Leo Davidson 4.3 Ari 4.4 Colonel Attar 5 Characters exclusive to Planet of the Apes ( 2011 - 2017 ) 5.1 Dreyfus 5.2 Steven Jacobs 5.3 Koba 5.4 Dodge Landon 5.5 Malcolm 5.6 Nova 5.7 Charles Rodman 5.8 Will Rodman 5.9 Werner 5.10 Other characters from War for the Planet of the Apes 6 Notes and references 7 External links Caesar ( edit ) Caesar Planet of the Apes character First appearance Escape from the Planet of the Apes ( 1971 ) Created by Paul Dehn Portrayed by Walker Edmiston ( voice in Escape ) Roddy McDowall ( Conquest and Battle ) Andy Serkis ( Rise , Dawn , and War ) Voiced by Walker Edmiston ( voice in Escape ) Information Species Chimpanzee Occupation Tribal chief Circus performer Slave Messenger Revolutionary Ruler Scholar Family Zira ( mother in Original film ) Cornelius ( father ) Armando ( foster father in Original film ) Bright Eyes ( mother in Reboot film ) Will Rodman ( foster father in Rise ) Spouse ( s ) Lisa ( Conquest and Battle ) Cornelia ( Dawn ) Children Cornelius II Blue Eyes & Cornelius ( reboot series ) Origin San Francisco , California , United States Caesar ( birth name : Milo ) is a fictional character in the Planet of the Apes franchise . He is the leader and later ruler of the apes in both the original and the 2011 reboot series . He does not appear in the 2001 film . Original series ( edit ) Escape from the Planet of the apes ( edit ) Caesar is the son of talking chimpanzees Cornelius and Zira . Originally named Milo after Dr. Milo , who travelled back in time with Cornelius and Zira to the Earth of Taylor 's era , he was reared by his human foster father Armando , a traveling circus owner who gave Cornelius and Zira sanctuary when Zira went into labor in the final act of Escape from the Planet of the Apes . Before departing , Zira switched the infant Milo with a young chimpanzee recently born to Armando 's primitive chimpanzee , Heloise . Heloise 's baby was killed , along with Zira , by the human Dr. Otto Hasslein . After Cornelius kills Hasslein , he is shot by a Marine Corps sniper . Milo speaks his first word , `` Mama '' , at the very end of the film . His false identity secure , Milo grew up as a mute acrobat . Conquest of the Planet of the apes ( edit ) Armando addresses Milo by the name Caesar in the next film . In the opening minutes of Conquest , he and Armando are visiting a large city for the first time , and Armando leads him around on a chain . In private , though , Caesar stands nearly erect , and he chats back and forth with Armando like a father and son . Armando critiques Caesar 's `` act '' of behaving like a primitive chimpanzee , then gives him an idea of what to expect : In the years Caesar has been growing up in the provinces , many of the events his parents warned humanity about ( before they were murdered , in an attempt to prevent their occurrence ) have taken place -- the most significant being the space - borne plague that killed virtually all of Earth 's dogs and cats , leaving humanity without pets . Monkeys at first took their place , then gradually apes , who progressed from companions to household helpers , and eventually to a state of slavery . Caesar tries to take what he sees ( groups of apes being dispersed , chimps and orangutans being scolded or punished for honest mistakes or for exhibiting apelike behavior ) in stride , but when he sees a chimp beaten by police , then shocked with a cattle prod , he impulsively cries out `` Lousy human bastards ! '' When the police turn their attention his way , Armando insists that he was the one who spoke , but nearby witnesses report differently . Caesar panics and runs away , leading them to suspect he understands what has occurred -- and perhaps is able to speak . Armando is arrested , but is later released and rejoins Caesar momentarily . He knows now their charade ( that Caesar is a mute , primitive ape ) might have failed , and instructs Caesar to hide among his own and join a shipment of apes brought in by boat , if Armando can not convince the authorities that Caesar is harmless and only ran away because of the commotion . Armando goes downtown , to try to bluff his way out of trouble . When he fails to return , Caesar infiltrates a shipment of apes . Passing his conditioning with flying colors , Caesar is next sold to Governor Breck , supervised by his assistant Mr. MacDonald , ironically an African - American descended from slaves . When Breck decides to formally name him , he takes out a reference book , turns to a page and points to a name at random , then bids Caesar to do likewise . Caesar chooses his adopted name , pretending to do so randomly , and is so registered . Next he is assigned to the city 's `` command post '' -- the communications center for Ape Management , and its lockup for disobedient apes . ( He is also selected to mate with Lisa , presumably resulting in the birth of their son Cornelius , who appears in the next movie . ) When Caesar learns that Armando died while in custody , he decides enough is enough , and he begins plotting an ape revolt , conspiring with other apes and driving them to turn on their masters . When Caesar is belatedly traced and discovered not to have been part of any ape shipment , he is captured and tortured by Breck , to see if he is indeed the talking offspring of two talking apes . MacDonald excuses himself from the scene and changes the breaker settings for the electroshock table Caesar is wired to . He can not prevent Caesar from being shocked to the point that he finally chokes out the words `` Have pity ! '' , but he does prevent Caesar from being electrocuted to death . Believed dead , Caesar kills the handler assigned to dispose of him , then throws the switch that opens all the cages in the ape lockup , and the revolt begins . Hours later , much of the city is in flames , the police and military have been beaten down , and the apes are in control , as Caesar predicts will follow around the world when word spreads . MacDonald tries to dissuade Caesar from further violence , while Lisa becomes the next ape to speak , telling Caesar `` No ! '' when he condemns all humanity . In Battle for the Planet of the apes ( edit ) In the fifth film , Battle , human and ape children gather around a statue of Caesar , now a legend who has been dead for over 600 years , as the Lawgiver tells them the story of how Caesar fought a battle that both solidified his position as ape leader and convinced him to give a joint ape - human society a chance , instead of one species dominating the other . Screenwriter Paul Dehn stated that the tear on Caesar 's statue at the end of the film was to tell the audience that Caesar 's efforts ultimately failed . Reboot series ( edit ) Rise of the Planet of the apes ( edit ) In Rise of the Planet of the Apes , Caesar ( Andy Serkis ) is the main protagonist . Will Rodman ( James Franco ) is working on a cure for Alzheimer 's by performing tests on apes for a pharmaceutical company in the San Francisco Bay Area . One of the first test subjects is Caesar 's mother , Bright Eyes , who is captured in Africa at the beginning of the film ( also depicted in an online comic strip shortly before the movie 's release ) . Rodman 's `` cure '' , ALZ - 112 , genetically increases Bright Eyes ' intelligence , and this is passed on to Caesar in the womb . After Bright Eyes is killed trying to protect her newborn child ( an action mistaken by lab security as her having run amok ) , all other test apes are ordered destroyed ; however , the sympathetic ape handler , Franklin , rescues Caesar and gives him to Will , who smuggles the baby chimp out of the lab and takes him to his home . Caesar spends years living with Rodman as his father and , from his time as an infant , shows intelligence that far surpasses humans at his age . After an incident where he attacks their aggressive neighbor who was being threatening to Will 's dementia - suffering father , he is eventually taken and forced into an ape `` sanctuary '' where he is often tormented by one of the caretakers . Caesar eventually proves smart enough to break free from his cage , even yelling his first word of `` No ! '' in a confrontation with one of the caretakers ; he steals Will 's new , stronger version of the intelligence - enhancing formula , ALZ - 113 , and releases it among the other captive apes . Unlike the original virus , ALZ - 112 , which is injected , ALZ - 113 is inhaled ( therefore , airborne ) . They escape the sanctuary and are joined by other captive apes from the zoo and the lab , rallying to escape San Francisco , violently clashing with police . Like his appearance in the fourth and fifth films , Caesar is shown to be compassionate , forbidding his followers from killing innocent humans and those who do n't seek to harm them . This clashes with the mindset of another ape , Koba , who is shown to be somewhat maniacal in his resistance . At the film 's conclusion , the apes escape to the redwood forest outside the city , with Rodman and Caesar sharing an emotional farewell as Caesar decides to live free among his own kind , telling Rodman `` Caesar is home '' before they part . The threat of retribution by humans - mentioned by Will as he says farewell -- is put to rest in a mid-credits scene . Will 's neighbor , a pilot , nose dripping blood and apparently infected with the ALZ - 113 virus , arrives at San Francisco International Airport for his flight . While ominous music plays , a graphic traces the spread of the humanity - killing virus to Paris and around the globe via airline flight routes . Dawn of the Planet of the apes ( edit ) After 10 years of living in peace and safety , Caesar still reigns strongly over the apes . Now middle - aged and raising a teenage son , Caesar leads his apes on a hunting expedition . He attempts to teach his son , Blue Eyes how to hunt without getting hurt but this does n't go to plan . Blue Eyes , who continuously ignores his father 's orders , wanders off and is attacked by a bear . Caesar , seeing his son in trouble rushes to help him but he too struggles with the bear . He calls for his friend Koba who spears the bear in the back , between the shoulder blades , killing it . Caesar emerges from under the bear 's corpse and attempts to check Blue Eyes ' injuries only to be brushed off . Arriving back in the village , Caesar is summoned home by his wife Cornelia 's midwives . Hurrying home , the Ape king joins his wife just as she gives birth to their second son . Overjoyed by the reality of having a second son , Caesar summons Blue Eyes over , telling him , `` Come meet your new brother '' . Together , the family celebrates the birth . Later , Caesar sits looking out over the village with his long - time friend Maurice . Maurice congratulates Caesar over the birth of his new son . Caesar , taking his best friend 's comments in stride , smiles . The conversation steers away from the boys and turns to the humans . Maurice asks if Caesar misses the humans in which Caesar replies that he does sometimes . Maurice then recounts everything that has happened in the last ten years as the human appearances have become less and less . Caesar awakens in the middle of the night by the sound of gunfire . Hurrying outside , he sees that the entire colony has heard it . Rushing out into the forest with Rocket and Maurice and various others , Caesar sees that his honorary nephew , Ash , the son of Rocket has been shot . Rocket begins to panic . Caesar tells Rocket to calm down and shouts in English at the humans to leave before ordering Koba to follow them . Back in the village , Caesar sits listening as his council argues over what is to be done about the humans . Koba and Blue Eyes argue with Ash and Rocket about Ash 's shooting while Maurice sits silently , looking through the bag one of the humans dropped in the rush . Caesar shouts to make the council go silent . Caesar tells them that he will have a decision by morning . Afterwards , Koba approaches Caesar and tells him the apes need to make a show of strength to the humans . The next morning the apes march into the remnants of San Francisco , on horseback and armed with spears . It is there , to the shock of most humans , that Caesar speaks and states that the apes have no interest in a war , but they will fight to protect themselves . He then tells the humans to not come back into the ape 's territory and has his son give Malcolm his son 's satchel and the ape army leaves back to their homes having given the message to the humans . The next day , a single human , Malcolm comes to Caesar to explain why they came . On the condition of surrendering their weapons , Caesar allows a small group of humans to repair a dam near the apes . While the human - hating Koba and Blue Eyes disagree , Caesar fears the humans may attack if refused . After one human smuggles a shotgun and threatens Caesar 's sons , he demands that they leave . After Malcolm 's girlfriend Ellie saves Cornelia , Caesar allows them to stay and orders the apes to help . This act pushes Koba and Caesar to a brutal fight that almost kills Koba . In revenge , Koba steals a human gun and shoots Caesar , leading the apes to war in retaliation . Caesar survives the gunshot and is nursed back to health by Malcolm and Ellie . With Blue Eyes ' help , he gathers loyal apes to him and confronts Koba , finally killing him . But Caesar considers the damage already done , as the coming human army will not forgive the apes for their actions . Wishing Malcolm goodbye , Caesar prepares to lead the remaining apes to war against the humans . War for the Planet of the apes ( edit ) Two years later , Caesar 's clan is at war with the human military faction known as Alpha - Omega . The apes have captured four soldiers led by Preacher , and the gorilla named Red ( a follower of Koba ) , who have joined the humans along with the other apes , after being disillusioned with Caesar 's leadership , in fear of retaliation from Caesar due to their betrayal . Caesar 's clan hides in Muir Woods , and Caesar offers the humans peace if the apes are left alone . Learning that Alpha - Omega follows the leadership of a mysterious Colonel , Caesar makes plans to relocate the clan across the desert , not wanting to suffer any more ape casualties after Koba 's wrath on San Francisco . The night before their journey , Alpha - Omega launches an assault on the ape home and Caesar 's wife Cornelia and eldest son Blue Eyes are slaughtered by the Colonel , leaving only Caesar 's youngest son Cornelius alive . Leaving Cornelius in the care of Lake , the mate of his deceased son , Caesar departs to confront the Colonel , accompanied only by Maurice , Luca and Rocket , while the other apes head for the desert . Confronting traitorous albino gorilla Winter , they learn that the Colonel has departed for a location called the `` border '' . During their journey , they are forced to kill a human living alone in an abandoned village , but when they discover his young daughter , apparently unable to speak , Maurice insists that they take her with them . Further along , they discover that some Alpha - Omega soldiers that have been shot and abandoned . They examine a survivor reveals that he , like the girl , can not speak . In an abandoned souvenir shop , the group meets Bad Ape , an ape hermit who lived in a zoo before he was exposed to the Simian Flu virus . Bad Ape is able to direct them to the border , a former weapons depot that was turned into a containment facility when the virus began to spread . When the group arrives at the border facility , they were ambushed by an Alpha - Omega patrol , in which Luca was fatally stabbed , prompting Caesar to enter the facility alone . However , he is captured shortly after learning that the rest of his ape family have been caught by the Colonel . Witnessing his fellow apes being forced to build a wall , Caesar confronts the Colonel , who reveals that the Simian Flu virus has evolved further and is now causing some surviving humans to become mute and regress back to a primitive mentality . The Colonel is barricading himself into the facility to fend off rival military forces coming to execute him , as he favors killing any infected humans -- including his own son - while others believe that a cure is still possible . While Caesar is tortured with starvation , the mute girl , whom Maurice names Nova , sneaks into the facility to give him food and water , although Rocket is forced to allow himself to be captured to create a distraction so that Nova can escape . Together , Caesar and Rocket are able to work out a means of accessing the ape cage via an underground tunnel that leads out of the facility , with Bad Ape and Maurice digging their way into the cage . After rescuing the children , Caesar sends his followers away while he confronts the Colonel , but the facility is subsequently attacked by the external military forces . When Caesar reaches the Colonel , he realizes that the Colonel has succumbed to the infection and is regressing to a primitive state . Caesar fights but ultimately spares the Colonel , who takes his own life rather than become a primitive . In a massive battle among Caesar 's apes , Alpha - Omega and the rival militants , Caesar attempts to throw the grenade to the facility 's fuel supplies , but he gets shot by Preacher . Red , a donkey - captured apes who give up freedom to work for humans against Caesar 's ape colony - redeems and sacrifices himself by killing Preacher , and saving Caesar 's life , helping to destroy the fuel tank . As the apes fall in numbers , an oncoming avalanche arrives , and wipes out the remaining Alpha - Omega soldiers , as well as the opposing militant forces , while the apes and Nova retreat to the safety of the trees . Departing the facility , the remaining apes cross the desert and find a park that is rich in natural resources . Caesar reveals to Maurice that he is dying of his wounds . Before Caesar dies , Maurice assures Caesar that Cornelius will know who his father was , what he stood for and what he did to protect the apes . Characters Exclusive to Planet of the apes ( 1968 - 1973 ) ( edit ) Aldo ( edit ) Also ( portrayed by Claude Akins ) emerges as the villain in Battle for the Planet of the Apes . He is the general of the Gorilla militia , which mostly guards the outskirts of Ape City , and practices with mock weapons . He is both jealous of his human advisors and of Caesar ( and his son , Cornelius , who bests him in the school that all apes must attend ) and would like to take his place as leader . Humans live alongside apes in the city , but as second class citizens . Discovering a large number of ( irradiated ) humans still alive underground in the bomb - destroyed city they escaped , as he is discovered during a trip to the ruins , Caesar implores the apes to prepare themselves , in case those humans emerge to attack . Aldo uses the alarm as an excuse to corral all the humans of Ape City , break into the armory to seize guns and other weapons , and declare martial law . Meanwhile , Cornelius has been injured falling from a tree branch ( purposely cut by Aldo ) , and Caesar does n't want to leave his son 's side , therefore Aldo can do as he pleases . Caesar only remembers his duty toward the other apes when an attack comes . Caesar and Aldo fight together , but with the enemy driven back , Aldo ignores Caesar 's order to stand down , and leads his forces to catch and massacre the retreating mutant humans . Caesar discovers Aldo 's usurpation of power , his treatment of the humans , and Aldo 's role in his son 's death . Upon Aldo 's return from the slaughter , the two battle it out , from the ground to the trees , and for ultimate control of the ape / human society . According to ape lore , an ape had never killed another ; the population , aghast at Aldo 's sin , mournfully chant `` ape has killed ape '' while Aldo and Caesar fight in the tree . Caesar avenges Cornelius , knocking Aldo from the tree to his death . Aldo ( chimpanzee ) ( edit ) Aldo is first referenced in the third Apes movie , Escape from the Planet of the Apes , when the chimpanzee Cornelius describes him as the first ape to acquire the power of speech -- and the first to say `` No ! '' to his human captors . Portrayed by David Chow , he appears in the next film , Conquest of the Planet of the Apes , as a Chimpanzee whose beating at the hands of human guards is witnessed by Armando and Caesar , the son of Cornelius and Zira , who later leads the ape revolt . Armando ( edit ) Armando is a circus owner , a human friend of Cornelius and Zira , and foster - father of Caesar in the Planet of the Apes movie series . He was portrayed by Ricardo Montalbán . A believer in Saint Francis of Assisi , `` who loved all animals '' , the jovial , warm - hearted Armando readily comes to the aid of Cornelius and his pregnant wife Zira during Escape from the Planet of the Apes , when most of humanity has rejected them , and even the United States Government plans to prevent their ever having children , since they someday `` may constitute a threat to the human race . '' Armando states that if the human race is ever dominated by another species , he 'd like most of all for it to be the chimpanzee . While Armando does his best to help the pair , and conceal their newly born son Milo ( later called Caesar ) , he ca n't prevent their murder at the hands of Dr. Otto Hasslein . He takes responsibility for Caesar , raising him publicly as a circus chimpanzee , while privately teaching him human knowledge and introducing him to human habits . In the fourth Apes movie , Conquest of the Planet of the Apes , Armando brings Caesar to a large city for the first time , after raising him mostly in `` the provinces '' and remote areas , where Caesar has been unaware of apes ' adoption as pets ( to replace the dogs and cats lost to a spaceborn plague ) , which has led gradually to their present enslavement . Armando keeps Caesar on a short leash in public , while coaching him on apelike mannerisms when nobody 's looking . All the same , fate gets the better of them ; when Caesar sees an ape ( a chimpanzee named Aldo ) mistreated , he swears his frustration -- bringing himself and Armando to the attention of the police . Slipping away , Armando and Caesar try to formulate a plan to prevent further trouble . Armando already claimed to be the one who cried out , and plans to tell the authorities that Caesar is frightened of cities , and ran away because of the public commotion . He tells Caesar to wait for him near the docks where shipments of apes arrive nightly for `` conditioning '' and training as servants , and to infiltrate a shipment if Armando fails to return . Caesar does so , finding himself by degrees sold to Governor Breck , and assigned to Ape Management 's command post . Armando undergoes a lengthy , tense interrogation at the hands of the state 's authorities , who ultimately believe his alibi , and that Caesar is mute and not the son of `` the talking apes '' . They insist , though , that he pass a screening by the `` Authenticator '' -- a hypnotic device which compels its subjects to tell the complete truth -- before he is released . Armando first refuses to submit on gentlemanly grounds , then when he sees no other way out , he throws himself through a window ( falling to his death ) rather than reveal what he knows about Caesar . When Caesar learns of Armando 's death , it becomes the last straw for him . Wanting revenge he begins to perpetrate an Ape revolt , executed over the rest of Conquest . Governor Breck ( edit ) Governor Breck is the main antagonist in the fourth film Conquest of the Planet of the Apes . He was portrayed by Academy Award - nominated actor Don Murray . In 1991 , the United States has gone from its original form of government to a system of provinces headed by governors , who rule in an authoritarian manner , with many curfews and restrictions imposed , and surveillance an everyday event . Protests and demonstrations are discouraged , or given time limits . After the death of Earth 's dogs and cats ( caused by a plague brought back by a space probe ) , apes took their place as pets -- and were genetically engineered to increase their intelligence . Progressing from performing tricks to doing household chores , apes have now become humanity 's slaves . The government supports this occurrence , since ape servants seem to lessen public discontent . Nobody considers the apes ' feelings or best interests , though , and tension is brewing . Governor Breck is n't fond of apes , but he does enjoy bossing them around , even more than the humans in his charge . Breck witnesses an ape auction one day , and on a whim bids on a young chimpanzee ( through his assistant Mr. MacDonald ) . His bid wins , and he shows the chimp how to choose a name from a book . The name he chooses is `` Caesar '' , pretending to just point randomly . While he is bright , and everyone suspects he was previously `` conditioned '' and not a wild ape , he makes a mistake in the chore given him ( mixing a cocktail for the governor ) . Breck decides to assign Caesar to his command post , as a messenger . What Breck does not know , but comes to suspect , is that Caesar is actually an evolved ape , whose parents Cornelius and Zira came from Earth 's future , when apes are the dominant species . Caesar was brought up by Armando , a human circus owner , who taught him about humanity , and how to be a leader . Armando dies in police custody , to protect Caesar 's secret . Angry and mournful , Caesar begins to set up an ape revolt , using his job at the command post to stay one step ahead of Breck , and his attempts to control the apes . Another assistant , Kolp , double - checks on recent ape shipments to Ape Management , and discovers that Caesar was the lone chimpanzee in a shipment from Borneo -- where chimps are not native . He reports this to Breck , who now wants to know exactly what Caesar knows . He also wonders if Caesar can tell him by speaking . Breck orders MacDonald to turn Caesar over the minute he returns from an errand , but instead MacDonald , who learns Caesar can indeed speak , gives him the chance to escape . Caesar is captured by police , taken to Ape Management , and brought to an interrogation room resembling a torture chamber . Strapped to an electroshock table , Caesar is jolted with higher and higher amounts of electricity , while Breck commands him again and again , `` Talk ! '' In agony , Caesar gasps `` Have pity ! '' and slumps back on the table , exhausted . MacDonald leaves , showing no stomach for what Breck is doing . Satisfied , Breck departs , and Kolp orders Caesar to be electrocuted immediately . MacDonald finds the room 's breaker box , and cuts off the electrical flow to the table . Caesar pretends to die , and everyone else leaves . Killing the handler sent to dispose of his body , Caesar decides the time has come to begin the revolt . Caesar sets the Ape Management building on fire , then seizes the intercom system and pretends to be the governor 's spokesman , ordering the guards to release all the apes in custody -- even the dangerous ones . With the apes loose , panic begins to spread , and apes around the Ape Management complex begin to riot . More and more fires begin to break out , all over the city . From his command post , Breck declares martial law , and issues one simple order concerning the rioting apes : `` Shoot to kill ! '' His troops are overwhelmed by the hundreds of apes they find in the streets , though , and nobody can believe the apes have acquired weapons -- and the skills to use them , or at least try them out . The apes smash the command post as they take control of Ape Management , seizing Breck , MacDonald and others . Several Gorillas handle Breck as Caesar was once handled by Breck 's policemen ; Caesar asks him the final question : Why was Breck so hateful toward apes , and toward himself most of all ? With nothing left to lose , Breck admits to Caesar that enslaving wild apes was a way of dealing with his own human impulses , and so with other humans . Breck is taken away , presumably to be imprisoned by the apes . In the fifth film , it is revealed that Breck died in the nuclear war . Brent ( edit ) Brent is an American astronaut and a main protagonist in the second film Beneath the Planet of the Apes . He was portrayed by James Franciscus . Brent is the copilot of a rescue mission , sent after George Taylor 's ship was determined to have gone awry , in its flight to another star . Brent 's ship follows the same trajectory , and runs into the same problems , crash - landing in the Forbidden Zone , only this time on land . His pilot , Maddox , is blinded , and suffers fatal injuries , dying soon after the crash . Once Brent has finished burying Maddox near their crash site , he is wondering if Taylor underwent a similar fate . It turns out he 's closer to meeting Taylor than he could have imagined , as he comes across a woman on horseback -- Taylor 's companion Nova , alone since Taylor disappeared . Discovering Nova is mute , but wearing Taylor 's dog tags , he climbs onto the horse also , demanding she take him to Taylor . Not knowing what else to do , and unable to explain Taylor 's absence , Nova takes Brent to Ape City , to look for Zira . Brent overhears an anti-human speech by General Ursus , and his mind reels with mounting horror at the place he 's come to : `` If this place has a name , it 's the Planet Nightmare ! '' Wounded by a gorilla soldier , Brent takes refuge with Nova at the home of Zira and Cornelius . Cornelius and Zira ( who tends to Brent 's wound ) help Brent and Nova get out of Ape City , but gorilla soldiers follow them into the Forbidden Zone . Hiding in a cave , they discover an old subway tunnel , and follow it deep underground to the ruins of New York City , and its mutant inhabitants . Brent is tested by the mutants , through their psychic abilities , forcing him to try to kill Nova , and to go where they want him . They interrogate him telepathically . After Brent and Nova witness a mutant religious service ( where mutants both worship an unexploded doomsday bomb , and reveal themselves to be hideously disfigured , from lingering radiation inside the zone ) , Brent is reunited with Taylor , who was taken prisoner . Their pleasure at meeting each other is broken by the sudden realisation of the mutants ' final plans for them both ; as their jailer explains : `` We do n't kill our enemies . We get our enemies to kill each other . '' Taylor and Brent are then forced by the jailer 's mental powers to fight one another . Nova , who was separated from Brent after the worship service , gets loose from her guard , and finds Taylor and Brent fighting to the death . She is so stirred by the sight that she speaks for the first time in her life , crying `` Taylor ! '' and bringing the fight to a sudden stop . The jailer 's concentration broken , Brent and Taylor act , killing him but inadvertently locking themselves in the cell with Nova . The three break the cell 's lock just as the gorilla army invades the underground city . A random shot kills Nova , demoralising Taylor , but Brent urges him to join the oncoming fight . Hurrying to the cathedral , Brent and Taylor take rifles and try to stop the apes from setting off the bomb and destroying everything . After killing General Ursus and several of his soldiers , Brent runs out of ammunition , and he is killed by the gorilla troops . A moment later the bomb detonates , triggered by Taylor as he falls in death , and Earth is destroyed . In early versions of the script the character is given the first and middle names ' John Christopher ' , but the names are not in the final film or in the film 's credits . Cornelius ( edit ) Planet of the Apes character Cornelius Species Chimpanzee First appearance Planet of the Apes Created by Pierre Boulle Portrayed by Roddy McDowall David Watson Dr. Cornelius is a chimpanzee archaeologist and historian who appears in the original novel of Planet of the Apes ( La Planète des singes ) , and also the first three installments of the classic movie series of the same name , from the 1960s and 1970s . He was portrayed by Roddy McDowall and , in the second movie , by David Watson . In 1968 's Planet of the Apes , Cornelius is introduced as the fiancé of Dr. Zira , an animal psychologist and veterinarian ( who specializes in working with humans ) , both of whom are on the scientific staff of Dr. Zaius . While supporting the status quo , Cornelius has begun to question the infallibility of the Sacred Scrolls , which give the religious and mythological history of the ape society , and is considering the validity of evolution ( specifically , from human to ape ) to explain the scientific gaps in the scrolls . When Zira brings Taylor , an injured astronaut who is mistaken for a primitive human , home from the zoo for Cornelius to see , Taylor begins to communicate with them , first through gestures and then through writing on paper . While Cornelius dismisses Taylor 's story that he flew through the stars to their world ( since he has no proof ) , he agrees that Taylor is worthy of consideration as an intelligent being . When Taylor recovers his voice , he tries to plead his own case before a council session called to arrange his `` disposition '' . When the ape leaders wo n't allow Taylor to speak , Cornelius defends him . With Taylor marked for elimination , and at risk of their own careers , Cornelius and Zira escape with Taylor to the Forbidden Zone -- the wasteland where humans are said to come from , to a site where Cornelius had been digging the year before . When Dr. Zaius pursues them , Taylor turns the tables , first capturing Dr. Zaius , and then forcing him to examine Cornelius 's evidence for a human society predating their own . Cornelius marvels at Taylor 's explanations of the artifacts found , accepts that apes did n't evolve from humans , and those humans invented the technology that apes were rediscovering . Taylor departs from the apes ( after kissing Zira goodbye , to Cornelius 's consternation ) , who return to their city . Between the first movie and its follow up , Beneath the Planet of the Apes , Cornelius and Zira first undergo a show trial for heresy at Zaius 's instigation ( who then pleads for clemency on their behalf ) , then are married and continue their careers . Another astronaut , Brent , appears at their doorstep in the second movie . Zira tends to a gunshot wound he suffered at a gorilla 's hands , and Cornelius first shows Brent a map leading to where they left Taylor , then gives him the best possible advice : Never speak if he 's captured , or `` they will dissect you , and they will kill you -- in that order . '' Zaius also visits to announce that he 's accompanying an expedition to the Forbidden Zone , and asks for Cornelius and Zira 's promise not to cause trouble in his absence , which they give him . ( In the novelization of the movie , though , they lead a chimpanzee revolt after he departs . ) In the third movie , Escape from the Planet of the Apes , Cornelius and Zira themselves become ' astronauts ' , escaping their world in Taylor 's spacecraft , found and restored by their friend Dr. Milo , and travelling back in time to a few months after Taylor 's departure . They discover a world run by humans , and deduce ( correctly ) that this is not only where Taylor came from , but is their own planet from the apes ' prehistory . Cornelius has learned the truth about how the apes rose , from reading secret scrolls Dr. Zaius had kept under lock and key , and is able to answer questions put to him by the human leaders -- and offer tantalizing clues to both Taylor 's fate , and the planet 's . Discovering Zira is pregnant by Cornelius , and fearing a possible ape takeover , scientist Dr. Otto Hasslein takes it upon himself to make sure the baby is never born , and the pair 's arrival will not spark a human downfall -- inadvertently setting that downfall in motion . Milo , the son of Cornelius and Zira , is born and taken into hiding , while the two try to escape with another ape baby as a decoy . They and the baby are murdered , but their own son ( played in the next two movies , again by McDowall ) grows up , given the name Caesar by his human foster - father , and leads the apes as the human society destroys itself . Cornelius and Zira have no roles in Conquest of the Planet of the Apes , except in references to Caesar 's `` real parents '' and their prophecies of the origins of the ape takeover coming true , but appear in video stills examined by Caesar and two companions in the final film , Battle for the Planet of the Apes , as Caesar tries to learn what they knew about Earth 's future . Caesar also gives his son -- by wife Lisa -- the name Cornelius , after his father . This Cornelius was killed by Aldo when he cut the branch on which Cornelius was . Dr. Otto Hasslein ( edit ) In the Planet of the Apes movie series , Dr. Otto Hasslein is a physicist attached to the space flight project that sends astronauts Taylor , Dodge , Landon , and Brent to the world of the apes . He was portrayed by German American actor Eric Braeden . He serves as the main antagonist of the third Apes film Escape from the Planet of the Apes . In the novelization of the film , his first name is Victor . Even before appearing onscreen , Hasslein 's name is part of the series storyline , as the scientist who proposed the `` Hasslein curve '' -- a form of time dilation possible with the craft used in the movies . When he does appear in Escape , he explains to a television news presenter his theories of time , and his belief that changing the future may be possible . He analogizes time to be a highway with an infinite number of lanes , all going from the past to the future ; by changing lanes , one can change destiny . The theory , known as `` many - worlds interpretation , '' was first advanced in 1957 as `` relative state formation '' by Hugh Everett , and was popularised in the 1960s and 70s by Bryce Seligman DeWitt who applied its lasting name . Hasslein mentions neither real - life scientist in the film . Hasslein learns that talking chimpanzees , Doctors Cornelius , Zira and Milo ( who was killed by a primitive gorilla shortly after arriving ) , have actually arrived in the present day ( 1973 in the movie ) from Earth 's own future , where humanity has fallen to the level of beasts while apes rose to power and intellect . While the other members of the Presidential Commission appointed to deal with `` alien visitors '' are initially skeptical of the time - travel story , Hasslein sees confirmation of his theories -- and becomes afraid that the pair 's presence may somehow set humanity 's downfall in motion . As the President 's science advisor , he expresses his concerns , resulting in Cornelius and Zira first being taken into custody , then interrogated at length . Provoked by Zira 's drugged admissions of her experimentation on humans , and Cornelius giving details of his historical research into humanity 's decline , the Presidential Commission concludes ( in a reflection of Taylor 's fate before the Ape council in the first movie , with Hasslein in the place of Dr. Zaius ) that the couple 's unborn child should be `` prevented '' from birth , and that Zira and Cornelius should be `` humanely rendered incapable '' of conceiving again , with their ultimate fate to be decided later -- at Hasslein 's determination , though it appears likely they will be handed over either to scientists or the military for study . When Cornelius and Zira escape military custody ( at the beginnings of Zira 's labor pains ) , Hasslein mounts a full - scale hunt , including searches of all local circuses and zoos . Days later , a carpet bag abandoned by Zira turns up , near the derelict shipyard where they have been hiding , and the pair are spotted soon afterward , with Zira carrying a baby chimp , so Hasslein knows she has given birth . Boarding their ship , Hasslein approaches Zira , pistol in hand , and demands she give him the baby , as the authorities approach . Before they arrive , he shoots Zira , and fires several shots into the swaddling blankets . Cornelius had earlier asked Dr. Lewis Dixon , who had told the couple about the shipyard as a hiding place , for the means `` to kill ourselves '' to avoid being captured , and was given a pistol . Heretofore a pacifist , Cornelius now uses the pistol to avenge his wife , shooting at Hasslein from a crow 's nest on the ship . As the authorities arrive , Hasslein and Cornelius trade gunfire . Cornelius kills Hasslein , but is himself killed by sharpshooters , falling to the deck . Despite Hasslein 's intentions , the baby he killed was not the offspring of Zira and Cornelius -- and his treatment of their arrival may have just set in motion everything Hasslein hoped to prevent . Kolp ( edit ) Kolp is a government official and later Governor of a band of mutants , in the Planet of the Apes movie series , and the main antagonist of the fifth film Battle for the Planet of the Apes . He was played onscreen by Severn Darden . An early draft script of Conquest gives Kolp the first name of Arthur , but the comic book miniseries Revolution on the Planet of the Apes , from Mr. Comics , calls him Vernon . However , the Revolution comic is not considered canon . Kolp was a ruling secret police official on Governor Breck 's staff in Conquest of the Planet of the Apes , displaying himself as sinister , but in a detached , matter - of - fact manner . Kolp supervised the interrogation of Armando , which Armando ended by throwing himself through a high window , rather than confess what he knew about Caesar under hypnosis . Later Kolp tracked down the originating shipment that had carried Caesar to Ape Management ; he deduced that Caesar had sneaked himself into the shipment , to appear to have wild origins . Kolp was also present when Breck interrogated Caesar , strapped to an electroshock table , and he gave the order for Caesar to be electrocuted , once it was proven that Caesar could speak and reason . Kolp survived the Night of the Fires , when the apes revolted and took over , and also the nuclear war humanity then unleashed , all but destroying themselves in doing so , while the apes escaped to the wilderness . Much of the city 's governing staff were relatively safe in underground fallout shelters and bunkers ; nonetheless , lingering background radiation began to cause physical mutations in the survivors . After Breck 's death , Kolp took the few remaining reins of leadership himself . Several years after the end of the war ( in Battle for the Planet of the Apes ) , Caesar , Virgil and Mr. MacDonald revisit Ape Management ( now called the Forbidden City by the apes ) , in hopes of finding old video recordings of Caesar 's parents . Kolp 's agents discover their presence , and Kolp assumes they have come scouting for things to loot or reconquer . Shots are exchanged as Caesar , MacDonald and Virgil flee , and more scouts track them back to Ape City . With the city 's location known , and jealous of the relative health and prosperity of the apes and the humans living with them , Kolp decides to marshal his forces and conquer Ape City . At this point , Kolp is not only mad , but also vengeful . When his second - in - command Méndez points out to him that attacking the Ape city would constitute a direct violation of years of ceasefire peace , Kolp answer is one of a deranged state - of - mind : `` Yes , well things have gotten rather boring around here now , has n't it . '' Kolp supervises the attack , telling his troops to leave Ape City looking `` like the city we came from '' and to do their worst . When it appears Caesar is defeated , Kolp personally taunts him with a revolver , until a cry from Caesar 's wife Lisa destract him , allowing Caesar to launch a counterattack . Kolp is killed while retreating by Aldo and his Gorilla troops . Landon ( edit ) John Landon , more commonly known as Landon , was a human astronaut , who joined the NASA program some time in the 1960s . According to his colleague , George Taylor , Landon was an ambitious scientist who `` wanted to live forever '' . Along with Taylor and fellow astronaut Dodge , Landon participated in a mission to journey to another star . The crew launched out of Cape Kennedy in 1972 and spent over six months in outer space . Taylor , commander of the mission , placed the crew into a state of suspended animation , in preparation for the second leg of their journey . While they slept , the vessel was propelled two - thousand years into the future , confirming Dr. Hasslein 's theory of time in a vehicle travelling near the speed of light . The ship crash - landed back on Earth in the year 3978 . Splashing down into a stagnant salt lake , the crew revived and scurried to freedom . After crash landing on the planet , Landon and his fellow astronaut Taylor bicker as they explore the planet . Landon was an adventurer and a patriot . As such , he found it hardest of the three to come to terms with their fate and argued strongly with Taylor after their crash - landing . Taylor maintained a rigid attitude , while Dodge committed himself towards finding a means to survive on this new world . Landon meanwhile , found himself the target of Taylor 's acerbic wit . Taylor laughs as Landon plants a tiny U.S. flag on the surface of the planet near the lake where they crashed . Later , Landon and Taylor ( along with another astronaut named Dodge ) are captured by a group of apes and taken to a city populated by apes . During Taylor 's subsequent trial , he discovers that Landon has been lobotomized by an ape scientist ( which Dr. Zaius ordered ) and left a mere shell of his former self . Landon is taken back to his cage , while Zaius later admits he knew Landon could talk , and had him operated on . When Brent visited Zira and Cornelius in Beneath the Planet of the Apes , Cornelius told him that Taylor nearly ended up a museum specimen `` like his two friends '' , which suggests that Landon is also dead and displayed alongside Dodge by that point . It 's possible that during a skirmish involving gorilla soldiers , Landon was shot and killed . Rise of the Planet of the apes ( edit ) John Landon is a different version of the character from the original film ; now Landon runs the San Bruno Primate Shelter where Caesar was incarcerated following his attack on Hunsiker . The apes inside the facility were treated cruelly by his son , Dodge , who worked as a guard there . Landon was handed an envelope full of cash in perhaps hundreds or thousands of dollars by Will Rodman and he permitted Will to take Caesar home . However , Caesar realized that if he left the facility the other apes would continue to be abused by Dodge , so he shut the cage door and refused to come home with Will . This prompted Landon to say that Caesar perhaps preferred to stay with the other apes at the facility rather than go home . Caesar later led an escape from the shelter which resulted in Dodge 's death . Landon watched the video from a CCTV camera that recorded the death of his son . The Lawgiver ( edit ) The Lawgiver is an orangutan character in the science fiction movie series Planet of the Apes . While mentioned and quoted in the first two installments of the series , the Lawgiver only appears in the final Apes film , 1973 's Battle for the Planet of the Apes , played by actor - director John Huston . The Lawgiver is to the ape society in Planet of the Apes and Beneath the Planet of the Apes a figure much like Moses or Confucius -- his writings and quotes form the basis of the apes ' system of laws and customs , particularly with regard to humans , whom the Lawgiver declared `` the devil 's pawn '' , to be shunned and driven out , if not destroyed outright . Statues of the Lawgiver are common around Ape City ; when the gorilla army sees a vision of such a statue bleeding , they panic , showing their regard for this icon . While the Lawgiver 's works were used and quoted daily by the apes , they were n't the only ape writings ; secret scrolls told the details of the apes ' rise to dominance , but were kept from the masses . Dr. Zaius , the Chief Defender of the Faith in the ape world some 1200 years after the Lawgiver , kept a copy of the Lawgiver 's essential decrees in his coat pocket , but kept the secret scrolls under lock and key . Through the course of the series , the chimpanzee Caesar becomes leader of the apes , and attempts to change the timeline that led to the world abandoned by his parents , Zira and Cornelius , who travelled to Earth 's past . By the time the Lawgiver appears in Battle , the children he addresses ( as he tells them about Caesar ) are a mix of both humans and apes . However , in the book Planet of the Apes Revisited , the original screenwriter , Paul Dehn , stated that the tear on the statue of Caesar at the end of the film is meant as an indication to the audience that Caesar 's efforts ultimately failed . Roddy McDowall conversely asserts ( in Behind the Planet of the Apes , a 1998 documentary made for the thirtieth anniversary of the original film ) , that the tear was meant to be totally ambiguous , leaving it up to audience members to decide for themselves whether or not Caesar had succeeded in altering the future . Lisa ( edit ) Lisa is a chimpanzee character , and the wife of Caesar , from the later installments of the Planet of the Apes movie series . She was played by actress Natalie Trundy , then - wife of Planet of the Apes original film series producer Arthur P. Jacobs . In Conquest of the Planet of the Apes , Lisa and Caesar meet first in a bookstore , where she is collecting a book for her owner , and then in the City 's Command Center where both serve as slaves . Later , when Caesar launches an ape revolt , he makes a speech to the gathered apes ( and a few captured humans , including Governor Breck and Mr. MacDonald ) , and condemns humanity . Lisa , heretofore mute , speaks for the first time , telling Caesar `` No ! '' Listening to her , Caesar modifies his stand , telling the apes to leave their onetime human captors to their fate , and begin a world of their own . In Battle for the Planet of the Apes , Caesar and Lisa are married , and have a son , named Cornelius after Caesar 's own father Cornelius . Lisa is Caesar 's counsel , who reminds him of his duties toward the other apes , and also of the humans now in his charge . She also discourages her son Cornelius from playing `` war '' with his friends . After winning the battle when human mutants attack , Lisa supports Caesar 's decision to free the humans who live with the apes , and try to live together with them as equals . Mr. MacDonald ( edit ) Mr. MacDonald is the character name of two African - American brothers who appear in later installments of the Planet of the Apes movie series , as companions of Caesar . While their first names are never given in the Apes movies , they are called Malcolm and Bruce in the Marvel Comics adaptations . Both men are of similar character . The first , played by Hari Rhodes , appears in the fourth movie , Conquest of the Planet of the Apes as the personal assistant to Governor Breck , and a descendant of slaves who ironically commands slave apes , including Caesar , who later leads an ape revolt . MacDonald does not believe Caesar is the descendant of talking apes Cornelius and Zira , or that Caesar is capable of speech -- until Caesar admits otherwise . First giving Caesar the chance to escape when the authorities are onto him , then sabotaging the electroshock table Caesar is placed on to force him to speak , MacDonald helps Caesar to launch his revolt -- which turns into a night of fires and carnage , as apes around the city turn on their masters . He then takes Caesar on verbally at the movie 's end , when Caesar wants to fully punish humanity for its treatment of apes . In the novelization of the fifth film , Battle for the Planet of the Apes , set several years after the events of Conquest , MacDonald appears as Caesar 's human liaison and advisor . However , as Rhodes was unable to take part in the filming due to a prior commitment , his role was rewritten into MacDonald 's younger brother , played by Austin Stoker . The younger MacDonald speaks with his authority around Ape City , though he and the other humans otherwise have little authority over themselves , and mostly serve the apes . When Caesar wonders after his parents , and what they knew about right and wrong and the future , MacDonald suggests that old video recordings of Cornelius and Zira might have survived , under the wreckage of Central City ( now called the Forbidden City , after it was destroyed in a nuclear war ) , with answers to some of his questions . MacDonald and the orangutan Virgil journey with Caesar back to the Forbidden City , carrying a Geiger counter and small arms for protection . Discovering the intact ( though dilapidated ) archives , they scarcely have time to play back a short passage of the `` Alien Visitors '' ( namely , Zira and Cornelius ) tape before realising that they have also been discovered -- by mutant human survivors of the war . The three barely escape with their lives , but Caesar now has some insight into who his parents were , and what they knew about future events . Knowing that there are survivors under the city , who might someday want to wage war against them , Caesar prepares the apes to defend their city , but the head of the ape militia , General Aldo , does n't allow the humans of Ape City to help or to defend themselves . When an attack does come , Aldo corrals the humans to keep them from getting involved . The mutants are beaten back , and MacDonald and the other humans are released -- but they refuse to leave the corral , until their role in the city is redefined . Caesar then decrees that all apes must stop treating humans as second - class citizens , and they then work towards peaceful coexistence among the apes and the humans . Maddox ( edit ) Maddox is an American astronaut in the second film Beneath the Planet of the Apes . He was portrayed by Tod Andrews . Maddox commanded the rescue mission sent to find astronauts Taylor , Dodge , Landon and Stewart , who went missing in the events of the previous film , Planet of the Apes . Maddox was accompanied on this mission by John Brent . Following a tradition practiced in both the navy and the air force , Brent sometimes addressed the commander of the craft as `` Skipper '' , just as Landon had sometimes addressed Taylor in the previous film . Maddox and Brent 's spaceship passed through a `` Hasslein Curve '' , sending them two - thousand years into the future . The ship made a crash - landing , badly injuring and blinding Maddox in the process . Brent helped Maddox out of the ship , provided him with medical attention and made him as comfortable as possible . Brent reported the current year to him ( the year 3955 A.D. , according to their clocks ) . Maddox was horrified to hear that they had traveled two - thousand years forward in time . He spoke of his wife and two daughters being long since dead . Maddox himself died shortly afterwards and was buried by Brent . Although only referred to as `` Skipper '' in the film and the credits , the name Maddox appears on the character 's uniform . Mandemus ( edit ) Mandemus is an evolved orangutan character in Battle for the Planet of the Apes , the final original Apes movie , from 1973 . He was portrayed by Lew Ayres . Elderly and an avowed pacifist , Mandemus appears to bear no grudges toward his former human captors , and wants everyone to simply live in peace . The nuclear war that destroyed much of the planet ( including the city which the apes narrowly escaped ) proved the futility of weapons and fighting to Mandemus . With such an attitude , the ape leader Caesar appointed him keeper of Ape City 's small armory , `` and of Caesar 's conscience '' , reasoning that Mandemus would talk him out of anything impulsive or unwise . Besides his other duties , Mandemus also became a teacher in Ape City 's first school . One of his students was the genius orangutan Virgil , who also became a teacher , and an advisor of Caesar . While Mandemus 's appearance in Battle is brief , the Marvel Comics graphic novel adaptation of the Apes storyline provided a longer backstory to the relationship between Mandemus and Caesar . Dr. Maximus ( edit ) Dr. Maximus was a character in the original Planet of the Apes film . An orangutan , the highest caste of apes portrayed in the movie , Dr. Maximus is the Commissioner for Animal Affairs ( `` Animal '' meaning `` Human '' in the apes ' lexicon ) . Dr. Zaius brings Dr. Maximus to the laboratory where the scientists Cornelius and Zira have given safe haven to human astronaut Taylor . As Commissioner of Animal Affairs , Dr. Maximus notes that the chimpanzees are breaking the leash law and orders that Taylor be removed from the area , which is restricted to apes . Dr. Maximus appears as part of the National Academy tribunal that presides over the hearing that accuses the two scientists of surgically enabling Taylor to speak . As Dr. Maximus explains , the purpose of the hearing is `` to settle custodial and jurisdictional questions concerning this beast , and determine what 's to be done with him . '' As the first seated judge , Dr. Maximus covers his eyes when the three orangutans mime the `` See No Evil , Hear No Evil , Speak No Evil '' adage in one of the film 's many satirical flourishes . ( According to the film 's star , Charlton Heston , director Franklin Schaffner conceived the idea but was reluctant to film it , fearing it would be perceived as lowbrow and incongruous with the seriousness of the scene . ) Dr. Maximus is played by Woodrow Parfrey , who also appeared in the first episode of the TV series based on the film . Appearing in the first installments of both the film and TV series is a distinction he shares with Roddy McDowall . Méndez ( edit ) Méndez is the name of a successive dynasty of mutant , human leaders in the Planet of the Apes movie universe . Paul Richards played Méndez XXVI in 1970 's Beneath the Planet of the Apes , while Paul Stevens played his predecessor in 1973 's Battle for the Planet of the Apes , the final original movie . In the second movie , Méndez XXVI is a figure much like a Pope or other lineal authority , with his leadership basically spiritual in nature . His people are the descendants of survivors of a nuclear war , which destroyed most of humanity and allowed the apes to rise to power . Living underground for centuries among irradiated ruins has transformed them physically ; their psychic powers increased , as their appearance became disfigured through severe genetic mutation . The underground mutant people wear masks and wigs to resemble their ancestors more closely , and speak through telepathy , saving their voices for worship . They also regard their severe physical mutation as a true blessing of `` the divine bomb '' . During their worship ceremonies , the mutants put down their contrived masks , revealing their `` inmost selves '' unto their god , and much of their speech and daily rituals are stylized around terms used within the nuclear industry . Their object of worship is an ancient Alpha - Omega nuclear missile left over from the 20th century and still operational , though its original controls have long been replaced by carefully crafted jewel and crystal workings . They have installed the bomb in the former St. Patrick 's Cathedral before the organ pipes , in place of the crucifix . They see their life 's purpose as to guard the Divine Bomb , and to keep watch on the apes ; should the apes become a threat to their underground life , the Bomb will be used to destroy them . However , what is little understood is that the Alpha - Omega Device , which possesses a cobalt casing around its warhead , was designed to ignite the Earth 's atmosphere , and extinguish all life on the planet , not just the apes . Méndez XXVI wears a large gold rendering of the bomb as a pendant , much like a crucifix . When Taylor and Brent are captured , Méndez XXVI oversees their interrogations , and decides what is to be done with them , and about the apes , who are planning to invade the underground city to seize its food sources . When the apes arrive , Méndez XXVI tries to reason with their leader # General Ursus , but is shot down after arming the missile . Taylor later detonates the missile 's warhead , ending the battle between human and ape once and for all by destroying the entire planet . In Battle for the Planet of the Apes , set almost 2,000 years earlier , Méndez is the first of the underground humans to bear the name , and is a subordinate to Kolp , who became governor after Governor Breck 's death , following the nuclear war . When Kolp goes to battle with Ape City with his mutant army , Méndez remains behind , supervising the team who safeguard their `` secret weapon '' , the Alpha - Omega bomb . When Kolp loses the battle , the default order is to fire the missile at Ape City . Méndez instead rejects the order , reminding everyone that using the missile will not just destroy the apes . If they instead revere its power and preserve the missile through time , they will never lose hope or a sense of purpose . He becomes the new human leader , and his attitude toward the missile becomes the code of the underground humans , who build their society to reflect that code . His successors in turn carry his name , as a reminder of their purpose . Dr. Milo ( edit ) In the Planet of the Apes movie series , Dr. Milo is a genius chimpanzee scientist who spurns the intellectual and technological limits placed on the ape society . He was portrayed in Escape from the Planet of the Apes by Sal Mineo , in one of his last roles . Dr. Milo was added to the storyline developed in Beneath the Planet of the Apes , in the interstitial period between Beneath and Escape . Whether Milo was an outcast from Ape City , or self - exiled from it , is not known . Unafraid of `` the beast Man '' and of human technology ( forbidden under Ape law ) as he is of reading banned books or visiting the Forbidden Zone , he is a friend of Cornelius and Zira , who also hold liberal views . In the Forbidden Zone , Dr. Milo is able to raise the spacecraft that carried the astronaut Taylor and is able to repair it well enough to relaunch . ( It is never revealed how he learned of the ship -- possibly in a conversation with Zira and Cornelius -- or of electronics or any other technique used in space flight ; his advanced intelligence would have provided some insight , possibly augmented by caches of old human books , or technological data found aboard the craft . ) While Milo never completely fathoms the technology or the purpose of Taylor 's ship ( and of course its crew are unavailable ) , he does come far enough to be able to attempt a flight . Cornelius and Zira join him , the three donning spacesuits and climbing aboard , after they become convinced the latest anti-human campaign will spell disaster . Once in space , they learn how true this becomes , as the Earth is destroyed . Whether Taylor 's ship followed a preprogrammed flight path , was affected by shock waves from the blast that destroyed Earth , or was flown by Dr. Milo is never revealed . ( From the attitudes shown in Escape , it is probable the apes knew very little about flying the ship , and simply let it follow its programming . ) In any case , their trip takes the apes back in time to the year 1973 , nearly two years after Taylor 's ship originally departed , and makes another water landing , this time floating off the California coast . Startling their human finders , Dr. Milo , Zira and Cornelius are taken to the local zoo while the US Government ponders what to do with them . Finding themselves in the reverse situation of what astronauts Taylor and Brent went through coming to their world , the three chimpanzees agree to make no sounds around humans , but talk furtively in private , and try to decide how to handle what has happened . ( Zira spoils this by openly declaring her dislike of bananas when the apes are fed , heightening the tension . ) As Dr. Milo paces , he draws the attention of a primitive gorilla from the next cage over , who grabs Dr. Milo at a vulnerable moment and strangles him to death . Mournful over the loss , Cornelius and Zira name their son ( born toward the end of Escape ) Milo , after their friend . To hide his identity , Milo 's foster father Armando gives him the name Caesar . Caesar becomes the main character in the next two Apes movies , and the leader of a new ape society . Nova ( edit ) Nova is a fictional character in the novel Planet of the Apes by Pierre Boulle . In the first two Planet of the Apes films , she is played by Linda Harrison . In Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) , Nova is a primitive girl who is captured by the intelligent and warlike apes during one of their hunting expeditions . American astronaut George Taylor is also captured . They are taken to Ape City where they are paired up in a cell . Taylor , having been shot through the throat by a gorilla , is unable to speak , but when his speech returns he befriends the chimpanzees Zira and Cornelius . They eventually help Taylor and Nova escape to the Forbidden Zone where Taylor learns the truth about the planet . In the sequel Beneath the Planet of the Apes ( 1970 ) , she and Taylor journey through the Forbidden Zone where Taylor mysteriously disappears . Meanwhile , a second astronaut , Brent , has arrived on the planet in search of Taylor . Brent is brought by Nova to Zira and Cornelius , but they are captured and held prisoner . Escaping , they head for the Forbidden Zone where they discover that beneath the surface of the planet is a forgotten city , peopled by mutants who worship a massive nuclear bomb . Under the mutants ' mind control , Brent attempts to drown Nova . Later , as Brent and Taylor stand in a cell , she watches in horror as the two men , under the control of mutant Ograna , try to kill each other . Fearing for the lives of her friend and the man she loves , she speaks for the first time , crying out Taylor 's name . The sound of her voice breaks the mutant 's mind control and frees Brent and Taylor , who kill Ograna and then leave the cell with Nova . As the three navigate around the corridors , General Ursus ' army invades the cathedral , killing any mutant they encounter ; the trio are ambushed by an armed gorilla soldier , who fatally shoots Nova , before Brent and Taylor manage to kill him . A devastated Taylor holds Nova in his hands before Brent convinces him that they must continue . The film ends with a mortally wounded Taylor detonating the bomb , destroying the planet . Variations on the character appeared in other interpretations of the Planet of the Apes mythos . Daena , from Tim Burton 's 2001 remake , was based on Harrison 's character from the earlier film series . Harrison also appeared in the film ( as an unnamed woman in a cart ) and a separate character named Nova ( a chimp , played by Lisa Marie ) also appeared in the film . In the film War for the Planet of the Apes , Nova is a young girl , portrayed by Amiah Miller . Taylor ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Planet of the Apes character Taylor Species Human First appearance Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) Last appearance Beneath the Planet of the Apes ( 1970 ) Created by Michael Wilson Rod Serling Portrayed by Charlton Heston George Taylor , more commonly known as Taylor , is the main protagonist of the original Planet of the Apes film and a supporting character of Beneath the Planet of the Apes . Taylor is an American astronaut and the leader of a space expedition . He is played by Charlton Heston . Taylor 's first name is never spoken in dialog ; the sources for it are the closing credits of the film and the 1998 documentary Behind the Planet of the Apes . While the character is never given a first name during the film , the end credits of Planet of the Apes identify him as George Taylor . Although no rank other than `` Skipper '' is given to the character in the two films in which he appears , the character is referred to as Colonel Taylor in Escape from the Planet of the Apes the third film in the series . Planet of the apes ( edit ) In the opening minutes of the movie , Taylor is watching his crewmates enter a state of hibernation aboard their ship ( known noncanonically as the Icarus or the Liberty 1 ) , which is accelerating to nearly the speed of light , as he records his final report before joining them . Taylor muses about the fact that hundreds of years have already passed on Earth , in the six months the ship 's clock has recorded , and hopes that whoever is receiving his report on Earth belongs to a better breed than they left behind , when their ship launched in 1972 . He then climbs into his bunk , passing into hibernation , as the ship continues on auto - pilot to a faraway star . When Taylor and two of his crewmates awake ( discovering that a fourth , a woman named Stewart , died from an air leak while they were hibernating ) the ship has crash - landed in a lake , on what they take to be an Earth - like , but largely barren , planet orbiting a Sun - like star in the constellation Orion . The ship begins to take on water , then sinks rapidly , barely leaving the three astronauts time to break out survival kits and a life raft , and take an Earth - time reading ; the year is 3978 , leaving them just over two thousand years away from their starting point . Rowing the raft to dry land , Taylor assumes command of what they now know will be a no - return mission , but it pulls him and his companions , Dodge and Landon , together and they begin a search for life on this new planet . They also discuss their motivations for joining the mission ; Taylor 's is his quest to find someone or something wiser than humanity . As they leave their crash site behind , the astronauts first find a flowering plant , then a row of what appear to be scarecrows or a boundary line , then finally a lush valley with a waterfall and pool , where they peel off their uniforms and go swimming . Their equipment and clothing vanishes . The astronauts follow footprints leading away from the pool and discover primitive mute humans destroying everything the astronauts brought with them . The astronauts assess the possibility of taking command of these humans , but they are interrupted by the sound of gunfire . This planet has another dominant species : evolved apes . The apes hunt the humans , capturing many in nets . Dodge is killed outright , Landon suffers a head wound , and Taylor receives a bullet wound in his throat , preventing him from speaking . Taken to Ape City and caged , Taylor and a mute female ( whom he later calls Nova ) share a laboratory cell , and chimpanzee psychologist Dr. Zira hopes the two will mate . When Zira discovers that Taylor has intelligence beyond any human she has ever seen , she takes him out of the laboratory to meet her fiancé Dr. Cornelius . Both disbelieve Taylor 's assertion that he 's actually a visitor from a faraway planet , but they think he might be living proof of human intelligence -- if not a missing link between humans and their `` evolved superiors '' , the apes . Learning also of Taylor 's intelligence , and of his ability to speak as his throat recovers , Dr. Zaius wants Taylor first gelded , then put to death -- but first he wants to know where Taylor `` really comes from '' in the Forbidden Zone , and information about his `` tribe '' . Taylor of course ca n't tell Zaius anything he wants to know , and states that he learned how to read and write in Fort Wayne , Indiana . Taylor also blames Zaius for what happened to Landon -- who is brought to Taylor in a lobotomised , animal - like state . When Zira 's nephew Lucius breaks Taylor out of the laboratory , and he joins Cornelius and Zira as they flee to the Forbidden Zone ( under charges of heresy brought by Zaius ) , Taylor deliberately takes a rifle for himself , and declares nobody else is in charge of him , from here on . He also brings Nova , despite the apes ' objections . Dr. Zaius tracks the fleeing party down , but Taylor captures him , forcing Zaius to promise both to let him and Nova escape , and to drop the charges he 's made against Zira and Cornelius . Zaius agrees , but nonetheless condemns Taylor and all humans as doomed to folly . After Taylor and Nova depart , Zaius destroys the cave holding the evidence that would exonerate Cornelius and Zira , and takes them back to Ape City under escort . Finally free of the apes , Taylor discovers that he has n't been on a faraway planet at all , but has returned to Earth in its distant future , as he and Nova encounter the ruins of the Statue of Liberty along the shoreline . He was devastated to learn that humanity indeed had destroyed themselves , as Zaius asserted . Beneath the Planet of the apes ( edit ) Heston returned as Taylor for a brief appearance in the second Apes movie , Beneath the Planet of the Apes , as he and Nova encounter strange sights and sounds in what should be an empty landscape . When Taylor discovers a wall where there was none before , he tries to tear into it - and disappears , leaving the horrified Nova alone on their horse . Later in the movie , another astronaut named Brent , sent on a doomed mission to rescue Taylor and his companions , is fleeing with Nova from a squad of gorilla soldiers into the Forbidden Zone , when they come upon an entryway to the underground remains of New York City , and its mutant human inhabitants , whom as it turns out led them in deliberately -- as they earlier had Taylor , through the illusory wall . After probing both Taylor and Brent for what they know about the apes and their intentions , they force the two men to fight to the death , but Nova 's sudden reappearance breaks their jailer 's control . All three nearly escape , when Nova is shot and dies as the apes attack the underground city . Taylor loses hope , but he and Brent each grab weapons and fight against the apes . Taylor is shot trying to reach the console that controls the Alpha - Omega ( ΑΩ ) missile the mutants worship . Rising , he attempts to dismantle its nuclear warhead before either the mutants can trigger it , and destroy the whole planet , or the apes can set it off by their carelessness . Desperate , he calls out to Dr. Zaius for help , who flatly refuses him on the grounds that humans are `` capable of nothing but destruction '' . Taylor falls for the last time , his hand plunging the trigger mechanism with his last breath , and the Earth is destroyed . Escape from the Planet of the apes ( edit ) Taylor appears in references during the third Apes movie , Escape from the Planet of the Apes , ( where he is given the rank of Colonel which was never mentioned in the two previous films ) and a few times in flashbacks , but his ( and Heston 's ) role in the series was complete after the first two installments . Heston had n't wanted to come back , but the studio held him to his contract ; he agreed to appear if his salary were donated to charity , and if the original storyline ( which had Taylor and Nova surviving , to found a new human breed ) were changed to keep him from having to return for another sequel . General Ursus ( edit ) General Ursus is a gorilla character in the second film Beneath the Planet of the Apes , serving as the main antagonist of the film . He was portrayed by veteran actor James Gregory . General Ursus is very much the stereotyped `` mad general '' , on top of being a brutish gorilla . He sees little past the end of his own nose , and is interested mainly in his own dreams of conquest , glory and power . At a meeting of the ape council , Ursus uses the recent crop failures , drought , and raids by wild humans as the basis for a call to invade the Forbidden Zone , where no ape has trodden ( with rare exception ) since the beginning of their world . Suggesting that another tribe of humans lives there ( a belief based on Dr. Zaius ' encounter with Taylor in the previous film ) , and the disappearances of gorilla scouts ( save one who returned delirious ) sent into the zone to investigate , Ursus stirs the apes up to invade , and claim their food source ( `` If they live , then they must eat ! '' ) for themselves . Successful in persuading the apes to declare `` a holy war '' against the unknown , General Ursus assembles a gorilla army , and marches toward the Forbidden Zone , accompanied by Minister of Science Dr. Zaius -- who has his misgivings about the whole adventure , but goes along for the sake of science , and `` the faith '' of the apes . Indeed , a small group of intelligent mutant humans do dwell in the Forbidden Zone , underground among the ruins of New York City . While their physical features have been mutated by generations living in the irradiated area , they have advanced psychic powers , which are their only line of defense against `` enemies '' , i.e. any outsiders . Learning that the gorilla army is on its way , the mutants plant terrifying visions in their minds , of crucified and tortured apes surrounded by fire , and finally the familiar statue of the Lawgiver , prophet of the apes , beginning to crack and bleed . Ursus is frightened as are his soldiers . Having gone too far with their exposition , the mutants ' vision backfires by instilling rage in Dr. Zaius , and he rides into the heart of the vision , remaining unharmed . It grates Ursus that Zaius has shown him up , but he orders the army to advance , and they soon find the entrance to the mutant city . With their mental powers useless against the `` thick - skulled '' apes , the mutants have only one other weapon available -- their `` god '' or idol , a 20th - century nuclear missile with a cobalt casing capable of igniting the atmosphere and extinguishing all life on Earth . While the weapon has been passed down through generations , and forms the basis of the mutant culture , left unsaid ( but implied by the mutants calling it the `` Divine Bomb '' ) is whether the mutants know of its true destructive power . Leading the gorilla army into the heart of the mutant world ( the former cathedral which now houses the Divine Bomb ) , Ursus and the other apes are taken back momentarily when first a mutant ( their leader Méndez ) speaks , declaring `` This is the instrument of my god ! '' then the bomb rises into launch position . Recovering quickly , Ursus orders his sergeant to take Méndez into custody , but the sergeant shoots Méndez instead . Ursus taunts `` Your god did n't save you , did he ? ! '' as he falls . Thinking the missile is little more than a worshiped idol , Ursus orders a block and tackle be set up , to pull it down . Zaius pleads with General Ursus not to touch the missile , knowing only `` That weapon was built by Man ! '' and `` It 'll kill us all ! '' , but Ursus ignores him , even when the missile shell cracks open and propellant escapes , waylaying the nearby gorillas . Ursus is finally killed by a rifle shot , as humans Taylor and Brent vainly try to stop the gorilla army , only moments before Brent is killed by Ursus ' army and a mortally wounded Taylor detonates the bomb , putting an end to the gorilla 's ambitions -- along with everything else on the planet . Virgil ( edit ) Virgil is a genius orangutan character from Battle for the Planet of the Apes , the final original Apes movie from 1973 . He was played onscreen by actor / musician Paul Williams . A former student of orangutan pacifist Mandemus , Virgil went on to become Ape City 's resident scientist and theoretical thinker , and an advisor and friend of Caesar . Apes and humans are both among his students , and he feels sorry for the humans ' second - class status in Ape City . Caesar calls Virgil away from his teaching work , to accompany him and Mr. MacDonald on a trip back to the Forbidden City , to search for recordings of his parents Cornelius and Zira , and information about Earth 's future . Carrying a Geiger counter into the Forbidden City , Virgil warns Caesar plainly about the radioactivity and accompanying dangers . ( He also authorizes MacDonald to bring a pistol , in case he may `` wish to shoot , cook , and eat a rabbit '' during the trip ; something humans were normally not allowed to do . ) Returning from the Forbidden City ( after barely escaping with their lives , from mutated human survivors who stayed underground ) , Caesar and Virgil reluctantly prepare Ape City for a possible attack . General Aldo , called to action , sees the chance to take power instead . When Caesar 's son Cornelius is gravely injured in a fall from a tree , MacDonald discovers the ends of the broken branch , determining they were cut , and he and Virgil deduce Aldo was the culprit . Virgil fights and leads apes when the mutant humans do attack , calling Caesar out to take charge . After the battle , he is the one who must tell Caesar that Cornelius was murdered by Aldo . Later , he helps to rebuild Ape City , with its new status of apes and humans as equals . Dr. Zaius ( edit ) Planet of the Apes character Dr. Zaius Species Orangutan First appearance Planet of the Apes Created by Pierre Boulle Portrayed by Maurice Evans Booth Colman Richard Blackburn ( voice ) Dr. Zaius is a fictional character in the Pierre Boulle novel Planet of the Apes , and the film series and television series based upon it . ( In Boulle 's novel , his honorific was `` Mi '' , a term in the Ape language . ) He is an orangutan and although given a minor role devoid of dialogue in the novel , he becomes the main antagonist of the story in the subsequent film adaptation . Zaius was portrayed in the first and second films of the series by Maurice Evans , in the later television series by Booth Colman , and voiced in the animated series by Richard Blackburn . Prior to that , acting legend Edward G. Robinson also gave life to the character in a short film used to pitch the story _́ s concept to executives at 20th Century Fox . Planet of the apes ( edit ) Zaius serves a dual role in Ape society , as Minister of Science in charge of advancing ape knowledge , and also as Chief Defender of the Faith . In the latter role , he has access to ancient scrolls and other information not given to the ape masses . Zaius knows the true origins of the ape society , how humanity fell as the dominant species , and the reasons why the Forbidden Zone is so regarded , and he blames human nature for it all . Zaius seems to prefer an imperfect , ignorant ape culture that keeps humans in check , to the open , scientific , human - curious one posed by Cornelius and Zira 's generation ( this is due to his fear of a war of self - destruction ) . The idea of an intelligent human ( such as Taylor ) threatening the balance of things frightens him deeply . Knowing the destruction that humanity ( with the aid of technology ) caused in its downfall , he does n't want even the possibility of a human resurgence . At the end of Planet of the Apes , Zaius has Cornelius 's archaeological findings ( human artifacts , predating the Ape society ) destroyed , and Cornelius and Zira arrested on heresy charges . Although cast as the antagonist in the film , Zaius 's actions are nonetheless driven by his deep belief that he is protecting the world ( at whatever cost ) from the `` walking pestilence '' of humanity , even if his actions cause undue harm to his ape brethren . And despite his animosity towards Taylor , Zaius nevertheless demonstrates a grudging respect for his adversary , calling him by his proper name , and even advising Taylor near the end of the film against delving into the mystery as to how the apes evolved from humans because as he cryptically warns the marooned astronaut : `` Do n't look for it , Taylor . You may not like what you find . '' The film 's final startling image of the corroded head of the Statue of Liberty by the sea shore can be seen as a vindication of Zaius 's views as to the destructive , genocidal nature of humanity and the means which Zaius is compelled to employ , even against his own colleagues , from the existential threat of a resurgent human race . Only once near the end does Zaius truly make what he knows and thinks known : `` I have always known about man . From the evidence , I believe his wisdom must walk hand and hand with his idiocy . His emotions must rule his brain . He must be a warlike creature who gives battle to everything around him , even himself ... The Forbidden Zone was once a paradise . ( Man ) made a desert of it '' Beneath the Planet of the apes ( edit ) By the second movie Beneath the Planet of the Apes , Cornelius recalls how Zaius brought them to trial , but then acted on their behalf . When Zaius leaves on a military expedition with General Ursus to invade the Forbidden Zone , Zaius trusts them both to continue his work . ( In the novelization of Beneath , they instead begin a revolt , once the gorilla army is gone . ) Zaius meets Taylor once more , in a showdown between the gorillas and a mutant human race living underground in the Zone . Taylor was trying to keep the mutant humans from activating a doomsday bomb , and was shot several times in the process by gorilla troops . Wounded and dying , Taylor begs Zaius to help him stop the bomb ; when Zaius refuses ( declaring `` Man is evil -- capable of nothing but destruction ! '' ) , Taylor deliberately activates the bomb in his last moments , ironically realizing Zaius 's worst fears , as the Earth is destroyed . Escape from the Planet of the apes ( edit ) During the third movie ( Escape from the Planet of the Apes ) Cornelius relates how he learned the truth about humans and apes from reading secret scrolls . Cornelius presumably had access to these while working for Dr. Zaius ( or after his departure ) , or perhaps was granted access by Zaius as a consolation for the loss of his archaeological work . Television ( edit ) In the television series , Councillor Zaius serves as a government official , with authority over all the humans in his district . The young chimpanzee Galen becomes his new assistant , but becomes a fugitive with two human astronauts Virdon and Burke , fleeing from Zaius and his enforcer , General Urko . In the animated series , Zaius again serves as a government official , who holds influence within the Ape Senate , and has authority over both Cornelius and Zira , and their scientific enterprises , as well as General Urko and his military . Zira ( edit ) Planet of the Apes character Zira Species Chimpanzee First appearance Planet of the Apes Last appearance Escape from the Planet of the Apes Created by Pierre Boulle Portrayed by Kim Hunter Dr. Zira is a chimpanzee psychologist and veterinarian , who specializes in the study of humans , in the novel and subsequent movie series Planet of the Apes . Zira was played in the first three Apes movies by actress Kim Hunter . Unique among the Apes characters , Zira has blue eyes . Zira is the fiancée ( later wife ) of Cornelius , and both are ultimately responsible to the Minister of Science , Dr. Zaius . Zira 's character and role are essentially the same in both the novel and the movies , though some story details differ . Her work in each involves both working with humans under laboratory conditions ( e.g. learning and behavioural experiments ) , and working on them physically ( lobotomy and other brain surgeries , vivisection , physical endurance and tolerance experiments , and subsequent autopsies ) . Zira is an outspoken liberal by nature , deploring war and militancy ( and despising the gorillas , who seem to make both a way of life ) , and eager to seek and develop intelligence anywhere it can be found . Zira literally stands for her principles -- or refuses to stand , as the case may be . In the original novel , Zira discovers that her charge Ulysse Mérou ( caged in the laboratory where she works ) is n't a native - born , mute human of her planet , but a space traveller capable of speech , and she secretly teaches him the language of the apes , in hopes of eventually making a public demonstration , with Mérou 's consent . Cornelius also becomes involved , helping prepare Mérou to meet ape society , and vice versa . In the first movie , Zira meets American astronaut George Taylor , who was shot in the throat when he was captured by gorillas , and can not speak , as the native humans of her world can not . She tends to his throat wound , discovers Taylor has intelligence beyond any human she 's seen , and pairs him with Nova , also intelligent , hoping the two will breed . When Taylor steals Zira 's notepad and writes his own name on it , Zira abruptly drops the nickname `` Bright Eyes '' she 'd given him , and takes Taylor to meet Cornelius . Both disbelieve Taylor 's story that he 's from another planet , but suppose that he might be a missing link , to explain the similarities between ape and human behaviour and anatomy ... and the strange artifacts Cornelius found at an archaeological dig the year before . She seems to be fond of the humans that she works with and gives them nicknames , such as an old one she named `` Old Timer '' . In both novel and movie , Zira ultimately helps Mérou / Taylor and Nova to escape the world of the apes , coming to appreciate each as thinking creatures like herself , as well as having a plain fondness for them . In the movie , she and Taylor kiss goodbye -- even though , as she tells him , `` You 're so damned ugly . '' Sequels ( edit ) Beneath the Planet of the Apes shows Zira and Cornelius married and at home ( after Zira makes a political spectacle of herself at an ape gathering ) , when another human enters their lives ; the astronaut Brent , sent to rescue Taylor but now needing help himself . Zira treats a bullet wound Brent sustained , and she and Cornelius send him and Nova ( who met Brent when she sought Zira , after Taylor vanished ) back out of the city , to spare them from the latest human roundup . When Dr. Zaius visits , he tells Cornelius and Zira he plans to appoint them as his proxies , while he is away on a military campaign with General Ursus ( Zira left her medical gear in sight ; covering part of her face , she pretends to Zaius that Cornelius hit her for upsetting the ape council ) . Zaius admonishes them both to maintain the status quo , and keep their more liberal values in check . Zira and Cornelius promise to do so , and Zaius departs . In the novel adaptation of the movie , they subsequently begin a chimpanzee revolt , with Zaius and the gorilla army gone . Escape from the Planet of the Apes has the pregnant Zira ( with Cornelius and their friend Dr. Milo ) making a different kind of experiment -- this time space flight , in Taylor 's restored craft , the Icarus , when they realize their world is doomed . In a reverse of Taylor 's experience , the spaceship travels back in time to a few months after his mission began , splashing down off the California coast . The movie follows Zira and Cornelius ( after the accidental death of Dr. Milo ) through their discovery , and eventual rejection , by and of human society . A large portion of the rejection comes from Zira 's drugged confessions of the details of her human experiments , to the shock of the reactionary Presidential Commission , who declare them atrocities since they were done to humans . Zira was glad she told the truth and understands why Taylor called them savages when Taylor was treated badly . Zira 's and Cornelius 's account of their origins , and of humanity 's coming downfall , further stigmatises the couple . Their baby is born ( named Milo after their friend , but later called Caesar ) , but Zira and Cornelius are murdered a few days afterward . Circus owner Armando took them in when the baby came ; Zira switched her newborn baby with a circus chimp when she and Cornelius had to go into hiding , leaving Armando a clue in case they did n't return . Zira makes no further appearances in the Apes movies , although she is mentioned by name in the following sequels , Conquest of the Planet of the Apes and Battle for the Planet of the Apes and appears in video stills ( while her recorded voice tells the story of their space flight , and of the Earth 's destruction ) the adult Caesar plays back , to learn more about his parents , in Battle for the Planet of the Apes . Characters Exclusive to Planet of the apes ( 1974 TV series ) ( edit ) Veska ( edit ) Woodrow Parfrey as Veska in `` Escape from Tomorrow '' , the first episode of the TV series Planet of the Apes . Veska is a character in the first episode of the TV series Planet of the Apes . He is a pragmatic chimpanzee and prefect of the ape village known as Chalo . In the episode , titled `` Escape From Tomorrow , '' in 3085 , his inquisitive young son Arno discovers the downed spacecraft called the Icarus some distance away from the prefecture that has delivered the human protagonists to their planet . Veska is shaken by the realization that humans have constructed and flown the ship , which is considerably more advanced than the primitive level of invention on his own planet . Veska 's fierce reaction to his son 's declaration that the humans must have come from a superior culture introduces a core theme present throughout the franchise , that the apes fear the human astronauts will threaten their dominion over the species . `` If humans could build and fly a ( spaceship ) like this , '' he tells Arno , `` they 'd begin to think they 're as good as we are ! '' Veska alerts the other ape leaders to the two surviving humans ' escape from the vehicle , which starts the hunt that drives almost all episodes of the short - lived series . Veska is played by Woodrow Parfrey , who along with appearing in this first series episode also appeared in the first Apes movie , a distinction he shares only with Roddy McDowall . ( Interestingly , their two characters in the series pilot are cousins . ) Veska 's eyepatch was a last - minute wardrobe solution to mask a visible eye infection Parfrey contracted after falling asleep while wearing the dark contact lenses that all blue - eyed actors wore to help the ape makeup appear more natural . The large patch , apparently shorn from the same material used to make his costume , enhances Veska 's frightening countenance . Characters Exclusive to Planet of the apes ( 2001 ) ( edit ) General Thade ( edit ) General Thade is the main antagonist of Tim Burton 's 2001 remake of Planet of the Apes . He was portrayed by Tim Roth . Thade is an ambitious and brutal leader ( along with his gorilla friend Attar ) of the Ape armies , who passionately hated all things human and wanted them exterminated . His father Zaius , who had instilled this hatred in him , knew that humans were once in charge , and Thade vowed to wipe out any resistance to ape rule and being direct descendants of the ape god Semos . He schemed to be given absolute power by the Ape Senate . General Thade pursued Ari romantically but never seemed to progress . Thade branded Ari with the mark of human slaves after she was found gathering with human rebels in the forbidden area of Calima . Thade ruled with cruelty and lived by a Machiavellian outlook on life . Any means justified the ends to Thade . When news of a crashed spacecraft reached him he personally killed those who told him , to ensure the information remained a secret . While willing to get a pet human child for his niece , Thade himself believed the world would be a better place if all humans were killed . When the ape army was halted by the appearance of a spacepod piloted by a chimp , Thade alone rejected the idea of the second coming of Semos . He chased the chimp and was eventually locked into the control room of the deserted space station . He was shown again in the closing scene , where Leo had returned to Earth in his own time only to find technologically advanced apes in charge and a large statue of Thade in place of Abraham Lincoln on the Lincoln Memorial . Thade is the only villain in the series to be alive , rather than to have lethal ordeal , in contrast to previous and future ape and human villains in other films where they died . Capt . Leo Davidson ( edit ) Capt . Leo Davidson is the protagonist of Tim Burton 's 2001 remake Planet of the Apes . He is portrayed by Mark Wahlberg . Leo Davidson is a United States Air Force astronaut who accidentally opens a portal to another world inhabited by talking human - like apes and is captured by them . After he escapes from slavery and freeing some humans , he plans to go back to his space station Oberon through Calima ( the temple of `` Semos '' ) , a forbidden , but holy , site for the apes . Along the way , he develops romantic feelings to Ari , a female chimpanzee who senses that there is cruelty with humans , and Daena , a female human slave . According to the computer logs , the station has been there for thousands of years . Leo deduces that when he entered the vortex , he was pushed forward in time while the Oberon , searching after him , was not , crashing on the planet long before he did . The Oberon 's log reveals that the apes on board , led by Semos , the first ape , organized a mutiny and took control of the vessel after it crashed . The human and ape survivors of the struggle left the ship and their descendants are the people Leo has encountered since landing . Realizing that General Thade will be coming after him with an army , he leads a human rebellion against the apes . As the battle between humans and apes goes on , a familiar vehicle descends from the sky and is identified immediately by Leo as the pod piloted by Pericles , the chimp astronaut who was pushed in time as Leo does . When Pericles lands , the apes interpret his landing as the return arrival of Semos , who is their god . They bow , and hostilities between humans and apes disappear . Pericles then runs into the Oberon and Leo runs after him , while being followed by General Thade . Inside , Thade and Leo wrestle , with Pericles trying to help Leo , only to be thrown hard against a wall . Seeing that Thade is in the pilot 's deck , Leo closes the automatic door of the entrance , trapping Thade as he shoots the gun , the bullets ricocheting off the door harmlessly . After the battle was finished , Leo decides that it is time for him to leave the Planet of the Apes , so he gives Pericles to Ari , with her promising to look after him , also saying farewell to Daena . Leo climbs aboard Pericles 's undamaged pod and uses it to travel back in time through the same electromagnetic storm . Leo ends up crashing in front of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington , D.C. on Earth in his own time . He looks up at the Memorial , and in shock , sees it is now a monument in honor of General Thade . A swarm of police officers , firefighters , and news reporters descend on Leo , but on closer inspection , they are all apes . Ari ( edit ) Ari was the daughter of Senator Sandar , a high - ranking member of the Ape Senate . She was portrayed by Helena Bonham Carter She had a passion for life and thrived for a world where apes and humans lived as equals . She was idealistic and despised the way the humans were treated . Ari spoke publicly about her outrageous beliefs , and used her father as a shield from the authorities . When Ari spotted astronaut Leo Davidson in a cage , she just had to have him . She bought him and the female Daena , whom he particularly liked , because she saw their rebelliousness . From there she became captivated by Leo whom she viewed as unique . Ari helped Leo and a band of others escape Ape City and followed them into the Forbidden Zone . General Thade , a suitor for her affections , explained this escape as a kidnapping of Ari and used this to justify his absolute power under martial law . Thade 's army marched on humanity , and Ari and her human friends waited in Calima for their arrival . She may have struggled to live up to her ideals but was the vital link between the human rebels and the more sympathetic members of ape society . Colonel Attar ( edit ) Attar was the commander of the Ape Armies . He was the loyal lieutenant of General Thade and enjoyed the thrill of hunting humans . He was portrayed by Michael Clarke Duncan . Attar demanded that everyone bow their heads before dinner so a prayer to Semos could be delivered . He even went into a rage after Leo deliberately set the tent where Attar kept his personal shrine of Semos on fire . Attar learned the art of fighting under his teacher Krull , whom he had to fight and kill in the ultimate battle . When the spacepod piloted by Pericles landed on the battle field , he and the other ape soldiers dropped their weapons believing it was the return of their god . He realised that Thade , Thade 's father , and the elders of ape society had been misleading the population for centuries and he took the side of Leo , Ari and the humans . Characters Exclusive to Planet of the apes ( 2011 - 2017 ) ( edit ) Dreyfus ( edit ) Dreyfus is a fictional character in the 2014 sequel Dawn of the Planet of the Apes as the secondary antagonist . He is portrayed by Gary Oldman . He is a former Army soldier and police officer who is appointed as the leader of the human resistance . Having experienced personal loss , Dreyfus sees Caesar and his colony as a threat after discovering an ape encampment at a local power station . Seeing no other solution , Dreyfus has one goal ; wipe them out . His plan was foiled by Caesar in War for the Planet of the Apes . Steven Jacobs ( edit ) Steven Jacobs is a fictional character and the main antagonist in the 2011 series reboot Rise of the Planet of the Apes . He was portrayed by David Oyelowo . His last name is a reference to Arthur P. Jacobs , the producer of the original Planet of the Apes series . He ran the Gen - Sys Laboratories where Dr. Will Rodman was researching a cure to Alzheimer 's disease . After two years in charge of the lab , Jacobs shut down research on the ' ALZ - 112 ' drug after one of Rodman 's chimps went berserk . It was only eight years later , when Rodman revealed he had used the drug on his own father with limited results , that Jacobs approved development of a refined version . However , Jacobs ordered further testing of the `` ALZ - 113 '' virus despite Rodman 's warnings , caring only for the profits to be made on the success of the virus . Later on , Caesar escaped the San Bruno Primate Shelter along with all the other apes housed there , having first infected them with the ALZ - 113 . Caesar then went on to stage an attack on Gen - Sys and rescue the apes being held captive there by Jacobs and his staff . After the attack , Jacobs flagged down a San Francisco Police helicopter being commanded by Police Chief John Hamil , and directed them to attack and attempt to destroy the ape rebellion now taking place on the Golden Gate Bridge , in hopes of avoiding bad publicity for Gen - Sys and himself . Once the helicopter arrived at the bridge , Caesar and the other apes were already in the process of defeating the police force opposing them . The helicopter began firing on the apes , killing several , until Jacobs spotted Caesar and attempted to have the chopper pilot gun him down . Buck , a silverback gorilla , tossed Caesar aside and caused the helicopter to crash on to the very edge of the bridge by jumping on it and attacking Hamil and the pilot , which resulted in Buck 's death . Jacobs was the only survivor from the crash and pleaded for Caesar to help him out of the helicopter before it tipped over the side of the bridge . However , Caesar turned his back on Jacobs because of all the pain and suffering he 'd caused the apes for his own greed , as well as for Buck 's death . Just as Caesar turned away , Koba , an ape that Jacobs ordered testing on earlier , walked up to the crashed helicopter and , despite Jacobs asking for help , callously pushed it -- and a screaming Jacobs -- over the side of the bridge and into the water far below , presumably killing him . Koba ( edit ) Koba is a scar - faced bonobo who has spent most of his life in laboratories and holds a grudge against humans in Rise of the Planet of the Apes . Koba is portrayed by Christopher Gordon in Rise and Toby Kebbell in Dawn . Koba was tested with the ALZ - 113 drug by Will Rodman . Koba has a strong hatred of humans because he only has memories of them experimenting on him . When Caesar freed all of the apes at the lab including Koba , Koba respected Caesar for freeing him . When Buck died at the Golden Gate Bridge , Caesar allowed Koba to kill Steven Jacobs . Koba killed Steven Jacobs by pushing him off the bridge into the water . While Will was looking for Caesar in the Muir Woods , Koba attacked him and was about to kill him . Instead , Caesar stopped Koba from killing Will , which left Koba very angry . Koba returns in the Dawn of the Planet of the Apes as the main antagonist . He is now a lieutenant and close friend of Caesar , who treats him like a brother . However , when surviving humans appear , Koba 's darker nature reemerges and he begins pushing for open war against the humans , considering them a threat and remembering all the torture he suffered at their hands . Caesar wants peace with the humans , putting him and Koba at odds , and eventually leading to a brutal brawl between the two which nearly kills Koba . Despite being spared and forgiven for his insults , Koba decides to overthrow Caesar and shoots him with a human rifle under cover of darkness , causing him to fall off a cliff . Framing the humans for Caesar 's `` death '' , Koba leads the other apes in a vicious attack against the humans . Despite heavy casualties , Koba and the apes win , killing many humans and imprisoning the rest to show them what it feels like to be in a cage . However , Caesar is revealed to have survived Koba 's assassination attempt , and the two fight for leadership of the tribe . Caesar eventually manages to overpower Koba and tackles him , leaving him clinging for dear life on the top of a pit in the centre of an unfinished tower . Koba begs for mercy , but Caesar disowns him as an ape and lets him fall to his death . In War for the Planet of the Apes , Koba appears twice as a hallucination to Caesar , who was mentally scarred by his decision to kill him . Dodge Landon ( edit ) Dodge Landon is the secondary antagonist of Rise of the Planet of the Apes . He worked as a guard at the primate detention facility where he abused the apes . He was portrayed by Tom Felton . His first and last name are references to two of the astronauts Dodge and Landon in the original Planet of the Apes . Dodge made Caesar 's life miserable at the facility , including hosing him down in his cage to `` show him who 's the boss '' . When Dodge finds Caesar in the facility 's common area alone a struggle ensues and Caesar speaks for the first time - yelling `` No ! '' and then cages him . Dodge escapes - and wielding his cattle - prod - threatens to `` skin each and every one of you apes '' . Caesar uses the water hose on Dodge in defense , electrocuting him . Malcolm ( edit ) Malcolm is a fictional character in the 2014 sequel Dawn of the Planet of the Apes . He is portrayed by Jason Clarke . He is a leader of a small group that forms a strong bond with Caesar - to the extent that Caesar compares him to Will - and is also the father of Alexander . Nova ( edit ) Nova , portrayed by Amiah Miller , is a bold and kind war orphan whom Maurice adopts as his daughter . Nova is a victim of a mutated version of the Simian Flu virus that killed most of the human population while making the apes intelligent ; this new strain of the virus robs humans of the ability to speak , and causes them to regress to a more primitive mentality . The initially unnamed Nova is discovered living in an isolated house , with only a man presumed to be her father for company ; when her house is discovered by a small ape patrol consisting of Caesar , Maurice , Rocket and Luca , her father is killed when he attempts to shoot the apes , and Maurice encourages Caesar to take the girl with them as she will die on her own . The girl accompanies the apes as they travel , winning them over with her simple compassion , as well as demonstrating the ability to learn some elements of sign language . When the apes discover the facility where the ruthless Colonel is keeping the rest of their pack prisoner , Caesar is captured during an attempted raid , and learns about the Colonel 's plans to wipe out any humans infected with the new virus . While Caesar is held in a cage , deprived of food and water , the girl sneaks into the camp to give him water from a bucket and grain provided by the other apes , as well as her old doll for comfort . Rocket subsequently allows himself to be captured to give the girl a chance to escape . While helping Maurice dig a tunnel into the apes ' cage from an existing underground path , the girl asks if she can be an ape , but Maurice tells her instead that she is `` Nova '' , after a novelty item she received from a gift shop . After the apes escape and the Colonel 's facility is destroyed in an avalanche , Nova accompanies the apes to their new home , and is last shown playing with Caesar 's son Cornelius . Charles Rodman ( edit ) Charles Rodman is a fictional character in the 2011 series reboot Rise of the Planet of the Apes . He was portrayed by John Lithgow . He was the father of scientist Dr. Will Rodman and the adoptive grandfather of Caesar . Once a talented pianist and professional music teacher who earned an honorary certificate , Charles began to suffer from Alzheimer 's disease , which his son ( either through coincidence or design ) researched a cure for at the Gen - Sys Laboratories . He had been cared for during his illness by a nurse named Irena , who could n't stand Charles ' behavior due to Alzheimer 's disease and wished that he would leave the house to stay at a shelter . Although trials of the ' ALZ - 112 ' were called off , Will adopted the baby chimp Caesar , who had been exposed to the drug . Three years later , noticing its effects on Caesar , he administered the drug to Charles , who immediately recovered his mental abilities and was once again able to play the piano . For five years they lived a happy life , with Charles taking care of Caesar when the chimpanzee was a newborn . Charles was on bad terms with his neighbor Hunsiker on two occasions . The first time was when Hunsiker used a baseball bat in an attempt to strike Caesar when he entered his garage to ride a bicycle , with Charles stating , `` He just wanted to play '' . The second and worst time was when Charles , having become immune to the drug and suffering once again from Alzheimer 's , got into Hunsiker 's car and tried to drive it , damaging the front and back of the car by bumping into the cars it was parked between . Hunsiker grabbed Charles out of his car and decided to get out his phone to call the police . Charles tried to grab the cell phone away from Hunsiker . Caesar saw the situation through a window and although not aware of why Hunsiker was angry at Charles , was aware that his grandfather figure was being threatened . To save him , Caesar attacked Hunsiker , refusing to let him run off to his house . After Caesar bit Hunsiker 's finger , Charles yelled at Caesar to stop . Their last moment together was when Caesar and Charles hugged each other , fearing what consequences awaited Caesar with Charles trying to comfort him . Will Rodman ( edit ) Planet of the Apes character Will Rodman Species Human First appearance Rise of the Planet of the Apes Last appearance Dawn of the Planet of the Apes Created by Rick Jaffa Amanda Silver Portrayed by James Franco Dr. Will Rodman is a fictional character in the 2011 series reboot Rise of the Planet of the Apes . He was portrayed by James Franco . Dr. Will Rodman is a young scientist working at Gen - Sys Industries , a pharmaceutical company in San Francisco . He has been working over five years on a cure for Alzheimer 's disease , which his father Charles Rodman ( played by John Lithgow ) , a former music teacher , is suffering from . An ape from Africa is captured and taken to the company , and is given the drug codenamed ALZ - 112 ; which experiments have shown allows the brain to repair itself by recreating its cells , with the only known side - effect being a change in the eyes iris to green . He and Steven Jacobs ( played by David Oyelowo ) , the executive overseeing the progress , decides to present it to the Board to move the testing to the next phase of clinical trials on humans . The captured ape that was given the drug , Chimp 9 a.k.a. `` Bright Eyes '' is seen attacking the handlers and goes on a rampage which ends with her getting shot . Too late , Franklin the ape handler , and Will realized that it was n't the drug that made her attack , but her newborn baby chimp whom her maternal primal instincts felt she needed to protect against the humans . The project is scrapped and all the other apes tested with the drug are ordered to be put down . However , Franklin can not bring himself to kill the baby chimp and pleas with Will to take the baby chimp home instead . Will adopts the baby chimp and names him `` Caesar '' . 3 years later , Will is witnessing the severe side effects of his father 's disease , while Caesar grows more intelligent -- this convinces him to steal some of the drugs from the lab and use it on his father . His father is shown to have made an instant recovery ; moving five more years forward Charles has been receiving routine doses via injection of ALZ - 112 . In the five years past , Caesar is also displaying great intellectual prowess and is now an adult chimp , who yearns to explore beyond his surrounding and starts questioning his identity after he sees a German Shepherd on a collared leash like the one he has on . He signs to Will if he 's a pet , which Will adamantly states no . He then signs to Will what he is , and Will says , `` I 'm your father '' , which he follows with a sign , `` What is Caesar ? '' Will decides to tell Caesar the truth and takes him to Gen - Sys and tells him that he works there , and that Caesar was born there , and his mother was given medicine along with other chimps . He explains to him that the medicine that was given to his mother passed through to him in - vitro , and that 's why his intelligence is so high . He also tells Caesar that his mother is dead . Will 's father ( whose body is fighting the artificial virus with antibodies being naturally created by the immune system ) , attempts to drive the neighbor 's car in one of his states of dementia ; the angered neighbor is being confrontational to Charles , and Caesar attacks the neighbor , biting off the finger that he was poking Charles repeatedly with . Caesar is taken to the San Bruno primate facility by animal control , and is kept there , when a concerned Will says that `` he has n't spent any time with other chimps '' . Heartbroken , Caesar is treated violently by the staff and other ape inmates . Will has been working on a stronger viral strain since he realizes that the immune system will eventually built an immunity to ALZ - 112 ( just like when someone is injected with a vaccination ) . After meeting with Jacobs and revealing he 's given his father the drug ( there - by already having a human trial phase ) , Jacobs gives him the okay to test the new strain , named ALZ - 113 . The new drug is given on an ape named Koba , who in a moment of fit during the administering knocks a gas mask off of Franklin . The ALZ - 113 , unlike the 112 , is not injected but inhaled instead ( which also means that the virus is airborne ) . The new drug seems to work on Koba , but Will quits after he realizes that he 's unable to change the mind of the greedy Jacobs . Will tried to test the ALZ - 113 on Charles , but he refused and died the next morning from Alzheimer 's . Franklin is later approaching the Rodman house for help realizing that he 's been infected by the virus , but sneezes blood on the neighbor . Will tries to take Caesar home by bribing the owner of the primate facility , who takes the bribe , but is refused by Caesar himself to go , believing he belongs there more so than with Will . Caesar realizes after befriending another ape , who also knows how to sign from being in the circus , that he needs to make the apes more intelligent if they are to break from their bondage . Caesar manages to escape and return to his former home , where he knows that Will use to keep stolen tubes of the original ALZ - 112 in the refrigerator . However , he finds the new 113 instead , and upon accidentally pressing the cap , a little bit of the virus is released on to the window pane and absorbed , letting the intelligent Caesar realize that the virus can be absorbed as it 's a gas . He releases the 113 down the corridor of where the apes are held in cages , and the virus fills the air with its gas . The next day , Caesar inspects every ape passing through to see if its eyes are green , thereby knowing if that ape has the virus or not . He leads a revolution against their captors and heads towards Gen - Sys , and proceeds to break out all the lab chimps and all the apes at the zoo . After fighting their way towards the Golden Gate and towards the Redwood Grove , Will calls for Caesar , but is attacked by Koba , but stopped by Caesar . Will tries to reason with him by trying to take him home . Caesar speaks to him , `` Caesar is home '' , and they part as the apes are overlooking San Francisco . Caesar appears to take on more human characteristic , like walking upright , riding a horse , and now speaking . In a post credits scene , Will 's neighbor , Douglas Hunsiker ( David Hewlett ) who has been unknowingly infected with the virus , later boards a plane to Paris , spreading the humanity - killing virus to France and then around the globe via airline flight routes . Will reappears in a cameo during Dawn of the Planet of the Apes , which takes place ten years later with the virus having become a global disaster , which Will is believed to have succumbed . A wounded Caesar and the group retreat to the Rodman house , which has fallen into disarray and neglect . Caesar and the group see a framed photo of Will interacting with Caesar , who also finds a video camera showing Will teaching Caesar sign language . When asked by human ally Malcolm as to who Will was , an emotional Caesar says that Will was a good man like Malcolm . Werner ( edit ) Werner is a fictional character in the 2014 sequel Dawn of the Planet of the Apes . He is portrayed by Jocko Sims . He is an ally of Dreyfus . Other characters from war for the Planet of the apes ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2017 ) `` Bad Ape '' , portrayed by Steve Zahn , a common chimpanzee who lived formerly in a zoo before the Simian Flu outbreak and spent his days as a hermit before joining Caesar 's tribe . Maurice , portrayed by Karin Konoval , is a wise and benevolent Bornean orangutan who is Caesar 's adviser and third - in - command . Rocket , portrayed by Terry Notary , is a common chimpanzee who is Caesar 's brother figure and second - in - command . Cornelia , portrayed by Judy Greer , is Caesar 's wife . Blue Eyes , portraed by Max Lloyd - Jones , Caesar and Cornelia 's oldest son . Cornelius , portrayed by Devyn Dalton , Caesar and Cornelia 's youngest son and Blue Eyes ' younger brother . Dalton previously played Cornelia in Rise . Luca , portrayed by Michael Adamthwaite , a virtuous Western lowland gorilla who acts as Caesar 's fourth - in - command . Red , portrayed by Ty Olsson , is a Western lowland gorilla traitor who was once a follower of Koba and now serves the Colonel to defeat Caesar . Winter , portrayed by Aleks Paunovic , an albino Western lowland gorilla in Caesar 's tribe . Spear , portrayed by Alessandro Juliani , a common chimpanzee in Caesar 's tribe . Lake , portrayed by Sara Canning , the mate of Caesar 's son Blue Eyes . The Colonel , portrayed by Woody Harrelson , an iron - fisted soldier obsessed with wiping out Caesar and his tribe to preserve his people 's role as the dominant species . Preacher , portrayed by Gabriel Chavarria , is a human soldier . Boyle , portrayed by Chad Rook , Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Russo , Joe . Planet of the Apes Revisited p. 211 . Jump up ^ Rise of the Planet of the Apes Webcomic Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0874353/ Jump up ^ IMDB Movie Database Jump up ^ Russo , Joe ( 2001 ) . Planet of the Apes Revisited : The Behind - the - Scenes Story of the Classic Science Fiction Saga . St. Martin 's Griffin . pp. 71 -- 72 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 25239 - 0 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( October 13 , 2015 ) . `` Eugene Cordero Heads To ' Kong : Skull Island ' ; Amiah Miller Joins ' War For The Planet Of The Apes ' '' . deadline.com . Retrieved October 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Kevin P. ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` War for the Planet of the Apes brings back original series character '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2016 . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( October 13 , 2015 ) . `` Eugene Cordero Heads To ' Kong : Skull Island ' ; Amiah Miller Joins ' War For The Planet Of The Apes ' '' . deadline.com . Retrieved October 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Kevin P. ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` War for the Planet of the Apes brings back original series character '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2016 . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( October 12 , 2015 ) . `` Steve Zahn to Play New Ape in Next ' Planet of the Apes ' Movie '' . TheWrap . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Han , Angie ( December 26 , 2016 ) . `` War for the Planet of the Apes : Steve Zahn Interview '' . Slashfilm.com . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( October 20 , 2015 ) . `` Judy Greer Returning to ' Planet of the Apes ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( November 23 , 2015 ) . `` First Look at ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' Reveals Motion - Capture Mayhem '' . Collider . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ghosh , Subhro ( October 28 , 2015 ) . `` ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' Commences Filming in Vancouver ; Sara Canning , Judy Greer and Aleks Paunovic Join the Cast '' . Movie News Guide . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ross A. Lincoln ( October 22 , 2015 ) . `` Aleks Paunovic To Make ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' ; Newcomer Zachary Haven Joins ' Bastards ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sara Canning To Monkey Around In ' War For The Planet Of The Apes ' '' . Deadline . October 26 , 2015 . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brandon Davis ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Woody Harrelson Was Once In Talks For A Marvel Or DC Movie '' . ComicBook . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` Woody Harrelson to Play Villain in New ' Planet of the Apes ' Movie ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ; Hipes , Patrick ( August 24 , 2015 ) . `` ' War Of The Planet Of The Apes ' Recruits Gabriel Chavarria For Lead Role '' . deadline.com . Retrieved August 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ A. Lincoln , Ross ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Elaine Hendrix Joins ' Shot ' ; Chad Rook Fights In ' War For The Planet Of The Apes ' '' . deadline.com . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) ( hide ) Planet of the Apes Films Original series Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) Beneath the Planet of the Apes ( 1970 ) Escape from the Planet of the Apes ( 1971 ) Conquest of the Planet of the Apes ( 1972 ) Battle for the Planet of the Apes ( 1973 ) Remake Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) Reboot series Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) Television Planet of the Apes ( 1974 ) Return to the Planet of the Apes ( 1975 ) Behind the Planet of the Apes ( 1998 ) Video games Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) Revenge of the Apes ( 2003 ) Planet of the Apes : Last Frontier ( 2017 ) Other La Planète des Singes Characters Comics Star Trek / Planet of the Apes : The Primate Directive Tarzan on the Planet of the Apes Planet of the Apes / Green Lantern Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Planet_of_the_Apes_characters&oldid=804186502 '' Categories : Planet of the Apes Speculative fiction film characters lists Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2010 All articles needing additional references Articles needing cleanup from September 2010 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles without a reason field from September 2010 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from September 2010 Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from September 2010 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Wikipedia introduction cleanup from September 2010 Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from September 2010 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles that may be too long from September 2010 Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles needing additional references from March 2011 Articles to be expanded from July 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Français 日本 語 Română Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017 , at 09 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Planet%20of%20the%20Apes%20characters
| 2,084 |
||
when was the last person executed by guillotine in france
|
Hamida Djandoubi ( Arabic : حميدة جندوبي ; September 22 , 1949 -- September 10 , 1977 ) was a Tunisian agricultural worker and convicted murderer . He moved to Marseille , France , in 1968 and six years later he kidnapped , tortured and murdered 22 - year - old Élisabeth Bousquet , his former girlfriend . He was sentenced to death in February 1977 and executed by guillotine in September that year . He was the last person to be executed in Western Europe and in the European Union and the last person legally executed by beheading in the Western world . Marcel Chevalier served as chief executioner .
|
September 10 , 1977
|
Hamida Djandoubi
|
hamida djandoubi
|
Hamida Djandoubi ( Arabic : حميدة جندوبي ; September 22 , 1949 -- September 10 , 1977 ) was a Tunisian agricultural worker and convicted murderer . He moved to Marseille , France , in 1968 and six years later he kidnapped , tortured and murdered 22 - year - old Élisabeth Bousquet , his former girlfriend . He was sentenced to death in February 1977 and executed by guillotine in September that year . He was the last person to be executed in Western Europe and in the European Union and the last person legally executed by beheading in the Western world . Marcel Chevalier served as chief executioner .
|
Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Murder of Elisabeth Bousquet 3 Trial and execution 4 Further reading 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Born in Tunisia on September 22 , 1949 , Djandoubi started living in Marseille in 1968 , working in a grocery store . He later worked as a landscaper but had a workplace accident in 1971 that resulted in the loss of two - thirds of his right leg . In 1973 , a 21 - year - old woman named Elisabeth Bousquet , whom Djandoubi had met in the hospital while recovering from his amputation , filed a complaint against him , stating that he had tried to force her into prostitution . Murder of Élisabeth Bousquet ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) After his arrest and eventual release from custody during the spring of 1973 , Djandoubi drew two other young girls into his confidence and then forced them to `` work '' for him . On July 3 , 1974 , he kidnapped Bousquet and took her into his home where , in full view of the terrified girls , he beat the woman before stubbing a lit cigarette all over her breasts and genital area . Bousquet survived the ordeal so he took her by car to the outskirts of Marseille and strangled her there . On his return , Djandoubi warned the two girls to say nothing of what they had seen . Bousquet 's body was discovered in a shed by a boy on July 7 , 1974 . One month later , he kidnapped another girl who managed to escape and report him to police . Trial and Exécution ( edit ) After a lengthy pre-trial process , Djandoubi eventually appeared in court in Aix - en - Provence on charges of torture - murder , rape , and premeditated violence on February 24 , 1977 . His main defense revolved around the supposed effects of the amputation of his leg six years earlier which his lawyer claimed had driven him to a paroxysm of alcohol abuse and violence , turning him into a different man . On February 25 he was sentenced to death . An appeal against his sentence was rejected on June 9 . In the early morning of September 10 , 1977 , twelve days before his 28th birthday , Djandoubi was informed that he , like the child murderers Christian Ranucci ( guillotined on July 28 , 1976 ) and Jérôme Carrein ( guillotined on June 23 , 1977 ) , had not received a reprieve from President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing . Shortly afterwards , at 4 : 40 a.m. , he was executed by guillotine at Baumettes Prison in Marseille . While Djandoubi was the last person executed in France , he was not the last condemned . No more executions occurred after capital punishment was abolished in France in 1981 following the election of François Mitterrand . Further reading ( edit ) Jeremy Mercer , When the Guillotine Fell : The Bloody Beginning and Horrifying End to France 's River of Blood , 1791 -- 1977 , New York , St. Martin 's Press , 2008 Jean - Yves Le Nahour , Le Dernier guillotiné , Paris , First Editions , 2011 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Exécution d'Hamida Djandoubi à Marseille , TF1 , September 10 , 1977 . INA . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Franklin E. Zimring ( 24 September 2004 ) . The Contradictions of American Capital Punishment . Oxford University Press . pp. 33 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 029237 - 9 . Jump up ^ Les deux derniers bourreaux français toujours vivants , La Dépêche du Midi , 10 September 2007 ( French ) ^ Jump up to : Cédric Condom , Le Dernier Guillotiné , Planète+ Justice , 2011 ( French ) Jump up ^ La dernière exécution capitale date de 30 ans , Radio France internationale , 10 September 2007 ( French ) Jump up ^ Il ya 30 ans , avait lieu la dernière exécution , Le Nouvel Observateur , 10 September 2007 ( French ) External links ( edit ) Various photos , newspaper articles , and court documents related to the Djandoubi case ( in English ) Le Dernier Guillotiné , directed by Cédric Condom , based on the book by Jean - Yves Le Nahour , Planète+ Justice , 2011 VIAF : 41310453 LCCN : n2008020686 ISNI : 0000 0000 4108 5013 BNF : cb165437083 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamida_Djandoubi&oldid=823239962 '' Categories : 1949 births 1977 deaths French amputees 20th - century French criminals French people convicted of murder Executed French people French pimps and madams Kidnappers People convicted of assault People convicted of murder by France People executed by France by decapitation People executed by guillotine People executed by the French Fifth Republic People executed for murder People from Marseille Tunisian criminals Tunisian people convicted of murder Tunisian people executed abroad Executed Tunisian people Tunisian amputees Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Tracking infobox criminal with motive parameter Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles needing additional references from October 2011 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara Français Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 31 January 2018 , at 01 : 54 . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamida%20Djandoubi
| 1,376 |
how many episodes in season 5 of white collar
|
Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 14 October 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 23 ) March 9 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 09 ) 16 July 13 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 13 ) March 8 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 08 ) 16 June 7 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 07 ) February 28 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 28 ) 16 July 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 10 ) March 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 05 ) 5 13 October 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 17 ) January 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 30 ) 6 6 November 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 06 ) December 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 18 )
|
13
|
List of White Collar episodes
|
list of white collar episodes
|
White Collar is a crime / mystery television series that premiered on October 23 , 2009 , on the USA Network . The series stars Matt Bomer as Neal Caffrey , a former conman , forger and thief , and Tim DeKay as FBI Special Agent Peter Burke . The pair form an unlikely partnership as they work together to apprehend white collar criminals . The series also stars Willie Garson as Mozzie , an old friend of Neal 's who occasionally aids the FBI in their investigations ; Tiffani Thiessen as Elizabeth Burke , Peter 's wife ; and Marsha Thomason and Sharif Atkins as agents Diana Berrigan and Clinton Jones , respectively . Natalie Morales appeared in the first season as agent Lauren Cruz . Hilarie Burton was introduced in the second season as Sara Ellis , a love interest for Neal . She joined the main cast at the beginning of the third season .
|
White Collar aired its first season of 14 episodes in two parts , which premiered in 2009 and 2010 . This was followed by a second season , comprising 16 episodes . The first group of nine episodes aired in summer 2010 , while the remaining seven aired in spring 2011 . The third season began airing in 2011 and ended in 2012 . The first 10 episodes of the season aired in summer 2011 , while the remaining six began airing in winter 2012 . The series was renewed for a fourth season comprising 16 episodes , which began airing in July 2012 . A fifth season which was renewed for 16 episodes , later reduced to 13 , started airing in October 2013 . On March 2014 , the series was renewed for a sixth season , which was confirmed to be its final season the following September . The season premiered on November 6 , 2014 . On December 18 , after the airing of the last episode of the sixth season , White Collar ended its run . The first three seasons are available on DVD in regions 1 , 2 , and 4 , while the first season is also available on Blu - ray . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episode list 2.1 Season 1 ( 2009 -- 10 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2010 -- 11 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2011 -- 12 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2012 -- 13 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2013 -- 14 ) 2.6 Season 6 ( 2014 ) 3 Home video releases 4 References 5 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 14 October 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 23 ) March 9 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 09 ) 16 July 13 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 13 ) March 8 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 08 ) 16 June 7 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 07 ) February 28 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 28 ) 16 July 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 10 ) March 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 05 ) 5 13 October 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 17 ) January 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 30 ) 6 6 November 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 06 ) December 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 18 ) Episode list ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2009 -- 10 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' Bronwen Hughes Jeff Eastin October 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 23 ) 5039 - 08 - 179 5.40 Con artist , master forger , and criminal extraordinaire Neal Caffrey ( Matt Bomer ) escapes from prison to find Kate Moreau ( Alexandra Daddario ) , the woman he loves , only to end up behind bars again . He strikes up a deal with Federal Agent Peter Burke ( Tim DeKay ) , the FBI agent who put him there , and together they take an unconventional route in tracking down a criminal known as `` The Dutchman '' ( Mark Sheppard ) . Also introduced is Neal 's trusted friend and partner in crime , Mozzie ( Willie Garson ) , a fellow conman with extensive knowledge about many subjects . Neal uses his new position in the FBI to find clues that will eventually lead him to Kate , the man with the ring , and the truth . `` Threads '' Dennie Gordon Clifton Campbell October 30 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 30 ) 5039 - 09 - 103 5.08 Neal and Peter infiltrate New York 's Fashion Week as they try to prevent an international criminal from selling sensitive data hidden in one of the runway dresses . `` Book of Hours '' John T. Kretchmer Tom Garrigus November 6 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 06 ) 5039 - 09 - 102 3.85 A New York mobster enlists the help of the FBI to recover a precious stolen Bible -- a mission that tests Neal 's loyalties with the FBI . `` Flip of the Coin '' Timothy Busfield Jeff Eastin & Joseph C. Muscat November 13 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 13 ) 5039 - 09 - 105 4.28 Peter and Neal try to locate smuggled Iraqi artifacts where the lead suspect is a U.S. soldier and an acquaintance of Peter , but anomalies in the evidence suggest other forces at work . 5 5 `` The Portrait '' Allan Arkush Jeff Eastin & Travis Romero November 20 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 20 ) 5039 - 09 - 101 4.56 Peter and Neal set up a sting to recover a valuable stolen portrait , but strain is put on their uneasy partnership when Peter suspects Neal will succumb to temptation . Neal finds out the truth about the stolen portrait , and returns it to its rightful owner . 6 6 `` All In '' John T. Kretchmer Jim Campolongo & Joe Henderson November 27 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 27 ) 5039 - 09 - 104 4.40 Immersed in a dangerous case in Chinatown involving one of his aliases and a crafty Interpol agent , Neal is forced to decide between his loyalties to Peter and the FBI or his desire to find Kate . The interpol agent reveals that the man with the ring is in the FBI . 7 7 `` Free Fall '' Kevin Bray Jeff Eastin December 4 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 04 ) 5039 - 09 - 107 5.55 Peter must determine if Neal 's lying when Neal becomes a suspect in a jewelry heist . Meanwhile , Neal closes in on the man with the ring and discovers that he may be closer than he imagined . Introduced in the episode is FBI special agent Garrett Fowler ( Noah Emmerich ) , an OPR agent bent on discrediting Peter and Neal with whatever means possible . 8 8 `` Hard Sell '' John T. Kretchmer Jim Campolongo & Joe Henderson January 19 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 19 ) 5039 - 09 - 108 4.70 Neal infiltrates a corrupt Wall Street brokerage firm and Peter must go undercover alongside him . Neal suspects Peter as the man with the ring and confronts Peter about it . Peter initially denies but after the case is closed , Peter tells Neal that he had spoken with Kate . Peter tells Neal that Kate mentioned wanting a music box that Neal had stolen . Peter also tells Neal that it does not seem Kate was acting under the control of Fowler . Neal refuses to believe Peter and sets out to find the music box that Fowler wants . 9 9 `` Bad Judgment '' John T. Kretchmer Jeff Eastin & Joseph C. Muscat January 26 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 26 ) 5039 - 09 - 112 4.30 Peter and Neal discover a corrupt judge working with Fowler , and devise a plan to take them down . Meanwhile , Neal asks Peter to get a message to Kate as Mozzie sweeps Peter 's house for bugs . At the end of the episode , Neal retrieves a paper flower from the grave of Kate 's father , Robert , another cryptic message from Kate . 10 10 `` Vital Signs '' Dennie Gordon Joan B. Weiss February 2 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 02 ) 5039 - 09 - 106 2.89 June is approached by a sketchy charity when her granddaughter is removed from the waiting list for a kidney transplant . Neal and Peter decide to investigate the charity , suspecting that transplants are being bought with `` donations '' . 11 11 `` Home Invasion '' Ken Girotti Channing Powell February 9 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 09 ) 5039 - 09 - 110 3.83 The FBI investigates a murder and a mysterious coded list and Neal catches up with Alex Hunter ( Gloria Votsis ) , an old friend who might know something about the music box , but is n't too keen on Neal 's connection with the FBI . 12 12 `` Bottlenecked '' Phil Abraham Jeff Eastin & Tom Garrigus February 23 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 23 ) 5039 - 09 - 109 3.57 When Neal is confronted by his blue - collar counterpart Matthew Keller ( Ross McCall ) , he must revive a decades - old competition to create an impossible forgery of a bottle of wine . However , things are n't exactly as they seem . 13 13 `` Front Man '' Michael Smith Rashad Raisani March 2 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 02 ) 5039 - 09 - 111 3.48 When trying to resolve a kidnapping , Neal is apprehended by an old friend and is forced to play his game to save the one who was kidnapped . Alex finally reveals the location of the music box to Neal , and teams up to steal it . Peter tells Neal that he knows Neal is planning to steal it , and tells him that he has the option to stop looking for Kate and do something good with his life . 14 14 `` Out of the Box '' Kevin Bray Jeff Eastin March 9 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 09 ) 5039 - 09 - 113 4.04 After discovering the music box in Manhattan , Neal and his friends plan a party heist to steal it . Things come to a head as Fowler and Peter square off , while Neal demands Kate in exchange for the box . Peter makes it to the airstrip before Neal takes off with Kate , and tries to stop him . Neal turns around , and admits that Peter is the only one who can change his mind . Before he can join Kate , Neal looks back at Peter , and the jet explodes . Season 2 ( 2010 -- 11 ) ( edit ) White Collar was renewed for a second season scheduled to begin July 13 , 2010 on USA Network , with Marsha Thomason joining the cast as a series regular and Hilarie Burton appearing in a six - episode arc as insurance investigator Sara Ellis . The nine - episode summer season ran through September 7 , 2010 and concluded with a seven - episode winter season that began on January 18 , 2011 . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 15 `` Withdrawal '' Tim Matheson Jeff Eastin July 13 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 13 ) 5039 - 10 - 201 4.29 In the aftermath of Kate 's death , Neal 's deal and Peter 's job are in jeopardy . To prove themselves , they must catch The Architect ( Tim Matheson ) , a high - profile bank robber . 16 `` Need to Know '' Sanford Bookstaver Joe Henderson July 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 20 ) 5039 - 10 - 202 3.96 Neal goes undercover as a political `` fixer '' in order to bring down a corrupt politician . Diana and Peter 's lead brings them to an unidentified man who escapes their pursuit . It is also revealed that Peter had Diana keep the music box 's location hidden even from Peter himself . Neal begins to suspect that Peter is investigating the plane explosion behind his back . 17 `` Copycat Caffrey '' Paul Holahan Channing Powell July 27 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 27 ) 5039 - 10 - 203 3.72 Peter sends Neal back to school after someone copycats one of his old schemes . Alex returns with some bad news . Diana discovers the music box is hiding something . Peter and Diana set out to find the missing key , which is the last piece of the music box that Alex gives Neal before leaving for Italy . 18 `` By the Book '' Michael Smith Alexandra McNally August 3 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 03 ) 5039 - 10 - 204 4.10 For the first time in his life , Mozzie must turn to the FBI for help when the person of his affection , a waitress from a local diner ( Diane Farr ) disappears . Mozzie uses cryptic clues , often references to book texts , left by Gina to find and rescue her , which evolves to a case involving a man on the FBI 's radar for quite some time . 19 5 `` Unfinished Business '' Tricia Brock Jeff Eastin August 10 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 10 ) 5039 - 10 - 205 4.00 A routine bond theft escalates into an attempted murder when Neal is unknowingly hired to kill the assigned insurance investigator , Sara Ellis ( Hilarie Burton ) , the same woman who had testified against him regarding his alleged theft of a Raphael painting a few years earlier . Meanwhile , Neal and Mozzie investigate the jet 's wreckage , concluding that the jet was rigged to explode midair , but was detonated early by someone . They manage to have the cockpit 's voice recorder sent to the insurance company Sterling Bosch , under the care of Sara Ellis . After taking the impostor who ordered the hit on Sara , Neal tries to recover the package from her apartment , but is interrupted by an assassination attempt by the real assassin , who is subsequently captured by Peter and his team . 20 6 `` In the Red '' David Straiton Matt Negrete August 17 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 17 ) 5039 - 10 - 206 4.48 The arrest of a jewel thief leads Peter and Neal toward a much more heinous extortion case against adoptive parents . Mozzie breaks into Sara 's apartment and recovers the recording , only to have it taken back by Sara and her detectives in a search of Neal 's apartment . After teaming up with the mob , Peter and Neal take the adoption lawyer ( John Larroquette ) into custody . Sara returns to Neal 's apartment after finding out what happened to Kate , and promises to help Neal with his investigation . The recording reveals that Kate called an unidentified person shortly before the jet exploded , which prompts Neal and friends to hunt down who was on the other end of the phone . 21 7 `` Prisoner 's Dilemma '' Vincent Misiano Mark Goffman August 24 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 24 ) 5039 - 10 - 208 4.60 An FBI Agent is accused of selling witness locations during criminal trials , and the U.S. Marshals ask Peter and Neal for help tracking down the suspect . Peter winds up befriending the suspect upon discovering that the U.S. Marshal in charge of the investigation is actually selling the locations , and goes on the run with him trying to clear his name . Moz discovers that the mystery voice on the black box recording belongs to the still - in - hiding Garrett Fowler . 22 8 `` Company Man '' Rosemary Rodriguez Jim Campolongo August 31 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 31 ) 5039 - 10 - 207 4.44 Neal and Peter must go undercover into the world of corporate espionage after a tech company 's head researcher is murdered . Mozzie and Diana are put together to look over Kate 's murder , and Mozzie realizes that Diana has the music box and Peter knows where it is . Peter then shows the music box to Neal , and Neal reveals the key Alex gave him . Neal tells Peter , `` No more secrets '' , before opening the box . 23 9 `` Point Blank '' Kevin Bray Jeff Eastin September 7 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 07 ) 5039 - 10 - 209 4.72 The gang finds Fowler ( Noah Emmerich ) and finds out he is innocent . He is being blackmailed by the same person Peter has a patchwork picture of . Mozzie cracks the code inside of the musicbox . Before he can tell anyone , he is shot by an unidentified man ( Paul Blackthorne ) who steals the code . 24 10 `` Burke 's Seven '' Michael Smith Joe Henderson January 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 18 ) 5039 - 10 - 214 3.81 Peter is framed for a crime he did not commit , and is subsequently suspended from the FBI . Neal helps him organize a con in order to catch the real criminal ( Paul Blackthorne ) , find who shot Mozzie , and clear Peter 's name . 25 11 `` Forging Bonds '' John T. Kretchmer Jeff Eastin & Alexandra McNally January 25 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 25 ) 5039 - 10 - 213 3.90 After Peter and Neal realize that Vincent Adler ( Andrew McCarthy ) is behind Kate 's murder , Peter has a talk with Neal where he reveals everything from the time he met Mozzie to when he was caught by the FBI . 26 12 `` What Happens in Burma ... '' John T. Kretchmer Hy Conrad February 1 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 01 ) 5039 - 10 - 210 3.46 Peter and Neal must set foot on Burmese soil when they visit its embassy in order to prove the innocence of the son of an American diplomat . 27 13 `` Countermeasures '' Michael Smith Jim Campolongo February 8 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 08 ) 5039 - 10 - 211 3.46 Neal is approached by an old friend of June 's ( Billy Dee Williams ) and believes that he has some ulterior motives . 28 14 `` Payback '' Russell Lee Fine Mark Goffman February 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 22 ) 5039 - 10 - 212 3.27 Matthew Keller ( Ross McCall ) returns when he contacts Neal and Peter from prison asking for a favor . Over the course of their investigation , Peter is kidnapped and must be found before he is killed which inadvertently forces Neal to deal with his feelings from losing Kate . 29 15 `` Power Play '' Jeff F. King Mark Goffman March 1 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 01 ) 5039 - 10 - 216 3.30 Neal and Peter switch identities after they are approached by a woman ( Cody Horn ) who claims that her boss ( Richard Schiff ) is behind a collusion scheme . 30 16 `` Under the Radar '' John T. Kretchmer Jeff Eastin March 8 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 08 ) 5039 - 10 - 215 3.81 Neal and Peter are abducted by Adler ( Andrew McCarthy ) , and Neal gets closer to uncovering the secret behind Kate 's death . Season 3 ( 2011 -- 12 ) ( edit ) On September 27 , 2010 , White Collar was renewed for a 16 episode third season , which began June 7 , 2011 . Hilarie Burton joined the cast as a series regular . Diahann Carroll appeared as June , and Denise Vasi , who appeared in the pilot episode as June 's granddaughter Cindy , returned as well . The first half of the season also saw guest appearances by Dana Ashbrook , Beau Bridges , Eliza Dushku , Nathen Garson , Lena Headey , Ernie Hudson , Olek Krupa , Al Sapienza , and the return of Matthew Keller ( Ross McCall ) . Series star Tim DeKay directed one episode . Series creator and executive producer Jeff Eastin tweeted that Andrew McCarthy , who played Vincent Adler , would also direct an episode . Another flashback episode , `` The Dentist of Detroit '' , revealed much of Mozzie 's childhood . The first half of the season , consisting of 10 episodes , concluded on August 9 , 2011 , while the remaining six episodes began airing on January 17 , 2012 . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 31 `` On Guard '' Russell Lee Fine Jeff Eastin June 7 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 07 ) BCW301 3.90 Despite their newly - arisen trust issues , Neal and Peter have to work together to catch a thief who took his stash out of the Federal Reserve . 32 `` Where There 's a Will '' Sanford Bookstaver Mark Goffman June 14 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 14 ) BCW302 3.71 Peter and Neal find a treasure map on a forged will , and soon enter a race to locate the treasure and save the daughter of the beneficiary . 33 `` Deadline '' Michael Smith Alexandra McNally June 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 21 ) BCW303 3.67 When a magazine journalist 's ( Jayne Atkinson ) life is threatened , Diana goes undercover as her assistant to protect her while Peter and Neal investigate the subject of the journalist 's story . Meanwhile , Neal and Sara have a date with Diana and Christie ( Moran Atias ) . 34 `` The Dentist of Detroit '' Dennie Gordon Channing Powell & Matt Negrete June 28 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 28 ) BCW306 3.72 When a mobster ( Al Sapienza ) from Mozzie 's Detroit childhood surfaces in Manhattan , Neal and Peter must help their friend rework a scam from his past to take down the ruthless gangster and prevent a mob war . 35 5 `` Veiled Threat '' Paul Holahan Jim Campolongo July 5 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 05 ) BCW304 4.19 When a black widow ( Mädchen Amick ) arrives in New York , Neal and Peter go undercover as wealthy bachelors to find her next target . 36 6 `` Scott Free '' Tricia Brock Joe Henderson July 12 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 12 ) BCW305 3.84 When a teenage conman ( Hutch Dano ) goes on a wild crime spree in New York , Peter realizes he has a new Neal Caffrey on his hands . 37 7 `` Taking Account '' Michael Smith Daniel Shattuck July 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 19 ) BCW307 4.18 When an expert hacker drains a prominent New York bank , Neal assumes the criminal 's identity in order to spend the pilfered fortune and draw him out of hiding . Mozzie finds himself in an unfamiliar situation when the hacker 's former accomplice ( Lena Headey ) switches sides . Meanwhile , Sara temporarily moves in with Neal and discovers the surveillance camera footage of Neal and Mozzie 's treasure . 38 8 `` As You Were '' David Straiton Matt Negrete July 26 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 26 ) BCW308 3.89 When an old Naval Academy buddy of Agent Jones goes missing , Peter and Neal delve into the dangerous world of international private security to find him . While Jones deals with realizing his friend might not be who he remembers and meeting an old flame , Mozzie convinces Neal to break into Peter and Elizabeth 's house to go after the manifest . 39 9 `` On the Fence '' Paul Holahan Mark Goffman August 2 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 02 ) BCW309 3.71 When Neal and Peter discover wanted fugitive Matthew Keller ( Ross McCall ) is smuggling priceless Egyptian antiquities into the city , Neal must go undercover with an exotic and beautiful Egyptologist ( Eliza Dushku ) to locate and capture his foe . 40 10 `` Countdown '' John Kretchmer Story by : Jeff Eastin & Channing Powell Teleplay by : Jeff Eastin August 9 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 09 ) BCW310 4.30 Neal and Mozzie must stay one step ahead of the FBI while appearing to work with them in order to keep them from discovering that they possess the treasure . Later , Peter returns home to discover that Elizabeth has been kidnapped by Matthew Keller . 41 11 `` Checkmate '' John Kretchmer Story by : Joe Henderson & Alexandra McNally Teleplay by : Joe Henderson January 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 17 ) BCW313 3.23 Elizabeth escapes from Keller through a combination of FBI diligence and her own cleverness . Meanwhile , as a delaying tactic , Peter , Neal and Mozzie arrange to have the treasure surrounded by an unsuspecting NYPD , and must work with Keller to get it away from them . 42 12 `` Upper West Side Story '' Russell Lee Fine Alexandra McNally & Jim Campolongo January 24 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 24 ) BCW312 3.47 A student ( Graham Phillips ) at a prestigious prep school asks Neal and Peter to look into the disappearance of scholarship funds , which he believes was orchestrated by the father ( Dylan Baker ) of his crush ( Elizabeth Gillies ) . In order to investigate , Neal must go undercover as a substitute teacher . 43 13 `` Neighborhood Watch '' Andrew McCarthy Jeff F. King January 31 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 31 ) BCW311 3.04 Neal and Peter investigate a robbery plot at a hotel after Elizabeth overhears a neighbor ( Joe Manganiello ) having a suspicious conversation . When Neal suggests Peter ask Mozzie to keep an eye on her , he may switch from a babysitter to her accomplice when Elizabeth tries to help . 44 14 `` Pulling Strings '' Anton Cropper Channing Powell February 7 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 07 ) BCW314 2.47 While Peter is tied up hosting Elizabeth 's parents ( Tom Skerritt and Debra Monk ) , Neal is assigned to help Sara search for a missing Stradivarius . 45 15 `` Stealing Home '' Tim DeKay Story by : Mark Goffman & Jim Campolongo Teleplay by : Mark Goffman February 21 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 21 ) BCW315 2.31 Neal goes undercover with a gang of cons in order to steal valuable memorabilia from Yankee stadium . 46 16 `` Judgment Day '' Russell Lee Fine Jeff Eastin February 28 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 28 ) BCW316 2.55 Agent Kramer ( Beau Bridges ) tries to sabotage Neal 's commutation while Neal tries to fix a mistake from his past . Peter must make a difficult decision . With Peter 's help , Neal is able to get away with his theft of the painting and faces the committee , telling them and later Peter that whether he is released or not , he plans to continue working for the FBI because he now has a purpose and a life . Unfortunately , Agent Kramer refuses to back down , wishing to take Neal back to D.C. by any means necessary . Peter is able to secretly warn Neal about Kramer 's plan to ' steal ' Neal and make him work for him . This gives Neal time to escape , so he cuts off his anklet and flees the country with Mozzie before the committee can make its decision . Season 4 ( 2012 -- 13 ) ( edit ) White Collar was renewed for a fourth season of sixteen episodes on August 25 , 2011 . Treat Williams appeared throughout the season as Sam , an undercover agent from Washington whose past overlaps with Neal 's . Mekhi Phifer appeared in the first two episodes as Kyle Collins , a manhunter working for the federal government . Gregg Henry recurred as a man who helps Neal and Mozzie hide while in the Cape Verde Islands , while Mia Maestro appeared as Maya , a woman with whom Neal becomes involved while on the run . Laura Vandervoort appeared in one episode as a wealthy socialite who becomes another love interest for Neal . Michael Weston appeared in one episode as a criminal mastermind , alongside Laurie Williams . Rebecca Mader appeared in one episode as Abigail , a woman who forces Neal to take part in a heist . Perrey Reeves appeared in one episode as a dedicated fixer . Gloria Votsis returned as Alex Hunter in the eighth episode of the season . Victor Webster made an appearance in the ninth episode of the season as Eric Dunham , a trader on Wall Street who is being investigated for insider trading . Titus Welliver guest starred as Senator Terrence Pratt , a man who may be linked to Neal 's father . Reed Diamond made an appearance as Cole Edwards , a construction mogul with links to the government . Sprague Grayden appeared as a younger Ellen Parker , while Judith Ivey continued playing the older version of the character . Hilarie Burton reprised her role as insurance investigator and Neal 's love interest Sara Ellis ; she appeared in four episodes altogether . The remaining six episodes of season four began airing in January 2013 . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 47 `` Wanted '' Paul Holahan Jeff Eastin July 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 10 ) BCW401 3.21 After Neal and Mozzie fled , Kyle Collins ( Mekhi Phifer ) of the Office of International Affairs tries to find Neal after the FBI fails for six weeks . Peter finally manages to talk to Neal , and background sounds help Peter , Jones , and Diana deduce that Neal 's in Cape Verde . Peter heads there to try to find Neal first . Unfortunately , Collins searches Peter 's home after he leaves and finds his map with Cape Verde circled . Collins and Peter meet in a cafe where Collins announces a $500,000 bounty on Neal 's head . Collins purposely does not specify `` alive '' . Neal , Mozzie , and Peter look for a way out and turn to different sources for help . Peter and Mozzie go to one of Mozzie 's friends , while Neal goes to the island 's richest man , a very private person named Dobbs ( Gregg Henry ) . Dobbs soon reveals that he is aware of Neal 's true identity , and Collins arrives to capture Neal . 48 `` Most Wanted '' Paul Holahan Mark Goffman July 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 17 ) BCW402 2.98 Collins holds Neal prisoner on Dobbs ' estate , and shoots Neal in the leg when he discovers Neal has broken loose from his restraints . Peter and Mozzie covertly help Neal get away from Collins , and upon planning their escape , discover Dobbs is really one of the FBI 's most wanted men . Together , they set up a con for Neal to help capture Dobbs and return to New York under his original deal . In the end Peter gets reassigned . 49 `` Diminishing Returns '' Stefan Schwartz Jim Campolongo July 24 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 24 ) BCW403 3.01 With Peter reassigned to the Evidence room , he and Neal go up against David Cook ( Michael Weston ) , a criminal mastermind whom Peter has been tracking since joining the FBI . 50 `` Parting Shots '' Robert Duncan McNeill Alexandra McNally July 31 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 31 ) BCW404 2.82 While helping Sara ( Hilarie Burton ) resolve an insider trading scandal , Neal saves the life of the alleged perpetrator 's widow ( Laura Vandervoort ) , but he has to stay undercover with her to help prevent the theft of her insurance settlement . Meanwhile , Peter gets reassigned back to the White Collar division , and Ellen is shot after being recalled into Witness Protection , leaving Neal with unanswered questions . 51 5 `` Honor Among Thieves '' Arlene Sanford Joe Henderson August 14 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 14 ) BCW405 2.93 When Ellen is murdered , Neal leaves himself open to being blackmailed by the art thief they 're after in exchange for information , which may lead to a breach of trust between him and Peter . 52 6 `` Identity Crisis '' David Straiton Channing Powell August 21 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 21 ) BCW406 3.89 Mozzie 's purchase of a storage unit leads him to finding a number of clues about a spy organization from the Revolutionary War that may still be operating today . 53 7 `` Compromising Positions '' Paul Holahan Matthew Negrete August 28 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 28 ) BCW407 3.36 With help from Mozzie and Sara ( Hilarie Burton ) , Peter and Neal attempt to ensure the conviction of a corrupt developer . Their main obstacle is a clever woman who acts as a no - questions - asked fixer for a variety of clients including Sara 's company . Meanwhile , Neal meets with Ellen 's friend Sam , who tells him of a conspiracy including highly placed law enforcement officials . 54 8 `` Ancient History '' Russell Lee Fine Daniel Shattuck September 4 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 04 ) BCW408 3.38 Neal is contacted again by his old acquaintance and fellow thief Alex ( Gloria Votsis ) , who is being investigated by the FBI in relation to a heist for which Neal is arrested . Peter furthers his covert investigation of `` Sam '' behind Neal 's back when Neal receives a suspicious package from Ellen delivered by the Marshals . Alex is in town on more business , which causes some rifts between Peter , Neal , and Mozzie . 55 9 `` Gloves Off '' Renny Harlin Mark Goffman September 11 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 11 ) BCW409 3.80 Peter sends Neal undercover as a Wall Street stock trader . Neal discovers a White Collar boxing ring where traders fight for insider information . In order to take down the corrupt CEO , Peter and Neal must step out of the office and step in to the ring . Peter makes a huge mistake that sends Sam into hiding . 56 10 `` Vested Interest '' Russell Lee Fine Jeff Eastin September 18 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 18 ) BCW410 3.41 Peter and Neal attend an FBI conference where someone is trying to steal high valued defense technology , but discover the thief 's plan to kidnap the designer instead . After Peter learns the real Sam is dead , a DNA test shows the man they believe to be Sam is actually Neal 's father . 57 11 `` Family Business '' Paul Holahan Joe Henderson January 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 22 ) BCW411 2.77 Neal 's father James explains how as a young cop he began working for a gangster named Dennis Flynn , now deceased . When he tried to end his employment Flynn framed him for the murder of his superior , and he confessed when some unknown person with high law enforcement connections threatened his wife , Neal , and Ellen . Believing him guilty , Neal 's mother refused further contact . In the present , Neal and Peter infiltrate the operations of Flynn 's son , also named Dennis . They pose as the maker and potential buyer , respectively , of counterfeit whisky , and are able to prove that the younger Dennis killed Ellen . But Dennis is killed in custody , showing that the law enforcement conspiracy is still in operation . James is sent to a safe house while Neal and Peter plan their next move . 58 12 `` Brass Tacks '' Anton Cropper Jim Campolongo & Alexandra McNally January 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 29 ) BCW412 2.61 Neal and Peter discover that Dennis Flynn 's fatal prisoner transfer was ordered by U.S. Senator Terrence Pratt ( Titus Welliver ) who was once James ' Captain in the Washington police . They plan to bring him down by proving fraud charges against his associate , land developer Cole Edwards ( Reed Diamond ) . But Edwards remains loyal to the Senator , who retaliates by ending the FBI career of Peter 's boss . Meanwhile Mozzie is paired up with Jones to search for the meaning of a key left to Neal in Ellen 's personal effects . Elizabeth asks Neal to lie to Peter about the key to protect him after an attempted assassination , but Peter learns the truth from Jones and , greatly offended , continues to investigate on his own . 59 13 `` Empire City '' Tim DeKay Channing Powell & Daniel Shattuck February 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 05 ) BCW413 2.28 Two brothers are attempting to revive the famous Cotton Club , but one is also involved in fraudulent sales of taxi medallions . To investigate , Neal and Peter pose as promoters and book June as a singer for the club 's opening . Meanwhile , Peter and Neal each independently discover the NYC location indicated by the key : the Empire State Building . 60 14 `` Shoot the Moon '' Russell Lee Fine Matthew Negrete & Bob DeRosa February 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 19 ) BCW414 2.42 A couple on a romantic crime spree take two hostages who turn out to be Peter and Elizabeth . Neal must anticipate their next crime to effect a rescue . Sara has a potential new position in London . Neal and Mozzie determine that Ellen 's evidence about James is stored in an office on the 50th floor of the Empire State Building . 61 15 `` The Original '' John Kretchmer Mark Goffman February 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 26 ) BCW415 2.12 The former assistant to a dead master sculptor has `` found '' a new work which Neal thinks is a forgery . With a high - tech scanner diverted from the forgery investigation , Neal , Mozzie and James determine the exact location of Ellen 's evidence box . But Peter 's new FBI boss Amanda Calloway ( Emily Procter ) is on to them , and she is reporting to Senator Pratt . 62 16 `` In the Wind '' Russell Lee Fine Jeff Eastin March 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 05 ) BCW416 2.36 Neal concocts an elaborate plan to get the evidence box out of the Empire State Building even though Pratt and Calloway are also searching for it . Pratt 's man stops an escaping James , who is carrying what he thinks is the box but is actually a decoy given to him by Mozzie . In the ensuing confrontation , James kills Pratt with Peter 's gun and escapes , leaving Peter to be arrested for the murder with all the physical evidence against him . Neal learns from the real evidence box that James was actually guilty of the murder for which he was imprisoned . Neal begs James to go to the FBI and tell the truth to free Peter , but James coldly refuses and leaves Neal with the realization that his father used him . Season 5 ( 2013 -- 14 ) ( edit ) On September 25 , 2012 , USA Network renewed the series for a 16 - episode fifth season , but this was later reduced to 13 . It premiered on October 17 , 2013 . Marsha Thomason was pregnant during the filming of season five and did not appear for the majority of the season . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 63 `` At What Price '' Stefan Schwartz Jeff Eastin & Joe Henderson October 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 17 ) BCW506 2.53 Peter is about to be prosecuted for murder , which could end his FBI career even if he were acquitted . Elizabeth urges Neal to save him at any cost . Neal is contacted by the Dutchman , Curtis Hagan ( Mark Sheppard ) , the man he helped Peter convict of forgery in their first case together . Hagan has influence over Peter 's prosecutor , and can get the charges dismissed if Neal can make a convincing fake audio confession from James . Neal and Mozzie do this and learn Hagan 's price : Neal must steal a collection of gold coins from a secure building . Neal does this with the aid of a device Mozzie has built to spoof the anklet 's signal to make him appear to be at home . Neal then learns that the Dutchman has filmed the heist and plans to blackmail him into committing further crimes for him . Peter is promoted to be head of the NYC White Collar Crime office . He gives Neal a new anklet and promises him a new handler from outside the office . Their last case together is to investigate the coin robbery . 64 `` Out of the Frying Pan '' Roger Kumble Daniel Shattuck October 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 24 ) BCW501 2.13 Neal meets his new handler David Siegel ( Warren Kole ) , a young star agent . The FBI have arrested the proprietor of a website for stolen goods , and they plan to arrest his contacts while a very pregnant Diana works hard to make the website appear to continue operating . Neal and Siegel are sent to the warehouse of an art dealer involved with the website , who turns out to be Mozzie . He escapes , but Siegel sees him ; though Neal is able to keep Peter from learning that the dealer is Mozzie , Siegel uncovers the `` Teddy '' identity behind Mozzie 's vast holdings . This is actually what Mozzie believes to be his true identity , that of a baby who disappeared shortly before Mozzie was found . Mozzie returns to the warehouse , sets fire to it , and vanishes into a hideout beneath it . The FBI believe Teddy is dead , but Diana is not fooled , goes to the warehouse , and finds the hideout . She tries to arrest Mozzie but suddenly goes into labor . Mozzie delivers the baby , whom she names `` Theo '' , and she so far keeps his secret . Neal breaks into the FBI evidence room and destroys evidence against Hagan , which will give him a chance in his retrial . 65 `` One Last Stakeout '' Russell Lee Fine Joe Henderson October 31 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 31 ) BCW503 2.38 Hagan is free , and he gives Neal 48 hours to steal one chapter of a mysterious book on display at a museum . Neal and Mozzie plan to fool another criminal , Zev , into breaking into the museum to steal a painting , with Neal taking the book chapter at the same time and then catching Zev . To get access , he befriends a museum worker named Rebecca ( Bridget Regan ) and steals her key . Neal tells Siegel he has heard chatter indicating that the museum is about to be robbed , and Peter authorizes a stakeout . Mozzie disables the security cameras of the museum and Zev enters . Neal is delayed when Peter , nostalgic about his former partnership , joins the stakeout . However , he is able to enter the building and replace the chapter with a forgery Mozzie has created . Zev trips the alarms but still escapes ; Neal leaves prints behind when he escapes himself . Neal and Peter find Zev 's prints at the crime scene , allowing the FBI to arrest Zev and recover the painting . Neal gives the book chapter to Hagan after making a copy ; he and Mozzie will try to figure out why Hagan wanted it . Siegel secretly witnesses the meeting between Neal and Hagan . Rebecca is fired for the security breach , after learning that Neal works with the FBI . Siegel is found murdered on the street . 66 `` Controlling Interest '' Kevin Bray Jim Campolongo November 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 07 ) BCW504 2.24 The now - destitute Mozzie has moved into Neal 's apartment . With the investigation of Siegel 's death stalled , Peter joins Neal for a new field assignment . A disoriented man named Nate Griffith ( David Call ) walks into the Bureau , carrying a packet of cash , confessing that he broke into a vault and stole $2 million . Peter and Neal trace Griffith to Dr. Mara Summers , his psychiatrist . Peter decides to examine the vault with Neal . The bank claims ignorance of any break - in . Neal checks their records for details on the vault , and traces it back to `` Niteowl Holdings '' . Peter and Neal suspect Dr. Summers has something to do with the robbery . Peter traces Niteowl Holdings to Shane Jacobi , an ex-con , and confronts him . He denies any connection to Niteowl Holdings , but appears surprised to learn that the vault was robbed . Meanwhile , Neal approaches Dr. Summers as a patient , hoping to glean some information from her . But she drugs him , and gets information on the ongoing investigation from him . Moz identifies the drug as `` Good Night Cinderella '' , used by Asian prostitutes to rob their johns . He suggests that the best way to recall what he told Dr. Summers would be to go back under the drug again . Moz makes the drug , Neal drinks it , and Peter and Moz help Neal recall the entire conversation . The next day , Peter and Jones visit Griffith 's house , and on discovering Jacobi there , they arrest him . They realize that Summers manipulated Griffith into robbing Jacobi 's vault . Neal gets a confession from Dr. Summers by putting her under the drug . The FBI arrest Dr. Summers but do not recover the money , because Neal has diverted it and given it to Mozzie to start afresh . He tells Mozzie that he plans to free himself from all constraints , including both Hagan 's and Peter 's . 67 5 `` Master Plan '' Jeff F. King Alexandra McNally November 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 14 ) BCW502 2.21 A wealthy man ( Richard Thomas ) hires Elizabeth to choose art presents for his son , who has recently resurfaced long after disappearing as a teenager . She was a tutor for the real son before he vanished , and in talking to the alleged son about art she begins to suspect that he is an impostor . Neal takes a job as butler to the household to investigate . Elizabeth is fired after she voices her suspicions and the alleged son passes a DNA test . However , Neal and Peter are able to prove that he faked the test and to find the location where he is holding the real son prisoner , in order to get the information he needs for his deception . Meanwhile , Peter battles a flu - like illness which is relieved by a concoction that Mozzie prepares from the honey of the beehives he has introduced to Neal 's apartment . 68 6 `` Ice Breaker '' Eric Stoltz Matt Whitney & Mark Lafferty November 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 21 ) BCW505 2.49 Peter and Neal search for a Russian forger of U.S. passports and find Sergei , the cousin of a notorious Russian gangster and sponsor of a figure skater named Katya ( Annet Mahendru ) . They go undercover as a skating coach and sports agent respectively , and are able to arrest Sergei and several Russian criminals to whom he had provided passports . Meanwhile , Neal and Mozzie enlist the still unemployed Rebecca 's help in decoding the book chapter by posing as FBI agents . Peter and Jones know they are up to something , and Peter finds evidence of the fake FBI office they created to deceive her . Rebecca tells them that Mosconi , the 19th - century author of the book , never included a chapter 13 in his books , the same chapter that Neal believed he removed from the book and gave to Hagan . 69 7 `` Quantico Closure '' Willie Garson Nick Thiel December 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 05 ) BCW507 2.12 Peter 's anniversary dinner with Elizabeth is interrupted by an attractive woman named Jill ( Kim Dickens ) , his ex-girlfriend and former classmate at the FBI academy . Jill now works for a secretive division of the FBI and wants Peter 's help in buying a computer chip , potentially of great use to enemy nations , from a hacker now living in Manhattan . Jill insists that no one else know anything about the mission , which makes Elizabeth suspicious and later interferes with Peter 's efforts to conduct the buy safely . Peter and Jill notice and identify two mercenaries that are also following the hacker , but when they go to the hotel room for the buy , they are unaware that the mercenaries have evaded Jones ' surveillance . Elizabeth and Neal come to the same hotel at the same time , suspecting Jill 's intentions toward Peter . When the mercenaries capture everyone , only Elizabeth and Neal 's initiative saves the day . Meanwhile , Neal and Jones recover Siegel 's gun and FBI badge ; though the petty criminal who was using them in carjackings appears to be a dead end , but Peter finds a possible clue in the badge . Also , Neal and Rebecca are able to decipher a picture of a stained glass window from the book chapter , and Rebecca believes the window might be in New York , where Mosconi briefly lived in 1886 . Later , he is able to show her the window , and they kiss . 70 8 `` Digging Deeper '' Sanford Bookstaver Jessica Grasl & Julian Meiojas December 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 12 ) BCW508 2.09 Peter learns of the recovery of a stolen dinosaur egg , but the companion skeleton of an adult female Tyrannosaurus rex is still missing . He and Neal foil a thief 's attempt to steal the egg back ; he identifies a financier ( Željko Ivanek ) as his employer but does not know where the skeleton is . Neal and Mozzie build a forgery of the egg containing a tracker , leading them to the skeleton . Meanwhile , a suspicious Peter discovers that Neal is seeing Rebecca , and when he and Elizabeth crash their romantic dinner he learns that Rebecca thinks Neal is an FBI agent . Neal tells him he lied to her so she would not know of his criminal past , and Peter urges him to come clean to her . He does so and Rebecca accepts him ; they have sex . Hagan correctly deduces that Neal plans to steal the stained - glass window , and with an implicit threat to June he tells Neal to steal it for him . 71 9 `` No Good Deed '' Charlotte Sieling Story by : Eddie Serrano Teleplay by : Alexandra McNally December 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 19 ) BCW509 2.52 In bed , Neal tells Rebecca a limited version of the truth but says he ca n't involve her in the theft of the window for her own safety . She convinces him to let her help , and the next day she distracts the men repairing the window while Neal and Mozzie steal it . They discover that one of the panels allows secret messages in Chapter 13 to be read , but only in the real Chapter 13 , not their copy . They plan to trade this panel to Hagan for the evidence that Hagan has of Neal 's earlier coin theft . At the same time , an FBI watch of pawnshops turns up one of the gold coins that Neal stole for Hagan , and that Hagan used to bribe Peter 's prosecutor Dawson . Peter 's investigation leads him to Decker , the man who fenced them for Dawson , but Mozzie tips off Decker and allows him to escape . Peter goes to Neal 's apartment and claims that he has captured Decker , and Neal confesses to the coin theft , implying that he rather than Hagan was the one who bribed Dawson to save Peter . Peter feels obligated to arrest Neal and thus reopen his own case , probably ending his career , but Elizabeth counsels him against this . The next morning , Jones actually arrests Decker , and Peter does not question him about the coins ; there are enough weapons and other contraband coins in Decker 's store to ensure his conviction on other charges . Peter then goes to Dawson and offers not to reveal the bribe if Dawson resigns his position and returns the coins , which he does . Peter tells Neal that there will be `` changes '' in their working relationship , as he now realizes that Neal can not fully change his criminal ways . Neal agrees . 72 10 `` Live Feed '' John Kretchmer Story by : Chris Masi Teleplay by : Jim Campolongo January 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 09 ) BCW510 2.81 Peter is offered a promotion and reassignment to DC , but he is reluctant to take it until he resolves the mystery of Siegel 's murder . Neal brings the panel to a meeting with Hagan intending to bargain , but Hagan shows him that he is holding Rebecca hostage and forces him and Mozzie to solve the puzzle hidden in the Codex . Peter is called to investigate an apparent forgery of a painting by William Blake . He calls in Neal despite the tension between them , and Neal finds Hagan 's hidden signature in the painting . By offering to buy the painting and then tracking the resulting computer activity , Peter finds the seller 's location , which is the very building where Neal and Mozzie are working with Hagan . Neal forces Hagan to release Rebecca by threatening to destroy the Codex chapter , then does it anyway after Mozzie has memorized their results . He finds Rebecca on a Brooklyn street and they embrace ; Rebecca tells Neal that the hidden treasure is a twin to the Hope Diamond . The FBI arrive at that building and arrest Hagan , who says he has information that Peter should consider if he values his freedom . They go to Hagan 's house to look at it , but Hagan is killed by a sniper before he can reveal anything . On Hagan 's body is information that leads Neal and Peter to a Brooklyn apartment , which both Hagan and Siegel were watching on the day Siegel died . They enter the apartment and find three things : extensive files on Neal , Peter , and their associates , preparations to make both the Blake forgery and Hagan 's signature , and evidence that the apartment 's occupant is actually Rebecca . 73 11 `` Shot Through the Heart '' Doug Hannah Matt Whitney & Jessica Grasl January 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 16 ) BCW511 2.65 While Neal distracts Rebecca , the FBI search her apartment . Peter concludes that she is actually in love with Neal , and as a ruse calls her in and tells her that Neal is the prime suspect in Hagan 's murder . She asks Neal to meet in a park ; Neal tells her he will have to run and she offers to go with him . Just as she is about to say that she is not really a mild - mannered book expert , she detects the FBI stakeout and flees . From evidence in the apartment , Peter determines that she is really Rachel Turner , a disgraced former MI5 agent . He also figures out where she hid the gun with which she killed Siegel . Against Peter 's instructions , Neal arranges another meeting with her , offering to trade the location of the diamond for Hagan 's blackmail information . Once he has the information he handcuffs her and tells her the FBI are on the way . She shoots the handcuff instead of him but she has been delayed long enough for the FBI to catch her . With Siegel 's murder solved , Peter and Elizabeth prepare to move to Washington , where he has accepted the FBI promotion and she has accepted a job with the National Gallery . Neal and Mozzie are preparing to use Mozzie 's memorized information to find the diamond when `` Rebecca '' phones from prison to say she will see Neal soon . 74 12 `` Taking Stock '' Tim DeKay Alexandra McNally & Mark Lafferty January 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 23 ) BCW512 2.75 Neal asks Peter to support his request to have his sentence set aside , assuring him that he can truly go straight . As they are packing up evidence from Rebecca 's case , a phone rings with a request to hire Rebecca for a job . Peter asks Diana to impersonate Rebecca and meet with the client . Rebecca is brought to the FBI office , where she helps Diana authenticate herself in return for being allowed to talk to Neal . The client wants Rebecca to steal a thumb drive from a financier 's office , and Jones deduces that the drive contains an algorithm that could cause a financial crash . The financier takes the drive to his house , and while Peter is still applying for a warrant , Diana and Neal plan to break in and steal it . When Diana is called away for a child - care emergency , Neal does so ; the emergency is revealed to have been the work of Mozzie , who has driven away her son Theo 's nanny , forcing Diana to have Mozzie care for his namesake during the case . Diana gives a fake drive to the client , who incriminates himself and is arrested , with a slight hitch when the real Rebecca texts him that she is in custody . Theo inspires Mozzie to a breakthrough on the Mosconi puzzle , but as he calls Neal to tell him about it , he is shown being watched by Rebecca , who has escaped from prison . 75 13 `` Diamond Exchange '' Russell Lee Fine Jim Campolongo & Nick Thiel January 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 30 ) BCW513 2.99 Peter and Neal find Mozzie , who has been injected with something . Rebecca then tells them she has poisoned him and will trade the antidote for the diamond . Interpreting Mozzie 's symbols as geographical coordinates leads them to Fort Totten in Queens , where Mozzie is able to guide them near the diamond 's location before collapsing . Mozzie is hospitalized and successfully treated for belladonna poisoning after Jones and Diana determine where Rebecca got her poison . Peter and Neal find the diamond and call Rebecca , who has been following them and immediately takes them prisoner at gunpoint . She locks them in a cell and prepares to leave by helicopter , but they escape and Neal reveals that he switched the diamond with a similar - sized piece of brick before giving it to her . He convinces her to surrender rather than shoot him . Peter asks the FBI for Neal 's release and believes they will agree ; Neal tells Mozzie he plans to go straight . But the FBI director refuses to sign off -- perhaps , Peter speculates , because Neal is so useful to them . Disillusioned , Peter tells Elizabeth he wants to stay in his current position closer to field work ; she agrees but wants to keep the job in DC . A bitter Neal asks Mozzie to circumvent the new anklet . After Mozzie leaves , Neal recognizes and confronts a man who has been following him . He is then grabbed from behind and thrown in a van , without his anklet . Season 6 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 76 `` Borrowed Time '' John Kretchmer Joe Henderson November 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 06 ) BCW601 1.54 Peter brings Rebecca in to help locate Neal , who is being held captive by one of her former associates , Jim Boothe . Meanwhile , Jim wastes no time letting Neal know that if he does n't comply with his demands he 'll be pushed down an elevator shaft . Jim has lofty aspirations of joining an exclusive group of thieves , The Pink Panthers , and his entry ticket is the diamond currently held by the FBI . He needs Neal to steal it back . But Neal has a better plan - he thinks the situation calls for a grander gesture , and , for his trouble , he expects something in return . Elizabeth tells Peter that she is pregnant . Rebecca , upon leaving white collar , takes an agent 's gun which leaves the second agent no choice but to shoot her , killing her in the end . As Neal says , `` She made a choice . For Her , it was better to risk almost certain death than go back to jail . '' 77 `` Return to Sender '' Martha Mitchell Mark Lafferty November 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 13 ) BCW602 1.36 The U.S. Attorney General signs off on a contract , written by Mozzie , guaranteeing Neal 's freedom if he helps take down the Panthers . Neal goes to his first meeting with them , without his anklet , and is surprised to meet Keller , who according to Russian authorities is still in one of their prisons . The Panthers assign Neal to steal a stamp about to be auctioned by an Argentine woman . Neal and Peter obtain admission to the auction by posing as a reclusive father and son , and Neal successfully takes the stamp in spite of a sophisticated security system . But the FBI will not release the stamp , so Neal makes a forgery which Keller vouches for . Neal deduces that Keller is an undercover Interpol informant , and confirms this with him , agreeing that neither can afford to expose the other . The Panthers tell Neal that the purpose of his theft of the stamp was to test the security system in preparation for a bigger job . Mozzie deduces that Elizabeth is pregnant , and Peter later tells Neal . 78 `` Uncontrolled Variables '' Sanford Bookstaver Julian Meiojas November 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 20 ) BCW603 1.38 The Panthers assign Keller and Neal to copy a data disk from a safe in a security firm 's office . Neal cultivates Amy , the assistant to the firm 's head , and gets Mozzie into the safe , but the disk uses 1970 's technology and Mozzie must take it home to read it . Before they can get it back to the safe , Amy 's boss returns early from a trip and discovers it missing . Neal suggests that Amy confess to taking it to expose the security weakness , then ask for a promotion . Instead she quits her job in disgust and Neal is broken - hearted at having betrayed her . Keller and his Interpol handler Luc give the disk to the Panthers , and the FBI are able to interpret it as instructions to route some high - value cargo randomly through US airports . 79 `` All is Fair '' Paul Holahan Jessica Grasl December 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 04 ) BCW604 1.59 Five years ago , while Neal was in prison , Mozzie met , worked with , and married a con artist named Eva before she swindled and abandoned him . Now Eva is back , asking for a divorce so she can marry Jack , a wealthy man who has recently devoted his life to charity . Neal and Peter determine that Eva and Jack are working together and plan to steal a Faberge egg , leaving Mozzie as the fall guy . They stop the theft , but Mozzie allows Eva to escape , without signing the divorce papers . Meanwhile , the FBI figure out that the Panthers ' target is a plane bringing hundreds of millions in cash back from Europe , to a random airport determined by the stolen algorithm . Peter has the San Francisco FBI stake out the latest plane , but the Panthers do n't show because , as Woodford tells Neal at June 's house , they know that they have a mole . 80 5 `` Whack a Mole '' Jeff F. King Nick Thiel December 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 11 ) BCW605 1.57 Woodford does not know who the mole is , but he is sure it is not Neal since a spy bug was found before Neal joined the group . Neal refuses to help find the mole , making Woodford trust him even more and reveal the plan to steal the cash from the airport via a massive armed assault . Peter finds that the spy bug was planted by Luc to spy on Keller , and he asks Luc to pull Keller off of the operation . Peter , Mozzie and Neal brainstorm ways the Panthers could steal the cash less dangerously , until Peter hits on the idea of using pneumatic tubes built decades ago to move mail out of the airport . Luc finds out Neal is hiding something and decides to disobey Peter and leave Keller on the operation . Keller kills Luc and puts his own tracking chip on Woodford 's deputy , who is then killed by Woodford . The FBI and Interpol agree to keep the operation going so Luc 's death wo n't be in vain . Peter misses the appointment with Elizabeth to view the first sonogram of their son , and vows to her that he will never let anything else be a priority . Mozzie begs Neal to be introduced to the Pink Panthers , but Neal refuses , telling him it 's not the right time . Since the Panthers are now one man short , Neal brings Peter to the meeting stating he 's the one who 's been helping him . Woodford responds by aiming his gun at Peter . 81 6 `` Au Revoir '' Sanford Bookstaver Jeff Eastin & Julian Meiojas & Eddie Serrano December 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 18 ) BCW606 1.86 The Panthers ' plan proceeds as planned except for two things : Mozzie intercepts a portion of the cash by opening the pneumatic tube in a tunnel , and the FBI arrests everyone at the end . Neal and Keller sneak away from Peter and meet Mozzie in the tunnel , where Keller betrays their arrangement and apparently shoots Neal in a struggle . Peter arrives , kills the fleeing Keller , and finds Neal being taken away in an ambulance . At the hospital , he and Mozzie view what appears to be Neal 's lifeless body . One year later , Peter and El are raising their infant son Neal when a mysterious delivery of a bottle of fine wine inspires Peter to search out a storage unit containing evidence that the original Neal faked his death . Peter smiles and laughs as he concludes this , and Neal Caffrey is last seen in Paris , seeking out some new adventure . Home video releases ( edit ) Season Episodes DVD release dates Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 Discs 14 July 13 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 13 ) July 26 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 26 ) August 18 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 18 ) 16 June 7 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 07 ) February 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 18 ) February 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 08 ) 16 June 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 05 ) TBA December 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 11 ) 16 October 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 08 ) TBA June 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 25 ) 5 13 November 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 04 ) TBA TBA 6 6 May 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 05 ) TBA TBA Total 81 May 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 05 ) TBA TBA 22 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` White Collar Nabs Season 4 Renewal '' . TVLine . August 25 , 2011 . Retrieved September 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 21 , 2014 ) . `` ' White Collar ' Renewed for Season 6 by USA ; Network Greenlights Drama ' Rush ' & ' Complications ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 12 , 2014 ) . `` ' White Collar 's Final Season To Launch In November '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` White Collar : Episode Guide '' . Zap2it . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Release Information for White Collar '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 27 , 2009 ) . `` Cable ratings for the week ending October 25 , 2009 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2009 . Retrieved November 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 3 , 2009 ) . `` Cable ratings for the week ending November 1 , 2009 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 10 , 2009 ) . `` Cable ratings for the week ending November 8 , 2009 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 18 , 2009 ) . `` Cable ratings for the week ending November 15 , 2009 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 24 , 2009 ) . `` Cable ratings for the week ending November 22 , 2009 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( December 2 , 2009 ) . `` Cable ratings for the week ending November 29 , 2009 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( December 8 , 2009 ) . `` USA Network ratings notes '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 26 , 2010 ) . `` Mid-Season Premieres of Hit Originals Lead USA To Victory '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 2 , 2010 ) . `` Cable ratings for the week ending January 31 , 2010 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( February 3 , 2010 ) . `` Southland , White Collar Drop On Tuesday , They Hope Because Of Lost '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 10 , 2010 ) . `` White Collar Rebounds ! '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 24 , 2010 ) . `` White Collar Slips a Tad '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 3 , 2010 ) . `` White Collar Beats Southland By 40 % With Viewers ; and 13 % With Adults 18 - 49 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 10 , 2010 ) . `` White Collar Ends First Season On An Up Note ; Southland Going Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2010 . Retrieved March 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( February 12 , 2010 ) . `` White Collar Promotes Marsha Thomason '' . ew.com . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2010 . Retrieved February 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Eng , Joyce ( May 26 , 2010 ) . `` Hilarie Burton Heads to White Collar '' . TV Guide . Retrieved May 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` USA 's ' Facing Kate ' Premieres in January ; ' Psych ' & ' Burn Notice ' Return in November ; ' White Collar ' & ' Royal Pains ' Return in January '' . TV by the Numbers . August 18 , 2010 . Retrieved August 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( July 14 , 2010 ) . `` Tuesday Cable : Deadliest Catch Soars , Plus White Collar , Covert Affairs , Memphis Beat , The Hills Finale Ratings & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2010 . Retrieved July 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( July 21 , 2010 ) . `` Tuesday Cable : Deadliest Catch , Plus White Collar , Pretty Little Liars , Warehouse 13 , Teen Mom & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( July 28 , 2010 ) . `` Tuesday Cable : Deadliest Catch , Covert Affairs , White Collar , Pretty Little Liars , Teen Mom & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( August 4 , 2010 ) . `` Tuesday Cable : Warehouse 13 , Pretty Little Liars , Memphis Beat , Teen Mom & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( August 11 , 2010 ) . `` Tuesday Cable : Pretty Little Liars Goes Over 3 Million in Finale + Covert Affairs , Warehouse 13 , Teen Mom & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( August 18 , 2010 ) . `` More Tuesday Cable : Warehouse 13 Drops , Teen Mom , & Hawthorne Get Bigger & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( August 25 , 2010 ) . `` More Tuesday Cable Ratings : Warehouse 13 Stabilizes , Melissa & Joey Holds Most of Premiere # s & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( September 1 , 2010 ) . `` MTuesday Cable Ratings : White Collar , Warehouse 13 Steady , Covert Affairs Slips & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 9 , 2010 ) . `` More Tuesday Cable Ratings : Teen Mom Tops Night + Warehouse 13 & More '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( January 20 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' White Collar ' Premiere ; ' The Game , ' ' Light 's Out , ' ' Tosh. 0 ' Down ; ' Teen Mom ' & ' Southland ' Up & More '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 26 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Game , ' ' Teen Mom , ' ' Tosh. 0 ' Lead Night + ' Southland ' Up , ' White Collar , ' ' Lights Out ' Steady & More '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( February 2 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Game ' Leads Night + ' Teen Mom 2 , ' ' Tosh. 0 , ' ' Southland , ' ' White Collar , ' ' Lights Out ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 9 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Game ' Down , But Still Leads Night + ' Teen Mom 2 , ' ' Tosh. 0 , ' ' Southland , ' ' White Collar , ' ' Lights Out ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 24 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom , ' ' Tosh. 0 , ' Lead Night , ' White Collar ' Up ; Miami ' Housewives , ' Not So Hot + ' Lights Out ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( March 2 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom 2 ' Leads ; ' Tosh. 0 , ' ' Southland , ' ' White Collar ' Fall ; ' Lights Out ' Rises & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 9 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' White Collar ' and ' Southland ' Finales Rise + ' Lights Out , ' ' Teen Mom ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 27 , 2010 ) . `` ' Royal Pains , ' ' White Collar , ' & ' Psych ' All Renewed '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( February 8 , 2011 ) . `` Exclusive : White Collar Promotes Hilarie Burton to Series Regular '' . TVLine . Retrieved February 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Vasi , Denise ( March 17 , 2011 ) . `` Denise Vasi Tweet '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Stanhope , Kate ( June 20 , 2011 ) . `` White Collar Exclusive : Beau Bridges Cast as Peter 's Mentor '' . TV Guide . Retrieved June 21 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Ross , Robyn ( June 1 , 2011 ) . `` Eliza Dushku to Stir Things Up on White Collar '' . TV Guide . Retrieved June 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Stanhope , Kate ( June 14 , 2011 ) . `` White Collar : Is a Musical Episode in the Works ? '' . TV Guide . Retrieved June 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jeff Eastin ( July 5 , 2011 ) . `` Jeff Eastin Tweet '' . Twitter . Retrieved July 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 8 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Deadliest Catch ' Tops Night ; ' White Collar , ' ' Covert Affairs ' Return Down , Plus ' Tosh. 0 , ' ' 16 & Pregnant ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 15 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Deadliest Catch ' Tops ; Premieres Of ' Pretty Little Liars , ' ' Memphis Beat , ' ' Hawthorne , ' ' Gene Simmons ' & Lots More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( June 22 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Tosh. 0 , ' ' Deadliest Catch , ' ' Pretty Little Liars , ' ' White Collar , ' ' Covert Affairs , ' ' Memphis Beat , ' ' Hawthorne ' & Lots More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( June 29 , 2011 ) . `` Updated Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Tosh. 0 , ' ' Deadliest Catch , ' ' White Collar , ' ' Covert Affairs , ' ' Pretty Little Liars , ' ' Memphis Beat , ' ' Hawthorne ' & Lots More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( July 7 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom , ' ' Tosh. 0 , ' ' Deadliest Catch , ' ' White Collar , ' ' Covert Affairs , ' ' Pretty Little Liars , ' ' Hawthorne ' & Lots More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( July 13 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom , ' ' Tosh. 0 , ' ' Deadliest Catch , ' ' White Collar , ' ' Covert Affairs , ' ' Pretty Little Liars , ' ' Hawthorne ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( July 20 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom , ' ' Tosh. 0 , ' ' Deadliest Catch , ' ' White Collar , ' ' Covert Affairs , ' ' Pretty Little Liars , ' ' Hawthorne ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( July 27 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom ' Still on Top + ' Tosh. 0 , ' ' Deadliest Catch , ' ' White Collar , ' ' Covert Affairs , ' ' Pretty Little Liars , ' ' Gene Simmons ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( August 3 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom ' Still on Top ; ' White Collar , ' ' Covert Affairs ' Rise + ' Pretty Little Liars , ' ' Billy the Exterminator ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( August 10 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom ' on Top but ; ' White Collar , ' ' Covert Affairs ' Rise in Summer Finales + ' Pretty Little Liars , ' ' Billy the Exterminator ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( January 17 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Game , ' ' Teen Mom , ' ' Storage Wars ' Top ' White Collar , ' ' Justified , ' ' Southland ' Premieres & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 24 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : Teen Mom , ' ' Storage Wars ' Tops + ' The Game , ' ' White Collar , ' ' Justified , ' ' Southland ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( February 1 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom 2 ' Edges ' Tosh. 0 ' Premiere + ' The Game , ' ' White Collar , ' ' Justified , ' ' Southland , ' ' Key & Peele ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2012 . Retrieved February 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 8 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom 2 ' Wins Easily + ' Tosh. 0 , ' ' The Game , ' ' Key & Peele , ' White Collar , ' ' Justified , ' ' Southland ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2012 . Retrieved February 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 23 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom ' Special & Tosh. 0 Lead + ' Justified , ' ' White Collar , ' ' Chopped , ' ' Ink Master , ' ' Hardcore Pawn ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2012 . Retrieved February 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 29 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Tosh. 0 ' Holds Strong , ' Teen Mom II ' Falls Considerably '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2012 . Retrieved March 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Gonzalez , Sandra ( May 10 , 2012 ) . `` ' Everwood ' star joins ' White Collar ' as ( possible spoiler ) -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( March 9 , 2012 ) . `` White Collar Makes Tracks for Sunny ( Spoiler ) in Season 4 -- Plus , Who 's Hunting Neal ? '' . TV Line . Retrieved March 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( March 29 , 2012 ) . `` Matt 's Inside Line : Scoop on Vampire Diaries , White Collar , Fringe , Smash , Secret Circle & More '' . TV Line . Retrieved March 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( April 17 , 2012 ) . `` Red - Hot White Collar Buzz : Why Is Smallville Alum Laura Vandervoort Kissing Neal ? ! '' . TV Line . Retrieved April 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( April 17 , 2012 ) . `` ' White Collar ' : ' House ' Actor Lands Guest Starring Gig ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Masters , Megan ( April 23 , 2012 ) . `` TVLine Items : Lost , TVD Vets Join New Syfy Drama , Rebecca Mader Gets Collar 'd and More ! '' . TV Line . Retrieved April 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada ( May 14 , 2012 ) . `` Casting Scoops : Richard Burgi Tapped as Burn Notice Villain , Gloria Votsis Back on White Collar '' . TV Line . Retrieved May 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( June 4 , 2012 ) . `` Exclusive : White Collar Nabs Castle Alum Victor Webster '' . TV Line . Retrieved June 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Stanhope , Kate ( July 9 , 2012 ) . `` Exclusive : White Collar Elects Titus Welliver and Reed Diamond for Guest Roles '' . TV Guide . Retrieved July 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Michael Ausiello ( July 10 , 2012 ) . `` Ask Ausiello : scoop on Grey 's , Parenthood , Castle , Vampire Diaries , Horror Story and more '' . TVLine.com . Retrieved February 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Season 4 remaining episodes '' . White Collar on USA Network . Retrieved September 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Returning This January Promo '' . White Collar on YouTube . Retrieved September 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 11 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Storage Wars ' Wins Night , ' White Collar ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Covert Affairs ' , ' Workaholics ' , ' Jane By Design ' , & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 18 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Storage Wars ' Wins Night , + ' Tosh. 0 ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' White Collar ' , & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 25 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Storage Wars ' Wins Night , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' White Collar ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Covert Affairs ' , ' Teen Mom ' , & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 1 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom ' Wins Night + ' Tosh. 0 ' , ' Hardcore Pawn ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' White Collar ' , ' Workaholics ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 15 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom ' Wins Night , + ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Storage Wars ' , ' Hardcore Pawn ' , ' Counting Cars ' , ' How Jaws Changed the World ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 22 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Storage Wars ' Wins Night , ' Teen Mom ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' White Collar ' , ' Dance Moms ' , ' Face Off ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 29 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom ' Wins Night + ' Storage Wars ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' White Collar ' , ' Hardcore Pawn ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 6 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Counting Cars ' Wins Night , ' Teen Mom ' , ' White Collar ' , ' Dance Moms ' , ' Face Off ' , ' Covert Affairs ' , DNC Coverage & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 12 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Rides to First Place & Series High , + ' Teen Mom ' , ' White Collar ' , ' Hardcore Pawn ' , ' Time Machine ' , ' Covert Affairs ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 19 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Wins Night , ' Counting Cars ' , ' White Collar ' , ' Covert Affairs ' , ' Face Off ' , ' Dance Moms ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' and ' Real Husbands of Hollywood ' Win Night , ' Justified ' , ' Cougar Town ' , ' White Collar ' & More '' . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' & ' Real Husbands of Hollywood ' Win Night + ' Hardcore Pawn ' , ' Dance Moms ' & More '' . Retrieved January 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Tosh. 0 ' Wins Night , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Hardcore Pawn ' , ' Cougar Town ' , ' Justified ' , ' White Collar ' & More '' . Retrieved February 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Tosh. 0 ' Wins Night , College Basketball , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Cougar Town ' , ' Real Husbands of Hollywood ' , ' Justified ' , ' Face Off ' & More '' . Retrieved February 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Tosh. 0 ' Wins Night , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' The Daily Show ' , ' Snooki & JWOWW ' , ' Real Husbands of Hollywood ' & More '' . Retrieved February 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : NBA Basketball Wins Night , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Tosh. 0 ' , ' Justified ' , ' Cougar Town ' , ' Dance Moms ' & More '' . Retrieved March 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 25 , 2012 ) . `` USA 's ' Royal Pains ' , ' White Collar ' & ' Covert Affairs ' Renewed '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ ' White Collar ' season 5 spoilers : Matt Bomer 's next go - around to only be 13 episodes Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - white collar on usa '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' White Collar ' : Tim DeKay Previews Neal / Peter Hardships , Big Changes and Season 5 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 18 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Thursday Night Football ' Wins Night , ' Pawn Stars ' , ' Project Runway ' , ' White Collar ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 25 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Thursday Night Football ' Leads Night + ' Pawn Stars ' , ' Children 's Hospital ' , ' Beyond Scared Straight ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 1 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Thursday Night Football ' Wins Night , ' Pawn Stars ' , ' White Collar ' , ' Covert Affairs ' , ' Impractical Jokers ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 8 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : Thursday Night Football Tops Night + NBA Basketball , ' Pawn Stars ' , ' Beyond Scared Straight ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 15 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : Football Wins Night , ' Pawn Stars ' , ' Ground Floor ' , ' White Collar , ' Braxton Family Values ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 22 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Thursday Night Football ' Wins Night + ' Pawn Stars ' , ' Beyond Scared Straight ' , NBA Basketball + More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 6 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Thursday Night Football ' Wins Night + ' Pawn Stars ' , NBA Basketball , ' Mob Wives ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 13 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Thursday Night Football ' Wins Night , ' Pawn Stars ' , ' Ground Floor ' , ' Project Runway All Stars ' , ' Mob Wives ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 20 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars ' Tops Night + ' Time Machine ' , ' The Daily Show ' , NBA Basketball & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars ' Wins Night , NBA Basketball , ' White Collar ' , ' Ground Floor ' , ' Mob Wives ' & More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers Jump up ^ Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars ' Wins Night + NBA Basketball , ' Here Comes Honey Boo Boo ' , ' Ridiculousness ' & More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 24 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars ' , ' Appalachian Outlaws ' , ' White Collar ' , ' Mob Wives ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 31 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars ' Leads Night + ' Here Comes Honey Boo Boo ' , ' Ridiculousness ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 7 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : Thursday Night Football Tops Night + NBA Basketball , ' Pawn Stars ' , ' Real Housewives of New Jersey ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 14 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Thursday Night Football ' Wins Night , ' Pawn Stars ' , Basketball , ' White Collar ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 21 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Thursday Night Football ' Tops Night + ' Pawn Stars ' , ' The O'Reilly Factor ' , NBA Basketball & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Thursday Night Football ' Tops Night + NBA Basketball , ' Pawn Stars ' , ' Undrafted ' , Liga MX & More '' . Zap2it . December 5 , 2014 . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Thursday Night Football ' Wins NIght , NBA Basketball , ' Project Runway All Stars ' , ' White Collar ' & More '' . Zap2it . December 12 , 2014 . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Thursday Night Football ' Tops Night + ' The Colbert Report ' Finale , NBA Basketball , ' The Daily Show ' & More '' . Zap2it . December 19 , 2016 . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( April 21 , 2010 ) . `` White Collar - DVD and Blu - ray Formally Announced : Date , Cost , Package Art and Extras ! '' . TVshowsonDVD.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` White Collar : Season One : Mark Feuerstein , Paulo Costanzo , Jill '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` White Collar - Season 1 ( 4 Disc Set ) '' . ezydvd.com.au . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2010 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( March 21 , 2011 ) . `` White Collar - Date , Packaging , Extras and More for Fox 's ' Season 2 ' Set ! '' . TVshowsonDVD.com . Retrieved March 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` White Collar - Season 2 '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved Dec 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` White Collar - The Complete 2nd Season ( DVD ) '' . Ezy DVD . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( March 14 , 2012 ) . `` White Collar - Date , Cost , Package Art and Extras for ' Season 3 ' on DVD '' . TVshowsonDVD.com . Retrieved March 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` White Collar - The Complete 3rd Season ( DVD ) '' . Ezy DVD . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( August 15 , 2013 ) . `` White Collar - We 've Heisted the Box Art for ' Season 4 ' on DVD ! '' . TVshowsonDVD.com . Retrieved August 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` White Collar : Season 4 ( DVD ) '' . Ezy DVD . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( September 24 , 2014 ) . `` White Collar - Release Date , Price , Extras and Box Art for ' Season 5 ' on DVD '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lambert , David ( February 5 , 2015 ) . `` White Collar - Fox Plans Spring Releases for ' Season 6 ' and ' The CON - Plete Collection ' ! '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Retrieved April 6 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of White Collar episodes on IMDb List of White Collar episodes at TV.com White Collar at epguides.com ( hide ) White Collar Episodes `` Pilot '' `` Upper West Side Story '' `` Neighborhood Watch '' `` Pulling Strings '' Characters Neal Caffrey Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_White_Collar_episodes&oldid=817403782 '' Categories : Lists of American crime television series episodes White Collar ( TV series ) episodes 2009 American television seasons 2010 American television seasons 2011 American television seasons 2012 American television seasons 2013 American television seasons 2014 American television seasons Hidden categories : Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Magyar Polski Português Русский Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 28 December 2017 , at 04 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20White%20Collar%20episodes
| 2,085 |
yeh un dino ki baat hai actor names
|
Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai
|
yeh un dinon ki baat hai
|
Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hain in english ( It 's a matter of those days ) is a Hindi drama series on Sony TV & produced by Shashi Sumeet Productions , which airs at 10 : 30 pm from 5 September 2017 replacing Pehredaar Piya Ki from the same production house . Newbie Ashi Singh and TV actor Randeep Rai will be seen playing the lead roles in the show . The show is based on their love story And also about their problems from that time which starts in the simple era of the 1990s and moves to modern times . This show is based on The Wonder Years . The show is one of the most watched TV Show on Sony TV and is the most watched TV Show at the 10 30PM time slot obtaining an average TRP of 1.0 .
|
Plot summary ( edit ) The story chronicles the adolescent romance between Naina and Sameer and explores the magic of ' first love ' set in the city of Ahmedabad in the year 1990 . Naina , a quintessential good girl meets the flamboyant Sameer in her school in Ahmedabad . She starts liking him the moment she meets him . But , when she watches Sameer beat another boy , she has no option but to tell the truth to the principal of the school . This results in Sameer 's suspension and his dislike towards Naina , followed by a series of misunderstandings . Eventually , Sameer plans to take revenge by making Naina fall in love with him . When Naina believes that Sameer is truly in love with her , she cares for him like nobody ever has . After Naina gets to know about the bet , she is heartbroken . This leads to Sameer 's transformation and his determination to win Naina back but this time out of real love . It is a showcase of everyday moments that these two share blended in the magically nostalgic times that the 1990s were . Cast ( edit ) Sadiya Siddiqui as Narrator Ashi Singh as Naina Agarwal Randeep Rai as Sameer Maheshwari Ayesha Kaduskar as Preeti Agarwal Kristina Patel as Swati Abha Parmar as Taiji Sanjay Batra as Tauji Sachin Khurana as Chachaji / Anand Agarwal Madhusree Sharma as Bela Agarwal / Chachiji Chandresh Singh as Rakesh Agarwal / Naina 's father Hema Sood as Shefali Sanjay Choudhary as Manoj aka Munna Raghav Dhir as Pandit Ahsaan Qureshi as Principal Pandey Kiran Kumar as Jai Prakash / Sameer 's Nanu Vaishnavi Mahant as Vishakha Somani / Sameer 's Mom Sandeep Rajora as Vivek Somani / Sameer 's step - father Rishina Kandhari as Maths Teacher Somendra Solanki as Arjun Agarwal Rushad Rana as Lochan Sir ( English Teacher ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` '' Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai `` , a show revisiting 90s era , airs on Sony from today '' . Jump up ^ `` Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai Promo : Randeep Rai And Ashi Singh 's New Show Will Make You Feel Nostalgic '' . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Current broadcasts on Sony Entertainment Television India Mystery CID Crime Patrol Dial 100 Crime Patrol Satark Reality and comedy The Drama Company Kaun Banega Crorepati ( Season 9 ) Super Dancer ( Season 2 ) Drama Ek Deewaana Tha Haasil Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai Mythology Mere Sai Vighnaharta Ganesha List of former shows Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yeh_Un_Dinon_Ki_Baat_Hai&oldid=808862918 '' Categories : 2017 Indian television series debuts Indian drama television series Sony Entertainment Television series Television shows set in Gujarat Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2017 All articles needing additional references Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Talk About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia Edit links This page was last edited on 5 November 2017 , at 17 : 47 . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeh%20Un%20Dinon%20Ki%20Baat%20Hai
| 2,086 |
||
what are the elves like in lord of the rings
|
Elf ( Middle - earth )
|
elf ( middle - earth )
|
In J.R.R. Tolkien 's legendarium , Elves are one of the races that inhabit a fictional Earth , often called Middle - earth , and set in the remote past . They appear in The Hobbit and in The Lord of the Rings , but their complex history is described more fully in The Silmarillion . Tolkien had been writing about Elves long before he published The Hobbit .
|
Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 1.1 Background 1.2 Early writings 1.3 The Book of Lost Tales ( c. 1917 -- 1927 ) 1.4 The Hobbit ( c. 1930 -- 1937 ) 1.5 The Quenta Silmarillion ( c. 1937 ) 1.6 The Lord of the Rings ( c. 1937 -- 1949 ) 2 History 2.1 Origins 2.2 Sundering 2.3 Exile 2.4 Wars of Beleriand 2.5 Second and Third Age 3 Life cycle 3.1 Early life 3.2 Sexuality , marriage , and parenthood 3.3 Daily life 3.4 Later life 3.5 `` The third cycle of life '' , aging , and facial hair 3.6 Death 4 Names and naming conventions 5 Elvish languages 6 Adaptations 7 See also 7.1 Notable Elves 8 References 9 External links Development ( edit ) Background ( edit ) The modern English word elf derives from the Old English word ælf ( which has cognates in all other Germanic languages ) . Numerous types of elves appear in Germanic mythology , the West Germanic concept appears to have come to differ from the Scandinavian notion in the early Middle Ages , and Anglo - Saxon concept diverged even further , possibly under Celtic influence . Tolkien would make it clear in a letter that his Elves differ from those `` of the better known lore '' , referring to Scandinavian mythology . By 1915 when Tolkien was writing his first elven poems , the words elf , fairy and gnome had many divergent and contradictory associations . Tolkien had been gently warned against using the term ' fairy ' , which John Garth supposes may have been due to the word becoming increasingly used to indicate homosexuality , although despite this warning Tolkien continued to use it . By the late 19th century , the term ' fairy ' had been taken up as a utopian theme , and was used to critique social and religious values , a tradition which Tolkien along with T.H. White are seen to continue . One of the last of the Victorian Fairy - paintings , The Piper of Dreams by Estella Canziani , sold 250,000 copies and was well known within the trenches of World War I where Tolkien saw active service . Illustrated posters of Robert Louis Stevenson 's poem Land of Nod had been sent out by a philanthropist to brighten servicemen 's quarters , and Faery was used in other contexts as an image of `` Old England '' to inspire patriotism . According to Marjorie Burns , Tolkien eventually chose the term elf over fairy , but still retained some doubts . In his 1939 essay On Fairy - Stories Tolkien wrote that `` English words such as elf have long been influenced by French ( from which fay and faërie , fairy are derived ) ; but in later times , through their use in translation , fairy and elf have acquired much of the atmosphere of German , Scandinavian and Celtic tales , and many characteristics of the huldu - fólk , the daoine - sithe , and the tylwyth - teg . '' Early writings ( edit ) Traditional Victorian dancing fairies and elves appear in much of Tolkien 's early poetry , and have influence upon his later works in part due to the influence of a production of J.M. Barrie 's Peter Pan in Birmingham in 1910 and his familiarity with the work of Catholic mystic poet , Francis Thompson which Tolkien had acquired in 1914 . O ! I hear the tiny horns Of enchanted leprechauns And the padded feet of many gnomes a-coming ! -- JRR Tolkien As a philologist , Tolkien 's interest in languages led him to invent several languages of his own as a pastime . In considering the nature of who might speak these languages , and what stories they might tell , Tolkien again turned to the concept of elves . The Book of Lost Tales ( c. 1917 -- 1927 ) ( edit ) In his The Book of Lost Tales , Tolkien develops a theme that the diminutive fairy - like race of Elves had once been a great and mighty people , and that as Men took over the world , these Elves had `` diminished '' themselves . This theme was influenced especially by the god - like and human - sized Ljósálfar of Norse mythology , and medieval works such as Sir Orfeo , the Welsh Mabinogion , Arthurian romances and the legends of the Tuatha Dé Danann . Some of the stories Tolkien wrote as elven history have been seen to be directly influenced by Celtic mythology . For example , `` Flight of The Noldoli '' is based on the Tuatha Dé Danann and Lebor Gabála Érenn , and their migratory nature comes from early Irish / Celtic history . John Garth also sees that with the underground enslavement of the Noldoli to Melkor , Tolkien was essentially rewriting Irish myth regarding the Tuatha Dé Danann into a Christian eschatology . The name Inwe ( in the first draft Ing ) , given by Tolkien to the eldest of the elves and his clan , is similar to the name found in Norse mythology as that of the god Ingwi - Freyr ( and Ingui - Frea in Anglo - Saxon paganism ) , a god who is gifted the elf world Álfheimr . Terry Gunnell also claims that the relationship between beautiful ships and the Elves is reminiscent of the god Njörðr and the god Freyr 's ship Skíðblaðnir . He also retains the usage of the French derived term `` fairy '' for the same creatures . The larger Elves are also inspired by Tolkien 's personal Catholic theology -- as representing the state of Men in Eden who have not yet `` fallen '' , similar to humans but fairer and wiser , with greater spiritual powers , keener senses , and a closer empathy with nature . Tolkien wrote of them : `` They are made by man in his own image and likeness ; but freed from those limitations which he feels most to press upon him . They are immortal , and their will is directly effective for the achievement of imagination and desire . '' In The Book of Lost Tales Tolkien includes both the more serious `` medieval '' type of elves such as Fëanor and Turgon alongside the frivolous , Jacobean type of elves such as the Solosimpi and Tinúviel . Alongside the idea of the greater Elves , Tolkien also developed the idea of children visiting Valinor , the island - homeland of the Elves in their sleep . Elves would also visit children at night and comfort them if they had been chided or were upset . This theme , linking elves with children 's dreams and nocturnal travelling was largely abandoned in Tolkien 's later writing . The Hobbit ( c. 1930 -- 1937 ) ( edit ) Along with Book of Lost Tales , Douglas Anderson shows that in The Hobbit , Tolkien again includes both the more serious ' medieval ' type of elves , such as Elrond and the Wood - elf king , and frivolous elves , such as those at Rivendell . The quenta Silmarillion ( c. 1937 ) ( edit ) In 1937 , having had his manuscript for The Silmarillion rejected by a publisher who disparaged all the `` eye - splitting Celtic names '' that Tolkien had given his Elves , Tolkien denied the names had a Celtic origin : Needless to say they are not Celtic ! Neither are the tales . I do know Celtic things ( many in their original languages Irish and Welsh ) , and feel for them a certain distaste : largely for their fundamental unreason . They have bright colour , but are like a broken stained glass window reassembled without design . They are in fact `` mad '' as your reader says -- but I do n't believe I am . Dimitra Fimi proposes that these comments are a product of his Anglophilia rather than a commentary on the texts themselves or their actual influence on his writing , and cites evidence to this effect in her essay `` ' Mad ' Elves and ' elusive beauty ' : some Celtic strands of Tolkien 's mythology '' . The Lord of the Rings ( c. 1937 -- 1949 ) ( edit ) Terry Gunner notes that the titles of the Germanic gods Freyr and Freyja ( Old Norse ' lord ' and ' lady ' ) are also given to Celeborn and Galadriel in the Lord of The Rings . According to Tom Shippey , the theme of diminishment from semi-divine Elf to diminutive Fairy resurfaces in The Lord of the Rings in the dialogue of Galadriel . `` Yet if you succeed , then our power is diminished , and Lothlórien will fade , and the tides of Time will sweep it away . We must depart into the West , or dwindle to a rustic folk of dell and cave , slowly to forget and to be forgotten . '' Writing in 1954 , part way through proofreading The Lord of the Rings , Tolkien claimed the Elvish language Sindarin has a character very like British - Welsh `` because it seems to fit the rather ' Celtic ' type of legends and stories told of its speakers '' . In the same letter , Tolkien goes on to say that the elves had very little in common with elves or fairies of Europe , and that they really represent men with greater artistic ability , beauty and a longer life span . Tolkien also notes an Elven bloodline was the only real claim to ' nobility ' that the Men of Middle - earth can have . Tolkien also wrote that the elves are primarily to blame for many of the ills of Middle - earth in The Lord of the Rings , having independently created the Three Rings in order to stop their domains in mortal - lands from ' fading ' and attempting to prevent inevitable change and new growth . History ( edit ) Elves ( Quendi ) Eldar Vanyar Noldor Teleri Sindar Laegrim Silvan Avari Sundering Origins ( edit ) Originally , in Tolkien 's writings from the 1910s and 1920s , Ingwë , Finwë and Elwë ( their final names ) were the eldest of the Elves . By 1959 or 1960 , Tolkien wrote a detailed account of the awakening of the Elves , called Cuivienyarna , part of Quendi and Eldar . Ingwë , Finwë and Elwë now became the first ambassadors and the Kings of the Elves . This text only saw print in The War of the Jewels , part of the analytical The History of Middle - earth series , in 1994 , but a similar version was included in The Silmarillion in 1977 . According to the earliest account , the first Elves are awakened by Eru Ilúvatar near the bay of Cuiviénen during the Years of the Trees in the First Age . They awake under the starlit sky , as the Sun and Moon have yet to be created . The first Elves to awake are three pairs : Imin ( `` First '' ) and his wife Iminyë , Tata ( `` Second '' ) and Tatië , and Enel ( `` Third '' ) and Enelyë . Imin , Tata , and Enel and their wives join up and walk through the forests . They come across six , nine , and twelve pairs of Elves , and each `` patriarch '' claims the pairs as his folk in order . The now sixty Elves dwell by the rivers , and they invent poetry and music in Middle - earth ( the continent ) . Journeying further , they come across eighteen pairs of Elves watching the stars , whom Tata claims as his . These are tall and dark - haired , the fathers of most of the Noldor . The ninety - six Elves now invented many new words . Continuing their journey , they find twenty - four pairs of Elves , singing without language , and Enel adds them to his people . These are the ancestors of most of the Lindar or `` singers '' , later called Teleri . They find no more Elves ; Imin 's people , the smallest group , are the ancestors of the Vanyar . All in all the Elves number 144 . Because all Elves had been found in groups of twelve , twelve becomes their base number and 144 their highest number ( for a long time ) , and none of the later Elvish languages have a common name for a greater number . They were discovered by the Vala Oromë , who brought the tidings of their awakening to Valinor . The Silmarillion states that Melkor , the Dark Lord , had already captured some wandering Elves , and twisted and mutilated them until they became the Orcs . However , Tolkien ultimately became uncomfortable with this Elvish origin , and devised different theories about the origin of Orcs . Sundering ( edit ) The Sundering of Elves and names given to their divisions Main article : Sundering of the Elves The Valar decided to summon the Elves to Valinor rather than leaving them dwelling in the place where they were first awakened , near the Cuiviénen lake in the eastern extremity of Middle - earth . They sent Oromë , who took Ingwë , Finwë and Elwë as ambassadors to Valinor . Returning to Middle - earth , Ingwë , Finwë and Elwë convinced a large host to take the Great Journey to Valinor . Not all Elves accepted the summons though , and those who did not became known as the Avari , The Unwilling . The others were called Eldar , the People of the Stars by Oromë , and they took Ingwë , Finwë and Elwë as their leaders , and became respectively the Vanyar , Noldor and Teleri . On their journey , some of the Teleri feared the Misty Mountains and dared not cross them . They turned back and stayed in the vales of the Anduin , and became the Nandor ; these were led by Lenwë . Oromë led the others over the Misty Mountains and Ered Lindon into Beleriand . There Elwë became lost , and the Teleri stayed behind looking for him . The Vanyar and the Noldor moved onto a floating island that was moved by Ulmo to Valinor . After years , Ulmo returned to Beleriand to seek out the remaining Teleri . As Elwë had not yet been found , a great part of the Teleri took his brother Olwë as their leader and were ferried to Valinor . Some Teleri stayed behind though , still looking for Elwë , and others stayed on the shores , being called by Ossë . They took Círdan as their leader and became the Falathrim . All Teleri who stayed in Beleriand later became known as the Sindar . note : Ingwë , Finwë and Elwë are not the same elves as Imin , Tata and Enel Exile ( edit ) Main article : Exiles ( Middle - earth ) In Valinor , Fëanor , son of Finwë , and the greatest of the Noldor , created the Silmarils in which he stored a part of the light of the Two Trees that were lighting Valinor . After three ages in the Halls of Mandos , Melkor was released , feigning reform . He however spread his evil and started to poison the minds of the Elves against the Valar . Eventually he killed Finwë and stole the Silmarils . Fëanor then named him Morgoth ( S . The Black Enemy ) . Fëanor and his seven sons then swore to take the Silmarils back , and led a large army of the Noldor to Beleriand . Wars of Beleriand ( edit ) Main article : War of Beleriand In Beleriand , Elwë was eventually found , and married Melian the Maia . He became the overlord of Beleriand , naming himself Thingol ( S. Grey - cloak ) . After the First Battle of Beleriand , during the first rising of the Moon , the Noldor arrived in Beleriand . They laid a siege around Morgoth 's fortress of Angband , but were eventually defeated . Then Eärendil the Mariner , a half - elf from the House of Finwë , sailed to Valinor to ask the Valar for help . Then the Ban of the Noldor was lifted , and the Valar started the War of Wrath , in which Morgoth was finally overcome . Second and Third Age ( edit ) After the War of Wrath , the Valar tried to summon the Elves back to Valinor . Many complied , but some stayed . During the Second Age they founded the Realms of Lindon , Eregion and Mirkwood . Sauron , Morgoth 's former servant , made war upon them , but with the aid of the Númenóreans they defeated him . During the Second and Third Age , they held some protected realms with the aid of the Rings of Power , but after the War of the Ring they waned further , and most Elves left Middle - earth for Valinor . Tolkien 's published writings give somewhat contradictory hints as to what happened to the Elves of Middle - earth after the One Ring was destroyed at the end of the Third Age . After the destruction of the One Ring , the power of the Three Rings of the Elves would also end and the Age of Men would begin . Elves that remained in Middle - earth were doomed to a slow decline until , in the words of Galadriel , they faded and became a `` rustic folk of dell and cave , '' and were greatly diminished from their ancient power and nobility . While the power of the remaining Noldor would be immediately lessened , the `` fading '' of all Elvenkind was a phenomenon that would play out over hundreds and even thousands of years ; until , in fact , our own times , when occasional glimpses of rustic Elves would fuel our folktales and fantasies . There are many references in The Lord of the Rings to the continued existence of Elves in Middle - earth during the early years of the Fourth Age . Elladan and Elrohir , the sons of Elrond , do not accompany their father when the White Ship bearing the Ring - bearer and the chief Noldorin leaders sails from the Grey Havens to Valinor ; they are said to have remained in Lindon for a time . Celeborn is said ( in Appendix A ) to have added most of southern Mirkwood to the realm of Lórien at the end of the Third Age , but elsewhere Tolkien wrote that Celeborn dwelt for a while in Lindon before at last leaving Middle - earth for Valinor . Tolkien also wrote that Legolas founded an elf colony in Ithilien during King Elessar 's reign in the Fourth Age , and that the elves there assisted in the rebuilding of Gondor . They primarily resided in southern Ithilien , along the shores of the Anduin . After Elessar 's death in 120 F.A. , Legolas built a ship and sailed to Valinor and , eventually , all of the elves in Ithilien followed him . It is also implied that Elves continued to dwell at the Grey Havens , at least for a certain period . Tolkien states that Sam Gamgee sailed from the Havens decades after Elrond 's departure , implying that some Elves might have remained in Mithlond at that time . In `` The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen '' that is found in Appendix A , Tolkien depicts a Middle - earth where most Elves have already left . The majority of those who remained lived in Mirkwood , while a much smaller population was in Lindon . Aragorn speaks of the empty garden of Elrond in Rivendell . Most strikingly , after Elessar 's voluntary death , Arwen flees to a Lórien that is depicted as wholly abandoned , and gives up her own spirit in its sad and silent confines . Life cycle ( edit ) As told in The History of Middle - earth and in Tolkien 's Letters , Elves had a different life cycle from Men . Most of the following information strictly refers only to the Eldar , as found in his essay Laws and Customs among the Eldar , found in Morgoth 's Ring . Early life ( edit ) Elves are born about one year from their conception . The day of their conception is celebrated , not the actual birthday itself . Their minds develop more quickly than their bodies ; by their first year , they can speak , walk and even dance , and their quicker onset of mental maturity makes young Elves seem , to Men , older than they really are . Physical puberty comes in around their fiftieth to one hundredth year ( by age fifty they reach their adult height ) , and by their first hundred years of life outside the womb all Elves are fully grown . Elven bodies eventually stop aging physically , while human bodies do not . Sexuality , marriage , and parenthood ( edit ) Elves marry freely and for love early in life . Monogamy is practiced and adultery is unthinkable ; they marry only once ( Finwë , first High King of the Noldor , was an exception , as he remarried after his first wife died ) . Spouses can choose each other even long before they are married , thus becoming betrothed . The betrothal is subject to parental approval unless the parties are of age and intend to marry soon , at which point the betrothal is announced . They exchange rings and the betrothal lasts at least a year , and is revocable by the return of the rings ; however , it is rarely broken . After their formal betrothal , the couple appoint a date , at least a year later , for the wedding . Only the words exchanged by the bride and groom ( including the speaking of the name of Eru Ilúvatar ) and the consummation are required for marriage . More formally , the couple 's families celebrate the marriage with a feast . The parties give back their betrothal rings and receive others worn on their index fingers . The bride 's mother gives the groom a jewel to wear ( Galadriel 's gift of the Elfstone to Aragorn reflects this tradition ; she is grandmother to his betrothed , Arwen , Arwen 's mother Celebrían having left Middle - earth for Valinor after grievous psychological injury after her capture by Orcs and liberation by her sons ) . The Elves view the sexual act as extremely special and intimate , for it leads to the conception and birth of children . Extra-marital and premarital sex are unthinkable , adultery is also unheard of and fidelity between spouses is absolute . Yet separation during pregnancy or during the early years of parenthood ( caused by war , for example ) is so grievous to the couple that they prefer to have children in peaceful times . Living Elves can not be raped or forced to have sex ; before that they will lose the will to endure and go to Mandos . Elves have few children , as a rule ( Fëanor and Nerdanel were an exception , conceiving seven sons ) , and there are relatively sizeable intervals between each child ( but see below for notes on Elvish birth rates in Middle - earth versus in Aman ) . They are soon preoccupied with other pleasures ; their libido wanes and they focus their interests elsewhere , like the arts . Nonetheless , they take great delight in the union of love , and they cherish the days of bearing and raising children as the happiest days of their lives . There seems to only be one known example of extreme marital strife in Tolkien 's mythology , that of Eöl and Aredhel , in which the latter actually left the former without his knowledge , resulting in Eöl ultimately killing her ( albeit he was actually trying to kill their son Maeglin ) . However , this marriage was far from typical of the Elves . Daily life ( edit ) The Elves , particularly the Noldor , preoccupy themselves with various things such as smithwork , sculpture , music and other arts , and of course , what to eat . Males and females can do almost everything equally ; however , the females often specialize in the arts of healing while the males go to war . This is because they believe that taking life interferes with the ability to preserve life . However , Elves are not stuck in rigid roles ; females can defend themselves at need as well as males , and many males are skilled healers as well , such as Elrond . Later life ( edit ) Eventually , if they do not die in battle or from some other cause , the Elves of Middle - earth grow weary of it and desire to go to Valinor , where the Valar originally sheltered their kind . Those who wish to leave for the Undying Lands often go by boats provided at the Grey Havens , where Círdan the Shipwright dwells with his folk . `` The Third cycle of life '' , aging , and facial hair ( edit ) Despite Tolkien 's statements in The Hobbit that Elves ( and Hobbits ) have no beards , Círdan in fact has a beard , which appears to be an anomaly and a simple oversight . However , Tolkien later devised at least three `` cycles of life '' for Elves around 1960 ; Círdan had a beard because he was in his third cycle of life . ( Mahtan , Nerdanel 's father , had a beard in his second cycle of life , a rare phenomenon . ) It is unclear what these cycles exactly are , since Tolkien left no notes further explaining this . Apparently , beards were the only sign of further natural physical ageing beyond maturity . Nevertheless , Tolkien may have ultimately changed his mind about whether Elves had facial hair . As Christopher Tolkien states in Unfinished Tales , his father wrote in December 1972 or later that the Elvish strain in Men , such as Aragorn , was `` observable in the beardlessness of those who were so descended '' , since `` it was a characteristic of all Elves to be beardless '' . This would seemingly contradict the information above . Elves sometimes appear to age under great stress . Círdan appeared to be aged himself , since he is described as looking old , save for the stars in his eyes ; this may be due to all the sorrows he had seen and lived through since the First Age . Also , the people of Gwindor of Nargothrond had trouble recognizing him after his time as a prisoner of Morgoth . Death ( edit ) Elves are naturally immortal , and remain unwearied with age . In addition to their immortality , Elves can recover from wounds which would normally kill a mortal Man . However , Elves can be slain , or die of grief and weariness . Spirits of dead Elves go to the Halls of Mandos in Valinor . After a certain period of time and rest that serves as `` cleansing '' , their spirits are clothed in bodies identical to their old ones . However , they almost never go back to Middle - earth and remain in Valinor instead . An exception was Glorfindel in The Lord of the Rings ; as shown in later books , Tolkien decided he was a `` reborn '' hero from The Silmarillion rather than an individual with the same name . A rare and more unusual example of an Elf coming back from the Halls of Mandos is found in the tale of Beren and Lúthien , as Lúthien was the other Elf to be sent back to Middle - earth -- as a mortal , however . Tolkien 's Elvish words for `` spirit '' and `` body '' were fëa ( plural fëar ) and hröa ( plural hröar ) respectively . Eventually , their immortal spirits will overwhelm and consume their bodies , rendering them `` bodiless '' , whether they opt to go to Valinor or remain in Middle - earth . At the end of the world , all Elves will have become invisible to mortal eyes , except to those to whom they wish to manifest themselves . Tolkien called the Elves of Middle - earth who had undergone this process `` Lingerers '' . The lives of Elves only endure as the world endures . It is said in the Second Prophecy of Mandos that at the end of time the Elves will join the other Children of Ilúvatar in singing the Second Music of the Ainur . However it is disputable whether the Prophecy is canon , and the published Silmarillion states that only Men shall participate for certain in the Second Music , and that the ultimate fate of the Elves is unknown . However , they do not believe that Eru will abandon them to oblivion . Names and naming conventions ( edit ) Further information : Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings In The Lord of the Rings Tolkien pretends to be merely the translator of Bilbo and Frodo 's memoirs , collectively known as the Red Book of Westmarch . He says that those names and terms in the work ( as well in the earlier The Hobbit ) that appear in English are meant to be his purported translations from the Common Speech . Tolkien repeatedly expressed his misgivings concerning the name `` elf '' and its `` associations of a kind that I should particularly desire not to be present ( ... ) e.g. those of Drayton or of A Midsummer Night 's Dream '' , for the purpose of translations stating his preference that `` the oldest available form of the name to be used , and leave it to acquire its own associations for readers of my tale '' . He wanted to avoid the Victorian notions of `` fairies '' or mischievous imps associated with the word and was aiming at the more elevated notions of beings `` supposed to possess formidable magical powers in early Teutonic mythology '' ( OED viz . the Old English ælf , from Proto - Germanic * albo - z ) . The Elves are also called the `` Firstborn '' ( Q. Minnónar ) or the `` Elder Kindred '' ( as opposed to Men , the Secondborn ) as they were `` awakened '' before Men by Eru Ilúvatar ( the creator ) . The Elves named themselves Quendi ( `` the Speakers '' ) , in honour of the fact that , when they were created , they were the only living beings able to speak . The Dúnedain called them Nimîr ( `` the Beautiful '' ) , while their usual name in Sindarin was Eledhrim . In other writings , part of The History of Middle - earth , Tolkien details Elvish naming conventions . The Quenya word for `` name '' was essë . An Elf of Valinor was typically given one name ( ataressë ) at birth by the father . It usually reflected either the name of the father or mother , indicating the person 's descent , to which later some distinguishing prefix could be added . As the Elf grew older , they received a second name ( amilessë ) , given by the mother . This name was extremely important and reflected personality , skills , or fate , sometimes being `` prophetic '' . The epessë or the `` after - name '' is the third type . It was given later in life , not necessarily by kin , as a title of admiration and honour . In some circumstances , yet another name was chosen by the Elf themselves , called kilmessë meaning `` self - name '' . The `` true names '' remained the first two , though an Elf could be referred to by any of these . Mother - names were usually not used by those who did not know the Elf well . In later history and song any of the four could become the one generally used and recognized . After their Exile to Middle - earth and adoption of Sindarin as the daily speech , most of the Noldor also chose for themselves a name that fitted the style of that language , translating or altering one of their Quenya names . A patronymic surname is also used -- the father 's name with the suffix `` - ion '' ( meaning `` son '' ) or `` - iel '' ( meaning `` daughter '' ) added . Thus , Gildor Inglorion is `` Gildor , son of Inglor '' . Several examples include : Galadriel is the Sindarin translation of Alatáriel , the Telerin Quenya epessë originally given to her by Celeborn , which means `` Maiden Crowned by a Radiant Garland '' . Her father - name is Artanis ( noble woman ) and her mother - name is Nerwen ( man - maiden ) . Maedhros , the oldest son of Fëanor , was called Russandol ( copper - top ) by his brothers : He had earned this epessë because of his ruddy hair . His father - name had been Nelyafinwë ( Finwë the third : Fëanor 's own father - name had been ( Curu ) Finwë ) , and his mother - name Maitimo ( well - shaped one ) . Maedhros is a rendering into Sindarin of parts of his mother - name and epessë . Finrod is usually referred to as Felagund ( hewer of caves ) , a name the Dwarves had given to him ( originally Felakgundu ) because of his dwellings at Nargothrond . Finrod adopted the name , and made it a title of honour . Círdan ( Shipwright ) is the epessë of a Telerin Elf who remained in Beleriand , and later Lindon , until the end of the Third Age . His original name was only rarely remembered in traditions as Nōwē , and he was referred to always as Círdan , a title which had been given to him as Lord of the Falas . Elvish languages ( edit ) Main article : Elvish languages ( Middle - earth ) Tolkien created many languages for his Elves . His interest was primarily philological , and he said his stories grew out of his languages . Indeed , the languages were the first thing Tolkien ever created for his mythos , starting with what he originally called `` Elfin '' or `` Qenya '' . This was later spelled Quenya ( High - elven ) and , along with Sindarin ( Grey - elven ) , is one of the two most complete of Tolkien 's constructed languages . In addition to these two Tolkien also created many other ( related ) Elvish languages . Elves are also credited with creating the Tengwar ( by Fëanor ) and Cirth ( Daeron ) scripts . Adaptations ( edit ) Elves as portrayed in the 1977 Rankin - Bass version of The Hobbit . The 1977 Rankin Bass animated version of The Hobbit , with character designs by Lester Abrams , features Wood Elves as green - skinned warriors with slightly Austrian - German accents . High Elves are shown with pointed ears and beards . In Peter Jackson 's Lord of the Rings film series ( 2001 -- 2003 ) , all of the elves ( including Wood Elves ) are portrayed as fair , graceful , and wise beings with supernatural abilities like enhanced eyesight . While they facially resemble humans , they transcend beauty , with much longer and finer hair and an apparent inner glow . They also have pointed ears and no facial hair . In Middle - earth Role Playing ( Iron Crown Enterprises , 1986 ) , three tribes of elves are presented as player character race options , the Silvan , Sindar and Noldor -- each receiving statistic bonuses ( ranging from 5 to 15 ) to all attributes apart from Strength , with the Noldor receiving the highest accumulative bonuses of any racial type in the game . All three tribes are statistically immune to disease ( + 100 % chance of resistance ) , and must be given `` Presence '' as the highest randomly generated statistic . Elven characters also receive significant skill bonuses with missile weapons ( such as a bow and arrow ) and stealth skills ( such as hiding ) . All three elven tribes ( Silvan , Noldor , Sindar ) depicted in The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game ( Decipher , Inc. , 2001 ) have varying ( one or two points ) statistic bonuses to Bearing , Perception and Nimbleness , with the Noldor also receiving a bonus to Wits and the Sindar to Vitality , giving both of these the highest accumulative bonuses available to Player Characters . The system of skills , feats and flaws further outlines racial and cultural characteristics , bonuses being given to the Noldor in Lore and `` Resisting the Shadow '' , to the Silvan elves for various wood - craft skills , and the Sindar to musical performance . All elves have the ability to enchant objects , and receive bonuses in any test regarding magic . In The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game ( Games Workshop , 2001 ) , Elves have similar statistics to similarly armed Men , except for much higher scores for their Fighting and Courage attributes . On average , Elven wargear ( armour and weapons ) give twice the advantage of weapons made by Men . See also ( edit ) Middle - earth portal List of Middle - earth Elves Elvish languages ( Middle - earth ) Falmari Ilkorin Moriquendi Notable Elves ( edit ) Some notable Elves include : Arwen Undómiel great , great granddaughter of Lúthien . Beleg most skilled of all Elves in hunting and tracking . Celeborn husband of Galadriel . Celebrían daughter of Galadriel , wife of Elrond , mother of Elladan , Elrohir and Arwen . Celebrimbor maker of the Rings of Power . Círdan Lord of the Grey Havens and one of the oldest Elves in Middle - earth at the end of the Third Age . Elrond great grandson of Lúthien , Lord of Imladris through the Third Age . Elwing wife of Eärendil . Fëanor often referred to as the mightiest of the Noldor . Fingolfin greatest warrior of all the Children of Ilúvatar . Finrod Felagund King of Nargothrond . Galadriel greatest of the Noldor save Fëanor . Gil - galad High - king of the Noldorin Elves in Exile . Glorfindel true savior of Frodo after his close call with morgul blade at Weathertop Idril wife of Tuor and mother of Eärendil Legolas one of Fellowship of the Ring , later Lord of the Elves of Ithilien Lúthien enchantress , fairest of all the Children of Ilúvatar . Thingol King of Beleriand , tallest of all the Eldar , father of Lúthien . Thranduil king of the woodland Elves of Mirkwood , father of Legolas . Turgon king of Gondolin . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Simek , Rudolf ( 2007 ) translated by Angela Hall . Dictionary of Northern Mythology , pages 7 -- 8 and 73 -- 74 . D.S. Brewer . ISBN 0 - 85991 - 513 - 1 Jump up ^ Carpenter , Humphrey , ed. ( 1981 ) , The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , # 25 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 31555 - 7 Jump up ^ Solopova , Elizabeth ( 2009 ) , Languages , Myths and History : An Introduction to the Linguistic and Literary Background of J.R.R. Tolkien 's Fiction , New York City : North Landing Books , p. 26 , ISBN 0 - 9816607 - 1 - 1 Jump up ^ Garth , John ( 2003 ) , Tolkien and the Great War , London : HarperCollins ( published 2004 ) , p. 76 , ISBN 0 - 00 - 711953 - 4 Jump up ^ Zipes , Jack ( 1989 ) . Victorian fairy tales : the revolt of the fairies and elves ( Paperback ed . ) . New York : Routledge . pp. xxiv . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 90140 - 6 . Jump up ^ Garth , John ( 2003 ) , Tolkien and the Great War , London : HarperCollins ( published 2004 ) , p. 78 , ISBN 0 - 00 - 711953 - 4 Jump up ^ Burns , Marjorie ( 2005 ) . Perilous realms : Celtic and Norse in Tolkien 's Middle - earth . University of Toronto Press . pp. 22 -- 23 . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 3806 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1984 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , The Book of Lost Tales , 1 , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , ISBN 0 - 395 - 35439 - 0 Jump up ^ Fimi , Dimitra . `` Come sing ye light fairy things tripping so gay : Victorian Fairies and the Early Work of J.R.R. Tolkien '' Archived 31 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine ... Working With English : Medieval and Modern Language , Literature and Drama . Retrieved 11 / 01 / 08 ^ Jump up to : Carpenter , Humphrey ( 1977 ) , Tolkien : A Biography , New York : Ballantine Books , ISBN 0 - 04 - 928037 - 6 Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1984 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , The Book of Lost Tales , 2 , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , ISBN 0 - 395 - 36614 - 3 ^ Jump up to : Fimi , Dimitra ( August 2006 ) . `` '' Mad '' Elves and `` elusive beauty '' : some Celtic strands of Tolkien 's mythology `` . Folklore. 117 ( 2 ) : 156 -- 170 . doi : 10.1080 / 00155870600707847 . Jump up ^ Shippey , Tom ( 1998 ) . The Road to Middle - earth ( 3rd ed . ) . Harper Collins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 261 - 10275 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1937 ) , Douglas A. Anderson , ed. , The Annotated Hobbit , Boston : Houghton Mifflin ( published 2002 ) , p. 120 , ISBN 0 - 618 - 13470 - 0 Jump up ^ Garth , John ( 2003 ) , Tolkien and the Great War , London : HarperCollins ( published 2004 ) , p. 222 , ISBN 0 - 00 - 711953 - 4 Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1987 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , The Lost Road and Other Writings , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , p. 171 , The Lhammas , ISBN 0 - 395 - 45519 - 7 ^ Jump up to : Gunnell , Terry . `` Tivar in a Timeless Land : Tolkien 's Elves '' . University of Iceland . Jump up ^ Burns , Marjory ( 2005 ) . Perilous Realms : Celtic and Norse in Tolkien 's Middle - earth . University of Toronto Press . p. 23 . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 3806 - 9 . Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1984 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , The Book of Lost Tales , 1 , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , p 31 , The Cottage of Lost Play , ISBN 0 - 395 - 35439 - 0 Jump up ^ Carpenter 1981 , # 26 Jump up ^ http://de-vagaesemhybrazil.blogspot.com.br/2009/09/mad-elves-and-elusive-beauty-some.html Jump up ^ Shippey , T.A. ( 2000 ) . J.R.R. Tolkien : Author of the Century . London : HarperCollins . p. 211 . Jump up ^ Galadriel ( Tolkien , The Lord of the Rings ) ^ Jump up to : Carpenter 1981 , # 144 Jump up ^ Brin , David ( 2008 ) . Through Stranger Eyes : Reviews , Introductions , Tributes & Iconoclastic Essays . Nimble Books . p. 37 . ISBN 1 - 934840 - 39 - 4 . Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1994 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , The War of the Jewels , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , `` Quendi and Eldar , ISBN 0 - 395 - 71041 - 3 Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1993 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , Morgoth 's Ring , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , `` Myths Transformed '' , ISBN 0 - 395 - 68092 - 1 ^ Jump up to : Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1993 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , Morgoth 's Ring , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , `` Laws and Customs among the Eldar '' , ISBN 0 - 395 - 68092 - 1 Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1980 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , Unfinished Tales , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , ISBN 0 - 395 - 29917 - 9 Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1993 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , Morgoth 's Ring , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , The Converse of Manwë and Eru , pp. 361 -- 4 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 68092 - 1 Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1977 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , The Silmarillion , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , ISBN 0 - 395 - 25730 - 1 Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1955 ) , The Return of the King , The Lord of the Rings , Boston : Houghton Mifflin ( published 1987 ) , ISBN 0 - 395 - 08256 - 0 , Appendix F . Jump up ^ Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings , s.v. `` Elven - smiths '' . Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1994 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , The War of the Jewels , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , Quendi and Eldar , ISBN 0 - 395 - 71041 - 3 Jump up ^ `` Profiles of Middle - earth '' . Rules Summary . Games Workshop . Archived from the original on 19 June 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 03 . External links ( edit ) `` Elves '' . Tolkien Gateway . ( hide ) J.R.R. Tolkien 's legendarium Writings Principal works The Silmarillion The Hobbit The Lord of the Rings The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Other works The Adventures of Tom Bombadil The Road Goes Ever On Posthumous publications Unfinished Tales The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien The History of Middle - earth ( 12 volumes ) Bilbo 's Last Song The Children of Húrin The History of The Hobbit The Tale of Beren and Lúthien Fictional universe Characters Peoples Individual Dwarves Individual Elves Individual Hobbits Hobbit families Individual Númenóreans Individual Orcs Kings of Arnor House of Isildur Rangers of the North Arvedui Aragorn Eldarion Kings of Dale Kings of Gondor House of Anárion Eärnil II Kings of Rohan Éomer Théoden Rulers of Númenor Realms Objects Rings of Power One Ring Three Rings Palantír Silmarils Mithril Weapons and armour Sting Concepts Cosmology Ages or timeline Animals Plants Food and drink Wars and battles Rivers Anduin Roads Languages Magic Hobbit Day Secondary works and legacy The Atlas of Middle - earth The Complete Guide to Middle - earth A Guide to Middle - earth The Individuated Hobbit J.R.R. Tolkien : Author of the Century J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia Journeys of Frodo The Lord of the Rings : A Reader 's Companion Images of Middle - Earth Related fiction Things named after Tolkien and his works Tolkien 's Ring Tolkien : A Look Behind `` The Lord of the Rings '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elf_(Middle-earth)&oldid=804716908 '' Categories : Middle - earth Elves Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia introduction cleanup from July 2017 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from July 2017 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Pages incorrectly using the quote template Use dmy dates from March 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 18 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elf%20%28Middle-earth%29
| 2,087 |
||
who are the speakers of in flanders fields
|
As with his earlier poems , `` In Flanders Fields '' continues McCrae 's preoccupation with death and how it stands as the transition between the struggle of life and the peace that follows . It is written from the point of view of the dead . It speaks of their sacrifice and serves as their command to the living to press on . As with many of the most popular works of the First World War , it was written early in the conflict , before the romanticism of war turned to bitterness and disillusion for soldiers and civilians alike .
|
the dead
|
In Flanders Fields
|
in flanders fields
|
`` In Flanders Fields '' is a war poem in the form of a rondeau , written during the First World War by Canadian physician Lieutenant - Colonel John McCrae . He was inspired to write it on May 3 , 1915 , after presiding over the funeral of friend and fellow soldier Lieutenant Alexis Helmer , who died in the Second Battle of Ypres . According to legend , fellow soldiers retrieved the poem after McCrae , initially dissatisfied with his work , discarded it . `` In Flanders Fields '' was first published on December 8 of that year in the London magazine Punch .
|
It is one of the most quoted poems from the war . As a result of its immediate popularity , parts of the poem were used in efforts and appeals to recruit soldiers and raise money selling war bonds . Its references to the red poppies that grew over the graves of fallen soldiers resulted in the remembrance poppy becoming one of the world 's most recognized memorial symbols for soldiers who have died in conflict . The poem and poppy are prominent Remembrance Day symbols throughout the Commonwealth of Nations , particularly in Canada , where `` In Flanders Fields '' is one of the nation 's best - known literary works . The poem is also widely known in the United States , where it is associated with Memorial Day . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Poem 3 Publication 4 Popularity 5 Legacy 5.1 Remembrance poppies 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) Lieutenant Colonel John McCrae was a soldier , physician and poet . John McCrae was a poet and physician from Guelph , Ontario . He developed an interest in poetry at a young age and wrote throughout his life . His earliest works were published in the mid-1890s in Canadian magazines and newspapers . McCrae 's poetry often focused on death and the peace that followed . At the age of 41 , McCrae enrolled with the Canadian Expeditionary Force following the outbreak of the First World War . He had the option of joining the medical corps because of his training and age but he volunteered instead to join a fighting unit as a gunner and medical officer . It was his second tour of duty in the Canadian military . He had previously fought with a volunteer force in the Second Boer War . He considered himself a soldier first ; his father was a military leader in Guelph and McCrae grew up believing in the duty of fighting for his country and empire . McCrae fought in the Second Battle of Ypres in the Flanders region of Belgium , where the German army launched one of the first chemical attacks in the history of war . They attacked French positions north of the Canadians with chlorine gas on April 22 , 1915 but were unable to break through the Canadian line , which held for over two weeks . In a letter written to his mother , McCrae described the battle as a `` nightmare '' , For seventeen days and seventeen nights none of us have had our clothes off , nor our boots even , except occasionally . In all that time while I was awake , gunfire and rifle fire never ceased for sixty seconds ... And behind it all was the constant background of the sights of the dead , the wounded , the maimed , and a terrible anxiety lest the line should give way . -- McCrae Alexis Helmer , a close friend , was killed during the battle on May 2 . McCrae performed the burial service himself , at which time he noted how poppies quickly grew around the graves of those who died at Ypres . The next day , he composed the poem while sitting in the back of an ambulance at an Advanced Dressing Station outside Ypres . This location is today known as the John McCrae Memorial Site . Poem ( edit ) An autographed copy of the poem from In Flanders Fields and Other Poems . Unlike the printed copy in the same book , McCrae 's handwritten version ends the first line with `` grow '' . In Flanders Fields and Other Poems , a 1919 collection of McCrae 's works , contains two versions of the poem : a printed text as below and a handwritten copy where the first line ends with `` grow '' instead of `` blow '' , as discussed under Publication : In Flanders fields the poppies blow Between the crosses , row on row , That mark our place ; and in the sky The larks , still bravely singing , fly Scarce heard amid the guns below . We are the Dead . Short days ago We lived , felt dawn , saw sunset glow , Loved and were loved , and now we lie In Flanders fields . Take up our quarrel with the foe : To you from failing hands we throw The torch ; be yours to hold it high . If ye break faith with us who die We shall not sleep , though poppies grow In Flanders fields . As with his earlier poems , `` In Flanders Fields '' continues McCrae 's preoccupation with death and how it stands as the transition between the struggle of life and the peace that follows . It is written from the point of view of the dead . It speaks of their sacrifice and serves as their command to the living to press on . As with many of the most popular works of the First World War , it was written early in the conflict , before the romanticism of war turned to bitterness and disillusion for soldiers and civilians alike . Publication ( edit ) Illustrated page by Ernest Clegg . Note that the first line ends with `` grow '' . Cyril Allinson was a sergeant major in McCrae 's unit . While delivering the brigade 's mail , he watched McCrae as he worked on the poem , noting that McCrae 's eyes periodically returned to Helmer 's grave as he wrote . When handed the notepad , Allinson read the poem and was so moved he immediately committed it to memory . He described it as being `` almost an exact description of the scene in front of us both '' . According to legend , McCrae was not satisfied with his work . It is said he crumpled the paper and threw it away . It was retrieved by a fellow member of his unit , either Edward Morrison or J.M. Elder , or Allinson . McCrae was convinced to submit the poem for publication . An early copy of the poem is found in the diary of Clare Gass , who was serving with McCrae as a battlefield nurse , in an entry dated October 30 , 1915 -- nearly six weeks before the poem 's first publication in the magazine Punch on December 8 , 1915 . Another story of the poem 's origin claimed that Helmer 's funeral was held on the morning of May 2 , after which McCrae wrote the poem in 20 minutes . A third claim , by Morrison , was that McCrae worked on the poem as time allowed between arrivals of wounded soldiers in need of medical attention . Regardless of its true origin , McCrae worked on the poem for months before considering it ready for publication . He submitted it to The Spectator in London but it was rejected . It was then sent to Punch , where it was published on December 8 , 1915 . It was published anonymously , but Punch attributed the poem to McCrae in its year - end index . The word that ends the first line of the poem has been disputed . According to Allinson , the poem began with `` In Flanders Fields the poppies grow '' when first written . McCrae ended the second - to - last line with `` grow '' , Punch received permission to change the wording of the opening line to end with `` blow '' . McCrae used either word when making handwritten copies for friends and family . Questions over how the first line should end have endured since publication . Most recently , the Bank of Canada was inundated with queries and complaints from those who believed the first line should end with `` grow '' , when a design for the ten - dollar bill was released in 2001 , with the first stanza of `` In Flanders Fields '' , ending the first line with `` blow '' . Popularity ( edit ) Aspects of the poem were used in propaganda , such as this Canadian war bonds poster According to historian Paul Fussell , `` In Flanders Fields '' was the most popular poem of its era . McCrae received numerous letters and telegrams praising his work when he was revealed as the author . The poem was republished throughout the world , rapidly becoming synonymous with the sacrifice of the soldiers who died in the First World War . It was translated into numerous languages , so many that McCrae himself quipped that `` it needs only Chinese now , surely '' . Its appeal was nearly universal . Soldiers took encouragement from it as a statement of their duty to those who died while people on the home front viewed it as defining the cause for which their brothers and sons were fighting . It was often used for propaganda , particularly in Canada by the Unionist Party during the 1917 federal election amidst the Conscription Crisis . French Canadians in Quebec were strongly opposed to the possibility of conscription but English Canadians voted overwhelmingly to support Prime Minister Robert Borden and the Unionist government . `` In Flanders Fields '' was said to have done more to `` make this Dominion persevere in the duty of fighting for the world 's ultimate peace than all the political speeches of the recent campaign '' . McCrae , a staunch supporter of the empire and the war effort , was pleased with the effect his poem had on the election . He stated in a letter : `` I hope I stabbed a ( French ) Canadian with my vote '' . The poem was a popular motivational tool in Great Britain , where it was used to encourage soldiers fighting against Germany , and in the United States where it was reprinted across the country . It was one of the most quoted works during the war , used in many places as part of campaigns to sell war bonds , during recruiting efforts and to criticize pacifists and those who sought to profit from the war . American composer Charles Ives used `` In Flanders Fields '' as the basis for a song of the same name that premiered in 1917 . Fussell criticized the poem in his work The Great War and Modern Memory ( 1975 ) . He noted the distinction between the pastoral tone of the first nine lines and the `` recruiting - poster rhetoric '' of the third stanza . Describing it as `` vicious '' and `` stupid '' , Fussell called the final lines a `` propaganda argument against a negotiated peace '' . Legacy ( edit ) McCrae was moved to the medical corps and stationed in Boulogne , France , in June 1915 where he was promoted to Lieutenant - Colonel and placed in charge of medicine at the Number 3 Canadian General Hospital . He was promoted to the acting rank of Colonel on January 13 , 1918 and named Consulting Physician to the British Armies in France . The years of war had worn McCrae down , he contracted pneumonia that day and later came down with cerebral meningitis . On January 28 , 1918 , he died at the military hospital in Wimereux and was buried there with full military honours . A book of his works , featuring `` In Flanders Fields '' , was published the following year . To you from failing hands we throw / The torch ; be yours to hold it high . - cenotaph sculpture , Shubenacadie , Nova Scotia `` In Flanders Fields '' is very popular in Canada , where it is a staple of Remembrance Day ceremonies and may be the most well known literary piece among English Canadians . It has an official French adaptation , entitled `` Au champ d'honneur '' , written by Jean Pariseau and used by the Canadian government in French and bilingual ceremonies . With an excerpted appearance on the ten - dollar bill from 2001 to 2013 , the Royal Canadian Mint has released poppy - themed quarters on several occasions . A version minted in 2004 featured a red poppy in the centre and is considered the first multi-coloured circulation coin in the world . To mark the poem 's centennial in 2015 , a coloured and uncoloured poppy quarter and a `` toonie '' ( $2 coin ) were issued as circulation coins , as well as other collector coins . Among its uses in popular culture , the line `` to you from failing hands we throw the torch , be yours to hold it high '' has served as a motto for the Montreal Canadiens hockey club since 1940 . Canada Post honoured the 50th anniversary of John McCrae 's death with a stamp in 1968 and marked the centennial of his famous poem in 2015 . Other Canadian stamps have featured the poppy , including ones in 1975 , 2001 , 2009 , 2013 and 2014 . Other postal authorities have employed the poppy as a symbol of remembrance , including those of Australia , Gibraltar , the United Kingdom and United States . McCrae 's birthplace in Guelph , Ontario has been converted into a museum dedicated to his life and the war . McCrae was named a National Historic Person in 1946 , and his house was listed as a National Historic Site in 1966 . The monument commemorating `` In Flanders Fields '' at Essex Farm Commonwealth War Graves Commission Cemetery near Ypres . In Belgium , the In Flanders Fields Museum in Ypres , named after the poem and devoted to the First World War , is situated in one of Flanders ' largest tourist areas . A monument commemorating the writing of the poem is located at Essex Farm Commonwealth War Graves Commission Cemetery , which is thought to have been the location of Helmer 's burial and lies within the John McCrae Memorial Site . Despite its fame , `` In Flanders Fields '' is often ignored by academics teaching and discussing Canadian literature . The poem is sometimes viewed as an anachronism ; It spoke of glory and honour in a war that has since become synonymous with the futility of trench warfare and the slaughter produced by 20th - century weaponry . Nancy Holmes , professor at the University of British Columbia , speculated that its patriotic nature and use as a tool for propaganda may have led literary critics to view it as a national symbol or anthem rather than a poem . Remembrance poppies ( edit ) Main article : Remembrance poppy Poppy wreaths at the Menin Gate in Ypres , Belgium The red poppies that McCrae referred to had been associated with conflict since the Napoleonic Wars when a writer of that time first noted how the poppies grew over the graves of soldiers . The damage done to the landscape in Flanders during the battle greatly increased the lime content in the surface soil , leaving the poppy as one of the few plants able to grow in the region . Inspired by `` In Flanders Fields '' , American professor Moina Michael resolved at the war 's conclusion in 1918 to wear a red poppy year - round to honour the soldiers who had died in the war . She also wrote a poem in response called `` We Shall Keep the Faith '' . She distributed silk poppies to her peers and campaigned to have them adopted as an official symbol of remembrance by the American Legion . Madame E. Guérin attended the 1920 convention where the Legion supported Michael 's proposal and was inspired to sell poppies in her native France to raise money for the war 's orphans . In 1921 , Guérin sent poppy sellers to London ahead of Armistice Day , attracting the attention of Field Marshal Douglas Haig . A co-founder of The Royal British Legion , Haig supported and encouraged the sale . The practice quickly spread throughout the British Empire . The wearing of poppies in the days leading up to Remembrance Day remains popular in many areas of the Commonwealth of Nations , particularly Great Britain , Canada and South Africa and in the days leading up to ANZAC Day in Australia and New Zealand . See also ( edit ) Canadian Forces portal World War I portal 1915 in poetry Military history of Canada during World War I The Red Poppies on Monte Cassino References ( edit ) Footnotes Jump up ^ Prescott 1985 , p. 11 Jump up ^ The early years , Veterans Affairs Canada , archived from the original on March 7 , 2012 , retrieved February 6 , 2012 Jump up ^ Prescott 1985 , p. 21 Jump up ^ Gillmor 2001 , pp. 91 -- 92 Jump up ^ Prescott 1985 , p. 31 Jump up ^ Bassett 1984 , p. 14 Jump up ^ In Flanders Fields , Veterans Affairs Canada , archived from the original on October 7 , 2012 , retrieved February 6 , 2012 Jump up ^ Gillmor 2001 , p. 93 Jump up ^ In Flanders Fields and Other Poems . G.P. Putnam 's Sons . 1919 . p. 3 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Prescott 1985 , p. 106 ^ Jump up to : `` In Flanders Fields '' , New York Times , 1921 - 12 - 18 , retrieved 2012 - 02 - 07 ^ Jump up to : Prescott 1985 , pp. 105 -- 106 ^ Jump up to : `` Poem depicts war scenes '' , Regina Leader - Post , p. 13 , 1968 - 11 - 12 , retrieved 2012 - 02 - 07 ^ Jump up to : `` Forever there ... In Flanders Fields '' , The Journal Opinion , p. 8 , 2006 - 03 - 29 , retrieved 2012 - 02 - 07 Jump up ^ The Red Poppy , The Australian Army , archived from the original on February 26 , 2012 , retrieved February 7 , 2012 ^ Jump up to : Prescott 1985 , p. 96 Jump up ^ `` Clare Gass Fonds '' . McGill Library Archival Catalogue . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ Prescott 1985 , pp. 95 -- 96 Jump up ^ Gillmor 2001 , p. 94 Jump up ^ Prescott 1985 , p. 105 Jump up ^ Brennan , Pat ( 2009 - 11 - 10 ) , `` Guelph house commemorates Flanders ' poet McCrae '' , Toronto Star , retrieved 2012 - 02 - 07 Jump up ^ Dysert , Anna . `` ' In Flanders fields ' at the Osler Library '' . De re medica : News from the Osler Library of the History of Medicine . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Flanders poppies blow up furor in Canada '' , Los Angeles Times , p . A38 , 2001 - 02 - 11 , retrieved 2012 - 02 - 11 ^ Jump up to : Fussell 2009 , p. 315 Jump up ^ Ragner , Bernhard ( 1938 - 01 - 30 ) , `` A tribute in Flanders Fields '' , New York Times Magazine , p. 14 , retrieved 2012 - 02 - 07 Jump up ^ Bassett 1984 , p. 50 Jump up ^ Bassett 1984 , p. 49 ^ Jump up to : Prescott 1985 , p. 125 ^ Jump up to : Prescott 1985 , p. 133 Jump up ^ In Flanders Fields ( Song Collection ) , Library of Congress , retrieved 2012 - 02 - 20 Jump up ^ Fussell 2009 , pp. 314 -- 315 Jump up ^ Prescott 1985 , p. 101 Jump up ^ Bassett 1984 , pp. 59 -- 60 ^ Jump up to : Holmes , Nancy ( 2005 ) , `` '' In Flanders Fields '' -- Canada 's Official Poem : Breaking Faith `` , Studies in Canadian Literature , University of New Brunswick , 30 ( 1 ) , retrieved 2012 - 02 - 11 Jump up ^ Le Canada pendant la Première Guerre mondiale et la route vers la crête de Vimy ( in French ) , Veterans Affairs Canada , archived from the original on October 26 , 2012 , retrieved February 8 , 2012 Jump up ^ A symbol of remembrance , Royal Canadian Mint , retrieved 2012 - 02 - 11 Jump up ^ Never forget with the 2015 Remembrance coins , Royal Canadian Mint order form , October 2015 Jump up ^ Royal Canadian Mint Commemorates 100th Anniversary of In Flanders Fields with Silver Collector Coins Royal Canadian Mint news release , April 30 , 2015 Jump up ^ Last game at the Montreal Forum , Canadian Broadcasting Corporation , retrieved 2012 - 02 - 11 Jump up ^ `` Canada Post - Collecting '' . Https : . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2015 . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` In Flanders Fields stamp issue '' . Https : . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hill , Valerie ( 1998 - 11 - 07 ) , `` Lest We Forget McCrae House keeps realities of war alive '' , Kitchener Record , retrieved 2012 - 02 - 20 Jump up ^ McCrae , Lieutenant - Colonel John National Historic Person , Parks Canada , 2012 Jump up ^ McCrae House National Historic Site , Parks Canada , 2012 Jump up ^ Nieuw streekbezoekerscentrum Ieper officieel geopend ( in Dutch ) , Knack.be , 2012 - 02 - 05 , retrieved 2012 - 02 - 13 Jump up ^ `` Ieper ( Ypres ) -- Belgium - Nearby site : Essex Farm Cemetery , Boezinge -- Lieutenant Colonel McCrae '' . www.ww1westernfront.gov.au . Department of Veterans ' Affairs and Board of Studies , New South Wales . July 2013 . Retrieved 8 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Remembrance Day : Lest we forget , Canadian Broadcasting Corporation , 2010 - 11 - 10 , retrieved 2012 - 02 - 08 ^ Jump up to : Where did the idea to sell poppies come from ? , BBC News , 2006 - 11 - 10 , retrieved 2012 - 02 - 08 Jump up ^ Moina Michael , Digital Library of Georgia , retrieved 2012 - 02 - 08 ^ Jump up to : Rahman , Rema ( 2011 - 11 - 09 ) , Who , What , Why : Which countries wear poppies ? , BBC News , retrieved 2012 - 02 - 08 Bibliography Bassett , John ( 1984 ) , The Canadians : John McCrae , Markham , Ontario : Fitzhenry & Whiteside Limited , ISBN 0 - 88902 - 651 - 3 Fussell , Paul ( 2009 ) ( 1975 ) , The Great War and Modern Memory ( Illustrated Edition ) , New York : Stirling Publishing , ISBN 0 - 19 - 513331 - 5 Gillmor , Don ( 2001 ) , Canada : A People 's History , two , Toronto , Ontario : McClelland & Stewart , ISBN 0 - 7710 - 3340 - 0 , ISBN 0 - 7710 - 3341 - 9 McCrae , John ( 1919 ) , In Flanders Fields and Other Poems , Arcturus Publishing ( reprint 2008 ) , ISBN 1 - 84193 - 994 - 3 , retrieved 2012 - 02 - 07 Prescott , John F. ( 1985 ) , In Flanders Fields : The Story of John McCrae , Erin , Ontario : Boston Mills Press , ISBN 0 - 919783 - 07 - 4 External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : In Flanders Fields Wikimedia Commons has media related to In Flanders Fields . Royal Canadian Legion web page about John McCrae , `` In Flanders Fields '' , and the custom of wearing poppies In Flanders Fields , choral piece by composer Bradley Nelson , commissioned by Fresno State Chamber Singers and Chico State Chamber Singers of California State University In Flander 's fields by Lt. Col. John McCrae , M.D. and America 's answer by R.W. Lillard , 1914 - 1918 . Hamilton , Ont . : Commercial Engravers , 1918 . 8 p . Accessed 4 January 2014 , in PDF format . In Flanders Fields public domain audiobook at LibriVox Andrew Macphail Fonds McGill University Library & Archives . Clare Gass Fonds McGill University Library & Archives . LCCN : n95118521 VIAF : 186397794 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In_Flanders_Fields&oldid=843170503 '' Categories : World War I poems Military history of Canada Poems set in Flanders 1915 poems Canadian poems Works originally published in Punch ( magazine ) World War I propaganda Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Use Canadian English from June 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in Canadian English Good articles Articles with LibriVox links Use mdy dates from February 2012 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 עברית Nederlands Norsk Polski Русский Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська West - Vlams 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 10 : 39 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In%20Flanders%20Fields
| 2,088 |
doris day once i had a secret love
|
Secret Love ( Doris Day song )
|
secret love ( doris day song )
|
`` Secret Love '' is a song composed by Sammy Fain ( music ) and Paul Francis Webster ( lyrics ) for Calamity Jane , a 1953 musical film in which it was introduced by Doris Day in the title role . Ranked as a # 1 hit for Day on both the Billboard and Cash Box , the song also afforded Day a # 1 hit in the United States . `` Secret Love '' has subsequently been recorded by a wide range of artists , becoming a C&W hit firstly for Slim Whitman and later for Freddy Fender , with the song also becoming an R&B hit for Billy Stewart , whose version also reached the Top 40 as did Freddy Fender 's . In the U.K. , `` Secret Love '' would become the career record of Kathy Kirby via her 1963 remake of the song . The melody bears a slight resemblance to the opening theme of Schubert 's A-major piano sonata , D. 664 .
|
Contents ( hide ) 1 Doris Day version 2 1953 / 54 cover versions 3 Kathy Kirby version 4 Freddy Fender version 5 Other versions 6 References 7 External links Doris Day version ( edit ) Doris Day first heard `` Secret Love '' when its co-writer Sammy Fain visited the singer 's home and played it for her , Day being so moved by the song that she 'd recall her reaction as being : `` I just about fell apart '' . Day recorded the song on 5 August 1953 in a session at the Warner Bros. Recording Studio ( Burbank ) , overseen by Warner Bros. musical director Ray Heindorf . On the day of the recording session for `` Secret Love '' , Day had done vocal exercises at her home . Then about noon -- the session being scheduled for 1 p.m. -- she had set out on her bicycle to the studio . Heindorf had rehearsed the studio orchestra prior to Day 's reaching the studio ; upon her arrival , Heindorf suggested that Day do a practice run - through with the orchestra prior to recording any takes , but acquiesced to Day 's request that her first performance with the orchestra be recorded . Day recalls , `` When I got there I sang the song with the orchestra for the first time ... That was the first and only take we did . '' ... `` When I finished Ray called me into the sound booth grinning from ear to ear and said , ' That 's it . You 're never going to do it better . ' '' The single of `` Secret Love '' was released on 9 October 1953 - three weeks prior to the premiere of the Calamity Jane film - by her longtime record label , Columbia Records in both 45 and 78 rpm format ( cat . no. 40108 ) . The single entered the Top 20 bestselling singles survey - at # 17 - on Billboard magazine dated 9 January 1954 with the single reaching # 1 on the Top 20 survey for the week ending 17 February 1954 , the week in which the song 's Academy Award nomination for Best Song had been announced , the nominations for the 26th Academy Awards for the film year 1953 having been announced two days earlier . Day 's `` Secret Love '' , having spent three weeks ranked as the # 1 bestselling single by Billboard , was still ranked as the # 4 bestseller the week of the 26th Academy Awards broadcast which occurred 25 March 1954 . However , Day herself declined to perform the nominated - and ultimately victorious - `` Secret Love '' at the Academy Awards ceremony , later stating : `` When they asked me to sing ' Secret Love ' on Academy Awards night I told them I could n't - not in front of those people '' . ( Ann Blyth performed `` Secret Love '' at the Academy Awards ceremony . ) Day 's refusal to perform `` Secret Love '' on the Academy Awards broadcast resulted in the Hollywood Women 's Press Club `` honoring '' the singer with the Sour Apple Award as the most uncooperative celebrity of 1953 : this put - down occasioned a bout of depression which kept Day virtually housebound for several weeks , and which Day eventually had to qualify her Christian Science outlook to deal with , consulting with a medical practitioner . Preceded by `` Stranger in Paradise '' Cash Box magazine best selling record chart number - one record March 6 , 1954 -- April 3 , 1954 Succeeded by `` Wanted '' Preceded by `` I See the Moon '' by The Stargazers `` Such a Night '' by Johnnie Ray UK Singles Chart number - one single April 16 , 1954 ( 1 week ) -- May 7 , 1954 ( 9 weeks ) Succeeded by `` I See the Moon '' by The Stargazers `` Cara Mia '' by David Whitfield 1953 / 54 cover versions ( edit ) `` Secret Love '' Single by Slim Whitman from the album Favorites B - side `` Why '' Released December 1953 Format 7 '' single Recorded 4 December 1953 Genre C&W Length 2 : 25 Label Imperial Songwriter ( s ) Sammy Fain , Paul Francis Webster Slim Whitman singles chronology `` Lord Help Me Be as Thou '' ( 1953 ) `` Secret Love '' ( 1953 ) `` Rose Marie '' ( 1954 ) `` Lord Help Me Be as Thou '' ( 1953 ) `` Secret Love '' ( 1953 ) `` Rose Marie '' ( 1954 ) At the time of the release of the Doris Day version of `` Secret Love '' two vocal cover versions were issued , one of which - by Gogi Grant with the Harry Geller orchestra - is said to have been recorded at RCA Victor 's LA recording studio in July 1953 which would make its recording earlier than Day 's : the other vocal cover was recorded for MGM by Tommy Edwards with the LeRoy Holmes orchestra . Bing Crosby also had a single release of `` Secret Love '' , recorded for Decca in Los Angeles in a 31 December 1953 session with the John Scott Trotter Orchestra and it was included in his album Bing Sings the Hits ( 1954 ) . On 4 December 1953 Slim Whitman made a recording of `` Secret Love '' in Baltimore MD : Whitman 's version reached # 2 on the C&W chart in Billboard magazine in the spring of 1954 concurrent with the Doris Day version being # 1 on the magazine 's Pop chart . Both the Moonglows and the Orioles covered `` Secret Love '' for the r&b market , the Moonglows ' track being recorded in Chicago 10 January 1954 while the Orioles ' track was recorded in New York City 29 January 1954 . Kathy Kirby version ( edit ) `` Secret Love '' Single by Kathy Kirby B - side `` You Have to Want to Touch Him '' Released October 1963 Format 7 '' single Genre Beat Length 2 : 25 Label Decca Songwriter ( s ) Sammy Fain , Paul Francis Webster Producer ( s ) Peter Sullivan Kathy Kirby singles chronology `` Dance On '' ( 1963 ) `` Secret Love '' ( 1963 ) `` Let Me Go , Lover '' ( 1964 ) `` Dance On '' ( 1963 ) `` Secret Love '' ( 1963 ) `` Let Me Go , Lover '' ( 1964 ) In 1963 Kathy Kirby remade `` Secret Love '' ; released in October 1963 as a single , the track - with musical direction by Charles Blackwell , Jimmy Page on guitar , and production by Kirby 's regular collaborator Peter Sullivan - afforded Kirby her UK career record with a # 4 UK chart peak that December . `` Secret Love '' was also a hit in Australia reaching number 2 . Kirby would recall : `` ( when ) ' Secret Love ' ... was suggested by my recording manager Peter Sullivan ( , ) I said ' But that 's already been done beautifully by Doris Day ! ' Peter came up with a completely different version , up - tempo and starting with the middle eight . We took a chance on it and decided that if it did n't chart it would at least be a prestige number , so we were thrilled when it sold over half a million copies in three weeks '' . The record reached # 4 in the ' NME charts ' and # 3 in the ' Melody Maker charts ' - only kept from the top slot by the Beatles . `` Secret Love '' provided the title for a jukebox musical depicting Kirby 's life story , which following its debut run at the Leeds City Varieties commencing 9 May 2008 played venues throughout England into 2009 . Chart Peak position Chart Peak position UK Singles Chart New Zealand Singles Chart Danish Singles Chart Australian Singles Chart Hong Kong Singles Chart Irish Singles Chart 7 Freddy Fender version ( edit ) `` Secret Love '' Single by Freddy Fender from the album Are You Ready For Freddy ? B - side `` Loving Cajun Style '' Released October 1975 Format 7 '' single Genre Tejano music Length 3 : 35 Label Dot Songwriter ( s ) Sammy Fain , Paul Francis Webster Producer ( s ) Huey P. Meaux Freddy Fender singles chronology `` Since I Met You Baby '' ( 1975 ) `` Secret Love '' ( 1975 ) `` The Wild Side of Life '' ( 1976 ) `` Since I Met You Baby '' ( 1975 ) `` Secret Love '' ( 1975 ) `` The Wild Side of Life '' ( 1976 ) Freddy Fender remade `` Secret Love '' for his 1975 album release Are You Ready For Freddy ? recorded in the summer of 1975 at the SugarHill Recording Studios ( Houston ) : issued as a single in October 1975 `` Secret Love '' afforded Fender the third of his four # 1 hits on the Billboard C&W , also crossing - over to the Top 40 of Billboard Hot 100 ( Fender would score one subsequent Top 40 hit , his fourth C&W # 1 hit `` You 'll Lose a Good Thing '' crossing - over to the # 32 on the Hot 100 . ) Fender remade `` Secret Love '' for his 2002 album ' ' La Musica de Baldemar Huerta . Preceded by `` It 's All in the Movies '' by Merle Haggard Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one single 6 December 1975 ( one week ) Succeeded by `` Love Put a Song in My Heart '' by Johnny Rodriguez Preceded by `` Third Rate Romance '' by Amazing Rhythm Aces RPM Country Tracks number - one single December 20 -- 27 , 1975 Succeeded by `` Easy as Pie '' by Billy `` Crash '' Craddock Other versions ( edit ) `` Secret Love '' Single by Billy Stewart from the album Billy Stewart Teaches Old Standards New Tricks B - side `` Look Back & Smile '' Released September 1966 Format 7 '' single Genre R&B Length 2 : 55 Label Chess Songwriter ( s ) Sammy Fain , Paul Francis Webster Producer ( s ) Billy Davis , Leonard Caston Billy Stewart singles chronology `` Summertime '' ( 1966 ) `` Secret Love '' ( 1966 ) `` Every Day I Have the Blues '' ( 1967 ) `` Summertime '' ( 1966 ) `` Secret Love '' ( 1966 ) `` Every Day I Have the Blues '' ( 1967 ) In the spring of 1959 Jimmy Ricks had a single release of `` Secret Love '' which while not charting in Billboard was ranked on the Cashbox Top Singles chart with a # 82 peak . In 1966 Billy Stewart had a 1966 single release of `` Secret Love '' as followup to his Top Ten hit `` Summertime '' : as with `` Summertime '' , Stewart 's take on `` Secret Love '' was a revved - up R&B reinvention of a balladic standard . `` Secret Love '' afforded Stewart his fourth and final Top 40 hit with a # 29 peak on the Hot 100 in Billboard in the autumn of 1966 also reaching # 11 on the magazine 's R&B chart . In June 1995 a duet version of `` Secret Love '' by Daniel O'Donnell and Mary Duff reached # 20 and # 28 in respectively Ireland and the UK : the track - which was headliner on an EP comprising eight tracks recorded at Beechpark Studio ( Dublin ) - made its album debut on Duff 's 17 June 1995 album release Just Lovin ' You and was subsequently included on the 1996 album release Timeless which comprised duets by O'Donnell and Duff . In the summer of 1976 Ann Christy reached # 3 on the Flemish chart for Belgium with a disco - formatted Dutch rendering of `` Secret Love '' entitled `` Zoveel moier '' which was included on Christy 's album Ik mis hem zo - Zoveel mooier - ... : Christy also had a single release of the track singing `` Secret Love '' in its original English . Disco versions of `` Secret Love '' were also recorded by Liquid Gold ( album Liquid Gold / 1979 ) and Viola Wills ( album If You Could Read My Mind / 1980 ) , while a dance - pop version of `` Secret Love '' by José Hoebee would become a # 11 hit in the Netherlands in the autumn of 1982 . Frankie Valli recorded `` Secret Love '' for his 1967 album Frankie Valli Solo . Billy Eckstine recorded `` Secret Love '' for his 1960 album Once More with Feeling . Andy Williams recorded `` Secret Love '' forn his 1962 album Danny Boy and Other Songs I Love to Sing . Connie Francis recorded `` Secret Love '' in a 27 April 1962 session at RCA Italiana Studios ( Rome ) for her album Connie Francis sings Award Winning Motion Picture Hits . The original version from April 1962 , with an arrangement by Geoff Love , was only available in Australia ( MGM Records S027592 ) and New Zealand ( MGM Records MCS 5017 ) . All other worldwide releases of that album included a version with a new orchestration recorded in April 1963 , with an arrangement by Don Costa . The Chiffons ' version of `` Secret Love , recorded for Bright Tunes Productions in 1965 , was released in 1969 on B.T. Puppy Records with an international release on various labels in 1970 . Kim Weston and Marvin Gaye recorded `` Secret Love '' for their 1966 Take Two album release . Between 1972 and 1974 , `` Secret Love '' was covered by Singapore - based female singer Ervinna , backing music by the Charlie & His Boys , on her LP album Golden Hits Of 20th Century Vol. 4 with White Cloud Record of Singapore . The French rendering `` Amoureux '' was recorded by Dave for his 1975 self - titled album . Mandy Moore remade `` Secret Love '' for the Mona Lisa Smile soundtrack while Doris Day 's version was used in the actual movie . Moore 's version was later included in The Best of Mandy Moore . Spike Jones did a version `` Secret Love '' in the style of a Cuban mambo band of the 1950s . Ashley Alexander recorded an arrangement of this in 1981 , arranged by Frank Mantooth , featuring Alexander on the double trombone . Anne Murray recorded a cover of the song for her album Croonin ' ( 1993 ) . Hannah Waddingham performed a version in the 2011 remake of Agatha Christie 's Marple : The Mirror Crack 'd from Side to Side on Britain 's ITV1 John Serry Sr. arranged and recorded this composition with his ensemble on Dot Records ( DLP - 3024 ) for his album Squeeze Play in 1956 . Cerys Matthews recorded a cover version for the Children 's Hospice charity album , Over the Rainbow . Allan Sherman has a light - hearted parody called `` Secret Code '' on his 1965 LP My Name is Allan . George Wright covered the song in his 1984 album Red Hot and Blue . Engelbert Humperdinck made a cover of the song in 1995 ( Engelbert Live , DVD 2003 ) . k.d. lang made a cover of the song , to be played during the closing credits of the documentary The Celluloid Closet ( 1995 ) . The song is also shown in a clip from the original Calamity Jane movie , starring Doris Day . Lord Tanamo did a live version of `` Secret Love '' until it was recorded with Tommy McCook in 1997 . Sinéad O'Connor made a cover version for her 1992 album Am I Not Your Girl ? . George Michael made a cover version for his 1999 album Songs from the Last Century . Classical crossover artist Katherine Jenkins recorded a version for her 2007 Rejoice album : the track also featured harmonica vituoso Toots Thielemans . R&B / jazz singer Miki Howard made a cover version for her 2008 album Private Collection . In 2010 , Australian singer Melinda Schneider recorded the song for her Doris Day tribute album Melinda Does Doris . Connie Fisher 's February 2009 album release was entitled Secret Love , the title cut being Fisher 's rendition of the Fain / Webster song . Cybill Shepherd covered the song in 1999 on the album Songs from the Cybill Show , which accompanied her sitcom Cybill . Anacani recorded a live version of the song for the Lawrence Welk show in the 1970s . The Bar G Wranglers feat . Cassy Weil performs arguably one of the greatest renditions of `` Secret Love '' during the `` Wranglers '' live performances throughout their summer season in Bryce Canyon City as well as a studio version recorded in 2015 which became their most requested cover by both European and American audiences . The Selecter recorded a ska version of `` Secret Love '' on its 2013 album String Theory . Ry Cooder and Manuel Galbán included an instrumental version on their 2003 Mambo Sinuendo album . In 2010 , Beccy Cole recorded a version for her album , Preloved . Maria Morlino covered the song on her 2012 album Secret Love / Amor Secreto . Brad Mehldau plays a cover on his 2011 solo live cd Live in Marciac recorded live in 2006 . `` Secret Love '' has been performed in various stage productions of the stage musical version of Calamity Jane - see Calamity Jane ( musical ) - in the US by Edie Adams , Martha Raye , Carol Burnett - who also sang the song in a 12 November 1963 televised broadcast of the Calamity Jane stage musical - , Ginger Rogers , and Louise Mandrell ; in the UK by Barbara Windsor , Louise Gold , Gemma Craven , Toyah Willcox , and Jodie Prenger ; and in Australia by Rowena Wallace . Craven , who played the title role in an extensive touring production of Calamity Jane in 1995 - 96 , may be heard singing `` Secret Love '' on a 1995 `` cast album '' of Calamity Jane ( Craven is in fact the sole vocalist on the album ) . Willcox , who in the summer of 2003 played the title role of Calamity Jane in the stage musical 's sole West End production to - date , has said of `` Secret Love '' : `` It 's a great song to sing ; it 's very powerful , and emotionally - and musically - it 's the pinnacle of the whole show . '' Prenger , who played the title role in a 2014 - 15 touring production of Calamity Jane which is the most successful version of the stage musical to - date , has said of `` Secret Love '' : `` I only get one take every night '' - referring Doris Day 's one - take recording of the original - `` ' Secret Love ' has been a song I 've sung for years . I 've always loved it and it 's wonderful to be get to sing that song in such a beautiful production . It 's one of those songs that really moves you . It moves me on stage and I do choke sometimes . '' In 2016 , Loretta Lynn included a cover of `` Secret Love '' on her album Full Circle . Lynn had also recorded the song on her 1967 album , Singin ' With Feeling . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Liner notes , Golden Girl : The Columbia Recordings 1944 - 66 compilation ^ Jump up to : Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 135 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ keeping the tradition of TV and Silver Screen hits the Bar G Wranglers in Bryce Canyon continue to keep this great song alive as well . Whitburn , Joel ( 1973 ) . Top Pop Records 1940 - 1955 . Record Research . ^ Jump up to : McGee , Garry . Doris Day : Sentimental Journey . Jefferson NC : McFarland & Co. pp. 23 -- 25 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 6107 - 3 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1973 ) . Top Pop Records 1940 - 1955 . Record Research . Jump up ^ `` A Bing Crosby Discography '' . BING magazine . International Club Crosby . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Biography '' . Kathy Kirby . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ Nielsen Business Media , Inc . ( December 28 , 1963 ) . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. p. 16 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved July 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nielsen Business Media , Inc . ( March 21 , 1964 ) . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. p. 32 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved July 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Nielsen Business Media , Inc . ( March 14 , 1964 ) . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. p. 31 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved July 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nielsen Business Media , Inc . ( January 11 , 1964 ) . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. p. 30 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved July 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nielsen Business Media , Inc . ( December 21 , 1963 ) . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. p. 20 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved July 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ DeLay , Tom ( January 1985 ) . `` For the Records '' . Theatre Organ. 27 ( 1 ) : 19 . ISSN 0040 - 5531 . Jump up ^ Cybill : Songs from the Cybill Show . `` Cybill : Songs from the Cybill Show : Cybill Shepherd : Music '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved November 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Doris Day , Secret Love played / arranged by Ricardo Scales - Artist - Maria Morlino '' , YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Calamity Jane to Arrive in London in June ; star Wilcox chats about musical '' . Playbill.com . Retrieved 26 September 2015 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Doris Day Solo albums You 're My Thrill ( 1949 ) Young Man with a Horn ( 1950 ) Tea for Two ( 1950 ) Lullaby of Broadway ( 1951 ) On Moonlight Bay ( 1951 ) I 'll See You in My Dreams ( 1951 ) By the Light of the Silvery Moon ( 1953 ) Calamity Jane ( 1953 ) Young at Heart ( 1954 ) Love Me or Leave Me ( 1955 ) Day Dreams ( 1955 ) Day by Day ( 1956 ) The Pajama Game ( 1957 ) Day by Night ( 1957 ) Hooray for Hollywood ( 1958 ; 1959 ) Cuttin ' Capers ( 1959 ) What Every Girl Should Know ( 1960 ) Show Time ( 1960 ) Bright and Shiny ( 1961 ) I Have Dreamed ( 1961 ) Duet ( 1962 ) You 'll Never Walk Alone ( 1962 ) Billy Rose 's Jumbo ( 1962 ) Annie Get Your Gun ( 1963 ) Love Him ( 1963 ) The Doris Day Christmas Album ( 1964 ) With a Smile and a Song ( 1964 ) Latin for Lovers ( 1965 ) Doris Day 's Sentimental Journey ( 1965 ) The Love Album ( 1994 ) My Heart ( 2011 ) Singles `` Again '' `` Ai n't We Got Fun '' `` Any Way the Wind Blows '' `` By the Light of the Silvery Moon '' `` Confess '' `` The Deadwood Stage ( Whip - Crack - Away ! ) '' `` Everybody Loves a Lover '' `` If I Give My Heart to You '' `` If You Were the Only Girl ( In the World ) '' `` It 's Magic '' `` Love Somebody '' `` Lullaby of Broadway '' `` Move Over Darling '' `` My Darling , My Darling '' `` My Dreams Are Getting Better All the Time '' `` My Love and Devotion '' `` Que Sera , Sera ( Whatever Will Be , Will Be ) '' `` Secret Love '' `` Sentimental Journey '' `` Thoughtless '' `` ( Why Did I Tell You I Was Going To ) Shanghai '' `` Sugar Bush '' `` You Should Have Told Me '' Related articles Discography Filmography Awards and nominations Doris Day Animal League The Doris Day Show episodes George Weidler ( second husband ) Martin Melcher ( third husband ) Terry Melcher ( son ) Slim Whitman Singles `` Indian Love Call '' `` Keep It a Secret '' `` Danny Boy '' `` Secret Love '' `` Rose Marie '' `` Beautiful Dreamer '' `` The Cattle Call '' `` Tumbling Tumbleweeds '' `` Just Call Me Lonesome '' `` I Remember You '' `` It 's a Sin to Tell a Lie '' `` Red River Valley '' Freddy Fender Studio albums Before the Next Teardrop Falls ( 1974 ) Are You Ready for Freddy ? ( 1975 ) Since I Met You Baby ( 1975 ) Rock ' n ' Country ( 1976 ) Your Cheatin ' Heart ( 1976 ) If You 're Ever in Texas ( 1976 ) If You Do n't Love Me ( 1977 ) Merry Christmas / Feliz Navidad ( 1977 ) Swamp Gold ( 1978 ) Tex - Mex ( 1979 ) The Texas Balladeer ( 1979 ) Favorite Ballads ( 1991 ) La Música de Baldemar Huerta ( 2002 ) Live albums Recorded Inside Louisiana State Prison ( 1975 ) Compilation albums The Best of Freddy Fender ( 1977 ) The Freddy Fender Collection ( 1991 ) His Greatest Recordings ( 1978 ) Singles `` Before the Next Teardrop Falls '' `` Since I Met You Baby '' `` Secret Love '' `` The Wild Side of Life '' `` You 'll Lose a Good Thing '' `` Vaya con Dios '' `` Living It Down '' `` The Rains Came '' `` Squeeze Box '' `` Please Talk to My Heart '' Academy Award for Best Original Song 1934 -- 1940 `` The Continental '' Music : Con Conrad Lyrics : Herb Magidson ( 1934 ) `` Lullaby of Broadway '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Al Dubin ( 1935 ) `` The Way You Look Tonight '' Music : Jerome Kern Lyrics : Dorothy Fields ( 1936 ) `` Sweet Leilani '' Music and lyrics : Harry Owens ( 1937 ) `` Thanks for the Memory '' Music : Ralph Rainger Lyrics : Leo Robin ( 1938 ) `` Over the Rainbow '' Music : Harold Arlen Lyrics : E.Y. Harburg ( 1939 ) `` When You Wish Upon a Star '' Music : Leigh Harline Lyrics : Ned Washington ( 1940 ) 1941 -- 1950 `` The Last Time I Saw Paris '' Music : Jerome Kern Lyrics : Oscar Hammerstein II ( 1941 ) `` White Christmas '' Music and lyrics : Irving Berlin ( 1942 ) `` You 'll Never Know '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Mack Gordon ( 1943 ) `` Swinging on a Star '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Johnny Burke ( 1944 ) `` It Might as Well Be Spring '' Music : Richard Rodgers Lyrics : Oscar Hammerstein II ( 1945 ) `` On the Atchison , Topeka and the Santa Fe '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1946 ) `` Zip - a-Dee - Doo - Dah '' Music : Allie Wrubel Lyrics : Ray Gilbert ( 1947 ) `` Buttons and Bows '' Music : Jay Livingston Lyrics : Ray Evans ( 1948 ) `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' Music and lyrics : Frank Loesser ( 1949 ) `` Mona Lisa '' Music and lyrics : Ray Evans and Jay Livingston ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1960 `` In the Cool , Cool , Cool of the Evening '' Music : Hoagy Carmichael Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1951 ) `` High Noon ( Do Not Forsake Me , Oh My Darlin ' ) '' Music : Dimitri Tiomkin Lyrics : Ned Washington ( 1952 ) `` Secret Love '' Music : Sammy Fain Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1953 ) `` Three Coins in the Fountain '' Music : Jule Styne Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1954 ) `` Love Is a Many Splendored Thing '' Music : Sammy Fain Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1955 ) `` Que Sera , Sera ( Whatever Will Be , Will Be ) '' Music and lyrics : Jay Livingston and Ray Evans ( 1956 ) `` All the Way '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1957 ) `` Gigi '' Music : Frederick Loewe Lyrics : Alan Jay Lerner ( 1958 ) `` High Hopes '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1959 ) `` Never on Sunday '' Music and lyrics : Manos Hatzidakis ( 1960 ) 1961 -- 1970 `` Moon River '' Music : Henry Mancini Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1961 ) `` Days of Wine and Roses '' Music : Henry Mancini Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1962 ) `` Call Me Irresponsible '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1963 ) `` Chim Chim Cher - ee '' Music and lyrics : Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman ( 1964 ) `` The Shadow of Your Smile '' Music : Johnny Mandel Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1965 ) `` Born Free '' Music : John Barry Lyrics : Don Black ( 1966 ) `` Talk to the Animals '' Music and lyrics : Leslie Bricusse ( 1967 ) `` The Windmills of Your Mind '' Music : Michel Legrand Lyrics : Alan and Marilyn Bergman ( 1968 ) `` Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head '' Music : Burt Bacharach Lyrics : Hal David ( 1969 ) `` For All We Know '' Music : Fred Karlin Lyrics : Robb Royer and Jimmy Griffin ( 1970 ) 1971 -- 1980 `` Theme from Shaft '' Music and lyrics : Isaac Hayes ( 1971 ) `` The Morning After '' Music and lyrics : Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn ( 1972 ) `` The Way We Were '' Music : Marvin Hamlisch Lyrics : Alan and Marilyn Bergman ( 1973 ) `` We May Never Love Like This Again '' Music and lyrics : Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn ( 1974 ) `` I 'm Easy '' Music and lyrics : Keith Carradine ( 1975 ) `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' Music : Barbra Streisand Lyrics : Paul Williams ( 1976 ) `` You Light Up My Life '' Music and lyrics : Joseph Brooks ( 1977 ) `` Last Dance '' Music and lyrics : Paul Jabara ( 1978 ) `` It Goes Like It Goes '' Music : David Shire Lyrics : Norman Gimbel ( 1979 ) `` Fame '' Music : Michael Gore Lyrics : Dean Pitchford ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 1990 `` Arthur 's Theme ( Best That You Can Do ) '' Music and lyrics : Burt Bacharach , Carole Bayer Sager , Christopher Cross and Peter Allen ( 1981 ) `` Up Where We Belong '' Music : Jack Nitzsche and Buffy Sainte - Marie Lyrics : Will Jennings ( 1982 ) `` Flashdance ... What a Feeling '' Music : Giorgio Moroder Lyrics : Keith Forsey and Irene Cara ( 1983 ) `` I Just Called to Say I Love You '' Music and lyrics : Stevie Wonder ( 1984 ) `` Say You , Say Me '' Music and lyrics : Lionel Richie ( 1985 ) `` Take My Breath Away '' Music : Giorgio Moroder Lyrics : Tom Whitlock ( 1986 ) `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' Music : Franke Previte , John DeNicola and Donald Markowitz Lyrics : Franke Previte ( 1987 ) `` Let the River Run '' Music and lyrics : Carly Simon ( 1988 ) `` Under the Sea '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Howard Ashman ( 1989 ) `` Sooner or Later ( I Always Get My Man ) '' Music and lyrics : Stephen Sondheim ( 1990 ) 1991 -- 2000 `` Beauty and the Beast '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Howard Ashman ( 1991 ) `` A Whole New World '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1992 ) `` Streets of Philadelphia '' Music and lyrics : Bruce Springsteen ( 1993 ) `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' Music : Elton John Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1994 ) `` Colors of the Wind '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1995 ) `` You Must Love Me '' Music : Andrew Lloyd Webber Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1996 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' Music : James Horner Lyrics : Will Jennings ( 1997 ) `` When You Believe '' Music and lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1998 ) `` You 'll Be in My Heart '' Music and lyrics : Phil Collins ( 1999 ) `` Things Have Changed '' Music and lyrics : Bob Dylan ( 2000 ) 2001 -- 2010 `` If I Did n't Have You ( Disney song ) '' Music and lyrics : Randy Newman ( 2001 ) `` Lose Yourself '' Music : Eminem , Jeff Bass and Luis Resto Lyrics : Eminem ( 2002 ) `` Into the West '' Music and lyrics : Fran Walsh , Howard Shore and Annie Lennox ( 2003 ) `` Al otro lado del río '' Music and lyrics : Jorge Drexler ( 2004 ) `` It 's Hard out Here for a Pimp '' Music and lyrics : Juicy J , Frayser Boy and DJ Paul ( 2005 ) `` I Need to Wake Up '' Music and lyrics : Melissa Etheridge ( 2006 ) `` Falling Slowly '' Music and lyrics : Glen Hansard and Markéta Irglová ( 2007 ) `` Jai Ho '' Music : A.R. Rahman Lyrics : Gulzar ( 2008 ) `` The Weary Kind '' Music and lyrics : Ryan Bingham and T Bone Burnett ( 2009 ) `` We Belong Together '' Music and lyrics : Randy Newman ( 2010 ) 2011 -- present `` Man or Muppet '' Music and lyrics : Bret McKenzie ( 2011 ) `` Skyfall '' Music and lyrics : Adele Adkins and Paul Epworth ( 2012 ) `` Let It Go '' Music and lyrics : Kristen Anderson - Lopez and Robert Lopez ( 2013 ) `` Glory '' Music and lyrics : John Stephens and Lonnie Lynn ( 2014 ) `` Writing 's on the Wall '' Music and lyrics : James Napier and Sam Smith ( 2015 ) `` City of Stars '' Music : Justin Hurwitz Lyrics : Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2016 ) `` Remember Me '' Music and lyrics : Kristen Anderson - Lopez and Robert Lopez ( 2017 ) Best - selling singles by year in the United Kingdom 1952 -- 1969 1952 : `` Auf Wiederseh'n Sweetheart '' -- Vera Lynn ( UK ) 1953 : `` I Believe '' -- Frankie Laine 1954 : `` Secret Love '' -- Doris Day 1955 : `` Rose Marie '' -- Slim Whitman 1956 : `` I 'll Be Home '' -- Pat Boone 1957 : `` Diana '' -- Paul Anka 1958 : `` Jailhouse Rock '' -- Elvis Presley 1959 : `` Living Doll '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1960 : `` It 's Now or Never '' -- Elvis Presley 1961 : `` Wooden Heart '' -- Elvis Presley 1962 : `` I Remember You '' -- Frank Ifield ( UK ) 1963 : `` She Loves You '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1964 : `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1965 : `` Tears '' -- Ken Dodd ( UK ) 1966 : `` Green , Green Grass of Home '' -- Tom Jones ( UK ) 1967 : `` Release Me '' -- Engelbert Humperdinck ( UK ) 1968 : `` Hey Jude '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1969 : `` Sugar , Sugar '' -- The Archies 1970 -- 1989 1970 : `` The Wonder of You '' -- Elvis Presley 1971 : `` My Sweet Lord '' -- George Harrison ( UK ) 1972 : `` Amazing Grace '' -- The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards Band ( UK ) 1973 : `` Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' -- Tony Orlando and Dawn 1974 : `` Tiger Feet '' -- Mud ( UK ) 1975 : `` Bye Bye Baby '' -- Bay City Rollers ( UK ) 1976 : `` Save Your Kisses for Me '' -- Brotherhood of Man ( UK ) 1977 : `` Mull of Kintyre '' / `` Girls ' School '' -- Wings ( UK ) 1978 : `` Rivers of Babylon '' / `` Brown Girl in the Ring '' -- Boney M . 1979 : `` Bright Eyes '' -- Art Garfunkel 1980 : `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me '' -- The Police ( UK ) 1981 : `` Do n't You Want Me '' -- The Human League ( UK ) 1982 : `` Come On Eileen '' -- Dexys Midnight Runners ( UK ) 1983 : `` Karma Chameleon '' -- Culture Club ( UK ) 1984 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid ( UK ) 1985 : `` The Power of Love '' -- Jennifer Rush 1986 : `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' -- The Communards ( UK ) 1987 : `` Never Gonna Give You Up '' -- Rick Astley ( UK ) 1988 : `` Mistletoe and Wine '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1989 : `` Ride on Time '' -- Black Box 1990 -- 2009 1990 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- The Righteous Brothers 1991 : `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' -- Bryan Adams 1992 : `` I Will Always Love You '' -- Whitney Houston 1993 : `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' -- Meat Loaf 1994 : `` Love Is All Around '' -- Wet Wet Wet ( UK ) 1995 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- Robson & Jerome ( UK ) 1996 : `` Killing Me Softly '' -- Fugees 1997 : `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' / `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' -- Elton John ( UK ) 1998 : `` Believe '' -- Cher 1999 : `` ... Baby One More Time '' -- Britney Spears 2000 : `` Can We Fix It ? '' -- Bob the Builder ( UK ) 2001 : `` It Was n't Me '' -- Shaggy featuring Rikrok ( UK ) 2002 : `` Anything Is Possible '' / `` Evergreen '' -- Will Young ( UK ) 2003 : `` Where Is the Love ? '' -- The Black Eyed Peas 2004 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid 20 ( UK ) 2005 : `` Is This the Way to Amarillo '' -- Tony Christie featuring Peter Kay ( UK ) 2006 : `` Crazy '' -- Gnarls Barkley 2007 : `` Bleeding Love '' -- Leona Lewis ( UK ) 2008 : `` Hallelujah '' -- Alexandra Burke ( UK ) 2009 : `` Poker Face '' -- Lady Gaga 2010 -- present 2010 : `` Just the Way You Are '' -- Bruno Mars 2011 : `` Someone Like You '' -- Adele ( UK ) 2012 : `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' -- Gotye featuring Kimbra 2013 : `` Blurred Lines '' -- Robin Thicke featuring T.I. & Pharrell Williams 2014 : `` Happy '' -- Pharrell Williams 2015 : `` Uptown Funk '' -- Mark Ronson ( UK ) featuring Bruno Mars 2016 : `` One Dance '' -- Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla ( UK ) 2017 : `` Shape of You '' - Ed Sheeran ( UK ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Secret_Love_(Doris_Day_song)&oldid=837504628 '' Categories : 1954 singles 1963 singles 1975 singles Songs with music by Sammy Fain Songs with lyrics by Paul Francis Webster Doris Day songs Freddy Fender songs Nancy Wilson ( jazz singer ) songs Slim Whitman songs Andy Williams songs UK Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in the United States Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Best Original Song Academy Award - winning songs RPM Country Tracks number - one singles 1953 songs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2016 All articles needing additional references Use mdy dates from December 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Norsk Norsk nynorsk Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 21 April 2018 , at 07 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret%20Love%20%28Doris%20Day%20song%29
| 2,089 |
||
what order are the fast and furious movies
|
The Fast and the Furious Created by Gary Scott Thompson Original work The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 ) Owner Universal Pictures Films and television Film ( s ) Main series : The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 ) 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift ( 2006 ) Fast & Furious ( 2009 ) Fast Five ( 2011 ) Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) Furious 7 ( 2015 ) The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) Spin - off : Hobbs & Shaw ( 2019 ) Short film ( s ) The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) Los Bandoleros ( 2009 ) Theatrical presentations Play ( s ) Fast & Furious Live Audio Original music BT ( The Fast and the Furious ) David Arnold ( 2 Fast 2 Furious ) Brian Tyler ( Tokyo Drift , Fast Five , Furious 7 & The Fate of the Furious ) Lucas Vidal ( Fast & Furious 6 ) Miscellaneous Theme park attractions Fast & Furious : Supercharged ( 2015 -- present ) Official website http://www.fastandfurious.com/
|
The Fast and the Furious
|
the fast and the furious
|
The Fast and the Furious ( colloquial : Fast & Furious ) is an American franchise based on a series of action films that is largely concerned with illegal street racing , heists and espionage , and includes material in various other media that depicts characters and situations from the films . Distributed by Universal Pictures , the series was established with the 2001 film titled The Fast and the Furious ; this was followed by seven sequels , two short films that tie into the series , and as of May 2017 , it has become Universal 's biggest franchise of all time , currently the sixth - highest - grossing film series of all time with a combined gross of over $5 billion .
|
Contents ( hide ) 1 Films 1.1 Main series 1.1. 1 The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 ) 1.1. 2 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) 1.1. 3 The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift ( 2006 ) 1.1. 4 Fast & Furious ( 2009 ) 1.1. 5 Fast Five ( 2011 ) 1.1. 6 Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) 1.1. 7 Furious 7 ( 2015 ) 1.1. 8 The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) 1.1. 9 Future 1.2 Spin - off 1.2. 1 Hobbs & Shaw ( 2019 ) 2 Television series 3 Short films 3.1 The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) 3.2 Los Bandoleros ( 2009 ) 4 Storyline chronology 5 Characters 6 Additional crew & production details 7 Reception 7.1 Box office performance 7.2 Critical and public response 8 Franchise extension 8.1 Theme park attractions 8.2 Fast & Furious Live 8.2. 1 Tour overview 8.2. 2 UK tour dates 8.2. 3 Worldwide tour dates 8.3 Soundtracks 8.4 Video games 8.5 Toys and model kits 9 International locations 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Films ( edit ) Film Release date Director Screenwriter ( s ) Story by Producers Status The Fast and the Furious June 22 , 2001 ( 2001 - 06 - 22 ) Rob Cohen Gary Scott Thompson , Erik Bergquist & David Ayer Gary Scott Thompson Neal H. Moritz Released 2 Fast 2 Furious June 6 , 2003 ( 2003 - 06 - 06 ) John Singleton Michael Brandt & Derek Haas Gary Scott Thompson , Michael Brandt & Derek Haas The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift June 16 , 2006 ( 2006 - 06 - 16 ) Justin Lin Chris Morgan Fast & Furious April 3 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 03 ) Neal H. Moritz , Michael K Ross , Vin Diesel and Michael Fottrell Fast Five April 29 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 29 ) Neal H. Moritz , Vin Diesel and Michael Fottrell Fast & Furious 6 May 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 24 ) Neal H. Moritz , Vin Diesel and Clayton Townsend Furious 7 April 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 03 ) James Wan Neal H. Moritz , Vin Diesel and Michael Fottrell The Fate of the Furious April 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 14 ) F. Gary Gray Neal H. Moritz , Vin Diesel , Michael Fottrell and Chris Morgan Hobbs & Shaw August 2 , 2019 ( 2019 - 08 - 02 ) David Leitch Dwayne Johnson , Dany Garcia & Hiram Garcia Pre-production Untitled film April 10 , 2020 ( 2020 - 04 - 10 ) TBA Daniel Casey Neal H. Moritz , Vin Diesel , Michael Fottrell and Chris Morgan Untitled film April 2 , 2021 ( 2021 - 04 - 02 ) TBA TBA TBA Main series ( edit ) The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 film ) The film is based on an article , titled `` Racer X '' , about New York street clubs that race Japanese cars late at night , although the film is set primarily in Los Angeles . While elite street racer and ex-convict Dominic Toretto ( Vin Diesel ) and his crew : Jesse ( Chad Lindberg ) , Leon ( Johnny Strong ) , Vince ( Matt Schulze ) and Letty Ortiz ( Michelle Rodriguez ) , are under suspicion of stealing expensive electronic equipment by hijacking moving trucks , Brian O'Conner ( Paul Walker ) is an undercover police officer who attempts to find out who exactly is stealing the equipment . He works for FBI agent Bilkins ( Thom Barry ) and LAPD Sgt . Tanner ( Ted Levine ) . Falling for Dominic 's younger sister , Mia Toretto ( Jordana Brewster ) , Brian confesses to her his status as an undercover police officer and convinces her to come with him to save her brother and his friends from the truck drivers , who have now armed themselves to combat the robberies . He tracks Dominic 's location by triangulating his cell phone signal and they arrive at the hijacking in progress to find Letty , badly injured in a car accident , and Vince critically wounded , having lacerated his arm and been shot by a truck driver . Brian and Mia work together with Dominic , Leon and Letty to rescue Vince . Brian then makes the difficult decision to blow his cover to the crew by phoning in for a medivac . The revelation enrages Dominic , who flees with Leon , Letty , and Mia as the medivac arrives for Vince . Brian soon follows Dominic to his house and holds him at gunpoint to prevent him from fleeing further . Jesse arrives shortly afterwards , apologizing for his actions at Race Wars and pleading for Dominic 's help with Johnny Tran ( Rick Yune ) . Moments later , Tran and his cousin Lance Nguyen ( Reggie Lee ) perform a drive - by shooting , killing Jesse . Brian and Dominic chase them , with Dominic driving his late father 's modified 1970 Dodge Charger . Dominic forces Lance 's motorcycle off the road , severely injuring him , while Brian shoots and kills Tran . Afterwards , Brian and Dominic engage in an impromptu street race , narrowly avoiding a passing train . However , Dominic collides with a semitruck and rolls his car twice , injuring himself , and rendering the Charger undrivable . Instead of arresting him , Brian hands over the keys to his Supra and lets Dominic escape , using the line `` I owe you a ten - second car . '' 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) ( edit ) Main article : 2 Fast 2 Furious Watched by undercover Customs Agent Monica Fuentes ( Eva Mendes ) , Brian is caught by US Customs agents and given a deal by FBI Agent Bilkins and Customs Agent Markham ( James Remar ) to go undercover and try to bring down drug lord Carter Verone ( Cole Hauser ) in exchange for the erasure of his criminal record . Brian agrees but only if he is given permission to choose his partner , refusing to partner with the agent assigned to watch him . Brian heads home to Barstow , California , where he recruits Roman Pearce ( Tyrese Gibson ) , a childhood friend of Brian who had served jail time and is under house arrest , to help him . Pearce agrees , but only for the same deal Brian was offered , and with the help of Monica , Brian and Roman work together to take down Verone . After acquiring confiscated vehicles and being hired by Verone as his drivers , the duo return to a Customs / FBI hideout , where Roman confronts Markham over the latter 's interference with the mission . After the situation is cooled down , Brian tells Bilkins and Markham that Verone plans to smuggle the money into his private jet and fly off , but also suspects something wrong with Monica 's role in the mission . Later , Brian and Roman race two of Verone 's drivers for their cars and begin to devise a personal back up plan if the operation goes awry . Roman confronts Brian about his attraction to Monica and the constant threat of Verone 's men . On the day of the mission , Brian and Roman begin transporting duffel bags of Verone 's money , with two of Verone 's men Enrique ( Mo Gallini ) and Roberto ( Roberto Sanchez ) riding along to watch Brian and Roman . Before the 15 - minute window is set , the detective in charge , Whitworth ( Mark Boone Junior ) , decides to call in the police to move in for the arrest , resulting in a high - speed chase across the city . The duo lead the police to a warehouse , where a scramble by dozens of street racers disorient the police . Following the scramble , police manage to pull over the Evo and the Eclipse , only to find out that they were driven by two members of Brian 's new crew , friends , Tej Parker ( Ludacris ) and Suki ( Devon Aoki ) . As Brian approaches the destination point in a Yenko Camaro , Enrique tells him to make a detour away from the airfield . Meanwhile , Roman gets rid of Roberto by using an improvised ejector seat in his ( orange ) Dodge Challenger powered by nitrous oxide . At the airfield , Customs Agents have Verone 's plane and convoy surrounded , only to discover they are duped into a decoy maneuver while Verone is at a boatyard several miles away . As he knew Monica was an undercover agent , he gave her the wrong information on the destination point and plans to use her as leverage . When Brian arrives at the intended drop - off point , Enrique prepares to kill him when Roman suddenly appears and the both of them dispatch Enrique . Verone makes his escape aboard his private yacht , but Brian and Roman use the Yenko Camaro and drive off a ramp , crashing on top of the yacht . The duo manage to apprehend Verone and save Monica . With their crimes pardoned , Brian and Roman ponder on what to do next other than to settle in Miami when the former mentions starting a garage . Roman asks how they would afford that and Brian reveals that he took some of the money , as Roman also reveals that his pockets are n't empty , having taken money for himself . The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift ( 2006 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift This film 's story occurs sometime after Fast & Furious 6 with a scene that was later made concurrent with events in Furious 7 . After totaling his car in an illegal street race , Sean Boswell ( Lucas Black ) is sent to live in Tokyo , Japan , with his father , a U.S. Navy officer , in order to avoid juvenile detention or even jail . While in school , he befriends Twinkie ( Bow Wow ) , a `` military brat '' who introduces him to the world of drift racing in Japan . Though forbidden to drive , he decides to race against Takashi ( Brian Tee ) aka D.K. ( Drift King ) . He borrows a Nissan Silvia from Han Lue ( Sung Kang ) , now a business partner to Takashi , and loses , totaling the car because of his lack of knowledge of drifting . To repay his debt for the car he destroyed , Sean works for Han . Later on , Han becomes friends with Sean and teaches him how to drift . Takashi 's uncle Kamata ( Sonny Chiba ) ( the head of the Yakuza ) reprimands Takashi for allowing Han to steal from him . Takashi confronts Han , Sean and Neela ( Nathalie Kelley ) , and in doing so , they flee . During the chase , Han is killed in a car accident when his car catches fire . Takashi , Sean , and his father become involved in an armed standoff which is resolved by Neela agreeing to leave with Takashi . Twinkie gives his money to Sean to replace the money Han stole , which Sean then returns to Kamata . Sean proposes a race against Takashi to determine who must leave Tokyo . Sean and Han 's friends then build a 1967 Ford Mustang , with an inline - 6 engine and other parts salvaged from Han 's Silvia that Sean had destroyed . Sean wins the race and is later challenged by Dominic Toretto . Fast & Furious ( 2009 ) ( edit ) Main article : Fast & Furious ( 2009 film ) Fast & Furious , as well as its succeeding films , takes place before the events of The Fast and The Furious : Tokyo Drift . About five years after the events of the first film , Dominic and his new crew ( Letty , Han , Leo , Santos and Cara ) have been hijacking fuel tankers in the Dominican Republic . When their trail gets too hot , Dominic disbands the crew . However , he is later informed that Letty has been murdered . Dominic returns to Los Angeles where he finds traces of nitro - methane at the crash site , and tracks the buyer of the gas to David Park . Meanwhile , Brian O'Conner , who has been working as an FBI agent , is tracking down a drug trafficker named Arturo Braga . When Brian and Dominic cross paths at David Park 's apartment , Dominic is about to drop David out the window . But Brian intervenes , and works a scheme where he enters a street race where the winner would join Braga 's team of drivers . Although Dominic wins the four - car race by bumping Brian 's car , Brian later joins the team by replacing one of Braga 's other drivers . The team meets Fenix Calderon ( Laz Alonso ) who directs them to drive the heroin across the border using underground tunnels to avoid detection . Brian realizes that the drivers are to be killed following the mission , and when Fenix reveals to Dominic that he killed Letty , Dominic detonates the nitrous in his car , blowing up a bunch of vehicles . In the chaos , Brian hijacks the Hummer that is carrying the heroin . Dominic and Brian drive back to Los Angeles , hiding the heroin in an impound lot . When Dominic learns Brian was the last person to contact Letty , he attacks him until Brian reveals that Letty was working undercover for Brian , tracking down Braga in exchange for clearing Dominic 's name . Brian negotiates with the agency to free Dominic if they can lure Braga into personally coming to exchange the heroin for cash . However , at the drop site , it is revealed that the Braga they arrested was a decoy , and that the real Braga ( John Ortiz ) has escaped , fleeing to Mexico . Suspended from duty , Brian joins Dominic to go to Mexico and in hopes of catching Braga . Although Braga agreeably surrenders , they are pursued by Braga 's men through town and then the tunnels . Fenix T - bones Brian 's car right outside the tunnel exit , but before he can kill Brian , Dominic drives into and kills Fenix . As the police arrive , Dominic refuses to escape , saying he is tired of running . Despite Brian 's request for clemency , the judge sentences Dominic to 25 years to life . During the prison bus ride to Lompoc penitentiary , Brian and Mia , along with Leo and Santos , arrive in their cars and intercept the bus . Fast Five ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : Fast Five This section is transcluded from Fast Five . ( edit history ) When Dominic `` Dom '' Toretto is being transported to Lompoc Prison by bus , his sister Mia Toretto and friend Brian O'Conner lead an assault on the bus , causing it to crash and freeing Dom . While the authorities search for them , the trio escapes to Rio de Janeiro . Awaiting Dom 's arrival , Mia and Brian join their friend Vince and other participants on a job to steal three cars from a train . Brian and Mia discover that agents from the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration ( DEA ) are also on the train and that the cars are seized property . When Dom arrives with the rest of the participants , he realizes that the lead participant , Zizi , is only interested in stealing one car - a Ford GT40 . Dom has Mia steal the car herself before he and Brian fight Zizi and his henchmen , during which Zizi kills the DEA agents assigned to the vehicles . Dom and Brian are captured and brought to crime lord Hernan Reyes , the owner of the cars and Zizi 's boss . Reyes orders the pair be interrogated to discover the location of the car , but they manage to escape and retreat to their safehouse . While Brian , Dom , and Mia examine the car to discover its importance , Vince arrives and is caught trying to remove a computer chip from it . He admits he was planning to sell the chip to Reyes on his own , and Dom forces him to leave . Brian investigates the chip and discovers it contains the complete financial details of Reyes ' criminal empire , including the locations of US $100 million in cash . Diplomatic Security Service agent Luke Hobbs and his team arrive in Rio to arrest Dom and Brian . With the help of local officer Elena Neves , they travel to Dom 's safehouse , but find it under assault by Reyes ' men . Brian , Dom and Mia escape ; Dom suggests they split up and leave Rio , but Mia announces she is pregnant with Brian 's child . Dom agrees to stick together and suggests they steal the money from Reyes to start a new life . They organize a team to perform the heist : Han , Roman , Tej , Gisele , Leo , and Santos . Vince later joins the team after saving Mia from being captured by Reyes ' men . Hobbs and his team eventually find and arrest Dom , Mia , Brian , and Vince . While transporting them to the airport for extradition to the United States , the convoy is attacked by Reyes ' men , who kill Hobbs ' team . Hobbs and Elena are saved by Dom , Brian , Mia , and Vince as they fight back and escape , but Vince is shot in the process and dies . Wanting to avenge his murdered team , Hobbs and Elena agree to help with the heist . The gang break into the police station and tear the vault holding Reyes ' money from the building using their cars , dragging it through the city . After an extensive police chase , Dom makes Brian continue without him while he attacks the police and the pursuing Reyes , using the vault attached to his car to smash their vehicles . Brian returns and kills Zizi while Reyes is badly injured by Dom 's assault . Hobbs arrives on the scene and executes Reyes to avenge his team . Though Hobbs refuses to let Dom and Brian go free , he gives them a 24 - hour head start to escape on the condition they leave the vault as it is . However , the vault is empty as it had been switched during the chase . After splitting the cash ( Vince 's share is given to his family ) , they go their separate ways . On a tropical beach , Brian and a visibly pregnant Mia relax . They are met by Dom and Elena . Brian challenges Dom to a final , no - stakes race to prove who is the better driver . In a mid-credits scene , Hobbs is given a file by Monica Fuentes concerning the hijack of a military convoy in Berlin , where he discovers a recent photo of Dom 's former girlfriend Letty , who had been presumed dead . Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : Fast & Furious 6 This section is transcluded from Fast & Furious 6 . ( edit history ) Following their successful heist in Brazil , Dominic `` Dom '' Toretto and his professional criminal crew have fled around the world : Dom lives with Elena ; his sister Mia lives with Brian O'Conner and their son , Jack ; Gisele and Han live together ; and Roman and Tej live in luxury . Meanwhile , DSS agent Luke Hobbs and Riley Hicks investigate the destruction of a Russian military convoy by a crew led by former British SAS Major and special ops soldier Owen Shaw . Hobbs persuades Dom to help capture Shaw by showing him a photo of the supposedly long - dead Letty Ortiz , Dom 's former lover . Dom and his crew accept the mission in exchange for their amnesty , allowing them to return to the United States . In London , Shaw 's hideout is found , but this is revealed to be a trap , distracting them and the police while Shaw 's crew performs a heist at an Interpol building . Shaw flees by car , detonating his hideout and disabling most of the police , leaving Dom , Brian , Tej , Han , Gisele , Hobbs , and Riley to pursue him . Letty arrives to help Shaw , shooting Dom without hesitation before escaping . Back at their headquarters , Hobbs tells Dom 's crew that Shaw is stealing components to create a deadly device , intending to sell it to the highest bidder . Meanwhile , Shaw 's investigation into the opposing crew reveals Letty 's relationship with Dom , but she is revealed to be suffering from amnesia . Dominic 's crew learns that Shaw is connected to a drug lord who was imprisoned by Brian , Arturo Braga . Brian returns to Los Angeles as a prisoner to question Braga , who says Letty survived the explosion that seemingly killed her ; Shaw took her in after discovering her amnesia . With FBI help , Brian is released from prison , regrouping with the team in London . Dom challenges Letty in a street racing competition ; afterwards , he returns her cross necklace he had kept . After Letty leaves , Shaw offers Dom a chance to walk away , threatening to otherwise hurt his family , but Dom refuses . Tej tracks Shaw 's next attack to a Spanish NATO base . Shaw 's crew assaults a highway military convoy carrying a computer chip to complete his deadly device . Dom 's crew interferes while Shaw , accompanied by Letty , commandeers a tank , destroying cars en route . Brian and Roman manage to flip the tank before it causes further damage , resulting in Letty being thrown from the vehicle and Dom risking his life to save her . Shaw and his crew are captured , but reveal Mia has been kidnapped by Shaw . Hobbs is forced to release Shaw , and Riley , revealed to be Shaw 's covert accomplice , leaves with him ; Letty chooses to remain with Dom . Shaw 's group board a large moving aircraft on a runway as Dom 's crew gives chase . Dom , Letty , and Brian board the craft ; Brian rescues Mia , escaping in an onboard car . The plane attempts to take - off , but is held down by excess weight as the rest of the team tether the plane to their vehicles . Gisele sacrifices herself to save Han from Shaw 's henchman ; Letty kills Riley and escapes to safety , but Dom pursues Shaw and the computer chip . As the plane crashes into the ground , Shaw is thrown from it , seriously injuring him , and Dom drives a car out of the exploding plane . Dom reunites with his crew , and gives the chip to Hobbs to secure their pardons . Dom and the others return to his old family home in Los Angeles . Hobbs and Elena , now working together , arrive to confirm the crew 's freedom ; Elena accepts that Dom loves Letty . As Roman says grace over the crew 's meal , Dom asks Letty if the gathering feels familiar ; she answers `` no , but it feels like home . '' In a mid-credits scene , which takes place in Tokyo , Han is involved in a car chase when he is suddenly broadsided by an oncoming car . The driver walks away from the scene after leaving Letty 's cross necklace by the crash , and calls Dom as Han 's car fatally explodes , saying , `` You do n't know me . You 're about to . '' Furious 7 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : Furious 7 This section is transcluded from Furious 7 . ( edit history ) After defeating Owen Shaw and his crew and securing amnesty for their past crimes ( depicted in Fast & Furious 6 ) , Dominic `` Dom '' Toretto , Brian O'Conner and the rest of their team have returned to the United States to live normal lives again . Brian begins to accustom himself to life as a father , while Dom tries to help Letty Ortiz regain her memory . Meanwhile , Owen 's older brother , Deckard Shaw , breaks into the secure hospital that the comatose Owen is being held in and swears vengeance against Dom and his team , before breaking into Luke Hobbs ' Diplomatic Security Service ( DSS ) office to extract profiles of Dom 's crew . After revealing his identity , Shaw engages Hobbs in a fight , and escapes when he detonates a bomb that severely injures Hobbs . Dom later learns from his sister Mia that she is pregnant again and convinces her to tell Brian . However , a bomb , disguised in a package sent from Tokyo , explodes and destroys the Toretto house just seconds after Han , a member of Dom 's team , is killed by Shaw in Tokyo . Dom later visits Hobbs in a hospital , where he learns that Shaw is a rogue special forces assassin seeking to avenge his brother . Dom then travels to Tokyo to claim Han 's body , and meets and races Sean Boswell , a friend of Han 's who gives him personal items found at Han 's crash site . Back at Han 's funeral in Los Angeles , Dom notices a car observing them , and after a chase , confronts its driver , who is revealed to be Shaw . Both prepare to fight , but Shaw flees when a covert ops team arrives and opens fire , led by Mr. Nobody . Nobody says that he will assist Dom in stopping Shaw if he helps him obtain God 's Eye , a computer program that uses digital devices to track down a person , and save its creator , a hacker named Ramsey , from a mercenary named Mose Jakande . Dom , Brian , Letty , Roman Pearce , and Tej Parker then airdrop their cars over the Caucasus Mountains in Azerbaijan , ambush Jakande 's convoy , and rescue Ramsey . The team then heads to Abu Dhabi , where a billionaire has acquired the flash drive containing God 's Eye , and manages to steal it from the owner . With God 's Eye near telecommunications repeaters , the team tracks down Shaw , who is waiting at a remote factory . Dom , Brian , Nobody and his team attempt to capture Shaw , but are ambushed by Jakande and his men and forced to flee while Jakande obtains God 's Eye . At his own request , the injured Nobody is left behind to be evacuated by helicopter while Brian and Dom continue without him . To reduce their disadvantage , the crew returns to Los Angeles to fight Shaw , Jakande and his men . Meanwhile , Brian promises Mia that once they deal with Shaw , he will retire and fully dedicate himself to their family . While Jakande pursues Brian and the rest of the team with a stealth helicopter and an aerial drone , Ramsey attempts to hack into God 's Eye . Hobbs , seeing the team in trouble , leaves the hospital and destroys the drone with an ambulance . Brian engages Jakande 's henchman Kiet and throws him down an elevator shaft , allowing Ramsey to regain control of God 's Eye and shut it down . Dom and Shaw engage in a one - on - one brawl on top of a public parking garage , before Jakande intervenes and attacks them both . Shaw is defeated when part of the parking garage collapses beneath him . Dom then launches his vehicle at Jakande 's helicopter , tossing Shaw 's bag of grenades onto its skids , before injuring himself when his car lands and crashes . Hobbs then shoots the bag of grenades from ground level , destroying the helicopter and killing Jakande . Dom is pulled from the wreckage of his car , believed to be dead . As Letty cradles Dom 's body in her arms , she reveals that she has regained her memories , and that she remembers their wedding . Dom regains consciousness soon after , remarking , `` It 's about time '' . Shaw is taken into custody by Hobbs and locked away in a secret , high - security prison . At a beach , Brian and Mia play with their son while Dom , Letty , Roman , Tej , and Ramsey observe , acknowledging that Brian is better off retired with his family . Dom silently leaves , Ramsey asks if he 's gon na say goodbye . Dom says , `` It 's never goodbye . '' He drives away , but Brian catches up with him at a crossroad . As Dom remembers the times that he had with Brian , they bid each other farewell and drive off in separate directions , as the screen fades to `` For Paul '' written on a white title screen . The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Fate of the Furious This section is transcluded from The Fate of the Furious . ( edit history ) Dominic `` Dom '' Toretto and Letty Ortiz are on their honeymoon in Havana when Dom 's cousin Fernando gets in trouble owing money to local racer Raldo . Sensing Raldo is a loan shark , Dom challenges Raldo to a race , pitting Fernando 's reworked car against Raldo 's , and wagering his own show car . After narrowly winning the race , Dom allows Raldo to keep his car , earning his respect , and instead leaves his cousin with his show car . The next day , Dom is approached by the elusive cyberterrorist Cipher who coerces him into working for her . Shortly afterwards , Dom and his team , comprising Letty , Roman Pearce , Tej Parker , and Ramsey , are recruited by Diplomatic Security Service ( DSS ) agent Luke Hobbs to help him retrieve an EMP device from a military outpost in Berlin . During the getaway , Dom goes rogue , forcing Hobbs off the road and stealing the device for Cipher . Hobbs is arrested and locked up in the same high - security prison he helped imprison Deckard Shaw in . After escaping , Deckard and Hobbs are recruited by intelligence operative Mr. Nobody and his protégé to help the team find Dom and capture Cipher . Deckard reveals that Cipher had hired his brother Owen Shaw to steal the Nightshade device and Mose Jakande to steal God 's Eye , Ramsey 's software program . The team tracks Dom and Cipher to their very location just as the latter two attack the base and steal God 's Eye . When Dom questions Cipher 's motives , she reveals that she has been holding hostage Dom 's ex-lover and DSS agent Elena Neves -- as well as their son , of whose existence Dom was previously unaware . Elena tells Dom that she wanted him to decide the child 's first name , having already given him the middle name Marcos . In New York City , Cipher sends Dom to retrieve a nuclear football held by the Russian Minister of Defence . Prior to the theft , Dom briefly evades Cipher - with the help of Raldo - and persuades Deckard and Owen 's mother , Magdalene Shaw , to help him . Cipher hacks into the electronics systems of a large number of cars , causing them to drive automatically and taking out the convoy so that Dom can take the football . The team intercepts Dom , but Dom escapes , shooting and apparently killing Deckard in the process . Letty catches up to Dom , but is ambushed and nearly killed by Cipher 's enforcer , Connor Rhodes , before Dom rescues her . In retaliation , Cipher has Rhodes execute Elena in front of Dom . Dom infiltrates a base in Russia to use the EMP device to disable their security and then to disable a nuclear submarine , enabling Cipher to hijack it and attempt to use its arsenal to trigger a nuclear war . They are once again intercepted by the team , who attempt to shut down the sub , and then drive out toward the gates that would prevent the sub from leaving into open waters . Meanwhile , Deckard , whose death was apparently faked , teams up with Owen , and under Magdalene 's behest , infiltrates Cipher 's plane to rescue Dom 's son . Once Deckard reports that the child is safe , Dom turns on Cipher and kills Rhodes , avenging Elena 's death , before rejoining his team . Outraged , Cipher fires an infrared homing missile at Dom , but he breaks away from his team and maneuvers around it , causing the missile to hit the submarine instead . The team quickly forms a vehicular blockade around Dom , shielding him from the ensuing explosion . When Deckard reaches the front of the plane and confronts a defeated Cipher , she makes her escape by parachuting out of the plane . Mr. Nobody and his protégé visit Dom and his team in New York City to report that Cipher is still at large in Athens . Hobbs is offered his DSS job back , but he declines in order to spend more time with his daughter . Deckard delivers Dom his son , putting his differences aside with Dom and Hobbs . Dom names his son Brian , after his friend and brother - in - law Brian O'Conner , and they celebrate . Future ( edit ) In February 2016 , Diesel announced the ninth film and tenth film would be released on April 10 , 2020 , and April 2 , 2021 , respectively , and that the tenth film would serve as the final film in the series . Justin Lin is reportedly in line to direct the ninth installment . It was also announced that Jordana Brewster would return for the ninth installment . In May 2018 , Daniel Casey from Kin , was announced to write a screenplay for the ninth film , making it the first film in the franchise since 2 Fast 2 Furious without long - time screenwriter Chris Morgan . Spin - off ( edit ) Hobbs & Shaw ( 2019 ) ( edit ) Vin Diesel announced in an interview with Variety that potential spin - offs were in the early stages of development . A spin - off film centered around two characters Luke Hobbs and Deckard Shaw was announced by Universal and set with release date of July 26 , 2019 , with Variety reporting that Shane Black was being considered to direct and Morgan returning to write the script . The announcement of the spin - off provoked a response on Instagram by Tyrese Gibson , criticizing Johnson for causing the ninth Fast & Furious film to be delayed for another year . On October 23 , 2017 , Dwayne Johnson posted a video on Instagram which showed the finished script for the spin - off , titled Hobbs and Shaw . In February 2018 , David Leitch entered talks to direct the film , which was confirmed later that April . In March 2018 , it was reported that the film would start production in September 2018 . In May 2018 , the release date of the film was pushed back a week to August 2 , 2019 . Television series ( edit ) On April 23 , 2018 , it was announced that Universal and DreamWorks Animation are creating an animated series based on the franchise that will be launched on Netflix . Short films ( edit ) The turbo charged prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious The short film was included on a new print of the DVD of the first film in June 2003 to bridge the first two films . Brian O'Conner packs his bags and leaves Los Angeles , before the LAPD gets a chance to arrest him for letting Dominic escape . While the FBI launch a national manhunt for him , Brian travels across Arizona , New Mexico , and Texas , winning every street race he participates in , with his red Dodge Stealth . However , he is forced to ditch his car at a motel in San Antonio when police officers are notified of his presence . When they collect the car , he manages to hitch a ride from an unknown woman ( Minka Kelly ) , despite her knowing who he really is . She drops him at a used car lot , with him realizing she knows that he is a wanted man . There , he buys a green Nissan Skyline GT - R R34 . Later , collecting money from street races , he modifies the car with new rims and repaints it silver before traveling eastbound and winning more races on the way . Upon reaching Jacksonville , Florida , Brian heads south toward Miami , where he sees Slap Jack 's Toyota Supra and Orange Julius ' Mazda RX - 7 ( both 2 Fast 2 Furious characters ) before the screen reads `` 2 be continued ... '' . Los bandoleros ( 2009 ) ( edit ) Main article : Los Bandoleros ( film ) Tego Leo ( Tego Calderón ) is in a Dominican Republic prison , ranting about corporations holding back the electric car and starting wars for oil . Meanwhile , on the streets , Rico Santos ( Don Omar ) chats to an old man unable to find enough gas . Han Lue ( Sung Kang ) arrives and is collected from the airport by Cara ( Mirtha Michelle ) and Malo ( F. Valentino Morales ) . They drive him back to Santos ' house , where his aunt Rubia ( Adria Carrasco ) is struggling with rising prices linked to the cost of gasoline and Dominic is working on his car . The team then enjoy a welcome meal with the family . After breaking Leo out of prison , they head to a club , where Han and Cara flirt , while Dominic meets up with local politician Elvis ( Juan Fernandez ) , who informs them of a window of opportunity to hijack a gasoline shipment . While relaxing at the club afterwards , Dominic is surprised by the arrival of Letty , who has tracked him from Mexico . The two drive together to the beach , where they `` rekindle their relationship '' . Storyline chronology ( edit ) Below is a table of all films , both short and feature length , in chronological order . Real world release dates are also noted . Timeline order Title Release date The Fast and the Furious 2001 - 06 - 22 ! June 22 , 2001 -- The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious 2003 - 06 - 03 ! June 3 , 2003 2 Fast 2 Furious 2003 - 06 - 06 ! June 6 , 2003 -- Los Bandoleros 2009 - 07 - 28 ! July 28 , 2009 Fast & Furious 2009 - 04 - 03 ! April 3 , 2009 Fast Five 2011 - 04 - 29 ! April 29 , 2011 5 Fast & Furious 6 2013 - 05 - 24 ! May 24 , 2013 6 The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift 2006 - 06 - 16 ! June 16 , 2006 7 Furious 7 2015 - 04 - 03 ! April 3 , 2015 8 The Fate of the Furious 2017 - 04 - 12 ! April 14 , 2017 -- Hobbs & Shaw 2019 - 2 - 8 ! August 2 , 2019 Characters ( edit ) Main article : List of The Fast and the Furious characters Additional crew & production details ( edit ) Crew / Detail The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 ) 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift ( 2006 ) Fast & Furious ( 2009 ) Fast Five ( 2011 ) Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) Furious 7 ( 2015 ) The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) Cinematographer ( s ) Ericson Core Matthew F. Leonetti Stephen F. Windon Amir Mokri Stephen F. Windon Stephen F. Windon Marc Spicer Stephen F. Windon Composer BT David Arnold Brian Tyler Lucas Vidal Brian Tyler Editor ( s ) Peter Honess Bruce Cannon Dallas Puett Kelly Matsumoto Dallas Puett Fred Raskin Christian Wagner Fred Raskin Kelly Matsumoto Fred Raskin Christian Wagner Christian Wagner Kelly Matsumoto Dylan Highsmith Greg D'auria Leigh Folsom Boyd Christian Wagner Leigh Folsom Boyd Dylan Highsmith Kirk M. Morri Christian Wagner Paul Rubell Costume Designer ( s ) Sanja Milkovic Hays Production Designer Waldemar Kalinowski Keith Brian Burns Ida Random Peter Wenham Jan Roelfs Bill Brzeski Running time 106 minutes 107 minutes 104 minutes 107 minutes 131 minutes ( extended - 132 minutes ) 130 minutes ( extended - 131 minutes ) 137 minutes ( extended - 140 minutes ) 136 minutes ( extended , only on digital - 148 minutes ) MPAA rating PG - 13 PG - 13 ( Theatrical version ) Unrated ( Extended version ) PG - 13 ( Theatrical version ) Unrated ( Extended Director 's Cut , only on Digital ) Reception ( edit ) For more details on the reception of each film , see the `` Reception '' section on each film 's article . Box Office performance ( edit ) Film Release date Budget Box office gross Box office ranking Ref ( s ) North America Other territories Worldwide All time North America All time Other territories All time worldwide The Fast and the Furious June 22 , 2001 $38 million $144,533,925 $62,750,000 $207,283,925 # 299 # 573 2 Fast 2 Furious June 6 , 2003 $76 million $127,154,901 $109,195,760 $236,350,661 # 388 # 476 The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift June 16 , 2006 $85 million $62,514,415 $95,953,877 $158,468,292 # 1,121 Fast & Furious April 3 , 2009 $85 million $155,064,265 $208,100,000 $363,164,265 # 281 # 257 # 244 Fast Five April 29 , 2011 $125 million $209,837,675 $416,300,000 $626,137,675 # 137 # 85 # 89 Fast & Furious 6 May 24 , 2013 $160 million $238,679,850 $550,000,000 $788,679,850 # 101 # 38 # 49 Furious 7 April 3 , 2015 $190 million $353,007,020 $1,163,038,891 $1,516,045,911 # 37 # 3 # 6 The Fate of the Furious April 14 , 2017 $250 million $226,008,385 $1,009,996,733 $1,236,005,118 # 140 # 6 # 11 Total $1 billion $1,516,800,436 $3,615,335,261 $5,132,135,697 10 - 6 List indicator ( s ) A dark grey cell indicates the information is not available for the film . Critical and public response ( edit ) Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore The Fast and the Furious 53 % ( 147 reviews ) 58 ( 34 reviews ) 7001750000000000000 ♠ B+ 2 Fast 2 Furious 36 % ( 160 reviews ) 38 ( 36 reviews ) 7001833300000000000 ♠ A - The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift 37 % ( 114 reviews ) 45 ( 32 reviews ) 7001833300000000000 ♠ A - Fast & Furious 29 % ( 175 reviews ) 46 ( 28 reviews ) 7001833300000000000 ♠ A - Fast Five 77 % ( 196 reviews ) 66 ( 41 reviews ) 7001916700000000000 ♠ A Fast & Furious 6 69 % ( 198 reviews ) 61 ( 39 reviews ) 7001916700000000000 ♠ A Furious 7 80 % ( 243 reviews ) 67 ( 50 reviews ) 7001916700000000000 ♠ A The Fate of the Furious 66 % ( 259 reviews ) 56 ( 45 reviews ) 7001916700000000000 ♠ A Franchise extension ( edit ) Theme Park attractions ( edit ) Universal has incorporated several theme park attractions involving the Fast & Furious franchise . Universal Studios Hollywood and its Studio Tour has featured several of the picture car vehicles . From 2006 to 2013 , The Fast & The Furious : Extreme Close - Up attraction was part of the Studio Tour . On June 25 , 2015 , Universal Studios Hollywood allotted the final portion of their Studio Tour for the dark ride Fast and Furious : Supercharged . Universal Orlando announced the development of a ride of the same name to open in 2018 . Fast & Furious live ( edit ) Fast & Furious Live is a live show that combines stunt drivers , pyrotechnics and projection mapping . The show had two preview shows on January 11 -- 12 at Liverpool 's Echo Arena . It officially began its tour at London 's The O2 Arena on January 19 , 2018 , followed by a worldwide tour until later in 2018 . On March 1 , 2018 , it was revealed on the tour 's website that five new dates had been released for September . The following list is sourced from the tour 's website . Tour overview ( edit ) Tour Cities Shows Start date End date UK London 19 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) 20 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 20 ) Newcastle ; Manchester ; Birmingham ; Sheffield ; Belfast ; Glasgow 18 6 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 06 ) 13 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 13 ) Worldwide Antwerp ; Turin ; Vienna ; Munich ; Arnhem ; Cologne ; Montpellier ; Lisbon 22 26 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 26 ) 17 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 17 ) Zürich ; Stockholm ; Oslo ; Helsinki ; Copenhagen ; Berlin ; Paris ; Turin ; Amsterdam ; Prague 26 18 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 18 ) 22 September 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 22 ) UK tour dates ( edit ) Venue ( s ) City ( s ) Show ( s ) Date ( s ) The O2 Arena London 19 / 20 January 2018 Metro Radio Arena Newcastle 6 - 8 April 2018 Manchester Arena Manchester 13 - 15 April 2018 Arena Birmingham Birmingham 20 - 22 April 2018 The SSE Arena Belfast 27 - 29 April 2018 FlyDSA Arena Sheffield 4 - 6 May 2018 The SSE Hydro Glasgow 11 - 13 May 2018 Worldwide tour dates ( edit ) Venue ( s ) City ( s ) Country ( s ) Show ( s ) Date ( s ) Sportpaleis Antwerp Belgium 26 - 28 January 2018 Pala Alpitour Turin Italy 2 - 4 February 2018 Wiener Stadthalle Vienna Austria 9 - 11 February 2018 Olympiahalle Munich Germany 16 - 18 February 2018 Gelredome Arnhem The Netherlands 24 / 25 February 2018 Lanxess Arena Cologne Germany 2 - 4 March 2018 Park&Suites Arena Montpellier France 9 - 11 March 2018 Altice Arena Lisbon Portugal 16 / 17 March 2018 Hallenstadion Zürich Switzerland 18 - 20 May 2018 Ericsson Globe Stockholm Sweden 25 - 27 May 2018 Telenor Arena Oslo Norway 1 - 3 June 2018 Hartwall Arena Helsinki Finland 8 - 10 June 2018 Royal Arena Copenhagen Denmark 15 - 17 June 2018 Mercedes - Benz Arena Berlin Germany 22 - 24 June 2018 AccorHotels Arena Paris France 29 June -- 1 July 2018 Pala Alpitour Turin Italy 7 / 8 September 2018 Ziggo Dome Amsterdam The Netherlands 15 September 2018 O2 Arena Prague Czech Republic 21 / 22 September 2018 Soundtracks ( edit ) Fast & Furious soundtrack albums Title Release date The Fast and the Furious : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack 2001 First soundtrack to the 2001 film More Fast and Furious 2001 Second soundtrack album to the 2001 film 2 Fast 2 Furious : Soundtrack 2003 Soundtrack to the 2003 film The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) 2006 First soundtrack to the 2006 film The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift ( Original Motion Picture Score ) 2006 Second soundtrack to the 2006 film Fast & Furious : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack 2009 First soundtrack to the 2009 film Fast & Furious ( Original Motion Picture Score ) 2009 Second soundtrack to the 2009 film Fast Five ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) 2011 First soundtrack to the 2011 film Fast Five : Original Motion Picture Score 2011 Second soundtrack to the 2011 film Fast & Furious 6 ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) 2013 Soundtrack to the 2013 film Furious 7 : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack 2015 First soundtrack to the 2015 film Furious 7 : Original Motion Picture Score 2015 Second soundtrack to the 2015 film The Fate of the Furious : The Album 2017 First soundtrack to the 2017 film The Fate of the Furious : Original Motion Picture Score 2017 Second soundtrack to the 2017 film Video games ( edit ) The film series has spawned several racing video games for various systems . The arcade game The Fast and the Furious ( known as Wild Speed in Japan ) was released by Raw Thrills in 2004 . In 2006 , the video game The Fast and the Furious was released for the PlayStation 2 and PlayStation Portable . Several games ( The Fast and the Furious : Pink Slip , Fast & Furious , Fast Five , Fast & Furious : Adrenaline , Fast & Furious 6 : The Game and Fast & Furious Legacy ) have all been released for iOS and are available on the iTunes App Store ; for Android devices there is an official version of Fast & Furious 6 : The Game and Fast & Furious Legacy . In 2013 , Fast & Furious : Showdown was released for the PC ( Windows OS ) , Xbox 360 , PlayStation 3 , Wii U and Nintendo 3DS . Various cars , locations and characters from the series have also appeared in the Facebook game Car Town . In 2015 , in a deal with Microsoft Studios , a standalone expansion of Forza Horizon 2 for Xbox One and Xbox 360 was released titled Forza Horizon 2 Presents Fast & Furious . Toys and model kits ( edit ) Racing Champions released diecast metal replicas of the film 's cars in different scales from 1 / 18 to 1 / 64 . RadioShack sold ZipZaps micro RC versions of the cars in 2002 . 1 / 24 scale plastic model kits of the hero cars were manufactured by AMT Ertl . Johnny Lightning , under the JL Full Throttle Brand , released 1 / 64th and 1 / 24th models of the cars from Tokyo Drift . These models were designed by Diecast Hall of Fame designer Eric Tscherne . Greenlight has also sold cars from the new films in the series and some from the previous films . Hot Wheels has released 1 / 64 models since 2013 . International locations ( edit ) The Fast and the Furious franchise was filmed in a number of countries including : Brazil , Cuba , Dominican Republic , Germany , Iceland , Japan , Mexico , Panama , Puerto Rico , Spain , United Arab Emirates , United Kingdom , and the United States . See also ( edit ) List of highest - grossing film franchises References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Fast and the Furious Movies at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . June 15 , 2015 . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ David Gonzales ( 6 April 2015 ) . `` ' Furious 7 ' Marks Universal 's Biggest Franchise Ever '' . Forbes . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott . `` Box Office : ' Fast And Furious 9 ' Delay Offers Answer To Universal 's ' Wicked ' Problem '' . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fast and Furious 9 ' Moved Back a Year to 2020 '' . Jump up ^ Rahman , Abid ( February 3 , 2016 ) . `` Universal Sets Dates for ' Fast & Furious ' Parts 9 and 10 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` Fast & Furious 10 will be the final movie of the series '' . April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys . `` Fast and Furious Spinoff Gets July 2019 Release Date '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fast & Furious 9 Taps Writer Daniel Casey '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fast & Furious ' Spinoffs In the Works ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` Fast and Furious 10 Cast and Crew '' . Fast and Furious . January 22 , 2017 . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2017 . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fast & Furious : The Rock And Jason Statham Spin - Off Coming In 2019 '' . October 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Dwayne Johnson and Jason Statham 's ' Fast and Furious ' Spinoff Gets 2019 Release Date '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Director in Early Talks for Dwayne Johnson 's ' Fast and Furious ' Spinoff '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` The Rock 's Fast and Furious Spin - Off Begins Shooting This Fall '' . Jump up ^ `` ' Fast & Furious ' Spinoff with Dwayne Johnson & Jason Statham Shifts To August 2019 -- Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Fast and Furious ' Animated Series From DreamWorks Animation Set at Netflix '' . Variety . April 23 , 2018 . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ aegies . `` The Fast & Furious Timeline '' . Polygon . Retrieved May 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Challenge ( 2006 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Challenge '' . The Numbers . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fast and Furious ( 2009 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fast Five ( 2011 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fast & Furious 6 '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved October 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Furious 7 ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BoxOfficeMojo Movie Franchises -- WORLDWIDE GROSSES - Overseas '' . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BoxOfficeMojo Movie Franchises -- Franchise Index '' . Retrieved April 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Domestic Gross '' . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2015 . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BoxOfficeMojo -- Alltime Box Office -- Worldwide Grosses & # 1 - 100 '' . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TheNumbers Movie Franchises '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Fast and the Furious '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Retrieved March 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2 Fast 2 Furious '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift ( 2006 ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fast & Furious '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fast & Furious ( 2009 ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fast Five '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fast Five ( 2011 ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fast & Furious 6 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Furious 7 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Furious 7 ( 2015 ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Fate of the Furious '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` theStudioTour.com - Universal Studios Hollywood - The Fast and the Furious '' . thestudiotour.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fast & Furious attraction takes shape at Universal Studios Hollywood '' . Los Angeles Times . May 5 , 2015 . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ IGN Cars ( July 11 , 2006 ) . `` Fast and Furious : Extreme Close Up '' . IGN . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Marc Graser . `` ' Fast & Furious - Supercharged ' Opening at Universal Studios June 25 - Variety '' . Variety . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Universal Orlando Close Up - New Fast & Furious Ride Coming - Universal Orlando Blog '' . Close Up . Jump up ^ Spectacular Fast and Furious car stunt live show is a £ 25m gamble - Mark Brown , The Guardian , 22 September 2017 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2005 . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2004 . Retrieved May 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mods -- RadioShack ZipZaps -- These Zaps Zip From Radio Shack '' . Micro RC Cars . November 25 , 2002 . Retrieved December 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2004 . Retrieved May 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ HW City / Speed Power Series ( 2013 New Model ) : Toyota Supra - Orange Track Diecast , 8 January 2016 Jump up ^ The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) , retrieved 2017 - 09 - 05 External links ( edit ) Official website The Fast and the Furious on IMDb hide The Fast and the Furious Characters Dominic Toretto Brian O'Conner Letty Ortiz Han Lue Gisele Yashar Films The Fast and the Furious album 2nd album 2 Fast 2 Furious album The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift Fast & Furious album score Fast Five album score Fast & Furious 6 album Furious 7 album score The Fate of the Furious album score Television series Fast & Furious Short films The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious Los Bandoleros Video games The Fast and the Furious Fast & Furious : Showdown Attractions Fast & Furious : Supercharged Related `` Act a Fool '' `` Conteo '' `` See You Again '' video `` Gang Up '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Fast_and_the_Furious&oldid=846547048 '' Categories : Film series introduced in 2001 The Fast and the Furious Action films by series American action adventure films Action thriller films Auto racing films Crime films by series Crime thriller films Film series American road movies Techno - thriller films Thriller films by series Universal Pictures films Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use mdy dates from March 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Bosanski Català Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Қазақша Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Vepsän kel ' 中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 12 : 30 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Fast%20and%20the%20Furious
| 2,090 |
|
who plays the high five in the emoji movie
|
James Corden as Hi - 5 , a hand emoji representing a high five signal .
|
James Corden
|
The Emoji Movie
|
the emoji movie
|
The Emoji Movie is a 2017 American 3D computer - animated science fiction - comedy film directed by Tony Leondis and written by Leondis , Eric Siegel and Mike White , based on the emoji symbols . It stars the voices of T.J. Miller , James Corden , Anna Faris , Maya Rudolph , Steven Wright , Rob Riggle , Jennifer Coolidge , Christina Aguilera , Sofía Vergara , Sean Hayes and Patrick Stewart . The film centers on Gene , a multi-expressional emoji who lives in a teenager 's phone , and who sets out on a journey to become a normal meh emoji like his parents .
|
Produced by Sony Pictures Animation , and distributed by Columbia Pictures , The Emoji Movie premiered on July 23 , 2017 at the Regency Village Theatre , was theatrically released in the United States on July 28 , 2017 and has grossed over $199 million worldwide . It received overwhelmingly negative reviews from critics , many of whom compared it unfavorably to The Lego Movie , Inside Out and Wreck - It Ralph . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 4.1 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 6 References 7 External links Plot Gene is an emoji that lives in Textopolis , a digital city inside the phone of his user Alex . He is the son of two meh emojis named Mel and Mary , and is able to make multiple expressions despite his parents ' upbringing . His parents are hesitant of him going to work , but Gene insists so that he can feel useful . Upon receiving a text from his crush Addie , Alex decides to send her an emoji . When Gene is selected , he panics , makes a confusing expression , and wrecks the text center . Gene is called in by Smiler , a smiley emoji and leader of the text center , who concludes that Gene is a `` malfunction '' and therefore must be deleted . Gene is chased by bots , but is rescued by Hi - 5 , a once popular emoji who has since lost his fame due to lack of use . He tells Gene that he can be fixed if they find a hacker , and Hi - 5 accompanies him so that he can reclaim his fame . Smiler sends more bots to look for Gene when she finds out that he has left Textopolis , as his actions have caused Alex to think that his phone needs to be fixed . Gene and Hi - 5 come to a piracy app where they meet the hacker emoji Jailbreak , who wants to reach Dropbox so that she can live in the cloud . The trio is attacked by Smiler 's bots , but manage to escape into the game Candy Crush . Jailbreak reveals that Gene can be fixed in the cloud , and the group goes off into the Just Dance app . While there , Jailbreak is revealed to be a princess emoji who fled home after tiring of being stereotyped . They are once again attacked by bots , and their actions cause Alex to delete the Just Dance app . Gene and Jailbreak escape , but Hi - 5 is taken along with the app and ends up in the trash . Mel and Mary go searching for Gene and have a very lethargic argument . They make up in the Instagram app when Mel reveals that he , too , is a malfunction , explaining Gene 's behavior . While traveling through Spotify , Jailbreak admits that she likes Gene just the way he is , and that he should not be ashamed of his malfunction . They make it to the trash and rescue Hi - 5 , but are soon attacked by an upgraded bot . They evade it and enter Dropbox , where they encounter a firewall . The gang get past it with a password being Addie 's name and make it to the cloud , where Jailbreak prepares to reprogram Gene . Gene admits his feelings for Jailbreak , but she wishes to stick to her plan of venturing into the cloud , unintentionally causing Gene to revert to his apathetic programming out of heartbreak . The upgraded bot takes Gene , and Hi - 5 and Jailbreak race after them on a Twitter bird summoned by Jailbreak . As Smiler prepares to delete Gene , Mel and Mary arrive and are also threatened . Jailbreak and Hi - 5 arrive and disable the bot , which falls on top of Smiler . Alex has since taken his phone to the store and asks to have his phone erased to fix the problem . Out of desperation , Gene prepares to have himself texted to Addie , making numerous faces to express himself . Realizing that Addie received a text from him , Alex stops his phone from getting erased , saving the emoji and finally getting to speak with Addie . Gene accepts himself for who he is and is celebrated by all of the emojis . In a mid-credits scene , Smiler has been relegated to the `` loser lounge '' with the other forgotten and unused emotions for her crimes , wearing numerous braces due to her teeth being cracked by the bot , and playing and losing a game of Go Fish Cast T.J. Miller and his wife Kate at the film 's premiere in Westwood , Los Angeles T.J. Miller as Gene , an outsider `` meh '' emoji who can show multiple expressions . James Corden as Hi - 5 , a hand emoji representing a high five signal . Anna Faris as Jailbreak , a codebreaker emoji who is later revealed to be a princess emoji named Linda . Maya Rudolph as Smiler , a smiley emoji and leader of the text center . Steven Wright as Mel Meh , Gene 's emoji father . Jennifer Coolidge as Mary Meh , Gene 's emoji mother . Patrick Stewart as Poop , a poop emoji . Christina Aguilera as Akiko Glitter , a `` super cool '' dancer that lives inside the Just Dance app . Sofía Vergara as Flamenca , a flamenco dancer emoji . Sean Hayes as Steven , a devil emoji . Rachael Ray as Spam , a spam message . Jeff Ross as an Internet troll . Jake T. Austin as Alex , a human teenager who owns the phone where Gene and his emoji friends live . Tati Gabrielle as Addie McCallister , Alex 's crush . Rob Riggle as an ice cream emoji . Production The film was inspired by director Tony Leondis ' love of Toy Story . Wanting to make a new take on the concept , he began asking himself , `` What is the new toy out there that has n't been explored ? '' At the same time , Leondis received a text message with an emoji , which helped him realize that this was the world he wanted to explore . In fleshing out the story , Leondis considered having the emojis visit the real world . However , his producer felt that the world inside a phone was much more interesting , which inspired Leondis to create the story of where and how the emojis lived . As Leondis is gay , he connected to Gene 's plight of `` being different in a world that expects you to be one thing , '' and in eventually realizing that the feeling held true for most people , Leondis has said the film `` was very personal '' . In July 2015 , it was announced that Sony Pictures Animation had won the bidding war against Warner Bros. and Paramount Pictures over production rights to make the film , with the official announcement occurring at the 2016 CinemaCon . On World Emoji Day on June 17 , 2016 , Miller was announced as the lead . Leondis created the part with Miller in mind , although the actor was initially hesitant to play the role , only accepting after Leondis briefed him on the story . Leondis chose Miller because `` when you think of irrepressible , you think of TJ . But he also has this surprising ability to break your heart '' . in addition Miller also contributed some re-writes . In October 2016 , it was announced that Ilana Glazer and Corden would join the cast as well . Glazer was later replaced by Anna Faris . Singer Ricky Reed recorded the song `` Good Vibrations '' for the film . Release In November 2015 , Sony scheduled the film to be released on August 11 , 2017 . A year later , it was moved to August 4 , 2017 , with Baby Driver initially taking its previous date . In late March 2017 , the film was moved one week earlier , to July 28 , 2017 , switching places with Sony Pictures ' The Dark Tower . On December 20 , 2016 , a teaser trailer for the film was released . A second trailer was later released on May 16 , 2017 . Sony promoted the release of the latter trailer by hosting a press conference in Cannes , the day before the 2017 Cannes Film Festival , which featured T.J. Miller parasailing in . Variety called the event `` slightly awkward '' , and The Hollywood Reporter described it as `` promotional ridiculousness '' . Days prior the film 's release , Sony was criticized after the film 's official Twitter account posted a promotional picture of a parody of The Handmaid 's Tale , featuring Smiler . The parody was considered to be `` tasteless '' due to the overall themes of the work , and the image was deleted afterward . The film 's theatrical release is preceded by Puppy ! , a Hotel Transylvania short directed by Genndy Tartakovsky . Home media The Emoji Movie will be released on Blu - ray and DVD on October 24 , 2017 by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment . Reception Box Office As of October 8 , 2017 , The Emoji Movie has grossed $85 million in the United States and Canada and $114.7 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $199.7 million , against a production budget of $50 million . The Emoji Movie was released alongside Atomic Blonde , and was projected to gross around $20 million from 4,075 theaters in its opening weekend . The film made $900,000 from Thursday night previews and $10.1 million on its first day . It went on to debut to $24.5 million , finishing second at the box office behind Dunkirk . Review embargoes for the film were lifted midday July 27 , only a few hours before the film premiered to the general public , in a move considered among one of several tactics studios are using to try to curb bad Rotten Tomatoes ratings . Speaking of the effect embargoing reviews until last minute had on the film 's debut , Josh Greenstein , Sony Pictures president of worldwide marketing and distribution , said , `` The Emoji Movie was built for people under 18 ... so we wanted to give the movie its best chance . What other wide release with a score under 8 percent has opened north of $20 million ? I do n't think there is one . '' In the film 's second weekend it dropped nearly 50 % , grossing $12.4 million and finishing in 3rd . Critical response Critics panned The Emoji Movie , calling it `` unfunny and a waste of time '' , and comparing it unfavorably to The Lego Movie , Inside Out and Wreck - It Ralph . As of September 17 , 2017 on Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 10 % based on 103 reviews , with an average rating of 2.6 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus displays a no symbol emoji ( `` 🚫 '' ) in place of text . On Metacritic , the film has a score of 12 out of 100 , based on 26 critics , indicating `` overwhelming dislike '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B '' on an A+ to F scale . David Ehrlich of IndieWire gave the film a D , writing : `` Make no mistake , The Emoji Movie is very , very , very bad ( we 're talking about a hyperactive piece of corporate propaganda in which Spotify saves the world and Sir Patrick Stewart voices a living turd ) , but real life is just too hard to compete with right now . '' Alonso Duralde of TheWrap was also critical of the film , calling it `` a soul - crushing disaster because it lacks humor , wit , ideas , visual style , compelling performances , a point of view or any other distinguishing characteristic that would make it anything but a complete waste of your time '' . Glen Kenny of The New York Times described the film as `` nakedly idiotic '' , stating that the film plays off a Hollywood idea that the `` panderingly , trendily idiotic can be made to seem less so '' . Owen Gleiberman of Variety lambasted the film as `` hectic situational overkill '' and `` lazy '' while viciously criticizing the film , writing : `` There have been worse ideas , but in this case the execution is n't good enough to bring the notion of an emoji movie to funky , surprising life . '' Writing in The Guardian , Charles Bramesco called the film `` insidious evil '' and wrote that it was little more than an exercise in advertising smartphone downloads to children . References Jump up ^ `` The Emoji Movie ( U ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2017 . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pressburg , Matt ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` Why Sony , LStar Movie Finance Deal Fell Apart : Flops , ' Ghostbusters ' and Feet on Desk ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2017 . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Emoji Movie ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Matt ( December 20 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Emoji Movie ' Trailer Literally Gets Promoted by ' Meh ' '' . Collider . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2016 . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Amidi , Amid ( October 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Emojimovie : Express Yourself ' Promises To Make You A Better Person '' . Cartoon Brew . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2016 . Retrieved November 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Ashley ( October 10 , 2016 ) . `` James Corden , Ilana Glazer Join Animated ' EmojiMovie ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2016 . Retrieved November 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Franklin , Garth . `` '' Dark Tower '' & `` Emoji Movie '' Swap Dates - Dark Horizons `` . www.darkhorizons.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` 7 brutal reviews of The Emoji Movie '' . Entertainment Weekly . July 27 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' The Emoji Movie ' : What the Critics Are Saying '' . The Hollywood Reporter . July 27 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Snierson , Dan ( July 17 , 2016 ) . `` Silicon Valley star T.J. Miller to voice lead character in emoji movie '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Schager , Nick ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Emoji Movie ' : Meet James Corden 's High - Spirited , High - Fiving Character '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2017 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Shaw - Williams , Hannah ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` Sir Patrick Stewart Voicing Poop Emoji in The Emoji Movie '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` Patrick Stewart to Voice Poop Emoji in ' Emoji Movie ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2017 . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Meet Christina Aguilera 's ' Emoji Movie ' Character : First Pic ! '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ Miller , Mike ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` Meet Sofia Vergara 's Flamenco Dancer from The Emoji Movie : ' People Are Always Saying I Look Like Her ! '' . People . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The EMOJI Movie ( Sony Pictures ) Sean Hayes - Devil '' . YouTube . July 18 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Everett , Christina ( July 28 , 2017 ) . `` See the Voices Behind the Emoji Movie Characters '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2017 . Retrieved July 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gleiberman , Owen ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` Film Review : ' The Emoji Movie ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' ' The Emoji Movie ' Review : There Are No Words '' . TheWrap . July 27 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marnell , Blair ( December 20 , 2016 ) . `` THE EMOJI MOVIE TEASER TRAILER ARRIVES WITH A ' MEH ' AND A POOP DADDY '' . The Nerdist . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Frreeman , Molly . `` How Toy Story Inspired The Emoji Movie , According to Tony Leondis '' . Screenrant . Archived from the original on 12 July 2017 . Retrieved 14 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( July 21 , 2015 ) . `` Emoji At Center Of Bidding Battle Won By Sony Animation ; Anthony Leondis To Direct '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2015 . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chipman , Bob ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` Emoji Movie Officially Announced by Sony ; Plot Details Revealed '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2016 . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gaudette , Emily . `` How the ' Emoji Movie ' Tries to Transcend Capitalism '' . Inverse . Archived from the original on 13 July 2017 . Retrieved 14 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Roman , Julian ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` T.J. Miller and Emoji Movie Director Talk Poop Jokes & Hard Laughs '' . MovieWeb . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Emoji Movie ' to Feature Original Song by Ricky Reed '' . Film Music Reporter . July 20 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( December 22 , 2015 ) . `` Emoji Movie , Animated Spider - Man and Peter Rabbit Get Release Dates '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2015 . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Dark Tower ' Release Date Moved Into Summer 2017 , ' Jumanji ' Shifts To Christmas As Sony Juggles Slate '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2016 . Retrieved November 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Dark Tower Movie Delayed '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Plante , Chris ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` The Emoji Movie 's first trailer is 150 seconds of kids ' movie cliches '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sony 's first full trailer for The Emoji Movie will make you rethink your life '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 05 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Brzeski , Patrick . `` T.J. Miller Parasails Into Cannes in Stunt for Sony 's ' Emoji Movie ' '' . Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 31 July 2017 . Retrieved 14 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Nyreni , Erin . `` T.J. Miller Parasails Into Cannes to Debut ' Emoji Movie ' Trailer '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 29 July 2017 . Retrieved 14 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Julia ( 2017 - 07 - 25 ) . `` Sony deletes questionable Emoji Movie tweet parodying The Handmaid 's Tale '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on 2017 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ Huff , Lauren ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Emoji Movie ' Criticized for `` Tasteless '' ' Handmaid 's Tale ' Tweet `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sony Pictures Animation Unveils ' Spider - Man , ' ' Hotel Transylvania 3 , ' ' Smurfs ' And More '' . January 19 , 2017 . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2017 . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sony Pictures Animation Teases Upcoming Slate '' . January 18 , 2017 . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2017 . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Emoji Movie ( 2017 ) '' . DVDs Release Dates . August 24 , 2017 . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Will ' Dunkirk ' Stay Afloat Against ' Atomic Blonde , ' ' Emoji Movie ' at Box Office This Weekend ? '' . TheWrap . July 25 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Atomic Blonde ' Delivers $1.52 M in Thursday Previews ; ' Emoji ' with $900 k '' . Box Office Mojo . July 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Dunkirk ' Marches Ahead Of ' Emoji Movie ' For Top Spot With $28 M + '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2017 . Retrieved July 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Studios Fight Back Against Withering Rotten Tomatoes Scores '' . The Hollywood Reporter . August 2 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2017 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Dark Tower ' Opens To $18 M+ In Diverse Marketplace : Was The Decade - Plus Battle To The Screen Worth It ? '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Critics Are Absolutely Slating ' the Emoji Movie ' '' . Highsnobiety. 2017 - 08 - 01 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 08 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Emoji Movie ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2017 . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Emoji Movie reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ David Ehrlich ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` Review : ' The Emoji Movie ' Is Almost as Bad and Brutally Depressing as Everything Else in 2017 '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2017 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kenny , Glenn ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` Review : ' The Emoji Movie ' Is Here . No , We 're Not Making This Up . '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2017 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bramesco , Charles ( 27 July 2017 ) . `` The Emoji Movie review -- a big thumbs down 👎 '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 29 July 2017 . Retrieved 29 July 2017 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Emoji Movie . Official website The Emoji Movie on IMDb The Emoji Movie at Rotten Tomatoes The Emoji Movie at Metacritic The Emoji Movie at Box Office Mojo Sony Pictures Animation Feature films Computer - animated Open Season ( 2006 ) Surf 's Up ( 2007 ) Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs ( 2009 ) Hotel Transylvania ( 2012 ) Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2 ( 2013 ) Hotel Transylvania 2 ( 2015 ) Smurfs : The Lost Village ( 2017 ) The Emoji Movie ( 2017 ) Live - action / animated The Smurfs ( 2011 ) The Smurfs 2 ( 2013 ) Goosebumps ( 2015 ) Produced with Aardman Animations Arthur Christmas ( 2011 ) The Pirates ! In an Adventure with Scientists ! ( 2012 ) Upcoming films The Star ( 2017 ) Peter Rabbit ( 2018 ) Hotel Transylvania 3 ( 2018 ) Goosebumps : Horrorland ( 2018 ) Untitled animated Spider - Man film ( 2018 ) Direct - to - video Open Season 2 ( 2009 ) Open Season 3 ( 2011 ) Open Season : Scared Silly ( 2016 ) Surf 's Up 2 : WaveMania ( 2017 ) Television series Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs ( 2017 -- ) Hotel Transylvania : The Series ( 2017 -- ) Ghostbusters : Ecto Force ( 2018 ) Short films The ChubbChubbs ! ( 2002 ) Early Bloomer ( 2003 ) Boog and Elliot 's Midnight Bun Run ( 2007 ) The ChubbChubbs Save Xmas ( 2007 ) The Smurfs : A Christmas Carol ( 2011 ) So You Want to Be a Pirate ! ( 2012 ) Goodnight Mr. Foot ( 2012 ) The Smurfs : The Legend of Smurfy Hollow ( 2013 ) Super Manny ( 2013 ) Earl Scouts ( 2013 ) Steve 's First Bath ( 2014 ) Attack of the 50 - Foot Gummi Bear ( 2014 ) Puppy ! ( 2017 ) Franchises Open Season ( 2006 -- present ) Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs ( 2009 -- present ) The Smurfs ( 2011 -- present ) Hotel Transylvania ( 2012 -- present ) See also Sony Pictures Imageworks Cartoon Hangover Screen Gems Cartoons Emoji Unicode background Unicode Standard Blocks Dingbats Emoticons Miscellaneous Symbols Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs Transport and Map Symbols Character Set Consortium Regional Indicator Symbol Related people Jeremy Burge Mark Davis Michael Everson Typefaces Apple Color Noto Quivira Segoe UI Emojis Face with Tears of Joy ( 😂 ) Pile of Poo ( 💩 ) Cultural influence Emogenius The Emoji Movie Emojipedia Emojli Smile ( Doctor Who ) World Emoji Day Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Emoji_Movie&oldid=805016767 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films American films 2017 3D films 2017 computer - animated films 2010s American animated films 2010s comedy science fiction films American 3D films American buddy films American children 's adventure films American children 's animated comedy films American children 's fantasy films American comedy science fiction films American computer - animated films Animated buddy films Emoji Sony Pictures Animation films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2017 Wikipedia pages under 30 - 500 editing restriction Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from September 2017 Commons category without a link on Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 15 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Emoji%20Movie
| 2,091 |
what's the difference between salami and sopressata
|
Soppressata
|
soppressata
|
Soppressata is an Italian dry salami . Even if there are many variations , two principal types are made : a cured dry sausage typical of Basilicata , Apulia , and Calabria , and a very different uncured salame , made in Tuscany and Liguria . It is part of southern Italian cultural heritage , much more than in the north , that locals ( especially in the smaller rural towns ) will still slaughter the pig themselves and make their own soppressata , along with other cured meats as a tradition : nothing goes to waste . Soppressata is sometimes prepared using ham .
|
Contents 1 Preparation 2 Varieties 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Preparation ( edit ) Soppressata preparation Grinding the meat Preparing the meat for seasoning Seasoning the meat before casing Varieties ( edit ) Soppressata di Basilicata is mainly produced in Rivello , Cancellara , Vaglio , and Lagonegro . Soppressata di Calabria enjoys Protected designation of origin status ; the one produced in Acri and Decollatura is especially renowned . Soppressata di Puglia from Martina Franca is also very well - known . Soppressata Toscana , soppressata from Tuscany , is made from the leftover parts of the pig . First , the head is boiled for a few hours . When it is done , it is picked of meat and skin . All of the meat and skin , including the tongue , are chopped , seasoned , and then stuffed into a large casing . The cooking liquid is poured in to cover the mixture and it is then hung and the cooking liquid ( high in gelatin ) thickens to bind everything together . It is similar to the English brawn and the German Presskopf ( Austrian Presswurst ) . Sopressa Veneta got its name from the practice of pressing the salami between planks of wood resulting in a straight , flattened shape . The northern Italian version from Vicenza , in the Veneto region , did away with the pressed shape and has become an international favorite . See also ( edit ) Food portal Sobrassada Capocollo Mortadella ' Nduja Prosciutto List of dried foods List of sausages References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Joe Famularo A Cook 's Tour of Italy , 2003 , HPBooks pag. 320 ISBN 1 - 55788 - 418 - 8 Jump up ^ Malik , A. ; Erginkaya , Z. ; Ahmad , S. ; Erten , H. ( 2014 ) . Food Processing : Strategies for Quality Assessment . Food Engineering Series . Springer New York . p. 148 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4939 - 1378 - 7 . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.italiaatavola.net/alimenti/carne-e-salumi/2015/3/31/campionato-italiano-salame-trionfa-soppressata-dolce-calabrese/39085 External links ( edit ) Media related to Soppressata at Wikimedia Commons Sausage Overview Casings List of sausages List of sausage dishes Sausage making Fresh sausage Biała kiełbasa Boerewors Boudin Braadworst Bratwurst Breakfast Carniolan Falukorv Knackwurst Kohlwurst Kupati Italian Merguez Thüringer Weisswurst Dry sausage Salami Cacciatore Ciauscolo Genoa salami Soppressata Prasky Other Chinese Chorizo Fuet Landjäger Longaniza Lukanka Metworst Pepperoni Saucisson Sobrassada Sujuk Smoked sausage Andouille Kolbász Krakowska Kulen Lebanon bologna Linguiça Mettwurst Morteau Rookworst Skilandis Teewurst Cooked sausage Battered Bologna Botifarra Bratwurst Braunschweiger Brühwurst Cervelat Cumberland Gelbwurst Hot dog variations vegetarian Lincolnshire Lorne sausage Mortadella Saveloy Vienna Cooked smoked sausage Bierwurst Bockwurst Cabanossi / Kabanos Kielbasa Precooked sausage Black pudding Blood sausage Boudin Goetta Haggis Head cheese Kaszanka Kishka Knipp Kochwurst Liverwurst Pinkel Salceson Stippgrütze Sundae Related articles Charcuterie Dried meat List of dried foods Embutidos List of smoked foods Lunch meat Pâté Salumi Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soppressata&oldid=849557975 '' Categories : Salumi Italian sausages Dried meat Italian cuisine Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2009 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 9 July 2018 , at 20 : 29 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soppressata
| 2,092 |
||
when do washington huskies play their bowl game
|
List of Washington Huskies bowl games
|
list of washington huskies bowl games
|
The Washington Huskies college football team competes as part of the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , representing the University of Washington in the North Division of the Pac - 12 Conference ( Pac - 12 ) . Since the establishment of the team in 1889 , Washington has appeared in 38 bowl games . Included in these games are 14 appearances in the Rose Bowl Game , one in the Orange Bowl and one Bowl Championship Series ( BCS ) game appearance . Through the history of the program , nine separate coaches have led the Huskies to bowl games with Don James having the most appearances with 14 . With a loss in their most recent bowl game , the 2017 Fiesta Bowl , Washington 's overall bowl record stands at 18 wins , 19 losses and 1 tie ( 18 -- 19 -- 1 ) . The Pac - 8 did not allow a second bowl team from the conference until 1975 .
|
Contents ( hide ) 1 Key 2 Bowl games 3 Notes 4 References Key ( edit ) General Bowl game record attendance Former bowl game record attendance Results Win Loss Tie Bowl games ( edit ) List of bowl games showing bowl played in , score , date , season , opponent , stadium , location , attendance and head coach # Bowl Score Date Season Opponent Stadium Location Attendance Head coach Rose Bowl T 00 ! T 14 -- 14 000000001924 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1924 1923 Navy Midshipmen Rose Bowl Pasadena 040,000 ! 40,000 Bagshaw , Enoch Enoch Bagshaw Rose Bowl L 01 ! L 19 -- 20 000000001926 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1926 1925 Alabama Crimson Tide Rose Bowl Pasadena 050,000 ! 50,000 Bagshaw , Enoch Enoch Bagshaw Rose Bowl L 21 ! L 0 -- 21 000000001937 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1937 1936 Pittsburgh Panthers Rose Bowl Pasadena 087,196 ! 87,196 Phelan , James James Phelan Poi Bowl W 40 ! W 53 -- 13 000000001938 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1938 1937 Hawaii Honolulu Stadium Honolulu 013,500 ! 13,500 Phelan , James James Phelan Rose Bowl L 29 ! L 0 -- 29 000000001944 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1944 1943 USC Trojans Rose Bowl Pasadena 068,000 ! 68,000 Welch , Ralph Ralph Welch 6 Rose Bowl W 36 ! W 44 -- 8 000000001960 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1960 1959 Wisconsin Badgers Rose Bowl Pasadena 100,809 ! 100,809 Owens , Jim Jim Owens 7 Rose Bowl W 10 ! W 17 -- 7 000000001961 - 01 - 02 - 0000 January 2 , 1961 1960 Minnesota Golden Gophers Rose Bowl Pasadena 097,314 ! 97,314 Owens , Jim Jim Owens 8 Rose Bowl L 10 ! L 7 -- 17 000000001964 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1964 1963 Illinois Fighting Illini Rose Bowl Pasadena 096,957 ! 96,957 Owens , Jim Jim Owens 9 Rose Bowl W 07 ! W 27 -- 20 000000001978 - 01 - 02 - 0000 January 2 , 1978 1977 Michigan Wolverines Rose Bowl Pasadena 105,312 ! 105,312 James , Don Don James 10 Sun Bowl W 07 ! W 14 -- 7 000000001979 - 12 - 22 - 0000 December 22 , 1979 1979 Texas Longhorns Sun Bowl El Paso 033,412 ! 33,412 James , Don Don James 11 Rose Bowl L 17 ! L 6 -- 23 000000001981 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1981 1980 Michigan Wolverines Rose Bowl Pasadena 105,526 ! 105,526 James , Don Don James 12 Rose Bowl W 28 ! W 28 -- 0 000000001982 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1982 1981 Iowa Hawkeyes Rose Bowl Pasadena 105,611 ! 105,611 James , Don Don James 13 Aloha Bowl W 01 ! W 21 -- 20 000000001982 - 12 - 25 - 0000 December 25 , 1982 1982 Maryland Terrapins Aloha Stadium Honolulu 030,055 ! 30,055 James , Don Don James 14 Aloha Bowl L 03 ! L 10 -- 13 000000001983 - 12 - 26 - 0000 December 26 , 1983 Penn State Nittany Lions Aloha Stadium Honolulu 037,212 ! 37,212 James , Don Don James 15 Orange Bowl W 11 ! W 28 -- 17 000000001985 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1985 1984 Oklahoma Sooners Orange Bowl Miami 056,294 ! 56,294 James , Don Don James 16 Freedom Bowl W 03 ! W 20 -- 17 000000001985 - 12 - 30 - 0000 December 30 , 1985 1985 Colorado Buffaloes Anaheim Stadium Anaheim 030,961 ! 30,961 James , Don Don James 17 Sun Bowl L 22 ! L 6 -- 28 000000001986 - 12 - 25 - 0000 December 25 , 1986 1986 Alabama Crimson Tide Sun Bowl El Paso 048,722 ! 48,722 James , Don Don James 18 Independence Bowl W 12 ! W 24 -- 12 000000001987 - 12 - 19 - 0000 December 19 , 1987 Tulane Green Wave Independence Stadium Shreveport 041,683 ! 41,683 James , Don Don James 19 Freedom Bowl W 27 ! W 34 -- 7 000000001989 - 12 - 30 - 0000 December 30 , 1989 1989 Florida Gators Anaheim Stadium Anaheim 033,858 ! 33,858 James , Don Don James 20 Rose Bowl W 12 ! W 46 -- 34 000000001991 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1991 1990 Iowa Hawkeyes Rose Bowl Pasadena 101,273 ! 101,273 James , Don Don James 21 Rose Bowl W 20 ! W 34 -- 14 000000001992 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1992 1991 Michigan Wolverines Rose Bowl Pasadena 103,566 ! 103,566 James , Don Don James 22 Rose Bowl L 07 ! L 31 -- 38 000000001993 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1993 1992 Michigan Wolverines Rose Bowl Pasadena 094,236 ! 94,236 James , Don Don James 23 Sun Bowl L 20 ! L 18 -- 38 000000001995 - 12 - 29 - 0000 December 29 , 1995 1995 Iowa Hawkeyes Sun Bowl El Paso 049,116 ! 49,116 Lambright , Jim Jim Lambright 24 Holiday Bowl L 12 ! L 21 -- 33 000000001996 - 12 - 30 - 0000 December 30 , 1996 Colorado Buffaloes Qualcomm Stadium ! Jack Murphy Stadium San Diego 054,749 ! 54,749 Lambright , Jim Jim Lambright 25 Aloha Bowl W 28 ! W 51 -- 23 000000001997 - 12 - 25 - 0000 December 25 , 1997 1997 Michigan State Spartans Aloha Stadium Honolulu 044,598 ! 44,598 Lambright , Jim Jim Lambright 26 Oahu Bowl L 20 ! L 25 -- 45 000000001998 - 12 - 25 - 0000 December 25 , 1998 1998 Air Force Falcons Aloha Stadium Honolulu 046,451 ! 46,451 Lambright , Jim Jim Lambright 27 Holiday Bowl L 04 ! L 20 -- 24 000000001999 - 12 - 29 - 0000 December 29 , 1999 1999 Kansas State Wildcats Qualcomm Stadium San Diego 057,118 ! 57,118 Neuheisel , Rick Rick Neuheisel 28 Rose Bowl W 10 ! W 34 -- 24 000000002001 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 2001 2000 Purdue Boilermakers Rose Bowl Pasadena 094,392 ! 94,392 Neuheisel , Rick Rick Neuheisel 29 Holiday Bowl L 04 ! L 43 -- 47 000000002001 - 12 - 28 - 0000 December 28 , 2001 2001 Texas Longhorns Qualcomm Stadium San Diego 060,548 ! 60,548 Neuheisel , Rick Rick Neuheisel 30 Sun Bowl L 10 ! L 24 -- 34 000000002002 - 12 - 30 - 0000 December 30 , 2002 2002 Purdue Boilermakers Sun Bowl El Paso 048,917 ! 48,917 Neuheisel , Rick Rick Neuheisel 31 Holiday Bowl W 12 ! W 19 -- 7 000000002010 - 12 - 30 - 0000 December 30 , 2010 Nebraska Cornhuskers Qualcomm Stadium San Diego 057,291 ! 57,291 Sarkisian , Steve Steve Sarkisian 32 Alamo Bowl L 11 ! L 56 -- 67 000000002011 - 12 - 29 - 0000 December 29 , 2011 2011 Baylor Bears Alamodome San Antonio 065,256 ! 65,256 Sarkisian , Steve Steve Sarkisian 33 Maaco Bowl Las Vegas L 02 ! L 26 -- 28 000000002012 - 12 - 22 - 0000 December 22 , 2012 2012 Boise State Broncos Sam Boyd Stadium Las Vegas 033,217 ! 33,217 Sarkisian , Steve Steve Sarkisian 34 Fight Hunger Bowl W 15 ! W 31 -- 16 000000002013 - 12 - 27 - 0000 December 27 , 2013 2013 BYU Cougars AT&T Park San Francisco 034,136 ! 34,136 Tuiasosopo , Marques Marques Tuiasosopo ( Interim ) 35 Cactus Bowl L 08 ! L 22 -- 30 000000002015 - 01 - 02 - 0000 January 2 , 2015 2014 Oklahoma State Cowboys Sun Devil Stadium Tempe 035,409 ! 35,409 Petersen , Chris Chris Petersen 36 Heart of Dallas Bowl W 13 ! W 44 -- 31 000000002015 - 12 - 26 - 0000 December 26 , 2015 2015 Southern Miss Golden Eagles Cotton Bowl Dallas 020,229 ! 20,229 Petersen , Chris Chris Petersen 37 Peach Bowl L 17 ! L 7 -- 24 000000002016 - 12 - 31 - 0000 December 31 , 2016 2016 Alabama Crimson Tide Georgia Dome Atlanta 075,996 ! 75,996 Petersen , Chris Chris Petersen 38 Fiesta Bowl L 07 ! L 28 -- 35 000000002017 - 12 - 30 - 0000 December 30 , 2017 2017 Penn State Nittany Lions University of Phoenix Stadium Glendale 061,842 ! 61,842 Petersen , Chris Chris Petersen Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Statistics correct as of 2010 -- 11 NCAA football bowl games . ^ Jump up to : Originally called Jack Murphy Stadium from 1980 to 1997 , in 1998 it was renamed Qualcomm Stadium . References ( edit ) General National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) . `` Bowl / All - Star Game Records '' ( PDF ) . 2011 NCAA Division I Football Records . NCAA.org . Retrieved December 19 , 2011 . `` University of Washington Football Record Book '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 04 . Specific ^ Jump up to : Bowl / All - Star Game Records , p. 29 Jump up ^ Bowl / All - Star Game Records , p. 31 Jump up ^ Eugene Register - Guard -- Bowling ' em over -- 1975 - 12 - 05 -- p. 1B Jump up ^ Bowl / All - Star Game Records , p. 8 Jump up ^ `` 2015 Heart of Dallas Bowl : Washington vs. Southern Miss '' . Stat Broadcast . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 26 . Washington Huskies bowl games 1924 Rose Bowl 1926 Rose Bowl 1937 Rose Bowl 1938 Poi Bowl 1944 Rose Bowl 1960 Rose Bowl 1961 Rose Bowl 1964 Rose Bowl 1978 Rose Bowl 1979 Sun Bowl 1981 Rose Bowl 1982 Rose Bowl 1982 Aloha Bowl 1983 Aloha Bowl 1985 Orange Bowl 1985 Freedom Bowl 1986 Sun Bowl 1987 Independence Bowl 1989 Freedom Bowl 1991 Rose Bowl 1992 Rose Bowl 1993 Rose Bowl 1995 Sun Bowl 1996 Holiday Bowl 1997 Aloha Bowl 1998 Oahu Bowl 1999 Holiday Bowl 2001 Rose Bowl 2001 Holiday Bowl 2002 Sun Bowl 2010 Holiday Bowl 2011 Alamo Bowl 2012 Maaco Bowl Las Vegas 2013 Fight Hunger Bowl 2015 Cactus Bowl 2015 Heart of Dallas Bowl 2016 Peach Bowl / 2017 Fiesta Bowl Forward slash ( / ) denotes College Football Playoff semifinal game Washington Huskies football Venues Various ( 1889 -- 1894 ) Denny Field ( 1895 -- 1920 ) CenturyLink Field ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Husky Stadium ( 1920 -- 2011 , 2013 -- present ) Bowls & rivalries Bowl games Oregon Washington State ( Apple Cup ) Culture & lore Dubs Harry the Husky `` Bow Down to Washington '' Husky Marching Band Quarterback U The Wave People Head coaches Statistical leaders Starting quarterbacks NFL draftees Annual awards Seasons 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1989 1990 1991 1992 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 National championship seasons in bold Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Washington_Huskies_bowl_games&oldid=818883970 '' Categories : Lists of college bowl games by team Washington Huskies football bowl games Washington ( state ) sports - related lists Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 6 January 2018 , at 04 : 32 . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Washington%20Huskies%20bowl%20games
| 2,093 |
||
where was bad news bears breaking training filmed
|
The Bad News Bears in Breaking Training
|
the bad news bears in breaking training
|
The Bad News Bears in Breaking Training is a 1977 American sports comedy - drama film and a sequel to the feature film The Bad News Bears . Chris Barnes returns to his role as the foul - mouthed Tanner Boyle ; also starring is Jimmy Baio as pitcher Carmen Ronzonni .
|
This film picks up the Bears ' career a year after their infamous second - place finish in the North Valley League . However , after winning this year , they are left reeling by the departure of Buttermaker as their coach and an injury to goat - turned - hero Timmy Lupus ( Quinn Smith ) . Faced with a chance to play the Houston Toros for a shot at the Japanese champs , they devise a way to get to Houston to play at the famed Astrodome , between games of a Major League Baseball doubleheader . In the process , Kelly Leak ( Jackie Earle Haley ) reunites with his estranged father ( William Devane ) , who is ultimately recruited to coach them . This film is remembered for the scene in which Coach Leak leads the Astrodome crowd in the chant `` Let them play ! '' when the umpires attempt to call the game prematurely because of time constraints . The crowd at the 2002 Major League Baseball All - Star Game also used this chant when the announcement came that the game would end in a tie at the end of the inning if neither team scored . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main Cast 1.2 Supporting cast 2 Filming locations 3 Cameos 4 Reception 5 References 6 External links Cast ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) William Devane as Mike Leak , Coach of the Bears : Kelly 's estranged father , whom he looks up in Houston . He 's a good natured , blue - collar working man who agrees to coach the team . Jackie Earle Haley as Kelly Leak , Local troublemaker who has matured since the first film . The Bears ' leader ( and presumably , the oldest ) he drives the van that brings the team to Houston . He plays left field . Wears the number 3 . Clifton James as Sy Orlansky , Local businessman and beer company owner who is sponsoring and promoting the game between the Bears and the local favorite , Houston Toros . Jimmy Baio as Carmen Ronzonni , Flashy starting pitcher from back east ( presumably New York ) who is more talk than action . Brought to the team by friend Kelly Leak in the hopes of revitalizing the team . With the help of Coach Leak , he finds his own style and shows improvement throughout the film . Wears the number 11 . Chris Barnes as Tanner Boyle , Short - tempered shortstop with a Napoleon complex who continually challenges authority . Refuses to leave the field in Houston after the game was called . Close friends with Timmy Lupus , who could not make the trip . Wears the number 12 . Erin Blunt as Ahmad Abdul - Rahim , A Black Muslim who plays center field and adores Hank Aaron . Wears the number 44 . Spends most of the movie worrying about whether or not the team is going to go to `` The Joint '' Jaime Escobedo as Jose Agilar , Miguel 's brother ; plays right field . Speaks little English . Wears the number 6 . George Gonzales as Miguel Agilar , Jose 's brother ; plays second base . Nicknamed `` Handsome '' by Coach Leak . Speaks little English . Wears the number 7 . Alfred W. Lutter as Alfred Ogilvie , A bookworm who memorizes baseball statistics and acts as the team 's scout . He gets information on the team 's Houston rival , The Toros , from two girls who know the team . He 's mostly a benchwarmer who assists the coach with defensive strategy . A backup outfielder / first baseman . Wears the number 9 . Brett Marx as Jimmy Feldman , Fairly quiet third baseman with curly blond hair . During his at - bat , the catcher says , `` You got one of the Marx Brothers up here '' ( An inside joke , as Brett Marx is a grandson of Milton `` Gummo '' Marx and a great - nephew to the other Marx Brothers ) . Wears the number 8 . David Pollock as Rudi Stein , Nervous relief pitcher with glasses who always gets hit by a pitch ; mostly a benchwarmer , he 's also a backup outfielder . Wears the number 10 . Quinn Smith as Timmy Lupus , A shy , bedridden infielder for the team who broke his leg while skateboarding and only appears early on in the film . Thus , he can not join the team on their trip to Houston . Good friends with Tanner Boyle , who carries the mantra `` let 's win one for the Looper '' during the team 's journey . David Stambaugh as Toby Whitewood , An unassuming boy who plays first base . Because of this , he is able to pull off the hidden ball trick in the final game . Wears the number 2 . Jeffrey Louis Starr as Mike Engelberg , An overweight , out - of - shape boy who plays catcher and has developed into a good hitter . He loves chocolate and Kentucky Fried Chicken . Wears the number 15 . Supporting cast ( edit ) Lane Smith as Officer Mackie Dolph Sweet as Mister Manning Pat Corley as Morrie Slaytor Douglas Anderson as Carl Rutherford Jerry Lawson as Chip Roberts Fred Stuthman as Lester Eastland Filming locations ( edit ) When the team arrives in downtown Houston , they book a room at the Concord Hotel . The building is actually the Lancaster Hotel , located off Texas Avenue across from Jones Hall . The scene where Kelly meets up with his father for the first time was filmed at Texas Pipe Bending company which is actually in business and located at 2500 Galveston Rd . Later in the movie , after Coach Leak reappears , the Bears stayed at the Houston Hilton rooms 324 and 325 among others . The actual hotel is located at 6633 Travis Street in Houston , but the filming location was the Pasadena Hilton in Pasadena , California . Coach Leak confronting Sy Orlansky about playing the Bears instead of the team from El Paso was filmed at Bayland Park . The Toros practice scenes were also filmed on the Sharpstown Little League Major field M2 and extras included local girls from area Middle Schools ( Leigh Manley ) . Cameos ( edit ) Members of the 1976 -- 1977 Houston Astros make a cameo appearance during the film 's climactic scene . They include César Cedeño , Enos Cabell , Ken Forsch , Bob Watson and J.R. Richard . Reception ( edit ) Unlike its predecessor , The Bad News Bears in Breaking Training received mixed reviews . Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a 50 % rating based on 8 reviews , with an average score of 6 / 10 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Canby , Vincent ( August 20 , 1977 ) . `` The Bad News Bears in Breaking Training ( 1977 ) ' Bad News Bears ' Make Comeback In an Effort to Go On to Japan '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` The Bad News Bears in Breaking Training ( 1977 ) '' . Flixster Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . External links ( edit ) The Bad News Bears in Breaking Training on IMDb The Bad News Bears in Breaking Training at the TCM Movie Database The Bad News Bears in Breaking Training at AllMovie The Bad News Bears in Breaking Training at the American Film Institute Catalog The Bad News Bears in Breaking Training at Box Office Mojo The Bad News Bears Films The Bad News Bears ( 1976 ) The Bad News Bears in Breaking Training ( 1977 ) The Bad News Bears Go to Japan ( 1978 ) Bad News Bears ( 2005 ) Television The Bad News Bears ( 1979 -- 80 ) Films directed by Michael Pressman The Great Texas Dynamite Chase ( 1976 ) The Bad News Bears in Breaking Training ( 1977 ) Like Mom , Like Me ( 1978 ) Boulevard Nights ( 1979 ) Those Lips , Those Eyes ( 1980 ) Some Kind of Hero ( 1982 ) Doctor Detroit ( 1983 ) Final Jeopardy ( 1985 ) Private Sessions ( 1985 ) Shootdown ( 1988 ) The Revenge of Al Capone ( 1989 ) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II : The Secret of the Ooze ( 1991 ) Quicksand : No Escape ( 1992 ) Miracle Child ( 1993 ) To Gillian on Her 37th Birthday ( 1996 ) A Season for Miracles ( 1999 ) Frankie and Johnny Are Married ( 2003 ) Houston Astros Formerly the Houston Colt . 45s Based in Houston , Texas Franchise Expansion Draft History Seasons Records No - hitters Awards Players Managers Owners and executives First - round draft picks Opening Day starting pitchers All articles Ballparks Colt Stadium Houston Astrodome Minute Maid Park Spring training : Geronimo Park Cocoa Expo Stadium Osceola County Stadium The Ballpark of the Palm Beaches Lore 1980 NL West tie - breaker game Killer B 's 2015 AL Wild Card Game Culture AstroTurf Orbit Crawford Boxes Tal 's Hill Continental League Houston Buffs Houston College Classic Ball Four ( Jim Bouton book ) The Bad News Bears in Breaking Training Murder at the World Series Night Game `` The Hot Tub '' ( Seinfeld episode ) Boyhood `` Holy Toledo ! '' Sunshine Kids Darryl Kile Award Key personnel Owner : Jim Crane President : Reid Ryan General Manager : Jeff Luhnow Manager : A.J. Hinch World Series Championships ( 1 ) 2017 League pennants ( 2 ) National League : 2005 American League : 2017 Division titles ( 8 ) NL West : 1980 1981 1986 NL Central : 1997 1998 1999 2001 AL West : 2017 Wild card titles ( 3 ) NL : 2004 2005 AL : 2015 Minors AAA : Fresno Grizzlies AA : Corpus Christi Hooks A Adv. : Buies Creek Astros A : Quad Cities River Bandits Short A : Tri-City ValleyCats Rookie : GCL Astros Rivalries Texas Rangers Media TV AT&T SportsNet Southwest Radio Houston Astros Radio Network Announcers Todd Kalas Geoff Blum Seasons ( 57 ) 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1990s 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Bad_News_Bears_in_Breaking_Training&oldid=808666881 '' Categories : English - language films 1977 films 1970s comedy - drama films 1970s sequel films 1970s sports films Bad News Bears films American films American baseball films American comedy - drama films American sequel films American sports comedy films Paramount Pictures films Films set in Houston Films shot in Houston Films directed by Michael Pressman Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 November 2017 , at 10 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Bad%20News%20Bears%20in%20Breaking%20Training
| 2,094 |
||
who did the music for quigley down under
|
Music by Basil Poledouris
|
Quigley Down Under
|
quigley down under
|
Quigley Down Under is a 1990 Australian - American Western film directed by Simon Wincer and starring Tom Selleck , Alan Rickman and Laura San Giacomo .
|
Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 4.1 Accolades 5 Quigley Sharps rifle 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Matthew Quigley ( Tom Selleck ) is an American cowboy and sharpshooter with a specially modified rifle with which he can shoot accurately at extraordinary distances . He answers a newspaper advertisement that asks for a man with a special talent in long - distance shooting , using just four words , `` M. Quigley 900 yards , '' written on a copy of the advertisement that is punctured by several closely spaced bullet holes . When he arrives in Australia , he gets into a fight with employees of the man who hired him , who are trying to force `` Crazy Cora '' ( Laura San Giacomo ) onto their wagon . After he identifies himself , he is taken to the station of Elliot Marston ( Alan Rickman ) , who informs Quigley his sharpshooting skills will be used to eradicate the increasingly elusive Aborigines. Quigley turns down the offer and throws Marston out of his own house . The aborigine manservant knocks Quigley over the head and Marston 's men beat him and Cora unconscious and dump them in the outback with no water and little chance of survival . However , they are rescued by Aborigines . Cora now reveals that she comes from Texas . When her home was attacked by Comanches , she hid in the cellar and accidentally suffocated her child while trying to prevent him from crying . Her husband had then put her alone on a ship to Australia . Now Cora consistently calls Quigley by her husband 's name ( Roy ) , much to his annoyance . When Marston 's men attack the Aborigines who helped them , Quigley kills three . Escaping on a single horse , they encounter more of the men driving Aborigines over a cliff . Quigley drives them off with his deadly shooting and Cora rescues an orphaned baby she finds among the dead Aborigines . Leaving Cora and the infant in the desert with food and water , Quigley rides alone to a nearby town . There he obtains new ammunition from a local German gunsmith , who hates Marston for his murdering ways . Quigley also learns that he has become a legendary hero among the Aborigines . Marston 's men are also in town and recognize Quigley 's horse . When they attack , cornering him in a burning building , he escapes through a skylight and kills all but one of them . The injured survivor is sent back to say he will be following . First Quigley returns to Cora and the baby , which she has just saved from an attack by dingoes . At first she had tried to stop it crying , but then told it to make as much noise as it liked as she gunned the animals down . Back in town , she gives the baby to Aborigines living there after Quigley tells her that the child has ' a right to happiness ' . The next morning , Quigley rides away to confront Marston at his station . At first he shoots the defenders from his location in the hills but is eventually shot in the leg and captured by Marston 's last two men . Marston , who has noticed that Quigley only ever carries a rifle , decides to give him a lesson in the `` quick - draw '' style of gunfighting . As the two face off , Marston makes the first move , but is beaten to the draw by Quigley , who shoots the two remaining men as well . As Marston lies dying , Quigley refers to an earlier conversation , telling him , `` I said I never had much use for a revolver ; I never said I did n't know how to use it . '' Marston 's servant comes out of the house and gives Quigley his rifle back , then walks away from the ranch , stripping off his western - style clothing as he goes . An army troop now arrives to arrest Quigley for murder until they notice the surrounding hills are lined with Aborigines and decide to withdraw . Later he and Cora book a passage back to America in the name of Roy Cobb , Cora 's husband , since Quigley is still wanted . On the wharf she reminds him that he once told her that she had to say two words before he would make love to her . Smiling broadly , she calls him `` Matthew Quigley '' and the two embrace for the first time . Cast ( edit ) Tom Selleck as Matthew Quigley Laura San Giacomo as Crazy Cora Alan Rickman as Elliott Marston Chris Haywood as Major Ashley - Pitt Ron Haddrick as Grimmelman Tony Bonner as Dobkin Jerome Ehlers as Coogan Conor McDermottroe as Hobb Roger Ward as Brophy Ben Mendelsohn as O'Flynn Steve Dodd as Kunkurra Karen Davitt as Slattern Kylie Foster as Slattern William Zappa as Reilly Jonathan Sweet as Sergeant Thomas Ollie Hall as Carver Production ( edit ) John Hill first began writing Quigley Down Under in 1978 , and both Steve McQueen and Clint Eastwood were considered for the lead , but by the time production began in 1980 , McQueen was too ill and the project was scrapped . In the mid-1980s Tom Selleck heard of it and UAA got involved ; the film was almost set up at Warner Bros with Lewis Gilbert as director but it fell over during pre-production . Simon Wincer then became director , who felt a good story had been ruined by numerous rewrites from people who knew little about Australian history , so he brought on Ian Jones as writer . They went back to the original draft , re-set it from the 1880s to the 1860s and made it more historically accurate . The film was made by the newly formed Pathe Group , then under Alan Ladd , Jr . It was Ladd 's enthusiasm for the project which helped get it financed . The firearm used by Quigley ( Selleck ) is a custom 13.5 pound ( 6 kg ) , single - shot , 1874 Sharps Rifle , with a 34 - inch ( 860 mm ) barrel . The rifle used for filming was a replica manufactured for the film by the Shiloh Rifle Manufacturing Company of Big Timber , Montana . In 2002 Selleck donated the rifle , along with six other firearms from his other films , to the National Rifle Association , as part of the NRA 's exhibit `` Real Guns of Reel Heroes '' at the National Firearms Museum in Fairfax , Virginia . The movie was filmed entirely in Australia . Scenes were filmed in and around Warrnambool and Apollo Bay , Victoria . Although several scenes of the story depict violence and cruelty toward and involving animals , a film spokesperson explained that no animal was harmed , and special effects were used . For example , Quigley and Cora are reduced to consuming `` grub worms '' ( actually blobs of dough ) for survival . A pack of dingoes attacks Cora , and she finally saves herself by shooting the animals . Those animals were specially trained , and were actually `` playing '' for that scene , which was later enhanced by visual and sound effects . Several scenes involve falling horses ; they were performed by specially - trained animals and were not hurt . When a horse falls off a cliff , the `` horse '' was a mechanical creation . The film 's producer stated that a veterinarian was on the set whenever animals were being used in filming . Reception ( edit ) Critical responses were mixed , with Quigley having a 56 % rating on Rotten Tomatoes . Roger Ebert gave the film two - and - a-half out of four stars , arguing that it was a flawed but respectable neo-western , and particularly praising San Giacomo 's performance : `` ( T ) his may be the movie that proves her staying power . ( ... ) She has an authority , a depth of presence , that is attractive , and her voice is deep and musical . '' The film , however , was not a financial success in theaters , roughly recouping its budget . The film , and more specifically the protagonist 's skill with his rifle , has led snipers to refer to the act of killing two targets with a single bullet as ' a Quigley ' . Accolades ( edit ) Award Subject Result London Film Critics ' Circle Award British Actor of the Year Alan Rickman Won Motion Picture Sound Editors Award Best Sound Editing - Foreign Feature Tim Chau Won Frank Lipson Won Political Film Society Award Human Rights Nominated Quigley Sharps rifle ( edit ) Quigley says of his gun : `` It 's a lever - action , breech loader . Usual barrel length 's thirty inches . This one has an extra four . It 's converted to use a special forty - five caliber , hundred and ten grain metal cartridge , with a five - hundred and forty grain paper - patched bullet . It 's fitted with double set triggers , and a Vernier sight . It 's marked up to twelve - hundred yards . This one shoots a mite further . '' Three fully functional . 45 - 110 rifles matching the above description were built for the film in 1989 by the Shiloh Rifle Co. of Big Timber , Montana , United States . They also had a 15 ⁄ inch length of pull to fit Selleck 's tall frame , a full octagon heavy barrel with a blue finish , and weighed 13 ⁄ pounds . Due to the weight , one of the rifles was sent back to Shiloh to be refitted with an aluminum barrel so it could be swung faster ( as a club ) in fight scenes . Though Quigley calls it a lever - action rifle , this is actually an error . While it is operated with a lever , the Sharps rifle is actually a falling - block action , loading only one round of ammunition at a time , as shown repeatedly throughout the film . After the filming concluded , Selleck kept all three rifles , and had two of them reconditioned by Shiloh Rifle Co . In 2006 Selleck donated one of the rifles used in filming to the NRA for a fundraising raffle . In March 2008 that rifle was sold for $69,000 through the James D. Julia auction house . An annual Matthew Quigley Buffalo Rifle Match is held in Forsyth , Montana ( 180 miles from Big Timber ) on Father 's Day weekend . The shoot is the largest of its kind in America , attended by around 600 shooters , with targets out to 800 yards . See also ( edit ) Cinema of Australia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Greg Kerr , `` Quigley '' , Australian Film 1978 - 1992 , Oxford Uni Press , 1993 p323 Jump up ^ Persico Newhouse , Joyce J. `` ' Perfect Hero ' Selleck Takes Aim at Action '' . Times Union . 18 October 1990 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Murray , `` Simon Wincer : Trusting His Instincts '' , Cinema Papers , November 1989 pp. 6 -- 12 , 78 Jump up ^ Sharp , Eric . `` Shooting Star - Antique Black - Powder Rifle Still Scene - Stealer '' . Detroit Free Press . 18 June 2006 . Jump up ^ Names and Faces : `` On Target '' . Orlando Sentinel. 6 August 1989 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Selleck Donates Seven Guns To NRA National Firearms Museum '' . National Rifle Association Jump up ^ GreatSouthCoast website Jump up ^ AHA Film website Archived 22 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Quigley Down Under at Rotten Tomatoes Jump up ^ `` Quigley Down Under '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Jump up ^ Harnden , Toby ( 13 March 2011 ) . `` Dead Men Risen : The snipers ' story '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ `` Firearms : Spring 2009 - Selected Highlights '' . James D. Julia . March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Matthew Quigley Buffalo Rifle Match '' . Montana Office of Tourism. 2010 . External links ( edit ) Quigley Down Under at Oz Movies Quigley Down Under at AllMovie Quigley Down Under at Box Office Mojo Quigley Down Under on IMDb Quigley Down Under at the TCM Movie Database Quigley Down Under at the American Film Institute Catalog `` IMFDB.org Quigley Down Under Weapons Identification Page '' . ( hide ) Films directed by Simon Wincer Snapshot ( 1979 ) Harlequin ( 1980 ) Phar Lap ( 1983 ) D.A.R.Y.L. ( 1985 ) The Lighthorsemen ( 1987 ) Lonesome Dove ( 1989 ) Quigley Down Under ( 1990 ) Harley Davidson and the Marlboro Man ( 1991 ) Free Willy ( 1993 ) Lightning Jack ( 1994 ) Operation Dumbo Drop ( 1995 ) The Phantom ( 1996 ) Flash ( 1997 ) The Echo of Thunder ( 1998 ) Crossfire Trail ( 2001 ) Crocodile Dundee in Los Angeles ( 2001 ) Monte Walsh ( 2003 ) The Young Black Stallion ( 2003 ) The Cup ( 2011 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quigley_Down_Under&oldid=800653255 '' Categories : English - language films Australian films 1990 films 1990s Western ( genre ) films Australian drama films Australian Western ( genre ) films Films set in Western Australia Films set in colonial Australia Films shot in Australia American films Film scores by Basil Poledouris Films directed by Simon Wincer Pathé films Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from October 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français Frysk Italiano Bahasa Melayu Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 21 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quigley%20Down%20Under
| 2,095 |
|
who did the singing in the movie south pacific
|
South Pacific ( 1958 film )
|
south pacific ( 1958 film )
|
South Pacific is a 1958 American romantic musical film based on the Rodgers and Hammerstein musical South Pacific , which in turn based on James A. Michener 's short - story collection Tales of the South Pacific . The film , directed by Joshua Logan , starred Rossano Brazzi , Mitzi Gaynor , John Kerr and Ray Walston in the leading roles with Juanita Hall as Bloody Mary , the part that she had played in the original stage production . The film was nominated for three Academy Awards , winning the Academy Award for Best Sound for Fred Hynes .
|
Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 2 Musical numbers 3 Production 4 Release 5 Soundtrack 6 Awards and honors 6.1 Others 7 Remake 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Cast ( edit ) Rossano Brazzi as Emile de Becque Giorgio Tozzi as Emile 's singing voice Mitzi Gaynor as Ensign Nellie Forbush John Kerr as Lieutenant Joseph Cable , USMC Bill Lee as Cable 's singing voice ( uncredited ) Ray Walston as Luther Billis Juanita Hall as Bloody Mary Muriel Smith as Bloody Mary 's singing voice ( uncredited ) France Nuyen as Liat Russ Brown as Captain George Brackett Jack Mullaney as The Professor Ken Clark as Stewpot Thurl Ravenscroft as Stewpot 's singing voice ( uncredited ) Floyd Simmons as Commander Bill Harbison Candace Lee as Ngana Warren Hsieh as Jerome Tom Laughlin as Lieutenant Buzz Adams Francis Kahele as Henry , Emile 's servant Robert Jacobs and John Gabriel as Communications men Richard Harrison as Co-Pilot Ron Ely as Navigator Richard H. Cutting as Admiral Kester Joe Bailey as U.S. commander Buck Class and Richard Kiser as Fighter pilots Musical numbers ( edit ) Note : The film opens with an orchestral overture lasting 3 minutes and 30 seconds . `` Bloody Mary '' `` There Is Nothing Like a Dame '' `` Bali Ha'i '' `` A Cock - Eyed Optimist '' `` Twin Soliloquies '' `` Some Enchanted Evening '' `` Dites - moi '' `` I 'm Gonna Wash That Man Right Outa My Hair '' `` I 'm in Love with a Wonderful Guy '' `` Younger Than Springtime '' `` Happy Talk '' `` Honey Bun '' `` My Girl Back Home '' `` You 've Got to Be Carefully Taught '' `` This Nearly Was Mine '' `` Finale '' Production ( edit ) Following the success of the film version of Rodgers & Hammerstein 's Oklahoma ! ( 1955 ) , the producers decided to tackle a big - screen adaptation of South Pacific as their next project . The film was produced by `` South Pacific Enterprises '' , a company created specifically for the production , owned by Rodgers , Hammerstein , Logan , Magna Theatre Corporation ( owners of the Todd - AO widescreen process the film would be photographed in ) , and Leland Hayward , producer of the original stage production . 20th Century Fox partially invested in the production in exchange for some distribution rights . Additionally , all the departments and department heads were Fox 's . The producers ' original plan was to have Ezio Pinza and Mary Martin , the two leads of the original Broadway cast , reprise their roles for the film , but Pinza died . Had he survived long enough to perform in the film , the producers would have cast Martin . Instead , Doris Day was offered the part of Nellie , but passed ; Elizabeth Taylor tested for the same role , but was rejected by Rodgers after she suffered stage fright in her audition . Logan later heard her sing but was unable to persuade Rodgers to change his mind . Ultimately , Mitzi Gaynor , who had prior work in musical films , and had tested twice for Nellie , was cast in the role . Rossano Brazzi was cast as Emile , a role that was first offered to such established stars as Charles Boyer , Vittorio De Sica and Fernando Lamas . Walston , a noted Broadway musical actor , played the part of Seabee Luther Billis , which he previously played on stage in London . Hanalei Bay on Kauai , one of the Hawaiian Islands , together with Portinatx Beach and the island of Es Vedrà in Ibiza ( Balearic Islands ) served as the filming locations for the film , with special effects providing distant views of the fantastic island Bali Ha'i ( Es Vedrà ) . A second unit filmed aerial views of Fijian islands while some sources claim footage of Tioman Island , off Malaysia 's south east coast , were also featured , though this seems unlikely given the logistics involved . Location filming provided sweeping shots of tropical island scenes , as well as a new sequence not in the stage version , in which Billis , having parachuted from a damaged plane , has a boat dropped on him , then comes under a series of attacks , following his fatalistic `` Oh , it 's going to be one of those days , huh ? '' The film includes the use of colored filters during many of the song sequences , which has been a source of criticism for the film . Director Joshua Logan wanted these filters to produce subtle changes , but 20th Century Fox , the company that would distribute the 35mm version , made them extreme changes ; since tickets to the film were pre-sold ( it was a roadshow attraction ) , there was no time to correct this . All of the songs from the stage production were retained for the film . A song entitled `` My Girl Back Home '' , sung by Lt. Cable and Nellie , cut from the Broadway show , was added . One of the differences between the film version and the Broadway version of the musical is that the first and second scenes of the play are switched around , together with all the songs contained in those two scenes . The stage version begins with Nellie and Emile 's first scene together on the plantation , then proceeds to show Bloody Mary , Lieutenant Joe Cable , and the Seabees on the beach , while in the film version Lieutenant Cable is shown at the very beginning being flown by plane to the island , where the Seabees and Bloody Mary have their first musical numbers . ( The first musical number in the film is `` Bloody Mary '' , sung by the Seabees , while in the stage version it is `` Dites - moi '' , sung by Emile 's children . ) Emile is not shown in the film until about thirty minutes into it ; in the film , Nellie first appears during the scene with the Seabees . Because of the switch , the show 's most famous song , `` Some Enchanted Evening '' , is not heard until nearly forty - five minutes into the film , while in the show it is heard about fifteen minutes after Act I starts . Juanita Hall sang in the stage production and took part in the recording of the stage production cast album . However , she had her singing dubbed for the film version by Muriel Smith , who played Bloody Mary in the London stage production . Metropolitan Opera star Giorgio Tozzi provided the singing voice for the role of Emile de Becque in the film . John Kerr starred as 2nd Lt. Joseph Cable , USMC and his singing voice was dubbed by Bill Lee . Ken Clark , who played Stewpot , was dubbed by Thurl Ravenscroft ( who sang `` You 're a Mean One , Mr. Grinch '' and was the voice of Tony the Tiger ) . Gaynor and Walston were the only principal cast members whose own singing voices were used . Release ( edit ) Criticism of the color filters did not prevent the film from topping the box office of 1958 . It earned $6.4 million in rentals in North America . In London , the film played continuously at the Dominion Theatre for nearly four - and - a-half years . South Pacific had the honor of being the highest - grossing Rodgers and Hammerstein musical film until The Sound of Music was released seven years later . The 65mm Todd - AO cinematography ( by Leon Shamroy ) was nominated for an Academy Award , as were the music adaptation and the sound . South Pacific won for Best Sound . The soundtrack album has spent more weeks at # 1 in the UK Albums Chart than any other album , spending 115 weeks at the top in the late 1950s and early 1960s . It spent 70 consecutive weeks at the top of the chart and was # 1 for the whole of 1959 . Magna Theatre Corporation , which originally owned a stake in the film , handled the distribution of the roadshow presentations , while Fox distributed the film for its general ( wide ) release . The film was re-released by The Samuel Goldwyn Company in 1983 . Originally shown in a nearly three - hour roadshow version , later cut to two - and - a-half hours for general release . The three - hour version , long feared lost , was rediscovered in a 70mm print owned by a collector . This print was screened in Bradford , England at the National Museum of Photography , Film , and Television on March 14 , 2005 . When Fox ( which by that time owned partial distribution rights to the film , including home video ) learned of the print 's existence , it took it to the United States to reinstate the fourteen missing minutes and attempt to restore as much of the color as possible . A 2 - disc DVD set of both the longer and shorter versions was released in the USA on Region 1 on November 7 , 2006 and earlier on UK region 2 on 20 March 2006 . `` Some Enchanted Evening '' was ranked # 28 on the American Film Institute 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs ( 2004 ) . On March 31 , 2009 , South Pacific became the first Rodgers and Hammerstein musical available on high definition Blu - ray Disc . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : South Pacific ( soundtrack ) The Original Soundtrack of the film was released in 1958 . The album became a major success , reaching No. 1 in both the US and UK . In the US , the album stayed at No. 1 on the Billboard 200 for seven months , the fourth longest run ever . The album remained in the top five of the UK Albums Chart for 27 consecutive weeks before reaching No. 1 in November 1958 . It stayed at the top for a record - breaking 115 weeks and remained in the top five for 214 weeks . Awards and honors ( edit ) Academy Awards ( 31st ) Cinematography ( Color ) ( nominated ) Music ( Scoring of a Musical Picture ) ( nominated ) Sound ( Fred Hynes ) ( won ) Golden Globe Awards ( 16th ) Best Motion Picture -- Musical ( nominated ) Best Motion Picture Actress -- Comedy / Musical ( Mitzi Gaynor ) ( nominated ) Others ( edit ) The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists : 2002 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions -- Nominated 2004 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs : `` Some Enchanted Evening '' -- # 28 `` Bali Ha'i '' -- Nominated 2006 : AFI 's Greatest Movie Musicals -- Nominated Remake ( edit ) In July 2010 , Producers Ileen Maisel and Bob Balaban are developing a film remake of South Pacific . In May 2013 , Michelle Williams has been offered the part of Nellie Forbush in the remake . See also ( edit ) List of American films of 1958 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` SOUTH PACIFIC ( U ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 1958 - 03 - 28 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` South Pacific ( 1958 ) '' . Box Office Mojo website . Box Office Mojo , LLC . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ Solomon , Aubrey . Twentieth Century Fox : A Corporate and Financial History ( The Scarecrow Filmmakers Series ) . Lanham , Maryland : Scarecrow Press , 1989 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 4244 - 1 . p251 Jump up ^ `` Box office / business for South Pacific ( 1958 ) '' . IMDb.com . IMDb.com , Inc . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Notes for South Pacific . TCM.com ^ Jump up to : Articles for South Pacific . TCM.com Jump up ^ `` Wide Screen Movies Magazine '' . Jump up ^ `` Wide Screen Movies Magazine '' . Jump up ^ `` All Time Domestic Champs '' , Variety , 6 January 1960 p 34 Jump up ^ `` Wide Screen Movies Magazine '' . Jump up ^ `` South Pacific '' . Widescreen Weekend 2005 report . in70mm.com. 2005 - 03 - 14 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 17 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` FotoKem Restores South Pacific '' . in70mm News . www.in70mm.com. 2006 - 01 - 26 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` 50th Anniversary Blu - ray for South Pacific Announced '' . ^ Jump up to : `` South Pacific ( Original Soundtrack ) - Original Soundtrack - Songs , Reviews , Credits - AllMusic '' . Jump up ^ ChartArchive - South Pacific UK Chart run ( Link redirected to OCC website ) Jump up ^ `` The 31st Academy Awards ( 1959 ) Nominees and Winners '' . oscars.org . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Academy Awards Database '' . Oscars.org . AMPAS . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's Greatest Movie Musicals Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam ( 8 July 2010 ) . `` Film Remake of South Pacific in Development '' . Playbill . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Hetrick , Kevin Jagernauth ( 10 May 2013 ) . `` Michelle Williams Offered Lead In Remake Of ' South Pacific ' '' . Indiewire . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . External links ( edit ) South Pacific on IMDb South Pacific at the TCM Movie Database South Pacific at AllMovie ( hide ) Rodgers and Hammerstein Stage musicals Oklahoma ! Carousel Allegro South Pacific The King and I Me and Juliet Pipe Dream Flower Drum Song The Sound of Music A Grand Night for Singing State Fair Cinderella Productions I Remember Mama Annie Get Your Gun Happy Birthday John Loves Mary Show Boat The Happy Time Burning Bright Films State Fair Oklahoma ! Carousel The King and I South Pacific Flower Drum Song State Fair The Sound of Music Cinderella Television Cinderella The Sound of Music Live ! Songs `` Oh , What a Beautiful Mornin ' '' `` The Surrey with the Fringe on Top '' `` Kansas City '' `` I Cai n't Say No '' `` Many a New Day '' `` It 's a Scandal ! It 's a Outrage ! '' `` People Will Say We 're in Love '' `` Lonely Room '' `` The Farmer and the Cowman '' `` All Er Nuthin ' '' `` Oklahoma '' `` If I Loved You '' `` Soliloquy '' `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' `` It Might as Well Be Spring '' `` That 's for Me '' `` A Fellow Needs a Girl '' `` So Far '' `` Some Enchanted Evening '' `` There Is Nothing Like a Dame '' `` Bali Ha'i '' `` I 'm Gonna Wash That Man Right Outa My Hair '' `` I 'm in Love with a Wonderful Guy '' `` Younger Than Springtime '' `` Happy Talk '' `` You 've Got to Be Carefully Taught '' `` I Whistle a Happy Tune '' `` Hello , Young Lovers '' `` Getting to Know You '' `` We Kiss in a Shadow '' `` Something Wonderful '' `` I Have Dreamed '' `` Shall We Dance ? '' `` No Other Love '' `` I Enjoy Being a Girl '' `` The Sound of Music '' `` Maria '' `` My Favorite Things '' `` Do - Re-Mi '' `` Sixteen Going on Seventeen '' `` The Lonely Goatherd '' `` Climb Ev'ry Mountain '' `` So Long , Farewell '' `` No Way to Stop It '' `` Edelweiss '' Related articles `` Something Good '' The Sound of Music The Sound of Music : Music from the NBC Television Event Films directed by Joshua Logan I Met My Love Again ( 1938 ) Picnic ( 1955 ) Bus Stop ( 1956 ) Sayonara ( 1957 ) South Pacific ( 1958 ) Tall Story ( 1960 ) Fanny ( 1961 ) Ensign Pulver ( 1964 ) Camelot ( 1967 ) Paint Your Wagon ( 1969 ) James A. Michener 's Tales of the South Pacific ( 1947 ) Characters Bloody Mary Adaptations South Pacific ( 1949 musical ) Awards and nominations South Pacific ( 1958 film ) South Pacific ( 2001 film ) Songs `` Some Enchanted Evening '' `` There Is Nothing Like a Dame '' `` Bali Ha'i '' `` I 'm Gonna Wash That Man Right Outa My Hair '' `` I 'm in Love with a Wonderful Guy '' `` Younger Than Springtime '' `` Happy Talk '' `` You 've Got to Be Carefully Taught '' Albums South Pacific ( 1958 soundtrack ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Pacific_(1958_film)&oldid=800655063 '' Categories : 1958 films 1950s drama films 1950s musical films American films American musical drama films American romantic drama films American romantic musical films English - language films French - language films Films directed by Joshua Logan Films about race and ethnicity Films based on short fiction Films set in Oceania Films that won the Best Sound Mixing Academy Award Films about interracial romance Pacific War films United States Navy in World War II films United States Marine Corps in films 20th Century Fox films Films based on musicals Films set on islands Films set on beaches Adaptations of works by James A. Michener Films based on adaptations Hidden categories : Film articles using image size parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 21 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South%20Pacific%20%281958%20film%29
| 2,096 |
||
who made it to semifinals on america's got talent 2017
|
America 's Got Talent ( Season 12 )
|
america's got talent ( season 12 )
|
Season twelve of the reality competition series America 's Got Talent was ordered on August 2 , 2016 and premiered on NBC on Tuesday , May 30 , 2017 . Howie Mandel , Mel B , Heidi Klum and Simon Cowell returned as judges for their respective eighth , fifth , fifth and second seasons . Supermodel and businesswoman Tyra Banks replaced Nick Cannon , who hosted the show for eight seasons , making her the first female host of the show . The live shows returned to the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles beginning August 15 , 2017 .
|
The format of the show was the same as in season eleven , and Dunkin Donuts sponsors the show for a third consecutive season . A guest judge joined the panel for each episode of the Judge Cuts round : Chris Hardwick , DJ Khaled , Laverne Cox and Seal . Darci Lynne Farmer was named the winner on the season finale , September 20 , 2017 . She was the third ventriloquist , third child and third female to win a season of America 's Got Talent. 10 - year - old singer Angelica Hale placed second , and glow light dance troupe Light Balance came in third . Farmer won the show 's prize of $1 million and a headlining performance in Las Vegas . Contents ( hide ) 1 Season changes 2 Preliminary auditions 2.1 Golden buzzer 2.2 Death of Brandon Rogers 3 Judge Cuts 3.1 Week 1 3.2 Week 2 3.3 Week 3 3.4 Week 4 4 Quarterfinals 4.1 Week 1 ( August 15 -- 16 ) 4.2 Week 2 ( August 22 -- 23 ) 4.3 Week 3 ( August 29 -- 30 ) 5 Semifinals 5.1 Week 1 ( September 5 -- 6 ) 5.2 Week 2 ( September 12 -- 13 ) 6 Finals 6.1 Finale 7 Top 36 acts 8 Ratings 8.1 U.S. Nielsen ratings 8.2 Specials 9 Contestants who appeared on other seasons or shows 10 References 11 External links Season changes Season 12 judging panel and host Howie Mandel Mel B Heidi Klum Simon Cowell Tyra Banks On October 4 , 2016 , Simon Cowell signed a contract to remain as a judge through 2019 . Long - time host Nick Cannon announced , on February 13 , 2017 , that he would not return as host for the twelfth season , soon after he made disparaging remarks about NBC in his 2017 Showtime comedy special , Stand Up , Do n't Shoot . Cannon was still under contract to host , and NBC executives did not initially accept his resignation , but they ultimately searched for a new host . On March 12 , 2017 , NBC announced supermodel and host Tyra Banks as the host for Season 12 . Preliminary auditions The season had preliminary open call auditions in Chicago , Austin , Cleveland , Jacksonville , Philadelphia , Las Vegas , San Diego , New York City , Charleston , Memphis , and Los Angeles . As in years past , prospective contestants could also submit online auditions . Judges ' auditions were taped in March at the Pasadena Civic Auditorium in Los Angeles . The premiere aired May 30 , 2017 . Golden buzzer The Golden Buzzer returned for its fourth consecutive season . Any act that received a golden buzzer during the preliminary auditions was sent directly to the live shows and did not compete in the Judge Cuts round . In the first episode of preliminary auditions , Mel B pressed the golden buzzer for 12 - year - old singing ventriloquist Darci Lynne Farmer . In subsequent episodes , Simon Cowell pressed it for 29 - year - old deaf singer Mandy Harvey , Howie Mandel chose 16 - year - old former blind singer Christian Guardino , Tyra Banks pressed it for Light Balance dance crew , and Heidi Klum chose 13 - year - old singer Angelina Green . Each Judge Cuts act that received a golden buzzer advanced to the live shows without any voting by the judges . During the Judge Cuts round , guest judges Chris Hardwick pressed his golden buzzer for 9 - year old singer Angelica Hale , DJ Khaled pressed it for 21 - year old singer - songwriter and guitarist Chase Goehring , Laverne Cox pressed it for 9 - year old singer Celine Tam , and Seal pressed it for soul singer Johnny Manuel . Death of Brandon Rogers On June 11 , 2017 , contestant Brandon Rogers died in an automobile accident . Rogers was an American physician who specialized in family medicine . Earlier in 2017 , after seeing YouTube videos of Rogers singing , Boyz II Men invited him to sing with them as a guest in three of their Las Vegas shows . His successful AGT audition aired on July 11 , 2017 , in his memory . He competed in the Judge Cuts round , but his performance in that round was not televised . Judge Cuts The Judge Cuts round began on Tuesday , July 18 , 2017 . Like the previous season , one guest judge joined the judges ' panel each show and was given one golden buzzer opportunity to send an act straight to the live shows . Twenty acts were shown each week and seven advanced , including the guest judge 's golden buzzer choice . Guest judges were not given a red buzzer to use . Any act that received all four red buzzers was immediately eliminated from the competition . The four guest judges were Chris Hardwick , DJ Khaled , Laverne Cox , and Seal . After the Judge Cuts , three wildcards were chosen from eliminated acts to perform in the live shows : Final Draft , Bello Nock and Oskar and Gaspar ( who did not perform in the Judge Cuts round ) . All three of these acts were eliminated in the Quarterfinals . Key Buzzed Golden buzzer Advanced Quarterfinal Wildcard Eliminated Eliminated Immediately Advanced Immediately Week 1 Guest judge : Chris Hardwick Date : July 18 , 2017 Act Order Performance type Buzzes Result Cowell Klum Hardwick Brown Mandel Sara and Hero Dog Act Advanced The Baker Family Bluegrass Band Eliminated Mariachi Nuevo Santander Mariachi Group Eliminated The Masqueraders Vocal Group Advanced Eric Jennifer 5 Comedian Eliminated Harrison Greenbaum 6 Comedian Eliminated Dancing Pumpkin Man 7 Dancer Eliminated Tom London 8 Close - Up Magician Eliminated Eric Jones 9 Close - Up Magician Advanced Angelica Hale 10 Singer Advanced Immediately Danylo and Oskar 11 Acrobat Duo Eliminated Lera and Nika Tomanova 12 Aerial Duo Eliminated Yosein Chi 13 Hand Balancer Eliminated Darcy Callus 14 Singer And Keyboardist Eliminated Carlos De Antonis 15 Opera Singer Eliminated Canion Shijirbat 16 Multimedia Dancer Eliminated Just Jerk 17 Hip - Hop Dance Group Advanced Maw Kitty 18 Singer Eliminated The Singing Trump 19 Singing Trump Impersonator Advanced Demian Aditya 20 Escape Artist Advanced Week 2 Guest judge : DJ Khaled Date : July 25 , 2017 As of 2017 , this is the only Judge Cuts episode in the show 's history in which an act with at least one `` X '' buzzer was nevertheless promoted to the live shows . This was also the only Judge Cuts episode of the season in which an act received 4 red buzzers . Act Order Performance type Buzzes Result Cowell Klum Khaled Brown Mandel Sammulous Cabaret Singer Eliminated Steven Scott Comedian Eliminated The Quiddlers Novelty Puppet Group Eliminated Str8jacket Dance Group Eliminated Solto & T Dot 5 Dance Duo Eliminated Junior and Emily 6 Salsa Dance Duo Advanced Jokgu and Aichan 7 Piano - Playing Chickens Eliminated Immediately Dakota Striplin 8 Singer and Guitarist Eliminated Chase Goehring 9 Singer and Guitarist Advanced Immediately Azeri Brothers 10 Danger Act Eliminated The Godfathers 11 Acrobat Group Eliminated Tulga 12 Strongman Eliminated Mirror Image 13 Vocal / Dance Duo Advanced Evie Clair 14 Singer Advanced Kyle Eschen 15 Magician Eliminated Xavier Mortimer 16 Digital Magician Eliminated Colin Cloud 17 Mentalist Advanced Pelican212 18 Family Band Eliminated Puddles Pity Party 19 Singing Clown Advanced Yoli Mayor 20 Singer Advanced Week 3 Guest judge : Laverne Cox Date : August 1 , 2017 This was the first Judge Cuts episode in which no acts received a red buzzer from any of the judges . Act Order Performance type Buzzes Result Cowell Klum Cox Brown Mandel Oscar Hernandez Dancer Advanced Tony and Jordan Digital Magicians Eliminated The Naked Magicians Magicians Eliminated Jeki Yoo Magician Eliminated Herbie Russ 5 Singer And Saxophonist Eliminated Mike Yung 6 Singer Advanced 5 Alive 7 Boy Band Eliminated Final Draft 8 R&B Vocal Group Quarterfinal Wild Card Brobots & Mandroidz 9 Hip - Hop Dance Group Advanced Marisa McKaye 10 Singer Eliminated Celine Tam 11 Singer Advanced Immediately Aileen George 12 Pole Dancer Eliminated Shemika Charles 13 Limbo Dancer Eliminated Jay Jay Phillips 14 Comedic Keyboardist Eliminated Diavolo 15 Acrobatic Dance Group Advanced Jonathan Rinny 16 Balancing Acrobat Eliminated Bello Nock 17 Comedic Daredevil Quarterfinal Wild Card Daniel Ferguson 18 Singing Impressionist Eliminated Preacher Lawson 19 Comedian Advanced Billy & Emily England 20 Extreme Rollerskating Duo Advanced Week 4 Guest judge : Seal Date : August 8 , 2017 Act Order Performance type Buzzes Result Cowell Klum Seal Brown Mandel Artyon & Paige Dance Duo Advanced Britt Saasen Singer Eliminated In The Stairwell A Capella Group Advanced Will Tsai Visualist Eliminated Henry Richardson 5 Magician Eliminated Elena and Sasha 6 Acrobatic Duo Eliminated Lost Legends 7 Dance Group Eliminated Nick Uhas 8 Scientist Eliminated Veronica Gonzalez 9 Foot Puppeteer Eliminated Sirqus Alfon 10 Comedy Trio Eliminated DaNell Daymon & Greater Works 11 Gospel Choir Advanced Pompeyo Family Dogs 12 Dog Act Advanced Johnny Manuel 13 Singer Advanced Immediately Maria Popazov 14 Hand Balancer / Contortionist Eliminated Maxim Popazov 15 Hand Balancer Eliminated German Cornejo Dance Company 16 Dance Group Eliminated The Honeybee - z Plus 17 Dance Group Eliminated Merrick Hanna 18 Dancer Advanced Kechi Okwuchi 19 Singer Advanced Brandon Rogers N / A Singer Did Not Advance Footnotes Jump up ^ Rogers competed in this round before he died , but his performance was omitted from the episode . Quarterfinals The quarterfinals were broadcast live from the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles starting on August 15 , 2017 . They featured the nine golden buzzer acts , the 24 other acts promoted during the Judge Cuts round , and three wildcard acts chosen by the producers and judges . Twelve acts performed each week , with results announced the on following nights ; each week seven acts were sent through to the semifinals . Puddles Pity Party and Mirror Image received an `` X '' in the Quarterfinals . Demian Aditya received `` X 's '' by Brown and Cowell in the second Quarterfinals . Key Buzzed Advanced Judges ' Choice Won Judges ' Choice Lost Judges ' Choice Dunkin ' Save Judges ' Wildcard Week 1 ( August 15 -- 16 ) Guests : Grace VanderWaal , August 16 Act Order Performance Type Buzzes and judges ' choices Result Cowell Klum Brown Mandel Christian Guardino Singer Dunkin ' Save Artyon & Paige Dancing Duo Eliminated In The Stairwell A Cappella Group Advanced The Singing Trump Singing Donald Trump Impersonator Eliminated Angelica Hale 5 Singer Advanced Bello Nock 6 Comedic Daredevil Eliminated Just Jerk 7 Hip - Hop Dance Group Lost Judges ' Choice Puddles Pity Party 8 Singing Clown Eliminated Preacher Lawson 9 Comedian Advanced Yoli Mayor 10 Singer Won Judges ' Choice Billy & Emily England 11 Extreme Rollerskating Duo Advanced Darci Lynne Farmer 12 Singing Ventriloquist Advanced ^ 1 After the judges split evenly in the Judges ' Choice , Yoli Mayor was announced to have received more of America 's votes than Just Jerk , and she advanced to the semi-finals . Week 2 ( August 22 -- 23 ) Guests : Circus 1903 , August 23 Act Order Performance type Buzzes and judges ' choices Result Cowell Klum Brown Mandel Brobots & Mandroidz Hip - Hop Dance Group Eliminated Celine Tam Singer Advanced Mirror Image Vocal Dance Duo Eliminated Johnny Manuel Singer Advanced Merrick Hanna 5 Dancer Advanced Eric Jones 6 Close - up Magician Won Judges ' Choice The Masqueraders 7 Vocal Group Lost Judges ' Choice Light Balance 8 Light - Up Dance Group Advanced Evie Clair 9 Singer Dunkin ' Save Demian Aditya 10 Escape Artist Eliminated Pompeyo Family Dogs 11 Dog Act Wild Card Mandy Harvey 12 Singer - Songwriter / Ukulelist Advanced ^ 1 After the judges split evenly in the Judges ' Choice , Eric Jones was announced to have received more of America 's votes than The Masqueraders , and he advanced to the semi-finals . ^ 2 Due to a technical issue , Light Balance 's performance was based on their dress rehearsal . ^ 3 Another technical issue occurred when the sealed box Aditya was in did n't fall as planned . Week 3 ( August 29 -- 30 ) Guests : Mat Franco , Piff the Magic Dragon , and Jon Dorenbos , August 30 Act Order Performance Type Buzzes and judges ' choices Result Cowell Klum Brown Mandel DaNell Daymon & Greater Works Gospel Choir Won Judges ' Choice Junior and Emily Alabi Salsa Dance Duo Eliminated Final Draft Vocal Group Eliminated Oscar Hernandez Dancer Eliminated Angelina Green 5 Singer Lost Judges ' Choice Colin Cloud 6 Mentalist Dunkin ' Save Mike Yung 7 Singer Advanced Oskar and Gaspar 8 Videomapping Act Eliminated Sara and Hero 9 Dog Act Advanced Chase Goehring 10 Singer - Songwriter / Guitarist Advanced Diavolo 11 Acrobatic Dance Group Advanced Kechi Okwuchi 12 Singer Advanced ^ 1 Sara added another dog named Loki in her act . Loki performed throughout the rest of the competition . Semifinals The live semifinals started on September 5 , 2017 . They featured the 21 acts voted to the semifinals , plus the judges ' semifinal wildcard pick . Each week , eleven acts performed ; five went through to the finals , and six were eliminated . No acts were buzzed . Key Advanced Judges ' Choice Won Judges ' Choice Lost Judges ' Choice Dunkin ' Save Week 1 ( September 5 -- 6 ) Guests : The Clairvoyants Act Order Performance Description Buzzes and judges ' choices Result Cowell Klum Brown Mandel Yoli Mayor Singer ; performed `` Say You Wo n't Let Go '' by James Arthur Eliminated Eric Jones Close - up magician : The judges are seated on the stage . A $2 bill in Eric 's hand turns into 4 coins . Simon hands him a signed hundred - dollar bill in exchange for the 4 coins . He shakes the coins together between his palms , and one of the coins disappears . Eric gives Heidi the three coins , asks her to focus on one of them , and makes that coin disappear . Howie holds the two coins between his thumb and middle finger , and when he drops them , only one coin remains . Eric then places it onto Mel B 's hand , teleports it to her shoulder , and that coin disappears as well . All four coins are found under Simon 's 100 - dollar bill , and Eric changes them into the $2 bill . Lost Judges ' Choice DaNell Daymon & Greater Works Gospel choir ; performed `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' by Aerosmith Eliminated Preacher Lawson Comedian ; laments being single , explains why he broke up with his ex-girlfriend , Tyra , and worries about passing his big lips on to his future offspring . He ends with a joke about his reaction to his 4 - year - old cousin calling him ugly . Advanced Johnny Manuel 5 Singer ; performed an original song called `` Blind Faith '' Eliminated Billy and Emily England 6 Extreme rollerblading duo : rollerblades on a high platform in which Emily hangs on to Billy in several positions while they spin around . Billy then flings Emily off the edge of the platform into the jaws of animated dragons . Eliminated Evie Clair 7 Singer ; performs `` Yours '' by Ella Henderson Dunkin ' Save Sara & Hero 8 Dog act : Hero pretended to perform CPR on Sara before she `` revives '' and they play volleyball together . Guest performer Loki , Sara 's younger dog , circles backwards around a standing Hero , who then gets on a skateboard and catches frisbees . Sara and Loki get on a surfboard , and then Hero jumps through a hoop before Sara jumps through the hoop with Hero . The act ends with Loki in Sara 's arms . Advanced Chase Goehring 9 Singer - songwriter / Guitarist ; performed an original song called `` What Is Love '' . Won Judges ' Choice Darci Lynne Farmer 10 Singing ventriloquist 's puppet , Edna Doorknocker , complains about being stuck in the elevator with The Singing Trump , while gushing about Simon . She then sings `` ( You Make Me Feel Like ) A Natural Woman '' by Aretha Franklin to him , eventually cuddling a blushing Simon . Advanced Mike Yung 11 Singer ; performed `` Do n't Give Up on Me '' by Solomon Burke Eliminated ^ 1 Chase Goehring , DaNell Daymon & Greater Works , and Mike Yung were not initially announced as performing on week one of semifinals . Week 2 ( September 12 -- 13 ) Act Order Performance Description Buzzes and judges ' choices Result Cowell Klum Brown Mandel Celine Tam Singer ; performed `` How Far I 'll Go '' from Moana . Eliminated Colin Cloud Mentalist ; printed thousands of tweets collected from the public , each listing a random celebrity , city and object , on cards ( each containing a couple dozen of the tweets ) distributed to the live audience members . Judges collected some of the cards from the audience at random . Mel B selected one card from these , and Heidi chose one tweet on the card at random , which contained a unique list : Ellen , Rome , cheese . Cloud demonstrated with prerecorded video snippets of himself and the judges that he had correctly predicted the list . A picture on stage , when flipped upside down , gave the same list in reverse order . Lost Judges ' Choice Christian Guardino Singer ; performed `` What 's Going On '' by Marvin Gaye . Eliminated In the Stairwell A Cappella Group ; performed `` Castle on the Hill '' by Ed Sheeran Eliminated Merrick Hanna 5 Dancer ; performed robot - themed urban dance routine that involved some flying . Eliminated Mandy Harvey 6 Singer ; performed an original song , `` Release Me '' , while translating the song into American Sign Language . Advanced Pompeyo Family Dogs 7 Dog Act ; dogs of varying sizes , dressed as Arctic / Antarctic animals such as a polar bear and penguins , performed agility and acrobatic tricks including walking and handstanding on two legs , sometimes in size order , leaping through hoops and over humans , jumping rope with a human and climbing a ladder . Eliminated Diavolo 8 Acrobatic Dance Group ; dancers rose into the air hanging artfully , or climbing on , and leaping from , various moving , transforming apparatuses , with a post-apocalyptic or futuristic theme . Won Judges ' Choice Kechi Okwuchi 9 Singer ; performed `` Do n't Worry About Me '' by Frances . Dunkin ' Save Light Balance 10 Light - Up Dance Group ; urban dance employing darkness and chromatic lights on set and costumes with a video game effect . Advanced Angelica Hale 11 Singer ; performed `` Without You '' by David Guetta Advanced ^ 1 Merrick Hanna and Mandy Harvey were switched to perform on Week 2 although they were on the Week 1 promo . ^ 2 Klum 's voting intention was not revealed . Finals The final performances took place on September 19 , followed by the final results show on September 20 , 2017 . No acts were buzzed . Key Advanced to the top 5 Top 10 Act Order Performance Description Result Angelica Hale Singer ; performed `` Symphony '' by Clean Bandit featuring Zara Larsson . Advanced Chase Goehring Singer - Songwriter / Guitarist ; performed an original song called `` Mirror '' . Top 10 Sara and Hero Dog Act ; Hero freed Sara from a glass cube by pressing a button . Hero danced around Sara 's legs before Loki ran out and performed alongside Hero . Hero balanced on Sara 's feet and put his front legs in the air . Loki jumped over obstacles and ran through a tube , then Loki jumped rope , with Sara and Hero holding the ends . Hero jumped on his hind legs with Sara , then Sara made hoops with her hands for Loki to jump through . The act ended with Hero running up a ramp and jumping high through the air over a ball pit to grab a dangling bone . Advanced Diavolo Dance / Acrobat Crew ; Two acrobats danced around a door before opening it up to reveal acrobats dancing , jumping and sliding on ramps . They then transferred to a large rocking apparatus , climbing on and leaping off of it , and catching each other , with themes of fire and thunder in the background . Top 10 Evie Clair 5 Singer ; performed `` What a Wonderful World '' by Louis Armstrong . Top 10 Preacher Lawson 6 Stand - Up Comedian ; recalled an interaction on the street with a mostly naked man who proclaimed `` Black Power '' despite being white . He said the man asked to borrow $75 , and noted that the man would definitely use it for drugs . He then performed an energetic physical bit , imitating the man by shaking and repeating the same phrase over and over . He ended by making a meta observation that while some audience members die laughing from this joke , others say , `` How long is he gon na do this for ? '' Top 10 Kechi Okwuchi 7 Singer ; performed `` Conqueror '' by Estelle . Top 10 Darci Lynne Farmer 8 Singing Ventriloquist ; puppets Oscar and Petunia bickered over who should sing for the Finals . The two puppets then told Darci to keep her mouth closed while they both performed a version of `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' by The Beatles . Advanced Mandy Harvey 9 Singer - Songwriter / Ukeleleist ; performed an original song called `` This Time '' . Advanced Light Balance 10 Light - Up Dance Group ; urban dance with chromatic lights . At the beginning , echoing the group 's past performances , a dancer in a top hat sat on a chair ( Preliminary auditions ) , followed by a werewolf ( Quarterfinals ) that seemingly tore one of the android dancers in half , although its top and bottom halves soon rejoined , and ended with a person resembling a video game character ( Semifinals ) . Advanced Finale Guest performers in the finale included Kelly Clarkson , Shania Twain , James Arthur , Derek Hough and Terry Fator . Other celebrity appearances included Marlee Matlin . The following chart describes the acts , appearances and segments presented during the finale . Act ( s ) Performance Description Angelica Hale & Kechi Okwuchi Singers ; Guest performer Kelly Clarkson sang , with the two contestants , a trio of her song `` Stronger '' . Chase Goehring Singer - Songwriter / Guitarist ; Guest performer James Arthur sang a duet with Goehring of his song ' `` Say You Wo n't Let Go '' . Sara and Hero Dog Act ; Instead of performing an act , Sara worked to train the Judges ' dogs to perform several tricks . Diavolo Dance / Acrobat Crew ; performed in a space - like setting with asteroids crashing into each other in the background and the dancers jumping off of a moon - like structure . Evie Clair Singer ; Guest performer James Arthur performed a duet with Clair of her song `` Okay Day '' . Preacher Lawson Comedian ; Clips were shown of Lawson performing at the Laugh Factory with Judge Howie Mandel and Kevin Nealon . Darci Lynne Farmer Singing Ventriloquist ; Guest performer Terry Fator , with his turtle puppet , Winston , joked around with Farmer and her bunny , Petunia . The two puppets then performed the comic song `` Anything You Can Do '' . Mandy Harvey Singer - Songwriter / Ukeleleist ; Guest performer Shania Twain sang a duet with Harvey of Twain 's song `` You 're Still The One '' . Light Balance Light - Up Dance Group ; Guest performer Derek Hough led the group in a dance routine similar to the group 's preliminary auditions routine . Key 1st place ( Winner ) 2nd place ( Runner - up ) 3rd place 4th place 5th place Act Result Darci Lynne Farmer Winner Angelica Hale Runner - Up Light Balance 3rd place Mandy Harvey 4th place Sara and Hero 5th place Top 36 acts Key Winner Runner - up Third Place Top 5 Finalist Semifinalist ( lost judges ' vote ) Semifinalist ( lost audience vote ) Quarterfinalist ( lost judges ' vote ) Quarterfinalist ( lost audience vote ) Golden buzzer ( Auditions ) Golden buzzer ( Judge Cuts ) Judges ' wild card ( quarterfinals ) Judges ' wild card ( semifinals ) Name of Act Age ( s ) Genre Act Hometown Quarterfinal Semifinal Result Darci Lynne Farmer 12 Comedy & Singing Singing Ventriloquist Oklahoma City , Oklahoma Winner Angelica Hale 9 Singing Singer Atlanta , Georgia Runner - Up Light Balance 22 - 36 Dance Light - Up Dance Group Ukraine 3rd Place Mandy Harvey 29 Singing Singer - Songwriter / Ukulelist St. Cloud , Florida 4th Place Sara and Hero 22 & 5 Animal Dog Act North Bay , Ontario , Canada 5th Place Chase Goehring 21 Singing Singer - Songwriter / Guitarist Nolensville , Tennessee Finalist ( Won Judges ' Vote ) Diavolo 21 - 39 Acrobatics Acrobatic Dance Group Los Angeles , California Finalist ( Won Judges ' Vote ) Evie Clair 13 Singing Singer Florence , Arizona Finalist ( Won Dunkin ' Save Vote ) Kechi Okwuchi 27 Singing Singer Houston , Texas Finalist ( Won Dunkin ' Save Vote ) Preacher Lawson 25 Comedy Stand - up Comedian Memphis , Tennessee Finalist ( Won Public Vote ) Colin Cloud 30 Magic Mentalist Edinburgh , Scotland Semifinalist ( Lost Judges ' Vote ) Eric Jones 36 Magic Close - up Magician Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Semifinalist ( Lost Judges ' Vote ) Billy & Emily England 30 , 27 Danger Extreme Rollerskating Duo Las Vegas , Nevada Eliminated Celine Tam 9 Singing Singer Hong Kong Eliminated Christian Guardino 16 Singing Singer Patchogue , New York Eliminated DaNell Daymon & Greater Works 24 - 59 Singing Gospel Choir Various Eliminated In The Stairwell 18 - 22 Singing A Cappella Group Colorado Springs , Colorado Eliminated Johnny Manuel 32 Singing Singer Flint , Michigan Eliminated Merrick Hanna 12 Dance Dancer Encinitas , California Eliminated Mike Yung 56 Singing Singer New York , New York Eliminated Pompeyo Family Dogs 7 - 35 Animal Dog Act Sarasota , Florida Eliminated Yoli Mayor 21 Singing Singer Miami , Florida Eliminated Angelina Green 13 Singing Singer Miami , Florida N / A Quarterfinalist ( lost judges ' vote ) Just Jerk 18 - 27 Dance Hip - Hop Dance Group Seoul , South Korea N / A Quarterfinalist ( lost judges ' vote ) The Masqueraders 72 - 74 Singing Vocal Group Nashville , Tennessee N / A Quarterfinalist ( lost judges ' vote ) Artyon & Paige 9 & 8 Dance Dancing Duo Murrieta , California N / A Eliminated Bello Nock 47 Danger Comedic Daredevil Sarasota , Florida N / A Eliminated Brobots & Mandroidz 16 - 24 Dance Hip - Hop Dance Group Torrance , California N / A Eliminated Demian Aditya 36 Magic Escape Artist Jakarta , Indonesia N / A Eliminated Final Draft 22 - 26 Singing Vocal Group Atlanta , Georgia N / A Eliminated Junior and Emily 31 & 27 Dance Salsa Dance Duo Los Angeles , California N / A Eliminated Mirror Image 16 Singing & Dance Vocal Dance Duo Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania N / A Eliminated Oscar Hernandez 34 Dance Dancer Orange County , California N / A Eliminated Oskar and Gaspar Unknown Variety Videomapping Act Unknown N / A Eliminated Puddles Pity Party 52 Singing Singing Clown Atlanta , Georgia N / A Eliminated The Singing Trump 56 Comedy & Singing Singing Trump Impersonator Palm Springs , California N / A Eliminated Ratings Us nielsen ratings Show Episode title First air date Timeslot ( EDT ) Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) Nightly Rank Weekly Rank Auditions Week 1 May 30 , 2017 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.7 11 12.32 Auditions Week 2 June 6 , 2017 2.7 11 12.53 Auditions Week 3 June 13 , 2017 2.6 11 12.70 Auditions Week 4 June 20 , 2017 2.6 11 12.74 5 Auditions Week 5 June 27 , 2017 2.5 10 12.36 6 Auditions Week 6 July 11 , 2017 2.5 10 12.59 7 Judge Cuts 1 July 18 , 2017 2.5 11 12.57 8 Judge Cuts 2 July 25 , 2017 2.6 11 13.08 9 Judge Cuts 3 August 1 , 2017 2.8 12 13.33 10 Judge Cuts 4 August 8 , 2017 2.7 11 13.32 11 Quarterfinals , Week 1 ( Performances ) August 15 , 2017 2.8 11 13.44 12 Quarterfinals , Week 1 ( Results ) August 16 , 2017 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.1 9 10.89 13 Quarterfinals , Week 2 ( Performances ) August 22 , 2017 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.6 10 12.76 14 Quarterfinals , Week 2 ( Results ) August 23 , 2017 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.0 9 10.84 15 Quarterfinals , Week 3 ( Performances ) August 29 , 2017 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.6 11 13.13 16 Quarterfinals , Week 3 ( Results ) August 30 , 2017 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.9 8 11.07 17 Semifinals , Week 1 ( Performances ) September 5 , 2017 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.6 10 13.29 18 Semifinals , Week 1 ( Results ) September 6 , 2017 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.1 8 11.99 6 19 Semifinals , Week 2 ( Performances ) September 12 , 2017 Tuesday 9 : 00 p.m. 2.3 9 11.57 20 Semifinals , Week 2 ( Results ) September 13 , 2017 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.1 8 11.59 21 The Finals September 19 , 2017 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 3.0 12 14.70 22 Season Finale September 20 , 2017 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 3.0 11 15.64 Footnotes Jump up ^ This episode was delayed by one hour to follow Hand in Hand : A Benefit for Hurricane Relief . Specials Show Episode title First air date Timeslot ( EDT ) Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) Nightly Rank Weekly Rank S1 Best of Season 12 Auditions July 13 , 2017 Thursday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.3 6 7.10 10 S2 Road to Finals August 9 , 2017 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.3 6 7.01 8 Contestants who appeared on other seasons or shows Demian Aditya appeared as a guest performer on Indonesia 's Got Talent . German Cornejo & Gisela Galeassi ( `` German Cornejo Dance Company '' ) appeared on and were the tango dancer winners of ¡ Q'Viva ! The Chosen in 2012 , performing after the show in Las Vegas with ¡ Q'Viva ! The Chosen Live . They also were guest artists in Buenos Aires at the Dance Again World Tour by Jennifer Lopez . Ezequiel Lopez ( `` German Cornejo Dance Company '' ) appeared on and was one of the malambo dancer winners of ¡ Q'Viva ! The Chosen in 2012 . Canion Shijirbat appeared on and was the runner - up of Mongolia 's Got Talent in 2016 . He appeared on Asia 's Got Talent a few months after America 's Got Talent and was given a Golden Buzzer by the hosts . Nick Uhas was a houseguest on Big Brother 15 and was the second houseguest evicted from the house . Merrick Hanna auditioned for So You Think You Can Dance : The Next Generation . He made it into the top 40 at Dance Academy , but was eliminated before reaching the top 30 . He has also appeared as a lip sync battler on Nickelodeon 's Lip Sync Battle Shorties and on The Ellen DeGeneres Show . Artyon , half of the dancing duo Artyon and Paige , appeared as a lip sync battler on Nickelodeon 's Lip Sync Battle Shorties . Darci Lynne Farmer appeared on Little Big Shots in 2016 and on Little Big Shots ( UK TV series ) in 2017 . Billy and Emily England appeared on Britain 's Got Talent ( series 9 ) and reached the Semifinals . In 2008 , Emily was the runner - up on Big Brother UK : Celebrity Hijack , competing under the name of `` Emilia . '' Tony and Jordan ( `` The French Twins '' ) appeared on series 11 of La France a un incroyable talent ( the French version of Got Talent ) in 2016 . Chase Goehring appeared on The X Factor ( U.S. season 3 ) . Light Balance appeared on Britain 's Got Talent ( series 8 ) and reached the Semifinals . Junior and Emily appeared on Season 3 of America 's Got Talent , but were eliminated before the live shows . Shemika Charles appeared on Season 6 of America 's Got Talent , but was eliminated during Vegas week . Celine Tam appeared on Little Big Shots in 2016 and Britain 's Got Talent ( series 10 ) but had to drop out due to a visa issue . Vinny Grosso ( `` The Naked Magician '' ) previously appeared on `` Penn and Teller : Fool Us '' , performing the same routine as his AGT Audition , and successfully fooling the magic duo . The Quiddlers participated in the third season and appeared on I Can Do That , performing with Ciara and Nicole Scherzinger during their time on the show . Eric Jones previously appeared on `` Penn and Teller : Fool us , and he was successful in fooling them . Kyle Eschen & Xavier Mortimer also appeared on Fool Us ( Mortimer twice ) , but were unsuccessful in fooling Penn & Teller . Xavier Mortimer auditioned in Season 10 , but was eliminated at the judge cuts after receiving four buzzers . Pelican 212 appeared on Little Big Shots in 2016 . Kyle Eschen appeared on Season 3 , episode 2 of Penn & Teller : Fool Us , Masters of Illusion , and The World Magic Awards . Colin Cloud appeared on Britain 's Got Talent in 2012 , but he did not make it through to the live semifinals . Cloud also appeared on Season 1 of Penn and Teller Fool Us . His trick did n't however fool Penn and Teller . At both BGT and Penn and Teller Fool Us he went under his real name Colin McLeod . References Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` NBC Sets Summer Premieres : ' Marlon , ' ' Midnight , Texas , ' ' Carmichael Show , ' Reality & More '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' renewed for Season 12 , judges all returning '' . Zap2it . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' America 's Got Talent ' Sets Tyra Banks As New Host For Season 12 '' . March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dunkin ' Donuts returns to NBC 's ' America 's Got Talent ' for shows ' 12th Season '' . May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' America 's Got Talent ' Sets Chris Hardwick and DJ Khaled as Season 12 Guest Judges '' . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' America 's Got Talent ' Season 12 Adds Laverne Cox as Guest Judge '' . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Heidi Klum and Seal Reunite on ' America 's Got Talent ' '' . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metz , Brooke . `` Darci Lynne Farmer , 12 , is the new champion of America 's Got Talent '' , USA Today , September 20 , 2017 Jump up ^ France , Lisa Respers . `` The winner of America 's Got Talent is ... '' , CNN , September 21 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Simon Cowell Signs New Deal & Returns as Judge on NBC 's ' America 's Got Talent ' for Next Three Seasons '' . October 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nick Cannon Quits America 's Got Talent After Threats of Firing over Race Joke '' . TV Guide . Retrieved 13 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony , Kiyonna ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` America 's Got Talent Execs Have This to Say About Nick Cannon 's Departure '' . Globalgrind . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chavez , Paul ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Stand my ground ' : Nick Cannon resolves to ' stay firm ' after quitting AGT and picks Ryan Seacrest as heir '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent Season 12 Auditions : Cities , Dates , Video Tips '' . September 12 , 2016 . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mallenbaum , Carly . `` America 's Got Talent : A look at Season 12 's Golden Buzzer acts '' . USA Today . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stone , Natalie ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` America 's Got Talent Rising Star Dies in Car Crash at Age 29 '' . People . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Garcera , Mark Zeanreh . `` Some drama on AGT when Mel B splashes Simon 's face '' , BlastingNews.com , August 23 , 2017 , accessed September 30 , 2017 ; and King , Bill . `` America 's Got Talent Recap : The Quarterfinals Get Underway '' , BuddyTV.com , August 15 , 2017 , accessed September 30 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Watch America 's Got Talent Live Results 1 online '' . FanSided. 2017 - 08 - 16 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` ' Live Results 1 ' '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Witness the spectacular ... ' '' . Twitter . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stagnitta , Ali . `` America 's Got Talent Recap : 2 Onstage Disasters Prevent Fan - Favorite Acts from Performing '' , Hollywood Life , August 22 , 2017 , accessed September 13 , 2017 Jump up ^ www.justjared.com/2017/08/22/demian-adityas-escape-stunt-on-agt-goes-wrong-during-live-show-video/ Jump up ^ `` ' TV ALERT ... ' '' . Twitter . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' YOU HEAR THAT ? ... ' '' . Twitter . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ www.thewrap.com/americas-got-talent-agt-clairvoyants-video/ Jump up ^ Mizoguchi , Karen . `` America 's Got Talent Fans React to THAT Shocking Season Finale -- See Which Fan - Favorites Got Eliminated ! '' , People magazine , September 20 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` The Singing Trump from Palm Springs wowed on ' America 's Got Talent ' with his song and dance skills '' . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' Imaginary Mary ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` NBA Finals give ABC a big bump : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for May 29 - June 4 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' iZombie ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` NBA Finals , ' America 's Got Talent ' on top again : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for June 5 -- 11 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` NBA Finals carries ABC again : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for June 12 -- 18 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' and ' American Housewife ' encores adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' leads NBC to victory : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for June 19 -- 25 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' World of Dance ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 6 , 2017 ) . `` NBC and ' AGT ' stay on top : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for June 26 - July 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' and All - Star Game adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent , ' MLB All - Stars go 1 - 2 : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for July 10 -- 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' streak continues : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for July 17 -- 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' World of Dance ' and ' Somewhere Between ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Another week on top for ' America 's Got Talent ' : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for July 24 -- 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' World of Dance ' and ' Somewhere Between ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent , ' NFL lead NBC to victory : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for July 31 - Aug. 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Somewhere Between ' and ' World of Dance ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Bachelorette ' finale gives ABC a bump : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for Aug. 7 - 13 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` Hollywood Game Night and Somewhere Between adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` America 's Got Talent , Big Brother dominate the broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for Aug. 14 - 20 '' . August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Masterchef ' adjusts up , ' The F Word ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS ' and ' Legends of Tomorrow ' reruns adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` NBC runs winning streak to 10 weeks : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for Aug. 21 - 27 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' adjusts up , ' Marlon ' and ' Salvation ' adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` America 's Got Talent and Hollywood Game Night adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` College football pushes ABC to No. 1 : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for Aug. 28 - Sept. 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' and ' Marlon ' adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Bachelor in Paradise ' and ' AGT ' adjust up , ' Hollywood Game Night ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 14 , 2017 ) . `` Football gives NBC a big win : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for Sept. 4 - 10 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' adjusts up , ' Marlon ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' rerun adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday Night Football falls but remains on top : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for Sept. 11 - 17 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' Midnight , Texas ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' Will & Grace ' special adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` NBC caps yearlong win with ' AGT ' finale , football : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for Sept. 18 - 24 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 21 , 2017 ) . `` America 's Got Talent , ' ' Big Brother , ' ' Masterchef ' ajdust up , ' The Good Place ' and ' Salvation ' adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Road to Finals ' '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother , ' ' Salvation , ' ' Story of Diana , ' ' Carmichael ' and ' AGT ' all adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` So You Think You Can Dance 2016 Recap : So You Think You Can Make The Top 10 ? '' . gossipandgab.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Merrick Hanna '' . IMDb . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 02 . External links Official website IMDB America 's Got Talent website Preceded by Season 11 ( 2016 ) America 's Got Talent Season 12 ( 2017 ) Succeeded by Season 13 ( 2018 ) ( hide ) America 's Got Talent Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Winners Bianca Ryan Terry Fator Neal E. Boyd Kevin Skinner Michael Grimm Landau Eugene Murphy Jr . Olate Dogs Kenichi Ebina Mat Franco Paul Zerdin Grace VanderWaal Darci Lynne Farmer Runners - up The Millers Cas Haley Eli Mattson Bárbara Padilla Jackie Evancho Silhouettes Tom Cotter Taylor Williamson Emily West Drew Lynch Angelica Hale Third place Butterscotch Nuttin ' But Stringz Recycled Percussion Team iLuminate Oz Pearlman Jon Dorenbos Light Balance Other notable contestants Season 1 Taylor Ware Alexis Jordan Celtic Spring The Passing Zone Rappin ' Granny Leonid the Magnificent Jessica Sanchez Season 2 Jabbawockeez Julienne Irwin Kevin James Season 3 Kaitlyn Maher ZOOperstars ! Derrick Barry Season 4 Grandma Lee The Texas Tenors Thia Megia Season 5 ArcAttack Haspop Alice Tan Ridley Prince Poppycock Connor Doran The Strange Familiar Lindsey Stirling Season 6 Geechy Guy Anna Graceman POPLYFE Professor Splash Melissa Villaseñor Season 7 David Garibaldi and His CMYK 's Rudy Coby Trish Paytas Season 8 Cami Bradley Marty Brown Brad Byers Forte Branden James Jim Meskimen John Wing Jr . Season 9 Dan Naturman Wendy Liebman Miguel Dakota Quintavious Johnson The Willis Clan Mike Super Season 10 Stevie Starr Piff the Magic Dragon Myq Kaplan Freelusion Dance Company Metal Mulisha Fitz Army Kacey Jones Kayvon Zand Season 11 Ryan Stock & AmberLynn Tape Face Brian Justin Crum Cory Kahaney The Passing Zone Laura Bretan Zach Sherwin Season 12 Bello Nock Colin Cloud Mandy Harvey Merrick Hanna Preacher Lawson Puddles Pity Party The Singing Trump Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=America%27s_Got_Talent_(season_12)&oldid=809491525 '' Categories : America 's Got Talent seasons 2017 American television seasons Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from March 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Official website not in Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 November 2017 , at 13 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America%2527s%20Got%20Talent%20%28season%2012%29
| 1,962 |
||
who is the starting quarterback for the chargers
|
Season ( s ) Quarterback ( s ) 2017 Philip Rivers ( 9 ) 2016 Philip Rivers ( 16 ) 2015 Philip Rivers ( 16 ) 2014 Philip Rivers ( 16 ) 2013 Philip Rivers ( 16 ) 2012 Philip Rivers ( 16 ) 2011 Philip Rivers ( 16 ) Philip Rivers ( 16 ) 2009 Philip Rivers ( 16 ) 2008 Philip Rivers ( 16 ) 2007 Philip Rivers ( 16 ) 2006 Philip Rivers ( 16 ) 2005 Drew Brees ( 16 ) Drew Brees ( 15 ) / Doug Flutie ( 1 ) 2003 Drew Brees ( 11 ) / Doug Flutie ( 5 ) 2002 Drew Brees ( 16 ) 2001 Doug Flutie ( 16 ) 2000 Ryan Leaf ( 9 ) / Jim Harbaugh ( 5 ) / Moses Moreno ( 2 ) 1999 Jim Harbaugh ( 12 ) / Erik Kramer ( 4 ) 1998 Ryan Leaf ( 9 ) / Craig Whelihan ( 7 ) 1997 Stan Humphries ( 8 ) / Craig Whelihan ( 7 ) / Jim Everett ( 1 ) Stan Humphries ( 13 ) / Sean Salisbury ( 3 ) 1995 Stan Humphries ( 15 ) / Gale Gilbert ( 1 ) 1994 Stan Humphries ( 15 ) / Gale Gilbert ( 1 ) 1993 Stan Humphries ( 10 ) / John Friesz ( 6 ) 1992 Stan Humphries ( 15 ) / Bob Gagliano ( 1 ) 1991 John Friesz ( 16 ) 1990 Billy Joe Tolliver ( 14 ) / Mark Vlasic ( 1 ) / John Friesz ( 1 ) 1989 Jim McMahon ( 11 ) / Billy Joe Tolliver ( 5 ) 1988 Mark Malone ( 8 ) / Babe Laufenberg ( 6 ) / Mark Vlasic ( 2 ) Dan Fouts ( 10 ) / Rick Neuheisel ( 2 ) / Mark Herrmann ( 2 ) / Mike Kelley ( 1 ) 1986 Dan Fouts ( 12 ) / Tom Flick ( 3 ) / Mark Herrmann ( 1 ) 1985 Dan Fouts ( 12 ) / Mark Herrmann ( 4 ) 1984 Dan Fouts ( 13 ) / Ed Luther ( 3 ) Dan Fouts ( 10 ) / Ed Luther ( 6 ) 1982 Dan Fouts ( 9 ) 1981 Dan Fouts ( 16 ) 1980 Dan Fouts ( 16 ) 1979 Dan Fouts ( 16 ) 1978 Dan Fouts ( 14 ) / James Harris ( 2 ) 1977 James Harris ( 9 ) / Dan Fouts ( 4 ) / Cliff Olander ( 1 ) 1976 Dan Fouts ( 13 ) / Clint Longley ( 1 ) Dan Fouts ( 9 ) / Jesse Freitas ( 4 ) / Virgil Carter ( 1 ) Dan Fouts ( 11 ) / Jesse Freitas ( 3 ) 1973 Dan Fouts ( 6 ) / Wayne Clark ( 4 ) / Johnny Unitas ( 4 ) 1972 John Hadl ( 14 ) 1971 John Hadl ( 14 ) 1970 ( NFL ) John Hadl ( 12 ) / Marty Domres ( 2 ) 1969 ( AFL ) John Hadl ( 10 ) / Marty Domres ( 4 ) 1968 ( AFL ) John Hadl ( 14 ) 1967 ( AFL ) John Hadl ( 14 ) 1966 ( AFL ) John Hadl ( 13 ) / Steve Tensi ( 1 ) 1965 ( AFL ) John Hadl ( 14 ) 1964 ( AFL ) John Hadl ( 9 ) / Tobin Rote ( 5 ) 1963 ( AFL ) Tobin Rote ( 14 ) 1962 ( AFL ) John Hadl ( 10 ) / Dick Wood ( 2 ) / Jack Kemp ( 2 ) 1961 ( AFL ) Jack Kemp ( 14 ) 1960 ( AFL ) Jack Kemp ( 12 ) / Bob Clatterbuck ( 2 )
|
List of Los Angeles Chargers starting quarterbacks
|
list of los angeles chargers starting quarterbacks
|
These quarterbacks have started at least one game for the National Football League ( NFL ) 's Los Angeles Chargers ( formerly the San Diego Chargers ) . They are listed in order of the date of each player 's first start at quarterback for the team .
|
Contents ( hide ) 1 Starting quarterbacks 1.1 Regular season 1.2 Post-season 2 Most games as starting quarterback 3 Team career passing records 4 See also 5 References Starting quarterbacks ( edit ) Dan Fouts ( 1973 -- 1987 ) The number of games they started during the season is listed to the right : Regular season ( edit ) Season ( s ) Quarterback ( s ) 2017 Philip Rivers ( 9 ) 2016 Philip Rivers ( 16 ) 2015 Philip Rivers ( 16 ) 2014 Philip Rivers ( 16 ) 2013 Philip Rivers ( 16 ) 2012 Philip Rivers ( 16 ) 2011 Philip Rivers ( 16 ) Philip Rivers ( 16 ) 2009 Philip Rivers ( 16 ) 2008 Philip Rivers ( 16 ) 2007 Philip Rivers ( 16 ) 2006 Philip Rivers ( 16 ) 2005 Drew Brees ( 16 ) Drew Brees ( 15 ) / Doug Flutie ( 1 ) 2003 Drew Brees ( 11 ) / Doug Flutie ( 5 ) 2002 Drew Brees ( 16 ) 2001 Doug Flutie ( 16 ) 2000 Ryan Leaf ( 9 ) / Jim Harbaugh ( 5 ) / Moses Moreno ( 2 ) 1999 Jim Harbaugh ( 12 ) / Erik Kramer ( 4 ) 1998 Ryan Leaf ( 9 ) / Craig Whelihan ( 7 ) 1997 Stan Humphries ( 8 ) / Craig Whelihan ( 7 ) / Jim Everett ( 1 ) Stan Humphries ( 13 ) / Sean Salisbury ( 3 ) 1995 Stan Humphries ( 15 ) / Gale Gilbert ( 1 ) 1994 Stan Humphries ( 15 ) / Gale Gilbert ( 1 ) 1993 Stan Humphries ( 10 ) / John Friesz ( 6 ) 1992 Stan Humphries ( 15 ) / Bob Gagliano ( 1 ) 1991 John Friesz ( 16 ) 1990 Billy Joe Tolliver ( 14 ) / Mark Vlasic ( 1 ) / John Friesz ( 1 ) 1989 Jim McMahon ( 11 ) / Billy Joe Tolliver ( 5 ) 1988 Mark Malone ( 8 ) / Babe Laufenberg ( 6 ) / Mark Vlasic ( 2 ) Dan Fouts ( 10 ) / Rick Neuheisel ( 2 ) / Mark Herrmann ( 2 ) / Mike Kelley ( 1 ) 1986 Dan Fouts ( 12 ) / Tom Flick ( 3 ) / Mark Herrmann ( 1 ) 1985 Dan Fouts ( 12 ) / Mark Herrmann ( 4 ) 1984 Dan Fouts ( 13 ) / Ed Luther ( 3 ) Dan Fouts ( 10 ) / Ed Luther ( 6 ) 1982 Dan Fouts ( 9 ) 1981 Dan Fouts ( 16 ) 1980 Dan Fouts ( 16 ) 1979 Dan Fouts ( 16 ) 1978 Dan Fouts ( 14 ) / James Harris ( 2 ) 1977 James Harris ( 9 ) / Dan Fouts ( 4 ) / Cliff Olander ( 1 ) 1976 Dan Fouts ( 13 ) / Clint Longley ( 1 ) Dan Fouts ( 9 ) / Jesse Freitas ( 4 ) / Virgil Carter ( 1 ) Dan Fouts ( 11 ) / Jesse Freitas ( 3 ) 1973 Dan Fouts ( 6 ) / Wayne Clark ( 4 ) / Johnny Unitas ( 4 ) 1972 John Hadl ( 14 ) 1971 John Hadl ( 14 ) 1970 ( NFL ) John Hadl ( 12 ) / Marty Domres ( 2 ) 1969 ( AFL ) John Hadl ( 10 ) / Marty Domres ( 4 ) 1968 ( AFL ) John Hadl ( 14 ) 1967 ( AFL ) John Hadl ( 14 ) 1966 ( AFL ) John Hadl ( 13 ) / Steve Tensi ( 1 ) 1965 ( AFL ) John Hadl ( 14 ) 1964 ( AFL ) John Hadl ( 9 ) / Tobin Rote ( 5 ) 1963 ( AFL ) Tobin Rote ( 14 ) 1962 ( AFL ) John Hadl ( 10 ) / Dick Wood ( 2 ) / Jack Kemp ( 2 ) 1961 ( AFL ) Jack Kemp ( 14 ) 1960 ( AFL ) Jack Kemp ( 12 ) / Bob Clatterbuck ( 2 ) Post-season ( edit ) Season Quarterback ( s ) 1960 ( AFL ) Jack Kemp ( 0 - 1 ) 1961 ( AFL ) Jack Kemp ( 0 - 1 ) 1963 ( AFL ) Tobin Rote ( 1 - 0 ) 1964 ( AFL ) Tobin Rote ( 0 - 1 ) 1965 ( AFL ) John Hadl ( 0 - 1 ) 1979 Dan Fouts ( 0 - 1 ) 1980 Dan Fouts ( 1 - 1 ) 1981 Dan Fouts ( 1 - 1 ) 1982 Dan Fouts ( 1 - 1 ) 1992 Stan Humphries ( 1 - 1 ) 1994 Stan Humphries ( 2 - 1 ) 1995 Stan Humphries ( 0 - 1 ) Drew Brees ( 0 - 1 ) 2006 Philip Rivers ( 0 - 1 ) 2007 Philip Rivers ( 2 - 1 ) 2008 Philip Rivers ( 1 - 1 ) 2009 Philip Rivers ( 0 - 1 ) 2013 Philip Rivers ( 1 - 1 ) Most games as starting quarterback ( edit ) These quarterbacks have the most starts for the Chargers in regular season games ( as of Week 2 of 2017 season ) . Name GP Games played GS Games started Number of wins as starting quarterback Number of losses as starting quarterback Number of ties as starting quarterback Pct Winning Percentage as starting quarterback Name Period GP GS % Rivers , Philip 2004 - present 182 178 97 81 - . 545 Fouts , Dan 1973 - 1987 181 171 86 84 . 506 Hadl , John 1962 - 1972 154 123 59 55 9 . 516 Humphries , Stan 1992 - 1997 79 76 47 29 - . 618 Brees , Drew 2001 - 2005 59 58 30 28 - . 517 Team career passing records ( edit ) ( As of Week 2 of 2017 season ) Name Comp Att % Yds TD Int Rivers , Philip 3,864 5,989 64.5 % 46,356 318 157 Fouts , Dan 3,297 5,604 58.8 % 43,040 254 242 Hadl , John 1,824 3,640 50.1 % 26,938 201 211 Humphries , Stan 1,335 2,350 56.8 % 16,085 85 73 Brees , Drew 1,125 1,809 62.2 % 12,348 80 53 See also ( edit ) List of American Football League players List of NFL starting quarterbacks References ( edit ) Los Angeles Chargers Franchise Encyclopedia Los Angeles Chargers Founded in 1960 Played in San Diego ( 1961 -- 2016 ) Based in Carson , California Headquartered in Costa Mesa , California Franchise Franchise History in San Diego Seasons Retired numbers 14 19 21 55 Hall of Fame Anniversary teams 40th 50th First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Coaches History Broadcasters Stadiums Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Balboa Stadium Qualcomm Stadium San Diego stadium proposals StubHub Center Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park ( under construction ) Culture Fearsome Foursome Air Coryell `` San Diego Super Chargers '' Bruise Brothers Marty Ball San Diego sports curse Los Angeles Charger Girls Rivalries Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Oakland Raiders Lore Holy Roller Epic in Miami Freezer Bowl Division championships ( 15 ) 1960 1961 1963 1964 1965 1979 1980 1981 1992 1994 2006 2007 2008 2009 Conference championships ( 1 ) 1994 League championships ( 1 ) 1963 Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : West Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold San Diego / Los Angeles Chargers starting quarterbacks Jack Kemp ( 1960 -- 1962 ) Bobby Clatterbuck ( 1960 ) John Hadl ( 1962 , 1964 -- 1972 ) Dick Wood ( 1962 ) Tobin Rote ( 1963 -- 1964 ) Steve Tensi ( 1966 ) Marty Domres ( 1969 -- 1970 ) Dan Fouts ( 1973 -- 1987 ) Wayne Clark ( 1973 ) Johnny Unitas ( 1973 ) Jesse Freitas ( 1974 -- 1975 ) Virgil Carter ( 1975 ) Clint Longley ( 1976 ) James Harris ( 1977 -- 1978 ) Cliff Olander ( 1977 ) Ed Luther ( 1983 -- 1984 ) Mark Herrmann ( 1985 -- 1987 ) Tom Flick ( 1986 ) Rick Neuheisel ( 1987 ) Mike Kelley ( 1987 ) Mark Malone ( 1988 ) Babe Laufenberg ( 1988 ) Mark Vlasic ( 1988 , 1990 ) Jim McMahon ( 1989 ) Billy Joe Tolliver ( 1989 -- 1990 ) John Friesz ( 1990 -- 1991 , 1993 ) Stan Humphries ( 1992 -- 1997 ) Bob Gagliano ( 1992 ) Gale Gilbert ( 1994 -- 1995 ) Sean Salisbury ( 1996 ) Craig Whelihan ( 1997 -- 1998 ) Jim Everett ( 1997 ) Ryan Leaf ( 1998 , 2000 ) Jim Harbaugh ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Erik Kramer ( 1999 ) Moses Moreno ( 2000 ) Doug Flutie ( 2001 , 2003 -- 2004 ) Drew Brees ( 2002 -- 2005 ) Philip Rivers ( 2006 -- present ) List of starting quarterbacks in the National Football League ( as of Week 10 of the 2017 NFL season ) American Football Conference AFC East AFC North AFC South AFC West Tyrod Taylor ( Buffalo Bills ) Jay Cutler ( Miami Dolphins ) Tom Brady ( New England Patriots ) Josh McCown ( New York Jets ) Joe Flacco ( Baltimore Ravens ) Andy Dalton ( Cincinnati Bengals ) DeShone Kizer ( Cleveland Browns ) Ben Roethlisberger ( Pittsburgh Steelers ) Tom Savage ( Houston Texans ) Jacoby Brissett ( Indianapolis Colts ) Blake Bortles ( Jacksonville Jaguars ) Marcus Mariota ( Tennessee Titans ) Brock Osweiler ( Denver Broncos ) Alex Smith ( Kansas City Chiefs ) Derek Carr ( Oakland Raiders ) Philip Rivers ( Los Angeles Chargers ) National Football Conference NFC East NFC North NFC South NFC West Dak Prescott ( Dallas Cowboys ) Eli Manning ( New York Giants ) Carson Wentz ( Philadelphia Eagles ) Kirk Cousins ( Washington Redskins ) Mitchell Trubisky ( Chicago Bears ) Matthew Stafford ( Detroit Lions ) Brett Hundley ( Green Bay Packers ) Case Keenum ( Minnesota Vikings ) Matt Ryan ( Atlanta Falcons ) Cam Newton ( Carolina Panthers ) Drew Brees ( New Orleans Saints ) Ryan Fitzpatrick ( Tampa Bay Buccaneers ) Drew Stanton ( Arizona Cardinals ) Jared Goff ( Los Angeles Rams ) C.J. Beathard ( San Francisco 49ers ) Russell Wilson ( Seattle Seahawks ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Los_Angeles_Chargers_starting_quarterbacks&oldid=810386382 '' Categories : Lists of National Football League quarterbacks San Diego Chargers players Los Angeles Chargers lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 14 November 2017 , at 23 : 01 . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Los%20Angeles%20Chargers%20starting%20quarterbacks
| 2,097 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.