query
stringlengths 15
100
| long_answer
stringlengths 0
440k
| short_answer
stringlengths 0
1.27k
| title
stringlengths 0
135
| bert_title
stringlengths 0
134
| abstract
stringlengths 0
6.05k
| content
stringlengths 317
468k
| url
stringlengths 31
204
| index
int64 0
67.3k
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
is the mayor of flint michigan republican or democrat
|
List of mayors of Flint , Michigan
|
list of mayors of flint, michigan
|
The mayor position of Flint , Michigan is a strong mayor - type . In Flint 's previous 1929 charter , the mayor was one of the City Commissioners , as the council in a council - manager type government .
|
Contents ( hide ) 1 1855 -- 1888 2 1888 Charter 3 1929 Charter 4 1974 Charter 5 References 1855 -- 1888 ( edit ) The mayor was one of many citywide elected officers including the Recorder , Supervisor , Treasurer , Marshal , Directors of the Poor , School Inspector and Justices of the Peace . Additionally , other administrative officers were selected by wards . Mayor Start of Term End of Term Notes Grant Decker 1855 1856 Robert J.S. Page 1856 1857 Henry M. Henderson 1857 1858 William M. Fenton 1858 1860 Some records show Porter Hazelton as mayor from 1859 to 1860 Henry H. Crapo 1860 1861 Ephraim S. Williams 1861 1862 William Paterson 1862 1863 William Hamilton 1863 1865 William B. McCreery 1865 1867 Austin B. Witherbee 1867 1868 Samuel M. Axford 1868 1869 William S. Patrick 1869 1870 James B. Walker 1870 1871 David Spencer Fox 1871 1873 George H. Durand 1873 1875 Alexander McFarland 1875 1876 William Hamilton 1876 1877 Edward H. Thompson 1877 1878 Jerome Eddy 1878 1879 James C. Willson 1879 1880 Zacheus Chase 1880 1881 Charles A. Mason 1881 1882 William A. Atwood 1882 1883 George E. Newall 1883 1884 William W. Joyner 1884 1885 Mathew Davison 1885 1886 George T. Warren 1886 1887 John C. Dayton 1887 1888 1888 charter ( edit ) Mayor Start of Term End of Term Notes Oren Stone 1888 1889 Frank D. Baker 1889 1890 William A. Paterson 1890 1891 Francis H. Rankin , Jr . 1891 1892 George E. Taylor 1892 1893 Andrew J. Ward 1893 1894 Arthur C. McCall 1894 1894 John C. Zimmerman , Sr . 1895 1896 Samuel C. Randall 1896 1897 Milton C. Pettibone 1897 1898 George R. Gold 1898 1899 Hugh Alexander Crawford 1899 1900 Charles A. Cummings 1900 1901 Clark B. Dibble 1901 1902 Austin D. Alvord 1902 1904 Bruce J. McDonald 1904 1905 David D. Aitken 1905 1906 George E. McKinley 1906 1908 Horace C. Spencer 1908 1909 Guy W. Selby 1909 1911 John A.C. Menton 1911 1912 Charles Stewart Mott 1912 1914 John R. MacDonald 1914 1915 William H. McKeighan 1915 1916 Earl F. Johnson 1916 1917 George C. Kellar 1917 1918 Charles Stewart Mott 1918 1919 George C. Kellar 1919 1920 Edwin W. Atwood 1920 1922 William H. McKeighan 1922 1923 David R. Cuthbertson 1923 1924 Judson L. Transue 1924 1927 William H. McKeighan 1927 1928 Ray A. Brownell 1929 1930 This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Key to party colors and abbreviations for members of the U.S. Congress American ( Know Nothing ) ( K-N ) Adams ( A ) , Anti-Jacksonian ( Anti-J ) , National Republican ( NR ) Anti-Administration ( Anti-Admin ) Anti-Masonic ( Anti-M ) Conservative ( Con ) Democratic ( D ) Dixiecrat ( Dix ) , States ' rights ( SR ) Democratic - Republican ( D-R ) Farmer -- Labor ( FL ) Federalist ( F ) Free Soil ( FS ) Free Silver ( FSv ) Fusion ( FU ) Greenback ( GB ) Jacksonian ( J ) Nonpartisan League ( NPL ) Nullifier ( N ) Opposition ( O ) Populist ( Pop ) Pro-Administration ( Pro-Admin ) Progressive ( Prog ) Prohibition ( Proh ) Readjuster ( Rea ) Republican ( R ) Socialist ( Soc ) Unionist ( U ) Whig ( W ) Independent , None , or Unaffiliated 1929 charter ( edit ) Under the 1929 charter , Flint move to a council -- manager form of government with the council call the City Commission . Mayor Start of Term End of Term Notes Harvey J. Mallery 1930 1931 William H. McKeighan 1931 1933 Ray A. Brownell 1933 1934 Howard J. Clifford 1934 1935 George E. Boysen 1935 1936 Harold E. Bradshaw 1936 1938 Harry M. Comins 1938 1940 Oliver Tappin 1940 1940 William Osmund Kelly 1940 1944 Edwin C. McLogan 1944 1946 Edward J. Viall 1946 1948 George G. Wills 1948 1950 Paul Lovegrove 1950 1952 Donald W. Riegle , Sr . 1952 1954 George M. Algoe 1954 1958 Robert J. Egan 1958 1960 Charles A. Mobley 1960 1962 George R. Poulos 1962 1964 Harry K. Cull 1964 1966 Floyd J. McCree 1966 1968 Donald R. Cronin 1968 1970 Francis E. Limmer 1970 1973 Paul Calvin Visser 1973 1974 charter ( edit ) Under the 1974 Charter , the office of mayor is a non-partisan elected position . Mayor Start of Term End of Term Administrator Notes Elections James W. Rutherford Year Votes opponent opponent 's votes 20,679 Floyd J. McCree 20,474 1979 20,738 Floyd J. McCree 12,902 James A. Sharp , Jr . 21,718 James W. Rutherford 20,467 Matthew S. Collier 1991 22,874 James A. Sharp , Jr . 19,509 Woodrow Stanley 1991 March 5 , 2002 ? ( 1991 -- 2001 ) Darnell Earley ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Recalled from office in third term 1991 25,946 Matt Collier 17,686 1995 21,687 Don Williamson 9,168 1999 17,224 Scott Kincaid 16,393 2002 12,336 Recall 15,863 Darnell Earley March 5 , 2002 August 6 , 2002 himself Temporary Mayor per City Charter Effectively City Administrator as of July 9 , 2002 , due to State appointment of Emergency Financial Manager , Ed Kurtz James W. Rutherford August 6 , 2002 2003 Darnell Earley elected to fill remainder of Stanley term ; City still under State Financial Manager 2002 11,239 Arthur J. Pointer ( WI ) 4,712 Don Williamson 2003 February 15 , 2009 Peggy R. Cook ( 2003 -- 2007 ) Darryl Buchanan ( 2007 -- 2009 ) Michael Brown ( 2009 ) Initially under Emergency Financial Manager lifted in 2004 . facing recall ; resigns 2003 13,906 Floyd Clack 9,228 2007 12,434 Dayne Walling 11,853 Michael Brown February 16 , 2009 August 5 , 2009 himself Temporary Mayor per City Charter Dayne Walling August 5 , 2009 November 9 , 2015 Gregory Eason ( 000000002009 - 08 - 14 - 0000 August 14 , 2009 - 000000002011 - 12 - 02 - 0000 December 2 , 2011 ) Michael Brown ( 8 / 7 / 2012 - July 2013 ) Natasha Henderson Powers remove effective 12 / 1 / 2011 under city 's financial emergency & transfer to an Emergency Manager of which several individuals served until 000000002015 - 04 - 30 - 0000 April 30 , 2015 , when a Receivership Board assume some oversight . 2009 12,266 Brenda Clack 6,876 2011 8,819 ( 56 % ) Darryl Buchanan 6,868 votes ( 44 % ) Karen Weaver November 9 , 2015 present Natasha Henderson under RTA Board oversight First female mayor of Flint . 2015 7,825 ( 55 % ) Dayne Walling 6,061 ( 43 % ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The History of Genesee County , MI . Chapter XIII : First City Officers . ^ Jump up to : Chapter XIII : Roster of City Officials . The History of Genesee County , MI . ^ Jump up to : Ellis , Franklin ( 1879 ) . History of Genesee county , Michigan . With illustrations and biographical sketches of its prominent men and pioneers . Philadelphia , PA. : Everts & Abbott . p. 177 . ^ Jump up to : `` List of Flint City Mayors '' . Political Graveyards.com . Lawrence ( Larry ) Kestenbaum . Retrieved 9 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Raymer , Marjory ( 2007 - 08 - 09 ) . `` Two white candidates make history '' . The Flint Journal . Booth Newspapers . Retrieved 30 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Fonger , Ron ( 2008 - 12 - 16 ) . `` Woodrow Stanley , headed for state House , thanks county commission for giving his political career new life '' . Flint Journal . Flint , Michigan : Booth Newspapers . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` PRIMARY ELECTION GENESEE COUNTY , MICHIGAN TUESDAY , AUGUST 06 , 2002 '' . Genesee County Website . Flint , Michigan : GENESEE COUNTY , MICHIGAN. 6 August 2002 . Archived from the original on 1 November 2013 . Retrieved 30 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mayor of Flint , Michigan resigns for health reasons '' . Wikinews . Wikimedia Foundation . February 11 , 2009 . Retrieved 18 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Kristin , Longley ( 6 August 2009 ) . `` Mayor Dayne Walling lays out priorities at swearing in ceremony , pledges to keep police chief '' . Flint Journal . Flint , Michigan : Booth Newspapers . Archived from the original on 12 August 2009 . Retrieved 30 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Kristin , Longley ( 2009 - 08 - 14 ) . `` Gregory Eason appointed Flint city administrator by Mayor Dayne Walling '' . Flint Journal . Flint , Michigan : Booth Newspapers . Retrieved 18 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Longley , Kristin ( December 2 , 2011 ) . `` Shakeup at Flint City Hall as new emergency manager issues layoffs , pay cuts '' . The Flint Journal . Retrieved 5 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Fonger , Ron ( April 29 , 2015 ) . `` ' A heavy burden ' lifted from Flint as Gov. Rick Snyder declares end of financial emergency '' . Flint Journal . Mlive Media Group . Retrieved July 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Longley , Kristin ( 29 November 2011 ) . `` Former Acting Mayor Michael Brown named Flint 's emergency manager '' . Flint Journal . Retrieved 29 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Longley , Kristin ( November 9 , 2011 ) . `` About 19 percent of voters turned out to re-elect Flint Mayor Dayne Walling '' . Flint Journal . Retrieved 9 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Fonger , Ron ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Karen Weaver makes history , elected Flint 's first woman mayor '' . Flint Journal . Mlive Media Group . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_mayors_of_Flint,_Michigan&oldid=817917088 '' Categories : Lists of mayors of places in Michigan Mayors of Flint , Michigan Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from October 2013 Incomplete lists from January 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 December 2017 , at 08 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20mayors%20of%20Flint%2C%20Michigan
| 2,098 |
||
examples of corporate chain stores in the philippines
|
Category : retail companies of the Philippines
|
category : retail companies of the philippines
|
This category has the following 6 subcategories , out of 6 total .
|
► Bookstores of the Philippines ( 3 P ) ► Clothing brands of the Philippines ( 4 P ) ► Department stores of the Philippines ( 2 C , 6 P ) ► Food retailers of the Philippines ( 2 C ) ► Pharmacies of the Philippines ( 2 P ) ► Sporting goods retailers of the Philippines ( 1 P ) Pages in category `` retail companies of the Philippines '' The following 26 pages are in this category , out of 26 total . This list may not reflect recent changes ( learn more ) . Automatic Centre Ayala Malls CashCashPinoy CD - R King City Supermarket , Inc . CityMall ( Philippines ) DoubleDragon Properties Ever Gotesco Malls Galleria Zamboanga KCC Malls Manels Megaworld Lifestyle Malls Metro Retail Stores Group Octagon Computer Superstore Payless ShoeSource Primark Town Center Primer Group of Companies Prince Hypermart Robinsons Malls Template : Robinsons Malls Shoppers ' Chain of Stores Silicon Valley Computer Group Philippines SM Supermalls Sunnies Studios Toy Kingdom Walter Mart Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Retail_companies_of_the_Philippines&oldid=785035540 '' Categories : Companies of the Philippines by industry Retailing in the Philippines Retail companies by country Retail companies of Asia Talk Help About Wikipedia فارسی 日本 語 اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 11 June 2017 , at 08 : 25 . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category%3ARetail%20companies%20of%20the%20Philippines
| 2,099 |
||
was kobe bryant ever the best player in the league
|
Statistically , the 2000 -- 01 season saw Bryant perform similarly to the previous year , but he averaged 6 more points a game ( 28.5 ) . It was also the year when disagreements between Bryant and O'Neal began to surface . Once again he led the team in assists with 5 per game . The Lakers , however , only won 56 games , an 11 - game drop off from last year . The Lakers would respond by going 15 -- 1 in the playoffs . They easily swept the Portland Trail Blazers , Sacramento Kings , and San Antonio Spurs to advance to the Finals , before losing their first game against the Philadelphia 76ers in OT . They would go on to win the next 4 games and bring their second championship to Los Angeles in as many seasons . During the playoffs , Bryant played heavy minutes which brought his stats up to 29.4 points , 7.3 rebounds , and 6.1 assists per game . In the playoffs , teammate O'Neal declared Bryant the best player in the league . Bryant ended up making the All NBA Second team and All NBA Defensive Team for the second year in a row . In addition , he was also voted to start in the NBA All - Star Game for the 3rd year in a row ( no game in 1999 ) .
|
Kobe Bryant
|
kobe bryant
|
Kobe Bryant Bryant with the Lakers in 2015 ( 1978 - 08 - 23 ) August 23 , 1978 ( age 40 ) Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Nationality American Listed height 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) Listed weight 212 lb ( 96 kg ) Career information High school Lower Merion ( Ardmore , Pennsylvania ) NBA draft 1996 / Round : 1 / Pick : 13th overall Selected by the Charlotte Hornets Playing career 1996 -- 2016 Position Shooting guard Number 8 , 24 Career history 1996 -- 2016 Los Angeles Lakers Career highlights and awards 5 × NBA champion ( 2000 -- 2002 , 2009 , 2010 ) 2 × NBA Finals MVP ( 2009 , 2010 ) NBA Most Valuable Player ( 2008 ) 18 × NBA All - Star ( 1998 , 2000 -- 2016 ) 4 × NBA All - Star Game MVP ( 2002 , 2007 , 2009 , 2011 ) 11 × All - NBA First Team ( 2002 -- 2004 , 2006 -- 2013 ) 2 × All - NBA Second Team ( 2000 , 2001 ) 2 × All - NBA Third Team ( 1999 , 2005 ) 9 × NBA All - Defensive First Team ( 2000 , 2003 , 2004 , 2006 -- 2011 ) 3 × NBA All - Defensive Second Team ( 2001 , 2002 , 2012 ) 2 × NBA scoring champion ( 2006 , 2007 ) NBA Slam Dunk Contest champion ( 1997 ) NBA All - Rookie Second Team ( 1997 ) Naismith Prep Player of the Year ( 1996 ) Nos. 8 & 24 retired by Los Angeles Lakers Career statistics Points 33,643 ( 25.0 ppg ) Rebounds 7,047 ( 5.2 rpg ) Assists 6,306 ( 4.7 apg ) Stats at Basketball-Reference.com Medals ( hide ) Men 's basketball Representing United States Olympic Games 2008 Beijing Team 2012 London Team FIBA Americas Championship 2007 Las Vegas Team Kobe Bean Bryant ( born August 23 , 1978 ) is an American former professional basketball player . He played his entire 20 - year career with the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He entered the NBA directly from high school and won five NBA championships with the Lakers . Bryant is an 18 - time All - Star , 15 - time member of the All - NBA Team , and 12 - time member of the All - Defensive team . He led the NBA in scoring during two seasons and ranks third on the league 's all - time regular season scoring and fourth on the all - time postseason scoring list . He holds the NBA record for the most seasons playing with one franchise for an entire career and is widely regarded as one of the greatest basketball players of all time . Bryant is the first guard in NBA history to play at least 20 seasons . The son of former NBA player Joe Bryant , Kobe Bryant enjoyed a successful high school basketball career at Lower Merion High School in Pennsylvania , where he was recognized as the top high school basketball player in the country . He declared for the NBA draft upon graduation and was selected in the 13th overall pick in the 1996 NBA draft by the Charlotte Hornets , who traded him to the Lakers . As a rookie , Bryant earned himself a reputation as a high - flyer and a fan favorite by winning the 1997 Slam Dunk Contest , and he was named an All - Star by his second season . Despite a feud between them , Bryant and Shaquille O'Neal led the Lakers to three consecutive NBA championships from 2000 to 2002 . In 2003 , Bryant was accused of sexual assault in Colorado , but the charges were eventually dropped , and a civil suit was settled out of court . After the Lakers lost the 2004 NBA Finals , O'Neal was traded to the Miami Heat . Bryant became the cornerstone of the Lakers , and he led the NBA in scoring during the 2005 -- 06 and 2006 -- 07 seasons . In 2006 , he scored a career - high 81 points against the Toronto Raptors , the second most points scored in a single game in league history behind Wilt Chamberlain 's 100 - point game in 1962 . Bryant was awarded the regular season 's Most Valuable Player Award ( MVP ) in 2008 . After losing in the 2008 NBA Finals , he led the Lakers to two consecutive championships in 2009 and 2010 , earning the Finals MVP Award on both occasions . He continued to be among the top players in the league through 2013 when the 34 - year - old Bryant suffered a torn Achilles tendon . Although he recovered , his play was limited the following two years by season - ending injuries to his knee and shoulder , respectively . Citing his physical decline , he announced that he would retire after the 2015 -- 16 season . At 34 years and 104 days of age , Bryant became the youngest player in league history to reach 30,000 career points . He became the all - time leading scorer in Lakers franchise history on February 1 , 2010 , when he surpassed Jerry West . During his third year in the league , Bryant was chosen to start the All - Star Game , and he would continue to be selected to start that game for a record 18 consecutive appearances until his retirement . His four All - Star MVP Awards are tied for the most in NBA history . At the 2008 and 2012 Summer Olympics , he won gold medals as a member of the U.S. national team . Sporting News and TNT named Bryant the top NBA player of the 2000s . In 2018 , Bryant won the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film for his film Dear Basketball . Contents 1 Early life and education 1.1 High school 2 Professional career 2.1 1996 NBA draft 2.2 Adjusting to the NBA ( 1996 -- 1999 ) 2.3 Three - peat ( 1999 -- 2002 ) 2.4 Coming up short ( 2002 -- 2004 ) 2.5 Scoring records and playoff upsets ( 2004 -- 2007 ) 2.6 Back on top ( 2007 -- 2010 ) 2.7 Chasing a sixth championship ( 2010 -- 2013 ) 2.8 Injury - plagued years ( 2013 -- 2015 ) 2.9 Final season ( 2015 -- 2016 ) 3 National team career 4 Player profile 5 NBA career statistics 5.1 Regular season 5.2 Playoffs 6 Legacy 7 Off the court 7.1 Personal life 7.2 Sexual assault allegation 7.3 Endorsements 7.4 Music 7.5 Philanthropy 7.6 Kobe Inc . 7.7 Bryant - Stibel 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Early Life and education Bryant was born in 1978 in Philadelphia ; he was the youngest of three children and the only son of former NBA player Joe Bryant and Pamela Cox Bryant . He is also the maternal nephew of basketball player John `` Chubby '' Cox . His parents named him after the famous beef of Kobe , Japan , which they saw on a restaurant menu . His middle name , Bean , is derived from his father 's nickname `` Jellybean '' . Bryant was raised Roman Catholic . When Bryant was six , his father retired from the NBA and moved his family to Rieti in Italy to continue playing professional basketball at a lower level . Kobe became accustomed to his new lifestyle and learned to speak fluent Italian . During summers , he would come back to the United States to play in a basketball summer league . Bryant started playing basketball when he was 3 years old , and the Lakers were his favorite team when he was growing up . Bryant 's grandfather would mail him videos of NBA games , which Bryant would study . At an early age , he also learned to play soccer and his favorite team was A.C. Milan . When Kobe 's father Joe retired as a player in 1991 , the family moved back to the United States . High school Bryant 's retired No. 33 jersey and banner at the Lower Merion High School gym . Bryant earned national recognition during a spectacular high school career at Lower Merion High School in Ardmore , which was located in the Philadelphia suburb of Lower Merion . He played on the varsity basketball team as a freshman . He became the first freshman in decades to start for Lower Merion 's varsity team , but the team finished with a 4 -- 20 record . The following three years , the Aces compiled a 77 -- 13 record , with Bryant playing all five positions . During his junior year , he averaged 31.1 points , 10.4 rebounds , and 5.2 assists and was named Pennsylvania Player of the Year , attracting attention from college recruiters in the process . Duke , Michigan , North Carolina and Villanova were at the top of his list ; however , when Kevin Garnett went in the first round of the 1995 NBA draft , he began considering going directly to the pros . At Adidas ABCD camp , Bryant earned the 1995 senior MVP award while playing alongside future NBA teammate Lamar Odom . While in high school , then 76ers coach John Lucas invited Bryant to work out and scrimmage with the team , where he played one - on - one with Jerry Stackhouse . In his senior year of high school , Bryant led the Aces to their first state championship in 53 years . During the run , he averaged 30.8 points , 12 rebounds , 6.5 assists , 4 steals , and 3.8 blocked shots in leading the Aces to a 31 -- 3 record . Bryant ended his high school career as Southeastern Pennsylvania 's all - time leading scorer at 2,883 points , surpassing both Wilt Chamberlain and Lionel Simmons . Bryant received several awards for his outstanding performance during his senior year at Lower Merion . The awards included being named Naismith High School Player of the Year , Gatorade Men 's National Basketball Player of the Year , a McDonald 's All - American , and a USA Today All - USA First Team player . Bryant 's varsity coach , Greg Downer , commented that he was `` a complete player who dominates '' and praised his work ethic , even as the team 's top player . In 1996 , Bryant took R&B singer Brandy to his senior prom , though the two were , and remain , just friends . Ultimately , however , the 17 - year - old Bryant made the decision to go directly into the NBA , only the sixth player in NBA history to do so . Bryant 's news was met with a lot of publicity at a time when prep - to - pro NBA players were not very common ( Garnett being the only exception in 20 years ) . His basketball skills and SAT score of 1080 would have ensured admission to any college he chose , but he did not officially visit any campuses . In 2012 , Bryant was honored as one of the 35 Greatest McDonald 's All - Americans . Professional career 1996 NBA draft Prior to the 1996 NBA draft , Bryant had worked out in Los Angeles , where he scrimmaged against former Lakers players Larry Drew and Michael Cooper and , according to then - Laker manager Jerry West , `` marched over these people '' . The Lakers were looking to trade their starting center Vlade Divac for a player 's draft rights in order to free up salary cap space to make an offer to free agent center Shaquille O'Neal . Bill Branch , the Hornets ' head scout at the time , said that the Hornets agreed to trade their draft selection at # 13 to the Lakers the day before the draft . Prior to the trade agreement , the Hornets never considered drafting Bryant . During the draft , the Lakers told the Hornets whom to select minutes before the pick was made . Bryant was the first guard ever drafted directly out of high school . After the draft , the trade was put in jeopardy when Divac threatened to retire rather than be traded from Los Angeles . However , on June 30 , Divac relented on his threat and the trade was made final on July 9 , 1996 when the league 's offseason moratorium ended . Since Bryant was still 17 at the time , his parents had to cosign his contract with the Lakers until he was able to sign his own when he turned 18 before the season began . Bryant signed a three - year rookie contract totalling $3.5 million . Adjusting to the NBA ( 1996 -- 1999 ) Bryant debuted in the Summer Pro League in Long Beach , California , scoring 25 points in front of a standing - room - only crowd . Defenders struggled to get in front of him , and his performance excited West and Lakers coach Del Harris . He scored 36 points in the finale and finished with averages of 24.5 points and 5.3 rebounds in four games . As a rookie in 1996 -- 97 , Bryant mostly came off the bench behind guards Eddie Jones and Nick Van Exel . At the time he became the youngest player ever to play in an NBA game ( 18 years , 72 days ; a record since broken by Jermaine O'Neal and former teammate Andrew Bynum ) , and also became the youngest NBA starter ever ( 18 years , 158 days ) . Initially , Bryant played limited minutes , but as the season continued , he began to see some more playing time . By the end of the season , he averaged 15.5 minutes a game . During the All - Star weekend , Bryant participated in the Rookie Challenge and won the 1997 Slam Dunk Contest , becoming the youngest dunk champion ever at the age of 18 . Bryant 's performance throughout the year earned him a spot on the NBA All - Rookie Second Team with fellow bench teammate Travis Knight . The Lakers advanced to the Western Conference semifinals in the playoffs against the Utah Jazz , when Bryant was pressed into a lead role at the end of Game 5 . Byron Scott missed the game with a sprained wrist , Robert Horry was ejected for fighting with Utah 's Jeff Hornacek , and Shaquille O'Neal fouled out with 1 : 46 remaining in the fourth quarter . Bryant shot four air balls at the end of the game ; the Jazz won 98 -- 93 in overtime to eliminate the Lakers 4 -- 1 . He first whiffed a game - winning 2 - point jump shot in the fourth quarter , and then misfired three three - point field goals in overtime , including two tying shots in the final minute . O'Neal commented that `` ( Bryant ) was the only guy who had the guts at the time to take shots like that . '' In Bryant 's second season , he received more playing time and began to show more of his abilities as a talented young guard . As a result , Bryant 's point averages more than doubled from 7.6 to 15.4 points per game . Bryant would see an increase in minutes when the Lakers `` played small '' , which would feature Bryant playing small forward alongside the guards he would usually back up . Bryant was the runner - up for the NBA 's Sixth Man of the Year Award , and through fan voting , he also became the youngest NBA All - Star starter in NBA history . He was joined by teammates O'Neal , Van Exel , and Jones , making it the first time since 1983 that four players on the same team were selected to play in the same All - Star Game . Bryant 's 15.4 points per game was the highest of any non-starter in the season . The 1998 -- 99 season marked Bryant 's emergence as a premier guard in the league . With starting guards Van Exel and Jones traded , Bryant started every game for the lockout - shortened 50 - game season . During the season , Bryant signed a 6 - year contract extension worth $70 million . This kept him with the Lakers until the end of the 2003 -- 04 season . Even at an early stage of his career , sportswriters were comparing his skills to those of Michael Jordan and Magic Johnson . The playoff results , however , were no better , as the Lakers were swept by the San Antonio Spurs in the Western Conference Semifinals . Three - peat ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Bryant taking a shot Bryant 's fortunes would improve when Phil Jackson took over as coach of the Lakers in 1999 . After years of steady improvement , Bryant became one of the premier shooting guards in the league , earning appearances in the league 's All - NBA , All - Star , and All - Defensive teams . The Lakers became championship contenders under Bryant and O'Neal , who formed a legendary center - guard combination . Jackson utilized the triangle offense that he implemented to win six championships with the Chicago Bulls ; this offense would help both Bryant and O'Neal rise to the elite class of the NBA . Three resulting championships were won consecutively in 2000 , 2001 , and 2002 , further proving such a fact . Bryant was sidelined for six weeks prior to the start of the 1999 -- 2000 season due to a hand injury that he had incurred during a preseason game against the Washington Wizards . When Bryant was back and playing over 38 minutes a game , he had an increase in all statistical categories during the 1999 -- 2000 season . This included leading the team in assists per game and steals per game . The duo of O'Neal and Bryant backed with a strong bench led to the Lakers winning 67 games , tied for fifth-most in NBA history . This followed with O'Neal winning the MVP and Bryant being named to the All - NBA Team Second Team and All - NBA Defensive Team for the first time in his career ( the youngest player ever to receive defensive honors ) . While playing second fiddle to O'Neal in the playoffs , Bryant had some clutch performances including a 25 - point , 11 rebound , 7 assist , 4 block game in game 7 of the Western Conference finals against the Portland Trail Blazers . He also threw an alley - oop pass to O'Neal to clinch the game and the series . In the 2000 Finals against the Indiana Pacers , Bryant injured his ankle in the second quarter of Game 2 after landing on the Pacers ' Jalen Rose 's foot . Rose later admitted he placed his foot under Bryant intentionally . Bryant did not return to the game , and he also missed Game 3 due to the injury . In Game 4 , Bryant scored 22 points in the second half and led the team to an OT victory as O'Neal fouled out of the game . Bryant scored the winning shot to put the Lakers ahead 120 -- 118 . With a 116 -- 111 Game 6 victory , the Lakers won their first championship since 1988 . Statistically , the 2000 -- 01 season saw Bryant perform similarly to the previous year , but he averaged 6 more points a game ( 28.5 ) . It was also the year when disagreements between Bryant and O'Neal began to surface . Once again he led the team in assists with 5 per game . The Lakers , however , only won 56 games , an 11 - game drop off from last year . The Lakers would respond by going 15 -- 1 in the playoffs . They easily swept the Portland Trail Blazers , Sacramento Kings , and San Antonio Spurs to advance to the Finals , before losing their first game against the Philadelphia 76ers in OT . They would go on to win the next 4 games and bring their second championship to Los Angeles in as many seasons . During the playoffs , Bryant played heavy minutes which brought his stats up to 29.4 points , 7.3 rebounds , and 6.1 assists per game . In the playoffs , teammate O'Neal declared Bryant the best player in the league . Bryant ended up making the All NBA Second team and All NBA Defensive Team for the second year in a row . In addition , he was also voted to start in the NBA All - Star Game for the 3rd year in a row ( no game in 1999 ) . In the 2001 -- 02 season , Bryant played 80 games for the first time in his career . He continued his all - round play by averaging 25.2 points , 5.5 rebounds , and 5.5 assists per game . He also had a career - high 46.9 % shooting and once again led his team in assists . He claimed his first All - Star MVP trophy after a 31 - point performance in Philadelphia when he was loudly booed by fans as they had throughout the game , stemming from his earlier comment to a 76ers heckler during the Finals that the Lakers were `` going to cut your hearts out '' . While making the All - NBA Defensive team again , he was also promoted to the All - NBA First Team for the first time in his career . The Lakers won 58 games that year and finished second place in the Pacific Division behind in - state rival Sacramento Kings . Bryant was suspended one game after he punched Reggie Miller of the Indiana Pacers after the Lakers ' March 1 , 2002 victory over the Pacers . The road to the Finals would prove a lot tougher than the record run the Lakers had the previous year . While the Lakers swept the Blazers and defeated the Spurs 4 -- 1 in the first two rounds of the playoffs , the Lakers did not have home court advantage against the Sacramento Kings . The series would stretch to 7 games , the first time this happened to the Lakers since the 2000 Western Conference Finals . However , the Lakers were able to beat their division rivals and make their third consecutive NBA Finals appearance . In the 2002 Finals against the New Jersey Nets , Bryant averaged 26.8 points , 51.4 % shooting , 5.8 rebounds , 5.3 assists per game , which included scoring a quarter of the team 's points . At age 23 , Bryant became the youngest player to win three championships . Bryant 's play was notable and praised for his performance in the 4th quarter of games , specifically the last 2 rounds of the playoffs . This cemented Bryant 's reputation as a `` clutch player '' . Coming up short ( 2002 -- 2004 ) Bryant at the free - throw line , 2005 . In the 2002 -- 03 season , Bryant set an NBA record for three - pointers in a game on January 7 , 2003 , when he made 12 against the Seattle SuperSonics . He averaged 30 points per game and embarked on a historic run , posting 40 or more points in nine consecutive games while averaging 40.6 in the entire month of February . In addition , he averaged 6.9 rebounds , 5.9 assists , and 2.2 steals per game , all career - highs to that point . Bryant was once again voted to both the All - NBA and All - Defensive 1st teams , and came in third place in voting for the MVP award . After finishing 50 -- 32 in the regular season , the Lakers floundered in the playoffs and lost in the Western Conference semi-finals in six games to the eventual NBA champions San Antonio Spurs . In the following 2003 -- 04 season , the Lakers were able to acquire NBA All - Stars Karl Malone , and Gary Payton to make another push at the NBA Championship . Bryant was arrested for sexual assault before the season began . This caused Bryant to miss some games due to court appearances or attend court earlier in the day and travel to play games later in same day . In the final game of the regular season , the Lakers played the Portland Trail Blazers . Bryant made two buzzer beaters to win the game and the Pacific Division title . At the end of the fourth quarter , Bryant made a 3 - pointer with 1.1 seconds left to send it into overtime . The game eventually went to a second overtime , in which Bryant made another 3 - pointer as time expired to lift the Lakers past the Blazers , 105 -- 104 . With a starting lineup of O'Neal , Malone , Payton , and Bryant , the Lakers were able to reach the NBA Finals . However , they were upset in five games by the Detroit Pistons , who won their first championship since 1990 . In that series , Bryant averaged 22.6 points per game and 4.4 assists . He shot 35.1 % from the field . Jackson 's contract as coach was not renewed , and Rudy Tomjanovich took over . O'Neal was traded to the Miami Heat for Lamar Odom , Caron Butler , and Brian Grant . The following day , Bryant declined an offer to sign with the Los Angeles Clippers and re-signed a seven - year contract with the Lakers . Scoring records and playoff upsets ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Bryant was closely scrutinized and criticized during the 2004 -- 05 season with his reputation badly damaged from all that had happened over the previous year . A particularly damaging salvo came when Jackson wrote The Last Season : A Team in Search of Its Soul . The book detailed the events of the Lakers ' tumultuous 2003 -- 04 season and has a number of criticisms of Bryant . In the book , Jackson called Bryant `` un-coachable '' . Midway through the season , Tomjanovich suddenly resigned as Lakers coach , citing the recurrence of health problems and exhaustion . Without Tomjanovich , stewardship of the remainder of the Lakers ' season fell to career assistant coach Frank Hamblen . Bryant was the league 's second - leading scorer at 27.6 points per game , but he was surrounded by a subpar supporting cast , and the Lakers went 34 -- 48 and missed the playoffs for the first time in over a decade . The year signified a drop in Bryant 's overall status in the NBA , as he did not make the NBA All - Defensive Team and was also demoted to the All - NBA Third Team . During the season , Bryant also engaged in public feuds with Malone and Ray Allen . The 2005 -- 06 NBA season marked a crossroads in Bryant 's basketball career . Despite past differences with Bryant , Jackson returned to coach the Lakers . Bryant endorsed the move , and by all appearances , the two men worked together well the second time around , leading the Lakers back into the playoffs . Bryant 's individual scoring accomplishments posted resulted in the finest statistical season of his career . On December 20 , 2005 , Bryant scored 62 points in three quarters against the Dallas Mavericks . Entering the fourth quarter , Bryant outscored the entire Mavericks team 62 -- 61 , the only time a player has done this through three quarters since the introduction of the shot clock . When the Lakers faced the Miami Heat on January 16 , 2006 , Bryant and Shaquille O'Neal made headlines by engaging in handshakes and hugs before the game , signifying a change in the feud that had festered between them . A month later , at the 2006 NBA All - Star Game , the two were seen laughing together . Bryant scored a career - high of 81 - points against the Toronto Raptors in Staples Center , second - highest single scoring performance in NBA history , surpassed only by Wilt Chamberlain 's 100 - point game in 1962 . On January 22 , 2006 , Bryant scored a career - high 81 points in a 122 -- 104 victory against the Toronto Raptors . In addition to breaking the previous franchise record of 71 set by Elgin Baylor , Bryant 's 81 - point game was the second - highest point total in NBA history , surpassed only by Chamberlain 's 100 - point game in 1962 . Whereas Chamberlain was fed repeatedly by teammates for inside shots in a blowout win , Bryant created his own shot -- mostly from the outside -- in a game which the Lakers trailed at halftime by 14 and did not pull away until the fourth quarter . Chamberlain , playing in an era when the games were paced faster and scoring opportunities were more plentiful , accounted for 59 percent of his team 's points in Philadelphia 's 169 -- 147 win , compared to Bryant scoring 66 percent of the Lakers ' 122 points . In that same month , Bryant also became the first player since 1964 to score 45 points or more in four consecutive games , joining Chamberlain and Baylor as the only players ever to do so . For the month of January , Bryant averaged 43.4 points per game , the eighth highest single month scoring average in NBA history and highest for any player other than Chamberlain . By the end of the 2005 -- 06 season , Bryant set Lakers single - season franchise records for most 40 - point games ( 27 ) and most points scored ( 2,832 ) . He won the league 's scoring title for the first time by averaging 35.4 points per game , becoming just the fifth player in league history to average at least 35 in a season . Bryant finished in fourth place in the voting for the 2006 NBA Most Valuable Player Award but received 22 first place votes -- second only to winner Steve Nash . Later in the season , it was reported that Bryant would change his jersey number from 8 to 24 at the start of the 2006 -- 07 NBA season . Bryant 's first high school number was 24 before he switched to 33 . After the Lakers ' season ended , Bryant said on TNT that he wanted 24 as a rookie , but it was unavailable , as was 33 , retired with Kareem Abdul - Jabbar . Bryant wore 143 at the Adidas ABCD camp and chose 8 by adding those numbers . In the first round of the playoffs , the Lakers played well enough to reach a 3 -- 1 series lead over the Phoenix Suns , culminating with Bryant 's overtime - forcing and game - winning shots in Game 4 . They came within six seconds of eliminating the second - seeded Suns in Game 6 , however , they lost that game 126 -- 118 in overtime . Despite Bryant 's 27.9 points per game in the series , the Lakers broke down and ultimately fell to the Suns in seven games . After scoring 50 points on 20 of 35 shooting in the Game 6 loss , Bryant was criticized for only taking three shots in the second half of the 121 -- 90 Game 7 loss to Phoenix . Bryant driving towards the basket During the 2006 -- 07 season , Bryant was selected to his 9th All - Star Game appearance , and on February 18 , he logged 31 points , 6 assists , and 6 steals , earning his second career All - Star Game MVP trophy . Over the course of the season , Bryant became involved in a number of on - court incidents . On January 28 while attempting to draw contact on a potential game - winning jump shot , he flailed his arm , striking San Antonio Spurs guard Manu Ginóbili in the face with his elbow . Following a league review , Bryant was suspended for the subsequent game at Madison Square Garden against the New York Knicks . The basis given for the suspension was that Bryant had performed an `` unnatural motion '' in swinging his arm backward . Later , on March 6 , he seemed to repeat the motion , this time striking Minnesota Timberwolves guard Marko Jarić . On March 7 , the NBA handed Bryant his second one - game suspension . In his first game back on March 9 , he elbowed Kyle Korver in the face which was retroactively re-classified as a Type 1 flagrant foul . On March 16 , Bryant scored a season - high 65 points in a home game against the Portland Trail Blazers , which helped end the Lakers 7 - game losing streak . This was the second - best scoring performance of his 11 - year career . The following game , Bryant recorded 50 points against the Minnesota Timberwolves , after which he scored 60 points in a road win against the Memphis Grizzlies -- becoming the second Laker to score three straight 50 - plus point games , a feat not seen since Jordan last did it in 1987 . The only other Laker to do so was Baylor , who also scored 50 + in three consecutive contests in December 1962 . In the following day , in a game against the New Orleans Hornets , Bryant scored 50 points , making him the second player in NBA history to have four straight 50 - point games behind Chamberlain , who achieved it twice with streaks of five and seven . Bryant finished the year with a total of ten 50 - plus point games , matched only by Chamberlain . Bryant also won his second straight scoring title that season . Throughout the 2006 -- 07 season , his jersey became the top selling NBA jersey in the United States and China . A number of journalists have attributed the improved sales to Bryant 's new number , as well as his continuing All - Star performance on the court . In the 2007 NBA playoffs , the Lakers were once again eliminated in the first round by the Phoenix Suns , 4 -- 1 . Back on top ( 2007 -- 2010 ) On May 27 , 2007 , ESPN reported that Bryant stated that he wanted to be traded if Jerry West did not return to the team with full authority . Bryant later confirmed his desire for West 's return to the franchise but denied stating that he would want to be traded if that does not occur . However , three days later , on Stephen A. Smith 's radio program , Bryant expressed anger over a Lakers `` insider '' who claimed that Bryant was responsible for Shaquille O'Neal 's departure from the team , and publicly stated , `` I want to be traded . '' Three hours after making that statement , Bryant stated in another interview that after having a conversation with head coach Jackson , he had reconsidered his decision and backed off his trade request . Bryant was later shown in an infamous amateur video saying that center Andrew Bynum should have been traded for All - Star Jason Kidd . Bryant 's Lakers lost to the Boston Celtics in 6 games during the 2008 NBA Finals . On December 23 , 2007 , Bryant became the youngest player ( 29 years , 122 days ) to reach 20,000 points , in a game against the New York Knicks , in Madison Square Garden . This record has since been broken by LeBron James . Despite an injury to his shooting hand 's small finger , described as `` a complete tear of the radial collateral ligament , an avulsion fracture , and a volar plate injury at the MCP joint '' that occurred in a game on February 5 , 2008 , Bryant played all 82 games of the regular season instead of opting for surgery . Regarding his injury , he stated , `` I would prefer to delay any surgical procedure until after our Lakers season , and this summer 's Olympic Games . But , this is an injury that myself ( sic ) and the Lakers ' medical staff will just have to continue to monitor on a day - to - day basis . '' In early September 2008 , Bryant decided not to have surgery to repair the injury . Aided by the signing of Spanish All - Star Pau Gasol , Bryant leads his team to a West best 57 -- 25 record . The Lakers swept the Nuggets in the first round and on May 6 , 2008 , and Bryant was officially announced as the league MVP . He said , `` It 's been a long ride . I 'm very proud to represent this organization , to represent this city . '' West , who was responsible for bringing Bryant to the Lakers , was on hand at the press conference to observe Bryant receive his MVP trophy from NBA commissioner David Stern . He stated , `` Kobe deserved it . He 's had just another great season . Does n't surprise me one bit . '' In addition to winning his MVP award , Bryant was the only unanimous selection to the All - NBA team on May 8 , 2008 , for the third straight season and sixth time in his career . He would then headline the NBA All - Defensive First Team with Kevin Garnett , receiving 52 points overall including 24 first - place nods , earning his eighth selection . The Lakers concluded the 2007 -- 08 regular season with a 57 -- 25 record , finishing first in the Western Conference and setting up themselves for a first - round contest against the Nuggets . In Game 1 , Bryant , who said he made himself a decoy through most of the game , scored 18 of his 32 points in the final 8 minutes to keep Los Angeles safely ahead . That made Denver the first 50 - win team to be swept out of the first round of the playoffs since the Memphis Grizzlies fell in four games to the San Antonio Spurs in 2004 . In the first game of the next round against the Jazz , Bryant scored 38 points as the Lakers beat the Jazz in Game 1 . The Lakers won the next game as well , but dropped Games 3 and 4 , even with Bryant putting up 33.5 points per game . The Lakers then won the next two games to win the semifinals in 6 . This set up a Western Conference Finals berth against the San Antonio Spurs . The Lakers defeated the Spurs in 5 games , sending themselves to the NBA Finals against the Boston Celtics . This marked the fifth time in Bryant 's career and the first time without O'Neal to go to the NBA Finals . The Lakers then lost to the Boston Celtics in 6 games . Derek Fisher and Bryant with President Barack Obama during the White House visit honoring their Lakers ' 2009 championship In the 2008 -- 09 season , the Lakers opened the campaign by winning their first seven games . Bryant led the team to tie the franchise record for most wins to start the season going 17 -- 2 , and by the middle of December they compiled a 21 -- 3 record . He was selected to his eleventh consecutive All - Star Game as a starter , and was named the Western Conference Player of the Month for December and January in addition to being named Western Conference Player of the week three times . In a game against the Knicks on February 2 , 2009 , Bryant scored 61 points , setting a record for the most points scored at Madison Square Garden . During the 2009 NBA All - Star Game , Bryant tallied 27 points , 4 assists , 4 rebounds , and 4 steals was awarded All - Star Game co-MVP with former teammate O'Neal . The Lakers finished the regular season with the best record in the west ( 65 -- 17 ) . Bryant was runner - up in the MVP voting behind LeBron James , and was selected to the All - NBA First Team and All - Defensive First Team for the seventh time in his career . In the playoffs , the Lakers defeated the Utah Jazz in five games and the Houston Rockets in seven games in the opening two rounds . After finishing off the Denver Nuggets in the Conference Finals in six games , the Lakers earned their second straight trip to the NBA Finals where they defeated the Orlando Magic in five games . Bryant was awarded his first NBA Finals MVP trophy upon winning his fourth championship , achieving series averages of 32.4 points , 7.4 assists , 5.6 rebounds , 1.4 steals and 1.4 blocks . He became the first player since West in the 1969 NBA Finals to average at least 32.4 points and 7.4 assists for a finals series and the first since Jordan to average 30 points , 5 rebounds , and 5 assists for a title - winning team in the finals . Bryant shoots a left - handed floater over future teammate Dwight Howard of the Orlando Magic on January 18 , 2010 . During the 2009 -- 10 season , Bryant made six game - winning shots including a buzzer - beating , one - legged 3 - pointer against the Miami Heat on December 4 , 2009 . Bryant considered the shot one of the luckiest he has made . A week later , Bryant suffered an avulsion fracture in his right index finger in a game against the Minnesota Timberwolves . Despite the injury , Bryant elected to continue playing with it , rather than take any time off to rest the injury . Five days after his finger injury , he made another game - winning shot , after missing on an opportunity in regulation , this time against the Milwaukee Bucks in an overtime game . Bryant also became the youngest player ( 31 years , 151 days ) to reach 25,000 points during the season , surpassing Chamberlain . He continued his dominant clutch plays making yet another game - winning three - pointer against the Sacramento Kings , and what would be the game - winning field goal against the Boston Celtics . The following day , he surpassed West to become the all - time leading scorer in Lakers franchise history . After being sidelined for five games from an ankle injury , Bryant made his return and made another clutch three - pointer to give the Lakers a one - point lead with four seconds remaining against the Memphis Grizzlies . Two weeks later , he made his sixth game - winning shot of the season against the Toronto Raptors . On April 2 , 2010 , Bryant signed a three - year contract extension worth $87 million . Bryant finished the regular season missing four of the final five games , due to injuries to his knee and finger . Bryant suffered multiple injuries throughout the season and as a result , missed nine games . The Lakers began the playoffs as the number one seed in the Western Conference against the Oklahoma City Thunder , eventually defeating them in six games . The Lakers swept the Utah Jazz in the second round and advanced to the Western Conference Finals , where they faced the Phoenix Suns . In Game 2 , Bryant finished the game with 13 assists , setting a new playoff career - high ; it was the most assists by a Laker in the playoffs since Magic Johnson had 13 in 1996 . The Lakers went on to win the series in six games capturing the Western Conference Championship and advancing to the NBA Finals for a third straight season . In a rematch against the 2008 Champion Boston Celtics , Bryant , despite shooting 6 for 24 from the field , led the Lakers back from a thirteen - point third quarter deficit in Game 7 to win the championship ; he scored 10 of his game - high 23 points in the fourth quarter and finished the game with 15 rebounds . Bryant won his fifth championship and earned his second consecutive NBA Finals MVP award . This marked the first time the Lakers won a Game 7 against the Boston Celtics in the NBA Finals . Bryant said that this was the most satisfying of all of his five championships . Chasing a sixth championship ( 2010 -- 2013 ) Bryant and fellow Lakers meet with President Barack Obama in honor of the 2010 championship . Bryant wanted a sixth championship to match Jordan 's total . The Lakers started the 2010 -- 11 season by winning their first eight games . In his ninth game of the season , playing against the Denver Nuggets , Bryant became the youngest player in NBA history to reach 26,000 career points . Bryant also recorded his first triple - double since January 21 , 2009 . On January 30 against the Celtics , he became the youngest player to score 27,000 points . On February 1 , 2011 , Bryant became one of seven players with at least 25,000 points , 5,000 rebounds , and 5,000 assists . In Boston on February 10 , Bryant scored 20 of his 23 points in the second half as the Lakers rallied from an early 15 - point deficit for a 92 -- 86 win over the Celtics . It was the Lakers ' first victory of the season against one of the league 's top four teams , as they entered the game 0 -- 5 in previous matchups and had been outscored by an average of 11 points . Bryant , selected to his 13th straight All - Star game after becoming the leading vote - getter , had 37 points , 14 rebounds , and three steals in the 2011 All - Star Game and won his fourth All - Star MVP , tying Hall of Famer Bob Pettit for the most All - Star MVP awards . During the season , Bryant moved from 12th to 6th place on the NBA all - time career scoring list , passing John Havlicek , Dominique Wilkins , Oscar Robertson , Hakeem Olajuwon , Elvin Hayes , and Moses Malone . Bryant finished the season averaging less than 20 shots a game , his fewest since the 2003 -- 04 season . On April 13 , 2011 , the NBA fined Bryant $100,000 for directing a gay slur at referee Bennie Adams in frustration in the previous day 's game . The Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation praised the NBA 's decision to fine Bryant , and the Human Rights Campaign said that Bryant 's language was a `` disgrace '' and `` distasteful '' . Bryant stated that he was open to discussing the matter with gay rights groups and wanted to appeal his fine . He later apologized for the use of the word . Bryant and other Lakers appeared in a Lakers public service announcement denouncing his behavior . The team 's quest for another three - peat was ended when they were swept by the Dallas Mavericks in the second round of the playoffs . The Mavericks would go on to win the 2011 NBA Finals . Bryant wearing a mask in 2012 after suffering a broken nose . Bryant received experimental platelet - rich plasma therapy called Orthokine in Germany to treat the pain on his left knee and ankle , and Mike Brown replaced the retired Jackson as coach of the Lakers in the offseason . Bryant began the season playing with an injured wrist . On January 10 , 2012 , Bryant scored 48 points against the Suns , the most ever by a player in his 16th season . `` Not bad for the seventh - best player in the league '' , said Bryant , referring to a preseason ESPN ranking of the NBA 's top players . He went on to score 40 , 42 , and 42 in his next three games . It was the sixth time in his career he scored 40 or more points in four straight games , a feat exceeded only by Chamberlain ( 19 times ) . At the 2012 NBA All - Star Game , Bryant scored 27 points to pass Jordan as the career scoring leader in the All - Star Game . He also suffered a broken nose and a concussion in the third quarter of the All - Star Game after a hard foul from Dwyane Wade . In April , Bryant missed seven games with a bruised left shin . He returned three games before the end of the regular season . In the last game of the regular season , against Sacramento , he chose not to go for a possible third NBA scoring title , having needed 38 points to surpass Kevin Durant . The Lakers were knocked out of the playoffs by Durant 's Oklahoma City Thunder in the second round of the playoffs , losing in five games . The Lakers in 2012 -- 13 acquired center Dwight Howard and point guard Steve Nash . On November 2 , 2012 , Bryant scored 40 points with two steals , and he passed Magic Johnson ( 1,724 ) as the Lakers career leader in steals . However , the Lakers lost the game to the Clippers and started the season 0 -- 3 for the first time in 34 years and just the fourth time in franchise history . After starting the season 1 -- 4 , coach Brown was fired . He was replaced by Mike D'Antoni , who Bryant knew as a child when Bryant 's father was playing in Italy and D'Antoni was also a star player there . Bryant had grown close with D'Antoni during their time with Team USA . On December 5 against New Orleans , Bryant became the youngest player ( 34 years and 104 days ) in league history to score 30,000 points , joining Hall of Famers Chamberlain , Jordan , Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , and Karl Malone as one of five players to reach that milestone . On December 18 , in a 101 -- 100 win over the Charlotte Bobcats , Bryant scored 30 + points in his seventh consecutive game , the longest streak ever by an NBA player after turning 34 years old ; it was the fourth - longest such streak in his career . His streak would be snapped at 10 on December 28 in a 104 -- 87 win over the Portland Trail Blazers , when he scored 27 points , sitting out the whole fourth quarter . In a move to improve the team 's defense , D'Antoni began having Bryant guard the opponent 's best perimeter player ; Bryant was the primary defender on the Cavaliers ' Kyrie Irving , who was held to 15 points . Bryant acknowledged he was a more focused defender when he had a challenging defensive assignment as opposed to when he played off the ball against weaker players . His defense disrupted opponents and freed Nash from unfavorable matchups . Bryant dunking against the Milwaukee Bucks , 2013 . Bryant was leading the league in scoring through much of the first 42 games . With a disappointing 17 -- 25 start to the season , D'Antoni had Bryant became the primary facilitator on offense and Nash was moved off the ball and became more of a spot - up shooter . In the next three games , Bryant had at least 10 assists in three wins with a three - game total of 39 assists , the most in his career . He missed a triple - double in each game with nine rebounds twice and eight in the other . In two crucial wins in March , he scored at least 40 points and had at least 10 assists in back - to - back games , becoming the first Laker to accomplish the feat since West in 1970 . With the Lakers fighting to secure the eighth and final playoff berth in the Western Conference , coupled with injuries on the team , Bryant began playing almost all 48 minutes each game . On April 10 , 2013 , Bryant became the first player in NBA history to get 47 points , eight rebounds , five assists , four blocks , and three steals in an NBA game . On April 12 , Bryant suffered a torn Achilles tendon against the Golden State Warriors , ending his season . His injury came while he was playing seven consecutive quarters and at least 40 minutes for seven consecutive games . The 34 - year - old Bryant was averaging his most minutes ( 38.6 ) in six years , and only Portland rookie Damian Lillard was averaging more minutes . Lakers general manager Mitch Kupchak had spoken to Bryant about his extensive playing time 10 days earlier , but Bryant insisted the minutes needed to continue given the Lakers ' playoff push . Bryant had surgery on April 13 to repair the tear , and it was estimated he would miss six to nine months . He ended the season with his customary numbers scoring an average of 27.3 points , 46.3 percent shooting , 5.6 rebounds , and 6 assists . However , The New York Times called his leading of the Lakers back into playoff contention `` perhaps some of the finest work of his career . '' Eight times he reached 40 points during the season , and eleven times he had 10 or more assists in his role as distributor , dubbed `` Magic Mamba '' after the passing skills of Magic Johnson . Bryant 's assists were the second - highest of his career and his field goal percentage was its highest since 2008 -- 09 . The Lakers finished the season at 45 - 37 , good for seventh in the West . Playing without Bryant , the Lakers were swept in four games by the San Antonio Spurs in the first round of the playoffs . Injury - plagued years ( 2013 -- 2015 ) Bryant shooting against Marcin Gortat in 2014 Bryant resumed practicing in November 2013 , after the 2013 - 2014 season had already begun . On November 25 , he signed a two - year contract extension with the Lakers at an estimated value of $48.5 million . He remained the league 's highest - paid player , although he accepted a discounted deal ; he had been eligible to receive an extension starting at $32 million per year . Bryant 's contract became a polarizing topic , with detractors arguing that stars should take less money to allow their team more financial freedom , while supporters countered that the NBA 's biggest stars were being paid less than their true value . Bryant resumed playing on December 8 after missing the season 's first 19 games . On December 17 , Bryant matched his season high of 21 points in a 96 -- 92 win over Memphis , but he suffered a lateral tibial plateau fracture in his left knee that was expected to sideline him for six weeks . He had played six games since returning from his Achilles injury , which included time at point guard after injuries to Nash , Steve Blake , and Jordan Farmar . Bryant was averaging 13.8 points , 6.3 assists , and 4.3 rebounds . Despite being sidelined , he was voted by fans to start in his 16th All - Star game . Bryant did not feel he was deserving of the selection , and some likened it to a career achievement award for his past performance . However , he missed playing in the game , still hampered by his knee . On March 12 , 2014 , the Lakers ruled Bryant out for the remainder of the season , citing his need for more rehab and the limited time remaining in the season . At the time , the team was 22 -- 42 and tied for the worst record in the Western Conference . The Lakers finished 27 -- 55 and missed the playoffs for the first time since 2005 . Bryant returned for the 2014 -- 15 season , his 19th season with the Lakers , who had replaced D'Antoni with Bryant 's former Lakers teammate , Byron Scott . On November 30 , 2014 , in a 129 -- 122 overtime victory against the Toronto Raptors , Bryant recorded his 20th career triple - double with 31 points , 12 assists and 11 rebounds . At age 36 , he became the oldest NBA player to ever achieve 30 points , 10 rebounds , and 10 assists in a game . On December 14 , Bryant became the NBA 's third all - time leading scorer , passing Jordan ( 32,292 ) in a 100 -- 94 win against Minnesota . He played in the first 27 games of the season , averaging team - highs with 26.4 points and 35.4 minutes per game while leading the league with 22.4 shots per game . However , Scott held him out for three straight games to rest after one of his worst performances of the season , when Bryant committed nine turnovers and scored 25 points on just 8 - for - 30 shooting in a 108 -- 101 loss to Sacramento . He was suffering from soreness in his knees , feet , back , and Achilles tendons and Scott planned to reduce his workload going forward . Three times Bryant had exceeded 40 minutes in a game , and the coach blamed himself for overloading him after he started the season in such great shape . For the season , Bryant had been shooting just 37 percent from the field , and the team 's record was only 8 -- 19 . In his second game back after resting , he had 23 points , 11 assists , and 11 rebounds in a 111 -- 103 win over Denver , and became just the third player in league history to record multiple triple - doubles in a season at age 36 or older . On January 21 , 2015 , Bryant suffered a rotator cuff tear in his right shoulder while driving baseline for a two - handed dunk against the New Orleans Pelicans . Though he is right - handed , he returned to play in the game and ran the offense while shooting , dribbling , and passing almost exclusively with his left hand . Prior to the injury , Bryant had been rested in 8 of 16 games . He underwent season - ending surgery for the injury , finishing the season averaging 22.3 points but shooting a career - low 37.3 percent , well below his 45.4 percent career mark to start the season . He was expected to be sidelined for nine months with a return targeted toward the start of the 2015 -- 16 season . The Lakers finished the season with a record of 21 - 61 , surpassing the franchise record for most losses in a season that they had set the previous year . Final season ( 2015 -- 2016 ) After recovering to play in the 2015 -- 16 preseason , Bryant suffered a calf injury and missed the final two weeks of exhibition games . However , he played in the season opener to begin his 20th season with the Lakers , surpassing John Stockton 's league record of 19 for the most seasons with the same team . On November 24 , 2015 , the Lakers fell to 2 -- 12 after losing 111 -- 77 to the Warriors . Bryant scored just four points in 25 minutes on 1 - for - 14 shooting , matching the worst - shooting game of his career in which he attempted at least five shots . On December 1 , 2015 , Bryant played his last game against his hometown team , the Philadelphia 76ers , where the Lakers lost 103 - 91 . Bryant against Washington after his retirement announcement On November 29 , 2015 , Bryant announced via The Players ' Tribune that he would be retiring at the end of the season . In his poem titled `` Dear Basketball '' , Bryant wrote that he fell in love with the game at age six ; `` A love so deep I gave you my all / From my mind & body / To my spirit & soul . '' The 2015 -- 16 season `` is all I have left to give. / My heart can take the pounding / My mind can handle the grind / But my body knows it 's time to say goodbye. / And that 's OK. / I 'm ready to let you go . '' In a letter distributed to Lakers ' fans before that evening 's game against the Indiana Pacers , Bryant wrote , `` What you 've done for me is far greater than anything I 've done for you ... My love for this city , this team and for each of you will never fade . Thank you for this incredible journey . '' At the time of his announcement , he was second on the team in minutes ( 30.8 ) behind Jordan Clarkson and leading the team with 16.7 field goal attempts per game , while averaging just 15.7 points and shooting a career - low 31.5 percent . His free throw attempts had dropped from his career average , and his game had become over-reliant on pump fakes and long - range shots , making a league - worst 19.5 percent from three - point range while attempting seven a game , almost double his career average . In his press conference after the announcement , he acknowledged his declining skills . `` Even though I play like shit , I 've worked really , really hard not to play like crap and I do everything I possibly can . And I feel good about that '' , he said . Bryant defending LeBron James in his final Cleveland game Bryant requested that opposing teams on the road not hold any on - court ceremonies in his honor or present him any gifts in public . Prior to announcing his retirement , he had been steadfast about not wanting the fuss of a staged farewell tour , preferring to hear boos instead of cheers . Still , he was honored around the league with video tributes , and fans greeted him with ovations , even at arenas that historically jeered him like TD Garden in Boston and Sleep Train Arena in Sacramento . Previously , Bryant was respected but not beloved , and he was astonished at the cheers he was now receiving . On February 3 , Bryant made seven three - pointers and scored a season - high 38 points , including 14 of the team 's 18 points in the last 5 : 02 of the game , for a 119 -- 115 win over the Minnesota Timberwolves . The win ended a 10 - game losing streak , and the Lakers averted establishing the longest losing streak in franchise history . Bryant became just the fourth NBA player over 37 years old to log at least 35 points , five rebounds , and five assists in a game . Bryant was the leading overall vote - getter for the 2016 All - Star Game with 1.9 million votes , ahead of Stephen Curry 's 1.6 million . Having moved to small forward that season , Bryant was selected as a frontcourt starter for the first time . Playing in his first All - Star game since 2013 , Bryant had 10 points , six rebounds , and seven assists . West teammates offered to feed him the ball in an attempt to get him another All - Star MVP , but he declined . In the season finale on April 13 , Bryant scored an NBA season - high 60 points against Utah in his last NBA game , outscoring the entire Jazz team 23 -- 21 in the fourth quarter , in the Lakers ' 101 -- 96 victory . He became the oldest player to score 60 or more points in a game at 37 years and 234 days old . The Lakers finished the season with a 17 -- 65 record , their worst record in franchise history . National team career Bryant in a game against China at the 2008 Summer Olympics Bryant declined to play in the 2000 Olympics because he was getting married in the off - season . He also decided not to play in the 2002 FIBA World Championship . Bryant was originally selected for the FIBA Americas Championship in 2003 but withdrew after undergoing arthroscopic shoulder and knee surgeries . In the following summer , he had to withdraw from the Olympic team because of his sexual assault case . Along with LeBron James , he was one of the first two players to publicly named to the 2006 -- 2008 U.S. preliminary roster in 2006 by Jerry Colangelo . However , he was once again sidelined after knee surgery and did n't participate in the 2006 FIBA World Championship . Bryant 's United States national team career finally began in 2007 . He was a member of the 2007 USA Men 's Senior National Team and USA FIBA Americas Championship Team that finished 10 -- 0 , won gold and qualified the United States men for the 2008 Olympics . He started in all 10 of the USA 's FIBA Americas Championship games . Bryant averaged 15.3 points , 2.9 assists , 2.0 rebounds , and 1.6 steals per game in the tournament . On June 23 , 2008 , he was named to the USA Men 's Senior National Team for the 2008 Summer Olympics . This was his first time going to the Olympics . Bryant scored 20 points , including 13 in the fourth quarter , along with six assists , as Team USA defeated Spain 118 -- 107 in the gold medal game on August 24 , 2008 , for its first gold medal in a worldwide competition since the 2000 Olympics . He averaged 15.0 points , 2.8 rebounds , and 2.1 assists while shooting . 462 from the field in eight Olympic contests . Bryant rejoined the national team for the 2012 Summer Olympics . He retired from the team after winning another gold medal . Player Profile Bryant shoots a fadeaway over Shane Battier in 2009 . Listed at 6 feet 6 inches ( 1.98 m ) and weighing 212 pounds ( 96 kg ) , Bryant played primarily as a shooting guard . He was often cited as one of the most dangerous scorers in the NBA . Bryant has drawn frequent comparisons to Jordan , after whom he modeled his playing style . Like Jordan , he became most known for shooting a fall - away jump shot . Chris Ballard of Sports Illustrated described another of Bryant 's most famous moves as the `` jab step - and - pause '' : Bryant jabbed his non-pivot foot forward to let the defender relax , but instead of bringing the jab foot back , he pushed off of it and drove around his opponent to get to the basket . Bryant established a reputation for taking shots in the closing moments of tight games , even when he was double or triple - teamed , and was noted as one of the premier closers in the NBA . In a 2012 annual survey of NBA general managers , Bryant was selected for the 10th consecutive season as the player general managers would want to take a clutch shot with a game on the line . Bryant enjoyed being the villain , and reveled in being booed and then silencing the crowd with his play . His ability to make difficult shots has also drawn criticism of his shot selection . Throughout his career , Bryant was disparaged for being a selfish , high - volume shooter ; he missed more field goal attempts in his career than any other player in NBA history . Phil Jackson , who coached Bryant for many years , stated that Bryant `` tends to force the action , especially when the game is n't going his way . When his shot is off , Kobe will pound away relentlessly until his luck turns . '' According to Bryant , `` I would go 0 for 30 before I would go 0 for 9 ; 0 for 9 means you beat yourself , you psyched yourself out of the game . '' In addition to his abilities on offense , Bryant also established himself as a standout defensive player . Bryant rarely drew charges when he played defense , which he believed spared his body and contributed to his longevity . Some critics have suggested that Bryant 's defensive accolades in his later years were based more on his reputation than his actual play . Bryant was also lauded for his work ethic . Throughout his first 16 seasons , his body was resilient , and he exhibited a high pain threshold while often playing through injuries . A fierce competitor , Bryant made opponents and teammates alike the objects of his scorn . Many players have considered him difficult to play with because of his high level of commitment and performance . According to sportswriter Mark Heisler of Forbes , `` circa 2004 -- 2007 , Kobe was the most alienated superstar the NBA had ever seen . '' He did , however , lead the Lakers to two championships after the departure of Shaquille O'Neal ; during this period , he became more of a mentor to his teammates than he had been earlier in his career . Bryant 's longtime head coach Phil Jackson noted that the biggest difference between his first and second stints in coaching the Lakers was if Bryant talked to teammates in his earlier years with the Lakers , it was usually , `` Give me the damn ball . '' During the latter period , `` ( Bryant ) embraced the team and his teammates , calling them up when we were on the road and inviting them out to dinner . It was as if the other players were now his partners , not his personal spear - carriers . '' NBA career statistics Legend GP Games played GS Games started MPG Minutes per game FG % Field goal percentage 3P % 3 - point field goal percentage FT % Free throw percentage RPG Rebounds per game APG Assists per game SPG Steals per game BPG Blocks per game PPG Points per game Bold Career high † Denotes seasons in which Bryant won an NBA championship * Led the league Regular season Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 1996 -- 97 L.A. Lakers 71 6 15.5 . 417 . 375 . 819 1.9 1.3 . 7 . 3 7.6 1997 -- 98 L.A. Lakers 79 26.0 . 428 . 341 . 794 3.1 2.5 . 9 . 5 15.4 1998 -- 99 L.A. Lakers 50 50 37.9 . 465 . 267 . 839 5.3 3.8 1.4 1.0 19.9 1999 -- 00 † L.A. Lakers 66 62 38.2 . 468 . 319 . 821 6.3 4.9 1.6 . 9 22.5 2000 -- 01 † L.A. Lakers 68 68 40.9 . 464 . 305 . 853 5.9 5.0 1.7 . 6 28.5 2001 -- 02 † L.A. Lakers 80 80 38.3 . 469 . 250 . 829 5.5 5.5 1.5 . 4 25.2 2002 -- 03 L.A. Lakers 82 82 41.5 . 451 . 383 . 843 6.9 5.9 2.2 . 8 30.0 2003 -- 04 L.A. Lakers 65 64 37.6 . 438 . 327 . 852 5.5 5.1 1.7 . 4 24.0 2004 -- 05 L.A. Lakers 66 66 40.7 . 433 . 339 . 816 5.9 6.0 1.3 . 8 27.6 2005 -- 06 L.A. Lakers 80 80 41.0 . 450 . 347 . 850 5.3 4.5 1.8 . 4 35.4 * 2006 -- 07 L.A. Lakers 77 77 40.8 . 463 . 344 . 868 5.7 5.4 1.4 . 5 31.6 * 2007 -- 08 L.A. Lakers 82 82 38.9 . 459 . 361 . 840 6.3 5.4 1.8 . 5 28.3 2008 -- 09 † L.A. Lakers 82 82 36.1 . 467 . 351 . 856 5.2 4.9 1.5 . 5 26.8 2009 -- 10 † L.A. Lakers 73 73 38.8 . 456 . 329 . 811 5.4 5.0 1.5 . 3 27.0 2010 -- 11 L.A. Lakers 82 82 33.9 . 451 . 323 . 828 5.1 4.7 1.2 . 1 25.3 2011 -- 12 L.A. Lakers 58 58 38.5 . 430 . 303 . 845 5.4 4.6 1.2 . 3 27.9 2012 -- 13 L.A. Lakers 78 78 38.6 . 463 . 324 . 839 5.6 6.0 1.4 . 3 27.3 2013 -- 14 L.A. Lakers 6 6 29.5 . 425 . 188 . 857 4.3 6.3 1.2 . 2 13.8 2014 -- 15 L.A. Lakers 35 35 34.5 . 373 . 293 . 813 5.7 5.6 1.3 . 2 22.3 2015 -- 16 L.A. Lakers 66 66 28.2 . 358 . 285 . 826 3.7 2.8 . 9 . 2 17.6 Career 1,346 1,198 36.1 . 447 . 329 . 837 5.2 4.7 1.4 . 5 25.0 All - Star 15 15 27.6 . 500 . 324 . 789 5.0 4.7 2.5 . 4 19.3 Playoffs Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 1997 L.A. Lakers 9 0 14.8 . 382 . 261 . 867 1.2 1.2 . 3 . 2 8.2 1998 L.A. Lakers 11 0 20.0 . 408 . 214 . 689 1.9 1.5 . 3 . 7 8.7 1999 L.A. Lakers 8 8 39.4 . 430 . 348 . 800 6.9 4.6 1.9 1.3 19.8 2000 † L.A. Lakers 22 22 39.0 . 442 . 344 . 754 4.5 4.4 1.5 1.5 21.1 2001 † L.A. Lakers 16 16 43.4 . 469 . 324 . 821 7.3 6.1 1.6 . 8 29.4 2002 † L.A. Lakers 19 19 43.8 . 434 . 379 . 759 5.8 4.6 1.4 . 9 26.6 2003 L.A. Lakers 12 12 44.3 . 432 . 403 . 827 5.1 5.2 1.2 . 1 32.1 L.A. Lakers 22 22 44.2 . 413 . 247 . 813 4.7 5.5 1.9 . 3 24.5 2006 L.A. Lakers 7 7 44.9 . 497 . 400 . 771 6.3 5.1 1.1 . 4 27.9 2007 L.A. Lakers 5 5 43.0 . 462 . 357 . 919 5.2 4.4 1.0 . 4 32.8 2008 L.A. Lakers 21 21 41.1 . 479 . 302 . 809 5.7 5.6 1.7 . 4 30.1 2009 † L.A. Lakers 23 23 40.8 . 457 . 349 . 883 5.3 5.5 1.7 . 9 30.2 2010 † L.A. Lakers 23 23 40.1 . 458 . 374 . 842 6.0 5.5 1.3 . 7 29.2 2011 L.A. Lakers 10 10 35.4 . 446 . 293 . 820 3.4 3.3 1.6 . 3 22.8 2012 L.A. Lakers 12 12 39.7 . 439 . 283 . 832 4.8 4.3 1.3 . 2 30.0 Career 220 200 39.3 . 448 . 331 . 816 5.1 4.7 1.4 . 6 25.6 Legacy See also : List of career achievements by Kobe Bryant Bryant handling the ball in 2014 , when he became the first NBA player with over 30,000 points and 6,000 assists Bryant was called `` one of the greatest players in the history of our game '' by NBA commissioner Adam Silver , and The New York Times wrote that he has had `` one of the most decorated careers in the history of the sport . '' Reuters called him `` arguably the best player of his generation '' , while both Sporting News and TNT named him their NBA player of the decade for the 2000s . In 2008 and again in 2016 , ESPN ranked him the second greatest shooting guard of all - time after Jordan . Players including Kevin Durant , Dirk Nowitzki , Dwyane Wade , and Derrick Rose have called Bryant their generation 's version of Jordan . The Press - Enterprise described Bryant as `` maybe the greatest Laker in the organization 's history '' . He is the Lakers ' all - time leading scorer , and his five titles are tied for the most in franchise history . Both numbers he wore during his career , 8 and 24 , were retired by the Lakers on December 18 , 2017 . With career averages of 25.0 points , 5.2 rebounds , 4.7 assists , and 1.4 steals per game , he is considered one of the most complete players in NBA history . He was the first player in NBA history to have at least 30,000 career points and 6,000 career assists , and is one of only four players with 25,000 points , 6,000 rebounds , and 6,000 assists . Bryant led the NBA in scoring during the 2005 -- 06 and 2006 -- 07 seasons . His 81 - point performance against Toronto in 2006 was the second - highest in NBA history , behind only Chamberlain 's 100 . He has scored at least 50 points 24 times in his career , which is third in league history behind Jordan ( 31 ) and Chamberlain ( 118 ) ; six times Bryant scored at least 60 . He was just the third player in NBA history to average 40 points in a calendar month , which he has accomplished four times . Bryant was voted the league MVP in 2008 and led his team to the 2008 NBA Finals as the first seed in the Western Conference . In the 2008 Summer Olympics , he won a gold medal as a member of the U.S. men 's basketball team , occasionally referred to as `` The Redeem Team '' . He won another gold medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics . He led the Lakers to two more championships in 2009 and 2010 , winning the Finals MVP award on both occasions . Bryant is an 18 - time All - Star , which ranks second behind only Kareem Abdul - Jabbar 's 19 . He has been chosen a record 18 straight times , each time as a starter . On four occasions ( 2003 , 2011 , 2013 , 2016 ) he was the leading vote - getter . Four times Bryant was named the All - Star MVP , a record he shares with Bob Pettit . He has been selected to the All - NBA Team on 15 occasions , tied for the most with Abdul - Jabbar and Tim Duncan , and his 11 first - team honors are tied for the second most ever with Karl Malone . Bryant is also a 12 - time All - Defensive Team selection , trailing only Duncan 's 15 , and nine times he was named to the All - Defensive First Team , tied with Jordan , Garnett , and Gary Payton for the most all - time . He was the first guard to play 20 seasons in the NBA . He also won the NBA Slam Dunk Contest in 1997 and is its youngest winner . In his career , Bryant has scored 40 - plus points in 121 games , and 21 times he has recorded a triple - double . Off the court Personal Life Bryant at the premiere of Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End in 2007 In November 1999 , 21 - year - old Bryant met 17 - year - old Vanessa Laine while she was working as a background dancer on the Tha Eastsidaz music video `` G 'd Up '' . Bryant was in the building and working on his debut musical album . The two began dating and became engaged just six months later in May 2000 , while Laine was still a senior at Marina High School in Huntington Beach , California . To avoid media scrutiny , she finished high school through independent study . According to Vanessa 's cousin Laila Laine , there was no prenuptial agreement . Vanessa said Bryant `` loved her too much for one '' . They married on April 18 , 2001 , at St. Edward the Confessor Catholic Church in Dana Point , California . The wedding was not attended by Bryant 's parents , his two sisters , his longtime advisor and agent Arn Tellem , or his Laker teammates . Bryant 's parents were opposed to the marriage for a number of reasons . Reportedly Bryant 's parents had problems with him marrying so young , especially to a woman who was not African - American . This disagreement resulted in an estrangement period of over two years , which ended when the couple 's first daughter was born . In 2013 , Bryant had a legal disagreement with an auction house over memorabilia from his early years that his mother intended to auction . Pamela Bryant received $450,000 from the auction house for the items and claimed Bryant had given her the rights to the items he had remaining in her home . However , his lawyers asked the auction house to return the items to Bryant . Before the scheduled trial , a settlement was reached allowing the sale of less than 10 % of the original items . Bryant 's parents apologized to him in a written statement , which also acknowledged the financial support Bryant had provided them in the past . In January 2002 , Bryant bought a Mediterranean - style house for $4 million , located on a cul - de-sac in Newport Coast , Newport Beach . He sold the house in May 2015 . The Bryants ' first child , a daughter whom they named Natalia Diamante Bryant , was born in 2003 . The birth of Natalia influenced Bryant to reconcile his differences with his parents . Due to an ectopic pregnancy , Vanessa suffered a miscarriage in the spring of 2005 . Their second daughter , Gianna Maria - Onore Bryant , was born in 2006 . On December 16 , 2011 , Vanessa Bryant filed for divorce , citing irreconcilable differences , and the couple requested joint custody of their daughters . On January 11 , 2013 , Bryant and his wife both announced via social media that they had called off their divorce . In an early 2007 interview , it was revealed that Bryant still speaks Italian fluently . He has also conducted press interviews in Spanish . Bryant assigned himself the nickname of `` Black Mamba '' , citing a desire for his basketball skills to mimic the eponymous snake 's ability to `` strike with 99 % accuracy at maximum speed , in rapid succession . '' During the 2012 -- 13 season , he began referring to himself as `` vino '' to describe how his play had been aging like a fine wine . In early December 2016 , Vanessa gave birth to their third daughter , named Bianka . Sexual assault allegation Main article : Kobe Bryant sexual assault case In the summer of 2003 , the sheriff 's office of Eagle , Colorado , arrested Bryant in connection with an investigation of a sexual assault complaint filed by a 19 - year - old hotel employee . Bryant had checked into The Lodge and Spa at Cordillera in Eagle County in advance of undergoing knee surgery nearby . The accuser stated that Bryant raped her in his hotel room the night before Bryant was to have the procedure . Bryant admitted to an adulterous sexual encounter with his accuser but denied her sexual assault allegation . The accusation tarnished Bryant 's reputation , and the public 's perception of him plummeted ; his endorsement contracts with McDonald 's and Nutella were terminated . Sales for Bryant 's replica jersey fell significantly from their previous highs . However , in September 2004 , the assault case was dropped by prosecutors after the accuser refused to testify at the trial . Afterward , Bryant agreed to apologize to her for the incident , including his public mea culpa : `` Although I truly believe this encounter between us was consensual , I recognize now that she did not and does not view this incident the same way I did . After months of reviewing discovery , listening to her attorney , and even her testimony in person , I now understand how she feels that she did not consent to this encounter . '' The accuser filed a separate civil lawsuit against Bryant , which the two sides ultimately settled . The specific terms of the settlement were not disclosed to the public . Endorsements Bryant at Nike store launch ceremony in Taipei in 2007 Before starting the 1996 -- 97 NBA season , Bryant signed a six - year contract with Adidas that was worth approximately $48 million . His first signature shoe was the Equipment KB 8 . Bryant 's other earlier endorsements included deals with The Coca - Cola Company to endorse their Sprite soft drink , appearing in advertisements for McDonald 's , promoting Spalding 's new NBA Infusion Ball , Upper Deck , Italian chocolate company Ferrero SpA 's brand Nutella , Russell Corporation , and appearing on his own series of video games by Nintendo . Many companies like McDonald 's and Ferrero SpA terminated his contracts when rape allegations against him became public . A notable exception was Nike , Inc. , who had signed him to a five - year , $40 -- 45 million contract just before the incident . However , they refused to use his image or market a new shoe of his for the year but eventually did start promoting Bryant once his image recovered 2 years later . He has since resumed endorsement deals with The Coca - Cola Company , through their subsidiary Energy Brands , to promote their Vitamin Water brand of drinks . Bryant was also the cover athlete for NBA ' 07 : Featuring the Life Vol. 2 and appeared in commercials for the video games Guitar Hero World Tour ( with Tony Hawk , Michael Phelps , and Alex Rodriguez ) in 2008 and Call of Duty : Black Ops ( alongside Jimmy Kimmel ) in 2010 . In a 2008 video promoting Nike 's Hyperdunk shoes , Bryant appears to jump over a speeding Aston Martin . The stunt was considered to be fake , and the Los Angeles Times said a real stunt would probably be a violation of Bryant 's Lakers contract . After promoting Nike 's Hyperdunk shoes , Bryant came out with the fourth edition of his signature line by Nike , the Zoom Kobe IV . In 2010 Nike launched another shoe , Nike Zoom Kobe V. In 2009 , Bryant signed a deal with Nubeo to market the `` Black Mamba collection '' , a line of sports / luxury watches that range from $25,000 to $285,000 . On February 9 , 2009 , Bryant was featured on the cover of ESPN The Magazine . However , it was not for anything basketball related , rather it was about Bryant being a big fan of FC Barcelona . CNN estimated Bryant 's endorsement deals in 2007 to be worth $16 million a year . In 2010 , Bryant was ranked third behind Tiger Woods and Jordan in Forbes ' list of the world 's highest - paid athletes with $48 million . On December 13 , 2010 , Bryant signed a two - year endorsement deal with Turkey 's national airline , Turkish Airlines . The deal involved Bryant being in a promotional film to be aired in over 80 countries in addition to his being used in digital , print and billboard advertising . Bryant has appeared as the cover athlete for the following video games : Kobe Bryant in NBA Courtside NBA Courtside 2 : Featuring Kobe Bryant NBA Courtside 2002 NBA 3 On 3 Featuring Kobe Bryant NBA ' 07 : Featuring the Life Vol. 2 NBA ' 09 : The Inside NBA 2K10 NBA 2K17 ( Legend Edition ; Legend Edition Gold ) In September 2012 , Bryant shot a commercial for Turkish Airlines with FC Barcelona star Lionel Messi . In the airline 's latest commercial , the duo competes to win the attention of a young boy . In 2013 , Forbes listed Bryant the fifth highest paid sports star in the world behind Floyd Mayweather , Cristiano Ronaldo , LeBron James and Lionel Messi . Music In high school , Bryant was a member of a rap group called CHEIZAW , named after the Chi Sah gang in the martial arts film Kid with the Golden Arm . The group was signed by Sony Entertainment , but the company 's ultimate goal was to eliminate the group and have Bryant record on his own . The label wanted to capitalize on Bryant 's youth and NBA fame . He performed at a 1997 concert by Sway & King Tech and recorded a verse for a remix of Brian McKnight 's `` Hold Me '' . Bryant even appeared on Lakers teammate O'Neal's Respect , starting the track `` 3 X 's Dope '' , though Bryant 's name was not listed on the credits . Sony pushed Bryant from his roots of underground hip hop into a more radio - friendly sound . His debut album , Visions , was scheduled to release in the spring of 2000 . The first single , `` K.O.B.E ' '' , featured supermodel Tyra Banks singing the hook . The single debuted in January 2000 , and was performed at NBA All - Star Weekend that month ; the song was not well received . Sony abandoned plans for the album , which was never released , and dropped Bryant later that year . The Sony president who originally signed Bryant had already left , and Bryant 's other backers had mostly abandoned him . Afterward , Bryant co-founded an independent record label , Heads High Entertainment , but it folded within a year . Bryant at Sprite commercial event in Shanghai in 2011 . In 2011 , Bryant was featured in Taiwanese singer Jay Chou 's single , `` The Heaven and Earth Challenge '' ( 天地 一 鬥 , pronounced `` Tian Di Yi Dou '' ) . The proceeds for downloads of both the single and ringtones were donated to impoverished schools for basketball facilities and equipment . The music video of the single also features Bryant . The song was also used by Sprite in its 2011 marketing campaign in China . In 2009 , rapper Lil Wayne titled a song `` Kobe Bryant '' . Similarly , in 2010 , the rapper Sho Baraka released a song called `` Kobe Bryant On'em '' , which was featured on his album Lions and Liars . Philanthropy Bryant is the official ambassador for After - School All - Stars ( ASAS ) , an American non-profit organization that provides comprehensive after - school programs to children in thirteen US cities . Bryant also started the Kobe Bryant China Fund which partnered with the Soong Ching Ling Foundation , a charity backed by the Chinese government . The Kobe Bryant China Fund raises money within China earmarked for education and health programs . On November 4 , 2010 , Bryant appeared alongside Zach Braff at the Call of Duty : Black Ops launch event at the Santa Monica Airport , where they presented a $1 million check to the Call of Duty Endowment , an Activision - founded nonprofit organization that helps veterans transition to civilian careers after their military service has ended . Kobe Inc. . Bryant established Kobe Inc. to own and grow brands in the sports industry . The initial investment was a 10 % stake in the Bodyarmor SuperDrink company for $6 million in March 2014 . The headquarters are in Newport Beach , California . With The Coca - Cola Company purchasing a minority stake in the company in August 2018 , the valuation of Bryant 's stake rose to approximately $200 million . Bryant - Stibel On August 22 , 2016 , Bryant and his business partner Jeff Stibel launched Bryant - Stibel , a venture capital firm focused on different businesses including media , data , gaming , and technology , with $100 million in funding . See also National Basketball Association portal Shaq -- Kobe feud Kobe Doin ' Work Notes ^ Jump up to : In 2006 , Bryant said that he was 6 feet 4 inches ( 1.93 m ) . In 2008 , he stated he was `` probably '' 6 feet 5 inches ( 1.96 m ) in shoes . Jump up ^ He joined Chamberlain ( 5 times ) , Baylor , Rick Barry and Jordan ( 2 ) in averaging over 35 points . Jump up ^ Chamberlain had 50 points 45 times in 1961 -- 62 and 30 in 1962 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Larry Bird held the previous record ; he was 35 when he had 49 points , 14 rebounds , and 12 assists on March 15 , 1992 , against Portland . Jump up ^ The others were Chamberlain ( 2 in 1972 -- 73 ) and Kidd ( 2 each in 2009 -- 10 and 2010 -- 11 ) . Jump up ^ He joined Jordan ( 3 times ) , Karl Malone ( 3 ) and Abdul - Jabbar Jump up ^ In 2014 , Bryant passed Havlicek 's previous mark of 13,417 missed shots , and he retired with 14,481 . Jump up ^ Chamberlain did it 15 times , and Baylor once . Jump up ^ Vanessa Bryant 's father is of Mexican and Italian descent and her mother is of Mexican and Filipino descent . References Jump up ^ Mallozzi , Vincent ( December 24 , 2006 ) . `` ' Where 's Kobe ? I Want Kobe . ' '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ding , Kevin ( January 8 , 2008 ) . `` Kobe Bryant 's work with kids brings joy , though sometimes it 's fleeting '' . Orange County Register . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Andrew ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` Ranking the 25 greatest players in NBA history '' . FOX Sports . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Moonves , Leslie ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` 50 greatest NBA players of all time '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rasmussen , Bill ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` All - Time # NBArank : Counting down the greatest players ever '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McCallum , Jack ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` SI 's 50 greatest players in NBA history '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant is officially an Oscar winner '' . ew.com . ^ Jump up to : NBA Staff ( n.d. ) . `` Kobe Bryant Bio '' . NBA.com . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2010 . Retrieved August 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kaplowitz , Aaron ( March 24 , 2006 ) . `` Kobe Bryant : I would n't mind being Jewish '' . The Jerusalem Post . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . If Bryant , a Catholic , ... ^ Jump up to : Golianopoulos , Thomas ( April 12 , 2013 ) . `` The Secret History of Kobe Bryant 's Rap Career '' . grantland.com . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Intervista Kobe Bryant in italiano su Sportitalia 1 ^ PARTE . YouTube . Sportitalia. April 8 , 2007 . Retrieved June 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Winters , Serena ( April 9 , 2015 ) . `` VIDEO : Kobe Bryant Speaks Fluent Italian At Charity Event -- Lakers Nation '' . Jump up ^ Levin , Jason ( March 2001 ) . `` I Wish People Would Let Me Just Be Kobe '' . Basketball Digest . 28 ( 5 ) : 20 . Jump up ^ Owens , Jill . `` Kobe Bryant ( Amazing Athletes ) by Sylvia B. Bashevkin -- Powell 's Books '' . Powells.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2010 NBA playoffs : Kobe Bryant perfected his game by watching film -- ESPN '' . ESPN . June 4 , 2010 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Arroyave , Luis ( 2006 ) . `` NBA 's Kobe Bryant almost became a soccer player '' . Chicago Tribune . ^ Jump up to : `` Before they were stars : Los Angeles Lakers ' Kobe Bryant -- ESPN '' . ESPN . June 1 , 2010 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Doherty , Bill ( December 20 , 1993 ) . `` Dixon Happy He Stayed With Aces ( 4 -- 0 ) '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved January 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : JockBio : Kobe Bryant Biography . jockbio.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ABCD Camp '' . Reebokabcdcamp.com . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2010 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Video '' . CNN . March 23 , 2009 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2009 . Retrieved May 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant -- ESPN SportsCentury ( 2 of 5 ) '' . YouTube . September 25 , 2006 . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2013 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bryant continues to hold court '' . USA Today . May 7 , 2002 . Retrieved May 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` History '' . Aces Hoops . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` # 24 Kobe Bryant '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved August 5 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Michael ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` As Kobe returns home , his old coach urges Philadelphia to give him proper sendoff '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pak , SuChin . `` Brandy On Growing Up : A Candid Chat '' . MTV . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2012 . Retrieved January 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Thomsen , Ian ( February 1 , 2010 ) . `` Kobe may already be the greatest Laker ever -- and he 's not done yet '' . SI.com . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wilkins Honored as One of 35 Greatest McDonald 's All Americans '' . NBA . January 31 , 2012 . Retrieved February 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Deals Are What Made The Lakers '' . Long Beach Press - Telegram . February 25 , 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers ' trade for Bryant has been misconstrued '' . JournalNow.com . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2008 . Retrieved October 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ HOWARD - COOPER , SCOTT ( July 1 , 1996 ) . `` Divac 's OK Has Lakers Buzzing '' -- via LA Times . ^ Jump up to : `` Kobe Bryant '' . Complex.com . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2010 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Badenhausen , Kurt . `` Kobe Bryant Will Retire With Record $680 Million In Career Earnings '' . forbes.com . Jump up ^ Whicker , Mark ( November 29 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe Bryant 's farewell season has been painful to watch '' . Los Angeles Daily News . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rafferty , Scott ( July 7 , 2015 ) . `` How Kobe , LeBron and other NBA stars fared in Summer League debuts '' . Sporting News . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Henderson , Ashyia , ed. ( 2008 ) . `` Kobe Bryant '' . Contemporary Black Biography . Gale Group , 2001 ; Reproduced in Biography Resource Center . Farmington Hills , Mich. : Gale , 2008 . 31 . Retrieved December 6 , 2008 . http://0-galenet.galegroup.com.sapl.sat.lib.tx.us:80/servlet/BioRC Jump up ^ The Youngest NBA Basketball Player Records Archived January 24 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant 1996 -- 97 Game Log '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Baxter ( February 11 , 2016 ) . `` Kobe Bryant : Perfect time for All - Star break as ' everything ' aches '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` All - Rookie Teams '' . NBA.com . Retrieved January 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Medina , Mark ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` Kobe Bryant 's ' airball game ' in 1997 was as defining moment in his career '' . Los Angeles Daily News . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant 's top ten moments '' . ESPN . May 11 , 2009 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant Career Stats Page '' . NBA.com . August 23 , 1978 . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2009 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ NBA Playoffs ; A Dilemma for Kobe ; NBA playoffs : The Lakers can still go small with Bryant in the frontcourt , but it could come at a price against the bigger Schrempf Los Angeles Times , May 4 , 1998 . Retrieved December 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Basketball - References Staff ( n.d. ) . `` 1997 -- 98 NBA Awards Voting '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved December 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ NBA Staff ( n.d. ) . `` All - Star Player Profile : Kobe Bryant '' . NBA . Retrieved December 7 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` BASKETBALL : N.B.A. ROUNDUP -- LOS ANGELES ; Lakers ' Bryant Signs for $71 million '' . The New York Times . January 30 , 1999 . Retrieved May 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Smith , Sam ( January 27 , 2009 ) . `` KOBE BRYANT : THE AIR APPARENT ? '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Thomsen , Ian ( January 27 , 2009 ) . `` Showtime ! '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2008 . Retrieved January 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 -- 99 Los Angeles Lakers Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1999 -- 00 Los Angeles Lakers Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ NBA Staff ( May 1 , 2002 ) . `` Bryant , McGrady Highlight All - NBA Selections '' . NBA . Retrieved December 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Garnett , Bryant top NBA All - Defensive selections '' . The Raw Story . Agence France - Presse . May 12 , 2008 . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` LAKERS : Los Angeles Lakers History '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ N.B.A. : NOTEBOOK -- LOS ANGELES LAKERS ; Bryant Out Six Weeks With a Broken Hand October 15 , 1999 , The New York Times Jump up ^ `` LAKERS : Los Angeles Lakers History '' . Nba.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Portland Trail Blazers at Los Angeles Lakers Box Score , June 4 , 2000 '' . Basketball-Reference.com . June 4 , 2000 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bresnahan , Mike ( March 14 , 2013 ) . `` Kobe Bryant sprains left ankle in Lakers loss , out indefinitely '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Chris ( March 14 , 2013 ) . `` Jalen Rose on That Time He Intentionally Tried to Injure Kobe Bryant '' . grantland.com . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Finals : Pacers vs. Lakers '' ... indystar.com . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2010 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Plaschke , Bill . That Was No Dream , That Was Kobe , Los Angeles Times , June 15 , 2000 . Retrieved June 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Article : No doubt : It 's Bryant 's team. ( Chicago Tribune ) AccessMyLibrary -- Promoting library advocacy '' . AccessMyLibrary . May 22 , 2002 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant greatest games ( 2001 playoffs ) : 36pts 9rbds 8asts in game 3 vs Spurs '' . YouTube . September 3 , 2008 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lou Williams - led 76ers spoil Kobe Bryant 's milestone night '' . ESPN.com . February 6 , 2012 . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Smallwood , John ( February 6 , 2012 ) . `` Love him or not , Kobe Bryant a Philly player '' . Philly.com . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Springer , Steve ( March 3 , 2002 ) . `` Bryant Fight Remains a No Decision '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( March 2 , 2002 ) . `` Punch - uation Mark '' . Los Angeles Daily News . Retrieved April 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bryant 's heroics , deference pay off for Lakers '' . USA Today . June 14 , 2002 . Retrieved May 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` PLAYOFFS 2002 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Playoffs 2003 -- Los Angeles Lakers vs. San Antonio Spurs '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lakers Sign Free Agents Gary Payton and Karl Malone , nba.com , July 16 , 2003 . Retrieved June 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . Kobe Bryant Arrested For Alleged Sexual Assault Archived April 30 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , KMGH - TV , July 6 , 2003 . Retrieved June 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Saraceno , Jon . Bryant 's , Lakers ' survival go hand in hand , USA Today , April 21 , 2004 . Retrieved June 19 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Associated Press . Kobe sends game to OT , wins it in 2OT , sports.espn.go.com , April 14 , 2004 . Retrieved June 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Timberwolves ( 1 ) vs. Los Angeles Lakers ( 2 ) '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bucher , Ric . Lakers ' wrongs making things right , sports.espn.go.com , June 15 , 2004 . Retrieved June 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Finals 2004 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rudy Tomjanovich Coach Info '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ DuPree , David ( July 14 , 2004 ) . `` It 's Official : Shaq traded to Heat for three players , draft pick '' . USAToday . Retrieved June 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . Kobe remains with Lakers , sports.espn.go.com , July 16 , 2004 . Retrieved July 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( May 6 , 2006 ) . `` Coach and Star Savor Success in Collaboration '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . Decision was made Monday , sports.espn.go.com , February 3 , 2005 . Retrieved June 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers Announce Coaching Change '' . nba.com/lakers . February 2 , 2005 . Retrieved August 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Benjamin ( January 12 , 2013 ) . `` Off the Dribble : Bryant Now Deals with Mediocrity '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved August 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Frank . Allen primed for Kobe showdown , sports.espn.go.com , December 14 , 2004 . Retrieved June 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . Kobe ' upset ' about Malone 's comments to wife , sports.espn.go.com , December 15 , 2004 . Retrieved June 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Phil Jackson '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Basketball : Kobe Bryant Profile and Information '' . authenticbasketball.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` O'Neal Squashes Feud With Bryant '' . The Washington Post . January 18 , 2006 . Retrieved January 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Wurst , Matthew D. ( February 19 , 2006 ) . `` 55 Things About the 55th All - Star Game '' . Nba.com . Retrieved July 28 , 2010 . What happened after Shaq and Kobe got entangled in the lane during the first quarter ? Nothing but laughter all around . Jump up ^ basketball-reference.com , 2005 -- 06 NBA Season Summary , accessed , December 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Eighty - One ! Bryant Erupts as Lakers Roll '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Hoffman , Benjamin ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` In Most Areas , Good or Bad , Kobe Bryant Has Simply Done More '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Helin , Kurt ( March 2 , 2012 ) . `` What was more impressive : Chamberlain 's 100 point game or Kobe 's 81 ? '' . Pro Basketball Talk . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Young , Royce ( March 2 , 2012 ) . `` Better scoring night : Kobe 's 81 or Wilt 's 100 ? '' . CBSSports.com . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tramel , Barry ( January 26 , 2006 ) . `` Kobe vs. Wilt '' . The Oklahoman . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chase , Chris ( December 1 , 2015 ) . `` 40 stats you wo n't believe about Kobe Bryant 's historic NBA career '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ NBA.com ( February 1 , 2006 ) . Billups , Bryant Named Players of the Month . Retrieved May 25 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Kobe 's big month sets high expectations '' . MSNBC . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2008 . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Basketball : Kobe Bryant Profile and Information '' . Authenticbasketball.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` LAKERS : # 24 Kobe Bryant '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Povtak , Tim ( April 9 , 2006 ) . `` Billups brushes off MVP chatter '' . Orlando Sentinel . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bryant passes Jordan , has shot to be No. 1 '' . ESPN . December 14 , 2014 . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Suns ' Steve Nash Wins Second Consecutive MVP Award '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` From 8 to 24 '' . Los Angeles Lakers . November 16 , 2006 . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rovell , Darren ( April 26 , 2006 ) . `` Bryant will hang up his No. 8 jersey , sources say '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 25 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Phoenix Suns ( 2 ) vs. Los Angeles lakers ( 7 ) '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave . `` Unfounded stigma still following Bryant '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kang , Jay Capian ( January 23 , 2012 ) . `` Person of Interest : Kobe Bryant '' . Grantland . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NBA All - Star Game '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bryant assessed flagrant foul for elbow in Philly '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sheridan , Chris ( January 31 , 2007 ) . `` Kobe serves suspension against Knicks '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sheridan , Chris ( March 8 , 2007 ) . `` Kobe serves one - game suspension against Bucks '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bryant Scores NBA Season - Best 65 in Lakers Win '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Scores 50 to Lead Lakers Past Wolves '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bryant Scores 60 as Lakers Defeat Grizzlies '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Thomsen , Ian ( March 24 , 2007 ) . `` Kobe 's 50 - point run more important because of wins '' . SportsIllustrated.com . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2012 . Retrieved July 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics '' . NBA.com . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2008 . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ NBA.com . Kobe Bryant has Top - Selling Jersey in China , nba.com , March 20 , 2007 , Retrieved May 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Oller , Rob ( February 12 , 2007 ) . `` A star is reborn : Bryant 's stats , dunks have made him marketable again '' . The Columbus Dispatch -- via HighBeam . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Denver Post ( March 15 , 2007 ) . For Kobe , turnaround is flair play . The Bonham Group . Retrieved May 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Suns Top Lakers , Move On to Second Round '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe wants West to return to Lakers with full authority '' . May 28 , 2007 . Retrieved October 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe says he 's just suggesting West 's return , not demanding it '' . May 30 , 2007 . Retrieved October 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Bryant asks for trade , then backtracks slightly '' . ESPN . July 31 , 2007 . Retrieved July 18 , 2010 ... as a Lakers insider notes , it was Bryant 's insistence on getting away from Shaquille O'Neal that got them in this mess . Jump up ^ `` NBA : Kobe retracts his trade request '' . May 31 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved October 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Markazi , Arash ( July 19 , 2007 ) . `` Playing the video game : Underground Kobe film ai n't all it 's cracked up to be '' . SI.com . CNN . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2007 . Retrieved July 18 , 2010 . Are you kidding me ? Andrew Bynum ? F -- ing ship his ass out . Jump up ^ Witz , Billy ( May 17 , 2010 ) . `` Suns Can Still Bring Out Snarl in Bryant and Lakers '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 1 , 2010 . There was the infamous video by the self - described Kobe Video Guys , when Bryant profanely vented to a couple of men at a Newport Beach shopping mall , who happened to be recording it , about the Lakers holding on to Andrew Bynum when they could have dealt him for Jason Kidd . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant youngest to hit 20,000 points '' . CBC Sports . December 23 , 2007 . Retrieved February 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` KOBE BRYANT INJURY UPDATE '' . February 14 , 2008 . Retrieved May 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bryant : No surgery on pinkie finger '' . Associated Press . September 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ NBA Staff . Kobe Bryant Wins Most Valuable Player Award , nba.com , May 7 , 2008 . Retrieved June 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jerry West attends Bryant 's MVP press conference , Los Angeles Times , accessed May 7 , 2008 Jump up ^ Kobe 's MVP award not a surprise to West , accessed May 9 , 2008 Archived July 30 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Bryant unanimous pick for All - NBA team , ESPN , Retrieved May 10 , 2008 Jump up ^ Kobe , Garnett Headline All - Defensive Team , NBA . Retrieved January 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` NBA.com : Gasol Powers Lakers Past Nuggets '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Nuggets Put Up a Fight , but Lakers Get Sweep '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` NBA.com : Bryant Scores 38 as Lakers Beat Jazz in Game 1 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBA.com : Bryant Lifts Lakers Into Conference Finals '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` NBA.com : Finals 2008 Spurs at Lakers Game Info '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics Capture 17th NBA Title With Record Win Over Lakers '' . NBA.com Kobe Bryant now holds four NBA titles . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers -- Schedule -- NBA -- Yahoo ! Sports '' . Sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers equal best 19 - game start in franchise history '' . CBSSports.com . December 8 , 2008 . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2011 . Retrieved January 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kobe 's steady pace lands him top spot in rankings Archived March 2 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . By Rob Peterson , NBA.com -- March 2 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Lakers ' Bryant , Magic 's Howard named Players of the Week '' . NBA.com . January 12 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2011 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mahoney , Brian . Garden party : Kobe 's 61 sets MSG record Archived December 14 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , sports.yahoo.com , February 2 , 2009 . Retrieved September 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Shaq , Kobe lead freestyling West All - Stars past East '' . NBA.com . February 16 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2010 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Official Release . James outdistances Bryant in winning Kia MVP award Archived May 7 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , nba.com , May 4 , 2009 . Retrieved July 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Adande , J.A. Daily Dime : Kobe named MVP as Lakers win NBA title -- NBA -- ESPN , sports.espn.go.com , June 15 , 2009 . Retrieved July 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant 2008 -- 09 Game Log '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Zillgitt , Jeff ( June 14 , 2009 ) . `` Man on a mission : Bryant revels in victory , Finals MVP '' . USA Today . Retrieved June 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant Bio -- NBA Finals -- ESPNDB '' . Espndb.go.com . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2011 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kobe Bryant , making the best of bad situations '' . ESPN.go.com . Retrieved December 9 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Beacham , Greg . Lakers win 11th straight , Bryant injures finger Archived August 12 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine. , sports.yahoo.com , December 12 , 2009 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fly , Colin . Kobe 's jumper at OT buzzer lifts Lakers over Bucks , sports.yahoo.com , December 17 , 2009 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . Bryant joins 14 others with 25,000 points , sports.espn.go.com , January 22 , 2010 . Retrieved July 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe 's 3 - pointer at buzzer gives Lakers win -- NBA -- Yahoo ! Sports '' . Sports.yahoo.com . January 2 , 2010 . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2015 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Golen , Jimmy . Beat LA ? Not this time for Celtics , sports.yahoo.com , December 17 , 2009 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Associated Press , Kobe passes West as Lakers ' scoring leader in loss to Grizzlies , sports.espn.go.com , February 1 , 2010 . Retrieved July 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Medina , Mark . Kobe Bryant 's game winner in 99 -- 98 victory over Memphis Grizzlies shows clutchness ca n't be duplicated , sports.yahoo.com , February 23 , 2010 . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Beacham , Greg . Lakers snap 3 - game skid on Bryant 's late jumper , sports.yahoo.com , March 10 , 2010 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Markazi , Arash . Lakers sign Bryant to an extension , espn.go.com , April 3 , 2010 . Retrieved June 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Helin , Kurt . Lakers to Face Thunder in the First Round , NBC Los Angeles , April 13 , 2010 . Retrieved June 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bresnahan , Mike . Follow Classic -- Los Angeles Times , Los Angeles Times , May 1 , 2010 . Retrieved June 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Frank . Fast Breaks : Lakers - Jazz , Game 4 , sportsillustrated.cnn.com , May 11 , 2010 . Retrieved June 19 , 2010 . Archived May 15 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave . Gasol plays closer with monster finish , sports.espn.go.com , May 20 , 2010 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . Lakers beat Suns to set up rematch with Boston , Sporting News , May 11 , 2010 . Retrieved June 19 , 2010 . Archived June 2 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Smith , Sekou . No Doubt About The MVP , nba.com , June 18 , 2010 . Retrieved June 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Adande , J.A. 1 . Lakers Capture Franchise Title No. 16 , espn.go.com , June 18 , 2010 . Retrieved June 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lakers receive championship rings , By Dave McMenamin ESPN . October 27 , 2010 Jump up ^ Wojnarowski , Adrian ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` Why Kobe Bryant decided it was time to retire '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Beacham , Greg . Lakers hold off Timberwolves , improve to 8 -- 0 , nbcsports.msnbc.com , November 10 , 2010 , Retrieved November 12 , 2010 . Archived November 10 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Markazi , Arash . Youngest To 26K , espn.go.com , November 12 , 2010 , Retrieved November 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe 's triple - double leads Lakers over Kings '' . Nbcsports.msnbc.com . November 4 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2012 . Retrieved May 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics win Finals rematch despite Kobe Bryant 's 41 points '' . ESPN . Associated Press . January 30 , 2011 . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2011 . Retrieved January 30 , 2011 . Bryant became the youngest player to reach 27,000 points on a 3 - pointer late in the third quarter , but he frequently was a one - man show on offense . Jump up ^ ESPN Stats & Info . Kobe in the giving mood on Tuesday , espn.go.com , February 2 , 2011 , accessed February 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant has big second half to help Lakers rally by Celtics '' . ESPN . February 10 , 2011 . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Plaschke , Bill ( February 11 , 2011 ) . `` Lakers win is something to yell about '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NBA.com : Kobe is top vote - getter in 2011 All - Star balloting '' . NBA.com . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2011 . Retrieved February 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bresnahan , Mike ( February 20 , 2011 ) . `` Bryant feeds off energy as West beats East in All - Star game , 148 -- 143 '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rumorsandrants.com : Kobe Bryant Passes Moses Malone For Sixth On All - Time Scoring List '' . Rumorsandrants.com . Retrieved March 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` How long can Los Angeles Lakers Kobe Bryant stay on top ? '' . ESPN . April 14 , 2011 . Retrieved May 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Beacham , Greg ( April 14 , 2011 ) . `` Kobe Bryant fined $100,000 for gay slur '' . yahoo.com . Associated Press . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wojnarowski , Adrian ( April 14 , 2011 ) . `` Kobe 's fury : blessing and curse '' . yahoo.com . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Plaschke , Bill ( April 13 , 2011 ) . `` Kobe Bryant needs to say more after slur '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bresnahan , Mike ( April 13 , 2011 ) . `` Lakers ' Kobe Bryant is fined $100,000 by NBA for anti-gay slur to referee '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Litke , Jim ( April 18 , 2011 ) . `` Kobe 's $100 K fine did n't buy Lakers ' best effort '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Associated Press . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Amaechi , John ( April 15 , 2011 ) . `` A Gay Former N.B.A. Player Responds to Kobe Bryant '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant sorry ; Lakers make plan '' . ESPNLosAngeles.com. April 15 , 2011 . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Falgoust , J. Michael ( April 14 , 2011 ) . `` Bryant to appeal $100 K fine for slur , but takes responsibility '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant , Lakers teammates appear in PSA touting diversity '' . SportingNews.com. April 21 , 2011 . Retrieved April 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Report : Kobe Bryant saw German doc '' . ESPN . December 25 , 2011 . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hale , Mark ( December 29 , 2011 ) . `` Yankees say A-Rod had shoulder treatment , too '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gordon , Jeremy ( January 12 , 2011 ) . `` Kobe to the World : ' I 'm Still Kobe ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Arthur , Bruce ( January 12 , 2012 ) . `` Lakers ' Kobe Bryant wo n't give in to age '' . National Post . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Paul - led Clips win L.A. clash despite Kobe Bryant 's 42 '' . ESPN . Associated Press . January 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Haberstroh , Tom ( January 16 , 2012 ) . `` Can Kobe catch Kareem ? '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 25 , 2012 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Zach McCann ( February 27 , 2012 ) . `` Kobe Bryant sets ASG points mark '' . ESPN . Retrieved February 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dave McMenamin ( February 29 , 2012 ) . `` Kobe Bryant also has concussion '' . ESPN . Retrieved February 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ CBSSports.com wire reports . `` NBA Recap -- Los Angeles Lakers at San Antonio Spurs -- Apr 20 , 2012 '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved January 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bolch , Ben ( April 27 , 2012 ) . `` Kobe Bryant chooses not to go for NBA scoring title '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` Chris Paul , Clippers deal Lakers third straight loss to open season '' . ESPN . Associated Press . November 2 , 2012 . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bresnahan , Mike ( November 9 , 2012 ) . `` Lakers fire Mike Brown as coach '' . latimes.com . Retrieved January 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( November 12 , 2012 ) . `` The Lakers Change Direction and Hire D'Antoni as Coach '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bresnahan , Mike ( November 12 , 2012 ) . `` Mike D'Antoni to be next coach of the Lakers '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Trudell , Mike ( December 5 , 2012 ) . `` Kobe Bryant 30,000 Points '' . NBA.com . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant ( 30 pts . ) , Lakers need comeback to top woeful Bobcats '' . ESPN . Associated Press . December 18 , 2012 . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dwight Howard powers surging Lakers past Blazers '' . ESPN . Associated Press . December 28 , 2012 . Retrieved January 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave ( January 15 , 2013 ) . `` Bigger defensive role for Kobe Bryant '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Pincus , Eric ( January 16 , 2013 ) . `` Kobe Bryant recognizes he 's better defending on the ball '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mahoney , Rob ( January 14 , 2013 ) . `` Mike D'Antoni minces words when describing Kobe Bryant 's defense '' . SI.com . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave ( January 26 , 2013 ) . `` Lakers found formula , can they repeat it ? '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave ( February 2 , 2013 ) . `` Bryant chasing triple - doubles ? '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schuhmann , John ( January 24 , 2013 ) . `` L.A. Recovery Would n't Be Unprecedented '' . NBA.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Verrier , Justin ( January 30 , 2013 ) . `` 1 . Lakers Just Trying To Keep It Simple '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave ( January 27 , 2013 ) . `` Lakers rise as D'Antoni's offense ditched '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Shelburne , Ramona ( January 28 , 2013 ) . `` Have the Lakers found their groove ? '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers hold on despite late surge from Hornets '' . ESPN . Associated Press . January 29 , 2013 . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant , Steve Nash help Lakers hold on for 2nd straight win '' . ESPN . Associated Press . January 27 , 2013 . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant 's heroics help Lakers rally , edge Raptors in OT '' . ESPN . Associated Press . March 8 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : McMenamin , Dave ( May 6 , 2013 ) . `` 2012 -- 13 Lakers Report Card : Starting five '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave ( April 9 , 2013 ) . `` Metta World Peace details his recovery '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Dime -- ESPN '' . Espn.go.com. April 11 , 2013 . Retrieved August 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Plaschke , Bill ( April 13 , 2013 ) . `` Lakers were n't strong enough to protect Kobe Bryant from himself '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant tears Achilles , sidelined for months '' . CNN.com. April 13 , 2013 . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cacciola , Scott ( April 14 , 2013 ) . `` Bryant Goes Away , but Not Quietly '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Helin , Kurt ( November 25 , 2013 ) . `` Lakers sign Kobe Bryant to two - year , $48.5 million contract extension '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pincus , Eric ( November 25 , 2013 ) . `` Lakers sign Kobe Bryant to a two - year contract extension '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Berger , Ken ( October 14 , 2014 ) . `` Kobe Bryant does not want to hear that he is overpaid '' . CBS Sports . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dwyer , Kelly ( November 13 , 2014 ) . `` Kobe Bryant on the difference between Tim Duncan 's contract and his : ' It 's a different market , man ' '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Amick , Sam ( November 13 , 2014 ) . `` As Kobe faces Duncan for 78th time , comparison unavoidable '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Shelburne , Ramona ( December 20 , 2013 ) . `` Lakers lose Kobe Bryant again '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Joseph , Adi ( December 20 , 2013 ) . `` Lakers ' Kobe Bryant breaks bone in knee , out 6 weeks '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lakers : Kobe injury not healed '' . ESPN . March 12 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` Kobe : Wo n't play All - Star Game '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Helin , Kurt ( February 7 , 2014 ) . `` Anthony Davis selected to fill Kobe Bryant 's All - Star slot in West '' . NBCSports.com . Jump up ^ `` Rockets rout Lakers 108 -- 90 in Kobe 's return '' . USA Today . Associated Press . October 29 , 2014 . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bresnahan , Mike ( December 26 , 2014 ) . `` Byron Scott assured Kobe Bryant he had his best interests at heart '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Resnick , Joe ( November 30 , 2014 ) . `` Bryant leads Lakers over Toronto 129 -- 122 in OT '' . NBA.com . Retrieved December 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ELIAS : TOP 5 QUESTIONS FROM SUNDAY , NOV. 30 '' . NBA.com . November 30 , 2014 . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pincus , Eric ( December 14 , 2014 ) . `` Kobe Bryant becomes NBA 's No. 3 all - time scorer in Lakers ' win '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Freeman , Eric ( December 23 , 2014 ) . `` Kobe Bryant misses Lakers vs. Warriors for rest '' . Yahoo.com . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Holmes , Baxter ( December 23 , 2014 ) . `` Kobe Bryant to rest vs. Warriors '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Dwyer , Kelly ( December 22 , 2014 ) . `` Kobe Bryant has to stop '' . Yahoo.com . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Suns win 6th straight by spoiling Kobe Bryant 's return to Lakers lineup '' . ESPN . Associated Press . December 28 , 2014 . Archived from the original on December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Oram , Bill ( December 26 , 2014 ) . `` Bryant 's ailments likely reflect new reality for Lakers '' . Orange County Register . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Medina , Mark ( December 23 , 2014 ) . `` Lakers ' Byron Scott to handle Kobe Bryant 's playing time on game - by - game basis '' . Los Angeles Daily News . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Medina , Mark ( October 27 , 2015 ) . `` How will Kobe Bryant fare in his 20th NBA season ? '' . Los Angeles Daily News . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bresnahan , Mike ( January 11 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe Bryant rests again , Lakers fall to Trail Blazers , 106 -- 94 '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant notches triple - double as Lakers hold off Nuggets '' . ESPN . December 30 , 2014 . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers guard Kobe Bryant has torn rotator cuff in right shoulder '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved January 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bresnahan , Mike ( January 22 , 2015 ) . `` Lakers ' Kobe Bryant has torn rotator cuff ; severity to be determined '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bresnahan , Mike ( January 26 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe Bryant to undergo season - ending surgery for torn rotator cuff '' . Deseret News . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kobe Bryant to have shoulder surgery '' . ESPN . Associated Press . January 26 , 2015 . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Medina , Mark ( January 28 , 2015 ) . `` Lakers star Kobe Bryant out for season after shoulder surgery '' . Los Angeles Daily News . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Baxter ( April 16 , 2015 ) . `` Lakers , Knicks close out worst seasons in franchise history '' . espn.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Baxter ( October 14 , 2015 ) . `` Byron Scott says Kobe Bryant likely OK for next game '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Helin , Kurt ( November 2 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe Bryant on his play so far : `` I freaking suck '' `` . NBCSports.com . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Beacham , Greg ( October 29 , 2015 ) . `` Two decades in : Kobe Bryant clears another milestone with start of 20th Lakers season '' . Star Tribune . Associated Press . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Baxter ( November 25 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe Bryant 's possible farewell tour hits new low '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Holmes , Baxter ( November 25 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe 's shooting struggles not putting ' pretty defined ' role in jeopardy '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Game Recap : 76ers 103 , Lakers 91 '' . Philadelphia 76ers . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe announces he will retire after this season '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Baxter ; Stein , Marc ; Shelburne , Ramona ( November 29 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe Bryant to retire after this season '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 30 , 2015 -- via Associated Press . ^ Jump up to : `` LOS ANGELES LAKERS ( 2 - 13 ) VS . INDIANA PACERS ( 10 - 5 ) '' ( PDF ) . Los Angeles Times . November 29 , 2015 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on November 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bresnahan , Mike ; Turner , Broderick ( November 26 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe Bryant 's struggles cause some in NBA circles to say it 's time he retires '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ding , Kevin ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` With Flair for the Dramatic , Kobe Spins Frustrating End into Emotional Final Act '' . Bleacher Report . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Helin , Kurt ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe Bryant : ' Do I want to play again or do n't I ... the reality is no , I do n't . ' '' . Pro Basketball Talk . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Cacciola , Scott ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe Bryant 's Long Goodbye '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Berger , Ken ( January 8 , 2016 ) . `` Kobe Bryant 's last night in Sacramento hit him right in the heart '' . CBSSports.com . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Baxter ( December 4 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe requests no more gifts , on - court ceremonies during farewell tour '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jones , Jason ( January 7 , 2016 ) . `` Sacramento sends Kobe Bryant off with rousing ovation '' . The Sacramento Bee . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Jackson , Scoop ( February 2 , 2016 ) . `` Dwyane Wade : ' I never thought I 'd be Top 100 all time ' '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Brewer , Jerry ( December 2 , 2015 ) . `` During strange farewell tour , Kobe Bryant rediscovers greatness for one night in D.C. '' The Washington Post . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe wills Lakers with 38 points to end 10 - game losing streak '' . ESPN.com . February 2 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Baxter ( February 3 , 2016 ) . `` Kobe shrugs off 38 - point effort : ' You 've seen it for 20 years ' '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bresnahan , Mike ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` Kobe Bryant is selected as an All - Star for the 18th time '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Defense in record - setting short supply in West 's rout of East '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . February 15 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cacciola , Scott ( February 14 , 2016 ) . `` Kobe Bryant , in His Final Lap , Is Happy to Surrender the Midseason Stage '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Acosta - Delacruz , Angelo ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` Kobe finishes his two - decade - long career in a fashionable way as Lakers eliminate Jazz , 101 - 96 '' . powcast.net . Powcast Sports Hub . Jump up ^ `` Mamba out : Kobe Bryant 's shocking farewell '' . Jump up ^ Beacham , Greg ( April 28 , 2016 ) . `` Kobe scores 60 points in unbelievable farewell victory '' . NBA.com . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Magic Johnson has great expectations for Los Angeles Lakers rookie Lonzo Ball '' . News.com.au . October 15 , 2017 . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mike Wise Bryant Sets His Priorities , The New York Times , June 19 , 2000 . Jump up ^ AP U.S. ends losing streak at World Championship , The Seattle Times , September 7 , 2002 . Jump up ^ Vince Carter Added to Olympic Qualifying Team , InsideHoops NBA , July 29 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Olympic Basketball , InsideHoops NBA , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kobe will play for U.S. at worlds , ' 08 Olympics , ESPN.com , January 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Kobe wo n't play for USA after knee surgery , ESPN.com , July 16 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` USA Basketball '' . USABasketball.com . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2008 . Retrieved June 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` James , Bryant to lead US team '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Mahoney , Brian ( August 24 , 2008 ) . `` US hoops back on top , beats Spain for gold medal '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` Kobe commits to Team USA '' . Fox News . Associated Press . November 2 , 2010 . Retrieved November 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` USA Basketball Wins Gold Over Spain , Rio Next in 2016 '' . Fox News . August 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kobe Bryant NBA '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ DuPree , David ( January 24 , 2006 ) . `` Anyone up for 100 ? '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pelton , Kevin . `` Los Angeles Lakers : 2013 -- 14 roster ( Subscription Required ) '' . ESPN Insider . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan eases off talk '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stein , Marc ( October 29 , 2001 ) . `` Kobe , Hill deal with being the next Michael '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Hoffman , Benjamin ( December 13 , 2014 ) . `` Kobe Bryant Is Nearly an Equal of Michael Jordan , Except in Fan Adoration '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Baxter ( December 14 , 2014 ) . `` Kobe Bryant rises up before falling away '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ballard , Chris . Kobe 's Killer Instinct ( cont . ) , sportsillustrated.cnn.com , May 28 , 2008 , Retrieved November 20 , 2010 . Archived February 17 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Holmes , Baxter ( December 20 , 2014 ) . `` Kobe Bryant delivers the final miss again '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Harper , Zach ( December 20 , 2014 ) . `` Lakers ' Jeremy Lin on game winners : ' I would love to shoot some ' '' . CBSSports.com . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Bruce ( December 20 , 2014 ) . `` Jenkins on NBA : Bryant becomes more gunner than top gun '' . SFGate.com . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Pingue , Frank ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe Bryant to retire at end of season '' . Reuters . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave . Shots heard ' round the world , sports.espn.go.com , March 11 , 2010 , Retrieved November 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 -- 12 NBA.com GM Survey Results '' . NBA.com . January 17 , 2012 . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Abbott , Henry ( January 28 , 2011 ) . `` The truth about Kobe Bryant in crunch time '' . ESPN Internet Ventures . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( November 9 , 2015 ) . `` Amid the Points and Applause , One Single Shot Ignited Love Story of Kobe , NYC '' . Bleacher Report . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` All - Time # NBArank : Michael Jordan tops list of best shooting guards '' . ESPN.com . January 19 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abbot , Henry . `` The truth about Kobe Bryant in crunch time '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2011 . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Zach . `` Top 100 NBA Players -- Nos. 1 -- 10 '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2013 . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Moore , Tom ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe Bryant set to play final game in Philadelphia '' . The Morning Call . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Baxter ( November 11 , 2014 ) . `` Misses add up to big part of Kobe 's legacy '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bresnahan , Mike . `` Phil Jackson throws the book at Kobe Bryant '' . The LA Times . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pelton , Kevin ( November 7 , 2005 ) . `` Every Play Counts : Kobe Bryant '' . 82games.com . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave ( May 17 , 2012 ) . `` Kobe Bryant : Charges carry big risk '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Medina , Mark ( May 9 , 2011 ) . `` Kobe Bryant named to NBA 's all - defensive first team for ninth time '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Zach ( May 26 , 2013 ) . `` An Open Letter to Kobe Bryant About His Defense '' . Grantland . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Paine , Neal ( December 12 , 2014 ) . `` Once And For All : Michael Jordan Was Way Better Than Kobe Bryant '' . FiveThirtyEight . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Shelburne , Ramona ( April 13 , 2013 ) . `` Kobe and L.A. tradition will be tested '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Adande , J.A. ( January 26 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe Bryant pays price for greatness '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ballard , Chris ( August 26 , 2014 ) . `` Examining Kobe Bryant 's legendary pain tolerance and road to recovery '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Brian ( January 8 , 2015 ) . `` Wolf on the Rock : The Ludicrous , Glorious Doom of Kobe Bryant '' . Grantland . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Chris ; Concepcion , Jason ( February 17 , 2015 ) . `` Six Seconds to Perfection : The Best NBA Vines of the Season '' . Grantland . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ding , Kevin ( October 22 , 2014 ) . `` Julius Randle 's Development Poses Final Leadership Test for Kobe Bryant '' . BleacherReport.com . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Markazi , Arash ( October 12 , 2014 ) . `` Long a tough , chilly teammate , Kobe Bryant has mellowed and now is a mentor '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Abbott , Henry ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` Kobe '' . ESPN The Magazine . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Heisler , Mark ( October 22 , 2014 ) . `` Who Killed Lakers ? ESPN Says It Was Someone on Inside With the Initials Kobe Bryant '' . Forbes.com . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bresnahan , Mike ( May 16 , 2013 ) . `` Phil Jackson 's new book focuses a lot on ( who else ? ) Kobe Bryant '' . Los Angeles Times . ^ Jump up to : Holmes , Baxter ( November 30 , 2014 ) . `` Kobe gets milestone on 6,000 th assist '' . ESPN . Retrieved December 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Keh , Andrew ( November 29 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe Bryant Announces Retirement '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant Elected As The NBA Player Of The Decade '' . Thaindian.com . February 15 , 2010 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sporting News ' NBA Athlete of the Decade : Kobe Bryant , SG , Lakers -- Sporting News -- NBA '' . Sporting News . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2010 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Special Dime : Greatest shooting guards of all time -- NBA -- ESPN '' . ESPN . March 11 , 2008 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Young , Royce ( December 1 , 2015 ) . `` Kevin Durant frustrated by media 's handling of Kobe Bryant '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Baxter ( January 27 , 2016 ) . `` Kobe will miss talking trash with Dirk Nowitzki '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Friedell , Nick ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` Rose : Kobe is the Jordan of our generation '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Benjamin ( November 15 , 2014 ) . `` To the End , Kobe Bryant Is a Shooting Guard , Hot or Cold '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Woike , Dan ( November 29 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe Bryant announces plans to retire following this season '' . The Press - Enterprise . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top stats to know : Kobe Bryant 's statistical legacy '' . ESPN.com . November 29 , 2015 . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Arnovitz , Kevin ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` Kobe Bryant has numbers 8 and 24 retired by the Lakers '' . ESPN . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ HoopsHype.com . NBA Players -- Kobe Bryant . Accessed May 8 , 2007 Jump up ^ Holmes , Baxter ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe Bryant says he knew from onset that 2015 - 16 would be final season '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe 's 81 - point game second only to Wilt '' . ESPN Internet Ventures . January 12 , 2006 . Retrieved September 20 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , Brian ( November 29 , 2015 ) . `` KOBE BY THE NUMBERS '' . NBA.com . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant Wins Most Valuable Player Award '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . May 6 , 2008 . Retrieved May 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sheridan , Chris ( August 25 , 2008 ) . `` Redeem Team proves worthy of Dream Team comparison '' . ESPN . Retrieved December 6 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kobe Bryant top vote - getter for 18th and final All - Star Game '' . ESPN . January 21 , 2016 . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` All - Time # NBArank : Players 11 - 15 '' . ESPN.com . February 10 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trudell , Mike ( May 23 , 2013 ) . `` Kobe Named All - NBA First Team ... Again '' . Lakers.com . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved September 19 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Everything You Need to Know About Kobe Bryant '' . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2006 . Retrieved October 16 , 2007 . -- Wayback Machine cache from February 19 , 2006 Jump up ^ Shawn Hubler . `` Kobe 's costar Vanessa Laine was just another sheltered teenager in Orange County . Then she fell in love with a phenomenon '' . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2007 . Retrieved October 16 , 2007 . -- Wayback Machine cache from April 6 , 2007 Jump up ^ Keown , Tim ( September 1 , 2003 ) . `` Isolation Play '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hubler , Shawn ( February 15 , 2005 ) . `` Kobe 's costar '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cupcake Magazine interview with Vanessa Bryant Archived July 1 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . July 17 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant , mom in court battle '' . ESPN . May 3 , 2013 . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stamm , Dan ; Associated Press . `` Kobe Wins Battle to Prevent Mom From Auctioning His Stuff '' . NBC 10 Philadelphia . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rovell , Darren ( June 10 , 2013 ) . `` Deal reached in Kobe Bryant case '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant Buys Home For More Than $4 million '' . News.google.com . Retrieved June 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant sets price record with Newport Coast home sale '' . Los Angeles Times . May 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shaq is a Dad Six Minutes After Kobe '' . Contactmusic.com . Retrieved May 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kim , Victoria ( December 16 , 2011 ) . `` Kobe Bryant divorce : Vanessa cites ' irreconcilable differences ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` L.A. Now '' . Los Angeles Times . December 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant , wife Vanessa call off their divorce '' . CBS News . Retrieved January 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gonzalo Aguirregomezcorta . `` Kobe : `` No imaginé este nivel '' `` . ESPN Mexico . Retrieved November 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gonzalo Aguirregomezcorta . `` Kobe Bryant tras anunciar su retiro : `` Ahora me siento relajado '' `` . ESPN Mexico . Retrieved November 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Crowe , Jerry ( May 23 , 2008 ) . `` Text messages from press row ... '' Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant and , Robert Rodriguez talk about Black Mamba Nike ads , six - minute film '' . Los Angeles Times . January 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave ( April 11 , 2013 ) . `` Rapid Reaction : Lakers 113 , Trail Blazers 106 '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bresnahan , Mike ( March 3 , 2013 ) . `` Kobe Bryant and Lakers soar to new heights ( or at least . 500 ) '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Drysdale , Jennifer ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` Kobe Bryant and Wife Vanessa Welcome Third Child '' . Yahoo ! . Jump up ^ Harris , Sarah Jane ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` Kobe Bryant welcomes his third child '' . sportingnews.com . Jump up ^ SI Staff ( December 23 , 2003 ) . `` Bryant distracted , scared amid sex assault case '' . Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2004 . Retrieved February 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Moore , David Leon ( February 12 , 2004 ) . `` Shaq , Kobe still main keys to Lakers ' fortunes '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Fans Shunning Kobe Bryant 's Jersey -- Celebrity Gossip Entertainment News Arts And Entertainment '' . Fox News . January 7 , 2005 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Reid , T.R. ( September 2 , 2004 ) . `` Bryant rape case ends in dismissal '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved October 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kirk Johnson ( September 2 , 2004 ) . `` Prosecutors Drop Kobe Bryant Rape Case '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Mike ( June 16 , 2000 ) . `` Article : Basketball Star Leaps into Global Ventures . AccessMyLibrary -- Promoting library advocacy '' . AccessMyLibrary . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Information and results for ' Adidas , Basketball Star Kobe Bryant Part Ways . ' AccessMyLibrary -- Promoting library advocacy '' . AccessMyLibrary . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Adidas Airs Out New Kobe Bryant Shoe , Ad Campaign '' . Sportsbusinessdaily.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Badenhausen , Kurt ( March 9 , 2004 ) . `` Kobe Bryant 's Sponsorship Will Rebound '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Greg ( June 22 , 2008 ) . `` Bryant will lose out again to Big Three '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant 's Endorsement Deals '' . Advertising.about.com. April 15 , 2010 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kobe Bryant resumes endorsement career '' . Usatoday.com . July 10 , 2005 . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Salazar - Moreno , Quibian ( May 12 , 2008 ) . `` Endorsements Coming Back to Kobe Bryant '' . Blackvoices . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Devine , Dan ( November 5 , 2010 ) . `` Kobe Bryant shoots ' em up in new ' Call of Duty ' ad '' . Sports.Yahoo.com . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` No , Kobe Bryant Did Not Jump Over a Car '' . U.S. News & World Report . rankingsandreviews.com. April 15 , 2008 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nike launches Nike Zoom Kobe V with Kobe Bryant '' . TradingMarkets.com . December 9 , 2009 . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2010 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant Wearing Nubeo Black Mamba MVP Watch `` UpscaleHype '' . Upscalehype.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant ESPN The Magazine Fan Issue '' . ESPN The Magazine . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2009 . Retrieved May 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 endorsement superstars '' . CNN . December 31 , 2008 . Retrieved May 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kritchever , Patrick . The Forbes Celebrity 100 , Forbes , June 28 , 2010 , Retrieved July 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rovell , Darren . `` Kobe Bryant To Endorse Turkish Airlines '' . CNBC.com . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2012 . Retrieved February 23 , 2011 . It 's a two - year deal that will involve Bryant starring in a promotional film that will be aired on international television channels and in movie theatres in more than 80 countries next year . Jump up ^ Li , Shan ( December 16 , 2010 ) . `` Kobe Bryant 's Turkish Airlines deal outrages Armenian Americans '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The first Kobe Bryant Turkish Airlines commercial has landed '' . NBC Sports . February 28 , 2011 . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2011 . Retrieved February 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant in NBA Courtside for Nintendo 64 '' . MobyGames . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Courtside 2 Featuring Kobe Bryant '' . CNN . Retrieved May 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Courtside 2002 ( cube ) reviews at '' . Metacritic.com . January 14 , 2002 . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2009 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NBA 3 on 3 Featuring Kobe Bryant for GBC '' . Gamespot.Com . December 7 , 1999 . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2005 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Surette , Tim ( August 21 , 2006 ) . `` Kobe covers Sony 's NBA 07 '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2013 . Retrieved February 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sony Debuts SIX Cover Athletes for NBA 09 : The Inside '' . DailyGame . August 18 , 2008 . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe vs Messi : Legends on Board -- Turkish Airlines '' . Turkish Airlines . December 6 , 2012 . Retrieved December 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James : Cleveland Cavaliers return for NBA star '' . BBC . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` CRI.com : Kobe Bryant Works with Jay Chou in New Song '' . : . February 23 , 2011 . Retrieved June 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pop Asia . `` Jay Chou releases MV with Kobe Bryant '' . PopAsia . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2012 . Retrieved June 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Official music video of '' . YouTube.com. April 6 , 2011 . Retrieved June 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gilroy , Daniel ( February 23 , 2011 ) . `` ChinaSmack : Sprite China -- Kobe Bryant and Jay Chou music video '' 天地 一 鬥 `` ( '' Tian Di Yi Dou `` ) with Jay Chou feat . Kobe Bryant '' . Advertising.chinasmack.com . Retrieved June 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ P , Anthony . `` Lil Wayne Releases New Song Titled `` Kobe Bryant '' `` . Retrieved June 23 , 2012 . Just in time for the championship matchup between the Los Angeles Lakers and the Orlando Magic , Lil ' Wayne has released a song titled `` Kobe Bryant . '' Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant On'em - Sho Baraka '' . Lecrae . July 16 , 2010 . Retrieved June 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant 's Charity Work , Events and Causes '' . looktothestars.org . Retrieved April 1 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Paul , Alan ( July 16 , 2009 ) . `` Kobe Bryant Conquers China '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Nicolai , Megan ( January 9 , 2015 ) . `` We 're excited to be your neighbors '' . The Orange County Register . sec . Local , pp. 1 , 6 . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe 's $6 M drink investment has $200 M return '' . espn.com . Jump up ^ Berman , Dennis K. ( August 22 , 2016 ) . `` Kobe Bryant and Jeff Stibel Unveil $100 Million Venture Capital Fund '' -- via Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ `` What Is Bryant Stibel , Venture Capitalist Fund ? Kobe Unveils Investment Fund With Business Partner Jeff '' . August 22 , 2016 . Further reading McGrath , Ben ( March 31 , 2014 ) . `` The fourth quarter : Kobe Bryant confronts a long -- and possibly painful -- goodbye '' . The Sporting Scene . The New Yorker . 90 ( 6 ) : 38 -- 49 . External links Find more aboutKobe Bryantat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Official website Career statistics and player information from NBA.com , or Basketball-Reference.com Kobe Bryant on IMDb NBA.com -- The Ultimate Kobe Page `` Kobe Bryant Career Mixtape '' . NBA.com . December 18 , 2017 -- via YouTube . Kobe Bryant Main Career achievements 40 - plus point games Family Joe Bryant ( father ) Films and games Dear Basketball Kobe Doin ' Work Kobe Bryant in NBA Courtside NBA Courtside 2 : Featuring Kobe Bryant NBA 2K10 NBA 2K17 Other Shaq -- Kobe feud Sexual assault case Kobe Bryant China Fund Links to related articles Naismith Prep Player of the Year Award 1987 : Scott 1988 : Mourning 1989 : Anderson 1990 : Bailey 1991 : Webber 1992 : Kidd 1993 : Livingston 1994 : Ward 1995 : Mercer 1996 : Bryant 1997 : Battier 1998 : Harrington 1999 : Harvey 2000 : Wallace 2001 : Wagner 2002 : Felton 2003 : James 2004 : Howard 2005 : Williams 2006 : Oden 2007 : Love 2008 : Jennings 2009 : Favors 2010 : Sullinger 2011 : Rivers 2012 : Muhammad 2013 : Wiggins 2014 : Alexander 2015 : Simmons 2016 : Ball 2017 : Porter 2018 : Barrett USA Today High School Boys ' Basketball Player of the Year Award 1983 : Williams 1984 : Brooks 1985 : Ferry 1986 : Reid 1987 : Liberty 1988 : Mourning 1989 : Anderson 1990 : Bailey 1991 : Webber 1992 : Kidd 1993 : Wallace 1994 : Lopez 1995 : Garnett 1996 : Bryant 1997 : McGrady 1998 : Harrington 1999 : Harvey 2000 : Wallace 2001 : Wagner 2002 : James 2003 : James 2004 : Howard 2005 : Oden 2006 : Oden 2007 : Love 2008 : Samuels 2009 : Favors 2010 : Barnes 2011 : Rivers 2012 : Noel 2013 : Wiggins 2014 : Okafor 2015 : Simmons 2016 : Ball 2017 : Porter Gatorade High School Basketball Player of the Year Award Boys 1986 : J.R. Reid 1987 : LaBradford Smith 1988 : Alonzo Mourning 1989 : Kenny Anderson 1990 : Damon Bailey 1991 : Chris Webber 1992 : Corliss Williamson 1993 : Randy Livingston 1994 : Felipe Lopez 1995 : Stephon Marbury 1996 : Kobe Bryant 1997 : Baron Davis 1998 : Al Harrington 1999 : LaVell Blanchard 2000 : Jared Jeffries 2001 : Kelvin Torbert 2002 : LeBron James 2003 : LeBron James 2004 : Dwight Howard 2005 : Greg Oden 2006 : Greg Oden 2007 : Kevin Love 2008 : Jrue Holiday 2009 : Brandon Knight 2010 : Brandon Knight 2011 : Bradley Beal 2012 : Jabari Parker 2013 : Andrew Wiggins 2014 : Karl - Anthony Towns 2015 : Ben Simmons 2016 : Jayson Tatum 2017 : Michael Porter 2018 : R.J. Barrett Girls 1986 : Susan Anderson 1987 : Kris Durham 1988 : Vicki Hall 1989 : Lisa Harrison 1990 : Lisa Leslie 1991 : Michelle Marciniak 1992 : Katie Smith 1993 : La'Keshia Frett 1994 : Monick Foote 1995 : Stephanie White 1996 : Jamie Walz 1997 : Nikki Teasley 1998 : Tamika Williams 1999 : Nicole Kaczmarski 2000 : Shereka Wright 2001 : Shyra Ely 2002 : Ann Strother 2003 : Candace Parker 2004 : Candace Parker 2005 : Abby Waner 2006 : Tina Charles 2007 : Maya Moore 2008 : Nneka Ogwumike 2009 : Skylar Diggins 2010 : Chiney Ogwumike 2011 : Kaleena Mosqueda - Lewis 2012 : Breanna Stewart 2013 : Mercedes Russell 2014 : Brianna Turner 2015 : Katie Lou Samuelson 2016 : Erin Boley 2017 : Megan Walker 2018 : Christyn Williams 1996 NBA draft First round Allen Iverson Marcus Camby Shareef Abdur - Rahim Stephon Marbury Ray Allen Antoine Walker Lorenzen Wright Kerry Kittles Samaki Walker Erick Dampier Todd Fuller Vitaly Potapenko Kobe Bryant Predrag Stojaković Steve Nash Tony Delk Jermaine O'Neal John Wallace Walter McCarty Zydrunas Ilgauskas Dontae ' Jones Roy Rogers Efthimios Rentzias Derek Fisher Martin Müürsepp Jerome Williams Brian Evans Priest Lauderdale Travis Knight Second round Othella Harrington Mark Hendrickson Ryan Minor Moochie Norris Shawn Harvey Joseph Blair Doron Sheffer Jeff McInnis Steve Hamer Russ Millard Marcus Mann Jason Sasser Randy Livingston Ben Davis Malik Rose Joe Vogel Marcus Brown Ron Riley Jamie Feick Amal McCaskill Terrell Bell Chris Robinson Mark Pope Jeff Nordgaard Shandon Anderson Ronnie Henderson Reggie Geary Drew Barry Darnell Robinson NBA Most Valuable Player Award 1956 : Pettit 1957 : Cousy 1958 : Russell 1959 : Pettit 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Russell 1962 : Russell 1963 : Russell 1964 : Robertson 1965 : Russell 1966 : Chamberlain 1967 : Chamberlain 1968 : Chamberlain 1969 : Unseld 1970 : Reed 1971 : Alcindor 1972 : Abdul - Jabbar 1973 : Cowens 1974 : Abdul - Jabbar 1975 : McAdoo 1976 : Abdul - Jabbar 1977 : Abdul - Jabbar 1978 : Walton 1979 : M. Malone 1980 : Abdul - Jabbar 1981 : Erving 1982 : M. Malone 1983 : M. Malone 1984 : Bird 1985 : Bird 1986 : Bird 1987 : Johnson 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Johnson 1990 : Johnson 1991 : Jordan 1992 : Jordan 1993 : Barkley 1994 : Olajuwon 1995 : Robinson 1996 : Jordan 1997 : K. Malone 1998 : Jordan 1999 : K. Malone 2000 : O'Neal 2001 : Iverson 2002 : Duncan 2003 : Duncan 2004 : Garnett 2005 : Nash 2006 : Nash 2007 : Nowitzki 2008 : Bryant 2009 : James 2010 : James 2011 : Rose 2012 : James 2013 : James 2014 : Durant 2015 : Curry 2016 : Curry 2017 : Westbrook 2018 : Harden NBA All - Star Game Most Valuable Player Award 1951 : Macauley 1952 : Arizin 1953 : Mikan 1954 : Cousy 1955 : Sharman 1956 : Pettit 1957 : Cousy 1958 : Pettit 1959 : Baylor & Pettit 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Robertson 1962 : Pettit 1963 : Russell 1964 : Robertson 1965 : Lucas 1966 : A. Smith 1967 : Barry 1968 : Greer 1969 : Robertson 1970 : Reed 1971 : Wilkens 1972 : West 1973 : Cowens 1974 : Lanier 1975 : Frazier 1976 : Bing 1977 : Erving 1978 : R. Smith 1979 : Thompson 1980 : Gervin 1981 : Archibald 1982 : Bird 1983 : Erving 1984 : Thomas 1985 : Sampson 1986 : Thomas 1987 : Chambers 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Malone 1990 : Johnson 1991 : Barkley 1992 : Johnson 1993 : Stockton & Malone 1994 : Pippen 1995 : Richmond 1996 : Jordan 1997 : Rice 1998 : Jordan 1999 : No game played 2000 : O'Neal & Duncan 2001 : Iverson 2002 : Bryant 2003 : Garnett 2004 : O'Neal 2005 : Iverson 2006 : James 2007 : Bryant 2008 : James 2009 : Bryant & O'Neal 2010 : Wade 2011 : Bryant 2012 : Durant 2013 : Paul 2014 : Irving 2015 : Westbrook 2016 : Westbrook 2017 : Davis 2018 : James Slam Dunk Contest winners 1984 : Nance 1985 : Wilkins 1986 : Webb 1987 : Jordan 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Walker 1990 : Wilkins 1991 : Brown 1992 : Ceballos 1993 : Miner 1994 : Rider 1995 : Miner 1996 : Barry 1997 : Bryant 2000 : Carter 2001 : Mason 2002 : Richardson 2003 : Richardson 2004 : Jones 2005 : Smith 2006 : Robinson 2007 : Green 2008 : Howard 2009 : Robinson 2010 : Robinson 2011 : Griffin 2012 : Evans 2013 : Ross 2014 : Wall 2015 : LaVine 2016 : LaVine 2017 : Robinson III 2018 : Mitchell Los Angeles Lakers 1999 -- 2000 NBA champions 2 Fisher 3 George 4 Harper 5 Horry 8 Bryant 10 Lue 11 Celestand 16 Salley 17 Fox 20 Shaw 34 O'Neal ( Finals MVP ) 40 Knight 41 Rice 45 Green Head coach Jackson Assistant coaches Winter Hamblen Cleamons Bertka Regular season Playoffs Los Angeles Lakers 2000 -- 01 NBA champions 2 Fisher 3 George 4 Harper 5 Horry 7 Rider 8 Bryant 10 Lue 12 Penberthy 14 Medvedenko 17 Fox 20 Shaw 34 O'Neal ( Finals MVP ) 35 Madsen 40 Foster 54 Grant Head coach Jackson Assistant coaches Winter Hamblen Cleamons Regular season Playoffs Los Angeles Lakers 2001 -- 02 NBA champions 2 Fisher 3 George 5 Horry 6 McCoy 8 Bryant 10 Hunter 14 Medvedenko 17 Fox 20 Shaw 23 Richmond 34 O'Neal ( Finals MVP ) 35 Madsen 52 Walker Head coach Jackson Assistant coaches Winter Hamblen Cleamons Rambis Regular season Playoffs Los Angeles Lakers 2008 -- 09 NBA champions 2 Fisher 3 Ariza 4 Walton 5 Farmar 6 Morrison 7 Odom 9 Sun 12 Brown 16 Gasol 17 Bynum 18 Vujačić 21 Powell 24 Bryant ( Finals MVP ) 28 Mbenga Head coach Jackson Assistant coaches Hamblen Rambis Shaw Abdul - Jabbar Hodges Cleamons Regular season Playoffs Los Angeles Lakers 2009 -- 10 NBA champions 2 Fisher 4 Walton 5 Farmar 6 Morrison 7 Odom 12 Brown 16 Gasol 17 Bynum 18 Vujačić 21 Powell 24 Bryant ( Finals MVP ) 28 Mbenga 37 Artest Head coach Jackson Assistant coaches Hamblen Shaw Abdul - Jabbar Hodges Cleamons Person Regular season Playoffs Bill Russell NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award 1969 : West 1970 : Reed 1971 : Alcindor 1972 : Chamberlain 1973 : Reed 1974 : Havlicek 1975 : Barry 1976 : White 1977 : Walton 1978 : Unseld 1979 : D. Johnson 1980 : E. Johnson 1981 : Maxwell 1982 : E. Johnson 1983 : Malone 1984 : Bird 1985 : Abdul - Jabbar 1986 : Bird 1987 : E. Johnson 1988 : Worthy 1989 : Dumars 1990 : Thomas 1991 : Jordan 1992 : Jordan 1993 : Jordan 1994 : Olajuwon 1995 : Olajuwon 1996 : Jordan 1997 : Jordan 1998 : Jordan 1999 : Duncan 2000 : O'Neal 2001 : O'Neal 2002 : O'Neal 2003 : Duncan 2004 : Billups 2005 : Duncan 2006 : Wade 2007 : Parker 2008 : Pierce 2009 : Bryant 2010 : Bryant 2011 : Nowitzki 2012 : James 2013 : James 2014 : Leonard 2015 : Iguodala 2016 : James 2017 : Durant 2018 : Durant NBA season scoring leaders 1947 : Fulks 1948 : Zaslofsky 1949 : Mikan 1950 : Mikan 1951 : Mikan 1952 : Arizin 1953 : Johnston 1954 : Johnston 1955 : Johnston 1956 : Pettit 1957 : Arizin 1958 : Yardley 1959 : Pettit 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Chamberlain 1962 : Chamberlain 1963 : Chamberlain 1964 : Chamberlain 1965 : Chamberlain 1966 : Chamberlain 1967 : Barry 1968 : Bing 1969 : Hayes 1970 : West 1971 : Alcindor 1972 : Abdul - Jabbar 1973 : Archibald 1974 : McAdoo 1975 : McAdoo 1976 : McAdoo 1977 : Maravich 1978 : Gervin 1979 : Gervin 1980 : Gervin 1981 : Dantley 1982 : Gervin 1983 : English 1984 : Dantley 1985 : King 1986 : Wilkins 1987 : Jordan 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Jordan 1990 : Jordan 1991 : Jordan 1992 : Jordan 1993 : Jordan 1994 : Robinson 1995 : O'Neal 1996 : Jordan 1997 : Jordan 1998 : Jordan 1999 : Iverson 2000 : O'Neal 2001 : Iverson 2002 : Iverson 2003 : McGrady 2004 : McGrady 2005 : Iverson 2006 : Bryant 2007 : Bryant 2008 : James 2009 : Wade 2010 : Durant 2011 : Durant 2012 : Durant 2013 : Anthony 2014 : Durant 2015 : Westbrook 2016 : Curry 2017 : Westbrook 2018 : Harden United States squad -- 2007 FIBA Americas Championship -- Gold medal 4 Billups 5 Kidd 6 James 7 Williams 8 Redd 9 Prince 10 Bryant 11 Howard 12 Stoudemire 13 Miller 14 Chandler 15 Anthony Coach : Krzyzewski United States men 's basketball squad -- 2008 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Boozer 5 Kidd 6 James 7 Williams 8 Redd 9 Wade 10 Bryant 11 Howard 12 Bosh 13 Paul 14 Prince 15 Anthony Coach : Krzyzewski United States men 's basketball squad -- 2012 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Chandler 5 Durant 6 James 7 Westbrook 8 Williams 9 Iguodala 10 Bryant 11 Love 12 Harden 13 Paul 14 Davis 15 Anthony Coach : Krzyzewski Los Angeles Lakers Founded in 1947 Played in Minneapolis ( 1947 -- 1960 ) Based in Los Angeles , California Franchise History All - time roster Draft history Records Head coaches Seasons Current season Arenas Minneapolis Auditorium Minneapolis Armory Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena The Forum Staples Center Personnel Owner ( s ) Jeanie , Jim , and Johnny Buss ( majority owners ) Anschutz Entertainment Group , Ed Roski Jr. , Patrick Soon - Shiong ( minority owners ) President Magic Johnson General manager Rob Pelinka Head coach Luke Walton G League affiliate South Bay Lakers Retired numbers 8 13 22 24 25 32 33 34 42 44 52 NBA Championships 1949 1950 1952 1953 1954 1972 1980 1982 1985 1988 2000 2001 2002 2009 Rivalries Boston Celtics Detroit Pistons Los Angeles Clippers San Antonio Spurs Culture and lore Jack Kent Cooke Jerry Buss Showtime Chick Hearn Shaq -- Kobe feud Lawrence Tanter Jack Nicholson `` I Love L.A. '' Laker Girls Laker Band Dancing Barry Celtics / Lakers : Best of Enemies The Last Season : A Team in Search of Its Soul WorldCat Identities BNF : cb14159921j ( data ) ISNI : 0000 0000 4567 7868 LCCN : n98082481 MusicBrainz : c50e111f - 3e84 - 4bb4 - 871f - 95e3e89f3c88 VIAF : 19000693 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kobe_Bryant&oldid=865314465 '' Categories : Kobe Bryant 1978 births Living people African - American basketball players African - American Catholics American expatriates in Italy American Roman Catholics Basketball players at the 2008 Summer Olympics Basketball players at the 2012 Summer Olympics Basketball players from Pennsylvania Charlotte Hornets draft picks Gatorade National Basketball Player of the Year Los Angeles Lakers players McDonald 's High School All - Americans Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics National Basketball Association All - Stars National Basketball Association high school draftees National Basketball Association players with retired numbers Olympic gold medalists for the United States in basketball Parade High School All - Americans ( boys ' basketball ) Shooting guards Sportspeople from Newport Beach , California Sportspeople from Philadelphia United States men 's national basketball team players American men 's basketball players Catholics from California Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages containing links to subscription - only content Use mdy dates from April 2016 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected biographies of living people All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kreyòl ayisyen Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy मराठी მარგალური Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Vèneto Tiếng Việt Volapük Winaray 吴语 Yorùbá 粵語 中文 67 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2018 , at 03 : 51 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobe%20Bryant
| 1,340 |
||
where is the new not going out filmed
|
Not Going Out Created by Lee Mack Written by Lee Mack Andrew Collins Daniel Peak Sarah Morgan Directed by Alex Hardcastle ( 2006 -- 07 ) Nick Wood ( 2006 -- ) Ed Bye ( 2013 ) Starring Lee Mack Sally Bretton Francesca Newman Max Pattison Finley Southby Country of origin United Kingdom No. of series 9 No. of episodes 66 ( as of 29 March 2018 ) ( list of episodes ) Production Location ( s ) Teddington Studios ( Series 1 -- 3 , 6 -- 7 ) BBC Television Centre ( Series 4 -- 5 ) Wimbledon ( 2015 Special ) Elstree Studios ( Series 8 ) Pinewood Studios ( Series 9 -- ) Running time 58x 30 minutes 3x 45 minutes 1x 40 minutes Production company ( s ) Avalon Television Arlo Productions ( Series 5 -- ) Release Original network BBC One Original release 6 October 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 06 ) -- present Chronology Related shows The Sketch Show External links Website
|
Pinewood Studios
|
Not Going Out
|
not going out
|
Not Going Out is a British television sitcom that has aired on BBC One since 2006 , currently starring Lee Mack , Sally Bretton , Finley Southby , Max Pattison and Francesca Newman . The series has previously starred Megan Dodds , Miranda Hart , Tim Vine and Katy Wix .
|
The recurring cast currently includes Geoffrey Whitehead , Deborah Grant , Bobby Ball , Hugh Dennis and Abigail Cruttenden . Mack and Andrew Collins were the initial writers for the show , with Paul Kerensa , Simon Evans and Daniel Peak joining the writing staff in later series . Mack is the last remaining actor from the original cast , and the only actor to appear in every episode . The show was cancelled by the BBC in 2009 , whilst the third series was still airing , but the decision was later reversed due to a combination of strong DVD sales and an online petition . This led to the show receiving a renewal for a fourth series which aired from 6 January 2011 . A fifth series began airing on 13 April 2012 and ended on 18 May 2012 . A sixth series began airing on 5 April 2013 and ended on 31 May 2013 , with a Christmas special following later that year . A seventh series comprising ten episodes began airing on 17 October 2014 and ended with a Christmas special on 24 December . A further Christmas special , which was shot at West London Film Studios , was aired on 24 December 2015 . On 24 August 2016 , it was confirmed that Not Going Out would return for an eighth series , which began airing on 13 January 2017 and ended on 3 March 2017 . On 14 November 2017 , it was confirmed that a Christmas Special will air in 2017 . On 4 December 2017 , it was confirmed that the Christmas Special will air on 24 December 2017 . On 14 December 2016 , it was announced that the show had been re-commissioned for a ninth and tenth series . Series 9 began on the 8th March 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Production 3 Characters 4 Plot 4.1 Series 1 ( 2006 ) 4.2 Series 2 ( 2007 ) 4.3 Series 3 ( 2009 ) 4.4 Series 4 ( 2011 ) 4.5 Series 5 ( 2012 ) 4.6 Series 6 ( 2013 ) 4.7 Series 7 ( 2014 ) 4.8 Series 8 ( 2017 ) 4.9 Series 9 ( 2018 ) 4.10 Series 10 ( 2019 ) 5 DVD releases 6 References 7 External links Synopsis ( edit ) The series focuses on Lee Mack , who plays a fictional version of himself : an unambitious man in his late thirties living as a lodger in a flat in London Docklands . Originally from Chorley , Lancashire ( which is approximately 20 miles from Southport , from which Lee Mack originates in real life ) , Lee is a negligent , unmotivated layabout . Frequently between jobs , he spends most of his days on his sofa watching television or down at the local pub with his best friend , Tim Adams ( Tim Vine ) , an accountant who owns the flat in which Lee is a lodger . He is also noted for his cheeky wit and for having a very troubled relationship with his father , with whom he shares many traits and who openly mentions that Lee was unplanned and resulted in the end of his marriage . Very often , the only thing that can get Lee off his couch and active is his efforts to impress the girl of his dreams . In the first series , it is Kate ( Megan Dodds ) , Lee 's feisty American landlady , with whom he frequently has conflict but has an otherwise close relationship . Kate is Tim 's ex-girlfriend , and he left her for a 23 - year - old named Emma , but Lee and Kate suggest that she looked a lot younger . and the two frequently find themselves fighting for her attention . In the second series , after Megan Dodds left the show , Kate moves back to the United States . Lee 's affections soon turn to Tim 's sister , Lucy ( Sally Bretton ) , who buys the flat after having spent ten years living abroad , much to Tim 's annoyance . Lucy shares Kate 's feisty nature and quick wit , and her interaction with Lee is very similar . Although his frequent laziness annoys her , Lucy appears to enjoy Lee 's presence in the flat , largely because of his company and his willingness to help her out of an awkward situation . Tim soon finds himself drawn into Lee 's many schemes to impress Lucy , most of which backfire , fail to impress her or land them in trouble . Very often , Lee finds himself confiding in his friend , Barbara ( Miranda Hart ) , the cleaner , about his many problems . Later on in the series , Tim forms a relationship with Daisy ( Katy Wix ) , an incredibly dimwitted young woman . In the third series , Daisy became a regular character , with her and Barbara in the same daft league . Over the series , Lucy considers marrying an Eastern European refugee until he marries Barbara instead . Later on , Lee 's father returns to try to make amends with his son . In the midst of the fourth series , Lee continues his antics to impress Lucy . In the series finale , Lee gets hit by a car and falls into a coma. Lee 's actions to impress Lucy continue well into the fifth series , when they both think they accidentally sleep together after drinking potato hooch . In the sixth series , after Tim Vine quit the series , Tim was written out of the show . In the opening dialogue of the series , it is explained that he has been given a work placement in Germany . Daisy continues her friendship with Lucy and Lee , and her naivety often gets them in trouble . With Tim 's absence , Lee often finds himself listening to suggestions from Daisy on how to impress Lucy , and they include acting as a test subject for her psychology course , which leads to Lee finding out that he was unplanned and held responsible for the breakdown in his parents ' marriage , and getting a girlfriend , who develops a Fatal Attraction-esque crush on him . He comes close to admitting his feelings to Lucy several times over the course of the series , particularly at the end of `` Therapy '' and `` Play '' , but although she is receptive , he changes his mind each time . In the seventh series , however , neighbour Toby lies to him , saying Lucy has had a date , after which Lee tells Lucy that he loves her and asks Lucy to marry him , and she agrees . They get married in the finale of Series 7 . In the 2015 Christmas Special , Lucy gives birth to her and Lee 's first child . In the eighth series , Lee and Lucy have been married for eight years ( the series is set seven years after the 2015 Christmas Special ) , they have moved out of the flat and into a house in the suburbs , and they have three children , seven - year - old Charlie and five - year old twins , Benji and Molly . Daisy is no longer socialising with Lee and Lucy , but they remain friends with Toby and Anna and are in touch with Lucy 's parents , Geoffrey and Wendy , and with Lee 's feckless father , Frank . Production ( edit ) Most of each episode were shot on set in front of an audience at Teddington Studios . There are two main sets : the flat and the bar that Lee frequently visits . Outdoor shots and real indoor location shots have also been used on occasion . The fourth and fifth series were shot at the BBC Television Centre . The sixth and seventh series saw filming return to Teddington Studios . From Series 5 onwards , Not Going Out was produced in association with Lee Mack 's own company , Arlo Productions ( named after his son ) . After Teddington Studios closed , a new studio has not been found for future episodes . However , the 2015 Christmas special was filmed in Wimbledon and majority in St George 's car park but this was probably just a one off as the location fitted with the episode 's plot . This episode was not filmed in front of a live studio audience , although it was screened in London to record the laugh track . Series 8 was filmed at Elstree Studios and series 9 was filmed at Pinewood Studios . The show is filmed in HDTV and , since series 4 , airs simultaneously on BBC One HD . Previous to this , the show was not simulcast on BBC HD , but shown on BBC HD 30 minutes after the BBC One airing . A lot of the humour is based on word play and double entendres delivered in a deadpan manner . This is the comedy style Lee Mack and Tim Vine have used both in stand - up and in The Sketch Show , to the extent that an occasional one - liner from their solo performances is slipped in . This is mostly one sided with Kate / Lucy typically being the victims of the joke . Sight gags are also frequently used , while gags and witticisms are incorporated into almost every line of script . For the first series , episodes were written by Mack and Andrew Collins , with members of the cast credited for additional material . Because the eight episodes of the second season had to be written and filmed in a short space of time , Avalon Television brought in Nick Stacey , Paul Kerensa and Simon Evans to join the writing team . Mack , Collins and Stacey concentrated on writing the main body of the episodes whilst Kerensa and Evans were involved in storylining , rewriting and ' gagging up ' the episodes . The third series saw the writing team expanded , with Darin Henry , Daniel Peak and Simon Dean contributing to the main episodes ( all co-written with Mack ) ; the `` gag writing '' team was also expanded , from two members to as many as eight , not counting the main writers , on a single episode with Milton Jones amongst the additional writers of the show . In the original pilot of the series , which has not been aired , the part of Kate was played by Catherine Tate . However , due to the success of The Catherine Tate Show , her character was re-written for the American actress Megan Dodds . The theme song is performed by Frank Sinatra impersonator Stephen Triffitt . The flat in which Lee and Kate / Lucy lived from 2006 to 2015 is No 17 . In a DVD commentary for the first series , it was mentioned that `` Number 17 '' was originally considered as a title for the series , before the name `` Not Going Out '' was decided on . Characters ( edit ) Episode count is as of 29 March 2018 ( Series 9 , Episode 4 ; most recent ) Character Main Actor Years Series Episode Count Other Actors Lee Lee Mack 2006 -- 1.1 -- 66 Thomas Gater ( as a child ) Lucy Adams Sally Bretton 2007 -- 2.1 -- 60 Ruby Stokes ( as a child ) Charlie Finley Southby 2017 -- 8.1 -- 11 N / A Benji Max Pattison 2017 -- 8.1 -- 11 N / A Molly Francesca Newman 2017 -- 8.1 -- 11 N / A Geoffrey Adams Geoffrey Whitehead 2007 -- 2.8 -- 18 Timothy West Wendy Adams Deborah Grant 2007 -- 2.8 -- 17 N / A Frank Bobby Ball 2009 -- 3.8 -- 13 N / A Toby Hugh Dennis 2014 -- 7.2 -- 17 N / A Anna Abigail Cruttenden 2014 -- 7.2 -- 13 N / A Daisy Katy Wix 2007 -- 15 2.6 -- S. 2 40 N / A Timothy Gladstone Adams Tim Vine 2006 -- 12 , 2014 1.1 -- 5.6 , 7.10 35 N / A Barbara Miranda Hart 2007 -- 09 2.1 -- 3.8 15 N / A Kate Megan Dodds 2006 1.1 -- 1.6 6 Catherine Tate ( Unaired Pilot ) -- Current Main Characters -- Current Recurring Characters Plot ( edit ) Main article : List of Not Going Out episodes Series 1 ( 2006 ) ( edit ) Lee is a juvenile and lazy slacker , who goes from one job to another , living off the good graces of his Californian landlady Kate , with whom he shares a flat in London . It is not long before they find that their friendship is changing into something more . The situation is somewhat complicated by the fact that Lee 's best friend Timothy Gladstone Adams , an accountant from Henley , is Kate 's ex-boyfriend ( they broke up when he cheated on her with 23 - year - old Emma ) and he wants to repair their relationship . Lee is torn between pursuing his romantic feelings for Kate and remaining loyal to his increasingly paranoid best friend . Series 2 ( 2007 ) ( edit ) Kate has gone back to America leaving Tim with a flat and lodger he can not afford to keep . Tim 's sister Lucy Adams , a head hunter recently back from ten years abroad , buys the flat and becomes the new landlady and flatmate to Lee . Tim also hires a cleaner , Barbara , to clean the flat . In `` Gay '' , the series ' second episode , 51 - year - old Guy first appears and he soon becomes Lucy 's boyfriend . Lee , now an ice - cream seller , later appears to fall for Lucy . In the last episode Tim and Lee are convinced Guy is a gangster and has been smuggling diamonds but it turns out that he was having a diamond engagement ring made for Lucy planning to propose on a romantic holiday . Lee leaves the airport thinking Lucy has said yes to Guy but she returns saying that she was too young to get married and that she had split up with Guy . There was also a Christmas Special in 2007 which introduced Tim and Lucy 's parents for the first time . In episode 6 , Lee meets a woman called Daisy at speed dating , who later appeared to fall for Tim . Although at the time it seems that she will be a one - time character , she reappears in the Christmas special as Tim 's girlfriend and returns in Series Three . Series 3 ( 2009 ) ( edit ) The third series sees Lee trying to pursue Lucy , usually encouraged by Barbara he invariably ends up making things worse for himself . We also witness Lucy questioning her sexuality , which worries Lee . Tim 's girlfriend Daisy also becomes more of a fixture in series three . In the last episode Lucy is about to marry Pavlov Petrietskivadorski the mechanic so he can stay in the country however she realises that she 's made a mistake and Lee gets Barbara to marry Pavlov instead , the last scene is of them driving off together for their honeymoon in India . Barbara is seen back in the flat , wanting to go off with Lee 's dad , Frank , who is seen in the last episode , which was broadcast as a Christmas Special on 23 December 2009 . Lucy and Lee kiss under the mistletoe . Series 4 ( 2011 ) ( edit ) A fourth series of six episodes was filmed from late September to early November 2010 . Miranda Hart did not return as Barbara , as filming of the second series of her own sitcom Miranda was also taking place . The series began airing on 6 January 2011 . The series sees Lee and Tim thrown into a drugs deal after Tim accidentally takes someone else 's coat in a nightclub , Lee and Tim discovering that either one of them could have a long - lost daughter , Lee accidentally agreeing to let a porn film be shot in his and Lucy 's flat , Lee having to organise a fireworks display and return an elderly woman to her son , and Tim and Lucy 's parents ' rough patch in their 40 - year marriage . The series finishes with a near death experience for Lee , who later organises a date with Lucy . Series 5 ( 2012 ) ( edit ) The fifth series , consisting of six episodes , was filmed between November and 22 December 2011 and aired on BBC One from 13 April 2012 . A short Children in Need special featuring Sir Terry Wogan followed later in 2012 . Series 6 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) The sixth series began airing on 5 April and ended on 31 May 2013 . This was the first series since the departure of Tim . In this series Lucy accidentally kills two rabbits , Lee , Lucy and Daisy end up stuck in a ski lift with a heavily pregnant woman , Lee is stalked , Lucy and Lee host a children 's party , and the main characters find themselves in another of Frank 's schemes as he a deliberately sinks a boat for insurance purposes . A Christmas special aired on 24 December 2013 , with Mack 's real - life son making a cameo appearance as a ghost . Series 7 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) On 5 April 2013 , whilst promoting the sixth series of Not Going Out on The One Show , Lee Mack confirmed that a seventh series had been commissioned . Filming for this series began 23 May 2014 , and later finished on 25 July 2014 . The seventh series aired from 17 October 2014 to 24 December 2014 and consisted of ten episodes , making it the longest series to date . Lee Mack , Sally Bretton , Katy Wix , Bobby Ball , Geoffrey Whitehead and Deborah Grant all reprise their roles as Lee , Lucy , Daisy , Frank , Geoffrey and Wendy respectively , whilst Hugh Dennis and Abigail Cruttenden join the cast as new neighbours Toby and Anna who soon struggle to share a building with Lee and Lucy . Lee and Lucy are mugged , attend a dinner party and try to conceive a baby together . In episode 5 , they go on the BBC game show , Pointless . Hosts Alexander Armstrong and Richard Osman make appearances throughout the episode . In Episode 9 , Lee finally reveals his love for Lucy and asks her to marry him . Episode 10 features their wedding day and a guest appearance from Tim Vine , and a cameo appearance by Tommy Cannon . An outtakes episode aired 27 December 2014 . Hosted by Lee Mack , Sally Bretton and Katy Wix . Lee Mack announced on Alan Carr : Chatty Man that there would be a Christmas Special in 2015 and possibly another series in 2016 . Talking to BBC News , Mack gave an outline of the special ; it follows on from the marriage of Lucy and Lee in `` The Wedding '' , the most recent episode , and involved a gun . Mack also announced that the special would not be filmed before a studio audience , unlike past episodes , and that he had written its first scenes . The Christmas special aired on 24 December 2015 , where the regular cast were involved in an armed robbery in a department store . Frank was working as an elf in the Christmas department , when Lee , Lucy and Daisy were with Toby and Anna who had sent their son away over Christmas . The two security guards were attacked by the armed robber who locked them all in the security room and Lee had a showdown with the armed robber , the episode ended with Lucy giving birth to the couple 's first child . Series 8 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) On 24 August 2016 , it was confirmed that there would be an eighth series in 2017 . It is set seven years after the events of the 2015 Christmas special and shows how Lee and Lucy cope being parents to three young children . The series began airing on 13 January 2017 , and ended on 3 March 2017 . Not Going Out reached its highest ever audience in the opening episode , with a total of 5.52 million viewers . On 14 November 2017 , it was confirmed that a Christmas Special will air in 2017 . The episode will feature Lee and Lucy facing a possible yuletide disaster when they discover the perfect present they have bought for their children has already been bought by grandparents . On 4 December 2017 , it was confirmed that the Christmas Special will air on 24 December 2017 . Series 9 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) At a press screening event for Series 8 on 14 December 2016 , it was confirmed that a ninth and tenth series of Not Going Out had been ordered by the BBC . The ninth series of Not Going Out began on 8 March 2018 . Series 10 ( 2019 ) ( edit ) On Lee Mack 's appearance on BBC Two 's Top Gear it was confirmed that Matt LeBlanc would appear in one of the episodes where he would be the American neighbour . DVD releases ( edit ) Although filmed and broadcast in HD , no Blu - rays have been released to date . All episodes up to the end of Series 4 feature different video post-production to the broadcast versions , giving them a US - style ' filmlook ' effect , however this was dropped from the Series 5 DVD onwards . The episodes Movie and Drunk are slightly extended for DVD , featuring shots and lines cut or censored for their original BBC One transmission . Some music tracks are replaced by soundalikes for release . DVD Title No. of Discs Special features No. of Episodes Release Dates Region 2 Region 4 Series One Audio commentary on episodes 1 -- 3 by Lee Mack & producer / director Alex Hardcastle Making Of documentary ( including Lee and Tim interviewed on set , exclusive behind the scenes footage of Series Two , and clips from Series One , the pilot and The Sketch Show ) ( 18 mins ) Photo gallery 6 22 October 2007 13 May 2009 Series Two Audio commentaries on episodes 1 , 4 & 6 Behind the scenes documentary ( 20 mins ) 8 2 February 2009 9 December 2009 Not Going Out 3 Not Going Out On Location documentary ( 35 minutes ) 8 27 September 2010 5 May 2011 Not Going Out 4 Not Going Right -- The Out - Takes ( 35 minutes of bloopers from series 1 -- 4 ) 6 14 February 2011 -- Not Going Out 5 Not Going Right -- The Out - Takes ( 25 minutes of bloopers from series 5 ) 6 21 May 2012 -- Not Going Out 6 Not Going Right -- The Out - Takes ( bloopers from series 6 ) 8 17 November 2014 -- Not Going Out 7 Behind the Scenes : A Day in the Life of Not Going Out 10 1 June 2015 -- The Christmas Specials N / A 1 December 2014 -- Series One & Two As per individual series DVDs 14 2 February 2009 -- Series One , Two & Three 5 As per individual series DVDs 22 27 September 2010 -- Series One , Two , Three & Four 7 As per individual series DVDs 28 14 November 2011 -- Series One , Two , Three , Four & Five 9 As per individual series DVDs 34 21 May 2012 -- The Complete Series 1 -- 7 13 As per individual series DVDs 53 1 June 2015 -- Not Going Out 6 does not include the 2013 Christmas Special , `` The House '' . It is however included on The Christmas Specials and The Complete Series 1 -- 7 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Network TV BBC Week 1 : New this week '' . BBC . Retrieved 17 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Not Going Out - BBC One '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Not Going Out return date confirmed '' . 29 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Not Going Out returns for Series Eight on BBC One '' . BBC Media Centre . 24 August 2016 . Retrieved 25 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Not Going Out -- BBC reveals details of hit sitcom 's Christmas plot '' . 14 November 2017 . Retrieved 14 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Not Going Out - Christmas Special '' . 4 December 2017 . Retrieved 4 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Guide , British Comedy ( 14 December 2016 ) . `` BBC orders two more series of Not Going Out '' . Jump up ^ `` BBC programme information '' . BBC Media Centre . Retrieved 25 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Not Going Out , s2 , e1 Jump up ^ Not Going Out , s2 , e2&7 Jump up ^ `` Stephen Triffitt , singer Print Version '' . Professionalpeople.org . Retrieved 1 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` You Ask Us '' . Radio Times . 4 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Miranda Hart to miss Not Going Out 4 British Comedy Guide 12 March 2010 Jump up ^ http://www.tvrecordings.com/shows/view/12 Jump up ^ `` Not Going Out to return for Christmas special '' . comedy.co.uk . British Comedy Guide . 8 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lee Mack on his on - screen marriage '' . bbc.co.uk . BBC News . 2 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas Shopping , Not Going Out - BBC One '' . Jump up ^ `` Not Going Out `` Romance '' Episode Guide `` . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BBC programme information '' . BBC Media Centre . Retrieved 24 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Series 3 DVD release '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 1 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Not Going Out -- Series 5 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 22 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Not Going Out -- Series Six ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 15 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Not Going Out - Series 7 '' . 1 June 2015 -- via Amazon . Jump up ^ `` Not Going Out -- The Christmas Specials ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 15 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Series 1 -- 3 DVD release '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 1 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Not Going Out -- Series 1 -- 4 Complete DVD '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Not Going Out Series 1 -- 5 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 22 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Not Going Out - Series 1 - 7 ( DVD ) '' . amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 30 April 2016 . External links ( edit ) Not Going Out at BBC Programmes Not Going Out on IMDb Not Going Out at TV.com Not Going Out at British Comedy Guide Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Not_Going_Out&oldid=835578062 '' Categories : 2006 British television programme debuts 2000s British comedy television series 2000s British romance television series 2010s British comedy television series 2010s British romance television series BBC television sitcoms British romantic comedy television series English - language television programs Television series revived after cancellation Television series about dysfunctional families Television series by ITV Studios Television shows set in London Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 15 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not%20Going%20Out
| 2,100 |
which term best describes the type of government the united states has
|
Authority
|
authority
|
Authority ( derived from the Latin word auctoritas ) , as a concept , can be used to mean the right to exercise power given by the State ( in the form of government , judges , police officers , etc . ) , or by academic knowledge of an area ( someone that can be an authority on a subject ) - or in some societies - by higher spiritual powers or deities .
|
When the word authority is used in the name of an organization , this name usually refers to the governing body upon which such authority is vested ; for example , the Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority or the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority . It can also mean the right to do something or execute an order . Contents ( hide ) 1 In various settings 1.1 Political philosophy 1.2 Other social sciences 2 Max Weber 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links In various settings ( edit ) In government , the term authority is often used interchangeably with power . However , their meanings differ : while power is defined as `` the ability to influence somebody to do something that he / she would not have done '' , authority refers to a claim of legitimacy , the justification and right to exercise that power . For example , while a mob has the power to punish a criminal , for example by lynching , people who believe in the rule of law consider that only a court of law has the authority to punish a criminal legally as the law says . Political philosophy ( edit ) There have been several contributions to the debate of political authority . Among others , Max Weber , Hannah Arendt , Alexandre Kojève and Giorgio Agamben have provided some of the most remarkable texts . In political philosophy , the jurisdiction of political authority , the location of sovereignty , the balancing of freedom and authority ( cf . Cristi 2005 ) , and the requirements of political obligations have been core questions from Plato and Aristotle to the present . Most democratic societies are engaged in an ongoing discussion regarding the legitimate extent of the exercise of governmental authority . In the United States , for instance , there is an apparent prevailing belief that the political system as instituted by the Founding Fathers should accord the populace as much freedom as reasonable , and that government should limit its authority accordingly . In the discussion regarding the legitimacy of political authority , the ends of the spectrum of views could be described as either a belief in the absolute freedom of the individual ( i.e. Political anarchism ) , or the belief that there must be a central authority ( in the form of a sovereign ) that claims ownership and control over the masses ( i.e. statism ) . The argument for political anarchy and anti-statism is made by Michael Huemer PhD , in his 2013 book , The Problem of Political Authority . In that book , he delves into the various justifications used by political theorists throughout history to justify the legitimacy of political authority via the State . On the other hand , one of the main arguments for the legitimacy of the state , the `` social contract theory '' , is made by Thomas Hobbes in his 1668 book , Leviathan . Other social sciences ( edit ) Since the emergence of social sciences , authority has become a subject of research in a variety of empirical settings : the family ( parental authority ) , small groups ( informal authority of leadership ) , intermediate organizations such as schools , churches , armies , industries and bureaucracies ( organizational and bureaucratic authorities ) , and society - wide or inclusive organizations , ranging from the most primitive tribal society to the modern nation - state and intermediate organization ( political authority ) . The definition of authority in contemporary social science remains a matter of debate . According to Michaels in the Encyclopedia of Social Sciences , authority is the capacity , innate or acquired for exercising ascendancy over a group . Other scientists argue that . It is power that is sanctioned and institutionalized . Howard Bloom hints at a parallel between authority and respect / reverence for ancestors . Max Weber ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Authority ( sociology ) Max Weber , in his sociological and philosophical work , identified and distinguished three types of legitimate domination ( Herrschaft in German , which generally means ' domination ' or ' rule ' ) , that have sometimes been rendered in English translation as types of authority , because domination is n't seen as a political concept in the first place . Weber defined domination ( authority ) as the chance of commands being obeyed by a specifiable group of people . Legitimate authority is that which is recognized as legitimate and justified by both the ruler and the ruled . Weber divided legitimate authority into three types : The first type discussed by Weber is Rational - legal authority . It is that form of authority which depends for its legitimacy on formal rules and established laws of the state , which are usually written down and are often very complex . The power of the rational legal authority is mentioned in the constitution . Modern societies depend on legal - rational authority . Government officials are the best example of this form of authority , which is prevalent all over the world . The second type of authority is Traditional authority , which derives from long - established customs , habits and social structures . When power passes from one generation to another , then it is known as traditional authority . The right of hereditary monarchs to rule furnishes an obvious example . The Tudor dynasty in England and the ruling families of Mewar , in Rajasthan ( India ) are some examples of traditional authority . The third form of authority is Charismatic authority . Here , the charisma of the individual or the leader plays an important role . Charismatic authority is that authority which is derived from `` the gift of grace '' or when the leader claims that his authority is derived from a `` higher power '' ( e.g. God or natural law or rights ) or `` inspiration '' , that is superior to both the validity of traditional and rational - legal authority and followers accept this and are willing to follow this higher or inspired authority , in the place of the authority that they have hitherto been following . Examples in this regard can be NT Rama Rao , a matinee idol , who went on to become one of the most powerful Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh . History has witnessed several social movements or revolutions , against a system of traditional or legal - rational authority , which are usually started by Charismatic authorities . Weber states that what distinguishes authority from coercion , force and power on the one hand , and leadership , persuasion and influence on the other hand , is legitimacy . Superiors , he states , feel that they have a right to issue commands ; subordinates perceive an obligation to obey . Social scientists agree that authority is but one of several resources available to incumbents in formal positions . For example , a Head of State is dependent upon a similar nesting of authority . His legitimacy must be acknowledged , not just by citizens , but by those who control other valued resources : his immediate staff , his cabinet , military leaders and in the long run , the administration and political apparatus of the entire society . Authority can be created either expressly or by implication ; ( 2 ) public entities act publicly , using the same means to communicate the grant of authority to their agents that they use to communicate this to third parties ; ( 3 ) apparent authority describes the situation when a principal has placed restrictions on an agent that are not known to a third party ; ( 4 ) restrictions on government agents are accomplished in the open , through laws and regulations ; ( 5 ) everyone , including contractors , are supposed to know the laws and regulations of our government ; and thus ( 6 ) the concept of `` apparent authority '' is often inapt when dealing with the government , insofar as the only cognizable restrictions on the agent 's authority are deemed known to third parties , shattering any appearance of authority . See also ( edit ) Authority bias Authority ( management ) Anti-authoritarianism Appeal to authority Auctoritas Authoritarianism Cognitive authority Cratology , the art and science of ( social ) power Dominance ( ethology ) Milgram experiment Petty authority Religious authority References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bloom , Howard ( 2010 ) . The Genius of the Beast : a radical re-vision of capitalism . Amherst , New York : Prometheus Books . p. 186 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59102 - 754 - 6 . To validate an argument , we refer back to our ancestors - or to someone who , while still alive , has already garnered the sort of authority only ancestors normally have . Further reading ( edit ) Giorgio Agamben , State of Exception ( 2005 ) Józef Maria Bocheński , Was ist Autorität ? ( 1974 ) Renato Cristi , Hegel on Freedom and Authority ( 2005 ) Alexandre Kojève , `` The notion of authority '' ( 2014 ) Stuart Lachs , Means of Authorization : Establishing Hierarchy in Ch'an / Zen Buddhism in America ( 1999 ) Rafael Domingo Osle , Auctoritas ( 1999 ) Karl Popper , On the Sources of Knowledge and of Ignorance ( 1960 ) Max Weber , Economy and Society ( 1922 ) External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Authority Look up authority in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . `` '' Political Obligation `` '' . Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Appeal to Authority Breakdown Christiano , Tom . `` Authority '' . Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Qualitionary - Legal Definitions - Authority Four essays published in the International Journal of Philosophical Studies from the Robert Papazian Essay Prize Competition on Authority LCCN : sh85009789 GND : 4003990 - 0 NDL : 00565509 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Authority&oldid=802508204 '' Categories : Political philosophy Philosophy of law Social concepts Group processes Social ethics Authority Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 Articles needing additional references from December 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from November 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010 Articles containing German - language text Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Azərbaycanca भोजपुरी Català Čeština ChiShona Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Italiano עברית Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Limburgs Македонски മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 16 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authority
| 2,101 |
||
why did they build the kennedy space center in florida
|
Kennedy Space Center
|
kennedy space center
|
The John F. Kennedy Space Center ( KSC ) is one of ten National Aeronautics and Space Administration field centers . Since December 1968 , Kennedy Space Center has been NASA 's primary launch center of human spaceflight . Launch operations for the Apollo , Skylab and Space Shuttle programs were carried out from Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39 and managed by KSC . Located on the east coast of Florida , KSC is adjacent to Cape Canaveral Air Force Station ( CCAFS ) . The management of the two entities work very closely together , share resources , and even own facilities on each other 's property .
|
Though the first Apollo flights , and all Project Mercury and Project Gemini flights took off from CCAFS , the launches were managed by KSC and its previous organization , the Launch Operations Directorate . Starting with the fourth Gemini mission , the NASA launch control center in Florida ( Mercury Control Center , later the Launch Control Center ) began handing off control of the vehicle to the Mission Control Center shortly after liftoff ; in prior missions it held control throughout the entire mission . Additionally , the center manages launch of robotic and commercial crew missions , researches food production and In - Situ Resource Utilization for off Earth exploration , and more . Since 2010 , the center has worked to become a multi-user spaceport through industry partnerships , even adding a new launch pad ( LC - 39C ) in 2015 . There are about 700 facilities grouped across the center 's 144,000 acres . Among the unique facilities at KSC are the 525 ft tall Vehicle Assembly Building for stacking NASA 's largest rockets , the Operations and Checkout Building , which houses the astronaut crew quarters , and 3 - mile - long Shuttle Landing Facility . There is also a Visitor Complex open to the public on site . Contents ( hide ) 1 Formation 2 Location 3 Historical programs 3.1 Apollo program 3.2 Skylab 3.3 Space Shuttle 3.4 Constellation 3.5 Expendable launch vehicles ( ELVs ) 3.6 Space station processing 4 Current programs and initiatives 5 Facilities 5.1 Payload processing 5.2 Launch Complex 39 5.3 Commercial leasing 5.4 Visitor complex 5.5 Historic locations 6 Weather 7 KSC directors 8 Labor force 9 See also 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links Formation ( edit ) The military had been performing launch operations since 1949 at what would become Cape Canaveral Air Force Station . In December 1959 , the Department of Defense transferred 5,000 personnel and the Missile Firing Laboratory to NASA to become the Launch Operations Directorate under NASA 's Marshall Space Flight Center . President John F. Kennedy 's 1961 goal of a manned lunar landing before 1970 required an expansion of launch operations . On July 1 , 1962 , the Launch Operations Directorate was separated from MSFC to become the Launch Operations Center ( LOC ) . Also , Cape Canaveral was inadequate to host the new launch facility design required for the mammoth 363 - foot ( 111 m ) tall , 7,500,000 - pound - force ( 33,000 kN ) thrust Saturn V rocket , which would be assembled vertically in a large hangar and transported on a mobile platform to one of several launch pads . Therefore , the decision was made to build a new LOC site located adjacent to Cape Canaveral on Merritt Island . NASA began land acquisition in 1962 , buying title to 131 square miles ( 340 km ) and negotiating with the state of Florida for an additional 87 square miles ( 230 km ) . The major buildings in KSC 's Industrial Area were designed by architect Charles Luckman . Construction began in November 1962 , and Kennedy visited the site twice in 1962 , and again just a week before his assassination on November 22 , 1963 . On November 29 , 1963 , the facility was given its current name by President Lyndon B. Johnson under Executive Order 11129 . Johnson 's order joined both the civilian LOC and the military Cape Canaveral station ( `` the facilities of Station No. 1 of the Atlantic Missile Range '' ) under the designation `` John F. Kennedy Space Center '' , spawning some confusion joining the two in the public mind . NASA Administrator James E. Webb clarified this by issuing a directive stating the Kennedy Space Center name applied only to the LOC , while the Air Force issued a general order renaming the military launch site Cape Kennedy Air Force Station . Location ( edit ) Located on Merritt Island , Florida , the center is north - northwest of Cape Canaveral on the Atlantic Ocean , midway between Miami and Jacksonville on Florida 's Space Coast , due east of Orlando . It is 34 miles ( 55 km ) long and roughly six miles ( 9.7 km ) wide , covering 219 square miles ( 570 km ) . KSC is a major central Florida tourist destination and is approximately one hour 's drive from the Orlando area . The Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex offers public tours of the center and Cape Canaveral Air Force Station . Because much of the installation is a restricted area and only nine percent of the land is developed , the site also serves as an important wildlife sanctuary ; Mosquito Lagoon , Indian River , Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge and Canaveral National Seashore are other features of the area . Center workers can encounter bald eagles , American alligators , wild boars , eastern diamondback rattlesnakes , the endangered Florida panther and Florida manatees . Historical programs ( edit ) Apollo program ( edit ) Main articles : Apollo program and List of Apollo missions A Saturn V carrying Apollo 15 rolls out to Pad 39A in 1971 on Mobile Launch Platform 1 . From 1967 through 1973 , there were 13 Saturn V launches , including the ten remaining Apollo missions after Apollo 7 . The first of two unmanned flights , Apollo 4 ( Apollo - Saturn 501 ) on November 9 , 1967 , was also the first rocket launch from KSC . The Saturn V 's first manned launch on December 21 , 1968 was Apollo 8 's lunar orbiting mission . The next two missions tested the Lunar Module : Apollo 9 ( Earth orbit ) and Apollo 10 ( lunar orbit ) . Apollo 11 , launched from Pad A on July 16 , 1969 , made the first Moon landing on July 20 . Apollo 12 followed four months later . From 1970 -- 1972 , the Apollo program concluded at KSC with the launches of missions 13 through 17 . Skylab ( edit ) On May 14 , 1973 , the last Saturn V launch put the Skylab space station in orbit from Pad 39A . By this time , the Cape Kennedy pads 34 and 37 used for the Saturn IB were decommissioned , and Pad B was modified to launch three manned missions to Skylab that year , as well as the final Apollo spacecraft for the Apollo -- Soyuz Test Project in 1975 . Space Shuttle ( edit ) Main articles : Space Shuttle program and List of space shuttle missions Shuttle Discovery launching from Pad 39A on STS - 60 , February 3 , 1994 As the Space Shuttle was being designed , NASA received proposals for building alternative launch - and - landing sites at locations other than KSC , which demanded study . KSC had important advantages , including : its existing facilities ; location on the Intracoastal Waterway ; and its southern latitude , which gives a velocity advantage to missions launched in easterly near - equatorial orbits . Disadvantages included : its inability to safely launch military missions into polar orbit , since spent boosters would be likely to fall on the Carolinas or Cuba ; corrosion from the salt air ; and frequent cloudy or stormy weather . Although building a new site at White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico was seriously considered , NASA announced its decision in April 1972 to use KSC for the shuttle . Since the Shuttle could not be landed automatically or by remote control , the launch of Columbia on April 12 , 1981 for its first orbital mission STS - 1 , was NASA 's first manned launch of a vehicle that had not been tested in prior unmanned launches . Shuttle Atlantis is moved to Pad 39A for the 1990 launch of STS - 36 . In 1976 , the VAB 's south parking area was the site of Third Century America , a science and technology display commemorating the U.S. Bicentennial . Concurrent with this event , the U.S. flag was painted on the south side of the VAB . During the late 1970s , LC - 39 was reconfigured to support the Space Shuttle . Two Orbiter Processing Facilities were built near the VAB as hangars with a third added in the 1980s . KSC 's 2.9 - mile ( 4.7 km ) Shuttle Landing Facility ( SLF ) was the orbiters ' primary end - of - mission landing site , although the first KSC landing did not take place until the tenth flight , when Challenger completed STS - 41 - B on February 11 , 1984 ; the primary landing site until then was Edwards Air Force Base in California , subsequently used as a backup landing site . The SLF also provided a return - to - launch - site ( RTLS ) abort option , which was not utilized . The SLF is among the longest runways in the world . After 24 successful shuttle flights , Challenger was torn apart 73 seconds after the launch of STS - 51 - L on January 28 , 1986 ; the first shuttle launch from Pad 39B and the first U.S. manned launch failure , killing the seven crew members . An O - ring seal in the right booster rocket failed at liftoff , leading to subsequent structural failures . Flights resumed on September 29 , 1988 with STS - 26 after modifications to many aspects of the shuttle program . On February 1 , 2003 , Columbia and her crew of seven were lost during re-entry over Texas during the STS - 107 mission ( the 113th shuttle flight ) ; a vehicle breakup triggered by damage sustained during launch from Pad 39A on January 16 , when a piece of foam insulation from the orbiter 's external fuel tank struck the orbiter 's left wing . During reentry , the damage created a hole allowing hot gases to melt the wing structure . Like the Challenger disaster , the resulting investigation and modifications interrupted shuttle flight operations at KSC for more than two years until the STS - 114 launch on July 26 , 2005 . The shuttle program experienced five main engine shutdowns at LC - 39 , all within four seconds before launch ; and one abort to orbit , STS - 51 - F on July 29 , 1985 . Shuttle missions during nearly 30 years of operations included deploying satellites and interplanetary probes , conducting space science and technology experiments , visits to the Russian MIR space station , construction and servicing of the International Space Station , deployment and servicing of the Hubble Space Telescope and serving as a space laboratory . The shuttle was retired from service in July 2011 after 135 launches . Constellation ( edit ) On October 28 , 2009 , the Ares I-X launch from Pad 39B was the first unmanned launch from KSC since the Skylab workshop in 1973 . Expendable launch vehicles ( ELVs ) ( edit ) Beginning in 1958 , NASA and military worked side by side on robotic mission launches ( previously referred to as unmanned ) , cooperating as they broke ground in the field . In the early 1960s , NASA had as many as two robotic mission launches a month . The frequent number of flights allowed for quick evolution of the vehicles , as engineers gathered data , learned from anomalies and implemented upgrades . In 1963 , with the intent of KSC ELV work focusing on the ground support equipment and facilities , a separate Atlas / Centaur organization was formed under NASA 's Lewis Center ( now Glenn Research Center ( GRC ) ) , taking that responsibility from the Launch Operations Center ( aka KSC ) . Though almost all robotics missions launched from the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station ( CCAFS ) , KSC `` oversaw the final assembly and testing of rockets as they arrived at the Cape . '' In 1965 , KSC 's Unmanned Launch Operations directorate became responsible all NASA unmanned launch operations , including those at Vandenberg Air Force Base . From the 1950s to 1978 , KSC chose the rocket and payload processing facilities for all robotic missions launching in the U.S. , overseeing their near launch processing and checkout . In addition to government missions , KSC performed this service for commercial and foreign missions also , though non-U.S. government entities provided reimbursement . NASA also funded CCAFS launch pad maintenance and launch vehicle improvements . All this changed with the Commercial Space Launch Act of 1984 , after which NASA only coordinated its own and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) ELV launches . Companies were able to `` operate their own launch vehicles '' and utilize NASA 's launch facilities . Payload processing handled by private firms also started to occur outside of KSC . Reagan 's 1988 space policy furthered the movement of this work from KSC to commercial companies . That same year , launch complexes on CCAFS started transferring from NASA to air force management . In the 1990s , though KSC was not performing the hands - on ELV work , engineers still maintained understanding of ELVs and had contracts allowing them insight in the vehicles so they could provide knowledgeable oversight . KSC also worked on ELV research and analysis and the contractors were able to utilize KSC personnel as a resource for technical issues . KSC , with the payload and launch vehicle industries , developed advances in automation of the ELV launch and ground operations for the purpose of enabling competitiveness of U.S. rockets against the global market . In 1998 , the Launch Services Program ( LSP ) formed at KSC , pulling together programs ( and personnel ) that already existed at KSC , GRC , Goddard Space Flight Center , and more to manage the launch of NASA and NOAA robotic missions . CCAFS and VAFB are the primary launch sites for LSP missions , though other sites are occasionally used . LSP payloads such as the Mars Science Laboratory have been processed at KSC before being transferred to a launch pad on CCAFS . Space Station Processing ( edit ) As the International Space Station modules design began in the early 1990s , KSC began to work with other NASA centers and international partners to prepare for processing prior to launch on board the Space Shuttles . KSC utilized its hands - on experience processing the 22 Spacelab missions in the Operations and Checkout Building to gather expectations of ISS processing . These experiences were incorporated into the design of the Space Station Processing Facility ( SSPF ) , which began construction in 1993 . The Space Station Directorate formed in 1996 . KSC personnel were embedded at station module factories for insight into their processes . From 1997 to 2007 , KSC planned and performed on the ground integration tests and checkouts of station modules : three Multi-Element Integration Testing ( MEIT ) sessions and the Integration Systems Test ( IST ) . Numerous issues were found and corrected that would have been difficult to nearly impossible to do on - orbit . Today KSC continues to process ISS payloads from across the world prior to launch along with developing its own experiments for on orbit . Current programs and initiatives ( edit ) The following are current programs and initiatives at Kennedy Space Center : Commercial Crew Program Ground Systems Development and Operations Program NASA is currently designing the next heavy launch vehicle known as the Space Launch System ( SLS ) for continuation of human spaceflight . On December 5 , 2014 , NASA launched the first unmanned flight test of the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle ( MPCV ) , currently under development to facilitate human exploration of the Moon , asteroids , and Mars . Launch Services Program Educational Launch of Nanosatellites ( ELaNa ) Research and Technology International Space Station Payloads Facilities ( edit ) The KSC Industrial Area , where many of the center 's support facilities are located , is 5 miles ( 8 km ) south of LC - 39 . It includes the Headquarters Building , the Operations and Checkout Building and the Central Instrumentation Facility . The astronaut crew quarters are in the O&C ; before it was completed , the astronaut crew quarters were located in Hangar S at the Cape Canaveral Missile Test Annex ( now CCAFS ) . Located as KSC was the Merritt Island Spaceflight Tracking and Data Network station ( MILA ) , a key radio communications and spacecraft tracking complex . Official visitor map of KSC industrial area Facilities at the Kennedy Space Center are directly related to its mission to launch and , in some cases , recover missions . Facilities are available to prepare and maintain spacecraft and payloads for flight . The Headquarters ( HQ ) Building houses offices for the Center Director , library , film and photo archives , a print shop and security . A new Headquarters Building is under construction as a part of the Central Campus consolidation and the first phase is expected to be complete in 2017 . The center operated its own 17 - mile ( 27 km ) short - line railroad . This operation was discontinued in 2015 , with the sale of its final two locomotives . A third had already been donated to a museum . The line was costing $1.3 million annually to maintain . Payload Processing ( edit ) Payloads are received , processed and integrated together in the Operations and Checkout Building ( O&C ) dating back to the 1960s with the Gemini and Apollo programs , 70s with the Skylab program and 80s and 90s for initial segments of the International Space Station . The three - story , 457,000 square feet ( 42,500 m ) Space Station Processing Facility ( SSPF ) consists of two processing bays , an airlock , operational control rooms , laboratories , logistics areas and office space for support of non-hazardous Station and Shuttle payloads to ISO 14644 - 1 class 5 standards . The Vertical Processing Facility ( VPF ) features a 71 feet ( 22 m ) x 38 feet ( 12 m ) door where payloads which are processed in the vertical position are brought in and manipulated with two overhead cranes and a hoist capable of lifting up to 35 short tons ( 32 t ) . The Hypergolic Maintenance and Checkout Area ( HMCA ) comprises three buildings which are isolated from the rest of the industrial area because of the hazardous materials handled there . Hypergolic - fueled modules that made up the Space Shuttle Orbiter 's reaction control system , orbital maneuvering system and auxiliary power units were stored and serviced in the HMCF . Launch Complex 39 ( edit ) Main article : Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39 The Vehicle Assembly Building ( center ) in 1999 , with the Launch Control Center jutting out from its right , and Pads A and B in the distance Launch Complex 39 ( LC - 39 ) was originally built for the Saturn V , the largest and most powerful operational launch vehicle in history , for the Apollo manned Moon landing program . Since the end of the Apollo program in 1972 , LC - 39 has been used to launch every NASA human space flight , including Skylab ( 1973 ) , the Apollo - Soyuz Test Project ( 1975 ) , and the Space Shuttle program ( 1981 - 2011 ) . Since December 1968 , all launch operations have been conducted from launch pads A and B at LC - 39 . Both pads are on the ocean , 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) east of the VAB . From 1969 -- 1972 , LC - 39 was the departure point for all six Apollo manned Moon landing missions using the Saturn V , and was used from 1981 -- 2011 for all Space Shuttle launches . Human missions to the Moon required the large three - stage Saturn V rocket , which was 363 feet ( 111 meters ) tall and 33 feet ( 10 meters ) in diameter . At KSC , Launch Complex 39 ( LC - 39 ) was built on Merritt Island to accommodate the new rocket . Construction of the $800 million project began in November 1962 . LC - 39 pads A and B were completed by October 1965 ( planned Pads C , D and E were canceled ) , the VAB was completed in June 1965 , and the infrastructure by late 1966 . The complex includes : the Vehicle Assembly Building ( VAB ) , a 130,000,000 cubic feet ( 3,700,000 m ) hangar capable of holding four Saturn Vs . The VAB is the fourth - largest structure in the world by volume , and was the largest when completed in 1965 . a transporter capable of carrying 5,440 tons along a crawlerway to either of two launch pads ; a 446 - foot ( 136 m ) mobile service structure , with three Mobile Launcher Platforms , each containing a fixed launch umbilical tower ; the Launch Control Center ; and a news media facility . Commercial leasing ( edit ) As a part of promoting commercial space industry growth in the area and the overall center as a multi-user spaceport , KSC leases some of its properties . Here are some major examples : Exploration Park to multiple users ( partnership with Space Florida ) Shuttle Landing Facility to Space Florida ( who contracts use to private companies ) Orbiter Processing Facility ( OPF ) - 3 to Boeing ( for CST - 100 Starliner ) LC - 39A to SpaceX O&C High Bay to Lockheed Martin ( for Orion processing ) Land for FPL 's Space Coast Next Generation Solar Energy Center to Florida Power and Light ( FPL ) Hypergolic Maintenance Facility ( HMF ) to United Paradyne Corporation ( UPC ) Visitor Complex ( edit ) Main article : Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex Gate to the KSC Visitor Complex in 2006 ; Explorer , a Space Shuttle mock - up , is in the background The Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex , operated by Delaware North since 1995 , has a variety of exhibits , artifacts , displays and attractions on the history and future of human and robotic spaceflight . Bus tours of KSC originate from here . The complex also includes the separate Apollo / Saturn V Center , north of the VAB and the United States Astronaut Hall of Fame , six miles west near Titusville . There were 1.5 million visitors in 2009 . It had some 700 employees . It was announced on May 29 , 2015 that the Astronaut Hall of Fame exhibit would be moved from its current location to another location within the Visitor Complex to make room for an upcoming high - tech attraction entitled `` Heroes and Legends '' . The attraction , to be designed by Orlando - based design firm Falcon 's Treehouse , is slated to open sometime late 2016 . In March 2016 , the visitor center unveiled the new location of the iconic countdown clock at the complex 's entrance ; previously , the clock was located with a flagpole at the press site . The clock was originally built and installed in 1969 and listed with the flagpole in the National Register of Historic Places in January 2000 . Historic locations ( edit ) NASA lists the following Historic Districts at KSC ; each district has multiple associated facilities : Launch Complex 39 : Pad A Historic District Launch Complex 39 : Pad B Historic District Shuttle Landing Facility ( SLF ) Area Historic District Orbiter Processing Historic District Solid Rocket Booster ( SRB ) Disassembly and Refurbishment Complex Historic District NASA KSC Railroad System Historic District NASA - owned Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Industrial Area Historic District There are 24 historic properties outside of these historic districts , including the Space Shuttle Atlantis , Vehicle Assembly Building , Crawlerway , and Operations and Checkout Building . KSC has one National Historic Landmark , 78 National Register of Historic Places ( NRHP ) listed or eligible sites , and 100 Archaeological Sites . Further information : John F. Kennedy Space Center MPS Weather ( edit ) A Mercury Redstone rocket on display at Gate 3 was toppled by Hurricane Frances on September 7 , 2004 . Florida 's peninsular shape and temperature contrasts between land and ocean provide ideal conditions for electrical storms , earning Central Florida the reputation as `` lightning capital of the United States '' . This makes extensive lightning protection and detection systems necessary to protect employees , structures and spacecraft on launch pads . On November 14 , 1969 , Apollo 12 was struck by lightning just after lift - off from Pad 39A , but the flight continued safely . The most powerful lightning strike recorded at KSC occurred at LC - 39B on August 25 , 2006 , while shuttle Atlantis was being prepared for STS - 115 . NASA managers were initially concerned that the lightning strike caused damage to Atlantis , but none was found . On September 7 , 2004 , Hurricane Frances directly hit the area with sustained winds of 70 miles per hour ( 110 km / h ) and gusts up to 94 miles per hour ( 151 km / h ) , the most damaging storm to date . The Vehicle Assembly Building lost 1,000 exterior panels , each 3.9 feet ( 1.2 m ) x 9.8 feet ( 3.0 m ) in size . This exposed 39,800 sq ft ( 3,700 m ) of the building to the elements . Damage occurred to the south and east sides of the VAB . The shuttle 's Thermal Protection System Facility suffered extensive damage . The roof was partially torn off and the interior suffered water damage . Several rockets on display in the center were toppled . Further damage to KSC was caused by Hurricane Wilma in October 2005 . KSC directors ( edit ) Dr. Kurt Debus , first director of KSC Since KSC 's formation , ten NASA officials have served as directors , including three former astronauts ( Crippen , Bridges and Cabana ) : Name Start End Reference Dr. Kurt H. Debus July 1962 November 1974 Lee R. Scherer January 19 , 1975 September 2 , 1979 Richard G. Smith September 26 , 1979 August 2 , 1986 Forrest S. McCartney August 31 , 1987 December 31 , 1991 Robert L. Crippen January 1992 January 1995 Jay F. Honeycutt January 1995 March 2 , 1997 Roy D. Bridges , Jr . March 2 , 1997 August 9 , 2003 James W. Kennedy August 9 , 2003 January 2007 William W. Parsons January 2007 October 2008 Robert D. Cabana October 2008 present Labor Force ( edit ) When KSC separated from Marshall Space Flight Center in July 1962 , it took 375 employees with it . In May 1965 , KSC had 7,000 employees and contractors move from rented space in Cocoa Beach to the new Merritt Island facilities . The peak number of persons working on center was 26,000 in 1968 ( 3,000 were civil servants ) . In 1970 , President Nixon announced intent to reduce cost of space operations and major cuts occurred at KSC . By 1974 , KSC 's workforce was down to 10,000 employees ( 2,408 civil servants ) . A total of 13,100 people worked at the center as of 2011 . Approximately 2,100 are employees of the federal government ; the rest are contractors . The average annual salary for an on - site worker in 2008 was $77,235 . The end of the Space Shuttle program in 2011 , preceded by the cancellation of Constellation Program in 2010 , produced a significant downsizing of the KSC workforce similar to that experienced at the end of the Apollo program in 1972 . As part of this downsizing , 6,000 contractors lost their jobs at the Center during 2010 and 2011 . See also ( edit ) Florida portal Government of the United States portal Spaceflight portal Air Force Space & Missile Museum Astronaut beach house Mobile Launcher Platform NASA Causeway List of tallest buildings and structures in the world Kerbal Space Program References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Kennedy Business Report '' ( PDF ) . Annual Report FY2010 . NASA . February 2011 . Retrieved August 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kennedy Space Center Implementing NASA 's Strategies '' ( PDF ) . NASA . 2000 . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` APPENDIX 10 - GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS SUPPORTING PROJECT MERCURY '' . NASA History Program Office . NASA . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2 . PROJECT SUPPORT FROM THE NASA Centers '' . MERCURY PROJECT SUMMARY ( NASA SP - 45 ) . NASA . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mercury Mission Control '' . NASA . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lipartito , Kenneth ; Butler , Orville ( 2007 ) . ' A History of the Kennedy Space Center . University Press of Florida . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8130 - 3069 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` Research & Technology '' . Kennedy Space Center . NASA . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NASA Partnerships Launch Multi-User Spaceport '' . NASA . May 1 , 2014 . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kennedy Creating New Master Plan '' . NASA . March 12 , 2012 . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Charles D. Benson and William Barnaby Faherty . `` Land , Lots of Land -- Much of It Marshy '' . Moonport : A History of Apollo Launch Facilities and Operations . NASA . Retrieved August 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Muschamp , Herbert ( January 28 , 1999 ) . `` Charles Luckman , Architect Who Designed Penn Station 's Replacement , Dies at 89 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kennedy History Quiz '' . NASA . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The National Archives , Lyndon B. Johnson Executive Order 11129 '' . Retrieved April 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kennedy Space Center Story '' . NASA . 1991 . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Benson , Charles D. ; Faherty , William B. ( August 1977 ) . `` Chapter 7 : The Launch Directorate Becomes an Operational Center - Kennedy 's Last Visit '' . Moonport : A History of Apollo Launch Facilities and Operations . History Series . SP - 4204 . NASA . Jump up ^ Heppenheimer , T.A. ( 1998 ) . The Space Shuttle Decision . NASA . pp. 425 -- 427 . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Shuttle Landing Facility ( SLF ) . Science.ksc.nasa.gov . Retrieved on May 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Style Guide for NASA History Authors and Editors '' . NASA 's History Office . NASA . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Presidential Directive on National Space Policy '' . NASA . White House . February 11 , 1988 . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kennedy Space Center Payload Processing '' . NASA . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kennedy Space Center '' . NASA . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Commercial Crew Program '' . NASA . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ground Systems Development '' . NASA . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Garcia , Mark ( 2015 - 04 - 12 ) . `` Orion Overview '' . NASA . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Orion Explained : NASA 's Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle ( Infographic ) '' . Space.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Launching Rockets '' . NASA . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Small Satellite Missions '' . NASA . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hangar S History '' . Kennedy Space Center . NASA . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` iv . Kennedy Space Center Planning and Development Office -- What We Offer -- Physical Assets '' . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2014 . Retrieved March 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kennedy Space Center Resource Encyclopedia '' . NASA - Kennedy Space Center . 2010 . Retrieved March 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Headquarters Building ( HQ ) . Science.ksc.nasa.gov . Retrieved on May 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kennedy Space Center Central Campus '' . NASA . Retrieved 3 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Central Campus of the Kennedy Space Center '' ( PDF ) . Kennedy Space Center Fact Sheets . NASA . Retrieved 3 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Media Invited to Groundbreaking for New Kennedy Space Center Headquarters '' . NASA . October 2 , 2014 . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The NASA Railroad '' ( PDF ) . Kennedy Space Center Fact Sheets . NASA . Retrieved 3 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Dean , James ( May 24 , 2015 ) . `` NASA Railroad rides into sunset '' . Florida Today . Melbourne , Florida . pp. 25A . Retrieved June 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Operations and Checkout Building '' . Jump up ^ Space Station Processing Facility ( SSPF ) . Science.ksc.nasa.gov . Retrieved on May 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Vertical Processing Facility . Science.ksc.nasa.gov . Retrieved on May 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hypergolic Maintenance and Checkout Facility '' . Jump up ^ `` Senate '' . Congressional Record : 17598 . September 8 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Partnering with KSC '' . Jump up ^ `` The Front Page Archive '' . Doing Business With Kennedy . NASA . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Partnering with KSC '' . Jump up ^ `` Solar Energy Centers '' . FPL . Jump up ^ `` Space Coast Next Generation Solar Energy Center '' . Sustainability . NASA . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Partnering with KSC '' . Jump up ^ Stratford , Amanda ( January 12 , 2010 ) . `` NASA 's new image '' . Florida Today . Melbourne , Florida : Florida Today . pp. 1A . Jump up ^ Dean , James . `` KSC Visitor Complex introduces ' Heroes and Legends ' '' . Florida Today . Retrieved August 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Iconic KSC countdown clock gets a new home '' . News 13 . March 1 , 2016 . Retrieved March 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Historic Properties at Kennedy Space Center As of January 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Environmental Planning - Cultural Resources . NASA . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UNDERSTANDING NASA 'S HISTORIC DISTRICTS '' ( PDF ) . ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRAM AT KSC . NASA . June 2008 . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Environmental Planning - Cultural Resources '' . ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRAM AT KSC . NASA . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NASA 's Historic Preservation Program : Celebrating and Managing Significant Historic Resources '' ( PDF ) . NASA . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Oliver , John E. ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of world climatology . Springer . p. 452 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 3264 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Lightning : FAQ '' . UCAR Communications . University Corporation for Atmospheric Research . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ KSC -- Lightning and the Space Program Retrieved May 28 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` NASA Checks Shuttle After Lightning Strike Near Launch Pad '' . Space.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` NASA Assesses Hurricane Frances Damage '' . NASA Press Release . Jump up ^ NASA -- Biography of Dr. Kurt H. Debus . Nasa.gov . Retrieved on May 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ NASA -- Biography of Lee R. Scherer . Nasa.gov . Retrieved on May 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ NASA -- Biography of Richard G. Smith . Nasa.gov . Retrieved on May 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ NASA -- Biography of Forrest S. McCartney . Nasa.gov . Retrieved on May 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ NASA -- Biography of Robert L. Crippen . Nasa.gov . Retrieved on May 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ NASA -- Biography of Jay F. Honeycutt . Nasa.gov . Retrieved on May 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ NASA -- Biography of Roy Bridges . Nasa.gov . Retrieved on May 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ NASA -- NASA KSC Director Announces Retirement . Nasa.gov ( February 24 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on May 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ NASA -- Biography of William W. ( Bill ) Parsons . Nasa.gov ( February 24 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on May 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cabana to Succeed Parsons as Kennedy Space Center Director '' ( Press release ) . NASA . September 30 , 2008 . Retrieved September 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dean , James ( March 17 , 2011 ) . `` NASA budget woes leads to layoffs '' . Federal Times . Retrieved August 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Peterson , Patrick ( November 28 , 2010 ) . `` High - paying jobs scant outside KSC '' . Melbourne , Florida : Florida Today . pp. 1A . Jump up ^ Dean , James ( November 5 , 2011 ) . `` Laid - off KSC workers ' supplies eagerly accepted by educators '' . Florida Today . Melbourne , Florida . pp. 2B . Bibliography ( edit ) Benson , Charles D. ; Faherty , William Barnaby ( 1978 ) . Moonport : A History of Apollo Launch Facilities and Operations . Scientific and Technical Information Office , NASA . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2004 ... Middleton , Sallie . `` Space Rush : Local Impact of Federal Aerospace Programs on Brevard and Surrounding Counties , '' Florida Historical Quarterly , Fall 2008 , Vol. 87 Issue 2 , pp 258 -- 289 Reynolds , David West ( September 2006 ) . Kennedy Space Center : Gateway to Space . Buffalo , New York : Firefly Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55407 - 039 - 8 . Retrieved January 30 , 2010 . This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kennedy Space Center . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Cape Canaveral . Kennedy Space Center Web site Kennedy History Vault Spaceport News KSC Employee Magazine KSC Visitor Complex Web site Streaming audio of KSC radio communications Astronauts Memorial Foundation Web site John F. Kennedy Space Center from Encyclopedia Astronautica `` America 's Space Program : Exploring a New Frontier '' , a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places lesson plan `` Aviation : From Sand Dunes to Sonic Booms '' , a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage travel itinerary A Field Guide to American Spacecraft Documentary of the U.S. Space Program in Florida NASA facilities NASA Headquarters Primary 10 centers Space / space flight Goddard Space Flight Center Jet Propulsion Laboratory Johnson Space Center Kennedy Space Center Marshall Space Flight Center Stennis Space Center Research Ames Research Center Armstrong Flight Research Center Glenn Research Center Langley Research Center Other facilities Michoud Assembly Facility Wallops Flight Facility White Sands Test Facility Goddard Institute for Space Studies Santa Susana Field Laboratory Scientific Balloon Flight Facility Independent Verification and Validation Facility Deep Space Network Goldstone Madrid Canberra Space Flight Operations Facility Cape Canaveral and Merritt Island launch sites Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Kennedy Space Center Spaceport Florida LC - 1 LC - 2 LC - 3 LC - 4 LC - 5 LC - 6 LC - 9 LC - 10 LC - 11 LC - 12 LC - 13 / LZ - 1 LC - 14 LC - 15 LC - 16 SLC - 17 LC - 18 LC - 19 LC - 20 LC - 21 LC - 22 LC - 25 LC - 26 LC - 29 LC - 30 LC - 31 LC - 32 LC - 34 LC - 36 SLC - 37 LC - 39 SLC - 40 SLC - 41 LC - 43 LC - 45 LC - 46 LC - 47 Atlantic Missile Range drop zone Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Skid Strip Cape Canaveral Mobile Launch Area Eastern Test Range SLBM Launch Area Grand Turk Island drop zone Patrick Air Force Base Shuttle Landing Facility Missions and tests of the Apollo program Rocket tests SA - 1 SA - 2 SA - 3 SA - 4 SA - 5 AS - 203 Abort tests QTV Pad Abort Test - 1 A-001 A-002 A-003 Pad Abort Test - 2 A-004 Boilerplate tests AS - 101 AS - 102 AS - 103 AS - 104 AS - 105 Unmanned missions AS - 201 AS - 202 Apollo 4 Apollo 5 Apollo 6 Skylab 1 Low Earth orbit missions Apollo 7 Apollo 9 Skylab 2 Skylab 3 Skylab 4 Apollo -- Soyuz Test Project Lunar orbit missions Apollo 8 Apollo 10 Lunar landing missions Apollo 11 Apollo 12 Apollo 14 Apollo 15 Apollo 16 Apollo 17 Failed missions Apollo 1 ( AS - 204 ) Apollo 13 List of missions Mission types Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39 Canceled missions NASA Space Shuttle ( STS ) Space Shuttle Programs Missions Crews Parts Orbiter Vehicle ( OV ) Solid Rocket Booster ( SRB ) External Tank ( ET ) Main Engine ( SSME ) Orbital Maneuvering System ( OMS ) Reaction control system ( RCS ) Thermal protection system Booster separation motor Orbiters Enterprise Columbia Challenger Discovery Atlantis Endeavour Add - ons Spacelab ( ESA ) RMS ( CSA ) Extended Duration Orbiter Remote Controlled Orbiter Spacehab MPLM Sites Kennedy Space Center LC - 39 Vandenberg SLC - 6 Landing sites ( Abort Landing Sites ) Operations Missions ( canceled ) Crews Mission timeline Rollbacks Abort modes Rendezvous pitch maneuver Testing Pathfinder ( simulator ) MPTA MPTA - ET Approach and Landing Tests Disasters Challenger disaster ( report ) Columbia disaster ( report ) Support Crawler - transporter Mate - Demate Device Mobile Launcher Platform NASA recovery ship Orbiter Processing Facility Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory ( SAIL ) Shuttle Carrier Aircraft Shuttle Training Aircraft Special Deutschland - 1 Getaway Special Teacher in Space Project Shuttle - Mir Hitchhiker Derivatives Saturn - Shuttle ( canceled ) Shuttle - Derived Launch Vehicle ( SDLV ) Shuttle - Derived Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle ( HLLV ) Jupiter Shuttle - C Ares Space Launch System ( SLS ) Replicas Inspiration Independence Space Shuttle America Related Space Shuttle design process Inertial Upper Stage Payload Assist Module ISS Space Shuttle retirement Conroy Virtus Criticism of the Space Shuttle program Rendezvous : A Space Shuttle Simulation Space Shuttle Project Shuttle Space Shuttle : A Journey into Space Orbiter Space Shuttle Mission 2007 NASA Policy and history History NACA ( 1915 ) National Aeronautics and Space Act ( 1958 ) Space Task Group ( 1958 ) Paine ( 1986 ) Rogers ( 1986 ) Ride ( 1987 ) Space Exploration Initiative ( 1989 ) Augustine ( 1990 ) U.S. National Space Policy ( 1996 ) CFUSAI ( 2002 ) CAIB ( 2003 ) Vision for Space Exploration ( 2004 ) Aldridge ( 2004 ) Augustine ( 2009 ) General Space Race Administrator and Deputy Administrator Chief Scientist Astronaut Corps Budget Spin - off technologies NASA TV NASA Social Launch Services Program Kennedy Space Center Vehicle Assembly Building Launch Complex 39 Launch Control Center Johnson Space Center Mission Control Lunar Sample Laboratory Robotic programs Past Hitchhiker Mariner Mariner Mark II MESUR Mars Surveyor ' 98 New Millennium Lunar Orbiter Pioneer Planetary Observer Ranger Surveyor Viking Project Prometheus Mars Scout Current Living With a Star Lunar Precursor Robotic Program Earth Observing System Great Observatories program Explorer Small explorer Voyager Discovery New Frontiers Mars Exploration Rover Human spaceflight programs Past X-15 ( suborbital ) Mercury Gemini Apollo Apollo -- Soyuz Test Project ( with the Soviet space program ) Skylab Space Shuttle Shuttle -- Mir ( with Roscosmos State Corporation ) Constellation Current International Space Station Commercial Orbital Transportation Services ( COTS ) Commercial Crew Development ( CCDev ) Orion Individual featured missions ( human and robotic ) Past COBE Apollo 11 Mercury 3 Mercury - Atlas 6 Magellan Pioneer 10 Pioneer 11 Galileo GALEX GRAIL WMAP Space Shuttle Sojourner rover Spirit rover LADEE MESSENGER Aquarius Cassini Currently operating MRO 2001 Mars Odyssey Dawn New Horizons Kepler International Space Station Hubble Space Telescope Spitzer RHESSI SWIFT THEMIS Mars Exploration Rover Curiosity rover timeline Opportunity rover observed GOES 14 Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter GOES 15 Van Allen Probes SDO Juno Mars Science Laboratory timeline NuSTAR Voyager 1 / 2 WISE MAVEN MMS OSIRIS - REx Future JPSS James Webb Space Telescope WFIRST InSight Mars 2020 NISAR Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite Europa Clipper Communications and navigation Canberra Deep Space Atomic Clock Deep Space Network ( Goldstone Madrid Near Earth Network Space Flight Operations Facility ) Space Network NASA lists List of astronauts by name by year Apollo astronauts List of NASA aircraft List of NASA missions unmanned missions List of NASA contractors List of United States rockets List of NASA cancellations List of Space Shuttle missions crews NASA images and artwork Earthrise The Blue Marble Family Portrait Pale Blue Dot Pillars of Creation Mystic Mountain Solar System Family Portrait The Day the Earth Smiled Fallen Astronaut Lunar plaques Pioneer plaques Voyager Golden Record NASA insignia Gemini and Apollo medallions Mission patches Category Commons Portal Constellation program Launch tests Ares I-X Pad Abort 1 Later missions List of Constellation missions Orion Asteroid Mission Orion Mars Mission Components Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle Ares I Ares V Earth Departure Stage Altair J - 2X RS - 68 Shuttle - Derived Launch Vehicle Shuttle - Derived Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle Jupiter ( rocket family ) Launch sites Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39 Abort Orion abort modes Orion Abort Test Booster Launch Abort System ( LAS ) Max Launch Abort System ( MLAS ) Related topics Vision for Space Exploration Exploration Systems Architecture Study DIRECT Constellation Space Suit Advanced Technology Large - Aperture Space Telescope ( AT - LAST ) NASA Authorization Act of 2005 Augustine Commission List of missions Spaceports Active spaceports North America United States government : DoD Cape Canaveral / ER Vandenberg / WR NASA Kennedy Wallops United States private launches : Corn Ranch Kodiak MARS Mojave Spaceport America South America Brazil FAB / AEB Alcântara Barreira do Inferno Europe ESA / France CNES Guiana / Kourou Asia China CNSA Jiuquan Taiyuan Wenchang Xichang India ISRO Satish Dhawan Thumba Indonesia LAPAN Pameungpeuk Iran ISA Semnan Israel ISA Palmachim Japan JAXA Tanegashima Uchinoura Ryori Kazakhstan / Russia Roscosmos / VKS Baikonur VKS Sary Shagan North Korea NADA Sohae South Korea KARI Naro Pakistan SUPARCO Sonmiani Tilla Russia Roscosmos Vostochny VKS Dombarovsky / Yasny Europe Norway NSC Andøya SvalRak Russia VKS Kapustin Yar Plesetsk Sweden SSC Esrange Oceania Australia RAAF Woomera New Zealand Rocket Lab Mahia Peninsula Marshall Islands / USA DoD Reagan Test Site , Kwajalein International waters Russia Sea Launch Proposed Indonesia LAPAN Morotai Sweden Spaceport Sweden ( Kiruna ) USA Airport extensions Cecil , Florida Clinton - Sherman , Oklahoma Ellington , Texas Midland , Texas SpaceX Boca Chica Canada Maritime Launch Services ( Canso ) Historical Algeria / France Hammaguir Reggane Australia Carnarvon Canada Churchill Hall Beach Resolute Bay China Guangde Nanhui Nazi Germany Greifswalder Oie Peenemünde Nazi Germany / Poland Blizna Tuchola Forest Greece Koroni India Balasore Italy Salto di Quirra Japan Akita Nii - jima Obachi Kenya / Italy Broglio , Malindi North Korea Tonghae Soviet Union / Russia Kheysa Okhotsk Svobodny Spain El Arenosillo Sweden Kronogård USA Edwards WSSH John F. Kennedy 35th President of the United States ( 1961 -- 1963 ) U.S. Senator from Massachusetts ( 1953 -- 1960 ) U.S. Representative for MA - 11 ( 1947 -- 1953 ) Presidency ( timeline ) Presidential Office : Inauguration Cabinet Judicial appointments Supreme Court Presidential pardons Domestic policy : Clean Air Act Communications Satellite Act Community Mental Health Act Equal Pay Act Federal affirmative action Federal housing segregation ban Fifty - mile hikes Food for Peace New Frontier Pilot Food Stamp Program Space policy Status of Women ( Presidential Commission ) University of Alabama integration Voter Education Project Foreign policy : Alliance for Progress Arms Control and Disarmament Agency Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Flexible response Kennedy Doctrine Peace Corps Trade Expansion Act USAID Vietnam War Cuba : Bay of Pigs Invasion Cuban Project Cuban Missile Crisis ExComm Soviet Union : Berlin Crisis Moscow -- Washington hotline Vienna summit White House : Presidential limousine Presidential yacht Resolute desk Situation Room Presidential speeches Inaugural address American University speech `` We choose to go to the Moon '' Report to the American People on Civil Rights `` Ich bin ein Berliner '' `` A rising tide lifts all boats '' Elections U.S. States House of Representatives elections , 1946 1948 1950 U.S. Senate election in Massachusetts , 1952 1958 1960 Presidential primaries 1960 Presidential campaign Democratic National Convention 1956 1960 U.S. presidential election , 1960 debates Personal life Birthplace and childhood home Kennedy Compound US Navy service PT - 109 Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana Arthur Evans PT - 59 Castle Hot Springs Hammersmith Farm Coretta Scott King phone call Rocking chair `` Happy Birthday , Mr. President '' Books authored Why England Slept ( 1940 ) Profiles in Courage ( 1956 ) A Nation of Immigrants ( 1958 ) Death Assassination timeline reactions in popular culture State funeral Riderless horse attending dignitaries Gravesite and Eternal Flame Legacy John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum ( Boston ) 1964 Civil Rights Act Apollo 11 Moon landing Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Kennedy Space Center ( Florida ) Kennedy Round U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development VISTA Cultural depictions films Kennedy half dollar U.S. postage stamps U.S. five cent stamp Lincoln -- Kennedy coincidences Operation Sail Memorials , namesakes Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts ( Washington DC ) JK College ( Mauritius ) Kennedy Expressway ( Chicago ) JFK International Airport ( New York ) JFK Memorial ( Dallas ) JFK Memorial Bridge ( Kentucky -- Indiana ) JFK School of Government ( Harvard Univ . ) JFK Special Warfare Center and School ( Fort Bragg , North Carolina ) JFK University ( California ) JFK Memorial ( Runnymede , Britain ) Yad Kennedy ( Jerusalem ) USS John F. Kennedy ( CV - 67 ) USS John F. Kennedy ( CVN - 79 ) MV John F. Kennedy Family Jacqueline Bouvier ( wife ) Caroline Kennedy ( daughter ) John F. Kennedy Jr . son plane crash Patrick Bouvier Kennedy ( son ) Jack Schlossberg ( grandson ) Rose Schlossberg ( granddaughter ) Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. ( father ) Rose Fitzgerald ( mother ) Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. ( brother ) Rosemary Kennedy ( sister ) Kathleen Cavendish , Marchioness of Hartington ( sister ) Eunice Kennedy Shriver ( sister ) Patricia Kennedy Lawford ( sister ) Robert F. Kennedy ( brother ) Jean Kennedy Smith ( sister ) Ted Kennedy ( brother ) P.J. Kennedy ( grandfather ) John F. Fitzgerald ( grandfather ) ← Dwight D. Eisenhower Lyndon B. Johnson → Category VIAF : 144777016 LCCN : n50082518 ISNI : 0000 0001 0845 4769 GND : 5143972 - 4 SUDOC : 02729627X NLA : 35860386 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kennedy_Space_Center&oldid=806093405 '' Categories : Kennedy Space Center NASA facilities Aerospace museums in Florida Buildings and structures in Merritt Island , Florida Buildings and monuments honoring American Presidents John F. Kennedy memorials Government buildings in Florida IMAX venues Industrial buildings and structures in Florida Landmarks in Florida Museums in Brevard County , Florida Government buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Florida Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Florida National Register of Historic Places in Brevard County , Florida Parks and attractions with Angry Birds exhibits Rocket launch sites Science museums in Florida Spaceports in the United States Titusville , Florida Government buildings completed in 1962 1962 establishments in Florida Tourist attractions in Brevard County , Florida Tourist attractions in Florida Hidden categories : Use American English from January 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from November 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Wikipedia articles incorporating text from NASA Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 October 2017 , at 17 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy%20Space%20Center
| 2,102 |
||
how many episodes of fionna and cake are there
|
The concept of Fionna and Cake was based on sketches that series ' character designer and storyboard revisionist Natasha Allegri made . Ward was pleased with her creations , and decided to canonize them . Originally , the episode did not feature the Ice Queen at all , and the middle part of the episode saw Fionna go on a date with Gumball to a restaurant ; this subsequently changed . The episode was watched by 3.315 million people , making it -- at the time -- the most - watched episode of the series . `` Fionna and Cake '' received largely positive reviews from fans and critics alike . Two sequels to the episode -- `` Bad Little Boy '' and `` The Prince Who Wanted Everything '' -- were produced during the show 's fifth and sixth season , respectively .
|
Fionna and Cake
|
fionna and cake
|
`` Fionna and Cake '' is the ninth episode of the third season of the American animated television series Adventure Time . The episode was written and storyboarded by Adam Muto and Rebecca Sugar , from a story by Mark Banker , Kent Osborne , Patrick McHale , and series creator Pendleton Ward . It originally aired on Cartoon Network on September 5 , 2011 .
|
The series follows the adventures of Finn ( voiced by Jeremy Shada ) , a human boy , and his best friend and adoptive brother Jake ( voiced by John DiMaggio ) , a dog with magical powers to change shape and grow and shrink at will . In this episode , Finn and Jake are forced to listen to The Ice King 's fanfiction about the gender - swapped Fionna ( voiced by Madeleine Martin ) and Cake the cat ( voiced by Roz Ryan ) . In his story , Fionna goes on a date with Prince Gumball ( voiced by Neil Patrick Harris ) and fights the evil Ice Queen ( voiced by Grey DeLisle ) . The concept of Fionna and Cake was based on sketches that series ' character designer and storyboard revisionist Natasha Allegri made . Ward was pleased with her creations , and decided to canonize them . Originally , the episode did not feature the Ice Queen at all , and the middle part of the episode saw Fionna go on a date with Gumball to a restaurant ; this subsequently changed . The episode was watched by 3.315 million people , making it -- at the time -- the most - watched episode of the series . `` Fionna and Cake '' received largely positive reviews from fans and critics alike . Two sequels to the episode -- `` Bad Little Boy '' and `` The Prince Who Wanted Everything '' -- were produced during the show 's fifth and sixth season , respectively . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 5 References 5.1 Footnotes 5.2 Bibliography 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Fionna and Cake are helping Prince Gumball decorate for the Biennial Gumball Ball when Gumball asks Fionna if she would like to go to it tonight with him . Their conversation is interrupted when the Ice Queen breaks into the castle and tries to kidnap Gumball . Fionna and Cake start to fight her before she mysteriously disappears . Gumball ( who is apparently unharmed ) arranges a date with Fionna . At the Tree Fort , Fionna and Cake argue over whether or not Gumball asked Fionna on a date . Cake decides to come along to help Fionna out . At the Castle Gardens , the two are met by Gumball and his steed Lord Monochromicorn . The group then flies through the air while Gumball serenades Fionna with the song `` Oh , Fionna '' and eventually asks her to be his girlfriend . When Fionna and Cake get to the ball , Prince Gumball takes Fionna to his room ( decorated with candles and rose petals ) and locks the door . She becomes flustered and backs away when he begins to take his shirt off . A drop of water lands on her shoulder , she looks up to see the real Prince Gumball trapped inside a giant icicle on the ceiling . The fake prince is revealed to be Ice Queen . Fionna is soon incapacitated ; Cake senses trouble and rushes to her rescue . Enraged by the deception , Fionna takes out the crystal sword to fight . The sword turns out to be another one of Ice Queen 's tricks and turns into a ball of ice around Fionna 's hands . Cake hears noises from downstairs and senses Fionna is in trouble . Undaunted , Fionna uses the ice to beat Ice Queen over the head . Ice Queen pushes her off with a burst of snow which allows Fionna to get close to enough to break Prince Gumball free and knock out the Ice Queen with a broken icicle . Cake bursts in and sees Gumball standing next to Fionna in her torn dress ; she jumps to the wrong conclusion and lunges at him but Fionna stops Cake and tells her it was the Ice Queen all along . Just then Ice Queen recovers and blasts Cake away from Fionna only to have Fionna knock her magic tiara off which negates her powers . The real Gumball asks Fionna on a date and is turned down ; Fionna notes that she does not need a boyfriend at the moment . The episode reveals that the entire story was a fanfiction created by the Ice King that he is reading to Finn and Jake ( who are incapacitated in ice ) . The Ice King asks how they enjoyed his story ; Finn hesitates at first but hurriedly placates him when Ice King threatens them with his ice powers . Cast ( edit ) Neil Patrick Harris voiced Prince Gumball in the episode `` Fionna and Cake '' , taking place in a gender - swapped universe , likewise features gender - swapped versions of the inhabitants of Ooo . A list of the major characters that feature in `` Fionna and Cake '' follows . Fionna ( voiced by Madeleine Martin ) -- Fionna is the gender - swapped version of Finn . Fionna is a brave and adventurous girl who struggles with issues pertaining to attraction and romance . Cake ( voiced by Roz Ryan ) -- Cake is the gender - swapped version of Jake , and is a cat instead of a dog . Cake is sarcastic and boisterous but is also Fionna 's loyal friend . Much like Jake , she possesses the power to stretch her body into a myriad of convoluted shapes . Prince Gumball ( voiced by Neil Patrick Harris ) -- Gumball is the gender - swapped version of Princess Bubblegum . He is the frequent victim of the Ice Queen 's kidnapping schemes and appears that he harbors some sort of feelings for Fionna . The Ice Queen ( voiced by Grey DeLisle ) -- The Ice Queen is the gender - swapped version of the Ice King . Much like her male counterpart , the Ice Queen is constantly scheming to kidnap a mate ( her most frequent target being Prince Gumball ) . Lord Monochromicorn -- The gender - swapped version of Lady Rainicorn . While Lady speaks in Korean , Lord Monochromicorn communicates exclusively via Morse Code . Lord Monochromicorn and Cake are in a relationship together . Production ( edit ) `` Fionna and Cake '' was written and storyboarded by Rebecca Sugar and Adam Muto from a story developed by Mark Banker , Patrick McHale , Osborne , and series creator Pendleton Ward . The entry was directed by Larry Leichliter . The genesis for the episode were drawings that character designer and storyboard revisionist Natasha Allegri posted onto the internet during her free time . Her creations were eventually canonized by the show 's producers . Allegri even re-rerecorded the show 's theme -- which had originally been sung by series creator Pendleton Ward -- for the episode . Sugar intended `` Fionna and Cake '' to both be `` a jab ( and ) a huge celebration of , ( sic ) the feeling of being fan '' and `` allowing something completely ridiculous to make your heart tighten '' . Sugar and Muto significantly changed the story from its original outline ; the very first version of the episode did not feature the Ice Queen , the ball , or the crystal sword . The second act of the story featured Gumball and Fionna going on a date in a restaurant , rather than on an adventure . Sugar also wrote several lines for Marshall Lee -- Marceline 's male counterpart -- but they were cut for time . Sugar `` begged '' Ward to let her work the character back into the story somehow , but the character only appeared in a non-speaking cameo . Sugar originally wanted the character to be voiced by Dante Basco , although he would later be voiced by Donald Glover in the fifth season episode `` Bad Little Boy '' . Neil Patrick Harris was Sugar 's first choice to play Prince Gumball ; she explained that she wanted to impress her brother Steven , who was `` obsessed '' with the Music Meister ( portrayed by Harris ) from Batman : The Brave and the Bold . The scene which featured the song `` Oh Fionna '' was designed by Sugar to be a blend of the setting from the song `` A Whole New World '' from the 1992 film Aladdin , as well as scenes featuring the Romani Ranch aliens from Majora 's Mask . Reception ( edit ) `` Fionna and Cake '' aired on Cartoon Network on September 5 , 2011 . The episode was viewed by 3.315 million viewers and saw a dramatic increase in the ratings for all boy demographics . It also marked a 42 percent increase in viewers when compared to a year earlier . At the time , this made `` Fionna and Cake '' the highest - rated entry of the series . The episode first saw physical release as part of the 2013 Fionna and Cake DVD , which included 16 episodes from the series ' first three seasons . Tyler Foster of DVD Talk praised the episode for its creativity and complimented the entry 's humor and its message to girls . Furthermore , he applauded the song `` Oh Fionna '' , calling it `` wonderful '' . Richard Whittaker of The Austin Chronicle noted that the episode was `` an adventure in cross play '' . He felt that Fionna 's characterization appealed to the show 's universality and managed to also retain respect for the show 's audience . and that the `` strong but emotionally vulnerable '' Cake was written in a way that successfully provided a female analog for Jake . Oliver Sava of The A.V. Club called the `` Fionna and Cake '' one of `` the most fascinating aspects of the Adventure Time craze '' in a review of the fifth season episode `` Bad Little Boy '' . He wrote that `` ' Fionna and Cake ' was reminiscent of the series ' earlier episodes , in regards to its bright animation , well - paced plot , music , its successful blend of fantasy action and comedy , and its focus on character - based drama . As a result , he felt that the entry was composed of elements that make the series as a whole great . In a separate article , Sava named the entry one of the ten most representative episodes of the series and wrote that it is also `` the most aggressively girl - friendly episode of the series '' . After it aired , `` Fionna and Cake '' was particularly successful with the fans of the series . Sava noted that although the characters had , at the time , appeared in only a single episode , they had quickly become two of the most popular characters from the show . According to the Entertainment Examiner , fans of the series responded positively to the characters , and wanted them to appear in more episodes . References ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Beginning Of Wisdom Is To Call Things By Their Right Names '' . Frederator. April 6 , 2011 . Retrieved March 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kepler , Adam ( February 18 , 2013 ) . `` What 's on Monday '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Olson , p. 104 ^ Jump up to : `` Adventure Time Characters '' . Cartoon Network . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( September 8 , 2011 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris Leads Cartoon Network 's ' Adventure Time ' To Best Ratings In Its 3 - Season History '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2013 . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Olson , p. 106 Jump up ^ `` Grey DeLisle '' . Behind the Voice Actors . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Olson , p. 108 Jump up ^ `` Niki Yang ( Voice of Bmo ) Interview : The Art of Storytelling '' . Gumship . January 9 , 2013 . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2013 . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sims , Chris ( August 10 , 2011 ) . `` Adventure Time 's Gender - Swapped Episode and the Art of Natasha Allegri '' . Comics Alliance . AOL . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2012 . Retrieved February 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Seibert , Fred ( July 25 , 2011 ) . `` ' Adventure Time with Fionna and Cake ' Preview '' . Frederator Studios . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2011 . Retrieved February 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sugar , Rebecca ( September 1 , 2011 ) . `` Fionna and Cake , Monday at 8 ! ! ! '' . Tumblr . Retrieved June 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wolfe , Jennifer ( January 22 , 2013 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris & Donald Glover Head to Adventure Time '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved January 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sugar , Rebecca ( September 6 , 2011 ) . `` Oh Fionna '' . Tumblr . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Adventure Time : Fionna & Cake 4 '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Foster , Tyler ( February 5 , 2013 ) . `` Adventure Time : Fionna and Cake : DVD '' . DVD Talk . Internet Brands . Retrieved June 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Whittaker , Richard ( February 23 , 2013 ) . `` DVD Watch : ' Adventure Time : Fionna and Cake ' '' . The Austin Chronicle . Austin Chronicle Corporation . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sava , Oliver ( February 18 , 2013 ) . `` ' Bad Little Boy ' Adventure Time TV Club '' . The A.V. Club . The Onion . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sava , Oliver ( October 9 , 2013 ) . `` Beneath Adventure Time 's Weirdness Lies Surprising Emotional Complexity '' . The A.V. Club . The Onion . Retrieved October 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Marceline Gives Her Interpretation of Fionna and Cake in ' Bad Little Boy ' '' . Entertainment Examiner . January 31 , 2013 . Retrieved February 6 , 2013 . ( subscription required ) Bibliography ( edit ) Olson , Martin ( 2013 ) . The Adventure Time Encyclopaedia . Abrams Books . ISBN 9781419705649 . External links ( edit ) `` Fionna and Cake '' on IMDb `` Fionna and Cake '' at TV.com ( hide ) Adventure Time episodes Pilot Season 1 `` Tree Trunks '' `` The Enchiridion ! '' `` Ricardio the Heart Guy '' `` Evicted ! '' Season 2 `` It Came from the Nightosphere '' `` The Eyes '' `` Guardians of Sunshine '' `` Death in Bloom '' `` Mortal Folly '' / `` Mortal Recoil '' Season 3 `` Hitman '' `` Too Young '' `` Fionna and Cake '' `` What Was Missing '' `` Holly Jolly Secrets '' `` Another Way '' `` Incendium '' Season 4 `` Hot to the Touch '' `` Five Short Graybles '' `` Web Weirdos '' `` Dream of Love '' `` Return to the Nightosphere '' / `` Daddy 's Little Monster '' `` In Your Footsteps '' `` Hug Wolf '' `` Princess Monster Wife '' `` Goliad '' `` Beyond This Earthly Realm '' `` Gotcha ! '' `` Princess Cookie '' `` Card Wars '' `` Sons of Mars '' `` Burning Low '' `` BMO Noire '' `` King Worm '' `` Lady & Peebles '' `` You Made Me '' `` Who Would Win '' `` Ignition Point '' `` The Hard Easy '' `` Reign of Gunters '' `` I Remember You '' `` The Lich '' Season 5 `` Finn the Human '' / `` Jake the Dog '' `` Bad Little Boy '' `` Simon & Marcy '' `` A Glitch Is a Glitch '' `` Puhoy '' `` James Baxter the Horse '' `` Wizards Only , Fools '' `` Be More '' `` Sky Witch '' `` Frost & Fire '' `` Time Sandwich '' `` Root Beer Guy '' `` Rattleballs '' `` The Red Throne '' `` Betty '' `` Bad Timing '' `` Billy 's Bucket List '' Season 6 `` Wake Up '' / `` Escape from the Citadel '' `` Food Chain '' `` Furniture & Meat '' `` Something Big '' `` Is That You ? '' `` Jake the Brick '' `` Dentist '' `` Evergreen '' `` Astral Plane '' `` The Diary '' `` Walnuts & Rain '' `` Jermaine '' Season 7 Stakes `` Bad Jubies '' `` Crossover '' `` The Hall of Egress '' Season 8 `` Normal Man '' Islands Season 9 Elements Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fionna_and_Cake&oldid=828392426 '' Categories : 2011 American television episodes Adventure Time ( season 3 ) episodes Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Good articles Tv.com template using numeric id Talk Contents About Wikipedia 한국어 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 March 2018 , at 07 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fionna%20and%20Cake
| 2,103 |
|
discuss why saline in iv bags has a 0.9 nacl concentration
|
Saline ( medicine )
|
saline ( medicine )
|
Saline , also known as saline solution , is a mixture of sodium chloride in water and has a number of uses in medicine . Applied to the affected area it is used to clean wounds , help remove contact lenses , and help with dry eyes . By injection into a vein it is used to treat dehydration such as from gastroenteritis and diabetic ketoacidosis . It is also used to dilute other medications to be given by injection .
|
Large amounts may result in fluid overload , swelling , acidosis , and high blood sodium . In those with long standing low blood sodium excessive use may result in osmotic demyelination syndrome . Saline is in the crystalloid family of medications . It is most commonly used as a sterile 9 g of salt per litre ( 0.9 % ) solution , known as normal saline . Higher and lower concentrations may also occasionally be used . The medical use of saline began around 1831 . It is on the World Health Organization 's List of Essential Medicines , the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system . The wholesale cost in the developing world is about 0.60 to 4.20 USD per liter of normal saline . Contents ( hide ) 1 Concentrations 1.1 Normal 1.2 Usage 1.2. 1 Eyes 1.3 Hypertonic saline 1.3. 1 Mechanism of action 1.4 Other 2 Solutions with added ingredients 3 History 4 See also 5 References Concentrations ( edit ) Saline solution for irrigation . This solution is used for irrigating wounds , tissues , body cavities , and bladders . Saline solution for irrigation should not be administered intravenously . Concentrations vary from low to normal to high . High concentrations are used rarely in medicine but frequently in molecular biology . Normal ( edit ) Normal saline ( NSS , NS or N / S ) is the commonly used phrase for a solution of 0.90 % w / v of NaCl , 308 mOsm / L or 9.0 g per litre . Less commonly , this solution is referred to as physiological saline or isotonic saline ( because it closely approximates isotonic , that is , physiologically normal , solution ) ; although neither of those names is technically accurate ( because normal saline is not exactly like blood serum ) , they convey the practical effect usually seen : good fluid balance with minimal hypotonicity or hypertonicity . NS is used frequently in intravenous drips ( IVs ) for patients who can not take fluids orally and have developed or are in danger of developing dehydration or hypovolemia . NS is also used for aseptic purpose . NS is typically the first fluid used when hypovolemia is severe enough to threaten the adequacy of blood circulation , and has long been believed to be the safest fluid to give quickly in large volumes . However , it is now known that rapid infusion of NS can cause metabolic acidosis . The solution is 9 grams of sodium chloride ( NaCl ) dissolved in water , to a total volume of 1000 ml ( weight per unit volume ( w / v ) ) . The mass of 1 millilitre of normal saline is 1.0046 gram at 22 ° C. The molecular weight of sodium chloride is approximately 58.5 grams per mole , so 58.5 grams of sodium chloride equals 1 mole . Since normal saline contains 9 grams of NaCl , the concentration is 9 grams per litre divided by 58.5 grams per mole , or 0.154 mole per litre . Since NaCl dissociates into two ions -- sodium and chloride -- 1 molar NaCl is 2 osmolar . Thus , NS contains 154 mEq / L of Na and Cl . It has a slightly higher degree of osmolarity ( i.e. more solute per litre ) than blood ( However , if you take into account the osmotic coefficient , a correction for non-ideal solutions , then the saline solution is much closer to isotonic . Osmotic coefficient of NaCl is about 0.93 ; therefore 0.154 × 1000 × 2 × . 93 = 286.44 ) Nonetheless , the osmolarity of normal saline is a close approximation to the osmolarity of NaCl in blood . One litre of 0.9 % Saline contains : 154 mEq of sodium ion = 154 mmol 154 mEq of chloride ion = 154 mmol Usage ( edit ) For medical purposes , saline is often used to flush wounds and skin abrasions . Normal saline will not burn or sting when applied . Saline is also used in I.V. therapy , intravenously supplying extra water to rehydrate patients or supplying the daily water and salt needs ( `` maintenance '' needs ) of a patient who is unable to take them by mouth . Because infusing a solution of low osmolality can cause problems such as hemolysis , intravenous solutions with reduced saline concentrations typically have dextrose ( glucose ) added to maintain a safe osmolality while providing less sodium chloride . As the molecular weight ( MW ) of dextrose is greater , this has the same osmolality as normal saline despite having less sodium . The amount of normal saline infused depends largely on the needs of the patient ( e.g. ongoing diarrhea or heart failure ) . Saline is also often used for nasal washes to relieve some of the symptoms of the common cold . The solution exerts a softening and loosening influence on the mucus to make it easier to wash out and clear the nasal passages for both babies and adults . In this case `` home - made '' saline may be used : this is made by dissolving approximately half a teaspoon of table salt into 240ml ( approx. 8 ounces ) of clean tap water . In very rare instances , amoeba Naegleria fowleri infection can occur if amoeba enters the body through the nose , therefore water used for nasal irrigation should be sterile . Note that clean tap water is not necessarily a sterile liquid . Eyes ( edit ) Eye drops are saline - containing drops used on the eye . Depending on the condition being treated , they may contain steroids , antihistamines , sympathomimetics , beta receptor blockers , parasympathomimetics , parasympatholytics , prostaglandins , non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs ) or topical anesthetics . Eye drops sometimes do not have medications in them and are only lubricating and tear - replacing solutions . Syringe designed saline drops ( e.g. Wallace Cameron Ultra Saline Minipod ) are distributed in modern needle - exchange programmes as drugs efficiently can be administered either by injection , or ophthalmic , which is compared to intravenous use ; By demonstration , the elimination of latanoprost acid from plasma is rapid ( half - life 17 minutes ) after either ophthalmic or intravenous administration . However , ophthalmic use is done with sterile filtered drugs that is potent in quite small doses , and with adjusted acidity of pH 7.0 -- 7.5 after the drug has been added , to avoid eye damage . The human eye has a pH of approximately 7.5 , water has 7.0 . Hypertonic saline ( edit ) Hypertonic saline -- 7 % NaCl solutions are considered mucoactive agents and thus are used to hydrate thick secretions ( mucus ) in order to make it easier to cough up and out ( expectorate ) . 3 % hypertonic saline solutions are also used in critical care settings , acutely increased intracranial pressure , or severe hyponatremia . Inhalation of hypertonic saline has also been shown to help in other respiratory problems , specifically bronchiolitis . Hypertonic saline is currently recommended by the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation as a primary part of a cystic fibrosis treatment regimen . An 11 % solution of xylitol with 0.65 % saline stimulates the washing of the nasopharynx and has an effect on the nasal pathogenic bacteria . This has been used in complementary and alternative medicine . Mechanism of action ( edit ) Aerosol -- Nebulized hypertonic saline treatments disrupt the interaction between glycosaminoglycans and IL - 8 , rendering IL - 8 susceptible to proteolytic degradation with subsequent decrease in neutrophil chemotaxis ; all of this ultimately reducing inflammation . Other ( edit ) Other concentrations commonly used include : Half - normal saline ( 0.45 % NaCl ) , often with `` D5 '' ( 5 % dextrose ) , contains 77 mEq / L of Na and Cl and 50 g / L dextrose . Quarter - normal saline ( 0.22 % NaCl ) has 39 mEq / L of Na and Cl and almost always contains 5 % dextrose for osmolality reasons . It can be used alone in Neonatal Intensive Care Units . Hypertonic saline may be used in perioperative fluid management protocols to reduce excessive intravenous fluid infusions and lessen pulmonary complications . Hypertonic saline is used in treating hyponatremia and cerebral edema Rapid correction of hyponatremia via hypertonic saline , or via any saline infusion > 40 mmol / L ( Na+ having a valence of 1 , 40 mmol / L = 40 mEq / L ) greatly increases risk of central pontine myelinolysis ( CPM ) , and so requires constant monitoring of patient response . Water privation combined with diuretic block does not produce as much risk of CPM as saline administration does ; however , it does not correct hyponatremia as rapidly as administration of hypertonic saline does . Due to hypertonicity , administration may result in phlebitis and tissue necrosis . As such , concentrations greater than 3 % NaCl should normally be administered via a central venous catheter , also known as a ' central line ' . Such hypertonic saline is normally available in two strengths , the former of which is more commonly administered : 3 % NaCl has 513 mEq / L of Na and Cl . 5 % NaCl has 856 mEq / L of Na and Cl . NaCl solutions that are less commonly used are 7 % ( 1200 mEq / L ) and 23.4 % ( approx 4000 mEq / L ) , both of which are used ( also via central line ) , often in conjunction with supplementary diuretics , in the treatment of traumatic brain injury . Dextrose ( glucose ) 4 % in 0.18 % saline is used sometimes for maintenance replacement . Solutions with added ingredients ( edit ) In medicine , common types of salines include : Lactated Ringer 's solution Acetated Ringer 's solution Intravenous sugar solutions 5 % dextrose in normal saline ( D5NS ) 10 % dextrose in normal saline ( D10NS ) 5 % dextrose in half - normal saline ( D5HNS ) 10 % dextrose in half - normal saline ( D10HNS ) And in cell biology , in addition to the above the following are used : Phosphate buffered saline ( PBS ) ( recipes from Dulbecco = D - PBS , Galfre , Kuchler , Ausubel etc . ) TRIS - buffered saline ( TBS ) ( recipes from Goldsmith , Ausubel etc . ) Hank 's balanced salt solution ( HBSS ) Earle 's balanced salt solution ( EBSS ) Standard saline citrate ( SSC ) HEPES - buffered saline ( HBS ) ( recipes from Dittmar , Liu , Ausubel etc . ) Gey 's balanced salt solution ( GBSS ) History ( edit ) Saline was believed to have originated during the Indian Blue cholera pandemic that swept across Europe in 1831 . William Brooke O'Shaughnessy , a recent graduate of Edinburgh Medical School , proposed in an article to medical journal The Lancet to inject cholera patients with highly oxygenated salts to treat the `` universal stagnation of the venous system and rapid cessation of arterialisation of the blood '' seen in severely dehydrated cholera patients . He found his treatment harmless in dogs , and his proposal was soon adopted by the physician Thomas Latta in treating cholera patients to beneficial effect . In the following decades , variations and alternatives to Latta 's solution were tested and used in treating cholera patients . These solutions contained a range of concentrations of sodium , chloride , potassium , carbonate , phosphate , and hydroxide . The breakthrough in achieving physiological concentrations was accomplished by Sydney Ringer in the early 1880s , when he determined the optimal salt concentrations to maintain the contractility of frog heart muscle tissue . Normal saline is considered a descendant of the pre-Ringer solutions , as Ringer 's findings were not adopted and widely used until decades later . The term `` normal saline '' itself appears to have little historical basis , except for studies done in 1882 -- 83 by Dutch physiologist Hartog Jacob Hamburger ; these in vitro studies of red cell lysis suggested incorrectly that 0.9 % was the concentration of salt in human blood ( rather than 0.6 % , the true concentration ) . See also ( edit ) Intravenous therapy Saline water Salinometer References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Sodium Chloride Injection - FDA prescribing information , side effects and uses '' . www.drugs.com . Archived from the original on 18 January 2017 . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : British national formulary : BNF 69 ( 69 ed . ) . British Medical Association . 2015 . p. 683 , 770 . ISBN 9780857111562 . Jump up ^ Marini , John J. ; Wheeler , Arthur P. ( 2010 ) . Critical Care Medicine : The Essentials . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . p. 54 . ISBN 9780781798396 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Hypertonic Saline - FDA prescribing information , side effects and uses '' . www.drugs.com . Archived from the original on 18 January 2017 . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Pestana , Carlos ( 2000 ) . Fluids and Electrolytes in the Surgical Patient . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . p. 11 . ISBN 9780781724258 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ Bozzetti , Federico ; Staun , Michael ; Gossum , Andre van ( 2014 ) . Home Parenteral Nutrition , 2nd Edition . CABI . p. 4 . ISBN 9781780643113 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` WHO Model List of Essential Medicines ( 19th List ) '' ( PDF ) . World Health Organization . April 2015 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 13 December 2016 . Retrieved 8 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sodium Chloride in Water '' . International Drug Price Indicator Guide . Retrieved 8 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Prough , DS ; Bidani , A ( 1999 ) . `` Hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis is a predictable consequence of intraoperative infusion of 0.9 % saline '' . Anesthesiology. 90 ( 5 ) : 1247 -- 1249 . PMID 10319767 . doi : 10.1097 / 00000542 - 199905000 - 00003 . Jump up ^ Fluid Density Calculator Archived 2009 - 09 - 16 at the Wayback Machine ... Earthwardconsulting.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Water Density Calculator Archived 2010 - 01 - 22 at the Wayback Machine ... Csgnetwork.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Cure a cold : Saline Nasal drops Archived 2013 - 01 - 16 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Blocked Nose in Babies ( ' Snuffles ' ) at Patient UK Jump up ^ What does saline nasal spray do ? Jump up ^ Tixylix saline nasal drops : How does it work Archived 2012 - 11 - 01 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Homemade Saline Nose Drops Archived 2012 - 11 - 27 at the Wayback Machine . at Food.com Jump up ^ `` CDC - Naegleria - Frequently Asked Questions ( FAQs ) '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 20 . Retrieved April 2012 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Latanoprost Drug Information , Professional '' . Drugs.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 03 - 29 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` pH Value Eye Drops '' . Clear-lenses.com. 2004 - 08 - 22 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 16 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Reeves EP et al ( 2011 ) . `` Nebulized hypertonic saline decreases IL - 8 in sputum of patients with cystic fibrosis . '' Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011 Jun 1 ; 183 ( 11 ) : 1517 - 23 . doi : 10.1164 / rccm. 201101 - 0072OC . PMID 21330456 Archived 2016 - 03 - 29 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Principi T , Komar L ( 2011 ) . `` A critical review of `` a randomized trial of nebulized 3 % hypertonic saline with epinephrine in the treatment of acute bronchiolitis in the emergency department . '' `` . J Popul Ther Clin Pharmacol. 18 ( 2 ) : e273 -- 4 . PMID 21633141 . Jump up ^ O'Connell OJ , O'Farrell C , Harrison MJ , Eustace JA , Henry MT , Plant BJ ( 2011 ) . `` Nebulized hypertonic saline via positive expiratory pressure versus via jet nebulizer in patients with severe cystic fibrosis '' . Respir Care . 56 ( 6 ) : 771 -- 5 . PMID 21333079 . doi : 10.4187 / respcare. 00866 . Jump up ^ Jones , Alonzo . `` Intranasal Xylitol , Recurrent Otitis Media , and Asthma : Report of Three Cases * '' . Nasal xylitol , from Clinical Practice of Alternative Medicine . Alonzo H. Jones , DO . Archived from the original on 8 May 2014 . Retrieved 7 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Vivian McAlister , Karen E.A. Burns , Tammy Znajda , and Brian Church . `` Hypertonic Saline for Peri-operative Fluid Management '' Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 1 ( 2010 ) : CD005576 Available at : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 06 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ Access Archived 2010 - 11 - 19 at the Wayback Machine ... Medscape . Retrieved on 2011 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ O'Shaugnessy , WB ( 1831 ) . `` Proposal for a new method of treating the blue epidemic cholera by the injection of highly - oxygenated salts into the venous system '' . Lancet . 17 ( 432 ) : 366 -- 71 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 02 ) 94163 - 2 . Jump up ^ Kenneth M Sutin ; Marino , Paul L. ( 2007 ) . `` The ICU book '' Archived 2017 - 09 - 18 at the Wayback Machine ... Hagerstwon , MD : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . ISBN 0 - 7817 - 4802 - X . Jump up ^ Awad , Sherif ; Allison Simon P ; Lobo Dileep N ( 2008 ) . `` The history of 0.9 % saline '' . Clinical nutrition ( Edinburgh , Scotland ) . 27 ( 2 ) : 179 -- 88 . PMID 18313809 . doi : 10.1016 / j. clnu. 2008.01. 008 . ( hide ) Intravenous therapy Infused substances Blood - based product Whole blood PF24 / Fresh frozen plasma ( Cryosupernatant + Cryoprecipitate ) Blood substitute Hemoglobin - based Volume expander Lactated Ringer 's Normal saline Sugar solution Buffers Lactated Ringer 's , Sodium bicarbonate Medications Intravenous immunoglobulin Parenteral nutrition Sugar Other Drug injection Access points Peripheral venous catheter Peripherally inserted central catheter ( Seldinger technique ) Central venous catheter Other equipment Infusion pump CVC SLC MLC PICC Implantable catheters Ports Thermodilution catheters Hemodialysis catheters Specific risks Air embolism Extravasation Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saline_(medicine)&oldid=806944282 '' Categories : Intravenous fluids World Health Organization essential medicines 1831 introductions Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 errors : dates Template : drugs.com link with non-standard subpage Infobox drug articles with non-default infobox title Drugs with no legal status Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes RTT Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Кыргызча Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 01 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saline%20%28medicine%29
| 2,104 |
||
who played the commander in the handmaid's tale
|
June Osborne , renamed Offred ( Elisabeth Moss ) , is the Handmaid assigned to the home of the Gileadan Commander Fred Waterford ( Joseph Fiennes ) and his wife Serena Joy ( Yvonne Strahovski ) . Offred is subject to strict rules and constant scrutiny ; an improper word or deed on her part can lead to brutal punishment . Offred , who is named after her male master like all Handmaids , can remember the `` time before '' , when she was married and had a daughter , a job , a bank account , and her own name and identity , but all she can safely do now is follow the rules of Gilead in hopes that she can someday live free again and be reunited with her daughter . The Waterfords , key players in the rise of Gilead , have their own conflicts with the realities of the society they have helped create .
|
Joseph Fiennes
|
The Handmaid 's Tale ( TV series )
|
the handmaid's tale ( tv series )
|
The Handmaid 's Tale is an American web television series created by Bruce Miller , based on the 1985 novel of the same name by Margaret Atwood . It was ordered by the streaming service Hulu as a straight - to - series order of 10 episodes , for which production began in late 2016 . The plot follows a dystopian future following a Second American Civil War wherein women , called `` Handmaids '' , are forced into sexual and child - bearing servitude .
|
The first three episodes of the series premiered on April 26 , 2017 ; the subsequent seven episodes aired on a weekly basis every Wednesday . In May 2017 , the series was renewed for a second season scheduled to premiere on April 25 , 2018 . The Handmaid 's Tale received widespread critical acclaim and won eight Primetime Emmy Awards from 13 nominations , including Outstanding Drama Series , becoming the first series on a streaming platform to win an Emmy for Outstanding Series . It also won Golden Globe Awards for Best Television Series -- Drama and Best Actress for Elisabeth Moss . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest stars 3 Episodes 3.1 Series overview 3.2 Season 1 ( 2017 ) 3.3 Season 2 4 Production 5 Broadcast and release 6 Reception 6.1 Accolades 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) In the near future , fertility rates collapse as a result of sexually transmitted diseases and environmental pollution . With this chaos , the totalitarian , Christian theonomic government of `` Gilead '' establishes rule in the former United States in the aftermath of a civil war . Society is organized by power - hungry leaders along a new , militarized , hierarchical regime of fanaticism and newly created social classes , in which women are brutally subjugated , and by law are not allowed to work , own property , handle money , or read . Worldwide infertility has resulted in the conscription of the few remaining fertile women in Gilead , called `` Handmaids '' , according to an extremist interpretation of a Biblical account . They are assigned to the homes of the ruling elite , where they must submit to ritualized rape by their male masters in order to become pregnant and bear children for those men and their wives . Alongside the red - clad Handmaids , much of society is now grouped into classes that dictate their freedoms and duties . Women are divided into a small range of social categories , each one signified by a similarly styled dress in a specific color : Handmaids wear red , Marthas ( who are housekeepers and cooks ) wear green , and Wives ( who are expected to run their households ) wear blue . Econowives , the lower - class women who still have minimal agency , are sort of a mixture of all these categories , and they wear gray ( a departure from the book , in which Econowives wear stripes ) . Another class of women , Aunts ( who train and oversee the Handmaids ) , wear brown . Additionally , the Eyes are a secret police watching over the general populace for signs of rebellion , Hunters track down people attempting to flee the country , and Jezebels are prostitutes in secret brothels catering to the elite ruling class . June Osborne , renamed Offred ( Elisabeth Moss ) , is the Handmaid assigned to the home of the Gileadan Commander Fred Waterford ( Joseph Fiennes ) and his wife Serena Joy ( Yvonne Strahovski ) . Offred is subject to strict rules and constant scrutiny ; an improper word or deed on her part can lead to brutal punishment . Offred , who is named after her male master like all Handmaids , can remember the `` time before '' , when she was married and had a daughter , a job , a bank account , and her own name and identity , but all she can safely do now is follow the rules of Gilead in hopes that she can someday live free again and be reunited with her daughter . The Waterfords , key players in the rise of Gilead , have their own conflicts with the realities of the society they have helped create . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Elisabeth Moss as June Osborne / Offred , a woman who was captured while attempting to escape to Canada with her husband , Luke , and daughter , Hannah . Due to her fertility , she is made a Handmaid to Commander Fred Waterford and his wife , Serena Joy , and is named `` Offred '' . Joseph Fiennes as Commander Fred Waterford , a high - ranking government official and June 's master . Both he and his wife played an instrumental role in Gilead 's founding . He wishes to have more contact with June outside of what is lawful between a Handmaid and her master , and starts inviting her to play nightly games of Scrabble . Yvonne Strahovski as Serena Joy Waterford , Fred 's wife and a former conservative cultural activist . She appears to have accepted her new role in a society that she helped create . She is poised and deeply religious , but capable of great cruelty and is often callous to June . She is desperate to become a mother . Alexis Bledel as Emily / Ofglen , June 's shopping partner . Although June is initially wary of her , it is revealed Ofglen is not as pious as she seems , and the two become friends . Ofglen had a wife and son , and was a university lecturer in cellular biology . Being homosexual is punishable by death in Gilead , and most university professors are sent to labour camps , but Ofglen was spared and made a Handmaid , due to her fertility . She is later captured and punished for her relationship with a Martha , and is sent to another household where she becomes `` Ofsteven '' . She is involved with a resistance movement called `` Mayday '' . Madeline Brewer as Janine / Ofwarren , a Handmaid who entered the Red Center for training at the same time as June and considers June a friend due to her kind treatment . Initially non-compliant , Janine 's right eye is removed as a punishment . She becomes mentally unstable due to her treatment and often behaves in temperamental or childlike ways . She gives birth to a child for Warren and Naomi Putnam , whom they name `` Angela '' , but Janine insists the baby 's name is `` Charlotte '' . Janine is later reassigned and becomes `` Ofdaniel '' . Ann Dowd as Aunt Lydia , a woman in charge of overseeing the Handmaids in their education and duties . She is brutal and subjects insubordinate Handmaids to harsh physical punishment , but she also cares for her charges and believes deeply in the Gileadean mission and doctrine . She appears to have a soft spot for Janine , and even goes so far as to address her by her given name on occasion . O.T. Fagbenle as Luke Bankole , June 's husband from before Gilead . As June is his second wife , their union is considered invalid in the new society , and their daughter Hannah is considered illegitimate . Initially , June believes he has been killed , but it is later revealed that Luke managed to escape to Canada . Max Minghella as Nick Blaine , Commander Waterford 's driver and a former drifter from Michigan who has feelings for June . June and Nick develop an intimate relationship , and she eventually discovers that he is an Eye , a spy for Gilead . Samira Wiley as Moira , June 's best friend since college . She is already at the Red Center when June enters Handmaid training but escapes before being assigned to a home . She is recaptured and becomes `` Ruby '' , a Jezebel . She seems to have given up hope of ever being free , but on meeting June again regains the conviction to escape . Amanda Brugel as Rita , a Martha at the Waterford home . She had a son who died fighting in the civil war when he was 19 years old . Recurring ( edit ) Ever Carradine as Naomi Putnam , Commander Warren Putnam 's wife . She views her baby largely as a status symbol and has no sympathy for the Handmaids . Kristen Gutoskie as Beth , a Martha at Jezebel 's . She has an arrangement with Nick whereby she trades illegal alcohol and other contraband for drugs , which the Jezebels use . She has a casual sexual relationship with him and is aware that he is an Eye . Tattiawna Jones as Ofglen # 2 , who replaces Emily in the position after Emily is captured by the Eyes . She follows the rules and does not wish to upset the status quo , but this is because she believes her life as a Handmaid is better than the difficult , impoverished life she led prior to Gilead , rather than out of religious piety . Nina Kiri as Alma , another Handmaid who trained at the Red Center with June , Moira , and Janine . She is frank and chatty , and often trades gossip and news with June . She is also involved with Mayday and becomes June 's first contact with the resistance group . Jenessa Grant as Ofsamuel , a local Handmaid with a friendly and talkative nature . Jordana Blake as Hannah Osborne , June and Luke 's daughter . Erin Way as Erin , a young mute woman who was being trained to become a Handmaid but managed to escape . Sydney Sweeney as Eden ( season 2 ) , a pious and obedient girl who dreams of one day being a Commander 's wife . Bradley Whitford as Commander Joseph Lawrence ( season 2 ) , the architect of Gilead 's economy , who is gruff and intimidating , with a disheveled mad genius vibe . His sly humor and flashes of kindness make him a confusing , mysterious presence for his newest Handmaid . Guest Stars ( edit ) Marisa Tomei as TBA ( season 2 ) Cherry Jones as Holly Osborne ( season 2 ) , June 's mother . Clea DuVall as Sylvia ( season 2 ) , Emily 's wife . Episodes ( edit ) Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally released First released Last released 10 April 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) June 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 14 ) 13 April 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 25 ) July 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 11 ) Season 1 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Teleplay by Original release date `` Offred '' Reed Morano Bruce Miller April 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) A family is pursued by a group of armed men . The woman is caught , and separated from her young daughter and husband as shots are fired in the distance . She is now known as Offred , the Handmaid to Commander Fred Waterford . While walking with another Handmaid , Ofglen , she and Ofglen pass by a wall on which men have been hanged for crimes such as being gay , working in an abortion clinic , and being a Catholic priest . In a flashback , various women are indoctrinated into their Handmaid roles by Aunt Lydia , and Offred notices Moira , a woman she knew in college . Handmaid Janine taunts Aunt Lydia and is shocked with a cattle prod , later her right eye is removed as punishment . In the present , Commander Waterford tries to impregnate Offred during `` the Ceremony '' as she lies in the lap of his wife , Serena Joy . The next day , the Handmaids are encouraged to beat a man to death after Lydia announces he raped a pregnant Handmaid . Janine tells Offred that her friend Moira is dead . On the way home , Ofglen tells Offred that she had a wife and son , and warns her there is an Eye in the Waterford house . Offred affirms to herself that her true name is June and that she intends to survive to find her daughter . `` Birth Day '' Reed Morano Bruce Miller April 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) Offred and Ofglen go shopping , and they reveal more personal information about themselves to each other . While they are walking , they see St. Paul Catholic Church , their local church , being destroyed by the new régime . Ofglen tells Offred that the régime also bulldozed St. Patrick 's Cathedral in Manhattan to try to `` erase '' the fact that it ever existed . When Offred asks how Ofglen knows this information , she reveals that she is part of a resistance movement against the government , but Offred declines to join . Commander Waterford 's driver , Nick , tells Offred that the Commander wants to see her alone later that night , which is forbidden , and warns her that Ofglen is dangerous . Offred and other Handmaids visit a home to witness the birth of Ofwarren ( Janine ) 's child , named Angela by the Puttnams , but Charlotte by Ofwarren . In flashbacks , June ( Offred ) remembers the birth of her and Luke 's daughter , Hannah . At that time healthy births were already rare , and a woman who tried to kidnap baby Hannah was arrested . Warily , Offred goes to the Commander 's office , but he just wants to play Scrabble , to her relief . The next day , when Offred prepares to tell Ofglen what happened that night , a different woman introduces herself as Ofglen . `` Late '' Reed Morano Bruce Miller April 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) In flashbacks , the rise of Gilead is detailed . June and all the other women at her office were fired , and the government froze women 's bank accounts and ruled they could no longer own property . In the present , Serena takes Offred to see Ofwarren and the baby , and Offred fears Ofwarren is delusional . Back home , Offred is interrogated by an Eye and Aunt Lydia about her knowledge of Ofglen . Offred eventually reveals she knew Ofglen was gay and quotes one of the Beatitudes from the Bible . For this , Aunt Lydia shocks Offred with a cattle prod . Before she can leave the room , Offred again quotes the Bible , which would have earned her a much more serious beating , but Serena intervenes , believing that Offred is pregnant . When Offred later tells Serena that she 's not pregnant , Serena angrily locks her in her room . In a flashback , June and Moira attend a protest against the new laws amidst automatic gunfire and explosives . In the present , Ofglen and the Martha she 's in a relationship with are charged with `` gender treachery '' . The fertile Ofglen receives a lesser sentence , but the Martha is executed by hanging as Ofglen watches , sobbing and horrified . Later , Ofglen ( now referred to by her `` old '' name , Emily ) , to her grief and anger , undergoes female genital mutilation surgery as explained by Aunt Lydia . `` Nolite Te Bastardes Carborundorum '' Mike Barker Leila Gerstein May 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 03 ) Banished to her room , Offred retreats to her closet where she finds what appears to be a Latin phrase , Nolite Te Bastardes Carborundorum , scratched discreetly into the wall . When Rita , the Commander 's housekeeper , finds Offred lying on the closet floor , Offred tells her that she fainted . Serena then has Offred sent to the hospital for a check - up . During the examination the physician remarks that the Commander is most likely sterile , as is common . He offers to personally impregnate her but she declines . In flashbacks , Aunt Lydia teaches the Handmaids about The Ceremony in which a Commander endeavours to fertilize a Handmaid . Later , June and Moira assault Aunt Elizabeth , and Moira takes Elizabeth 's outfit . June and Moira plan to escape via train to Boston , which has safe houses . Moira manages to catch the train without June , who lets Moira know it 's okay . June is later caught and punished by having her feet whipped . Commander Waterford has an unsuccessful Ceremony night with Offred , but later that night , they have another game of Scrabble . She asks him about the Latin phrase , and he tells her it means , Do n't let the bastards grind you down . When she inquires about the previous Offred , he tells her that she committed suicide because life was unbearable . He then releases Offred from her solitary confinement . 5 5 `` Faithful '' Mike Barker Dorothy Fortenberry May 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 10 ) Serena suggests to Offred that she have sex with Nick in case Commander Waterford is sterile . Later that day , Serena leads Offred up to Nick 's room and waits by the door while Offred and Nick have detached , Ceremony - like sex . Flashbacks detail Luke and June 's first meeting and courtship . At the grocery store , Offred talks to the original Ofglen , now called Ofsteven , but Ofsteven is not as responsive as she used to be . During a Ceremony night , the Commander touches Offred 's thigh , which she later tells him never to do again . In their ensuing conversation , the Commander admits that while they thought they were building a better world , they knew that `` better never means better for everyone . '' Nick reveals to Offred that he is indeed an Eye . At an open - air market , Offred questions Ofsteven about the resistance group called Mayday . Ofsteven jumps behind the steering wheel of a security car and drives erratically around the plaza . She hits a guard , and is caught and put into a black van . Offred returns to Nick 's coach house alone , and they have passionate sex . 6 6 `` A Woman 's Place '' Floria Sigismondi Wendy Straker Hauser May 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 17 ) Mexican trade delegates visit the Commander 's home to evaluate the effects of the Gilead cultural movement . The female head of the delegation questions Offred about her experience , but she lies , saying that she is happy . Offred visits the Commander 's office later , but there is tension . She reluctantly obeys his demand to kiss him , but ferociously brushes her teeth afterward . The Handmaids and children are then taken to a function to demonstrate Gilead 's success . Offred 's friend remarks that the delegates are only interested in fertile women . The next day , as the delegates are leaving , Offred tells them the brutal truth about Gilead . She pleads for their help , but in response , the Mexican ambassador explains her own country 's dire situation . However , the ambassador 's assistant quietly claims June 's husband is alive and that he can deliver a message to Luke . A flashback details Serena and Fred 's life at the beginnings of the Gilead movement when Serena was a conservative cultural activist with passion and intelligence equal to her husband 's . Serena Joy wrote a book about her beliefs , titled A Woman 's Place . However , after the takeover , she is completely shut out of the new government planning and accepts her new limited role in the society she helped create . A copy of her book is seen being thrown out with the trash . 7 7 `` The Other Side '' Floria Sigismondi Lynn Renee Maxcy May 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 24 ) A flashback chronicles Luke 's story after he becomes separated from his wife and daughter . Luke is shot by Gileadan guards , but he escapes when the ambulance crashes , and he takes some medical supplies . He reaches a small abandoned town and , after passing out from his wounds , is rescued by a resistance group traveling to Canada . These survivors included a Roman Catholic nun , a seemingly mute escaped Handmaid , a homosexual man , and a daughter of a US Army soldier . Initially reluctant , Luke joins them after one of the survivors , Zoe , shows him that Gileadan authorities hung townspeople from the rafters of their church for resisting . As they board a boat , Gileadan guards open fire , killing several members of the group , but Luke and Erin , the escaped Handmaid , survive . A further flashback shows Luke , June , and their daughter Hannah before they were separated . June and Luke are helped by Mr. Whitford , a man who knew June 's mother . He leaves them at a secluded cabin in the woods while he arranges documentation for them to escape to Canada . Later , a local hunter tells them Whitford has been caught and hanged , but the hunter helps them cross the border . Three years later , in the present , Luke and Erin live safely in `` Little America '' , based in Toronto , Ontario . While in the main administrative office , Luke receives the letter from June , which reads `` I love you so much . Save Hannah . '' 8 8 `` Jezebels '' Kate Dennis Kira Snyder May 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 31 ) Commander Waterford gifts Offred with makeup and a dress as he is taking her out for the night . Nick drives them to Boston to an underground brothel , where prostitutes ( known as `` Jezebels '' ) work . Offred spots Moira working in the club , and they briefly reunite . Nick trades drugs and pregnancy tests for alcohol with one of the brothel 's Marthas . Offred goes to see Moira again , and she explains to Offred how Quakers tried to help her escape but were caught . Moira had the choice of being sent either to the colonies or one of the brothels . Moira tells Offred , `` Forget about escaping . This is Gilead . No one gets out . '' Offred reveals to Moira that she knows Luke is alive . Flashbacks detail how Nick got involved with the Gilead movement and how he became an Eye after reporting a Commander for breaking protocol with his Handmaids . There are other flashbacks to the suicide of the previous Offred , with Serena pointedly saying to her husband , `` What did you think was going to happen ? '' In the present , after Nick drives Waterford and Offred home , he ends his relationship with Offred , which upsets and angers her . Offred receives a gift from Serena , a music box . The episode closes with Offred etching `` You are not alone '' into the closet wall . 9 9 `` The Bridge '' Kate Dennis Eric Tuchman June 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 07 ) Ofwarren 's daughter is handed over to Commander Putnam and his wife , and Ofwarren is transferred to another couple and renamed Ofdaniel . However , Offred is worried about Ofwarren / Ofdaniel 's mental state . During the first Ceremony night with her new Commander , Ofdaniel forcefully stops it . At the market , Alma pulls Offred aside , tells her that she is involved with the resistance group Mayday , and requests that Offred retrieve a package from the bar at Jezebel 's . Offred convinces Waterford to take her to Jezebel 's again that night . After Offred and Waterford have sex in their room , Waterford presents Moira , as he believes they have a sexual attraction . Offred asks Moira to retrieve the package , but she refuses , seemingly resigned to her fate . The next day Offred is taken to a bridge where Ofdaniel is standing on the edge with baby Charlotte , while Gileadan guards , the Putnams , the Waterfords , and Aunt Lydia stand fearfully by . Ofdaniel shouts that Commander Putnam promised to leave his wife for her . Offred convinces Ofdaniel to give her the child , and Ofdaniel then jumps into the icy water below . Later , while Ofdaniel lies comatose in hospital , Commander Putnam is led away by guards . When Serena Joy tries to offer comfort to Mrs. Putnam , she reminds Serena of the first Offred 's fate , causing Serena to doubt her husband 's loyalty . At the market , Offred is given a package by the butcher , sent by Moira from Jezebel 's . At the brothel , Moira kills a client and takes his clothes , then jubilantly drives off in his car . 10 10 `` Night '' Kari Skogland Bruce Miller June 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 14 ) A flashback shows June 's capture and indoctrination by Aunt Lydia at the Red Center . After Serena discovers Fred 's trips to Jezebel 's , she forces Offred to take a pregnancy test . It is positive . Serena then angrily accuses her husband , telling him the child is not his . Upon learning the news , Nick shares a brief , tender moment with Offred . Serena takes Offred to where Hannah now lives , but Offred is unable to attract her daughter 's attention . Serena warns Offred that Hannah will be cared for as long as the unborn child is safe . Fred participates in Commander Putnam 's trial advocating leniency , but Mrs. Putnam wants the harshest punishment possible , and ultimately Putnam 's left arm is amputated at the elbow . The package from Jezebel 's contains letters from women who have lost family members and been enslaved in the Gilead takeover . Later , an emotional Aunt Lydia gathers the Handmaids for the execution of Janine / Ofdaniel . The Handmaids hesitate , and Ofglen # 2 is brutally beaten when she voices her angry refusal . Offred , then the other Handmaids , drop their stones . The guards prepare to kill them all , but Aunt Lydia saves them , although assuring them that there will be consequences . Not long afterward , a black van comes for Offred . Nick urges her to trust him and go with them , and Offred whispers to Rita where to find the hidden letters . In a side story , Moira reaches Canada and is reunited with Luke . Season 2 ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Teleplay by Original release date 11 `` June '' TBA TBA April 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 25 ) 12 `` Unwomen '' TBA TBA April 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 25 ) Production ( edit ) A straight - to - series order by Hulu of The Handmaid 's Tale was announced in April 2016 , with Elisabeth Moss set to star . Based on the 1985 novel of the same name by Margaret Atwood , the series was created by Bruce Miller , who is also an executive producer with Daniel Wilson , Fran Sears , and Warren Littlefield . Atwood serves as consulting producer , giving feedback on some of the areas where the series expands upon or modernizes the book . She also co-wrote every episode and played a small cameo role in the first episode . Moss is also a producer . In June 2016 , Reed Morano was announced as director of the series . Samira Wiley , Max Minghella , and Ann Dowd joined the cast in July 2016 . Joseph Fiennes , Madeline Brewer , and Yvonne Strahovski were cast in August 2016 , followed by O.T. Fagbenle and Amanda Brugel in September 2016 . In October 2016 , Ever Carradine joined the cast , and Alexis Bledel was added in January 2017 . Filming on the series took place in Toronto , Mississauga , Hamilton , Oakville , and Cambridge , Ontario , from September 2016 to February 2017 . The first full trailer of the TV series was released by Hulu on YouTube on March 23 , 2017 . The series premiered on April 26 , 2017 . On May 3 , 2017 , The Handmaid 's Tale was renewed for a second season to premiere in 2018 . Moss told the news media that the subsequent episodes will cover further developments in the story , filling in some of the unanswered questions and continuing the narrative already `` finished '' in the book . The second season will consist of 13 episodes and began filming in fall 2017 . Alexis Bledel will return as a series regular . Showrunner Bruce Miller stated that he envisioned 10 seasons of the show , stating , `` Well , you know , honestly , when I started , I tried to game out in my head what would ten seasons be like ? If you hit a home run , you want energy to go around the bases , you want enough story to keep going , if you can hook the audience to care about these people enough that they 're actually crying at the finale . '' Broadcast and Release ( edit ) The first three episodes of the series premiered on April 26 , 2017 ; the subsequent seven episodes were released on a weekly basis . In Canada , the series is broadcast by Bravo ; the first two episodes premiered on April 30 , 2017 . In Scandinavia , the series is available on HBO Nordic . In the United Kingdom , the series premiered on May 28 , 2017 , on Channel 4 . In Ireland , the series premiered on February 5 , 2018 on RTÉ2 , with a showing of the first two episodes . In New Zealand , the series was released on the subscription video on demand service Lightbox on June 8 , 2017 . In Australia , the series premiered on the TV channel SBS 's video streaming service SBS on Demand , on July 6 , 2017 . The first season was released on Blu - ray and DVD on March 13 , 2018 . Reception ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the first season has an approval rating of 95 % based on 106 reviews , with an average rating of 8.7 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Haunting and vivid , The Handmaid 's Tale is an endlessly engrossing adaptation of Margaret Atwood 's dystopian novel that 's anchored by a terrific central performance from Elisabeth Moss . '' On Metacritic , it has a weighted average score of 92 out of 100 based on 40 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Daniel Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter called it `` probably the spring 's best new show and certainly its most important '' . Jen Chaney of Vulture gave it a highly positive review , and wrote that it is `` A faithful adaptation of the book that also brings new layers to Atwood 's totalitarian , sexist world of forced surrogate motherhood '' and that `` this series is meticulously paced , brutal , visually stunning , and so suspenseful from moment to moment that only at the end of each hour will you feel fully at liberty to exhale '' . There was much debate on whether parallels could be drawn between the series ( and by extension , the book it is based on ) and American society following Donald Trump and Mike Pence 's elections as President and Vice President of the United States , respectively . A comparison has also been made to the Salafi / Wahabbi extremism of ISIL , under which enslaved women of religious minorities are passed around and utilized as sex objects and vessels to bear new jihadis . The second season has received very positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the second season has an approval rating of 100 % based on 14 reviews , with an average rating of 8.21 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Beautifully shot but dishearteningly relevant , The Handmaid 's Tale centers its sophomore season tightly around its compelling cast of characters , making room for broader social commentary through more intimate lenses . '' On Metacritic , it has a weighted average score of 86 out of 100 based on 10 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Recipients Result Ref . 2017 Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Drama Series Elisabeth Moss , Joseph Boccia ( producers ) , Bruce Miller , Warren Littlefield , Daniel Wilson , Fran Sears , Ilene Chaiken ( executive producers ) , Sheila Hockin , Eric Tuchman , Frank Siracusa , John Weber ( co-executive producers ) , Kira Snyder ( supervising producer ) , and Leila Gerstein ( consulting producer ) Won Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series Elisabeth Moss Won Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Ann Dowd Won Samira Wiley Nominated Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series Reed Morano ( for `` Offred '' ) Won Kate Dennis ( for `` The Bridge '' ) Nominated Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series Bruce Miller ( for `` Offred '' ) Won Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series Alexis Bledel Won Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series Russell Scott , Sharon Bialy and Sherry Thomas Nominated Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series ( One Hour ) Colin Watkinson ( for `` Offred '' ) Won Outstanding Period / Fantasy Costumes for a Series , Limited Series , or Movie Ane Crabtree and Sheena Wichary ( for `` Offred '' ) Nominated Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Contemporary or Fantasy Program ( One Hour or More ) Julie Berghoff , Evan Webber and Sophie Neudorfer ( for `` Offred '' ) Won Outstanding Special Visual Effects in a Supporting Role Brendan Taylor , Stephen Lebed , Leo Bovell , Martin O'Brien , Winston Lee , Kelly Knauff , Zach Dembinski , Mike Suta and Cameron Kerr ( for `` Birth Day '' ) Nominated Gold Derby TV Awards Drama Series The Handmaid 's Tale Nominated Drama Actress Elisabeth Moss Won Drama Guest Actress Alexis Bledel Won TCA Awards Program of the Year The Handmaid 's Tale Won Outstanding Achievement in Drama Won Outstanding New Program Nominated Individual Achievement in Drama Elisabeth Moss Nominated 2018 ACE Eddie Awards Best Edited Drama Series for Non-Commercial Television Julian Clarke and Wendy Hallam Martin ( for `` Offred '' ) Won Art Directors Guild Awards One - Hour Contemporary Single - Camera Television Series Julie Berghoff ( for `` Offred '' , `` Birth Day '' , `` Nolite Te Bastardes Carborundorum '' ) Won Andrew Stearn ( for `` The Bridge '' ) Nominated Cinema Audio Society Awards Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for Television Series -- One Hour John J. Thomson , Lou Solakofski , Joe Morrow and Don White ( for `` Offred '' ) Nominated Costume Designers Guild Awards Excellence in Contemporary Television Series Ane Crabtree Won Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Drama Series The Handmaid 's Tale Won Best Actress in a Drama Series Elisabeth Moss Won Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Ann Dowd Won Golden Globe Awards Best Television Series -- Drama The Handmaid 's Tale Won Best Actress -- Television Series Drama Elisabeth Moss Won Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Ann Dowd Nominated Location Managers Guild Awards Outstanding Locations in Contemporary Television John Musikka , Geoffrey Smither Nominated Producers Guild of America Awards Norman Felton Award for Outstanding Producer of Episodic Television , Drama The Handmaid 's Tale Won Satellite Awards Best Drama Series The Handmaid 's Tale Nominated Best Actress in a Drama / Genre Series Elisabeth Moss Won Best Supporting Actress in a Series , Miniseries or TV Film Ann Dowd Won Saturn Awards Best New Media Television Series The Handmaid 's Tale Pending Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Madeline Brewer , Amanda Brugel , Ann Dowd , O.T. Fagbenle , Joseph Fiennes , Tattiawna Jones , Max Minghella , Elisabeth Moss , Yvonne Strahovski and Samira Wiley Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series Elisabeth Moss Nominated USC Scripter Awards Best Adapted TV Screenplay Bruce Miller and Margaret Atwood ( for `` Offred '' ) Won Writers Guild of America Awards Drama Series Ilene Chaiken , Nina Fiore , Dorothy Fortenberry , Leila Gerstein , John Herrera , Lynn Maxcy , Bruce Miller , Kira Snyder , Wendy Straker Hauser , Eric Tuchman Won New Series Won See also ( edit ) List of original programs distributed by Hulu References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Vilkomerson , Sara ( January 14 , 2018 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale : Here 's the first trailer for season 2 ( and a premiere date ! ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ; N'Duka , Amanda ( September 17 , 2017 ) . `` Hulu 's ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Win Marks First Best Series Emmy For A Streaming Service '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Douthat , Ross ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale , ' and Ours '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . The first situates the Gilead regime 's quest to control the means of reproduction in the context of an enormous fertility collapse , caused by the combination of environmental catastrophe and rampant S.T.D.s. Jump up ^ Douthat , Ross ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale , ' and Ours '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Now , in the era of the Trump administration , liberal TV watchers find a perverse sort of comfort in the horrific alternate reality of the Republic of Gilead , where a cabal of theonomist Christians have established a totalitarian state that forbids women to read , sets a secret police to watch their every move and deploys them as slave - concubines to childless elites . Jump up ^ Segovia , José de ( June 22 , 2017 ) . Daniel Wickham , ed . `` There is no balm in Atwood 's Gilead '' . Evangelical Focus . A clear example of Atwood _́ s focus on the Reconstructionism of theonomy is his way of representing the death penalty . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Williams , Layton E. ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Margaret Atwood on Christianity , ' The Handmaid 's Tale , ' and What Faithful Activism Looks Like Today '' . Sojourners . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Promotes Amanda Brugel to Series Regular ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grady , Constance ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale season 1 , episode 7 : `` The Other Side '' takes us out of Gilead to check in on a familiar face `` . Vox . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dowling , Amber ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Season 2 Taps Sydney Sweeney ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' : Bradley Whitford Joins Hulu Drama Series For Season 2 '' . Deadline . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Moraes , Lisa de ( January 14 , 2018 ) . `` Marisa Tomei To Guest On Hulu 's ' Dystopian ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Heldman , Breanne L. ( January 25 , 2018 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale casts Cherry Jones in key role for season 2 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale casts Cherry Jones in key role for season 2 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Handmaids 's Tale on Hulu '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Pacatte , Rose ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Hulu 's ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' presents striking oppression , silent sisterhood '' . National Catholic Reporter . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . They walk past a priest , doctor and gay man hanging dead from a wall in their Cambridge , Massachusetts neighbourhood along the river ; they see St. Paul 's Catholic Church where Offred was baptized , being torn down . Jump up ^ Blondiau , Eloise ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` Reflecting on the frightening lessons of ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' '' . America . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . In the screen version , Offred and her friend Ofglen ( Alexis Bledel ) surreptitiously lament the demolition of St. Paul 's , their local church . Jump up ^ Sabelhaus , Kate Jackson ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Recap : Ofglen and Jeanine 's Birth Stories '' . Teen Vogue . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . On their stroll , they walk past the remains of St. Paul 's , a historic cathedral in Boston . Burned and bombed , it resembles the churches of Europe during WWII . Offred pauses to remember her daughter 's baptism , which took place there years prior , and Ofglen notes that Gileadean thugs were also successful in taking down St. Patrick 's cathedral in New York City . `` They blew it up and dumped every stone in the Hudson River . They erased it . '' Upon hearing this bit of news , Offred asks , `` How do you know that ? And how do you know there 's an Eye in my house ? '' Jump up ^ Hudson , Laura ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale Recap , Episode 7 : The Other Side '' . Vulture . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Locke , Charley ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` Handmaid 's Tale : Make Sure You Escape The Dystopia Before It 's Too Late '' . Wired . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . The group has a plan to escape , but Luke wo n't go , refusing to leave his wife and daughter behind -- until Zoe ( Rosa Gilmore ) , one of the rebels , shows him a whole town that was hanged from the rafters of their church after trying to resist . Jump up ^ Blunt , Tom ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Episode 7 Recap : The Other Side '' . Signature Reads . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Finally , one of these guardian angels discreetly escorts him to a local church building , driving home the point of what 's at stake for those who attempt to survive and resist from within . This mass - hanging in the belly of a church is more than just the episode 's visual centerpiece : it 's a wake - up call , underscoring once and for all that Gilead is n't a religious movement or a political revolution , it 's not something you can reason with or withstand on your own . Jump up ^ Truong , Peggy ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` '' The Handmaid 's Tale '' Glossary - A Guide to All the Handmaid 's Tale Terms Before You Watch the Show `` . Cosmopolitan . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Following her great escape from Handmaid training , Moira is helped by a Quaker family . ^ Jump up to : Roots , Kimberly ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Recap : Season 1 , Episode 8 -- ( Spoiler ) Returns in ' Jezebels ' '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Since we last saw the escapee , she made it to Boston , hooked up with some Quakers who had ties to the Femaleroad that helped smuggle handmaids out of the country . She did n't make it farther than an office park outside the city . `` They shot the guys who helped me , '' Moira sadly tells Offred , adding that because she was a `` corrupting influence , '' she was interrogated and then given a choice : the colonies or the jezebels . ^ Jump up to : `` The Handmaid 's Tale '' . Hulu . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ; Andreeva , Nellie ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` Elisabeth Moss To Star in Drama Series The Handmaid 's Tale On Hulu '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dingfelder , Sadie ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` What Margaret Atwood thinks of the new Hulu adaptation of ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ N.E.G. ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` The temptations and pitfalls of adapting your own novel for the screen '' . The Economist . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Atwood , Margaret ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` Margaret Atwood on What The Handmaid 's Tale Means in the Age of Trump '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Onstad , Katrina ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale : A Newly Resonant Dystopia Comes to TV '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jafaar , Ali ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Reed Morano in Talks To Direct The Handmaid 's Tale Starring Elisabeth Moss For Hulu '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roshanian , Arya ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` Orange Is the New Black 's Samira Wiley Joins Hulu 's The Handmaid 's Tale '' . Variety . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` Samira Wiley Joins Hulu 's The Handmaid 's Tale '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Max Minghella & Ann Dowd Join The Handmaid 's Tale Drama Series on Hulu '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Prudom , Laura ( August 23 , 2016 ) . `` Joseph Fiennes to Star in The Handmaid 's Tale for Hulu '' . Variety . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( August 19 , 2016 ) . `` Hulu 's Handmaid 's Tale Adds Madeline Brewer '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 29 , 2016 ) . `` Yvonne Strahovski To Star in Hulu 's The Handmaid 's Tale Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale Casts O-T Fagbenle ; Sofia Wylie Joins Andi Mack '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( September 28 , 2016 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale Casts Amanda Brugel ; Jemar Michael Joins Dear White People '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pederson , Erik ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` Ever Carradine Books Role On Handmaid 's Tale ; Sibo Mlambo To Recur On Teen Wolf '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Alexis Bledel Joins New Hulu Series The Handmaid 's Tale As Recurring '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dowling , Amber ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` The Secrets From Hulu 's ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Set Revealed '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Katie ( June 7 , 2016 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale to shoot in Toronto '' . Playback . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale Trailer ( Official ) '' . YouTube . May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( December 16 , 2016 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale Gets Spring Premiere Date on Hulu '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Renewed For Season 2 By Hulu -- Upfront '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Strause , Jackie ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Handmaid 's Tale ' Stars , Director on Show 's Startling Relevance and Season 2 Plans '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Handmaid 's Tale ' : Alexis Bledel Returning as Season 2 Series Regular '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vineyard , Jennifer ( June 18 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale Showrunner Bruce Miller on the Season 1 Finale '' . New York Times . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Kevin ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale Gets Disturbing Full Trailer , Three - Episode Premiere '' . Screen Crush . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yeo , Debra ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale finally gets Canadian distributor '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ulrich , Lise ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' : Et overrumplende mesterværk har ramt HBO Nordic '' . SoundVenue ( in Danish ) . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Munn , Patrick ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Channel 4 Lands UK Rights To Hulu 's ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' '' . TVWise . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Demolder , Kate ( February 3 , 2018 ) . `` One of 2017 's most popular shows is coming to RTÉ on Monday night '' . JOE . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Casey , Alex ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Huge and true : The Handmaid 's Tale is coming exclusively to Lightbox '' . The Spinoff . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale is coming to Australia on SBS on Demand '' . SBS . June 23 , 2017 . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale - Blessed Be The Fruit ! Official ' Season 1 ' Press Release : Date , Extras , Final Box Art '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fienberg , Daniel ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale : TV Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chaney , Jen ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` Hulu 's The Handmaid 's Tale Is Your Must - Watch Show This Spring '' . Vulture . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ For articles that attempt to draw parallels between The Handmaid 's Tale and Trump 's election as President of the United States , see : Nally , Claire ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` How The Handmaid 's Tale is being transformed from fantasy into fact '' . The Independent . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Brooks , Katherine ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` How ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Villains Were Inspired By Trump '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Robertson , Adi ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` In Trump 's America , The Handmaid 's Tale matters more than ever '' . The Verge . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Douthat , Ross ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale , and Ours '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ For articles that disagree with attempts to draw parallels between The Handmaid 's Tale and Trump 's election as President of the United States , see : Crispin , Jessa ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale is just like Trump 's America ? Not so fast '' . The Guardian . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Smith , Kyle ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` Sorry : ' Handmaid 's Tale ' tells us nothing about Trump 's America '' . New York Post . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Cohen , Ariel ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` Stop comparing ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' to Trump 's America '' . The Washington Examiner . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stanley , Tim ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` What The Handmaid 's Tale can tell us about Islamic extremism '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Rebecca ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` Hate crimes , honour killings and FGM : how The Handmaid 's Tale captures our age of fear '' . The Guardian . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale : Season 2 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale : Season 2 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The complete list of 2017 Emmy winners and nominees '' . Los Angeles Times . September 17 , 2017 . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Beachum , Chris ; Montgomery , Daniel ; Dixon , Marcus James ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` 2017 Gold Derby TV Awards nominations : ' This is Us , ' ' Veep , ' ' The Leftovers , ' ' Stranger Things ' among top contenders '' . Gold Derby . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan ( August 5 , 2017 ) . `` TCA Awards : The Handmaid 's Tale , Atlanta , Big Little Lies , Carrie Coon Among Big Winners '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ; Blyth , Antonia ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Dunkirk ' & ' I , Tonya ' Take Top Film Prizes At ACE Eddie Awards -- Winners List '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Matt Grobar , Denise ( January 28 , 2018 ) . `` Art Directors Guild Awards Live Blog & Winners List '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , Paul ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` 2018 Cinema Audio Society Awards nominations : Oscar frontrunner ' Dunkirk , ' ' Star Wars , ' ' Wonder Woman ... '' Gold Derby . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Greatest Showman , ' ' Young Pope , ' ' Phantom Thread ' Earn Costume Designers Guild Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( January 11 , 2018 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards : Big Little Lies , Sterling K. Brown and More TV Winners '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( January 7 , 2018 ) . `` Golden Globes : Big Little Lies , Handmaid 's Tale and Marvelous Mrs. Maisel Are TV 's Big Winners '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sandberg , Bryn Elise ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Crown , ' ' Dunkirk ' Among Locations Managers Guild International Awards Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Marotta , Jenna ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` Producers Guild Awards 2018 : The Complete Winners List , from `` The Shape of Water '' to `` Coco '' and `` Jane '' `` . Indiewire . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dunkirk , ' ' The Shape of Water ' Lead Satellite Award Nominations '' . TheWrap . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther , ' ' Walking Dead ' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan ( January 21 , 2018 ) . `` SAG Awards : This Is Us , Big Little Lies , Veep , The Crown Among 2018 Winners '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman , ' ' Lost City of Z , ' ' Big Little Lies ' Among USC Scripter Finalists '' . Variety . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Marotta , Jenna ( February 11 , 2018 ) . `` 2018 Writers Guild Awards : ' Get Out , ' ' Call Me by Your Name , ' and ' Jane ' Win Film Honors '' . IndieWire . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Handmaid 's Tale on IMDb Hulu original programming Current The Doozers ( since 2014 ) Casual ( since 2015 ) The Path ( since 2016 ) Freakish ( since 2016 ) Harlots ( since 2017 ) Dimension 404 ( since 2017 ) The Handmaid 's Tale ( since 2017 ) I Love You , America with Sarah Silverman ( since 2017 ) Future Man ( since 2017 ) Marvel 's Runaways ( since 2017 ) Hard Sun ( since 2018 ) Ended The Morning After ( 2011 -- 14 ) A Day in the Life ( 2011 -- 13 ) Battleground ( 2012 ) Spoilers ( 2012 -- 14 ) Up to Speed ( 2012 ) The Thick of It ( series 4 ; 2012 ) East Los High ( 2013 -- 17 ) The Awesomes ( 2013 -- 15 ) Quick Draw ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Behind the Mask ( 2013 -- 15 ) Mother Up ! ( 2013 -- 14 ) The Wrong Mans ( 2013 -- 14 ) Deadbeat ( 2014 -- 16 ) The Hotwives ( 2014 -- 15 ) Difficult People ( 2015 -- 17 ) The Mindy Project ( 2015 -- 17 ) 11.22. 63 ( 2016 ) Chance ( 2016 -- 17 ) Triumph 's Election Watch 2016 ( 2016 ) Shut Eye ( 2016 -- 17 ) The Looming Tower ( 2018 ) Upcoming All Night ( 2018 ) Castle Rock ( 2018 ) The First ( 2018 ) Catch - 22 ( TBA ) Hitman ( TBA ) Little Fires Everywhere ( TBA ) PEN15 ( TBA ) Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Drama Series Mad Men , season 4 ( 2011 ) Homeland , season 1 ( 2012 ) Breaking Bad , season 5 , part I / Game of Thrones , season 3 ( 2013 ) Breaking Bad , season 5 , part II ( 2014 ) The Americans , season 3 ( 2015 ) Mr. Robot , season 1 ( 2016 ) Game of Thrones , season 6 ( 2016 ) The Handmaid 's Tale , season 1 ( 2017 ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series Pulitzer Prize Playhouse ( 1951 ) Studio One ( 1952 ) Robert Montgomery Presents ( 1953 ) The United States Steel Hour ( 1954 ) The United States Steel Hour ( 1955 ) Producers ' Showcase ( 1956 ) Gunsmoke ( 1958 ) Alcoa - Goodyear Theatre ( 1959 ) Playhouse 90 ( 1960 ) Hallmark Hall of Fame ( 1961 ) The Defenders ( 1962 ) The Defenders ( 1963 ) The Defenders ( 1964 ) The Fugitive ( 1966 ) Mission : Impossible ( 1967 ) Mission : Impossible ( 1968 ) NET Playhouse ( 1969 ) Marcus Welby , M.D. ( 1970 ) The Bold Ones : The Senator ( 1971 ) Elizabeth R ( 1972 ) The Waltons ( 1973 ) Upstairs , Downstairs ( 1974 ) Upstairs , Downstairs ( 1975 ) Police Story ( 1976 ) Upstairs , Downstairs ( 1977 ) The Rockford Files ( 1978 ) Lou Grant ( 1979 ) Lou Grant ( 1980 ) Hill Street Blues ( 1981 ) Hill Street Blues ( 1982 ) Hill Street Blues ( 1983 ) Hill Street Blues ( 1984 ) Cagney & Lacey ( 1985 ) Cagney & Lacey ( 1986 ) L.A. Law ( 1987 ) thirtysomething ( 1988 ) L.A. Law ( 1989 ) L.A. Law ( 1990 ) L.A. Law ( 1991 ) Northern Exposure ( 1992 ) Picket Fences ( 1993 ) Picket Fences ( 1994 ) NYPD Blue ( 1995 ) ER ( 1996 ) Law & Order ( 1997 ) The Practice ( 1998 ) The Practice ( 1999 ) The West Wing ( 2000 ) The West Wing ( 2001 ) The West Wing ( 2002 ) The West Wing ( 2003 ) The Sopranos ( 2004 ) Lost ( 2005 ) 24 ( 2006 ) The Sopranos ( 2007 ) Mad Men ( 2008 ) Mad Men ( 2009 ) Mad Men ( 2010 ) Mad Men ( 2011 ) Homeland ( 2012 ) Breaking Bad ( 2013 ) Breaking Bad ( 2014 ) Game of Thrones ( 2015 ) Game of Thrones ( 2016 ) The Handmaid 's Tale ( 2017 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series -- Drama Marcus Welby , M.D. , season 1 ( 1969 ) Medical Center , season 1 / season 2 ( 1970 ) Mannix , season 4 / season 5 ( 1971 ) Columbo , season 1 / season 2 ( 1972 ) The Waltons , season 1 / season 2 ( 1973 ) Upstairs , Downstairs , season 3 / season 4 ( 1974 ) Kojak , season 2 / season 3 ( 1975 ) Rich Man , Poor Man ( 1976 ) Roots ( 1977 ) 60 Minutes ( 1978 ) Lou Grant , season 2 / season 3 ( 1979 ) Shōgun ( 1980 ) Hill Street Blues , season 1 / season 2 ( 1981 ) Hill Street Blues , season 2 / season 3 ( 1982 ) Dynasty , season 3 / season 4 ( 1983 ) Murder , She Wrote , season 1 ( 1984 ) Murder , She Wrote , season 1 / season 2 ( 1985 ) L.A. Law , season 1 ( 1986 ) L.A. Law , season 1 / season 2 ( 1987 ) thirtysomething , season 1 / season 2 ( 1988 ) China Beach , season 2 / season 3 ( 1989 ) Twin Peaks , season 1 / season 2 ( 1990 ) Northern Exposure , season 2 / season 3 ( 1991 ) Northern Exposure , season 3 / season 4 ( 1992 ) NYPD Blue , season 1 ( 1993 ) The X-Files , season 1 / season 2 ( 1994 ) Party of Five , season 1 / season 2 ( 1995 ) The X-Files , season 3 / season 4 ( 1996 ) The X-Files , season 4 / season 5 ( 1997 ) The Practice , season 2 / season 3 ( 1998 ) The Sopranos , season 1 ( 1999 ) The West Wing , season 1 / season 2 ( 2000 ) Six Feet Under , season 1 ( 2001 ) The Shield , season 1 ( 2002 ) 24 , season 2 / season 3 ( 2003 ) Nip / Tuck , season 2 ( 2004 ) Lost , season 1 / season 2 ( 2005 ) Grey 's Anatomy , season 2 / season 3 ( 2006 ) Mad Men , season 1 ( 2007 ) Mad Men , season 2 ( 2008 ) Mad Men , season 3 ( 2009 ) Boardwalk Empire , season 1 ( 2010 ) Homeland , season 1 ( 2011 ) Homeland , season 2 ( 2012 ) Breaking Bad , season 5 , part II ( 2013 ) The Affair , season 1 ( 2014 ) Mr. Robot , season 1 ( 2015 ) The Crown , season 1 ( 2016 ) The Handmaid 's Tale , season 1 ( 2017 ) Producers Guild of America Award for Best Episodic Drama Northern Exposure , season 1 ( 1991 ) I 'll Fly Away , season 1 ( 1992 ) NYPD Blue , season 1 ( 1993 ) ER , season 1 ( 1994 ) Frasier , season 2 ( 1995 ) Law & Order , season 6 ( 1996 ) The Practice , season 2 ( 1998 ) The Sopranos , season 1 ( 1999 ) The West Wing , season 1 ( 2000 ) The West Wing , season 2 ( 2001 ) 24 , season 1 ( 2002 ) Six Feet Under , season 2 ( 2003 ) The Sopranos , season 5 ( 2004 ) Lost , season 1 ( 2005 ) Grey 's Anatomy , season 2 ( 2006 ) The Sopranos , season 6 , part II ( 2007 ) Mad Men , season 1 ( 2008 ) Mad Men , season 2 ( 2009 ) Mad Men , season 3 ( 2010 ) Boardwalk Empire , season 1 ( 2011 ) Homeland , season 1 ( 2012 ) Breaking Bad , season 5 , part I ( 2013 ) Breaking Bad , season 5 , part II ( 2014 ) Game of Thrones , season 5 ( 2015 ) Stranger Things , season 1 ( 2016 ) The Handmaid 's Tale , season 1 ( 2017 ) TCA Award for Outstanding Achievement in Drama The Jewel in the Crown ( 1985 ) Death of a Salesman ( 1986 ) L.A. Law , season 1 ( 1987 ) St. Elsewhere , season 6 ( 1988 ) Lonesome Dove ( 1989 ) Twin Peaks , season 1 ( 1990 ) thirtysomething , season 4 ( 1991 ) I 'll Fly Away , season 1 ( 1992 ) I 'll Fly Away , season 2 ( 1993 ) NYPD Blue , season 1 ( 1994 ) My So - Called Life , season 1 ( 1995 ) Homicide : Life on the Street , season 4 ( 1996 ) Homicide : Life on the Street , season 5 ( 1997 ) Homicide : Life on the Street , season 6 ( 1998 ) The Sopranos , season 1 ( 1999 ) The West Wing , season 1 ( 2000 ) The Sopranos , season 3 / The West Wing , season 2 ( 2001 ) Six Feet Under , season 1 / season 2 ( 2002 ) Boomtown , season 1 ( 2003 ) The Sopranos , season 5 ( 2004 ) Lost , season 1 ( 2005 ) Lost , season 2 ( 2006 ) The Sopranos , season 6 , part II ( 2007 ) Mad Men , season 1 ( 2008 ) Mad Men , season 2 ( 2009 ) Breaking Bad , season 3 / Lost , season 6 ( 2010 ) Mad Men , season 4 ( 2011 ) Breaking Bad , season 4 ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones , season 3 ( 2013 ) The Good Wife , season 5 ( 2014 ) The Americans , season 3 ( 2015 ) The Americans , season 4 ( 2016 ) The Handmaid 's Tale , season 1 ( 2017 ) TCA Award for Program of the Year The Jewel in the Crown ( 1985 ) Death of a Salesman / The Vanishing Family : Crisis in Black America ( 1986 ) Eyes on the Prize ( 1987 ) Dear America : Letters Home from Vietnam ( 1988 ) Lonesome Dove ( 1989 ) Twin Peaks ( 1990 ) The Civil War ( 1991 ) Northern Exposure ( 1992 ) Barbarians at the Gate ( 1993 ) Late Show with David Letterman ( 1994 ) ER ( 1995 ) Homicide : Life on the Street ( 1996 ) EZ Streets ( 1997 ) From the Earth to the Moon ( 1998 ) The Sopranos ( 1999 ) The West Wing ( 2000 ) The Sopranos ( 2001 ) 24 ( 2002 ) American Idol ( 2003 ) Angels in America ( 2004 ) Desperate Housewives ( 2005 ) Grey 's Anatomy ( 2006 ) Heroes ( 2007 ) Mad Men ( 2008 ) Battlestar Galactica ( 2009 ) Glee ( 2010 ) Friday Night Lights ( 2011 ) Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Breaking Bad ( 2013 ) Breaking Bad ( 2014 ) Empire ( 2015 ) The People v. O.J. Simpson : American Crime Story ( 2016 ) The Handmaid 's Tale ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Handmaid%27s_Tale_(TV_series)&oldid=837262770 '' Categories : 2010s American drama television series 2017 American television series debuts American LGBT - related television shows Dystopian television series English - language television programs Feminist television Hulu original programming Lesbian - related television programs Margaret Atwood Nonlinear narrative television series Post-apocalyptic television series Television programs based on Canadian novels Television series produced in Toronto Works about totalitarianism Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series winners Best Drama Series Golden Globe winners Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) Use mdy dates from July 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 18 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Handmaid%2527s%20Tale%20%28TV%20series%29
| 117 |
who is the big chicken in looney tunes
|
Foghorn Leghorn
|
foghorn leghorn
|
Foghorn J. Leghorn is a cartoon character that has appeared in Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies cartoons for Warner Bros. Pictures . He was created by Robert McKimson and writer Warren Foster , and starred in 28 cartoons from 1946 to 1963 in the Golden Age of American Animation . All 28 of these cartoons were directed by McKimson .
|
Contents ( hide ) 1 Inspiration 2 Biography 3 Cartoon appearances 4 Later appearances 5 Voice actors 6 In other media 7 References 8 External links Inspiration ( edit ) The character of Foghorn Leghorn was directly inspired by the popular character of Senator Claghorn , a blustery Southern politician played by Kenny Delmar who was a regular character on The Fred Allen Show , a popular radio show of the 1940s . The rooster adopted many of Claghorn 's catch phrases , such as `` That 's a joke , ah say , that 's a joke , son . '' Delmar had based the character of Claghorn upon a Texas rancher who was fond of saying this . A leghorn is a breed of chicken , and foghorn describes the character 's loud , overbearing voice . According to Leonard Maltin the character 's voice was also patterned after a hard - of - hearing West Coast - only radio character from the 1930s , known simply as The Sheriff , on a radio program called Blue Monday Jamboree . The voice has similarities to that of another Mel Blanc voice : Yosemite Sam ( a strictly Friz Freleng character ) ; and even more similar to a proto - Sam character in Stage Door Cartoon . Biography ( edit ) Foghorn Leghorn is depicted as a large , anthropomorphic white adult Leghorn rooster with a stereotypically Southern accent , a `` good ol ' boy '' speaking style , and a penchant for mischief . In addition to being a reference to the Senator Claghorn character , the first half of his name is a joke about him being loud and obnoxious , while the second half refers to a breed of chicken , a leghorn . He first appeared in 1946 in a Henery Hawk film titled Walky Talky Hawky . All of the motion picture Foghorn Leghorn cartoons were directed by Robert McKimson , and the rooster ties with the Tasmanian Devil as the most popular character associated with the director . Many of the gags involved Foghorn and a canine nemesis ( formally known as The Barnyard Dawg within Warner today , though on early model sheets his name is given as George P. Dog ) engaging in one - upmanship through a series of pranks . Unlike other Looney Tunes rivalries , with the notable exception of the Wile E. Coyote and the Road Runner series , Foghorn is often the initial aggressor out of self - amusement and subsequently on the ' losing ' end of gags ( although the dog sometimes initiates ) . However it ends , the formula for how it begins is usually the same . Foghorn , humming `` Camptown Races '' to himself and carrying a wooden fencepost , sneaks up on Dawg while he is sleeping . Foghorn then pulls the Dawg up by his hindquarters and uses the fencepost to give him a thorough spanking . Dawg , now angry , chases after Foghorn barking angrily but can only go as far as the rope he is tied to can stretch . Thus , when the rope becomes taut and he can not move , he is either yanked back or stopped . ( In some cartoons , there 's a sign Foghorn stands to one side of saying `` Rope Limit '' and Dawg stops just shy of it . ) In the latter case , he keeps barking at Foghorn who tells him , `` Ah , shaddap ! '' and does something to Dawg to force him to stop . This gag was passed down to the Leghorns ' grandson in Feather Bluster , where Foghorn was puzzled as to why the kid was behaving that way and the Dog was all too happy to remind him : `` Ai n't nothin ' wrong with ' im , Foggy , ' cept that he takes after you . '' Foghorn was joined in a few episodes by a weasel called ' Bill ' who initially attempted to eat him but ended up joining forces to outwit the aforementioned canine . Other recurring themes throughout the cartoons included the attempts of the diminutive Henery Hawk to catch and eat Foghorn , and the rooster 's efforts to woo the widowed hen Miss Prissy , often by babysitting her bookish son , Egghead , Jr ... Foghorn 's voice was created by Mel Blanc and was later performed by Jeff Bergman , Joe Alaskey , Bill Farmer , Greg Burson , Jeff Bennett , and Frank Gorshin . Cartoon appearances ( edit ) Shorts ( 1946 -- 63 ) All of the 28 shorts from 1946 -- 1963 were directed by Robert McKimson . Walky Talky Hawky ( 1946 ) Crowing Pains ( 1947 ) The Foghorn Leghorn ( 1948 ) Henhouse Henery ( 1949 ) The Leghorn Blows at Midnight ( 1950 ) A Fractured Leghorn ( 1950 ) Leghorn Swoggled ( 1951 ) Lovelorn Leghorn ( 1951 ) Sock - a-Doodle - Do ( 1952 ) The Egg - Cited Rooster ( 1952 ) Plop Goes the Weasel ( 1953 ) Of Rice and Hen ( 1953 ) Little Boy Boo ( 1954 ) Feather Dusted ( 1955 ) All Fowled Up ( 1955 ) Weasel Stop ( 1956 ) The High and the Flighty ( 1956 ) - with Daffy Duck Raw ! Raw ! Rooster ! ( 1956 ) Fox Terror ( 1957 ) Feather Bluster ( 1958 ) Weasel While You Work ( 1958 ) A Broken Leghorn ( 1959 ) Crockett - Doodle - Do ( 1960 ) The Dixie Fryer ( 1960 ) Strangled Eggs ( 1961 ) The Slick Chick ( 1962 ) Mother Was a Rooster ( 1962 ) Banty Raids ( 1963 ) Miscellaneous False Hare ( cameo appearance , starring Bugs Bunny ) ( 1964 ) Bugs Bunny 's Christmas Carol ( 1979 ) The Yolk 's on You ( 1980 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) ( cameo appearance ) Superior Duck ( cameo appearance ) ( 1996 ) , voiced by Frank Gorshin Space Jam ( 1996 ) , voiced by Bill Farmer Pullet Surprise ( 1997 ) , voiced by Frank Gorshin Tweety 's High - Flying Adventure ( 2000 ) , voiced by Jeff Bennett Looney Tunes : Back in Action ( 2003 ) , voiced by Jeff Bennett Cock - A-Doodle Duel ( 2004 ) , voiced by Jeff Bennett GEICO commercial ( 2011 ) , voiced by Jeff Bennett Later appearances ( edit ) Foghorn Leghorn and George P. Dog ( Barnyard Dog ) in The Egg - Cited Rooster ( 1952 ) . Foghorn made a cameo appearance in Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) , in the final scene at Marvin Acme 's factory with several other Looney Tunes characters . Foghorn Leghorn made numerous appearances in Tiny Toon Adventures in numerous roles as Acme Looniversity 's Professor of Hound Teasing , Baseball Coach and an obnoxiously loud Librarian , and also a mentor of Fowlmouth . Foghorn Leghorn appeared in Animaniacs on `` The Warner 's 65th Anniversary Special '' . Foghorn Leghorn appeared in two Chuck Jones shorts of the 1990s , Superior Duck ( 1996 ) and Pullet Surprise ( 1997 ) , voiced on both occasions by Frank Gorshin . A character named Mr. Leghorn , based on Foghorn himself , made a pair of appearances in Loonatics Unleashed . Foghorn Leghorn is part of the Toon Squad team in Space Jam . A toddler version of Foghorn made appearances in short music videos of Baby Looney Tunes . He starred in only one episode of the show , in which he was trying to fit in with a gang of cool roosters and employed the help of Tweety and his friends before Lola Bunny suggested to just be himself , which came in handy when Barnyard Dog chased the cool roosters . Foghorn Leghorn is a croupier at Sam 's casino in Looney Tunes : Back in Action . Foghorn appeared in commercials for Kentucky Fried Chicken , Oscar Mayer , and most recently , GEICO insurance . Foghorn Leghorn appears in The Looney Tunes Show , voiced by Jeff Bergman and his singing voice is provided by Damon Jones . In the series , he is represented as a billionaire and is one of a few characters to not be annoyed by Daffy Duck 's antics . Foghorn Leghorn was a general in Looney Tunes : Rabbits Run , voiced by Jeff Bergman . He is shown as a four - star U.S. general who is served by his intern Pete Puma , his spy Cecil Turtle , and his agent Elmer Fudd . Foghorn made a cameo appearance in the Wabbit episodes `` Bugs vs. Snail '' , `` Pork in the Road '' , `` Squeaks Upon a Star '' and `` ' Tis the Seasoning '' , voiced by Jeff Bergman . Voice actors ( edit ) Mel Blanc ( 1946 -- 1983 ; 1989 ( Bugs Bunny 's Wild World of Sports ) ) Joe Alaskey ( KFC commercials in the 1980s . This makes Foghorn Leghorn one of only three characters ( along with Woody Woodpecker and Yosemite Sam ) whose voices were created by Blanc to have been voiced by someone else during his lifetime . Alaskey would reprise the role in Bah , Humduck ! A Looney Tunes Christmas ) Jeff Bergman ( Tiny Toon Adventures , The Plucky Duck Show , The 1st 13th Annual Fancy Anvil Awards Program Special ... Live ! ... In Stereo ! , The Looney Tunes Show , Scooby Doo and Looney Tunes : Cartoon Universe , Looney Tunes : Rabbits Run , Wabbit , video games ) Greg Burson ( Tiny Toon Adventures , Taz - Mania , Animaniacs , Carrotblanca , Looney Tunes : Reality Check , Looney Tunes : Stranger Than Fiction ) Bill Farmer ( Space Jam , Looney Tunes Racing , Looney Tunes : Space Race , Looney Tunes : Cartoon Conductor ) Frank Gorshin ( Superior Duck , Pullet Surprise ) Billy West ( The Sylvester & Tweety Mysteries ) Jeff Bennett ( Tweety 's High - Flying Adventure , Looney Tunes : Back in Action , Looney Tunes : Back in Action : The Video Game , Cock - A-Doodle - Duel , commercials ) Scott McNeil ( Baby Looney Tunes ) Maurice LaMarche ( Looney Tunes : Acme Arsenal ) Damon Jones ( Singing voice in The Looney Tunes Show ) Scott Innes ( Boomerang bumpers ) Seth MacFarlane ( Family Guy ) In other media ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article appears to contain trivial , minor , or unrelated references to popular culture . Please reorganize this content to explain the subject 's impact on popular culture rather than simply listing appearances ; add references to reliable sources if possible . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) 1980s -- Appeared in several Oscar Mayer hot dog commercials . One features an animated Foghorn Leghorn , with an animated hot dog on a bun , on a live - action beach , asking a child what he likes on his roasted Oscar Mayer hot dog . Asked whether he likes it with lots of ketchup or corn relish ( `` A dog 's best friend '' according to Foghorn ) , the kid says he likes his hot dog `` with friends '' , and is now sitting next to a girl , who is also eating an Oscar Mayer hot dog without a bun . Foghorn Leghorn remarks , `` I 'm starting to feel a little roasted myself '' . Another one features Foghorn Leghorn instructing a live - action child on the correct way to put fixings on a hot dog , including corn relish . The kid starts eating his own hot dog before Foghorn finishes demonstrating on another hot dog . It ends with Foghorn saying , `` I say , you ca n't teach an old dog new tricks . '' In 1980s -- 1990s Kentucky Fried Chicken commercials , Foghorn is voiced by Joe Alaskey . The film Space Jam contains a reference to this ad campaign ; when Foghorn is torched by a Monstar during the ToonSquad / Monstars basketball game , Foghorn says , `` Did you order Original Recipe or Extra Crispy ? '' Much like Elmer Fudd , Foghorn Leghorn had appeared in a GEICO commercial in 2011 ( voiced by Jeff Bennett ) . Here , he is providing narration for an e-book , but motor - mouths as well as ad - libbing constantly and ends up getting clubbed by Henery Hawk off - screen . A similar chicken character to his appears in Eminem 's music video for the song `` Role Model , '' where he is beaten up by a cartoon version of Eminem . In an episode of Home Improvement , Tim says that `` Samuel Foghorn Leghorn '' , was a famous American . His older brother , Jeff , states that Foghorn Leghorn was `` one smart chicken '' . Foghorn Leghorn ( voiced by Seth MacFarlane ) made an appearance in an episode of Family Guy when he approached Colonel Sanders and explained that he was walking by and noticed the aroma of `` eleven herbs and spices '' . Sanders decapitates Foghorn and the body is running around . The disembodied head says , `` Look at that boy ! Looks like a chicken with his head ... wait a minute '' , and pauses when he realizes it was himself . He appeared in the video games Looney Tunes : Acme Arsenal , The Bugs Bunny Crazy Castle 2 , Bugs Bunny : Crazy Castle 3 , Looney Tunes : Back in Action , Looney Tunes : Space Race , and The Bugs Bunny Birthday Blowout . In a 2003 episode of The King of Queens , Doug Heffernan ( Kevin James ) pranks the IPS accounting department by signing `` Foghorn Leghorn '' on his paycheck , but Supervisor O'Boyle ( Sam McMurray ) sees through the ruse and threatens Doug with his thermos and confirms the prank over the phone . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Foghorn Leghorn '' . Behind The Voice Actors . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` '' It 's a joke , Son ! `` '' , AFI Catalog of Motion Pictures Produced in the United States , 1 , University of California Press , 1971 , p. 1190 , ISBN 9780520215214 Jump up ^ Scott , Keith ( 2008 ) . The Origin of Foghorn Leghorn , cartoonresearch.com Jump up ^ Maltin , Leonard ( 1987 ) . Of mice and magic : a history of American animated cartoons . New American Library . ISBN 978 - 0 - 452 - 25993 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Animation portal United States portal Wikiquote has quotations related to : Foghorn Leghorn Wikimedia Commons has media related to Foghorn Leghorn . Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies Studios Harman - Ising Productions ( 1930 -- 1933 ) Leon Schlesinger Productions ( 1933 -- 1944 ) Warner Bros. Cartoons ( 1944 -- 1964 ) DePatie -- Freleng Enterprises ( 1964 -- 1967 , 1979 -- 1980 ) Format Films ( 1965 -- 1967 ) Warner Bros. - Seven Arts ( 1967 -- 1969 ) Chuck Jones Enterprises ( 1976 -- 1980 , 1994 -- 1997 ) Warner Bros. Animation ( 1980 -- present ) People Tex Avery Bea Benaderet Mel Blanc Bernard B. Brown Arthur Q. Bryan John Burton Daws Butler Bob Clampett Cal Dalton Arthur Davis David H. DePatie Earl Duvall Milt Franklyn Stan Freberg Friz Freleng June Foray Ben Hardaway Hugh Harman Ken Harris William L. Hendricks Cal Howard Rudolf Ising Chuck Jones Jack King William Lava Abe Levitow Michael Maltese Frank Marsales Norman McCabe Robert McKimson Tom Palmer Hawley Pratt Virgil Ross Leon Schlesinger Rod Scribner Edward Selzer Norman Spencer Carl Stalling Frank Tashlin Ben Washam Characters Babbit and Catstello Barnyard Dawg Beaky Buzzard Beans Blacque Jacque Shellacque Bosko Buddy Bugs Bunny Bunny and Claude Cecil Turtle Charlie Dog Claude Cat Clyde Bunny Colonel Shuffle Conrad the Cat Cool Cat Count Blood Count The Crusher Daffy Duck Egghead Jr . Elmer Fudd Foghorn Leghorn Foxy Gabby Goat Goofy Gophers Goopy Geer Gossamer Granny Hector the Bulldog Henery Hawk Hippety Hopper Honey Bunny Hubie and Bertie Hugo the Abominable Snowman Inki Lola Bunny Marc Antony and Pussyfoot Marvin the Martian Melissa Duck Merlin the Magic Mouse Michigan J. Frog Miss Prissy Nasty Canasta Penelope Pussycat Pepé Le Pew Pete Puma Petunia Pig Piggy Playboy Penguin Porky Pig Ralph Wolf The Road Runner Rocky and Mugsy Sam Sheepdog Slowpoke Rodriguez Sniffles Speedy Gonzales Spike the Bulldog and Chester the Terrier Sylvester Sylvester Jr . Taz The Three Bears Tweety Wile E. Coyote Willoughby Witch Hazel Yosemite Sam Shorts 1929 -- 1939 1940 -- 1949 1950 -- 1959 1960 -- 1969 1970 -- present and miscellaneous Featuring Bugs Bunny Featuring Daffy Duck Featuring Porky Pig Blue Ribbon reissues Censored Eleven Unreleased Television Compilations The Bugs Bunny Show The Road Runner Show The Porky Pig Show Originals Tiny Toon Adventures Taz - Mania The Plucky Duck Show The Sylvester & Tweety Mysteries Baby Looney Tunes Duck Dodgers Loonatics Unleashed The Looney Tunes Show Wabbit Specials Feature films Compilations The Bugs Bunny / Road Runner Movie The Looney Looney Looney Bugs Bunny Movie Bugs Bunny 's 3rd Movie : 1001 Rabbit Tales Daffy Duck 's Fantastic Island Daffy Duck 's Quackbusters The Looney Tunes Hall of Fame Made for video Tweety 's High - Flying Adventure Bah , Humduck ! A Looney Tunes Christmas Looney Tunes : Rabbits Run Documentaries Bugs Bunny : Superstar Bugs & Daffy : The Wartime Cartoons Chuck Amuck : The Movie Live - action / animation Space Jam Looney Tunes : Back in Action Music / Songs `` Merrily We Roll Along '' `` The Merry - Go - Round Broke Down '' `` Powerhouse '' `` The Gold Diggers ' Song ( We 're in the Money ) '' `` Camptown Races '' Other Video games Book Category Warner Bros. Animation Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies Shorts characters The Bugs Bunny Show The Bugs Bunny / Road Runner Movie ( 1979 ) The Looney Looney Looney Bugs Bunny Movie ( 1981 ) Bugs Bunny 's 3rd Movie : 1001 Rabbit Tales ( 1982 ) Daffy Duck 's Fantastic Island ( 1983 ) Daffy Duck 's Quackbusters ( 1988 ) Tiny Toon Adventures characters Taz - Mania The Plucky Duck Show The Sylvester & Tweety Mysteries Space Jam ( 1996 ) Baby Looney Tunes Duck Dodgers characters Looney Tunes : Back in Action ( 2003 ) Loonatics Unleashed characters The Looney Tunes Show episodes New Looney Tunes DC Comics Batman : The Animated Series Superman : The Animated Series The New Batman Adventures Batman Beyond Static Shock The Zeta Project Justice League Teen Titans Justice League Unlimited The Batman Krypto the Superdog Legion of Super Heroes Batman : The Brave and the Bold Young Justice Green Lantern : The Animated Series DC Nation Shorts Teen Titans Go ! Beware the Batman Justice League : Gods and Monsters Chronicles Vixen Justice League Action Freedom Fighters : The Ray Constantine DC Super Hero Girls TV series Scooby - Doo What 's New , Scooby - Doo ? Shaggy & Scooby - Doo Get a Clue ! Scooby - Doo ! Mystery Incorporated Be Cool , Scooby - Doo ! Animaniacs Animaniacs characters Pinky and the Brain Pinky , Elmyra & the Brain Animaniacs ( reboot ; 2020 ) Tom and Jerry Tom and Jerry Tales The Tom and Jerry Show The Lego Movie The Lego Movie ( 2014 ) The Lego Batman Movie ( 2017 ) The Lego Ninjago Movie ( 2017 ) Unikitty ! The Lego Movie Sequel ( 2019 ) Theatrical feature - length films The Bugs Bunny / Road Runner Movie ( 1979 ) The Looney Looney Looney Bugs Bunny Movie ( 1981 ) Bugs Bunny 's 3rd Movie : 1001 Rabbit Tales ( 1982 ) Daffy Duck 's Fantastic Island ( 1983 ) Daffy Duck 's Quackbusters ( 1988 ) Batman : Mask of the Phantasm ( 1993 ) Space Jam ( 1996 ) Quest for Camelot ( 1998 ) The Iron Giant ( 1999 ) Osmosis Jones ( 2001 ) Looney Tunes : Back in Action ( 2003 ) The Lego Movie ( 2014 ) Storks ( 2016 ) The Lego Batman Movie ( 2017 ) The Lego Ninjago Movie ( 2017 ) Teen Titans Go ! To the Movies ( 2018 ) Smallfoot ( 2018 ) The Lego Movie Sequel ( 2019 ) Other TV series Freakazoid ! Histeria ! Coconut Fred 's Fruit Salad Island Detention Baby Blues Ozzy & Drix ¡ Mucha Lucha ! ( characters ) 3 South Xiaolin Showdown Firehouse Tales Johnny Test characters Road Rovers Mad ThunderCats Waynehead Mike Tyson Mysteries Bunnicula Right Now Kapow Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz Wacky Races Green Eggs and Ham Television specials A Miser Brothers ' Christmas ( 2008 ) Scooby - Doo ! Spooky Games ( 2012 ) Robot Chicken DC Comics Special ( 2012 Scooby - Doo ! Haunted Holidays ( 2012 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Spooky Scarecrow ( 2013 ) Scooby - Doo ! Mecha Mutt Menace ( 2013 ) Robot Chicken DC Comics Special 2 : Villains in Paradise ( 2014 ) Scooby - Doo ! Ghastly Goals ( 2014 ) Tom and Jerry : Santa 's Little Helpers ( 2014 ) Lego DC Comics : Batman Be-Leaguered ( 2014 ) Elf : Buddy 's Musical Christmas ( 2014 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Beach Beastie ( 2015 ) Robot Chicken DC Comics Special III : Magical Friendship ( 2015 ) Lego Scooby - Doo ! Knight Time Terror ( 2015 ) DC Super Hero Girls : Super Hero High ( 2016 ) Direct - to - video films Tiny Toon Adventures : How I Spent My Vacation ( 1992 ) Batman & Mr. Freeze : SubZero ( 1998 ) Scooby - Doo on Zombie Island ( 1998 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Witch 's Ghost ( 1999 ) Wakko 's Wish ( 1999 ) Tweety 's High - Flying Adventure ( 2000 ) Scooby - Doo and the Alien Invaders ( 2000 ) Batman Beyond : Return of the Joker ( 2000 ) Scooby - Doo and the Cyber Chase ( 2001 ) Tom and Jerry : The Magic Ring ( 2002 ) Baby Looney Tunes ' Eggs - traordinary Adventure ( 2003 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Legend of the Vampire ( 2003 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Monster of Mexico ( 2003 ) Batman : Mystery of the Batwoman ( 2003 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Loch Ness Monster ( 2004 ) Kangaroo Jack : G'Day U.S.A. ! ( 2004 ) ¡ Mucha Lucha ! : The Return of El Maléfico ( 2005 ) Tom and Jerry : Blast Off to Mars ( 2005 ) Aloha , Scooby - Doo ! ( 2005 ) Tom and Jerry : The Fast and the Furry ( 2005 ) The Batman vs. Dracula ( 2005 ) Scooby - Doo ! in Where 's My Mummy ? ( 2005 ) Scooby - Doo ! Pirates Ahoy ! ( 2005 ) Superman : Brainiac Attacks ( 2006 ) Tom and Jerry : Shiver Me Whiskers ( 2006 ) Teen Titans : Trouble in Tokyo ( 2006 ) Bah , Humduck ! A Looney Tunes Christmas ( 2006 ) Chill Out , Scooby - Doo ! ( 2007 ) Superman : Doomsday ( 2007 ) Tom and Jerry : A Nutcracker Tale ( 2007 ) Justice League : The New Frontier ( 2008 ) Batman : Gotham Knight ( 2008 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Goblin King ( 2008 ) Wonder Woman ( 2009 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Samurai Sword ( 2009 ) Green Lantern : First Flight ( 2009 ) Superman / Batman : Public Enemies ( 2009 ) Scooby - Doo ! Abracadabra - Doo ( 2010 ) Justice League : Crisis on Two Earths ( 2010 ) Batman : Under the Red Hood ( 2010 ) Tom and Jerry Meet Sherlock Holmes ( 2010 ) Scooby - Doo ! Camp Scare ( 2010 ) Superman / Batman : Apocalypse ( 2010 ) All - Star Superman ( 2011 ) Green Lantern : Emerald Knights ( 2011 ) Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz ( 2011 ) Scooby - Doo ! Legend of the Phantosaur ( 2011 ) Batman : Year One ( 2011 ) Justice League : Doom ( 2012 ) Scooby - Doo ! Music of the Vampire ( 2012 ) Superman vs. The Elite ( 2012 ) Batman : The Dark Knight Returns ( 2012 / 2013 ) Tom and Jerry : Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse ( 2012 ) Big Top Scooby - Doo ! ( 2012 ) Scooby - Doo ! Mask of the Blue Falcon ( 2013 ) Superman : Unbound ( 2013 ) Scooby - Doo ! Adventures : The Mystery Map ( 2013 ) Justice League : The Flashpoint Paradox ( 2013 ) Tom and Jerry 's Giant Adventure ( 2013 ) Scooby - Doo ! Stage Fright ( 2013 ) JLA Adventures : Trapped in Time ( 2014 ) Justice League : War ( 2014 ) Scooby - Doo ! WrestleMania Mystery ( 2014 ) Son of Batman ( 2014 ) Batman : Assault on Arkham ( 2014 ) Scooby - Doo ! Frankencreepy ( 2014 ) Tom and Jerry : The Lost Dragon ( 2014 ) Justice League : Throne of Atlantis ( 2015 ) Lego DC Comics Super Heroes : Justice League vs. Bizarro League ( 2015 ) Scooby - Doo ! Moon Monster Madness ( 2015 ) The Flintstones & WWE : Stone Age SmackDown ! ( 2015 ) Batman vs. Robin ( 2015 ) Batman Unlimited : Animal Instincts ( 2015 ) Tom and Jerry : Spy Quest ( 2015 ) Scooby - Doo ! and Kiss : Rock and Roll Mystery ( 2015 ) Justice League : Gods and Monsters ( 2015 ) Looney Tunes : Rabbits Run ( 2015 ) Batman Unlimited : Monster Mayhem ( 2015 ) Lego DC Comics Super Heroes : Justice League -- Attack of the Legion of Doom ( 2015 ) Batman : Bad Blood ( 2016 ) Lego DC Comics Super Heroes : Justice League -- Cosmic Clash ( 2016 ) Justice League vs. Teen Titans ( 2016 ) Lego Scooby - Doo ! Haunted Hollywood ( 2016 ) Tom and Jerry : Back to Oz ( 2016 ) Lego DC Comics Super Heroes : Justice League -- Gotham City Breakout ( 2016 ) Batman : The Killing Joke ( 2016 ) Scooby - Doo ! and WWE : Curse of the Speed Demon ( 2016 ) DC Super Hero Girls : Hero of the Year ( 2016 ) Batman Unlimited : Mechs vs. Mutants ( 2016 ) Batman : Return of the Caped Crusaders ( 2016 ) Justice League Dark ( 2017 ) Scooby - Doo ! Shaggy 's Showdown ( 2017 ) The Jetsons & WWE : Robo - WrestleMania ! ( 2017 ) Teen Titans : The Judas Contract ( 2017 ) DC Super Hero Girls : Intergalactic Games ( 2017 ) Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ( 2017 ) Lego Scooby - Doo ! Blowout Beach Bash ( 2017 ) Lego DC Super Hero Girls : Brain Drain ( 2017 ) Batman and Harley Quinn ( 2017 ) Batman vs. Two - Face ( 2017 ) Scooby - Doo ! & Batman : The Brave and the Bold ( 2018 ) Batman : Gotham by Gaslight ( 2018 ) Lego DC Comics Super Heroes : The Flash ( 2018 ) Suicide Squad : Hell to Pay ( 2018 ) Batman Ninja ( 2018 ) Lego DC Super Hero Girls : Super-Villain High ( 2018 ) Short films The Duxorcist ( 1987 ) The Night of the Living Duck ( 1988 ) Box - Office Bunny ( 1990 ) I 'm Mad ( 1994 ) Chariots of Fur ( 1994 ) Carrotblanca ( 1995 ) Another Froggy Evening ( 1995 ) Superior Duck ( 1996 ) Pullet Surprise ( 1997 ) Marvin the Martian in the Third Dimension ( 1997 ) From Hare to Eternity ( 1997 ) Father of the Bird ( 1997 ) Little Go Beep ( 2000 ) Chase Me ( 2003 ) The Karate Guard ( 2005 ) DC Showcase : The Spectre ( 2010 ) DC Showcase : Jonah Hex ( 2010 ) Coyote Falls ( 2010 ) Fur of Flying ( 2010 ) DC Showcase : Green Arrow ( 2010 ) Superman / Shazam ! : The Return of Black Adam ( 2010 ) Rabid Rider ( 2010 ) DC Showcase : Catwoman ( 2011 ) I Tawt I Taw a Puddy Tat ( 2011 ) Daffy 's Rhapsody ( 2012 ) The Master ( 2016 ) See also Warner Bros. Cartoons Warner Bros. Family Entertainment Hanna - Barbera Cartoon Network Productions Cartoon Network Studios Williams Street Cartoon Network Studios Europe Category MusicBrainz : e47574d1 - 078b - 47dc - 8f53 - b5a7ea8bb323 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foghorn_Leghorn&oldid=826985376 '' Categories : Looney Tunes characters Fictional chickens Fictional characters introduced in 1946 Fictional anthropomorphic characters Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from September 2017 Articles with trivia sections from September 2017 Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Català Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano മലയാളം Nederlands Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 22 February 2018 , at 02 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foghorn%20Leghorn
| 2,105 |
||
what was the outcome of the evian conference
|
The result of the failure of the conference was that many of the Jews had no escape and so were ultimately subject to what was known as Hitler 's `` Final Solution to the Jewish Question '' . Two months after Évian , in September 1938 , Britain and France granted Hitler the right to occupy the Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia , which made a further 120,000 Jews stateless . In November 1938 , on Kristallnacht , a massive pogrom across the Third Reich was accompanied by the destruction of over 1,000 synagogues , massacres and the arbitrary arrest of tens of thousands of Jews . In March 1939 , Hitler occupied the remainder of Czechoslovakia , which now took in a further 180,000 Jews , while in May 1939 the British issued the White Paper which barred Jews from entering Palestine or buying land there . Following their occupation of Poland in late 1939 and invasion of Soviet Union in 1941 , the Germans embarked on a program of systematically killing all Jews in Europe . In this , the Nazis had local assistance in at least some cases . Sémelin argued that local help was virtually always required to identify and organize the removal of Jews .
|
Évian conference
|
evian conference
|
The Évian Conference was convened 6 -- 15 July 1938 , at Évian - les - Bains , France , to discuss the Jewish refugee problem and the plight of the increasing numbers of Jewish refugees fleeing persecution by Nazi Germany . It was convened at the initiative of United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt who perhaps hoped to obtain commitments from some of the invited nations to accept more refugees , although he took pains to avoid stating that objective expressly . Historians have suggested that Roosevelt desired to deflect attention and criticism from American policy that severely limited the quota of Jewish refugees admitted to the United States .
|
The conference was attended by representatives from 32 countries , and 24 voluntary organizations also attended as observers , presenting plans either orally or in writing . Golda Meir , the attendee from British Mandate Palestine , was not permitted to speak or to participate in the proceedings except as an observer . Some 200 international journalists gathered at Évian to observe and report on the meeting . Adolf Hitler responded to the news of the conference by saying essentially that if the other nations would agree to take the Jews , he would help them leave : I can only hope and expect that the other world , which has such deep sympathy for these criminals ( Jews ) , will at least be generous enough to convert this sympathy into practical aid . We , on our part , are ready to put all these criminals at the disposal of these countries , for all I care , even on luxury ships . The conference was ultimately doomed , as aside from the Dominican Republic , delegations from the 32 participating nations failed to come to any agreement about accepting the Jewish refugees fleeing the Third Reich . The conference thus inadvertently proved to be a useful propaganda tool for the Nazis . Contents 1 Background 2 Proceedings 3 Consequences 4 Literary references 5 Participants 5.1 National delegations 5.2 Other delegations 5.3 Private organizations 5.4 Press 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) The Nuremberg Laws stripped German Jews , who were already persecuted by the Hitler regime , of their German citizenship . They were classified as `` subjects '' and became stateless in their own country . By 1938 , some 450,000 of about 900,000 German Jews were expelled or fled Germany , mostly to France and British Mandate Palestine , where the massive wave of migrants led to an Arab uprising . When Hitler annexed Austria in March 1938 , and applied German racial laws , the 200,000 Jews of Austria became stateless . Hitler 's expansion was accompanied by a rise in vicious and violent anti-Semitic fascist movements across Europe and the Middle East . Significantly antisemitic governments came to power in Poland ( from 1935 the government boycotted its own Jewish population ) , Hungary and Romania , where Jews had always been second class citizens . Thus the numbers of Jews trying to leave Europe was in the millions , while Jews were perceived as an undesirable and socially damaging population with popular academic theories arguing that Jews damaged the `` racial hygiene '' or `` eugenics '' of nations where they were resident and engaged in conspirative behaviour . Before the Conference the United States and Britain made a critical agreement : the British promised not to bring up the fact that the United States was not filling its immigration quotas , and any mention of Palestine as a possible destination for Jewish refugees was excluded from the agenda . Britain administered Palestine under the terms of the Mandate for Palestine . Proceedings ( edit ) Conference delegates expressed sympathy for Jews under Nazism but made no immediate joint resolution or commitment , portraying the conference as a mere beginning , to the frustration of some commentators . Noting `` that the involuntary emigration of people in large numbers has become so great that it renders racial and religious problems more acute , increases international unrest , and may hinder seriously the processes of appeasement in international relations '' , the Évian Conference established the Intergovernmental Committee on Refugees ( ICR ) with the purpose to `` approach the governments of the countries of refuge with a view to developing opportunities for permanent settlement . '' The ICR received little authority or support from its member nations and fell into inaction . The United States sent no government official to the conference . Instead Roosevelt 's friend , the American businessman Myron C. Taylor , represented the U.S. with James G. McDonald as his advisor . The U.S. agreed that the German and Austrian immigration quota of 30,000 a year would be made available to Jewish refugees . In the three years 1938 to 1940 the US actually exceeded this quota by 10,000 . During the same period Britain accepted almost the same number of German Jews . Australia agreed to take 15,000 over three years , with South Africa taking only those with close relatives already resident ; Canada refused to make any commitment and only accepted a few refugees over this period . The Australian delegate T.W. White noted : `` as we have no real racial problem , we are not desirous of importing one '' . The French delegate stated that France had reached `` the extreme point of saturation as regards admission of refugees '' , a sentiment repeated by most other representatives . The only countries willing to accept a large number of Jews were the Dominican Republic , which offered to accept up to 100,000 refugees on generous terms , and later Costa Rica . In 1940 an agreement was signed and Rafael Trujillo donated 26,000 acres ( 110 km ) of his properties near the town of Sosúa for settlements . The first settlers arrived in May 1940 : only about 800 settlers came to Sosúa , and most later moved on to the United States . The Sosúa Virtual museum is a living memorial to the settlers . Consequences ( edit ) The result of the failure of the conference was that many of the Jews had no escape and so were ultimately subject to what was known as Hitler 's `` Final Solution to the Jewish Question '' . Two months after Évian , in September 1938 , Britain and France granted Hitler the right to occupy the Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia , which made a further 120,000 Jews stateless . In November 1938 , on Kristallnacht , a massive pogrom across the Third Reich was accompanied by the destruction of over 1,000 synagogues , massacres and the arbitrary arrest of tens of thousands of Jews . In March 1939 , Hitler occupied the remainder of Czechoslovakia , which now took in a further 180,000 Jews , while in May 1939 the British issued the White Paper which barred Jews from entering Palestine or buying land there . Following their occupation of Poland in late 1939 and invasion of Soviet Union in 1941 , the Germans embarked on a program of systematically killing all Jews in Europe . In this , the Nazis had local assistance in at least some cases . Sémelin argued that local help was virtually always required to identify and organize the removal of Jews . Literary references ( edit ) Jewish children rounded up for deportation to Chelmno extermination camp In her autobiography My Life ( 1975 ) , Golda Meir described her outrage being in `` the ludicrous capacity of the ( Jewish ) observer from Palestine , not even seated with the delegates , although the refugees under discussion were my own people ... '' After the conference Meir told the press : `` There is only one thing I hope to see before I die and that is that my people should not need expressions of sympathy anymore . '' Chaim Weizmann was quoted in The Manchester Guardian as saying : `` The world seemed to be divided into two parts -- those places where the Jews could not live and those where they could not enter . '' In July 1979 , Walter Mondale described the hope represented by the Evian conference : `` At stake at Evian were both human lives -- and the decency and self - respect of the civilized world . If each nation at Evian had agreed on that day to take in 17,000 Jews at once , every Jew in the Reich could have been saved . As one American observer wrote , ' It is heartbreaking to think of the ... desperate human beings ... waiting in suspense for what happens at Evian . But the question they underline is not simply humanitarian ... it is a test of civilization . ' '' Participants ( edit ) National delegations ( edit ) Country Delegation Argentina Dr Tomas A. Le Breton , Ambassador in France Carlos A. Pardo , Secretary - General of the Permanent Delegation to the League of Nations Australia Lieutenant - Colonel Thomas W. White , DFC , VD , MP , Minister for Trade and Customs Alfred Thorpe Stirling , Australian liaison officer in the Foreign Office , London A.W. Stuart - Smith , Australia House , London Belgium Robert de Foy , Chief of the Belgian State Security Service J. Schneider , Director in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade Bolivia Simón Iturri Patiño , Minister in France , the Bolivian `` Tin King '' Adolfo Costa du Rels , Permanent Delegate to the League of Nations Brazil Hélio Lobo , Minister first class , Member of the Brazilian Academy of Letters Expert : Jorge Olinto de Oliveira , Permanent Delegate , First Secretary of the Brazilian Legation Canada Humphrey Hume Wrong , Permanent Delegate to the League of Nations Expert : W.R. Little , Commissioner for European Emigration in London Chile Fernando García Oldini , Minister in Switzerland and Representative at the International Labour Organization , with the rank of Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary Colombia Luis Cano , Permanent Delegate to the League of Nations , with the rank of Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary Prof. J.M. Yepes , Legal Adviser to the Permanent Delegation to the League of Nations , with the rank of Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary Abelardo Forero Benavides , Secretary to the Permanent Delegation to the League of Nations Costa Rica Prof. Luís Dobles Segreda , Chargé d'Affaires in Paris Cuba Dr. Juan Antiga Escobar , Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary in Switzerland , permanent Delegate to the League of Nations Denmark Gustav Rasmussen , of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Troels Hoff , of the Ministry of Justice Dominican Republic Virgilio Trujillo Molina , Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary in France and Belgium , brother of the dictator Rafael Leónidas Trujillo Dr. Salvador E. Paradas , Chargé d'Affaires , representing the Permanent Delegation to the League of Nations Ecuador Alejandro Gastelu Concha , Secretary of the Permanent Delegation to the League of Nations , Consul - General in Geneva France Henry Bérenger , Ambassador Bressy , Minister Plenipotentiary , Deputy Director of the International Unions at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Combes , Director in the Ministry of the Interior Georges Coulon , of the Foreign Ministry Fourcade , Head of Department in the Ministry of the Interior François Seydoux , official of the Bureau for European Affairs in the Foreign Ministry Baron Brincard , official of the Bureau for League of Nations Affairs in the Foreign Ministry Guatemala José Gregorio Diaz , Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary in France Haiti Léon R. Thébaud , Commercial Attaché in Paris , with the rank of Minister Honduras Mauricio Rosal , Consul in Paris , with the rank of Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary Hungary Imre Békessy , father of János Békessy , news agent János Békessy , news agent of the Prager Tagblatt , he wrote down the event in his book Die Mission Endre Sós , Jewish community functionary as Miklós Horthy 's unofficial observer Ireland Francis Thomas Cremins , Permanent Delegate to the League of Nations John Duff , Assistant Secretary in the Ministry of Justice William Maguire , Second Assistant Secretary in the Ministry of Industry and Commerce Mexico Primo Villa Michel , Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary in the Netherlands Manuel Tello Barraud , Chargé d'Affaires representing the Permanent Delegation to the League of Nations Netherlands W.C. Beucker Andreae , Head of the Legal Department in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs R.A. Verwey , Director of the State Insurance Office for the Unemployed in the Ministry of Social Welfare I.P. Hooykaas , Adviser in the Ministry of Justice New Zealand C.B. Burdekin , OBE , from the New Zealand High Commissioner 's Office in London Nicaragua Constantino Herdocia , minister in Great Britain and France , with the rank of Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary Norway Michael Hansson , President of the Nansen International Office for Refugees , which received the Nobel Peace Prize later the same year Carl Platou , Director - General in the Ministry of Justice Finn Moe , journalist , representative of the private organizations for refugees in Norway Adviser : R. Konstad , Director of the Norwegian Central Passport Office Panama Dr. Ernesto Hoffmann , Consul - General in Geneva and Permanent Delegate to the League of Nations , with the rank of Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary Paraguay Gustavo A. Wiengreen , Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary in Hungary Peru Francisco García Calderón Rey , Minister in France , with the rank of Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary Sweden Gösta Engzell , Head of the Legal Department in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs C.A.M. de Hallenborg , Head of Section in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Secretary of the Delegation E.G. Drougge , Secretary at the Ministry of Labour and Social Insurance Switzerland Dr. Heinrich Rothmund , Head of the Police Division of the Federal Department of Justice and Police Henri Werner , Lawyer , Police Division of the Federal Department of Justice and Police United Kingdom Edward Turnour , 6th Earl Winterton , MP , Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster Sir Michael Palairet , KCMG , Minister Plenipotentiary Advisers : Sir John Shuckburgh , KCMG , CB , Under - Secretary of State at the Colonial Office J.G. Hibbert , MC , Director at the Colonial Office E.N. Cooper , OBE , Director at the Home Office R.M. Makins , Assistant Adviser on League of Nations Questions in the Foreign Office , secretary of the delegation Secretaries to Earl Winterton : Captain Victor Cazalet , MP T.B. Williamson , Home Office United States Myron Charles Taylor , Ambassador on Special Mission Adviser : James Grover McDonald , President of the `` President Roosevelt Consultive Committee for Political Refugees '' Technical Advisers : Robert T. Pell , Division of European Affairs , State Department George L. Brandt , formerly head of the Visa Division in the State Department Secretary of the Delegation : Hayward G. Hill , Consul in Geneva Assistant to James McDonald : George L. Warren , Executive Secretary of the `` President Roosevelt Consultive Committee for Political Refugees '' Uruguay Dr. Alfredo Carbonell Debali , Delegate Plenipotentiary Venezuela Carlos Aristimuño Coll , Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary in France Other delegations ( edit ) Organization Representatives High Commission for Refugees from Germany Sir Neill Malcolm , KCB , DSO Frederick Ponsonby , Viscount Duncannon , secretary to Sir Neill Malcolm Tevfik Erim , member of the Political Section of the Secretariat of the League of Nations , father of Kenan Erim General Secretariat of the Intergovernmental Committee Jean Paul - Boncour , Secretary - General Gabrielle Boisseau , Assistant to the Secretary - General J. Herbert , interpreter Edward Archibald Lloyd , interpreter Louis Constant E. Muller , translator William David McAfee , translator Mézières , treasurer Private organizations ( edit ) Agudas Israel World Organization , London Alliance Israélite Universelle , Paris American , British , Belgian , French , Dutch , and Swiss Catholic Committees for Aid to Refugees American Joint Distribution Committee , Paris Association de colonisation juive , Paris Association of German Scholars in Distress Abroad , London Bureau international pour le respect du droit d'asyle et l'aide aux réfugiés politiques , Paris Central Bureau for the Settlement of German Jews , London Central Committee for Refugees from Germany , Prague Centre de recherches de solutions au problème juif , Paris Comité d'aide et d'assistance aux victimes de l'anti - semitisme en Allemagne , Brussels Comite for Bijzondere Joodsche Belangen , Amsterdam Comité international pour le placement des intellectuels réfugiés , Geneva Comité pour la défense des droits des Israélites en Europe centrale et orientale , Paris Committee of Aid for German Jews , London Council for German Jewry , London Emigration Advisory Committee , London Fédération des émigrés d'Autriche , Paris Fédération internationale des émigrés d'Allemagne , Paris Freeland Association , London German Committee of the Quaker Society of Friends , London HICEM , Paris International Christian Committee for Non-Aryans , London Internationale ouvrière et socialiste , Paris and Brussels Jewish Agency for Palestine , London The Joint Foreign Committee of the Board of Deputies of British Jews and the Anglo - Jewish Association , London Komitee für die Entwicklung der grossen jüdischen Kolonisation , Zürich League of Nations Union , London New Zionist Organization , London ORT , Paris Royal Institute of International Affairs , London Schweizer Hilfszentrum für Flüchtlinge , Basel Service international de migration , Geneva Service universitaire international , Geneva Société d'émigration et de colonisation juive Emcol , Paris Society for the Protection of Sciences and Studies , London Union des Sociétés OSE , Paris World Jewish Congress , Paris Press ( edit ) The international press was represented by about two hundred journalists , chiefly the League of Nations correspondents of the leading daily and weekly newspapers and news agencies . See also ( edit ) Kristallnacht ( November 9 , 1938 ) The Holocaust Bermuda Conference British Mandate of Palestine White Paper of 1939 SS St. Louis SS Navemar International response to the Holocaust References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Allen Wells ( 2009 ) . Tropical Zion : General Trujillo , FDR , and the Jews of Sosua . Duke University Press . pp. 6 -- 8 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8223 - 4407 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` The Holocaust : Timeline : July 6 -- 15 , 1938 : Évian Conference . '' Yad Vashem . Retrieved November 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ronnie S. Landau ( 2006 ) . The Nazi Holocaust . I.B. Tauris . pp. 137 -- 140 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84511 - 201 - 1 . Retrieved 24 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : William I. Brustein. ( 2003 ) . Roots of Hate . ( Online ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Available from : Cambridge Books Online doi : 10.1017 / CBO9780511499425 ( Accessed 30 April 2016 ) . page 2 Jump up ^ Fischel , Jack R. , The Holocaust ( 1998 ) , pp. 28 -- 29 Jump up ^ Sykes , Christopher ( 1965 ) Cross Roads to Israel : Palestine from Balfour to Bevin . New English Library Edition ( pb ) 1967 . Pages 198 , 199 . Jump up ^ http://www.holocaust.org.au/mm/i_australia.htm ^ Jump up to : Crassweller RD . Trujillo . The Life and Times of a Caribbean Dictator . The MacMillan Co , New York ( 1966 ) . pp. 199 -- 200 . Jump up ^ Sémelin , Jacques ( 1993 ) , Unarmed against Hitler : Civil resistance in Europe , 1939 - 1943 , Praeger , pp. 98 -- 104 , ISBN 0 - 275 - 93960 - X Jump up ^ Provizier , Norman , and Claire Wright . `` Golda Meir : An Outline of a Unique Life . A Chronological Survey of Golda Meir 's Life and Legacy . '' Golda Meir Center for Political Leadership , Metropolitan State University of Denver . Retrieved November 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Manchester Guardian , May 23 , 1936 , cited in A.J. Sherman , Island Refuge , Britain and the Refugees from the Third Reich , 1933 -- 1939 , ( London , Elek Books Ltd , 1973 ) , p. 112 Jump up ^ The Évian Conference -- Hitler 's Green Light for Genocide Archived August 27 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . by Annette Shaw Jump up ^ Mondale , Walter F. ( July 28 , 1979 ) . `` Evian and Geneva '' . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 -- via NYTimes.com . Jump up ^ `` Bio & Photo '' . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2002 . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` : : : : : Adolfo Costa du Rels : : : : : '' . www.epdlp.com . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hélio Lobo ( H '' . www.biblio.com.br . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ República , Presidencia de la . `` Presidencia de la República de Colombia '' . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bio & Photo '' . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bio & Photo '' . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A sátánizált Horthy 19 . - Demokrata '' . www.demokrata.hu . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` C.B. Burdekin , OBE , head of the prisoners of war welfare section of New Zealand House , London - NZETC '' . www.nzetc.org . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` History of HICEM '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ A list of the papers and agencies and their reporters was published by Hans Habe , present at the Conference as a foreign correspondent of the Prager Tagblatt ( Prague Daily ) , as an appendix to his novel Die Mission ( The Mission , 1965 , first published in Great Britain by George G. Harrap & Co . Limited in 1966 , re-published by Panther Books Ltd , book number 2231 , in 1967 ) . External links ( edit ) Decisions Taken at the Évian Conference The Évian Conference on the Yad Vashem website Original contemporary news from the english daily Palestine Post Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Évian_Conference&oldid = 862657077 '' Categories : Jewish emigration from Nazi Germany International response during the Holocaust Diplomatic conferences in France International conferences in France 20th - century diplomatic conferences 1938 conferences 1938 in international relations 1938 in France The Holocaust and the United States July 1938 events Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from April 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Gàidhlig Italiano עברית Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska ייִדיש 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 October 2018 , at 20 : 19 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2589vian%20Conference
| 2,106 |
|
who consumes the most oil in the world
|
Rank Country / Region Oil consumption ( bbl / day ) Year - World 99,558,000 2018 United States 7007198800000000000 ♠ 19,880,000 2017 - European Union 7007150000000000000 ♠ 15,000,000 2017 China 7007132260000000000 ♠ 13,226,000 2017 India 7006469000000000000 ♠ 4,690,000 2017 Japan 7006398800000000000 ♠ 3,988,000 2017 Saudi Arabia 7006391800000000000 ♠ 3,918,000 2017 6 Russia 7006322400000000000 ♠ 3,224,000 2017 7 Brazil 7006301700000000000 ♠ 3,017,000 2017 8 South Korea 7006279600000000000 ♠ 2,796,000 2017 9 Germany 7006244700000000000 ♠ 2,447,000 2017 10 Canada 7006242800000000000 ♠ 2,428,000 2017 11 Iran 7006194700000000000 ♠ 1,947,000 2015 12 Mexico 7006192600000000000 ♠ 1,926,000 2015 13 France 7006160600000000000 ♠ 1,606,000 2015 14 Indonesia 7006162800000000000 ♠ 1,628,000 2015 15 United Kingdom 7006155900000000000 ♠ 1,559,000 2015 16 Thailand 7006134410000000000 ♠ 1,344,100 2015 17 Singapore 7006133900000000000 ♠ 1,339,000 2015 18 Italy 7006126200000000000 ♠ 1,262,000 2015 19 Spain 7006122600000000000 ♠ 1,226,000 2015 20 Taiwan 7006103110000000000 ♠ 1,031,100 2015 21 Australia 7006100600000000000 ♠ 1,006,000 2015 22 Netherlands 7005835000000000000 ♠ 835,000 2015 22 Turkey 7005835000000000000 ♠ 835,000 2015 24 Malaysia 7005831000000000000 ♠ 831,000 2015 25 Egypt 7005824000000000000 ♠ 824,000 2015 26 Iraq 7005818000000000000 ♠ 818,000 2011 est . 27 Argentina 7005678100000000000 ♠ 678,100 2011 est . 28 Belgium 7005644400000000000 ♠ 644,400 2011 est . 29 South Africa 7005590900000000000 ♠ 590,900 2011 est . 30 Poland 7005576600000000000 ♠ 576,600 2011 est . 31 United Arab Emirates 7005572100000000000 ♠ 572,100 2011 est . 32 Venezuela 7005571000000000000 ♠ 571,000 2011 est . 33 Pakistan 7005426700000000000 ♠ 426,700 2011 est . 34 Greece 7005343400000000000 ♠ 343,400 2011 est . 35 Kuwait 7005339000000000000 ♠ 339,000 2011 est . 36 Hong Kong 7005333900000000000 ♠ 333,900 2013 est . 37 Chile 7005321700000000000 ♠ 321,700 2011 est . 38 Ukraine 7005320600000000000 ♠ 320,600 2011 est . 39 Algeria 7005316400000000000 ♠ 316,400 2011 est . 40 Sweden 7005316000000000000 ♠ 316,000 2011 est . 41 Philippines 7005315600000000000 ♠ 315,600 2011 est . 42 Libya 7005314000000000000 ♠ 314,000 2011 est . 43 Colombia 7005287000000000000 ♠ 287,000 2011 est . 44 Ecuador 7005280000000000000 ♠ 280,000 2012 est . 45 Nigeria 7005271600000000000 ♠ 271,600 2011 est . 46 Portugal 7005259900000000000 ♠ 259,900 2012 est . 47 Vietnam 7005259700000000000 ♠ 259,700 2011 est . 48 Syria 7005258800000000000 ♠ 258,800 2011 est . 49 Switzerland 7005258200000000000 ♠ 258,200 2011 est . 50 Norway 7005255200000000000 ♠ 255,200 2011 est . 51 Israel 7005247000000000000 ♠ 247,000 2017 52 Kazakhstan 7005244200000000000 ♠ 244,200 2011 est . 53 Romania 7005238400000000000 ♠ 238,400 2011 est . 54 Austria 7005210700000000000 ♠ 210,700 2011 est . 55 Peru 7005206900000000000 ♠ 206,900 2012 est . 56 Morocco 7005204800000000000 ♠ 204,800 2011 est . 57 Finland 7005203600000000000 ♠ 203,600 2011 est . 58 Czech Republic 7005199000000000000 ♠ 199,000 2011 est . 59 Belarus 7005189700000000000 ♠ 189,700 2012 est . 60 Qatar 7005188800000000000 ♠ 188,800 2011 est . 61 Azerbaijan 7005177000000000000 ♠ 177,000 2011 est . 62 Yemen 7005168000000000000 ♠ 168,000 2011 est . 63 Denmark 7005160200000000000 ♠ 160,200 2011 est . 64 Puerto Rico 7005151600000000000 ♠ 151,600 2011 est . 65 Cuba 7005150200000000000 ♠ 150,200 2011 est . 66 New Zealand 7005148900000000000 ♠ 148,900 2011 est . 67 Turkmenistan 7005145000000000000 ♠ 145,000 2011 est . 68 Ireland 7005144000000000000 ♠ 144,000 2011 est . 69 Hungary 7005141100000000000 ♠ 141,100 2011 est . 70 Uzbekistan 7005137100000000000 ♠ 137,100 2011 est . 71 Dominican Republic 7005122300000000000 ♠ 122,300 2011 est . 72 Bulgaria 7005112700000000000 ♠ 112,700 2011 est . 73 Bangladesh 7005108900000000000 ♠ 108,900 2011 est . 74 Jordan 7005107000000000000 ♠ 107,000 2011 est . 75 Lebanon 7005106700000000000 ♠ 106,700 2011 est . 76 U.S. Virgin Islands 7005106100000000000 ♠ 106,100 2011 est . 77 Oman 7004988900000000000 ♠ 98,890 2011 est . 78 Panama 7004980000000000000 ♠ 98,000 2011 est . 79 Sudan 7004954500000000000 ♠ 95,450 2011 est . 80 Sri Lanka 7004896200000000000 ♠ 89,620 2011 est . 81 Tunisia 7004883800000000000 ♠ 88,380 2011 est . 82 Guatemala 7004839100000000000 ♠ 83,910 2011 est . 83 Slovakia 7004808100000000000 ♠ 80,810 2011 est . 84 Angola 7004794300000000000 ♠ 79,430 2011 est . 85 Kenya 7004794100000000000 ♠ 79,410 2011 est . 86 Croatia 7004785200000000000 ♠ 78,520 2011 est . 87 Jamaica 7004744100000000000 ♠ 74,410 2012 est . 88 Serbia 7004727700000000000 ♠ 72,770 2013 est . 89 Curacao 7004720000000000000 ♠ 72,000 2010 est . 90 Lithuania 7004703900000000000 ♠ 70,390 2011 est . 91 Ghana 7004615900000000000 ♠ 61,590 2011 est . 92 Luxembourg 7004613800000000000 ♠ 61,380 2011 est . 93 Cyprus 7004584300000000000 ♠ 58,430 2011 est . 94 Honduras 7004581500000000000 ♠ 58,150 2011 est . 95 Bolivia 7004555600000000000 ♠ 55,560 2013 est . 96 Slovenia 7004529300000000000 ♠ 52,930 2011 est . 97 Bahrain 7004514500000000000 ♠ 51,450 2012 est . 98 Uruguay 7004511000000000000 ♠ 51,100 2011 est . 99 Costa Rica 7004502000000000000 ♠ 50,200 2011 est . 100 Ethiopia 7004490800000000000 ♠ 49,080 2011 est . 101 Armenia 7004453000000000000 ♠ 45,300 2011 est . 102 El Salvador 7004440400000000000 ♠ 44,040 2011 est . 103 Tanzania 7004433100000000000 ♠ 43,310 2011 est . 104 Trinidad and Tobago 7004410000000000000 ♠ 41,000 2011 est . 105 Myanmar 7004406200000000000 ♠ 40,620 2011 est . 106 Senegal 7004406000000000000 ♠ 40,600 2011 est . 107 Cambodia 7004393500000000000 ♠ 39,350 2011 est . 108 Albania 7004383900000000000 ♠ 38,390 2011 est . 109 Papua New Guinea 7004363200000000000 ♠ 36,320 2011 est . 110 Bahamas 7004363000000000000 ♠ 36,300 2011 est . 111 Latvia 7004313400000000000 ♠ 31,340 2011 est . 112 Nicaragua 7004306900000000000 ♠ 30,690 2011 est . 113 Cameroon 7004294100000000000 ♠ 29,410 2011 est . 114 West Bank 7004293100000000000 ♠ 29,310 2011 est . 115 Benin 7004291700000000000 ♠ 29,170 2011 est . 116 Togo 7004286700000000000 ♠ 28,670 2011 est . 117 Bosnia and Herzegovina 7004275400000000000 ♠ 27,540 2011 est . 118 Paraguay 7004268200000000000 ♠ 26,820 2011 est . 119 Estonia 7004263400000000000 ♠ 26,340 2011 est . 120 Gibraltar 7004249200000000000 ♠ 24,920 2011 est . 121 Mauritius 7004247100000000000 ♠ 24,710 2011 est . 122 Côte d'Ivoire 7004246300000000000 ♠ 24,630 2011 est . 123 Mongolia 7004229900000000000 ♠ 22,990 2011 est . 124 Namibia 7004216100000000000 ♠ 21,610 2011 est . 125 Iceland 7004207700000000000 ♠ 20,770 2011 est . 126 Mozambique 7004200900000000000 ♠ 20,090 2013 est . 127 Tajikistan 7004195800000000000 ♠ 19,580 2011 est . 128 Malta 7004195200000000000 ♠ 19,520 2011 est . 129 Zambia 7004192600000000000 ♠ 19,260 2011 est . 130 Zimbabwe 7004190300000000000 ♠ 19,030 2011 est . 131 Nepal 7004184300000000000 ♠ 18,430 2011 est . 132 Mauritania 7004181200000000000 ♠ 18,120 2011 est . 133 Fiji 7004178100000000000 ♠ 17,810 2011 est . 134 Macedonia 7004174900000000000 ♠ 17,490 2011 est . 135 Madagascar 7004174800000000000 ♠ 17,480 2011 est . 136 Georgia 7004172800000000000 ♠ 17,280 2011 est . 137 Uganda 7004169300000000000 ♠ 16,930 2011 est . 138 Kyrgyzstan 7004166400000000000 ♠ 16,640 2011 est . 139 Gabon 7004158000000000000 ♠ 15,800 2011 est . 140 Botswana 7004154200000000000 ♠ 15,420 2011 est . 141 Moldova 7004153200000000000 ♠ 15,320 2012 est . 142 North Korea 7004150000000000000 ♠ 15,000 2012 est . 143 Brunei 7004146400000000000 ♠ 14,640 2011 est . 144 Guam 7004144900000000000 ♠ 14,490 2011 est . 145 Suriname 7004141000000000000 ♠ 14,100 2011 est . 146 Haiti 7004140000000000000 ♠ 14,000 2011 est . 147 New Caledonia 7004136400000000000 ♠ 13,640 2011 est . 148 Djibouti 7004124600000000000 ♠ 12,460 2011 est . 149 Malawi 7004120600000000000 ♠ 12,060 2011 est . 150 Guyana 7004109100000000000 ♠ 10,910 2011 est . 151 Republic of the Congo 7004107100000000000 ♠ 10,710 2011 est . 152 Democratic Republic of the Congo 7004102400000000000 ♠ 10,240 2011 est . 153 Burkina Faso 7003996000000000000 ♠ 9,960 2011 est . 154 Sierra Leone 7003876800000000000 ♠ 8,768 2011 est . 155 Guinea 7003867100000000000 ♠ 8,671 2011 est . 156 Barbados 7003833900000000000 ♠ 8,339 2011 est . 157 French Polynesia 7003800000000000000 ♠ 8,000 2011 est . 158 Seychelles 7003779300000000000 ♠ 7,793 2011 est . 159 Macau 7003737600000000000 ♠ 7,376 2013 est . 160 Belize 7003704400000000000 ♠ 7,044 2011 est . 161 Maldives 7003687500000000000 ♠ 6,875 2011 est . 162 Aruba 7003566100000000000 ♠ 5,661 2011 est . 163 Somalia 7003565900000000000 ♠ 5,659 2011 est . 164 Niger 7003562900000000000 ♠ 5,629 2011 est . 165 Rwanda 7003524500000000000 ♠ 5,245 2011 est . 166 American Samoa 7003511500000000000 ♠ 5,115 2011 est . 167 Antigua and Barbuda 7003500000000000000 ♠ 5,000 2011 est . 168 Mali 7003499400000000000 ♠ 4,994 2011 est . 169 Faroe Islands 7003487100000000000 ♠ 4,871 2011 est . 170 Swaziland 7003456700000000000 ♠ 4,567 2011 est . 171 Eritrea 7003448000000000000 ♠ 4,480 2011 est . 172 Montenegro 7003444600000000000 ♠ 4,446 2011 est . 173 Afghanistan 7003422900000000000 ♠ 4,229 2011 est . 174 Greenland 7003389700000000000 ♠ 3,897 2011 est . 175 Liberia 7003353300000000000 ♠ 3,533 2011 est . 176 Laos 7003339100000000000 ♠ 3,391 2011 est . 177 Gambia 7003318100000000000 ♠ 3,181 2011 est . 178 Central African Republic 7003317500000000000 ♠ 3,175 2011 est . 179 Cayman Islands 7003314100000000000 ♠ 3,141 2011 est . 180 Guinea - Bissau 7003292200000000000 ♠ 2,922 2011 est . 181 Saint Lucia 7003292200000000000 ♠ 2,922 2011 est . 182 Grenada 7003280300000000000 ♠ 2,803 2011 est . 183 Timor - Leste 7003275500000000000 ♠ 2,755 2011 est . 184 Bermuda 7003274700000000000 ♠ 2,747 2012 est . 185 Cabo Verde 7003260800000000000 ♠ 2,608 2011 est . 186 Burundi 7003229000000000000 ♠ 2,290 2011 est . 187 Western Sahara 7003194800000000000 ♠ 1,948 2011 est . 188 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 7003194800000000000 ♠ 1,948 2011 est . 189 Chad 7003181700000000000 ♠ 1,817 2011 est . 190 Lesotho 7003177700000000000 ♠ 1,777 2011 est . 191 Solomon Islands 7003172800000000000 ♠ 1,728 2011 est . 192 Bhutan 7003171900000000000 ♠ 1,719 2011 est . 193 Equatorial Guinea 7003158800000000000 ♠ 1,588 2011 est . 194 Saint Kitts and Nevis 7003149600000000000 ♠ 1,496 2011 est . 195 Tonga 7003122100000000000 ♠ 1,221 2011 est . 196 Vanuatu 7003117000000000000 ♠ 1,170 2011 est . 197 Samoa 7003107000000000000 ♠ 1,070 2011 est . 198 Comoros 7003102500000000000 ♠ 1,025 2011 est . 199 Nauru 7003100000000000000 ♠ 1,000 2011 est . 200 Montserrat 7003100000000000000 ♠ 1,000 2011 est . 201 British Virgin Islands 7003100000000000000 ♠ 1,000 2011 est . 202 Turks and Caicos Islands 7002999000000000000 ♠ 999 2011 est . 203 Cook Islands 7002974000000000000 ♠ 974 2011 est . 204 Saint Pierre and Miquelon 7002974000000000000 ♠ 974 2011 est . 205 Dominica 7002918000000000000 ♠ 918 2011 est . 206 Sao Tome and Principe 7002904000000000000 ♠ 904 2011 est . 207 Falkland Islands 7002300000000000000 ♠ 300 2011 est . 208 Kiribati 7002300000000000000 ♠ 300 2011 est . 209 Saint Helena 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100 2011 est .
|
List of countries by oil consumption
|
list of countries by oil consumption
|
The total worldwide oil consumption is 93 million bbl / day according to the International Energy Agency ( IEA ) .
|
Contents 1 Trends 2 Countries 3 See also 4 References Trends ( edit ) In 2010 , world energy consumption of refined products increased 3.8 % ; which was the first increase since 2004 . According to Enerdata , this trend was supported by fast - growing demand for road and air transport , particularly in developing countries . In China , demand for refined products surged by 12 % due to increasing needs . Asia accounted for more than 40 % of the overall increase in consumption . In Latin America , demand rose sharply by 5.7 % , representing 13 % of the increase . In CIS , consumption grew by 7.3 % ( 8.9 % in Russia ) , while rising 4.2 % in the Middle East ( driven by Saudi Arabia and Kuwait ) . Each region contributed 8 % to the overall increase . Despite this growth , the US remains by far the largest user of oil , consuming more than China in 2010 . China may overtake the US around 2030 . `` BP Energy Outlook 2035 '' ( PDF ) . p. 38 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2014 - 04 - 02 . Countries ( edit ) This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( September 2015 ) This is a list of countries by oil consumption . Rank Country / Region Oil consumption ( bbl / day ) Year - World 99,558,000 2018 United States 7007198800000000000 ♠ 19,880,000 2017 - European Union 7007150000000000000 ♠ 15,000,000 2017 China 7007132260000000000 ♠ 13,226,000 2017 India 7006469000000000000 ♠ 4,690,000 2017 Japan 7006398800000000000 ♠ 3,988,000 2017 Saudi Arabia 7006391800000000000 ♠ 3,918,000 2017 6 Russia 7006322400000000000 ♠ 3,224,000 2017 7 Brazil 7006301700000000000 ♠ 3,017,000 2017 8 South Korea 7006279600000000000 ♠ 2,796,000 2017 9 Germany 7006244700000000000 ♠ 2,447,000 2017 10 Canada 7006242800000000000 ♠ 2,428,000 2017 11 Iran 7006194700000000000 ♠ 1,947,000 2015 12 Mexico 7006192600000000000 ♠ 1,926,000 2015 13 France 7006160600000000000 ♠ 1,606,000 2015 14 Indonesia 7006162800000000000 ♠ 1,628,000 2015 15 United Kingdom 7006155900000000000 ♠ 1,559,000 2015 16 Thailand 7006134410000000000 ♠ 1,344,100 2015 17 Singapore 7006133900000000000 ♠ 1,339,000 2015 18 Italy 7006126200000000000 ♠ 1,262,000 2015 19 Spain 7006122600000000000 ♠ 1,226,000 2015 20 Taiwan 7006103110000000000 ♠ 1,031,100 2015 21 Australia 7006100600000000000 ♠ 1,006,000 2015 22 Netherlands 7005835000000000000 ♠ 835,000 2015 22 Turkey 7005835000000000000 ♠ 835,000 2015 24 Malaysia 7005831000000000000 ♠ 831,000 2015 25 Egypt 7005824000000000000 ♠ 824,000 2015 26 Iraq 7005818000000000000 ♠ 818,000 2011 est . 27 Argentina 7005678100000000000 ♠ 678,100 2011 est . 28 Belgium 7005644400000000000 ♠ 644,400 2011 est . 29 South Africa 7005590900000000000 ♠ 590,900 2011 est . 30 Poland 7005576600000000000 ♠ 576,600 2011 est . 31 United Arab Emirates 7005572100000000000 ♠ 572,100 2011 est . 32 Venezuela 7005571000000000000 ♠ 571,000 2011 est . 33 Pakistan 7005426700000000000 ♠ 426,700 2011 est . 34 Greece 7005343400000000000 ♠ 343,400 2011 est . 35 Kuwait 7005339000000000000 ♠ 339,000 2011 est . 36 Hong Kong 7005333900000000000 ♠ 333,900 2013 est . 37 Chile 7005321700000000000 ♠ 321,700 2011 est . 38 Ukraine 7005320600000000000 ♠ 320,600 2011 est . 39 Algeria 7005316400000000000 ♠ 316,400 2011 est . 40 Sweden 7005316000000000000 ♠ 316,000 2011 est . 41 Philippines 7005315600000000000 ♠ 315,600 2011 est . 42 Libya 7005314000000000000 ♠ 314,000 2011 est . 43 Colombia 7005287000000000000 ♠ 287,000 2011 est . 44 Ecuador 7005280000000000000 ♠ 280,000 2012 est . 45 Nigeria 7005271600000000000 ♠ 271,600 2011 est . 46 Portugal 7005259900000000000 ♠ 259,900 2012 est . 47 Vietnam 7005259700000000000 ♠ 259,700 2011 est . 48 Syria 7005258800000000000 ♠ 258,800 2011 est . 49 Switzerland 7005258200000000000 ♠ 258,200 2011 est . 50 Norway 7005255200000000000 ♠ 255,200 2011 est . 51 Israel 7005247000000000000 ♠ 247,000 2017 52 Kazakhstan 7005244200000000000 ♠ 244,200 2011 est . 53 Romania 7005238400000000000 ♠ 238,400 2011 est . 54 Austria 7005210700000000000 ♠ 210,700 2011 est . 55 Peru 7005206900000000000 ♠ 206,900 2012 est . 56 Morocco 7005204800000000000 ♠ 204,800 2011 est . 57 Finland 7005203600000000000 ♠ 203,600 2011 est . 58 Czech Republic 7005199000000000000 ♠ 199,000 2011 est . 59 Belarus 7005189700000000000 ♠ 189,700 2012 est . 60 Qatar 7005188800000000000 ♠ 188,800 2011 est . 61 Azerbaijan 7005177000000000000 ♠ 177,000 2011 est . 62 Yemen 7005168000000000000 ♠ 168,000 2011 est . 63 Denmark 7005160200000000000 ♠ 160,200 2011 est . 64 Puerto Rico 7005151600000000000 ♠ 151,600 2011 est . 65 Cuba 7005150200000000000 ♠ 150,200 2011 est . 66 New Zealand 7005148900000000000 ♠ 148,900 2011 est . 67 Turkmenistan 7005145000000000000 ♠ 145,000 2011 est . 68 Ireland 7005144000000000000 ♠ 144,000 2011 est . 69 Hungary 7005141100000000000 ♠ 141,100 2011 est . 70 Uzbekistan 7005137100000000000 ♠ 137,100 2011 est . 71 Dominican Republic 7005122300000000000 ♠ 122,300 2011 est . 72 Bulgaria 7005112700000000000 ♠ 112,700 2011 est . 73 Bangladesh 7005108900000000000 ♠ 108,900 2011 est . 74 Jordan 7005107000000000000 ♠ 107,000 2011 est . 75 Lebanon 7005106700000000000 ♠ 106,700 2011 est . 76 U.S. Virgin Islands 7005106100000000000 ♠ 106,100 2011 est . 77 Oman 7004988900000000000 ♠ 98,890 2011 est . 78 Panama 7004980000000000000 ♠ 98,000 2011 est . 79 Sudan 7004954500000000000 ♠ 95,450 2011 est . 80 Sri Lanka 7004896200000000000 ♠ 89,620 2011 est . 81 Tunisia 7004883800000000000 ♠ 88,380 2011 est . 82 Guatemala 7004839100000000000 ♠ 83,910 2011 est . 83 Slovakia 7004808100000000000 ♠ 80,810 2011 est . 84 Angola 7004794300000000000 ♠ 79,430 2011 est . 85 Kenya 7004794100000000000 ♠ 79,410 2011 est . 86 Croatia 7004785200000000000 ♠ 78,520 2011 est . 87 Jamaica 7004744100000000000 ♠ 74,410 2012 est . 88 Serbia 7004727700000000000 ♠ 72,770 2013 est . 89 Curacao 7004720000000000000 ♠ 72,000 2010 est . 90 Lithuania 7004703900000000000 ♠ 70,390 2011 est . 91 Ghana 7004615900000000000 ♠ 61,590 2011 est . 92 Luxembourg 7004613800000000000 ♠ 61,380 2011 est . 93 Cyprus 7004584300000000000 ♠ 58,430 2011 est . 94 Honduras 7004581500000000000 ♠ 58,150 2011 est . 95 Bolivia 7004555600000000000 ♠ 55,560 2013 est . 96 Slovenia 7004529300000000000 ♠ 52,930 2011 est . 97 Bahrain 7004514500000000000 ♠ 51,450 2012 est . 98 Uruguay 7004511000000000000 ♠ 51,100 2011 est . 99 Costa Rica 7004502000000000000 ♠ 50,200 2011 est . 100 Ethiopia 7004490800000000000 ♠ 49,080 2011 est . 101 Armenia 7004453000000000000 ♠ 45,300 2011 est . 102 El Salvador 7004440400000000000 ♠ 44,040 2011 est . 103 Tanzania 7004433100000000000 ♠ 43,310 2011 est . 104 Trinidad and Tobago 7004410000000000000 ♠ 41,000 2011 est . 105 Myanmar 7004406200000000000 ♠ 40,620 2011 est . 106 Senegal 7004406000000000000 ♠ 40,600 2011 est . 107 Cambodia 7004393500000000000 ♠ 39,350 2011 est . 108 Albania 7004383900000000000 ♠ 38,390 2011 est . 109 Papua New Guinea 7004363200000000000 ♠ 36,320 2011 est . 110 Bahamas 7004363000000000000 ♠ 36,300 2011 est . 111 Latvia 7004313400000000000 ♠ 31,340 2011 est . 112 Nicaragua 7004306900000000000 ♠ 30,690 2011 est . 113 Cameroon 7004294100000000000 ♠ 29,410 2011 est . 114 West Bank 7004293100000000000 ♠ 29,310 2011 est . 115 Benin 7004291700000000000 ♠ 29,170 2011 est . 116 Togo 7004286700000000000 ♠ 28,670 2011 est . 117 Bosnia and Herzegovina 7004275400000000000 ♠ 27,540 2011 est . 118 Paraguay 7004268200000000000 ♠ 26,820 2011 est . 119 Estonia 7004263400000000000 ♠ 26,340 2011 est . 120 Gibraltar 7004249200000000000 ♠ 24,920 2011 est . 121 Mauritius 7004247100000000000 ♠ 24,710 2011 est . 122 Côte d'Ivoire 7004246300000000000 ♠ 24,630 2011 est . 123 Mongolia 7004229900000000000 ♠ 22,990 2011 est . 124 Namibia 7004216100000000000 ♠ 21,610 2011 est . 125 Iceland 7004207700000000000 ♠ 20,770 2011 est . 126 Mozambique 7004200900000000000 ♠ 20,090 2013 est . 127 Tajikistan 7004195800000000000 ♠ 19,580 2011 est . 128 Malta 7004195200000000000 ♠ 19,520 2011 est . 129 Zambia 7004192600000000000 ♠ 19,260 2011 est . 130 Zimbabwe 7004190300000000000 ♠ 19,030 2011 est . 131 Nepal 7004184300000000000 ♠ 18,430 2011 est . 132 Mauritania 7004181200000000000 ♠ 18,120 2011 est . 133 Fiji 7004178100000000000 ♠ 17,810 2011 est . 134 Macedonia 7004174900000000000 ♠ 17,490 2011 est . 135 Madagascar 7004174800000000000 ♠ 17,480 2011 est . 136 Georgia 7004172800000000000 ♠ 17,280 2011 est . 137 Uganda 7004169300000000000 ♠ 16,930 2011 est . 138 Kyrgyzstan 7004166400000000000 ♠ 16,640 2011 est . 139 Gabon 7004158000000000000 ♠ 15,800 2011 est . 140 Botswana 7004154200000000000 ♠ 15,420 2011 est . 141 Moldova 7004153200000000000 ♠ 15,320 2012 est . 142 North Korea 7004150000000000000 ♠ 15,000 2012 est . 143 Brunei 7004146400000000000 ♠ 14,640 2011 est . 144 Guam 7004144900000000000 ♠ 14,490 2011 est . 145 Suriname 7004141000000000000 ♠ 14,100 2011 est . 146 Haiti 7004140000000000000 ♠ 14,000 2011 est . 147 New Caledonia 7004136400000000000 ♠ 13,640 2011 est . 148 Djibouti 7004124600000000000 ♠ 12,460 2011 est . 149 Malawi 7004120600000000000 ♠ 12,060 2011 est . 150 Guyana 7004109100000000000 ♠ 10,910 2011 est . 151 Republic of the Congo 7004107100000000000 ♠ 10,710 2011 est . 152 Democratic Republic of the Congo 7004102400000000000 ♠ 10,240 2011 est . 153 Burkina Faso 7003996000000000000 ♠ 9,960 2011 est . 154 Sierra Leone 7003876800000000000 ♠ 8,768 2011 est . 155 Guinea 7003867100000000000 ♠ 8,671 2011 est . 156 Barbados 7003833900000000000 ♠ 8,339 2011 est . 157 French Polynesia 7003800000000000000 ♠ 8,000 2011 est . 158 Seychelles 7003779300000000000 ♠ 7,793 2011 est . 159 Macau 7003737600000000000 ♠ 7,376 2013 est . 160 Belize 7003704400000000000 ♠ 7,044 2011 est . 161 Maldives 7003687500000000000 ♠ 6,875 2011 est . 162 Aruba 7003566100000000000 ♠ 5,661 2011 est . 163 Somalia 7003565900000000000 ♠ 5,659 2011 est . 164 Niger 7003562900000000000 ♠ 5,629 2011 est . 165 Rwanda 7003524500000000000 ♠ 5,245 2011 est . 166 American Samoa 7003511500000000000 ♠ 5,115 2011 est . 167 Antigua and Barbuda 7003500000000000000 ♠ 5,000 2011 est . 168 Mali 7003499400000000000 ♠ 4,994 2011 est . 169 Faroe Islands 7003487100000000000 ♠ 4,871 2011 est . 170 Swaziland 7003456700000000000 ♠ 4,567 2011 est . 171 Eritrea 7003448000000000000 ♠ 4,480 2011 est . 172 Montenegro 7003444600000000000 ♠ 4,446 2011 est . 173 Afghanistan 7003422900000000000 ♠ 4,229 2011 est . 174 Greenland 7003389700000000000 ♠ 3,897 2011 est . 175 Liberia 7003353300000000000 ♠ 3,533 2011 est . 176 Laos 7003339100000000000 ♠ 3,391 2011 est . 177 Gambia 7003318100000000000 ♠ 3,181 2011 est . 178 Central African Republic 7003317500000000000 ♠ 3,175 2011 est . 179 Cayman Islands 7003314100000000000 ♠ 3,141 2011 est . 180 Guinea - Bissau 7003292200000000000 ♠ 2,922 2011 est . 181 Saint Lucia 7003292200000000000 ♠ 2,922 2011 est . 182 Grenada 7003280300000000000 ♠ 2,803 2011 est . 183 Timor - Leste 7003275500000000000 ♠ 2,755 2011 est . 184 Bermuda 7003274700000000000 ♠ 2,747 2012 est . 185 Cabo Verde 7003260800000000000 ♠ 2,608 2011 est . 186 Burundi 7003229000000000000 ♠ 2,290 2011 est . 187 Western Sahara 7003194800000000000 ♠ 1,948 2011 est . 188 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 7003194800000000000 ♠ 1,948 2011 est . 189 Chad 7003181700000000000 ♠ 1,817 2011 est . 190 Lesotho 7003177700000000000 ♠ 1,777 2011 est . 191 Solomon Islands 7003172800000000000 ♠ 1,728 2011 est . 192 Bhutan 7003171900000000000 ♠ 1,719 2011 est . 193 Equatorial Guinea 7003158800000000000 ♠ 1,588 2011 est . 194 Saint Kitts and Nevis 7003149600000000000 ♠ 1,496 2011 est . 195 Tonga 7003122100000000000 ♠ 1,221 2011 est . 196 Vanuatu 7003117000000000000 ♠ 1,170 2011 est . 197 Samoa 7003107000000000000 ♠ 1,070 2011 est . 198 Comoros 7003102500000000000 ♠ 1,025 2011 est . 199 Nauru 7003100000000000000 ♠ 1,000 2011 est . 200 Montserrat 7003100000000000000 ♠ 1,000 2011 est . 201 British Virgin Islands 7003100000000000000 ♠ 1,000 2011 est . 202 Turks and Caicos Islands 7002999000000000000 ♠ 999 2011 est . 203 Cook Islands 7002974000000000000 ♠ 974 2011 est . 204 Saint Pierre and Miquelon 7002974000000000000 ♠ 974 2011 est . 205 Dominica 7002918000000000000 ♠ 918 2011 est . 206 Sao Tome and Principe 7002904000000000000 ♠ 904 2011 est . 207 Falkland Islands 7002300000000000000 ♠ 300 2011 est . 208 Kiribati 7002300000000000000 ♠ 300 2011 est . 209 Saint Helena 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100 2011 est . See also ( edit ) Peak oil References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 30 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 01 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ Energy Statistics Jump up ^ `` Statistical Review of World Energy , June 2018 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 21 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Country Comparison : : Refined Petroleum Products - Consumption Jump up ^ http://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/oil-gas-and-coal/oil-refining hide Lists of countries by energy rankings Non-renewable energy Petroleum Proven reserves Production Consumption Exports Imports All Natural gas Proven reserves Production Consumption Exports Imports Recoverable shale gas Coal Proven reserves Production Exports Imports Uranium Proven reserves Production Generation All Renewable energy Hydroelectricity Wind Solar Geothermal Electric energy Consumption Exports Imports Production Total energy Consumption and production per capita Intensity Summary of top fossil fuel exporters List of international rankings List of top international rankings by country Lists by country Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_countries_by_oil_consumption&oldid=863366596 '' Categories : Energy - related lists by country Petroleum by country Petroleum economics Energy consumption Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Archived copy as title Articles with obsolete information from February 2014 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles needing additional references from March 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from April 2017 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from September 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français 한국어 Русский Simple English Slovenščina தமிழ் ไทย اردو 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2018 , at 10 : 01 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20countries%20by%20oil%20consumption
| 2,107 |
|
the have and the have nots tv series
|
The Haves and the Have Nots ( tv series )
|
the haves and the have nots ( tv series )
|
The Haves and the Have Nots is an American crime drama and soap opera created , executive produced , written , and directed by Tyler Perry . The premise of the series is based on Perry 's 2011 play The Haves and the Have Nots . The show premiered on May 28 , 2013 on the Oprah Winfrey Network . It is the first scripted television series to air on the network . Both the show 's first and second episodes aired back - to - back on its premiere night . Each episode is one hour long .
|
Variety has recognized The Haves and the Have Nots as `` OWN 's most popular series to date . '' In addition , the drama series has been acclaimed as being `` one of OWN 's biggest success stories with its weekly dose of soapy fun , filled with the typical betrayals , affairs , manipulations , and a bitch slap or two . '' The series set ratings record for OWN , scoring the highest ratings ever for a series premiere and the highest overall ratings in the network 's history . The second season premiered on January 7 , 2014 . To date , the series is still OWN 's highest rated broadcast . The mid-season 2 finale , aired on March 11 , 2014 , was the most watched broadcast in OWN 's history , and also came in first among all of cable television and number 4 among all shows on television for the night it aired . The mid-season 2 premiere aired on May 27 , 2014 . The third season of the series premiered on January 6 , 2015 . The second half premiered on June 30 , 2015 . The fourth season of the series premiered on January 5 , 2016 and the second half premiered on June 21 , 2016 and aired through September 6 , 2016 . The fifth season premiered on January 3 , 2017 and ended with the mid-season finale on March 14 , 2017 . On January 30 , 2017 , the series was given an additional 44 - episode order . The second half of season 5 premiered on June 20 , 2017 and ended with the season finale on September 12 , 2017 . On November 21 , 2017 , the series was renewed for a sixth season , which premiered on January 9 , 2018 . On March 13 , 2018 , it was announced of the show 's return of the sixth season to premiere on May 1 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Cast and characters 2.1 The Haves 2.2 The Have Nots 2.3 Other main characters 2.4 Recurring characters 3 Reception 3.1 Critical response 3.2 Angela Robinson ( Veronica Harrington ) 3.3 Ratings and broadcast history 4 Awards and nominations 5 References 6 External links Series overview ( edit ) Main article : List of The Haves and the Have Nots episodes The series follows three families and their lifestyles as they intersect with one another in Savannah , Georgia : the rich , powerful , and locally very public Cryer and Harrington families ( dubbed `` The Haves '' ) and the poor and destitute Young family ( dubbed `` The Have Nots '' ) . The Young family is headed by Hanna , a single mother who works as the Cryer family 's maid and also serves as the best friend and confidante of the lady of the house , Katheryn . Included as part of The Have Nots is another maid of the Cryer family 's , Celine Gonzales . While the Young family versus the Cryer and Harrington families lead polar opposite lifestyles in terms of social class , economics , social status , and surroundings , they are each similar in that they lead exceedingly dysfunctional lifestyles . Each of the three families experience similarly overwhelming hardships and plights . Often , the plights , predicaments , and hardships that the three families encounter are of a juicy , scandalous , and controversial nature . Among the serious issues that have been tackled on the program to date have included : infidelity , cancer , substance abuse , homosexuality , suicide , prostitution , poverty , rape , law / crime , abortion , religion / Christianity , politics , and mental health . All of the main characters in the program have proven to be devious , immoral , vile , or at least nasty in their behaviors at one point or another , if not regularly . The show 's cast is multiracial : one of the upper class families are Caucasian American and the other is African American ; the poor family is also African American ; in addition to this , there is a poor maid who 's Hispanic . To that end , when Angela Robinson ( the actress who plays Veronica Harrington ) was interviewed about her new role on the series in late June 2013 , she stated , `` This is one of the only shows on television with a diverse cast that looks like America : Black , White , Latino , straight , gay , rich , and poor . '' The characters are filled with experiences , typically of a serious and shocking nature , that they attempt to keep secret from one another ; however , their secrets tend to dramatically come to light when all is said and done . Cast and characters ( edit ) Actor Character Seasons 5 6 Tika Sumpter Candace Young Main Crystal Fox Hanna Young Main Renee Lawless Katheryn Cryer Main Tyler Lepley Benjamin `` Benny '' Young Main Jaclyn Betham Amanda Cryer Main Does not appear Aaron O'Connell Wyatt Cryer Main Peter Parros David Harrington Main Angela Robinson Veronica Harrington Main Gavin Houston Jeffrey Harrington Main Eva Tamargo Celine Gonzales Main John Schneider James `` Jim '' Cryer Main Allison McAtee Margaret `` Maggie '' Day Does not appear Recurring Main Does not appear Does not appear Shari Headley Jennifer Sallison Does not appear Recurring Main Does not appear Does not appear Jon Chaffin Warlock `` War '' Lewis Does not appear Guest Recurring Main Recurring Does not appear Brett Davis Mitchell `` Mitch '' Malone Does not appear Recurring Main Presilah Nunez Erica Does not appear Guest Main Danielle Deadwyler La'Quita `` Quita '' Maxwell Does not appear Guest Main Recurring Guest Nicholas James Justin Lewis Does not appear Main Nick Sagar Charles Frederickson Main Antoinette Robertson Melissa Does not appear Recurring Main The Haves ( edit ) The Cryer family James `` Jim '' Cryer ( John Schneider ) : The take - charge but destructively thoughtless patriarch of the Cryer family , and a Savannah criminal courts judge who has his eyes set on becoming Governor of Georgia . A major reason for Jim 's rising to where he 's at professionally and socioeconomically is because of Katheryn 's family . Although a kind - hearted and sensitive man at heart , Jim 's urges , vices , greed , and self - preservation often get the better of him and cause him to act rashly , disloyally , destructively inconsiderate , and even abusively as far as his rank and power . Given his position as a wealthy judge in high society , Jim has certain dirty measures at his disposal from which to gain the upper hand on anyone that crosses him . Jim often uses the catchphrase `` I 'll handle it '' as a signal of his taking to such measures . His wife , Katheryn , is all too well aware of his power to gain the upper hand and fight dirty , sometimes even instructing Jim to resort to his foul play tactics by telling him to `` handle it . '' Jim 's power plays and abuse are generally used when desperate times call for desperate measures . Although they 're moves that are devoid of all scruples , he has typically only used them as scare tactics unless gravely offended by an act . These drastic lengths Jim has gone to typically call for the bringing in of reinforcements and people who owe him debts ; for example , he has a history of setting his secret army of thugs ( `` The Malones '' ) in action so as to get his way in particularly trying circumstances . Jim has a gruff , abrasive nature about him and can be headstrong and obstinate in getting things done . Highlighting Jim 's dirtiness , he has knowingly covered for his son Wyatt 's constructive manslaughter of a 6 - year - old girl and serious injury of Hanna 's son Benny . All the while doing this , he contemptuously informed Hanna of his intentions of being dishonest as to Wyatt 's culpability in the matter ; he then followed this by having Hanna falsely arrested and jailed . Jim is also philandering and two - timing , having a long , elaborate history of cheating on his wife . He and Katheryn are n't close anymore because of it . However , they present themselves to the public as having a strong and loving marriage . No sooner than they 're left in private , however , do they both shift into their surly attitudes towards one another , exchanging sardonic remarks between each other . Among the many women Jim has had affairs with is Candace . Out of all the women he has had affairs with ( one of which was his own employee , Celine Gonzales , who wants him back ) , Jim finds himself most intrigued by Candace , acting with reckless abandonment in his extramarital affairs with her . Jim is incorrigible and always seems to submit to his vices and negative ways . While Jim is harsh and rough in his parenting of Wyatt ( who seems to have the scruples that his father lacks ) , he 's more gentle and tactful in his parenting of his daughter Amanda , because of how `` fragile '' he perceives her to be . It is later revealed that Jim has two more children with Celine , a grown son named `` Carlos '' and a 7 - year - old boy named after Jim . Despite his anger at Hanna , after she puts him in his place , he does allow her to comfort him after he breaks down in Amanda 's room . Much later , Jim finds out that Veronica Harrington had Wyatt raped in prison . Thoroughly enraged after his confrontation with her husband , David , Jim orders a bloodbath , with Officer Terrell , Professor Cannon ( Amanda 's rapist ) , and Veronica being the targets of his latest revenge . One of Jim 's arch - enemies is assistant District Attorney , Jennifer Sallison . Katheryn Cryer ( née Hargrave ) ( Renee Lawless ) : Katheryn is Jim 's deeply warm , sensitive , caring but highly passive - aggressive wife . Katheryn often displays her anger , hatred , bitterness , and stress in a suppressed but still very detectable fashion . She is filled with melancholy , rancor , and sullen indignation primarily as result of the various trials and tribulations brought upon her as it relates to her family , particularly her husband . Due to Katheryn 's overwhelming stress , un-forthcoming nature , and tendency to hold her feelings in , she has been known to express herself in ways that are unhealthy , passive - aggressive , at times even volatile and explosive . Her reputation in the community has been a major reason for her restraint and unhealthy expressions of pent - up rage . A prime example of this is in Katheryn 's attempts to keep her bout with breast cancer away from everyone . As a result , she was constantly snapping on her maid , Hanna , but once she finally opened up to Hanna about what was going on , the two developed a close bond . An heiress , Katheryn was born into one of Savannah 's oldest and wealthiest families , considered to be old - money ( her father was also revealed to be an alcoholic during an argument with Jim ) . Very intuitive , she always has some idea of what 's going on without things being directly revealed to her , especially with regards to her close friends and family . At the same time , Katheryn often feigns ignorance to certain matters that she 's well - aware of . As an example , she once secretly revealed to Hanna that she only remains married to Jim as part of one big passive - aggressive scheme to make his life more miserable . She well understands that her family and she herself keep a lot of secrets from each other , largely due to their very public position in high society . Katheryn has two best friends : 1 ) One is Hanna . This is despite Katheryn discovering that Hanna 's daughter is Candace , a fact that Hanna herself revealed to Katheryn. 2 ) The other is Veronica , although Katheryn has detected other seedy sides to Veronica and thus does n't consider her the closest friend . Moreover , Katheryn remains unaware that Veronica had her son raped in prison , however when Katheryn does find out about Veronica revolting act , she decides that Veronica should be afraid of her by shooting DA Jennifer Sallison right in front of her and then taunting her mind games of who she really is , thus potentially destroying their relationship . While Katheryn is discontented in her dysfunctional family life and particularly her marriage to Jim ( knowing all too well of his many affairs ) , she often does n't let on as such . Rather , she 's two - faced , acting romantically content and loving with Jim when around strangers but bitter and saturnine with Jim when in private . Much of her discontentment , sullenness , and pessimism stems from Jim 's constant adultery ; her battles with breast cancer ; and the sexual abuse of her children and their resultant corruption . Katheryn has an inclination to refer to Jim 's long line of mistresses by the numerical and chronological order in which Jim has messed around with them as opposed to their given names , passive - aggressively highlighting her contempt . She greatly despises Candace , whom she calls `` Nine , '' because of the upheaval Candace has caused with her affair with Jim and her friendship with Amanda . She also has sheer animosity towards her other employee , Celine ( whom she calls `` Four '' ) , due to her past affair with Jim and also for the disrespect that Celine shows towards Hanna . Unlike Jim , she was much harder on her now - deceased daughter Amanda , but more gentle and tactful with Wyatt , though she will not tolerate his more extreme behaviors . Because of her position in high society and connections with people in power , Katheryn is more than able to help friends in need , such as her best friend Hanna . Almost two years after losing Amanda to suicide , Katheryn had almost lost Wyatt to his own demons . In this case , he was presumed dead after a drug overdose , but was later revealed to still be alive and was only unconscious for 32 hours . In the season 4 finale `` Promises Kept , '' after being pushed to her limits ; from Jeffery tells her that his mother arranged for Wyatt to be raped to not getting control of his inheritance , Katheryn shoots D.A. Jennifer Sallison multiple times in the stomach , killing her while she and Veronica are at her house having a meeting and wants Veronica to get her off . In the Season 5 premiere , Katheryn is well - aware of Veronica 's early life and knows she is not as powerful as she appears to be and threats to have the bank , where she is a board member , foreclose everything if Veronica ever tries to mess with her and vows to make her pay after she arranged for Wyatt to be raped in prison . At first she does n't want to visit her comatose son , but eventually does . At the mid-season finale , Katheryn finally makes good on her threat to leave Jim , and she does , leaving him in the shell of the now empty house , she also moves all the furnishings . She also plans to sell the house . Wyatt Cryer ( Aaron O'Connell ) : Wyatt is the son of Jim and Katheryn . In the first episode , it 's learned that Wyatt is so incorrigible in his vices that he 's on his third stint in rehab for drug abuse and alcoholism . Wyatt 's current rehabilitation program is run by the Harrington family and is on an outpatient basis on the condition that he is monitored 24 / 7 by Jeffery Harrington . Very hostile and ill - natured , Wyatt is constantly copping attitude and making snippy remarks , even in moments in which his redeeming sides are shown . In his redeeming moments , he has shown that he 'll take up for those whom he considers his friends , such as Jeffery . In general , however , Wyatt is antagonistic towards Jeffery and knows that he 's gay . Wyatt also had suspicions of his father having an affair with Candace before it was ultimately confirmed . Often , he spewed innuendos at Candace over this , making insinuations as to her lust for older men . Jim is able to subjugate Wyatt with his regular tough , sometimes even abusive treatment of him , deterring Wyatt from confronting him on these matters . In the Season 1 finale , Wyatt informs Jeffery in cutting and unsparing fashion that he 's neither gay nor bisexual , and is uninterested in him . Following that , he gets strung out on heroin ; while intoxicated , he is involved in a fatal hit and run which kills a six - year - old girl named Lizzie and critically injures Hanna 's son Benny , leaving him on life support . Wyatt is eventually arrested for vehicular homicide ( Lizzie 's death ) after confessing to the hit - and - run , which shows that he does have more of a conscience than his corrupt father . Katheryn decides that Wyatt should be held responsible for his actions and compels Jim not to protect Wyatt anymore . Early in Season 3 , Wyatt confirms that Jim was indeed cheating by seeing his dad 's texts with his constant mistresses over the years . After getting drunk , he confronts Celine about his half - brother , Carlos , and then has a fight with his mother . Wyatt is later devastated to find out that his sister is dead . In `` In Crisis , '' Jim and Wyatt have a huge fight in the kitchen where Wyatt reveals all the affairs that Jim has had over the years ( besides the known ones with Celine and Candace , it is revealed that Jim has had affairs with Wyatt 's various babysitters as well as his high school math teacher ) and also discloses that Jim was out with Celine when he ( Wyatt ) was being molested at camp . In the mid-season finale , Wyatt is preparing to go to prison for vehicular homicide . While in prison , though , Wyatt is raped by an inmate on the orders of Veronica Harrington . In the Season 3 finale , Wyatt turns his parents over to the authorities with the help of Jeffery , and he strikes a deal with Jennifer , the district attorney . The deal is that Wyatt and Jeffery will both be given immunity if they testify at their parents ' trial . In Season 4 , as Wyatt prepares to testify , Jennifer helps him get his inheritance - $12 million - in an attempt to avoid his parents and get his own place if they get out of jail . Sadly though , it was revealed that Wyatt succumbed to his drug addictions again , and had `` died '' of a drug overdose . Later , though , it was revealed Wyatt is still alive and was unconscious for 32 hours after his overdose . He fully awakens from his coma in the fifth season premiere . It was revealed that he was born in Wyoming , when his parents were on a ski trip . Amanda Cryer ( Jaclyn Betham ) : ( Seasons 1 -- 2 ) Amanda was Jim and Katheryn 's naïve college - aged daughter who was friends with her father 's mistress , Candace . Until the Season 2 finale , Amanda is unaware that Candace was her father 's mistress . Amanda has had issues with self - harm and suicide in the past , having engaged in cutting herself . It has been hinted in the series that the reasons for Amanda 's battles with self - harm may stem from some traumatic sex abuse incident from her distant past , involving Wyatt and a priest . Compounded with this , she was raped by Professor Cannon , one of her law school teachers in Season 1 's `` The Criminal . '' Amanda is portrayed as very fragile , self - doubting , and unassertive , lacking self - confidence and afraid to speak up for herself , except when there 's something wrong with her . She is also portrayed as innocent , unsuspecting , and naive . Despite her suicidal past and self - doubting nature , Amanda is also bright , cheery , warm , affable , and easy to talk to . Shortly before her death , Amanda , with Candace 's support , was in the process of suing her parents for her inheritance from her grandfather . Before her death , it was revealed that Amanda was going through some very deep - seated emotional / psychological problems that she needed medication for . Resulting from this problem , her temperament became touchy , mercurial , and often nutty . She even stalked Cannon , going so far as to stab him in broad daylight in her final encounter with him . Her problems were grim enough to the point that she was nearing an emotional breakdown . Amanda 's mental problems became increasingly worse as time went on , and she purchased a gun and struck up a sort of relationship with Quincy , Candace 's former lover . In the Season 2 finale , she sang her `` Eeny meeny miney moe '' song while running through the house with the gun , which she pointed at Wyatt and Katheryn . The season ended with her laughing just before a gunshot is fired . Her fate is left unresolved until episode four of Season 3 , `` Amanda 's Room , '' in which Hanna discovers Amanda dead in her room . At the end of the subsequent episode , `` The Press Conference , '' a reporter announces that Amanda has died in an apparent suicide . In the next episode , `` A Tragic Day , '' her death was held to be a homicide , but was later proven that Amanda had indeed committed suicide . However , in the season 4 episode `` An Accident '' , D.A. Jennifer Salliston revealed to David ( Peter Parros ) the possibility that Amanda 's death was a homicide . The Harrington family Veronica Harrington ( Angela Robinson ) : Although refined , composed , and classy on the surface , Veronica ( wife of David and mother of Jeffrey ) is actually an extremely no - holds - barred , vicious , malicious , cold , calculating , coercive , manipulative , overbearing , antagonistic , and catty snob underneath it all . She 's used to delivering zingers in her trademarked cool , calm , collected yet trenchant , stinging , and outwitting fashion . Very obdurate , she has proven to be set in her anti-gay and diabolic ways . Resulting from the character 's very one - of - a-kind brand of villainy and vile levels she 's proven more than willing to stoop to , Veronica has been advertised by OWN and various media outlets as `` The Ice Queen . '' Veronica is a success story who has lived a rags - to - riches life : she started out in poor , struggling conditions , living from the dangerous projects , which speaks to her self - proclaimed `` tough hood '' side ; however , through hard work and determination , she has fought her way up into luxury and the elite . Adding to her advancements in life , Veronica is a recovered pill addict , her addiction spawning from an abortion she feels has haunted her throughout her whole life . She later started up the drug rehab program that Wyatt 's enrolled in . Although Veronica 's from South Side , Chicago , she is Ivy League educated . Further , she had a stint as a practicing attorney from which she drew an indomitable and highly proficient reputation ; it is in this forum where Veronica 's sharp intelligence is portrayed as intimidating and formidable . She gains Hanna 's favor after helping Benny through a legal predicament , a job which Veronica reluctantly took up for free at Katheryn 's request ( Katheryn informed Hanna that Veronica `` owes ( her ) big time '' for some unmentioned act ) . Veronica has expressed vitriolic intolerance of her son Jeffrey 's homosexuality , often reducing him to feelings of grief and sorrow . As examples , she has harassingly instructed and coerced Jeffery to get a girlfriend ; sabotaged Jeffery 's relations with Wyatt ; impassionedly told Jeffrey that she rather the survival of her sons that did n't make it due to an abortion and miscarriages than a homosexual like himself ; asserted that Jeffery 's being gay is a punishment from God ; etc . As of the second season , Veronica 's controlling behavior , intolerance , and overall devilry has gotten so extreme that it 's prompted her husband , David , to move out of their home until she changes her ways . Veronica has gotten to the point where she blames Jeffery for his father 's presumed dalliance with Maggie Day , his and Jim 's campaign manager . In the episode `` In Crisis , '' Katheryn tries to tell Veronica that Jeffery is gay , but she refuses to accept this and sharply so ; this solidifies the fact that Veronica is n't , nor was she ever , a true friend to Katheryn . Veronica tries to get Hanna out of Katheryn 's life , but Katheryn rather prefers Hanna 's friendship and company over her , much to Veronica 's dismay . In the mid-season finale , Veronica 's life is crashing down around her , with Jeffrey telling her off for arranging for him to impregnate Melissa with his child so he 'd be forced to marry her , as well as David insisting on getting her psychiatric help . She later helps Benny bail out of jail again , seduces him and gives him her car , then she finally snaps and tries to burn David to death while he 's sleeping in bed . Veronica begins a relationship with Benny , to the dismay of his mother , Hanna . Also , Veronica has become increasingly vindictive and malicious , having ordered an inmate to rape Wyatt while he 's in prison ; this infuriated Jim enough to the point where he attempts to strangle her and later calls for her death . She , along with her husband , Jim and Katheryn were arrested for tampering with evidence and obstruction of justice . It was revealed that Veronica had killed Maggie . She felt that even though she was cheating on David with Benny , nobody else could have David except her . This has disgusted David to the point where he had finally had enough of Veronica and he filed divorce papers against her , for her adultery , as well as her purely venomous doings . He even had her forcibly removed from his car . In the Season 5 Premiere , much of Veronica 's early and current life is revealed by Katheryn : her mother was a prostitute , her father played numbers and women , her four siblings all hate her and it is implied that she slept with Katheryn 's elderly father for a scholarship when she was in college . It is also revealed that she is not as powerful as she appears to be : her mortgages are worth more than her net worth , makes payments and she 's in debt with the bank where Katheryn is a board member . David Harrington ( Peter Parros ) : David is the level - headed , grim , and gravelly - voiced husband of Veronica and father of Jeffrey who often acts as a voice of reason . He is a judge and is also Jim 's business partner and friend . He spends most of his time trying to clean up Jim 's messes and cover up for his ( Jim 's ) extramarital affairs as his career path is currently aligned with Jim 's . As a result of trying to clean up Jim 's messes at every other turn , David has gotten himself into serious plights and predicaments of his own . In an effort to frame Candace to avenge Jim , David unintentionally framed Candace 's brother and Hanna 's son Benny ; consequently , Benny was arrested and incarcerated for drug possession , which resulted in a large , complex mess that David at the center of . David has once implicitly admitted to having extramarital affairs , but this has not as of yet been a focus of the series . Conversely , when asked by Maggie in season 2 , he denies ever having an affair . In one episode , Veronica suspects David of having an affair with Candace , but this was later invalidated . She later then accused David of having an affair with Maggie , but this was also invalidated . David frequently admonishes Veronica whenever he perceives her behavior as getting out of control , such as in the case of her bigotry towards their gay son , Jeffrey . In contrast to Veronica , David has shown acceptance of their son Jeffery and disapprobation and shame of his wife . David goes so far as moving out of the house he shares with Veronica because of her cattiness and nastiness towards Jeffery . In season 3 , he is caught with Maggie and Veronica blames Jeffery for what she perceives as his father 's infidelity . David is finally convinced by Candace that Veronica is dangerous and extremely wicked , especially after he finds out from her that his wife ordered Quincy , Candace 's former paramour , to brutalize Jeffery . David 's own life is placed in jeopardy when Veronica proceeds to dump gasoline around their bed and attempts to burn him to death . Though he awakens to escape in time , he learns of Veronica 's involvement in his near - death and tells no one but Jim of what transpired . He also learns of his wife 's ordering of Wyatt being raped by an inmate . This has really caused David to really question Veronica and her evil ways . David and Jim 's friendship has sundered when the latter strangles Veronica upon realizing that she had ordered a rapist to rape his son , Wyatt . Later on , David , along with Veronica , Jim and Katheryn were arrested for tampering with evidence and obstruction of Justice . Landon and Maggie leak some information which succeeds in getting David out of jail , where he finds out about Veronica 's relationship with Benny Young . Jeffery Harrington ( Gavin Houston ) : Jeffery is David and Veronica 's son . He is Wyatt 's 24 / 7 substance abuse counselor in the Harrington family 's drug rehab program . Much to Wyatt 's displeasure , Jeffery 's counseling is full of preachy remarks and frequent urgings for Wyatt to open up about his feelings . A topical matter in the series has been Jeffery 's sexual orientation . Closeted throughout much of the first season , Jeffery spends most of his time immersed in his job of monitoring Wyatt . Although the two grew up with each other , Jeffery finds that the more time he spends with Wyatt , the more he seems to develop feelings for him . Still , Jeffery struggles to remain the consummate professional and suppresses his attraction to Wyatt while in the presence of others but not before attempting to thwart every plan that Wyatt had to reconcile with his ex-girlfriend Laura . Unbeknownst to Jeffery , Wyatt already strongly suspected Jeffery of being gay ( before Jeffery came out ) and as a result would oftentimes behave snappishly and hostilely towards him . Although suspected by almost everyone close to him , Jeffery does n't come out about his sexuality until the final episode of the first season , `` No More Hiding . '' In this episode , Jeffery desperately brings the matter to his parents ' attention , resulting in a compassionate reaction from his father and a harshly disapproving and disappointed reaction from his mother . In the second season , Jeffery gains Candace 's support and also gains an admirer from afar in a man named Landon , who works for Maggie Day , the campaign manager of his dad 's friend , Jim Cryer . Jeffery considers an interest in Landon , despite his mother 's homophobia and her constant manipulations : His mother , at one point , goes so far as coercing Jeffery into treating a woman he has no interest in as his girlfriend otherwise be thrown in jail . In Season 3 , Veronica goes so far as to blame Jeffery for his father 's presumed dalliance with his campaign manager , Maggie Day . In `` A Tragic Day , '' a drunk Wyatt tries to put the moves on Jeffery . In the episode `` In Crisis , '' Jeffery is brutally assaulted by Quincy , Candace 's former paramour , on his mother 's orders . In the season finale , Jeffery learns that his mother arranged for him to get Melissa pregnant so he 'd be forced to marry her ; this causes him to finally stand up to his mother and leave the house . He then proceeds to bed Landon , the man he wants , and finally feels free to be the person he wants to be at long last . Later on , Jeffrey and Candace fight her ex-paramour , Quincy , stabbing him to death , Jeffrey is arrested for this , and is sexually harassed by an officer named Justin . However , he and Justin do reach an understanding . The Have Nots ( edit ) The Young family & Celine Gonzales Candace `` Candy '' Young ( Tika Sumpter ) : Candace is Hanna 's estranged daughter , Benny 's older half - sister , and Jim 's latest mistress who 's less than half his age . She is portrayed as a roguish , crafty jezebel with a very mischievous , flippant , saucy , presumptuous , and extremely nervy attitude . Often , Candace subjugates others through her many forms of manipulation ; extortion ; low blows ; and dirt she 's able to obtain on people . Unprincipled and unscrupulous , Candace has pulled many cons ; has acted as a prostitute and a mistress ; has engaged in elaborate forms of blackmail ; etc . Candace also has many redeeming qualities about her however , such shown in her genuine love and concern for her brother , Benny , her friend Jeffery and her late friend Amanda . In addition , she is very gay - friendly and has assisted Jeffery through his struggles in dealing with his mother 's anti-gay behaviors , and she 's done so in her typical bold fashion . She has also shown that underneath all of her bitterness , animosity and hostility for her mother that she loves her at the end of the day , once purchasing her a brand new car without her knowing about it . Candace has expressed a discontentment with growing up with nothing and the dysfunctional family life she feels was brought on by her mother 's bad choices and sexual immoralities . She is covetous and aspiring of the wealth and riches that the Cryer family possesses . She will go to any and all lengths to partake in it . Most inauspiciously for Jim , Candace was also friends with his daughter Amanda . Katheryn disdains Candace , passive - aggressively labeling her as `` Nine '' ( after the number of mistresses Jim has had ) . Candace was guiding Katheryn and Jim 's daughter , Amanda , in suing them for Amanda 's inheritance before Amanda 's death . Candace has also opened up to Jeffery about how she learned her many artifices and maneuvers from a deceased mentor / close comrade of hers , who was a transvestite . It has been revealed in the series that Candace has a baby whose whereabouts and status are unknown . Quincy , the father of her baby , is released from prison by Veronica to take control over Candace . Candace 's mother frequently harasses Candace to bring her this baby . She later reveals to her mother that the baby was dead , killed by Quincy . However , it 's later discovered that the baby , a now young boy named Quincy Jr. ( or Q , as he is called ) is alive . Moreover , it 's also revealed in season 3 that one of Hanna 's ex-boyfriends raped Candace . In the scene Hanna passionately expresses her remorse , though up until that point Hanna had been verbally , emotionally and even physically abusive towards her daughter throughout the entire series . In the Season 3 finale , Candace and Jeffery eventually stab Quincy to death , and in Season 4 , Candace attempts to hide evidence that he was killed . Quincy reawakens after days of unconsciousness , and despite pleas for help , Candace refuses to help Quincy . Candace eventually gets Benny to help her hide evidence of Quincy 's murder in the Season 4 episode `` Immunity . '' Hanna Young ( Crystal Fox ) : Hanna is Benny and Candace 's mother , and the Cryer 's maid . She raised her two children as a single mother . Hanna is very soulful , religious , nurturing , grandmotherly , persevering , and compassionate , though has a harshly overreactive , draconian , rancorous , virulent , vituperative , and even violent side about her as well . Haggard and long - suffering , she often displays the effects of overwhelming stress , overwork , and worry in her behavior . Still , she is very much a trouper who is uncomplaining , assiduous , and always hard - working . Compounded with this , Hanna is also trustworthy and reliable and can be confided in about anything ; this has won her the respect of her superiors and even a close bond with her boss Katheryn . Hanna is often confronted with many hardships and obstacles , but she has relied on her strong Christian faith to pull through . Hanna has an unprincipled , reckless distant past with regards to her sexual behavior . For example , Hanna had sex with a married man named Tony Watson ( though unknowingly , as Tony neglected to share this information ) which lead to the birth of Benny . Another example , Hanna had one - night stand which left her pregnant with Candace . In addition , one of Hanna 's ex-boyfriends raped her daughter Candace , which is indicated as possibly explaining some of her daughter 's own sexually reckless ways . Hanna maintains , however , that God has long forgiven her for her reckless sexual past , rendering this all null and void in her mind . Thick - skinned and even - tempered , Hanna is typically slow to offense and anger , though the two people she shows no patience for is her daughter Candace and Benny 's absentee father , treating the both of them with great amounts of venom and vituperation . Hanna regularly shows deep - seated disgust with Candace because of her unethical choices and sexual immoralities . Because of Hanna 's own sexual immoralities and constant emotional and physical abuse especially of her daughter , she often comes across as sanctimonious and holier - than - thou . On the other hand , Hanna is deeply proud of her son because of his more upright choices and hard work ethic . Despite her deep - seated acrimony for her daughter , Hanna has proven that she will protect and defend her daughter when push comes to shove , such as shown when she learned of the Cryers physically abusing Candace . During the second season , Hanna was in contention with Tony about keeping Benny on life support after the hit - and - run accident , and fell prey to her evil employer Jim . Hanna quits her job as a housekeeper in the Cryer home due to Jim 's conniving , and later reunites with her best friend Katheryn , who wants her to come back to her job as her housekeeper ; Hanna agrees but only after Benny is settled in . She returns to work , and is the one who discovers Amanda dead in her bedroom . She also becomes more snarky and confrontational with Celine , having finally had enough with Celine 's nasty ways . Previously , Hanna was regularly bullied and abused by Celine with little to no response . Currently , Hanna is overjoyed at finally having her grandson , Q , in her life , and is filing for custody of her grandson . Benjamin `` Benny '' Young ( Tyler Lepley ) : Benny is Hanna 's son and Candace 's half - brother . He operates a tow truck company . In comparison to his conniving sister , he is less prone to cause trouble for his mother . Benny is personable , dutiful , and hard - working . He 's very tough and overprotective and takes his role as man of the house very seriously , sometimes recklessly and foolhardily so . He has unconditional love and care for his mother and sister and is willing to put his own life on the line to avenge or defend them . Benny 's also often caught in the middle of his mother 's and Candace 's acrimonious relationship with each other . Despite the fact that his mother has completely given up on Candace , Benny still shows he loves and believes in Candace . Secretly behind his mother 's back , Benny has close ties to Candace and keeps in contact with her . This involvement in Candace 's affairs has landed Benny in prison . In the episode `` No More Hiding , '' Benny sharply called out his mother for her treatment of Candace , reminding Hanna that she herself has a colorful history of sexual immoralities . It is also in this episode that Benny learns that his father is Tony and shames his mother upon discovering this for keeping that information from him . In the season one finale , Benny is changing a tire when he is dramatically run down by a strung out Wyatt Cryer , which leaves him in a coma and on life support . He is ultimately removed from life support and supposedly passes away , leaving his mother and sister to grieve him . However , it is revealed that he still has some brain activity indicating he 's still alive after being moved to a private hospital from the county general hospital ( which was revealed to have been the doing of Katheryn , who also pays the bill for Benny 's hospital stay ) . Benny eventually makes a full recovery . By mid-season 3 , Benny slowly discovers why his family is so dysfunctional . For example , the rape of young Candace at the hands of one of his mother 's boyfriends , and his estranged father 's actions while he was on life support . In the season finale , Benny discovered that Quincy had hit his mother , and in a fit of rage proceeds to take vengeance and wreak all havoc on Quincy . He also begins an affair with Veronica Harrington , who bails him out . After he bails Quincy out , he proceeds to thrash him again and then frame him for drug charges . He also finally locates his nephew , Q , and brings him to Hanna . So overjoyed is she that she has her grandchild , that she promptly initiates custody proceedings for him . Celine Gonzales ( Eva Tamargo ) : ( Seasons 1 -- 3 ) Celine is a former maid in the Cryer home and ex-friend of Hanna . She was originally depicted as a casual , relaxed woman , often fostering a friendly , informal atmosphere . She was also depicted as savvy and well - informed , and gossipy , given to divulging useful inside information about life at the Cryer 's to Hanna . However , as time passed on and Hanna appeared to become closer to Katheryn and gain favor within the Cryer household , Celine 's demeanor changed : she began to take on more jealous , bullying and antagonistic behaviors , largely towards Hanna and later towards Katheryn as well . Prior to the dissolution of their friendship , Celine reveals through conversation with Hanna that she is currently married to a man named Humberto and that the marriage is troubled and distant , if not all together dysfunctional . Despite her marriage , Celine happens to be another one of Jim 's former mistresses and due to a lack of knowledge of Jim 's infatuation with Candace , she continually tried to rekindle her relationship with Jim . Each of her attempts to seduce him were met with rejection which also adds to her aggravation . Because of her history with Jim , Katheryn disdains Celine and passive - aggressively refers to her as `` Four '' , the number she comes up among Jim 's long line of mistresses ( in similar fashion to the way Katheryn refers to Candace as `` Nine '' ) . Katheryn has stated that she allows Celine to stick around under employment for passive - aggressive purposes as she revels in the grief she suffers from Jim 's rejections . Though in the season 2 episode `` Family Issues , '' the two seem to have their first major confrontation when Katheryn sharply calls out Celine for only pretending to telephone Hanna so as to get her ( Hanna ) into trouble with Katheryn . Katheryn informs that she 's well aware of Celine 's shenanigans towards her friend in more ways than one and that she 'll be fired if she keeps it up . However , Celine shuts down Katheryn by letting her know that she wo n't be firing her what with how much she values her reputation and all the information she ( Celine ) has on her ( Katheryn ) family . ( Because of what she knows , she forges an arrangement , one which Katheryn does not approve of , which keeps her job sacrosanct ) In season 3 , it 's revealed that Celine and Jim have two sons . One is a near grown son named Carlos as well as a seven - year - old named Jim , Jr . Shortly prior to Amanda 's death , Celine enjoyed needling Katheryn . In the season 3 episode `` A Tragic Day '' , Katheryn wildly snapped on Celine and fires her . She does n't go down without a fight , though , which enrages Katheryn so much that she throws a vase at Celine . Celine is finally thrown out of the house in the episode `` April 7 , 1979 '' when Katheryn gets into yet another fight with the former housekeeper . In the next episode , Celine gets into an argument with Hanna about a parking space , and Hanna , who finally sees Celine for the conniving and scheming woman that she really is , firmly tells her that she was fired . Finally , Jim tells Celine that she is fired and for her to leave the house . Celine leaves . She makes one more appearance before Amanda 's funeral , but was thrown out . Jim visits Celine and stuns her with the announcement that he had never loved her , that she was only good for one thing , sex . She would receive child support for their youngest son , but he refers to the child as a bastard . The amount would be quite small , as he is using his power as a judge to set the amount . She does not return for the fourth season . Other main characters ( edit ) These main characters do not appear in the opening sequence like the shows title characters ( `` The Haves '' : The Cryers and The Harringtons and `` The Have Nots '' : The Youngs and Celine ) , but also receive star billing . D.A. Jennifer Sallison ( Shari Headley ) : ( Season 4 ; recurring seasons 2 -- 3 ) : The district attorney who has been gunning for the Cryers and the Harringtons for some time . After a striking a deal with Wyatt for immunity for both him and Jeffery at the end of Season 3 , she finally manages to arrest the Cryer and Harrington families for tampering with evidence and obstruction of justice . She also succeeds in getting Wyatt 's inheritance for him , which is sure to anger his parents . In the Season 4 finale , Katheryn pulls out a gun and fatally shoots Jennifer multiple times , thus killing her . It turns out that Jennifer 's body was being disposed of by the Malone family , while being wrapped in plastic wrap with a note that says her name and `` Cryer Victim '' . Her body was left at a television system by the Malone 's as a way for their head boss and grandmother , Mama Rose , to pressure Jim even harder into tracking down War . Margaret `` Maggie '' Day ( Allison McAtee ) : ( Season 4 ; recurring Seasons 2 -- 3 ) A campaign manager hired by Jim 's staff , who has feelings for David . She and her assistant , Landon ( whom is attracted to David 's son Jeffrey ) , manage to get David released and he learns of Veronica 's infidelity . In the mid-season 4 premiere , she was shot multiple times in the stomach by a gunman , being mistaken as Veronica , whom Jim intended to be killed . David witnesses her and the gunman 's bodies covered in sheets at the crime scene of the shooting and mistakes her as Veronica . It was later revealed that Veronica set Maggie up to die herself . LaQuita `` Quita '' Maxwell ( Danielle Deadwyler ) : ( Season 4 ; Guest in Season 3 ; recurring season 5 ) Quincy 's sister who had been watching over Quincy 's son before Benny rescued him . She acts as an antagonist throughout the series ' run towards several characters , particularly Candace due to the mysterious absence of her brother Quincy . Justin Lewis ( Nicholas James ) : ( Season 4 -- present ) A suspicious officer , who comes to Candace 's house , minutes after Quincy had been stabbed , to check out a noise complaint from his mother , Candace 's neighbor . At one point , he tries to rape Jeffrey . At another point , he threatens to kill Jeffrey after harassing him . He later becomes more nicer and enters a sexual relationship with Jeffery . Melissa ( Antoinette Robertson ) : ( Season 6 - present ; recurring , Seasons 2 -- 5 ) Melissa is a young lady who Veronica set up for Jeffery to date . In season three , she was impregnated by Jeffery after getting him to have sex with her while watching `` Gay Porn '' . In season four , Veronica set up for Jeffery and Melissa to move In together and get married , but Jeffery refused to go along with the plan . In the Season Five Mid-Finale , she attempts suicide in their bed when she learns that her father died from her mother . Warrick `` Warlock / War '' Lewis ( Jon Chaffin ) : ( Season 4 ; Guest in Season 2 ; recurring seasons 3 , 5 ) A friend of Candace , who helps extort money from Jim , but learns that Candace lied about the amount . He becomes the main villain of the show , after Quincy and starts to threaten and verbally and physically abuse Candace , going so far as to threaten to kill Benny and sexually assault Candace against a fence at Benny 's tow yard , which Mitch witnesses . Mitch has him thrown in jail , by putting drugs in his car which do n't belong to him and he at first thinks it is Candace who set him up . He is unfortunately let of out jail by Jim and on the look out to kill Candace , once again . In the Season 5 mid-finale , it is revealed that he is working with Erica . In the mid-season premiere , Warlock was seen shooting Quincy Jr. in his search for Candace . After Candace learns that War had shot her son , War is found dead by the Malones at their restaurant after Candace had him delivered there . Mitchell `` Mitch '' Malone ( Brett Davis ) : ( Season 4 -- present ; recurring season 3 ) A friend of Benny 's , who is recruited to work at Benny 's new tow truck business . Mitch is later revealed to be related to the Malone crime family , but chooses to live a straight and narrow life . After suspecting War as bad news and witnessing War sexually assault Candace at the tow yard , he protects her and Benny , by throwing War in jail , putting drugs in his car to make it look as if they were his . Erica ( Presilah Nunez ) : ( Season 4 -- present ; guest in season 3 ) A woman who sold Benny her boyfriend 's car after a bad break - up . It turns out that she and Candace are working together . She becomes a love interest to David ( originally as a set - up ) , igniting a feud between her and his wife Veronica . In the Season Five Mid-Finale , it is revealed that she is working with Warlock and hopes for Candace 's downfall . Charles Frederickson ( Nick Sager ) : ( Season 5 -- present ) The president - elect and the love interest to Candace , whom she uses to help her get her money back . Recurring characters ( edit ) Tony Watson ( Patrick Faucette ) : ( Seasons 1 -- 2 ; Guest in season 3 ) Tony is Benny 's estranged father whom he does n't find out is his father until it is accidentally revealed by his mom . Benny only knew his as `` Mr. Watson '' , before finding out , because he goes to church with him and Hanna . Hanna had a one - night - stand with Tony , which resulted in her pregnancy with Benny . In the second season , Tony tries to get Benny taken off life support , so that he could have his kidneys , not showing any sincere feelings of remorse and compassion for his son 's well - being . In the third season , when Hanna reveals to Benny that Tony tried to take him off life support , Benny had Tony to come over and explain why . Tony , feeling guilty , says he did n't want his son to have to worry about not being able to walk and suffering through pain . Laura ( Susie Abromeit ) : ( Season 1 ) Laura is Wyatt 's longtime girlfriend , who he had not seen since rehab . When she and Wyatt reunites , Jeffery becomes jealous and tries to keep her away , and lies to Wyatt , telling him she 's dating someone else , whom she has n't seen since highschool . Once Jeffery is revealed to Wyatt by Laura , Laura calls out Jeffery for his behavior calling him a mean , cruel person . Quincy Maxwell ( Medina Islam ) : ( Seasons 2 -- 3 ; Guest in Season 4 ) Quincy is one of the main antagonists of the Young family . He had once had a relationship with Candace , with whom he produced a child , Quincy Daylon `` Q '' Young . Hanna does n't like Quincy because he kept her grandson away from her , and Benny does n't like Quincy for all the trouble he has caused . Quincy was also known for harassing the Harrington family , after Veronica let him out of prison to wreak havoc on Candace . On Veronica 's orders , Quincy beats up her son , Jeffery , because he would not tell him where Candace was . In the third mid-season finale , Benny discovers that Quincy had slapped his mother , tracks him down at a strip club , rams his car into Quincy 's , and then proceeds to thrash Quincy for his crimes towards his family . Eventually , Benny again does physical damage to Quincy and finally succeeds in getting his nephew away from his degenerate father and brings him to Hanna . Quincy reappears at his sister 's apartment clearly injured and is told that not having Quincy is going to effect her welfare benefits . While there the police show up after she is suspected of child abuse and instead leaves the card of the social worker and does n't properly check to see if there are other children being abused in her custody . Quincy later appears at the hospital after tracking down the social worker and assaults her while young Q looks on terrified . Then he leaves and security is increased for the next time he shows up , he also , runs a car through Hanna 's home burning down the place she has worked all her life to be able to afford . He eventually finds Candace 's home and attacks her until he is stabbed to death by both her and Jeffrey after he arrives with the latter delivering the final blow . In the second episode of season 4 , he awakes briefly , pleading to Candace for help , who refuses and lets him completely die . Professor Cannon ( Robert Pralgo ) : ( Seasons 1 -- 2 ; Guest in Season 3 ) Cannon is Candace and Amanda 's law professor . In Season 1 's `` The Criminal , '' Cannon agrees to give Amanda a makeup exam after seeing her sexy makeover . Later , he comes by her and Candace 's apartment and makes unwelcome advances towards Amanda , even threatening to fail her if she does n't sleep with him . He then proceeds to rape Amanda . Amanda later takes to stalking Cannon , breaking into his house twice and threatening him with a gun . In their final encounter , Amanda stabs Cannon in his shoulder in broad daylight . In Season 3 , Jim and Katheryn finally find out that Cannon raped their daughter and confront the professor . Jim brutally assaults his late daughter 's rapist until Katheryn tells him to stop . Later on , Jim orders for Cannon to be killed along with Officer Terrell and Veronica . Landon ( Kristian Kordula ) : ( Season 2 -- present ) Landon is a guy who works at the campaign office and has feelings for Jeffery , who also has feelings for him , but still feels something for Wyatt . He and Jeffery met at a gay bar , in the second season . In season three , Landon sleeps with Jeffery , after Jeffery decides he 's free to be whoever he wants to be . In season four , after finding out his Friend / Boss Maggie was murdered at Veronica 's house , In the twelfth episode , he lashes out at Jeffery and decides to leave town . He returns later in season five working for Charles . Byron ( Leith Burke ) : ( Season 2 ; Guest in Season 3 ) Byron is a homicide detective . He meets Hanna in the second season and becomes one of her close friends . When Hanna finds out that he was working with Jim to protect Wyatt , she become furious with him , and when he shows up at the party , in the third - season premiere she orders him to leave . Darlene ( Dasha Chadwick ) : ( Season 2 ) is an old friend and classmate of Benny 's . She works at the county hospital where Benny was placed to by Katheryn . Michael ( Jerome Brooks ) : ( Seasons 2 -- 3 ; Guest in Season 4 ) Michael is the grandfather of Lizzie , The girl killed by Wyatt Cryer . He becomes a close friend to Hanna and they both comfort each other dealing with each other their situation . In The third season , he starts having feelings for Hanna and seduces her into having sex with him , in the third episode of the third season , until being interrupted and caught by Benny who is shown to be horrified and disgusted . Carlos ( Gerald Celasco ) : ( Seasons 2 -- 3 ) Carlos ls Jim Cryer 's estranged son whom he shares with Celine . Carlos reveals to Jim that he is his son in the season 2 finale . He tries to convince his mother that Jim does n't Love or care about her , Jim or his little brother , but she disagrees and claims that he only loves her and not his wife , Katheryn . Brandon Wallace / `` Oscar '' ( Philip Boyd ) : ( Season 3 -- present ) Oscar is a strange guy who Candace notices spoting her at the sarandon hotel . He shows interest in Candace and wants to get to know her , but she continues to reject him , until he reveals his life story to her , telling her about his wife 's death and how after her death , he would sleep with any woman , to keep from mourning . After this , him and Candace have sex and both start to fall in love with each other . When Candace realizes she has no money in her Bank account , she confronts him about it and he shows his true colors and admits that he took the money and only used her for sex , which breaks her heart . As she attempts to right him , Quincy comes in and fights him off of her , and he then runs away . Pearl ( Maree Cheatham ) : ( Season 4 -- present ) : Pearl is Justin 's mother and Candace 's nosy neighbor who lives in front of her and watched everything that goes on . She also revealed that she saw Quincy go into Candace 's house and never come out . Alliyah Delong ( Yaani King ) : ( Seasons 3 -- 4 ) Alliyah Delong is a social worker for Child welfare . She helps Hanna get custody of Quincy Jr. much to Candace 's dismay . When Candace suspects Alliyah of working for Oscar , she calls her friend Erica over so that they can both confront her . When Alliyah claims she does n't know anything about Oscar or about him giving her money , Candace and Erica begin to beat her up , until she tells the truth . She then admits that Oscar gave her 25 Thousand Dollars . Candace orders Alliyah to give her the money back and give her custody of her son Quincy Jr . Daylon ( Quincy Brown ) : ( Season 4 ) A friend of Quita who helps her try to track down Quincy . He and Quita get arrested after getting caught breaking into Candace 's house . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2016 ) Angela Robinson ( Veronica Harrington ) ( edit ) As a central and very one - of - a-kind antagonist in the program , the `` Veronica Harrington '' character has drawn increasing attention in the media , promoted as `` the ice queen with ice water running through her veins . '' An NBC News article characterized the character as an `` insecure woman that everyone loves to hate '' and `` a bougie buppie , diabolical diva who slept her way to the top of Savannah 's high society . '' In August 2015 , the Broadway veteran actress playing the role , Angela Robinson , was dubbed by an NBC News article as `` Tyler Perry 's breakout star '' from her role in The Haves and The Have Nots . Described in her on - air role as a `` villainess , '' she was hailed as `` slowly becoming a household name and gaining a cult - like following from the hit series . '' The actress was reported as becoming choked up in an August 2015 conference call when a journalist asked her : `` How does it feel being the most hated ( black female character ) on prime time television this summer ? '' The actress was reported as having to take a moment to compose herself before answering the question . Ratings and broadcast history ( edit ) The Haves and the Have Nots premiered on Tuesday , May 28 , 2013 , at 9 / 8c on the Oprah Winfrey Network . The Haves and the Have Nots is the first scripted television series to air on OWN . Both the show 's first and second episodes aired back to back on its premiere night . Each episode of the series runs for an hour ( 42 minutes plus commercials ) . The Haves and the Have Nots set a record for OWN , scoring the highest ratings ever for a series premiere on the network . During the show 's first season , The Haves and the Have Nots received numerous widely publicized series highs in ratings , including with its July 30 episode , its August 6 episode , its August 13 episode , its August 27 episode , and most notably with its season 1 finale on September 3 . The season 1 finale of The Haves And the Have Nots was the third most watched telecast in OWN history , bested only by an interview with Whitney Houston 's daughter Bobbi Kristina and episodes of Oprah 's Next Chapter featuring Lance Armstrong . Within its first season alone , Variety had recognized The Haves and the Have Nots as `` OWN 's most popular series to date . '' Also within only its first season , The Haves and the Have Nots had been critically acclaimed as being `` one of OWN 's biggest success stories with its weekly dose of soapy fun , filled with the typical betrayals , affairs , manipulations and a bitch slap or two . '' Recognizing the show 's increasing popularity , OWN renewed the drama series for a 2nd season midway into the first season . The 2nd season was originally to consist of 16 episodes and bring the series to 32 in total by the completion of season 2 ; however on August 21 , it was announced that the network had ordered 4 additional episodes for the 2nd season , which will bring the series to 36 episodes in total by season 2 's completion . Season 2 of The Haves and the Have Nots premiered on Tuesday , January 7 , 2014 . Continuing on with its ratings records from season 1 , the show debuted its 2nd season with series and network high ratings . Throughout season 2 , the soap has achieved several more series highs . On February 4 , 2014 , for example , the drama series came in as the most watched television program in all of cable television with an estimated 3.4 million viewers . Among all of OWN programming since the network 's January 2011 debut , only a March 2012 Oprah 's Next Chapter interview with Bobbi Kristina has drawn more viewers ( 3.5 million ) than the February 4 , 2014 episode of The Haves and the Have Nots . The Haves and the Have Nots episode in question is `` Why Did n't You Tell Me ? '' On Tuesday , March 11 , 2014 , however , the mid-season 2 finale of The Haves and the Have Nots set a record for all of OWN programming , scoring the highest ratings in the station 's history . The record - breaking episode brought in 3.6 million viewers , surpassing the 3.5 million that tuned in for Oprah Winfrey 's interview with Bobbi Kristina . Not only was the episode the most watched broadcast in all of OWN history but it came in at number 1 among all of cable television and number 4 among all shows on television for its airing night . Season 3 premiered on January 6 , 2015 . Production of season 3 began in August 2014 following a 25 episode order which will bring the episode count to 61 through 2015 . In May 2015 , it was reported that the 3rd season of `` The Haves and the Have Nots '' was primetime 's # 1 original cable series among African - American women and total viewers , regularly attracting more than three million viewers . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominee Result Ref 2015 Gracie Awards Outstanding Female Actor -- One to Watch Angela Robinson Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ McNamara , Mary ( May 29 , 2013 ) . `` Tyler Perry and Oprah Winfrey do n't have it in ' Have - Nots ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Casting Call Tyler Perry 's `` The Haves And the Have Nots '' `` . Project Casting . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Philiana Ng ( April 4 , 2013 ) . `` OWN Sets Premieres for Tyler Perry 's Scripted Series , Greenlights Two Shows '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 5 , 2013 ) . `` OWN Announces New Original Programming for 2013 and Closes Out 2012 With Double - Digit Ratings Gains '' . Zap2It . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Newcomb , Roger . `` OWN Orders Four Additional Episodes Of Tyler Perry 's THE HAVES AND THE HAVE NOTS '' . We Love Soaps . Retrieved August 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Florida actress is holding her own on OWN '' . Florida Courier . June 20 , 2013 . Retrieved October 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 29 , 2013 ) . `` John Schneider Among Actors Cast In Tyler Perry 's Two OWN Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . ^ Jump up to : `` The Haves and the Have Nots -- Cast '' . Zap2it . ^ Jump up to : `` Angela Robinson : Broadway Veteran and Tyler Perry 's Breakout Star '' . nbcnews.com . August 4 , 2015 . Retrieved August 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Haves and the Have Nots -- OWN '' . Casting Call Hub . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael ( May 29 , 2013 ) . `` TV Ratings : Tyler Perry Premiere Gives OWN a Record Launch '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 29 , 2013 ) . `` Solid Debut For Tyler Perry 's ' The Haves And Have Nots ' On OWN '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( July 31 , 2013 ) . `` Tyler Perry 's ' Haves and Have Nots ' Rises to Series High on OWN '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Williams , Brennan ( August 8 , 2013 ) . `` Tyler Perry ' The Haves And The Have Nots ' Sets Another Series High '' . Huffingtonpost.com . Retrieved August 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tyler Perry 's THE HAVES AND THE HAVE NOTS Hits Season High -- BWWTVWorld '' . Tv.broadwayworld.com . Retrieved August 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael ( April 9 , 2013 ) . `` TV Ratings : ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' Finale Hits Scripted Record for OWN '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( January 1 , 1970 ) . `` OWN 's ' The Haves & The Have Nots ' Finale Ratings High , TNT 's ' Cold Justice ' Premiere Strong '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Staff , Variety . `` OWN 's ' Haves and Have Nots ' Sets Record With Fall Finale '' . Variety . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Halterman , Jim . `` Aaron O'Connell & Gavin Houston On ' The Haves And The Have Nots ' Gay Story '' . thebacklot.com . Retrieved August 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 25 , 2013 ) . `` OWN Doubles the Episode Order for ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' for a Total Season Order of 32 Episodes '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Newcomb , Roger ( August 21 , 2013 ) . `` OWN Orders Four Additional Episodes Of Tyler Perry 's THE HAVES AND THE HAVE NOTS '' . We Loves Soaps . We Loves Soaps LLC . Retrieved August 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.deadline.com/2014/01/owns-the-haves-the-have-nots-returns-with-series-network-high/ Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic . `` OWN 's ' The Haves & The Have Nots ' Returns With Series & Network High '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tyler Perry 's ' Haves and the Have Nots ' Finale Is OWN 's Most - Watched Program Ever '' . TheWrap . Retrieved March 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Rick Kissell . `` OWN 's ' Haves and the Have Nots ' Surges to Series Highs '' . Variety . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tyler Perry 's ' The Have and Have Nots ' Casting Call for New Season '' . auditionsfree.com . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` OWN orders 20 new episodes of ' The Haves and The Have Nots ' through 2015 '' . Theb3.net . Retrieved May 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Haves & The Have Nots ' + ' Love Thy Neighbor ' Return This June ~ Sneak Peeks ( Watch ) '' . eurweb . Retrieved June 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Julia Roberts , Cicely Tyson , Maggie Gyllenhall , Olivia Munn , Mae Whitman , and Orange is the New Black , Amongst Others To Be Honored at the Alliance For Women in Media 's Foundation 's 40th Anniversary Gracies Awards on May 19 '' ( PDF ) . Los Angeles : thegracies.org . March 4 , 2015 . Retrieved August 9 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Haves and the Have Nots on IMDb The Haves and the Have Nots page at Tyler Perry Official website Tyler Perry Stage I Know I 've Been Changed I Can Do Bad All by Myself Diary of a Mad Black Woman Madea 's Family Reunion Madea 's Class Reunion Why Did I Get Married ? Meet the Browns Madea Goes to Jail What 's Done in the Dark The Marriage Counselor Laugh to Keep from Crying Madea 's Big Happy Family A Madea Christmas Aunt Bam 's Place I Do n't Want to Do Wrong ! The Haves and the Have Nots Madea Gets a Job Hell Hath No Fury Like a Woman Scorned Madea 's Neighbors from Hell Madea on the Run Films Daddy 's Little Girls Why Did I Get Married ? Meet the Browns The Family That Preys Why Did I Get Married Too ? For Colored Girls Good Deeds Peeples Temptation : Confessions of a Marriage Counselor The Single Moms Club Acrimony Madea series Diary of a Mad Black Woman Madea 's Family Reunion Madea Goes to Jail I Can Do Bad All by Myself Madea 's Big Happy Family Madea 's Witness Protection A Madea Christmas Madea 's Tough Love Boo ! A Madea Halloween Boo 2 ! A Madea Halloween A Madea Family Funeral Television House of Payne Meet the Browns For Better or Worse The Haves and the Have Nots Love Thy Neighbor If Loving You Is Wrong Too Close to Home The Paynes Books Do n't Make a Black Woman Take Off Her Earrings See also Madea Tyler Perry Studios Oprah Winfrey Network original programming Current Greenleaf ( since 2016 ) If Loving You Is Wrong ( since 2014 ) Iyanla : Fix My Life ( since 2012 ) Oprah 's Master Class ( since 2011 ) Oprah : Where Are They Now ? ( since 2012 ) Queen Sugar ( since 2016 ) Super Soul Sunday ( since 2011 ) The Haves and the Have Nots ( since 2013 ) The Paynes ( since 2018 ) Welcome to Sweetie Pie 's ( since 2011 ) Former 6 Little McGhees ( 2012 -- 14 ) Addicted to Food ( 2011 ) All My Children ( 2013 ) America 's Money Class with Suze Orman ( 2012 ) Anna & Kristina 's Grocery Bag ( 2011 ) Belief ( 2015 ) Beverly 's Full House ( 2012 ) Blackboard Wars ( 2013 ) Breaking Down the Bars ( 2011 ) Carson Nation ( 2011 ) Deion 's Family Playbook ( 2014 - 15 ) Deliver Me ( 2011 ) Extreme Clutter with Peter Walsh ( 2011 -- 12 ) Finding Sarah ( 2011 ) Flex & Shanice ( 2014 - 16 ) For Peete 's Sake ( 2016 - 17 ) Golden Sisters ( 2013 ) Houston Beauty ( 2013 ) It 's Not You , It 's Men ( 2016 ) Life with La Toya ( 2013 -- 14 ) Lindsay ( 2014 ) Lives on Fire ( 2012 ) Livin ' Lozada ( 2015 - 16 ) Love Thy Neighbor ( 2013 - 17 ) Lovetown , USA ( 2012 ) Married to the Army : Alaska ( 2012 ) Mom 's Got Game ( 2014 ) Mystery Diagnosis ( 2011 ) One Life to Live ( 2013 ) Oprah Prime ( 2012 - 2015 ) Oprah 's Lifeclass ( 2011 - 2014 ) Our America with Lisa Ling ( 2011 -- 14 ) Party at Tiffany 's ( 2011 ) Police Women of Dallas ( 2013 ) Raising Whitley ( 2013 - 16 ) Ryan and Tatum : The O'Neals ( 2011 ) Season 25 : Oprah Behind The Scenes ( 2011 ) Staten Island Law ( 2013 ) The Dr. Laura Berman Show ( 2011 ) The Gayle King Show ( 2011 ) The Judds ( 2011 ) The Rosie Show ( 2011 -- 12 ) Tyler Perry 's For Better or Worse ( 2013 -- 2017 ) Why Not ? with Shania Twain ( 2011 ) Your OWN Show : Oprah 's Search for the Next TV Star ( 2011 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Haves_and_the_Have_Nots_(TV_series)&oldid=832425077 '' Categories : 2010s American drama television series 2013 American television series debuts American LGBT - related television shows American television soap operas English - language television programs OWN : Oprah Winfrey Network original programs Television series based on plays Television shows set in Savannah , Georgia Television series created by Tyler Perry Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles to be expanded from December 2016 All articles to be expanded Articles with empty sections from December 2016 All articles with empty sections Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 25 March 2018 , at 23 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Haves%20and%20the%20Have%20Nots%20%28TV%20series%29
| 2,108 |
||
who plays joey parker in another cinderella story
|
Drew Seeley as Joey Parker
|
Drew Seeley
|
Another Cinderella Story
|
another cinderella story
|
Another Cinderella Story is a 2008 teen comedy musical dance film directed by Damon Santostefano and starring Selena Gomez , Drew Seeley and Jane Lynch . It is a sequel to A Cinderella Story ( 2004 ) and the second film in A Cinderella Story series . The film was released on DVD on September 16 , 2008 .
|
The film was followed by A Cinderella Story : Once Upon a Song ( 2011 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Reception 4 Soundtrack 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) This film is a retelling of the Cinderella fairy tale in a modern setting with Mary Santiago , a high school student with ambitions of becoming a dancer , taking the role of Cinderella . Tammy , Mary 's only friend serves as the fairy godmother . The cruel , self - obsessed , snobby , and washed - up pop singer Dominique Blatt takes the role of the stepmother , even though she is just her legal guardian and Mary 's mother was one of Dominique 's dancers when she died ; Dominique took Mary in as her legal guardian and turned her into the hired help . The aggressive , extremely obsessed , and equally snobby Britt and air - headed Bree serve as the two stepsisters , and Joey Parker , now a famous celebrity and pop star has returned to school for his senior year and to remember why he started dancing , acts as Prince Charming . A school dance substitutes for the ball , with the role of the glass slipper filled by a Zune . Cast ( edit ) Selena Gomez as Mary Santiago Mia Aida Duran as Mary at 3 years old Nicole Muñoz as Mary at 11 years old Drew Seeley as Joey Parker Jane Lynch as Dominique Blatt Emily Perkins as Britt Blatt Katharine Isabelle as Bree Blatt Jessica Parker Kennedy as Tammy Marcus T. Paulk as Dustin aka The Funk Nicole LaPlaca as Natalia Faroush Lynda Boyd as Evie Parker Garwin Sanford as Rod Parker Colin Foo as Lee - Ha Camille Mitchell as Regina Cretikos Tiffany Burns as Doreen Smithe Reception ( edit ) Amber Wilkinson of Eye for Film gave the film , four out of five stars and praised the musical aspects , saying that `` the song and dance numbers are so well - handled and catchy , it 's a shame there are n't more of them . '' However , she also said that the `` characters are so wafer thin they barely cast a shadow . '' While Wilkinson says that the film is completely different from A Cinderella Story , Lacey Walker , reviewing for Christian Answers , notes several aspects of the two films that were directly parallel to each other . Walker also gave it three out of five stars , praising the script , saying the writers `` peppered this story with a surprising dose of humor and some pleasing plot twists . '' However , Walker specifically criticized the `` glaringly obvious '' age difference between the 15 - year - old Gomez and the 25 - year - old Seeley . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : Another Cinderella Story ( soundtrack ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Damon Santostefano Brings Us Another Cinderella Story '' . MovieWeb . Jump up ^ `` Another Cinderella Story Movie Review ( 2008 ) '' . Eye for Film . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Another Cinderella Story Movie Review '' . christiananswers.net . External links ( edit ) Another Cinderella Story on IMDb Another Cinderella Story at AllMovie Another Cinderella Story at Rotten Tomatoes Another Cinderella Story at the TCM Movie Database A Cinderella Story Films A Cinderella Story ( 2004 ) Another Cinderella Story ( 2008 ) A Cinderella Story : Once Upon a Song ( 2011 ) A Cinderella Story : If the Shoe Fits ( 2016 ) Soundtracks A Cinderella Story : Original Soundtrack Another Cinderella Story A Cinderella Story : Once Upon a Song A Cinderella Story : If the Shoe Fits Songs `` Our Lips Are Sealed '' `` Tell Me Something I Do n't Know '' Films directed by Damon Santostefano Fright Show ( 1985 ) Severed Ties ( 1992 ) Three to Tango ( 1999 ) Last Man Running ( 2003 ) Bring It On Again ( 2004 ) Another Cinderella Story ( 2008 ) Best Player ( 2011 ) A Cinderella Story : Once Upon a Song ( 2011 ) Cinderella by Charles Perrault and the Brothers Grimm Characters Buttons Cinderella Ugly sisters Fairy godmother Wicked stepmother Prince Charming Films Cinderella ( 1899 ) Cinderella or the Glass Slipper ( 1912 ) Cinderella ( 1914 ) A Lowland Cinderella ( 1921 ) Ella Cinders ( 1926 ) The Cookie Carnival ( 1935 ) The Magic Shoes ( 1935 ) First Love ( 1939 ) Cinderella ( 1947 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) The Glass Slipper ( 1955 ) Cinderfella ( 1960 ) Stop ! Look ! and Laugh ( 1960 ) More Than a Miracle ( 1967 ) Tři oříšky pro Popelku ( 1973 ) The Slipper and the Rose ( 1976 ) Cinderella ( 1979 ) Cinderella ' 80 ( 1984 ) Maid to Order ( 1987 ) If the Shoe Fits ( 1990 ) Cinderella ( 1994 ) Ever After ( 1998 ) A Cinderella Story ( 2004 ) Ella Enchanted ( 2004 ) Cinderella ( 2006 ) Elle : A Modern Cinderella Tale ( 2010 ) Cinderella ( 2015 ) Animation Cinderella Blues ( 1931 ) Poor Cinderella ( 1934 ) Cinderella Meets Fella ( 1938 ) Swing Shift Cinderella ( 1945 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Señorella and the Glass Huarache ( 1964 ) Cinderella ( 1979 ) The Tender Tale of Cinderella Penguin ( 1981 ) The Magic Riddle ( 1991 ) Happily N'Ever After ( 2007 ) Year of the Fish ( 2008 ) Charming ( 2017 ) Sequels Princess Cinderella ( 1941 ) Cinderella II : Dreams Come True ( 2002 ) Cinderella III : A Twist in Time ( 2007 ) Another Cinderella Story ( 2008 ) A Cinderella Story : Once Upon a Song ( 2011 ) A Cinderella Story : If the Shoe Fits ( 2016 ) Television Hey , Cinderella ! ( 1968 ) Cindy ( 1978 ) Cinderella Monogatari ( 1996 ) Cinderella ( 1997 ) CinderElmo ( 1999 ) Cinderella ( 2000 ) La Cenicienta ( 2003 ) Bawang Merah Bawang Putih ( 2004 ) Floricienta ( 2004 ) Floribella ( 2005 Brazil ) Floribella ( 2006 Portugal ) Grazilda ( 2010 ) Rags ( 2012 ) Aik Nayee Cinderella ( 2012 ) Literary adaptations Celestina ( 1791 ) Cinderella , or the Little Glass Slipper ( 1954 ) Nine Coaches Waiting ( 1958 ) Carrie ( 1974 ) The Coachman Rat ( 1989 ) Witches Abroad ( 1991 ) Ella Enchanted ( 1997 ) I Was a Rat ! or The Scarlet Slippers ( 1999 ) Just Ella ( 1999 ) Confessions of an Ugly Stepsister ( 1999 ) Chinese Cinderella ( 1999 ) The Fairy Godmother ( 2004 ) Phoenix and Ashes ( 2004 ) Bella at Midnight ( 2006 ) Ash ( 2009 ) Princess of Glass ( 2010 ) Cinder ( 2012 ) Opera Cendrillon ( 1810 Isouard ) La Cenerentola ( 1817 Rossini ) Cendrillon ( 1899 Massenet ) Cendrillon ( 1904 Viardot ) La Cenicienta ( 1966 Hen ) Ballet Cinderella ( 1893 Fitinhof - Schell ) Aschenbrödel ( 1900 Strauss - Bayer ) Cinderella ( 1945 Prokofiev ) Cinderella ( 1948 Ashton ) Musicals Cinderella and the Prince , or The Castle of Heart 's Desire ( 1904 ) Stubborn Cinderella ( 1909 ) Mr. Cinders ( 1929 ) Cinderella ( 1957 ) Cindy ( 1964 ) The Penny Friend ( 1966 ) The Slipper and the Rose ( 1984 ) Soho Cinders ( 2008 ) Cinderella ( 2013 ) Plays A Kiss for Cinderella ( 1916 ) Comics Cinderella : From Fabletown with Love Cinderalla Songs `` Spread a Little Happiness '' ( 1929 ) `` Bibbidi - Bobbidi - Boo '' ( 1949 ) `` A Dream Is a Wish Your Heart Makes '' ( 1950 ) `` Cinderella '' ( 1987 ) `` Hey Cinderella '' ( 1993 ) `` It 's Midnight Cinderella '' ( 1996 ) `` Cinderella '' ( 2001 ) `` Cinderella '' ( 2002 ) `` Cinderella '' ( 2003 ) `` Stealing Cinderella '' ( 2007 ) `` Cinderella '' ( 2007 ) `` C \ C ( Cinderella \ Complex ) '' ( 2008 ) Albums A Cinderella Story ( 2004 soundtrack ) Disney 's Princess Favorites ( 2002 ) Sociology Cinderella complex Cinderella effect The Cinderella Movement Commercials A Coach for Cinderella A Ride for Cinderella Adult Cinder Ellen up too Late Cinderella ( 1977 ) Naughty Cinderella National variation Bawang Merah Bawang Putih ( Malay and Indonesian ) Beauty and Pock Face ( Chinese ) Chūjō - hime ( Japanese ) Fair , Brown and Trembling ( Irish ) Finette Cendron ( French ) The Green Knight ( Danish ) Katie Woodencloak ( Norwegian ) Kongji and Patzzi ( Korean ) Ochikubo Monogatari ( Japanese ) `` Rhodopis '' ( Greek ) Rushen Coatie ( Scottish ) The Sharp Grey Sheep ( Scottish ) The Story of Tam and Cam ( Vietnamese ) Sumiyoshi Monogatari ( Japanese ) The True Bride ( German ) The Wonderful Birch ( Russian ) Ye Xian ( Chinese ) Games Cinders Related Catskin Into the Woods Into the Woods ( 2014 film ) A Kiss for Cinderella ( 1925 film ) Politically Correct Bedtime Stories Disney 's characters Stop ! Look ! and Laugh Waltz Suite Black Cinderella Two Goes East Cinderella Monogatari Cinderella 's Sister Cinderella ( sports ) Lying to Be Perfect Cinderella 's Eyes ( 2011 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Another_Cinderella_Story&oldid=792060426 '' Categories : 2008 films English - language films 2008 direct - to - video films American dance films American films Canadian films Dance films Hip hop films Films based on Cinderella Films set in Los Angeles Films shot in Vancouver American teen films Warner Bros. films Warner Bros. direct - to - video films Direct - to - video sequel films Films directed by Damon Santostefano Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 July 2017 , at 06 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Another%20Cinderella%20Story
| 2,109 |
when did the first mcdonald's open in australia
|
1971 : The first Australian McDonald 's opens in the Sydney suburb of Yagoona in December . The restaurant becomes known locally as `` Maccas '' .
|
1971
|
History of McDonald 's
|
history of mcdonald's
|
This history of McDonald 's is an overview of the original restaurant and of the chain .
|
Contents ( hide ) 1 Early history 2 1960s and 1970s 3 1990s 3.1 Late 1990s 4 2000s 5 2010s 6 Timeline 6.1 1960s 6.2 1970s 6.3 1980s 6.4 1990s 6.5 2000s 6.6 2010s 7 References Early history ( edit ) See also : History of the hamburger The oldest operating McDonald 's on Lakewood and Florence in Downey , California , was the chain 's third restaurant and the second to be built with the Golden Arches . The McDonald family moved from Manchester , New Hampshire to Hollywood in the late 1930s , where brothers Richard and Maurice McDonald began working as set movers and handymen at Motion - Picture studios . In 1937 , their father Patrick McDonald opened `` The Airdrome '' , a food stand , on Huntington Drive ( Route 66 ) near the Monrovia Airport in Monrovia , California with hot dogs being one of the first items sold . Hamburgers were later added to the menu at a cost of ten cents with all - you - can - drink orange juice at five cents . In 1940 , Maurice and Richard ( `` Mac '' and `` Dick '' ) moved the entire building 40 miles ( 64 km ) east , to West 14th and 1398 North E Streets in San Bernardino , California . The restaurant was renamed `` McDonald 's Bar - B - Que '' and had 25 menu items , mostly barbecue . In October 1948 , after the McDonald brothers realized that most of their profits came from selling hamburgers , they closed down their successful carhop drive - in to establish a streamlined system with a simple menu which consisted of only hamburgers , cheeseburgers , potato chips , coffee , soft drinks , and apple pie . After the first year , potato chips and pie were swapped out for french fries and milkshakes . The carhops were eliminated , making the new restaurant a self - service operation . Richard and Maurice took great care in setting up their kitchen like an assembly line to ensure maximum efficiency . The restaurant 's name was changed again , this time to simply `` McDonald 's , '' and reopened on December 12 , 1948 . In April 1952 , the brothers decided they needed an entirely new building in order to achieve two goals : further efficiency improvements , and a more eye - catching appearance . They collected recommendations for an architect and interviewed at least four , finally choosing Stanley Clark Meston , an architect practicing in nearby Fontana . The brothers and Meston worked together closely in the design of their new building . They achieved the extra efficiencies they needed by , among other things , drawing the actual measurements of every piece of equipment in chalk on a tennis court behind the McDonald house ( with Meston 's assistant Charles Fish ) . The new restaurant 's design achieved a high level of noticeability thanks to gleaming surfaces of red and white ceramic tile , stainless steel , brightly colored sheet metal , and glass ; pulsing red , white , yellow , and green neon ; and two 25 - foot yellow sheet - metal arches trimmed in neon , called `` golden arches '' even at the design stage . A third , smaller arch sign at the roadside hosted a pudgy character in a chef 's hat , known as Speedee , striding across the top , trimmed in animated neon . Further marketing techniques were implemented to change McDonald 's from a sit down restaurant to a fast food chain . They used such things as turning off the heating to prevent people wanting to stay so long , fixed and angled seating so the customer would sit over their food promoting them to eat faster , spreading the seats further apart so being less of a sociable place to dine in , and giving their customers branded cone shaped cups forcing them to hold their drink whilst eating which would speed up the eating process . Many other companies followed McDonald 's strategies to turn their own restaurants into fast food establishments including Burger King , White Castle and Subway . In late 1953 , with only a rendering of Meston 's design in hand , the brothers began seeking franchisees . Their first franchisee was Neil Fox , a distributor for General Petroleum Corporation . Fox 's stand , the first with Meston 's golden arches design , opened in May 1953 at Central Avenue and Indian School Road in Phoenix , Arizona . Their second franchisee was the team of Fox 's brother - in - law Roger Williams and Burdette `` Bud '' Landon , both of whom also worked for General Petroleum . Williams and Landon opened their stand on August 18 , 1953 at 10207 Lakewood Boulevard in Downey , California . The Downey stand has the distinction of being the oldest surviving McDonald 's restaurant . The Downey stand was never required to comply with the McDonald 's Corporation 's remodeling and updating requests over the years because it was franchised not by the McDonald 's Corporation , but by the McDonald brothers themselves to Williams and Landon . Ray Kroc joined the chain in 1954 and built it into an eventually global franchise , making it the most successful fast food corporation in the world In 1954 , Ray Kroc , a seller of Prince Castle brand Multimixer milkshake machines , learned that the McDonald brothers were using eight of his machines in their San Bernardino restaurant . His curiosity was piqued , and he went to take a look at the restaurant . He was joined by good friend Charles Lewis who had suggested to Kroc several improvements to the McDonald 's burger recipe . Believing the McDonald 's formula was a ticket to success , Kroc suggested they franchise their restaurants throughout the country . The brothers were skeptical , however , that the self - service approach could succeed in colder , rainier climates ; furthermore , their thriving business in San Bernardino , and franchises already operating or planned , made them reluctant to risk a national venture . Kroc offered to take the major responsibility for setting up the new franchises elsewhere . He returned to his home outside of Chicago with rights to set up McDonald 's restaurants throughout the country , except in a handful of territories in California and Arizona already licensed by the McDonald brothers . The brothers were to receive one - half of one percent of gross sales . Kroc 's first McDonald 's restaurant opened on April 15 , 1955 , at 400 North Lee Street in Des Plaines , Illinois , near Chicago . The Des Plaines interior and exterior was painted by master painter Eugene Wright , who owned Wright 's Decorating Service . Eugene was asked to come up with a color scheme and he chose yellow and white , with dark brown and red being secondary trim colors . Those colors would go on to become the colors of all McDonald 's franchises . ( Recognizing its historic and nostalgic value , in 1990 the McDonald 's Corporation acquired the stand and rehabilitated it to a modern but nearly original condition , and then built an adjacent museum and gift shop to commemorate the site . ) Once the Des Plaines restaurant had become operational , Kroc sought franchisees for his McDonald 's chain . The first snag came quickly . In 1956 he discovered that the McDonald brothers had licensed the franchise rights for Cook County , Illinois to the Frejlach Ice Cream Company . Kroc was incensed that the McDonalds had not informed him of this arrangement . He purchased the rights back for $25,000 , five times what the Frejlacks had originally paid , and pressed forward . McDonald 's grew slowly for its first three years . By 1958 , there were 34 restaurants . In 1959 , however , Kroc opened 68 new restaurants , bringing the total to 102 locations . 1960s and 1970s ( edit ) The Big Mac hamburger made its debut in 1968 In 1960 , the McDonald 's advertising campaign `` Look for the Golden Arches '' gave sales a big boost . Kroc believed that advertising was an investment that would in the end come back many times over , and advertising has always played a key role in the development of the McDonald 's Corporation . Indeed , McDonald 's ads have been some of the most identifiable over the years . In 1962 , McDonald 's introduced its now world - famous Golden Arches logo . A year later , the company sold its millionth hamburger and introduced Ronald McDonald , a red - haired clown designed to appeal to children . In the early 1960s , McDonald 's really began to take off . The growth in U.S. automobile use that came with suburbanization and the interstate highway system contributed heavily to McDonald 's success . In 1961 Kroc bought out the McDonald brothers for $2.7 million , aiming at making McDonald 's the number one fast - food chain in the country . On May 3 , 1960 Kroc assisted Christopher Boulos in opening a McDonald 's franchise in DeKalb , Illinois . By 1965 , the McDonald 's at 805 W. Lincoln Highway sold over 4 million burgers and 1,000,000 pounds ( 450,000 kg ) of fries . Boulos was the first Greek - American McDonald 's franchise operator . In 1965 , McDonald 's Corporation went public . Common shares were offered at $22.50 per share . By the end of the first day 's trading , the price had risen to $30 . A block of 100 shares purchased for $2,250 in 1965 was worth , after 12 stock splits ( increasing the number of shares to 74,360 ) , over $5.7 million as of year - end market close on December 31 , 2010 . In 1980 , McDonald 's Corporation became one of the 30 companies that make up the Dow Jones Industrial Average . McDonald 's success in the 1960s was in large part due to the company 's skillful marketing and flexible response to customer demand . In 1962 , the Filet - O - Fish sandwich , billed as `` the fish that catches people '' , was introduced in McDonald 's restaurants . The new item had originally met with disapproval from Kroc , but after its successful test marketing , he eventually agreed to add it . Another item that Kroc had backed a year previously , a burger with a slice of pineapple and a slice of cheese , known as a `` hulaburger '' , had flopped ( both it and the Filet - O - Fish were developed in Catholic neighborhoods where burger sales dropped off markedly on Fridays and during Lent ) . The market was not quite ready for Kroc 's taste ; the hulaburger 's tenure on the McDonald 's menu board was short . In 1968 the now legendary Big Mac made its debut , and in 1969 McDonald 's sold its five billionth hamburger . Two years later , as it launched the `` You Deserve a Break Today '' advertising campaign , McDonald 's restaurants had reached all 50 states . In 1968 , McDonald 's opened its 1,000 th restaurant , and Fred L. Turner became the company 's president and chief administrative officer . Kroc became chairman and remained CEO until 1973 . Turner had originally intended to open a McDonald 's franchise , but when he had problems with his backers over a location , he went to work as a grillman for Kroc in 1956 . As operations vice president , Turner helped new franchisees get their stores up and running . He was constantly looking for new ways to perfect the McDonald 's system , experimenting , for example , to determine the maximum number of hamburger patties one could stack in a box without squashing them and pointing out that seconds could be saved if McDonald 's used buns that were presliced all the way through and were not stuck together in the package . Such attention to detail was one reason for the company 's extraordinary success . By the late 1960s , many of the candy - striped Golden Arches stores had been modified with enclosed walk - up order areas and limited indoor seating . In June 1969 , McDonald 's introduced a new `` mansard roof '' building design featuring indoor seating . The natural brick and cedar shake look mansards were a response to critics who berated McDonald 's architecture as too garish . It became the standard for McDonald 's restaurants , and franchise holders were ultimately required to demolish older restaurants and replace them with the new design . The first McDonald 's restaurant using the `` mansard roof '' design opened that same year in the Chicago suburb of Matteson . McDonald 's spectacular growth continued in the 1970s . Americans were more on - the - go than ever , and fast service was a priority . In 1972 , the company passed $1 billion in annual sales . By 1976 , McDonald 's had served 20 billion hamburgers , and system wide sales exceeded $3 billion . The company pioneered breakfast fast food with the introduction of the Egg McMuffin in 1972 when market research indicated that a quick breakfast would be welcomed by consumers . Five years later McDonald 's added a full breakfast line to the menu , and by 1987 one - fourth of all breakfasts eaten out in the United States came from McDonald 's restaurants . In test market locations , such as New York City , McDonald 's added a full breakfast line to its menus in 1975 . Kroc was a firm believer in giving `` something back into the community where you do business '' . In 1974 McDonald 's acted upon that philosophy in an original way by opening the first Ronald McDonald House , in Philadelphia , to provide a `` home away from home '' for the families of children in nearby hospitals . Twelve years after this first house opened , 100 similar Ronald McDonald Houses were in operation across the United States . There was some skepticism in the company 's phenomenal growth internationally . When Wally and Hugh Morris approached the corporation in 1974 to bring McDonald 's into New Zealand , they were firmly shunned by Kroc , citing a visit to the country and saying `` There are n't any people ... I never met a more dead - than - alive hole in my life . '' Persistence by the brothers eventually led to their request being granted in May 1975 . They managed to negotiate a deal with the corporation by selling New Zealand cheese to the US to offset the high costs of importing plant equipment . The first New Zealand restaurant opened in June 1976 at Porirua , near Wellington , to much more success than the corporation predicted . In 1975 , McDonald 's opened its first drive - thru window in Sierra Vista , Arizona , following Wendy 's lead . This service gave Americans a fast , convenient way to procure a quick meal . The company 's goal was to provide service in 50 seconds or less . Drive - thru sales eventually accounted for more than half of McDonald 's systemwide sales . Meantime , the Happy Meal , a combo meal for children featuring a toy , was added to the menu in 1979 . A period of aggressive advertising campaigns and price slashing in the early 1980s became known as the `` burger wars '' . Burger King suggested to customers : `` have it your way '' ; Wendy 's offered itself as the `` fresh alternative '' and launched their `` Where 's the beef ? '' campaign . McDonald 's sales and market still predominated , however . During the 1980s , a period of substantial expansion , McDonald 's further diversified its menu to suit changing consumer tastes . The company introduced the McChicken in 1980 ; it proved to be a sales disappointment , and was replaced with Chicken McNuggets a year later ( having originally been invented by Rene Arend in 1979 ) . In 1985 , ready - to - eat salads were introduced . Efficiency , combined with an expanded menu , continued to draw customers . McDonald 's began to focus on urban centers and introduced new architectural styles . The first McDonald 's Express locations opened in 1991 . These are smaller - scale prototypes , usually constructed in prefabricated buildings or urban storefronts , that do not feature certain menu items such as milkshakes and Quarter Pounders . In 1992 Michael R. Quinlan became president of McDonald 's Corporation , and Fred L. Turner became chairman . Quinlan , who took over as CEO in 1987 , had started at McDonald 's in the mail room in 1963 , and gradually worked his way up . In his first year as CEO , the company opened 600 new restaurants . By 1991 , 37 percent of system - wide sales came from restaurants outside the United States . McDonald 's opened its first foreign restaurant in British Columbia , Canada , in 1967 . By the early 1990s the company had established itself in 58 foreign countries , and operated more than 3,600 restaurants outside the United States , through wholly owned subsidiaries , joint ventures , and franchise agreements . Its strongest foreign markets were Japan , Canada , Germany , Great Britain , Australia , and France . In the mid-1980s , McDonald 's , like other traditional employers of teenagers , was faced with a shortage of labor in the United States . The company met this challenge by being the first to entice retirees back into the workforce . Focusing on off - site training , it opened its Hamburger University in 1961 to train franchisees and corporate decision - makers . By 1990 , more than 40,000 people had received `` Bachelor of Hamburgerology '' degrees from the 80 - acre ( 320,000 m ) Oak Brook , Illinois , facility . The corporation opened a Hamburger University in Tokyo in 1971 , in Munich in 1975 , and in London in 1982 . Braille menus were first introduced in 1979 , and picture menus in 1988 . In March 1992 , combination Braille and picture menus were reintroduced to accommodate those with vision , speech , or hearing impairments . Clamshell grills , which cooked both sides of a hamburger simultaneously , were tested . New locations such as hospitals and military bases were tapped as sites for new restaurants . In response to the increase in microwave oven usage , McDonald 's , whose name is the single most advertised brand name in the world , stepped up advertising and promotional expenditures stressing that its taste was superior to quick - packaged foods . 1990s ( edit ) The first McDonald 's in Mainland China opened in Dongmen , Shenzhen in October 1990 . McRecycle USA began in 1990 and included a commitment to purchase at least $100 million worth of recycled products annually for use in construction , remodeling , and equipping restaurants . Chairs , table bases , table tops , eating counters , table columns , waste receptacles , corrugated cartons , packaging , and washroom tissue were all made from recycled products . McDonald 's worked with the U.S. Environmental Defense Fund to develop a comprehensive solid waste reduction program . Wrapping burgers in paper rather than plastic led to a 90 percent reduction in the wrapping material waste stream . It took McDonald 's 33 years to open its first 10,000 restaurants . The 10,000 th unit opened in April 1988 . Incredibly , the company reached the 20,000 - restaurant mark in only eight more years , in mid-1996 . By the end of 1997 the total had surpassed 23,000 , and by that time McDonald 's was opening 2,000 new restaurants each year , an average of five every day . Much of the growth of the 1990s came outside the US , with international units increasing from about 3,600 in 1991 to more than 11,000 by 1998 . The number of countries with McDonald 's outlets nearly doubled from 59 in 1991 to 114 in late 1998 . In 1993 , a new region was added to the empire when the first McDonald 's in the Middle East opened in Tel Aviv , Israel . As the company entered new markets , it showed increasing flexibility with respect to local food preferences and customs . In Israel , for example , the first kosher McDonald 's opened in a Jerusalem suburb in 1995 . In Arab countries the restaurant chain used `` Halal '' menus , which complied with Islamic laws for food preparation . In 1996 McDonald 's entered India for the first time , where it offered a Big Mac made with lamb called the Maharaja Mac . That same year the first McSki - Thru opened in Lindvallen , Sweden . Overall , the company derived increasing percentages of its revenue and income from outside the US . In 1992 about two - thirds of systemwide sales came from U.S. McDonald 's , but by 1997 that figure was down to about 51 percent . Similarly , the operating income numbers showed a reduction from about 60 percent of sales derived from the US in 1992 to 42.5 percent in 1997 . In the US , the number of units grew from 9,000 in 1991 to 12,500 in 1997 , an increase of about 40 percent . Although the additional units increased market share in some markets , a number of franchisees complained that new units were cannibalizing sales from existing ones . Same - store sales for outlets open for more than one year were flat in the mid-1990s , a reflection of both the greater number of units and the mature nature of the U.S. market . The company made several notable blunders in the US in the 1990s which hurt stateside profits . The McLean Deluxe sandwich , which featured a 91 percent fat - free beef patty , was introduced in 1991 , never really caught on , and was dropped from the menu in February 1996 to make room for the Arch Deluxe , itself an underperforming product . The `` grown - up '' ( and pricey ) Arch Deluxe sandwich was launched in May 1996 and the Deluxe Line was launched in September 1996 in a $200 million campaign to gain the business of more adults , but were bombs . The following spring brought a 55 - cent Big Mac promotion , which many customers either rejected outright or were confused by because the burgers had to be purchased with full - priced fries and a drink . The promotion embittered still more franchisees , whose complaints led to its withdrawal . In July 1997 McDonald 's fired its main ad agency , Leo Burnett , a 15 - year McDonald 's partner after the nostalgic `` My McDonald 's '' campaign proved a failure . Several other 1990s - debuted menu items , including fried chicken , pasta , fajitas , and pizza failed as well . A seemingly weakened McDonald 's was the object of a Burger King offensive when the rival fast - food maker launched the Big King sandwich , a Big Mac clone . Meanwhile , internal taste tests revealed that customers preferred the fare at Wendy 's and Burger King . In response to these difficulties , McDonald 's drastically cut back on its U.S. expansion . In contrast to the 1,130 units opened in 1995 , only about 400 new McDonald 's were built in 1997 . Plans to open hundreds of smaller restaurants in Wal - Marts and gasoline stations were abandoned because test sites did not meet targeted goals . Reacting to complaints from franchisees about poor communication with the corporation and excess bureaucracy , the head of McDonald 's U.S.A. ( Jack M. Greenberg , who had assumed the position in October 1996 ) reorganized the unit into five autonomous geographic divisions . The aim was to bring management and decision - making closer to franchisees and customers . On the marketing side , McDonald 's scored big in 1996 and 1997 with a Teenie Beanie Baby promotion in which about 80 million of the toys / collectibles were gobbled up virtually overnight . The chain received some bad publicity , however , when it was discovered that a number of customers purchased Happy Meals just to get the toys and threw the food away . For a similar spring 1998 Teenie Beanie giveaway , the company altered the promotion to allow patrons to buy menu items other than kids ' meals . McDonald 's also began to benefit from a seven years global marketing alliance signed with Disney / Pixar in 1998 . Initial Disney / Pixar movies promoted by McDonald 's included A Bug 's Life , Monsters , Inc. , Finding Nemo and The Incredibles . Perhaps the most important marketing move came in the later months of 1997 when McDonald 's named DDB Needham as its new lead ad agency . Needham had been the company 's agency in the 1970s and was responsible for the hugely successful `` You Deserve a Break Today '' campaign . Late in 1997 , McDonald 's launched the Needham - designed `` Did Somebody Say McDonald 's ? '' campaign , which appeared to be an improvement over its predecessors . Late 1990s ( edit ) Following the difficulties of the early and mid-1990s , several moves in 1998 seemed to indicate a reinvigorated McDonald 's . In February the company for the first time took a stake in another fast - food chain when it purchased a minority interest in the 16 - unit , Colorado - based Chipotle Mexican Grill chain . The following month came the announcement that McDonald 's would improve the taste of several sandwiches and introduce several new menu items . McFlurry desserts , developed by a Canadian franchisee in 1997 , proved popular when launched in the United States in the summer of 1998 . That same month , McDonald 's said that it would overhaul its food preparation system in every U.S. restaurant . The new just - in - time system , dubbed `` Made for You '' , was in development for a number of years and aimed to deliver to customers `` fresher , hotter food '' ; enable patrons to receive special - order sandwiches ( a perk long offered by rivals Burger King and Wendy 's ) ; and allow new menu items to be more easily introduced thanks to the system 's enhanced flexibility . The expensive changeover was expected to cost about $25,000 per restaurant , with McDonald 's offering to pay for about half of the cost ; the company planned to provide about $190 million in financial assistance to its franchisees before implementation was completed by year - end 1999 . In May 1998 , Greenberg was named president and CEO of McDonald 's Corporation , with Quinlan remaining chairman ; at the same time Alan D. Feldman , who had joined the company only four years earlier from Pizza Hut , replaced Greenberg as president of McDonald 's U.S.A. , an unusual move for a company whose executives typically were long - timers . The following month brought another first , McDonald 's first job cuts . The company said it would eliminate 525 employees from its headquarters staff , a cut of about 23 percent . In the second quarter of 1998 McDonald 's took a $160 million charge in relation to the cuts . As a result , the company , for the first time since it went public in 1965 , recorded a decrease in net income , from $1.64 billion in 1997 to $1.55 billion in 1998 . McDonald 's followed up its investment in Chipotle with several more moves beyond the burger business . In March 1999 the company bought Aroma Café , a UK chain of 23 upscale coffee and sandwich shops . In July of that year McDonald 's added Donatos Pizza , a midwestern chain of 143 pizzerias based in Columbus , Ohio . Donatos had revenues of $120 million in 1997 . In 1999 , McDonald 's 25,000 th unit opened , Greenberg took on the additional post of chairman , and Jim Cantalupo was named company president . Cantalupo , who had joined the company as controller in 1974 and later became head of McDonald 's International , had been vice-chairman , a position he retained . In May 2000 McDonald 's completed its largest acquisition yet , buying the bankrupt Boston Market chain for $173.5 million in cash and debt . At the time , there were more than 850 Boston Market outlets , which specialized in home - style meals , with rotisserie chicken the lead menu item . Revenue at Boston Market during 1999 totaled $670 million . McDonald 's rounded out its acquisition spree in early 2001 by buying a 33 percent stake in Pret A Manger , an upscale urban - based chain specializing in ready - to - eat sandwiches made on the premises . There were more than 110 Pret shops in the United Kingdom and several more in New York City . Also during 2001 , McDonald 's sold off Aroma Café and took its McDonald 's Japan affiliate public , selling a minority stake through an initial public offering . 2000s ( edit ) As it was exploring new avenues of growth , however , McDonald 's core burger chain had become plagued by problems . Most prominently , the Made for You system backfired . Although many franchisees believed that it succeeded in improving the quality of the food , it also increased service times and proved labor - intensive . Some franchisees also complained that the actual cost of implementing the system ran much higher than the corporation had estimated , a charge that McDonald 's contested . In any case , there was no question that Made for You failed to reverse the chain 's sluggish sales . Growth in sales at stores open more than a year ( known as same - store sales ) fell in both 2000 and 2001 . Late in 2001 the company launched a restructuring involving the elimination of about 850 positions , 700 of which were in the US , and several restaurant closings . In 2000 , a McDonald 's in Dearborn , Michigan in Greater Detroit was the first one in Michigan and the only one east of the Mississippi River to offer halal food for Muslim customers . There were further black eyes as well . McDonald 's was sued in 2001 after it was revealed that for flavoring purposes a small amount of beef extract was being added to the vegetable oil used to cook the french fries . The company had cooked its fries in beef tallow until 1990 , when it began claiming in ads that it used 100 percent vegetable oil . McDonald 's soon apologized for any `` confusion '' that had been caused by its use of the beef flavoring , and in mid-2002 it reached a settlement in the litigation , agreeing to donate $10 million to Hindu , vegetarian , and other affected groups . Also in 2001 , further embarrassment came when 51 people were charged with conspiring to rig McDonald 's game promotions over the course of several years . It was revealed that $24 million of winning McDonald 's game tickets had been stolen as part of the scam . McDonald 's was not implicated in the scheme , which centered on a worker at an outside company that had administered the promotions . McDonald 's also had to increasingly battle its public image as a purveyor of fatty , unhealthy food . Consumers began filing lawsuits contending that years of eating at McDonald 's had made them overweight . McDonald 's responded by introducing low - calorie menu items and switching to a more healthful cooking oil for its french fries . McDonald 's franchises overseas became a favorite target of people and groups expressing anti-American and / or anti-globalization sentiments . In August 1999 a group of protesters led by farmer José Bové destroyed a half - built McDonald 's restaurant in Millau , France . In 2002 Bové , who gained fame from the incident , served a three - month jail sentence for the act , which he said was in protest against U.S. trade protectionism . McDonald 's was also one of three multinational corporations ( along with Starbucks Corporation and Nike , Inc . ) whose outlets in Seattle were attacked in late 1999 by some of the more aggressive protesters against a World Trade Organization meeting taking place there . In the early 2000s McDonald 's pulled out of several countries , including Bolivia and two Middle Eastern nations , at least in part because of the negative regard with which the brand was held in some areas . Early in 2002 , Cantalupo retired after 28 years of service . Sales remained lackluster that year , and in October the company attempted to revive U.S. sales through the introduction of a low - cost Dollar Menu . In December 2002 , after this latest initiative to reignite sales growth failed and also after profits fell in seven of the previous eight quarters , Greenberg announced that he would resign at the end of the year . Cantalupo came out of retirement to become chairman and CEO at the beginning of 2003 . Cantalupo started his tenure by announcing a major restructuring that involved the 2002 quarterly loss , which included the closure of more than 700 restaurants ( mostly in the United States and Japan ) , the elimination of 600 jobs , and charges of $853 million . The charges resulted in a fourth - quarter 2002 loss of $343.8 million , the first quarterly loss in McDonald 's 38 years as a public company . The new CEO also shifted away from the company 's traditional reliance on growth through the opening of new units to a focus on gaining more sales from existing units . By 2003 , with Ray Kroc 's McDonald 's Corporation nearly 50 and the McDonald 's fast food restaurant concept itself old enough to qualify for AARP membership , the brand had perhaps become too familiar and sales figures stalled . Analysts , management , owners , and customers alike recognized that the aged chain required revivification . The question in need of solution was : How should McDonald 's reinvent itself without losing its core values and maintain relevance in the marketplace ? To that end , several new menu items were successfully launched , including entree salads , McGriddles breakfast sandwiches ( which used pancakes in place of bread ) , and white - meat Chicken McNuggets . Some outlets began test - marketing fruits and vegetables as Happy Meal options . It was quickly determined that focus on customer experience was key in reversing the slippage . Then , a new global marketing campaign was adopted which was designed around the notion of the `` Rolling Energy '' phase . Launched on September 29 , 2003 , the campaign began featuring youthful images , hip music , and pop culture celebrities touting the tagline , `` I 'm lovin ' it '' . Next , James R. Cantalupo was called back from retirement to head the corporation and its efforts to recapture golden luster . His plan was to keep things simple with a focus on the basics like customer service , clean restrooms , and reliable appealing food ( not unlike Ray Kroc 's mantra of QSC and V : Quality , Service , Cleanliness , and Value ) . In addition to the basics he determined to position the company with a more modern coherent image in order to foster a McDonald 's `` experience '' for customers . More than an advertising campaign he and his team approved sweeping new architecture for McDonald 's restaurants , the first major overhaul since 1969 when the now universally recognized signature double mansard roof became standard . In fact , Mr. Cantalupo personally approved abandonment of the ubiquitous and familiar mansard in favor of what became the `` Forever Young '' prototype topped with its swish eyebrow . This was the first global campaign in McDonald 's history , as the new slogan was to be used in advertising in more than 100 countries . It also proved to be the first truly successful ad campaign in years ; sales began rebounding , helped also by improvements in service . Cantalupo did not live to see the fruits of his labor and he died in 2004 just as his modern vision for McDonald 's was getting underway . Nonetheless he had set things into motion causing a paradigm shift for the company resulting in a refreshed image without a dilution of brand identity . In December 2003 , for instance , same - store sales increased 7.3 percent . Same - store sales rose 2.4 percent for the entire year , after falling 2.1 percent in 2002 . Also , in that month , McDonald 's announced that it would further its focus on its core hamburger business by downsizing its other ventures . The company said that it would sell Donatos back to that chain 's founder . In addition , it would discontinue development of non-McDonald's brands outside of the United States . This included Boston Market outlets in Canada and Australia and Donatos units in Germany . McDonald 's kept its minority investment in Pret A Manger , but McDonald 's Japan was slated to close its Pret units there . These moves would enable the company to concentrate its international efforts on the McDonald 's chain , while reducing the non-hamburger brands in the United States to Chipotle and Boston Market , both of which were operating in the black . McDonald 's continued to curtail store openings in 2004 and to concentrate on building business at existing restaurants . Much of the more than $1.5 billion budgeted for capital expenditures in 2004 was slated to be used to remodel existing restaurants . McDonald 's also aimed to pay down debt by $400 million to $700 million and to return approximately $1 billion to shareholders through dividends and share repurchases . Cantalupo also set several long - term goals , such as sustaining annual systemwide sales and revenue growth rates of 3 to 5 percent . In a move to both simplify the menu and make its offerings less fattening , McDonald 's announced in March 2004 that it would phase out Super Size french fries and soft drinks by the end of the year . In the 1960s , the 1970s , the 1980s , and the 1990s , `` no loitering '' had been McDonald 's motto . Ray Kroc had decreed upon the origins of his version of the chain that pay telephones , jukeboxes , and vending machines of any kind were forbidden at McDonald 's restaurants . The goal had been to quickly serve customers and not force them to stay in the restaurants any longer than it took them to eat a hamburger . Along that line of thinking , dining areas were designed with minimalist hard plastic tables and chairs which were more often than not bolted in place . Thus customers consumed their fast food in scant comfort without dillydally allowing room for the next hurrying customers . With the new `` Forever Young '' design ( adopted in 2006 ) , the first major redesign since 1969 , McDonald 's turned a new page for itself . New and remodeled restaurants feature dining zones with `` distinct personalities '' . Most of them offer three sections or zones . A linger zone was designed to accommodate people who were inclined to dawdle and socialize while sitting comfortably on armchairs or sofas using free wifi access . Another zone offers counters and stools for patrons in a hurry who might just grab and go . The third and perhaps most important zone is the one for families or groups where seating arrangements can be reconfigured to meet a variety of needs . Also , harsh colors and hard plastics have been replaced with custom earth tones and flexible padded fabric covered booth seating all in hopes of engaging diners to loiter and perhaps spend more money and in addition to architecture and furnishings , the McDonald 's menu has been tweaked to offer a larger variety of what the corporation refers to as more healthy food . McDonald 's franchises are required to follow the directions of the parent company and perhaps more than a few have complained about the Forever Young changes . First , customers needed to recognize the mansard buildings and identify McDonald 's with them -- a new look may initially generate some degree of confusion . The next objection is cost : as of 2008 , a newly built swish - brow store was said to cost upwards of $1 million and renovation of an existing unit to meet the new standards as much as $400,000 . With a large percentage of sales from drive - in business , franchises could argue that the expensive interior redesign is unwarranted for their bottom lines . 2010s ( edit ) In May 2010 , McDonald 's redesigned its US website to a sleeker , HTML 5 friendly interface . Along with those changes , McDonald 's also introduced new advertising material to its website , including the unveiling of new pictures used exclusively for in - restaurant ads , television commercials , print advertising , and online advertising , which consist of more realistic pictures of its products , which are now up close and face the camera instead of facing left or right . In July 2011 , McDonald 's announced that their largest restaurant in the world would be built on the 2012 London Olympics site . The restaurant contains over 1,500 seats and is half the length of an American football field . Over 470 staff were employed serving on average ( during the 2012 Olympics ) 100,000 portions of fries , 50,000 Big Macs and 30,000 Milkshakes . This restaurant will overshadow the current largest McDonald 's in the world in Moscow , Russia . In January 2012 , the company announced revenue for 2011 reached an all - time high of $27 billion , and that 2,400 restaurants would be updated and 1,300 new ones opened worldwide . In the middle of the decade , the restaurant began to suffer from declining profits . In response , McDonald 's began to offer its breakfast menu all day starting in 2015 . At first , the launch was unpopular with franchisees who claimed that the changes caused service to slow down . However , the plan payed off with CNBC reporting that the company 's fourth quarter earning `` easily topped analysts ' forecasts '' . Timeline ( edit ) 1937 : Patrick McDonald opens a food and drinks stand called `` The Airdrome '' on historic Route 66 ( now Huntington Drive ) near the Monrovia Airport in Monrovia , California . 1940 : Brothers Richard and Maurice McDonald move The Airdrome building 40 miles ( 64 km ) east to San Bernardino , California , where they open the first McDonald 's restaurant , near U.S. Route 66 , at West 14th St and 1398 North E St. , on May 15 . Its menu consisted of 25 items , mostly barbecue . As was common at the time , they employed around 20 carhops . It became a popular and highly profitable teen hangout . 1948 : After noticing that almost all of their profits came from hamburgers , the brothers closed the restaurant for several months to remodel it and implement their innovative `` Speedee Service System '' , a streamlined assembly line for hamburgers . The carhops are fired , and when the restaurant reopens it sells only hamburgers , milkshakes , and french fries . At 15 cents , the burgers are about half as expensive as at standard diners , and they are served immediately . The restaurant is extremely successful , and its fame spreads by word of mouth . McDonald 's Sign circa 1955 1952 : The brothers hire Southern California architect Stanley Clark Meston to design a replacement for the San Bernardino stand which is to have even greater efficiency and a more eye - catching appearance . Meston and his assistant Charles Fish deliver the Golden Arches design . 1952 : The brothers begin to franchise their restaurant . The first franchisee is Neil Fox . 1953 : Fox 's McDonald 's opens in May in Phoenix , Arizona at N. Central Ave and Indian School Road . It is the first to feature the Golden Arches design . 1953 : The third McDonald 's restaurant , franchised to Roger Williams and Burdette Landon , opens in Downey , California at the corner of Lakewood Blvd and Florence Avenue . Today it is the oldest McDonald 's restaurant still in operation . 1954 : Entrepreneur and milkshake - mixer salesman Ray Kroc becomes fascinated by the McDonald 's restaurant during a sales visit , when he learns of its extraordinary capacity and popularity . Others who had visited the restaurant and come away inspired were James McLamore , founder of Burger King , and Glen Bell , founder of Taco Bell . After seeing the restaurant in operation , Kroc approaches the McDonald brothers , who have already begun franchising , with a proposition to let him franchise McDonald 's restaurants outside the company 's home base of California and Arizona , with himself as the first franchisee . Kroc works hard to sell McDonald 's franchises . Ray Kroc 's first franchised restaurant , the tenth - ever location at Blackstone and Shields Avenues ( though torn down and rebuilt twice ) in Fresno , California . 1955 : Ray Kroc founds `` McDonald 's Systems , Inc . '' on March 2 , as a legal structure for his planned franchises . Kroc opens the ninth McDonald 's restaurant in Des Plaines , Illinois , in suburban Chicago on April 15 . 1955 : Ray Kroc hires Fred L. Turner ( later CEO and Chairman ) as a grillman in his store in Des Plaines . 1957 : The original restaurant in San Bernardino is rebuilt with a golden arches design . 1958 : First New England location opens in Hamden , Connecticut . 1958 : McDonald 's worldwide sells its 100 millionth hamburger . 1958 : First Tampa Bay Area location of McDonald 's opens in Tampa , Florida . 1959 : First Hawaii location opens in Honolulu . 1959 : First New York location opens in Buffalo . 1959 : The 100th McDonald 's restaurant opens in Fond du Lac , Wisconsin . 1959 : McDonald 's begins billboard advertising . 1960s ( edit ) 1960 : First Massachusetts location of McDonald 's opens in Boston . 1960 : First Alaska location opens in Juneau . 1960 : Kroc 's company is renamed `` McDonald 's Corporation '' . 1961 : The McDonald brothers agree to sell Kroc business rights to their operation for $2.7 million , a sum that Kroc borrows from a number of investors , including Princeton University ; Kroc considers the sum extreme , and it strains his relationship with the brothers . In a handshake agreement , the brothers would also receive an overriding royalty of 1 % on the gross sales . At the closing table the brothers told Kroc that they were giving the real estate and rights to the original unit to the founding employees . Kroc closed the transaction , then refused to acknowledge the royalty portion of the agreement because it was n't in writing . The brothers keep their original restaurant , but in an oversight they fail to retain the right to remain a McDonald 's franchise . It was renamed `` The Big M '' , while Kroc drives it out of business by opening a McDonald 's just one block north ; he attended the opening in person . Had the brothers maintained their original agreement , which granted them 0.5 % of the chain 's annual revenues , they or their heirs would have been collecting in excess of $100 million per year today . Had Kroc adhered to the handshake agreement , these royalties would now be over $200 million a year . 1961 : Hamburger University opens in the basement of the Elk Grove Village , Illinois , McDonald 's restaurant . First Bachelor of Hamburgerology degrees were awarded to a graduating class of 15 . 1961 : The first McDonald 's in Georgia opens in Doraville . 1962 : McDonald 's first national magazine ad appears in Life magazine . 1962 : The first McDonald 's restaurant with seating opens in Denver , Colorado . 1962 : Market research shows that people identify McDonald 's primarily with the golden arches ; in response , the Speedee character is dropped and the Golden Arches logo is introduced . 1963 : One of Kroc 's marketing insights is his decision to advertise McDonald 's hamburgers to families and children . Washington , D.C. franchisees John Gibson and Oscar Goldstein ( Gee Gee Distributing Corporation ) sponsor a children 's show on WRC - TV called Bozo the Clown , a franchised character played by Willard Scott from 1959 until 1962 . After the show was cancelled , Goldstein hires Scott to portray McDonald 's new mascot , named Ronald McDonald . According to Scott , they wanted to pay him in stock , but Scott decided to take the money . Scott , looking nothing like the familiar appearance of any McDonaldland character as is known today , appeared in the first three television advertisements featuring the character . After changing the character 's first name to `` Ronald '' and replacing Scott with a new actor , and giving him the more familiar red , white , and yellow clown features , the character eventually spreads to the rest of the country via an advertising campaign . Years later , an entire cast of `` McDonaldland '' characters is developed . 1963 : The Filet - O - Fish is introduced in Cincinnati , Ohio , in a restaurant located in a neighborhood dominated by Roman Catholics who practiced abstinence ( the avoidance of meat ) on Fridays . It is the first new addition to the original menu , and goes national the following year , with fish supplied by Gorton 's of Gloucester . See also Lou Groen 1963 : McDonald 's sells its one billionth hamburger . 1963 : The 500th McDonald 's restaurant opens in Toledo , Ohio . 1964 : McDonald 's issues its first annual report . 1964 : First Rhode Island location opens in Warwick , Rhode Island . 1965 : Third New England location opens in Windsor , Connecticut . 1967 : The first McDonald 's restaurant in a territory of the United States opens in San Juan , Puerto Rico . 1967 : The first McDonald 's restaurant outside the United States opens in Richmond , British Columbia . 1967 : The chain 's stand - alone restaurant design which is still most common today , with mansard roof and indoor seating , is introduced . 1968 : The Big Mac ( similar to the Big Boy hamburger ) , the brainchild of Jim Delligatti , one of Ray Kroc 's earliest franchisees , who by the late 1960s operated a dozen stores in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , is first introduced in the Pittsburgh market in 1967 , before going system / nationwide a year later , following its great local success . The Hot Apple Pie is also introduced this year . 1968 : The 1000th McDonald 's restaurant opens in Des Plaines , Illinois . 1969 : McDonald 's begins building new mansard roof locations in the United States to replace the double arch - styled drive - in locations that had been the company 's standard design since the 1950s . The first mansard roof McDonald 's restaurant opens that same year in Matteson , Illinois . 1970s ( edit ) An early - 1970s McDonald 's sign in Austin , Minnesota , showing the number of burgers sold . From 1969 , the number was displayed in billions , increasing with every 5 billion . When the total reached 100 billion in 1993 , the signs of this era were changed to display 99 billion permanently , as there was only room for two digits , though some signs use the `` Billions and Billions Served '' tagline . 1970 : McDonald 's opens in Costa Rica , its third country after the United States and Canada . 1970 : Having changed hands in 1968 , the original `` Big M '' restaurant closes . It is demolished two years later , with only part of the sign remaining ; this has since been restored . 1971 : The first Asian McDonald 's opens in July in Japan , in Tokyo 's Ginza district . 1971 : On August 21 , the first European McDonald 's outlet opens , in Zaandam ( near Amsterdam ) in the Netherlands . The franchisee is Ahold . 1971 : The first McDonald 's in Germany ( Munich ) opens in November . It is the first McDonald 's to sell alcohol , as it offers beer . Other European countries follow in the early 1970s . 1971 : Maurice McDonald dies on December 11 1971 : The first Australian McDonald 's opens in the Sydney suburb of Yagoona in December . The restaurant becomes known locally as `` Maccas '' . 1972 : The McDonald 's system generates $1 billion in sales through 2200 restaurants . 1972 : The 2000th McDonald 's restaurant opens in Des Plaines , Illinois . 1972 : The first McDonald 's in France opens , in Créteil , even though the company officially recognizes the first outlet in Strasbourg in 1979 . 1973 : The first McDonald 's Playland opens in Chula Vista , California . 1973 : The first Swedish McDonald 's restaurant opens in Stockholm , 23 October . 1973 : The Quarter Pounder is introduced . 1973 : The Egg McMuffin , invented by Herb Peterson , owner and operator of a Santa Barbara franchise , is introduced to the menu . 1974 : On November 13 , the first McDonald 's in the United Kingdom opens in Woolwich , southeast London . It is the company 's 3000th restaurant . 1974 : The first Ronald McDonald House opens in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . 1975 : The first Hong Kong McDonald 's opens in January in Paterson Street , in Causeway Bay , Hong Kong Island . It is also the first McDonald 's restaurant in Greater China and the Four Asian Tigers . 1975 : Drive - Thru is introduced in January in Sierra Vista , Arizona in order to serve meals to soldiers from nearby Fort Huachuca who were not allowed to wear BDUs while off post except while in a vehicle . The Drive - Thru is later known as `` McDrive '' in some countries . 1976 : The first McDonald 's in Switzerland , on Rue du Mont - Blanc in Geneva . 1976 : McDonald 's pays its first cash dividend 1978 : The 5000th McDonald 's restaurant opens in Kanagawa , Japan . 1978 : Hamburger University celebrates the graduation of its 15,000 th student . 1979 : The Happy Meal is introduced in the U.S. 1979 : The first McDonald 's in Southeast Asia opens , in Singapore . 1979 : The first McDonald 's in South America opens , in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil . 1980s ( edit ) A McDonald 's in a Toronto , Ontario , Canada Wal - Mart store . McDonald 's in Barcelona , Spain 1980 : McDonald 's introduces the McChicken sandwich , its first poultry item . It flops , and is removed from the menu , but is later reintroduced after Chicken McNuggets prove successful . 1980 : The Chicken McNuggets are introduced to the menu and instantly become a success by early 1983 . 1980 : The 6000th McDonald 's restaurant opens in Munich , Germany . 1981 : The first Ronald McDonald House outside the U.S. opens in Toronto , Ontario , Canada . 1981 : The first McDonald 's in the Philippines opens , in Morayta , Manila . 1982 : The first McDonald 's in Malaysia opens , at Jalan Bukit Bintang , Kuala Lumpur . 1982 : McDonald 's stages an in - house rivalry between the Chicken McNuggets and the Big Mac as the advertising campaign involved the slogan `` Which will be number one ? '' . 1983 : After gaining much success , the McNuggets begin rolling out nationwide starting in January . 1984 : The first McDonald 's in Taiwan opens in January , at Songshan District , Taipei . 1984 : Ray Kroc dies on January 14 . 1984 : The company is a main sponsor of the 1984 Summer Olympics . Its U.S. restaurants lose money on the game `` When The US Wins , You Win '' after the Soviet bloc nations boycott the Games , leading to a high number of medals won by the U.S ( this is later parodied in an episode of The Simpsons , with Krusty the Klown 's Krusty Burger chain suffering a similar fate ) . 1984 : McDonald 's introduces it 's newest burger , the McDLT . Which stood for McDonald 's lettuce and tomato burger that was served in specifically designed two - sided container . The meat on the bottom half of the bun were placed separately from the lettuce , American cheese , pickles , sauces and top half of the bun . 1984 : On 18 July , James Huberty committed the worst mass murder ( at the time ) in the US , when he opened fire at the San Ysidro branch , killing 21 people before he was gunned down by a SWAT team sniper . 1985 : McDonald 's opens its first restaurant in Italy , in Bolzano . 1985 : Saul Kahan opens the first McDonald 's restaurant in Mexico City , Mexico . 1986 : Ali Vardar opens the first McDonald 's restaurant in İstanbul , Turkey . 1986 : The first McDonald 's is opened in Cuba on Guantanamo Bay Naval Base . It is currently the only location in the country due to the Cuban trade embargo , and is run by the Department of the Navy . 1987 : The first Macauese McDonald 's opens on the Rua do Campo , Macau . It is also the first McDonald 's restaurant in Portugal when Macau was under the control of Portugal . 1987 : On August 12 , a Piper Cheyenne , which started in Augsburg , Germany , was on a simulated approach to Munich 's main airport Riem , when all instruments failed . The plane crashed into the McDonald 's restaurant in the Wasserburger Landstrasse . Fourteen people were killed in the incident : 4 in the plane , 3 on the street or in a bus , which was also struck by the plane , and 7 in the restaurant . The McDonald 's in the Wasserburger Landstrasse has since been rebuilt . 1987 : On 23 November , The first Scottish store opened in Dundee , followed by Kirkcaldy. 13 years after McDonald 's first appeared in Britain . 1988 : The first Korean McDonald 's restaurant opens in March , in Seoul 's Apgujeong - dong district . 1988 : McDonald 's opens its first restaurant in a communist country , in Belgrade , Yugoslavia ( now Serbia ) . Budapest , Hungary follows in the same year . 1990s ( edit ) McDonald 's in Moscow , Russia McDonald 's in Saint Petersburg , Russia McDonald 's in Sanya , Hainan ( China ) . This one is a soft drink / ice cream stand . 1990 : On January 31 , the first Soviet McDonald 's opens , in Moscow . At the time it is the largest McDonald 's in the world . Although this has been described as being opened by McDonald 's Canada `` for political reasons '' this was completely untrue . All of the McDonald 's restaurants in all of the former Soviet Union are wholly owned by McDonald 's Canada with no input from the U.S. parent company ; a wall display within the restaurant shows the Canadian and Soviet flags . ( again because the US parent was not involved at all ) To overcome Soviet supply problems , the company creates its own supply chain , including farms , within the USSR . Unlike other foreign investments , the restaurant accepts rubles , not dollars , and is extremely popular , with waiting lines of several hours common in its early days . 1990 : Many other McDonald 's restaurants open in Eastern Europe . 1990 : In October , the first McDonald 's opens in mainland China , in the city and Special Economic Zone ( SEZ ) of Shenzhen , Guangdong province . 1990 : In November opens its first restaurant in Chile . 1991 : McDonald 's opens its first restaurant in Portugal ( except Macau ) , in Lisbon 's Cascaishopping . 1992 : The first McDonald 's opens in Africa , in Casablanca , Morocco . 1992 : Stella Liebeck receives third - degree burns from coffee purchased at a McDonald 's drive - through . She sued in what became known as the McDonald 's coffee case . 1992 : Derek Wood , an employee , and two friends rob a McDonald 's in Sydney River , Nova Scotia , killing three and severely injuring another . Wood is serving a life sentence for his role in the Sydney River McDonald 's murders . 1992 : On April 23 , the world 's largest McDonald 's opens in Beijing , China ( over 700 seats ) . Along with adjacent buildings , it is later demolished . 1992 : On April 28 , seven McDonald 's restaurants are bombed in Taiwan , killing one policeman and injuring four . 1992 : The first Polish McDonald 's restaurant opens in Warsaw , 17 June . 1992 : The fried apple pie is replaced with a baked apple pie . 1993 : The company launches its first seagoing restaurant aboard the Finnish cruiseferry Silja Europa , sailing between Helsinki and Stockholm . 1993 : On December 8 , McDonald 's opens its golden arches in Saudi Arabia for the first time . 1993 : McCafé is launched in Melbourne , Australia by Ann Brown . By 2002 the chain had spread to 13 countries worldwide . The first one in America was launched in 2001 . By 2003 it was the largest coffee shop brand in Australia and New Zealand . 1993 : McDonald 's Holiday Film Festival has Paramount Videocassettes ( such as the children 's classic Charlotte 's Web or the smash hit Ghost , The Addams Family or Wayne 's World ) , however Paramount Videocassettes are not seen at McDonald 's restaurant during the 1993 holiday season . 1994 : The Catalyst Award is given to McDonald 's in honour of their program to foster leadership development in women . 1994 : McDonald 's Holiday Film Fest has MCA / Universal Videocassettes ( such as Field of Dreams , Back to the Future , The Land Before Time and Fievel Goes West ) . 1995 : McDonald 's receives complaints from franchisees that too many franchises are being granted , leading to competition among franchisees . McDonald 's starts conducting market impact studies before granting further franchises . 1995 : In an effort to cultivate a more `` adult '' image , McDonald 's launches the Arch Deluxe sandwich with a massive ad campaign . Both the campaign and sandwich fail miserably and are quickly discontinued . 1995 : Following the end of apartheid , the first McDonald 's in South Africa opens at McDonald 's Blackheath . 1996 : First McDonald 's opens in Belarus , marking the chain 's 100th country ( by its own calculation ; however , this total included many non-sovereign territories ) . At the opening ceremony , the Belarusian militia are accused of brutality toward members of the public hoping to enter the restaurant in Minsk . 1996 : First McDonald 's opens in Lima , Peru , managed by Operaciones Arcos Dorados de Perú S.A. 1996 : The first Indian McDonald 's opens . 1997 : McDonald 's wins the `` McLibel '' case , in what many consider to be a Pyrrhic victory in terms of the company 's image . Only about half of the counts are in McDonald 's favour despite enormous legal resources deployed against self - representing defendants . 1997 : McDonald 's has Hercules Happy Meal with two toys from Disney 's thirty - fifth animated feature . 1997 : The McFlurry is invented by a Canadian franchise . 1998 : Richard McDonald dies on July 14 . 1998 : Jack M. Greenberg succeeds Michael R. Quinlan as CEO . 1998 : The first Pakistani McDonald 's opens in Lahore immediately followed by a branch in Karachi after one week . 1998 : Disney / Pixar and McDonald 's begins their 7 - year promotional partnership . 1999 : First McDonald 's restaurant opens in Tbilisi , Georgia . Jack Greenberg is elevated to Chairman and CEO . 1999 : leftist activist José Bové and others gain worldwide attention when they destroy a half - built McDonald 's franchise in Millau ( Aveyron ) . The incident follows a European Union ban on American meat imports , on the grounds that they use hormone treatments ; in response the U.S. had increased import duties on French Roquefort cheese and other European Union products . Bové was sentenced to three months in prison for his role in the incident . 2000s ( edit ) 2000 : Eric Schlosser publishes Fast Food Nation , a book critical of fast food in general and McDonald 's in particular . 2000 : The company opens its 1000th British store , inside the Millennium Dome . 2001 : The FBI reports that employees of Simon Worldwide , a company hired by McDonald 's to provide promotion marketing services for Happy Meals and the ' Millionaire ' / ' Monopoly ' contest , stole winning game pieces worth more than $20 million . 2002 : A survey in Restaurants and Institutions magazine ranks McDonald 's 15th in food quality among hamburger chains , highlighting the company 's failure to enforce standards across its franchise network . 2002 : McDonald 's posts its first quarterly loss ( $344 m ) , for the last quarter . It responds to the stiff competition from other fast - food restaurants , offering higher quality burgers and more variety , by attempting to move more upmarket by expanding its menu and refitting restaurants . It announces it is withdrawing from three countries ( including Bolivia ) and closing 175 underperforming restaurants . 2002 : In October of this year , McDonald 's opens the first of 2 corporate stores in Lincoln , Nebraska to test concept restaurant called `` 3N1 '' . The concept incorporated a `` Sandwich & Platter '' casual dining area , a `` bakery and ice cream '' area featuring gourmet coffees , and a traditional McDonald 's into one building . The second store is launched approximately six months later . The concept is spearheaded by Tom Ryan , who was Executive Vice President and Chief Concept Officer at the time . The concept is abandoned in less than a year , and Ryan leaves McDonald 's to join Quiznos Sub . 2002 : McDonald 's introduces a new menu board design featuring realistic photos of its products against a blue - white gradient background . 2003 : James Richard Cantalupo is elected Chairman and Chief Operating Officer , succeeding Jack M. Greenberg . Just prior to assuming his post Cantalupo shuts down Project Innovate , a global consulting project that had already spent $170 million of a projected 5 - year budget of $1.2 billion . 2003 : McDonald 's starts a global marketing campaign which promotes a new healthier and higher - quality image . The campaign was labeled `` I 'm lovin ' it '' and begins simultaneously in more than 100 countries around the world . 2003 : According to Technomic , a market research firm , McDonald 's share of the U.S. market had fallen three percentage points in five years and was at 15.2 % . 2003 : The firm reports a $126 M USD loss for the fourth quarter . 2003 : McDonald 's introduces their premium salads , the McGriddles and the chicken selects . 2004 : Morgan Spurlock directs and stars in Super Size Me , a documentary film in which he eats nothing but McDonald 's food for 30 days to the supposed detriment of his health . 2004 : After the release of Super Size Me , McDonald 's does away with their Supersize options . 2004 : Chairman and CEO Jim Cantalupo dies suddenly at the age of 60 in his hotel room of an apparent heart attack while attending the annual franchisee convention in Orlando , FL on April 19 . A 30 - year veteran of the organization , Cantalupo had previously served as President and CEO of McDonald 's International . He is credited with introducing the premium salad line and reformulating Chicken McNuggets to include leaner , all - white meat . Andrew J. McKenna , Sr. , a prominent Chicago businessman and a McDonald 's director , is elected Nonexecutive Chairman , and Charlie Bell of Sydney , Australia , is elected President and CEO of McDonald 's Corporation . A month later Bell is diagnosed with colorectal cancer during a physical exam required for his new post and dies in January of the next year . Like retired chairman and former CEO Fred L. Turner , Bell began his McDonald 's career as a crew member . He was promoted frequently , serving as the corporation 's Chief Operating Officer and as President of both McDonald 's Europe and of the Asia / Pacific , Middle East and Africa Group . 2005 : Jim Skinner is elected President and CEO . Skinner began his McDonald 's career as a trainee restaurant manager at a McDonald 's in Carpentersville , Illinois in 1971 after serving nearly ten years with the US Navy . 2005 : McDonald 's experiments with call centers for drive - through orders . The center , located in Fargo , North Dakota , takes orders from more than a dozen stores in Oregon and Washington . The experiment is in part motivated by labor costs , since the minimum wage in North Dakota is over 40 % lower than that in Oregon or Washington . 2005 : Owing in part to competitive pressure , McDonald 's Australia adopts `` Made for you '' cooking platform in which the food is prepared from pre-cooked meat after the customer orders ( as opposed to the firm 's normal procedure since 1948 , in which the food is cooked then sold as needed ) . It should become standard practice in all Australian restaurants by 2007 . Some restaurants in New Zealand also follow suit . The practice had earlier been tested , and abandoned , in the U.S. 2005 : McDonald 's in Singapore began their McDelivery service : customers place their food orders over the phone , and it is delivered to wherever they are . The service is available 24 hours a day , 7 days a week . 2005 : McDonald 's opens a Wi - Fi service in selected restaurants with Nintendo DS video games . 2005 : A fired employee with Asperger 's Syndrome , who was terminated for hitting a customer , murders his former manager at a McDonald 's outlet in West Sussex , England . Shane Freer ( 20 ) stabbed Jackie Marshall ( 57 ) to death during a children 's party at the fast food restaurant she was supervising . Freer was convicted and sentenced to life in prison by Lewes Crown Court . 2005 : Ronald McDonald gets a leaner , sportier look . 2006 : McDonald 's announces that it will include nutritional information on the packaging for all products beginning in March and that its upcoming menu changes will emphasize chicken , salads , and other `` fresh foods '' rather than hamburgers . 2006 : McDonald 's begins their `` forever young '' branding by redesigning their restaurants . 2006 : Anna Svidersky is murdered by David Sullivan while working in an Andresen Road McDonald 's in Vancouver , Washington . 2006 : McDonald 's and Disney end their 20 - year promotional partnership . 2006 : DreamWorks Animation and McDonald 's begins promotional partnership . 2007 : McDonald 's reintroduces its 42 - ounce super-size soda under the name Hugo . 2008 : McDonald 's introduces the McSkillet burrito . This larger breakfast consists of scramble eggs , red & green bell peppers , onions , potatoes , salsa and sausage wrapped in a flour tortilla . 2008 : McDonald 's introduces the Chicken Biscuit and the Southern Style Chicken Sandwich . 2008 : In November , McDonald 's starts phasing in new designs for their containers . On October 31 , they also introduced a new menu board design featuring warmer , darker colors , more realistic photos with the food on plates and drinks in glasses . The design hit nationwide in 2009 and expanded across the world through 2010 . 2009 : 20th Century Fox and McDonald 's begins promotional partnership . 2009 : McDonald 's introduces three versions of Angus Burgers : Angus Deluxe , Angus Bacon & Cheese , and Angus Mushroom & Swiss . 2009 : First McDonald 's opens in Cusco , Peru . Since 1996 a total of 21 McDonald 's , 8 McCafé and 36 soft drink / ice cream stands are opened in Lima and across Peru . 20 more McDonald 's are scheduled to be opened in the next two fiscal years . 2010s ( edit ) McDonald 's Next in Admiralty Centre , Hong Kong 2010 : McDonald 's introduces Real Fruit smoothies and the Angus Snack Wrap . 2010 : McDonald 's introduces Fruit & Maple Oatmeal to its menu . 2010 : Subway surpasses McDonald 's as the largest single - brand restaurant chain and the largest restaurant operator globally . 2011 : McDonald 's reintroduces the Asian salad . 2011 : McDonald 's makes a deal with the Marine Stewardship Council to certify the fish used for the Filet - O - Fish sold in Europe . 2012 : McDonald 's begins posting the calories count for items on the menus and menu boards in the drive - thru . 2013 : First McDonald 's burger restaurant franchise in Vietnam was awarded to the son in law of the Vietnamese prime minister . 2013 : McDonald 's Australia trials home delivery in selected areas of Sydney , with online ordering available through Menulog 2014 : ( October ) McDonald 's Australia trials custom made burgers with the choice of buns , cheese , sauces etc . This was launched at the Castle Hill Store in Sydney . 2015 : Steve Easterbrook succeeded the previous CEO Don Thompson who stepped down on 28 January . 2015 : United States roll - out of all - day breakfast ( breakfast menu available during store hours ) 2015 : The first McDonald 's Next store opened in Hong Kong . 2016 : McDonald 's withdraws the Step - It activity tracker , which is worn on the wrist , and was given away with Happy Meals to children in the US and Canada . There were fears that the devices caused skin irritation . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hess , Alan ( March 1986 ) . `` The Origins of McDonald 's Golden Arches '' . Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians. 45 ( 1 ) : 60 -- 67 . doi : 10.2307 / 990129 . JSTOR 990129 . Jump up ^ Skrabec , Quentin R. ; Skrabec Jr. , Quentin R. ( 2012 ) . The 100 Most Significant Events in American Business : An Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . p. 206 . Jump up ^ Bryson , Bill ( 1994 ) . Made in America . p. 338 . Jump up ^ Hess , Alan . `` The oldest McDonald 's as Architecture '' . Retrieved 2 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` McDonald Brothers '' . Retrieved 9 February 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.daily-chronicle.com/2016/02/16/from-the-archives-dekalbs-first-mcdonalds/a192lnf/ Jump up ^ Smith , Craig S. ( November 7 , 2002 ) . `` North Sea Cod Crisis Brings Call for Nations to Act '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ Hepözden , Rosemary ( 2011 ) . O'Flaherty , Brian , ed . Golden Arches under Southern Skies : Celebrating 35 years of McDonald 's in New Zealand . in co-op with McDonald 's Restaurants ( NZ ) Ltd . Auckland : Renaissance Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9864521 - 1 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's Your Hamburger , What 's Your Hurry ? : Fast food : A tiny prefabricated McDonald 's going up at the 32nd Street Naval Station will be missing something : seats '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 6 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Symotiuk , Rose ( 2015 - 05 - 21 ) . `` Shenzhen then and now : Dongmen '' . That 's Shenzhen . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Restaurant caters to Muslim customers . '' The Detroit News . September 28 , 2000 . Retrieved on July 5 , 2013 . `` A Dearborn McDonald 's has become the first McDonald 's restaurant in the state and the only McDonald 's east of the Mississippi to offer food acceptable to strict Muslim dietary laws . The McDonald 's at 14860 Michigan , east of Greenfield , now offers halal McNuggets . Halal is an Arabic word meaning lawful , or permitted . Halal meat is prepared according to the dictates of the Koran , much like kosher food . Muslims are ( ... ) '' Available from the archives of The Detroit News : Article ID det8723702 . Jump up ^ `` McDonald 's Unveils Chicken McBites '' . Los Angeles Times . 2012 - 01 - 25 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : ( cite web title = McDonald 's franchisees say all - day breakfast launch a disaster url = http://klfy.com/2015/10/17/mcdonalds-franchisees-say-all-day-breakfast-launch-a-disaster/%7Cwebsite=KFLY%7Caccessdate=15 September 2017 ) ) Jump up ^ Little , Katie . `` McDonald 's all - day breakfast ? The wait is over for some '' . CNBC . Jump up ^ La Monica , Paul R. `` McDonald 's sales soar thanks to all day breakfast '' . CNBC . Retrieved 15 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Downey , CA - World 's Oldest Operating McDonald 's '' . RoadsideAmerica.com . Retrieved 6 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` First Macca 's opened in memory lane '' . The Australian Business Review . Retrieved 24 October 2015 . Jump up ^ 1972 : Ray Kroc and the Fast Food Industry Jump up ^ `` A historic anniversary : 35 years since the opening of Britain 's first McDonald 's '' . Telegraph Blogs . Retrieved 6 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` History '' . McDonald 's . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Sydney Morning Herald - Google News Archive Search '' . Retrieved 6 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 20 years of Big Macs as McDonald 's marks Scottish anniversary '' . The Scotsman . Edinburgh. 2007 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` McDonald 's cumple 20 años de presencia en Chile '' . La Segunda. 16 November 2010 . Retrieved 7 February 2017 . Jump up ^ http://app.McDonald's.com/countries/usa/whatsnew/pressrelease/2002/10112002/ Jump up ^ http://www.mcdepk.com/McDonald's3n1restaurant/index.html Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 03 - 13 . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ McDougal , Paul ( 2006 - 10 - 16 ) . `` 8 Expensive IT Blunders '' . Information Week . Retrieved 4 August 2008 . ( Ambiguous , may be 8 April 2008 ) Jump up ^ Day , Sherri ( March 3 , 2003 ) . `` McDonald 's Strives to Regain Ground '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` McDonald 's on track for recovery '' . BBC News . January 26 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` McDonald 's CEO '' . Jump up ^ `` Big Mac 's Makeover : McDonald 's Turned Around '' . The Economist. 2004 - 10 - 14 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` McDonald 's Former President and CEO Charlie Bell Dies of Cancer '' . McDonald 's Press Release . 2005 - 01 - 17 . Archived from the original on 4 September 2008 . Retrieved 4 August 2008 . ( Ambiguous , may be 8 April 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` McDonald 's Corporation Biographies : Jim Skinner '' . McDonald 's Corporation . Archived from the original on 2008 - 03 - 24 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Arndt , Michael ( 2004 - 11 - 23 ) . `` What McDonald 's Newest Cook Faces '' . BusinessWeek . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Life term for McDonald 's killing '' . BBC News . September 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ http://biz.yahoo.com/rb/060116/leisure_McDonald's.html?.v=1 Jump up ^ http://money.cnn.com/2006/01/16/news/companies/McDonald 's . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Subway Runs Past McDonald 's Chain '' . wsj.com . Retrieved 20 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Jolly , David ( 9 June 2011 ) . `` McDonald 's to market eco-friendly fish to Europeans '' . International Herald Tribune . Paris . p. 7 . Jump up ^ `` McDonald 's to post calories for items on menu boards '' . USA Today . September 12 , 2012 . Retrieved September 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` McDonald 's to open its first location in Vietnam . '' Associated Press at Houston Chronicle . July 17 , 2013 . Retrieved on July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` McDonald 's - North Parramatta '' . Retrieved 6 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Good Food -- McDonald 's home delivery takes off across Australia '' . Good Food . Retrieved 6 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Macleod , Duncan . `` McDonalds Create Your Taste in Learning Lab Restaurant '' . The Inspiration Room . Retrieved 13 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Steve Easterbrook Jump up ^ Don Thompson ( executive ) Jump up ^ Lezare , Lewis ( 3 September 2015 ) . `` Inside McDonald 's marketing game plan for the all - day breakfast rollout -- part two '' . Chicago Business Journal . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` McDonald 's drops wearable over claims it can cause rash '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 18 . ( hide ) McDonald 's History Advertising ad programs Countries with franchises Legal cases Product list International availability People Richard and Maurice McDonald Ray Kroc Joan Kroc Ralph Alvarez Charlie Bell Al Bernardin Jim Cantalupo George Cohon Dan Coudreaut Steve Easterbrook Janice L. Fields Den Fujita Don Gorske Jack M. Greenberg Eikō Harada June Martino Herb Peterson Michael R. Quinlan Ed Rensi Willard Scott James A. Skinner Donald N. Smith Harry J. Sonneborn Don Thompson Fred L. Turner Company Hamburger University Leaps and Bounds McBarge McCafé McDonald 's # 1 Store Museum McDonald 's ( Will Rogers Turnpike ) Oldest McDonald 's restaurant Rock N Roll McDonald 's Ronald McDonald House Charities Products Beef Big Mac Big N ' Tasty Deluxe line Kiwiburger Quarter Pounder ( McRoyal ) Chicken Chicken McNuggets McChicken Other Deli Choices Filet - O - Fish Georgie Pie Happy Meal McArabia McGriddles McMuffin McRib Premium line Shamrock Shake Former Arch Deluxe McAfrika Advertising Campaigns Changeables Global Gladiators Golden Arches Mac Tonight McDonaldland McDonald 's Monopoly McDonald 's Treasure Land Adventure M.C. Kids McKids Ronald McDonald Teenie Beanies The Wacky Adventures of Ronald McDonald Sponsorships Kyle Larson ( NASCAR ) Jamie McMurray ( NASCAR ) Graham Rahal ( IndyCar Series ) McDonald 's All - American Game McDonald 's Championship McDonald 's Championship ( golf ) McDonald 's Cycle Center McDonald 's Gospelfest McDonald 's Olympic Swim Stadium Related Burger wars Donald Land Fast food advertising Mac and Me ( 1988 film ) McDonald 's sign ( Pine Bluff , Arkansas ) Supersize Branches Canada Israel New Zealand Criticism Fast Food Nation ( film ) McDonaldization McDonald 's Videogame McJob McRefugee McLibel Maxime , McDuff & McDo Super Size Me Do n't Eat This Book Legal cases Liebeck v. McDonald 's Restaurants Magee v. McDonald 's McDonald 's Restaurants v. Morris & Steel Sid & Marty Krofft Television Productions Inc. v. McDonald 's Corp . Related McDelivery Big Mac Index Bill Elliott McDonald 's Young Entertainers McWords San Ysidro McDonald 's massacre `` Seriously McDonalds '' Sydney River McDonald 's murders Taiwan McDonald 's bombings Urban legends Boom , Like That The Founder ( 2016 film ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_McDonald%27s&oldid=807699477 '' Categories : History of companies of the United States History of food and drink McDonald 's Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2014 Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from August 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Melayu 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2017 , at 16 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20McDonald%2527s
| 2,110 |
where is a lipid found in the human body
|
Lipid
|
lipid
|
In biology , a lipid is a substance of biological origin that is soluble in nonpolar solvents . It comprises a group of naturally occurring molecules that include fats , waxes , sterols , fat - soluble vitamins ( such as vitamins A , D , E , and K ) , monoglycerides , diglycerides , triglycerides , and phospholipids . The main biological functions of lipids include storing energy , signaling , and acting as structural components of cell membranes . Lipids have applications in the cosmetic and food industries as well as in nanotechnology .
|
Scientists sometimes broadly define lipids as hydrophobic or amphiphilic small molecules ; the amphiphilic nature of some lipids allows them to form structures such as vesicles , multilamellar / unilamellar liposomes , or membranes in an aqueous environment . Biological lipids originate entirely or in part from two distinct types of biochemical subunits or `` building - blocks '' : ketoacyl and isoprene groups . Using this approach , lipids may be divided into eight categories : fatty acids , glycerolipids , glycerophospholipids , sphingolipids , saccharolipids , and polyketides ( derived from condensation of ketoacyl subunits ) ; and sterol lipids and prenol lipids ( derived from condensation of isoprene subunits ) . Although the term `` lipid '' is sometimes used as a synonym for fats , fats are a subgroup of lipids called triglycerides . Lipids also encompass molecules such as fatty acids and their derivatives ( including tri - , di - , monoglycerides , and phospholipids ) , as well as other sterol - containing metabolites such as cholesterol . Although humans and other mammals use various biosynthetic pathways both to break down and to synthesize lipids , some essential lipids can not be made this way and must be obtained from the diet . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Categories of Lipids 2.1 Fatty acids 2.2 Glycerolipids 2.3 Glycerophospholipids 2.4 Sphingolipids 2.5 Sterol lipids 2.6 Prenol lipids 2.7 Saccharolipids 2.8 Polyketides 3 Biological functions 3.1 Membranes 3.2 Energy storage 3.3 Signaling 3.4 Other functions 4 Metabolism 4.1 Biosynthesis 4.2 Degradation 5 Nutrition and health 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Bibliography 8 External links History ( edit ) In 1815 , Henry Braconnot classified lipids ( graisses ) in two categories , suifs ( solid greases or tallow ) and huiles ( fluid oils ) . In 1823 , Michel Eugène Chevreul developed a more detailed classification , including oils , greases , tallow , waxes , resins , balsams and volatile oils ( or essential oils ) . In 1827 , William Prout recognized fat ( `` oily '' alimentary matters ) , along with protein ( `` albuminous '' ) and carbohydrate ( `` saccharine '' ) , as an important nutrient for humans and animals . For a century , chemists regarded `` fats '' as only simple lipids made of fatty acids and glycerol ( glycerides ) , but new forms were described later . Theodore Gobley ( 1847 ) discovered phospholipids in mammalian brain and hen egg , called by him as `` lecithins '' . Thudichum discovered in human brain some phospholipids ( cephalin ) , glycolipids ( cerebroside ) and sphingolipids ( sphingomyelin ) . The terms lipoid , lipin , lipide and lipid have been used with varied meanings from author to author . In 1912 , Rosenbloom and Gies proposed the substitution of `` lipoid '' by `` lipin '' . In 1920 , Bloor introduced a new classification for `` lipoids '' : simple lipoids ( greases and waxes ) , compound lipoids ( phospholipoids and glycolipoids ) , and the derived lipoids ( fatty acids , alcohols , sterols ) . The word `` lipid '' , which stems etymologically from the Greek lipos ( fat ) , was introduced in 1923 by Gabriel Bertrand . Bertrands included in the concept not only the traditional fats ( glycerides ) , but also the `` lipoids '' , with a complex constitution . In 1947 , T.P. Hilditch divided lipids into `` simple lipids '' , with greases and waxes ( true waxes , sterols , alcohols ) , and `` complex lipids '' , with phospholipids and glycolipids . Categories of lipids ( edit ) Fatty acids ( edit ) I - Prostacyclin ( an example of a prostaglandin , an eicosanoid fatty acid ) LTB ( an example of a leukotriene , an eicosanoid fatty acid ) Fatty acids , or fatty acid residues when they are part of a lipid , are a diverse group of molecules synthesized by chain - elongation of an acetyl - CoA primer with malonyl - CoA or methylmalonyl - CoA groups in a process called fatty acid synthesis . They are made of a hydrocarbon chain that terminates with a carboxylic acid group ; this arrangement confers the molecule with a polar , hydrophilic end , and a nonpolar , hydrophobic end that is insoluble in water . The fatty acid structure is one of the most fundamental categories of biological lipids , and is commonly used as a building - block of more structurally complex lipids . The carbon chain , typically between four and 24 carbons long , may be saturated or unsaturated , and may be attached to functional groups containing oxygen , halogens , nitrogen , and sulfur . If a fatty acid contains a double bond , there is the possibility of either a cis or trans geometric isomerism , which significantly affects the molecule 's configuration . Cis - double bonds cause the fatty acid chain to bend , an effect that is compounded with more double bonds in the chain . Three double bonds in 18 - carbon linolenic acid , the most abundant fatty - acyl chains of plant thylakoid membranes , render these membranes highly fluid despite environmental low - temperatures , and also makes linolenic acid give dominating sharp peaks in high resolution 13 - C NMR spectra of chloroplasts . This in turn plays an important role in the structure and function of cell membranes . Most naturally occurring fatty acids are of the cis configuration , although the trans form does exist in some natural and partially hydrogenated fats and oils . Examples of biologically important fatty acids include the eicosanoids , derived primarily from arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid , that include prostaglandins , leukotrienes , and thromboxanes . Docosahexaenoic acid is also important in biological systems , particularly with respect to sight . Other major lipid classes in the fatty acid category are the fatty esters and fatty amides . Fatty esters include important biochemical intermediates such as wax esters , fatty acid thioester coenzyme A derivatives , fatty acid thioester ACP derivatives and fatty acid carnitines . The fatty amides include N - acyl ethanolamines , such as the cannabinoid neurotransmitter anandamide . Glycerolipids ( edit ) Example of an unsaturated fat triglyceride ( C H O ) . Left part : glycerol ; right part , from top to bottom : palmitic acid , oleic acid , alpha - linolenic acid . Glycerolipids are composed of mono - , di - , and tri-substituted glycerols , the best - known being the fatty acid triesters of glycerol , called triglycerides . The word `` triacylglycerol '' is sometimes used synonymously with `` triglyceride '' . In these compounds , the three hydroxyl groups of glycerol are each esterified , typically by different fatty acids . Because they function as an energy store , these lipids comprise the bulk of storage fat in animal tissues . The hydrolysis of the ester bonds of triglycerides and the release of glycerol and fatty acids from adipose tissue are the initial steps in metabolizing fat . Additional subclasses of glycerolipids are represented by glycosylglycerols , which are characterized by the presence of one or more sugar residues attached to glycerol via a glycosidic linkage . Examples of structures in this category are the digalactosyldiacylglycerols found in plant membranes and seminolipid from mammalian sperm cells . Glycerophospholipids ( edit ) Phosphatidylethanolamine Glycerophospholipids , usually referred to as phospholipids ( though sphingomyelins are also classified as phospholipids ) , are ubiquitous in nature and are key components of the lipid bilayer of cells , as well as being involved in metabolism and cell signaling . Neural tissue ( including the brain ) contains relatively high amounts of glycerophospholipids , and alterations in their composition has been implicated in various neurological disorders . Glycerophospholipids may be subdivided into distinct classes , based on the nature of the polar headgroup at the sn - 3 position of the glycerol backbone in eukaryotes and eubacteria , or the sn - 1 position in the case of archaebacteria . Examples of glycerophospholipids found in biological membranes are phosphatidylcholine ( also known as PC , GPCho or lecithin ) , phosphatidylethanolamine ( PE or GPEtn ) and phosphatidylserine ( PS or GPSer ) . In addition to serving as a primary component of cellular membranes and binding sites for intra - and intercellular proteins , some glycerophospholipids in eukaryotic cells , such as phosphatidylinositols and phosphatidic acids are either precursors of or , themselves , membrane - derived second messengers . Typically , one or both of these hydroxyl groups are acylated with long - chain fatty acids , but there are also alkyl - linked and 1Z - alkenyl - linked ( plasmalogen ) glycerophospholipids , as well as dialkylether variants in archaebacteria . Sphingolipids ( edit ) Sphingomyelin Sphingolipids are a complicated family of compounds that share a common structural feature , a sphingoid base backbone that is synthesized de novo from the amino acid serine and a long - chain fatty acyl CoA , then converted into ceramides , phosphosphingolipids , glycosphingolipids and other compounds . The major sphingoid base of mammals is commonly referred to as sphingosine . Ceramides ( N - acyl - sphingoid bases ) are a major subclass of sphingoid base derivatives with an amide - linked fatty acid . The fatty acids are typically saturated or mono - unsaturated with chain lengths from 16 to 26 carbon atoms . The major phosphosphingolipids of mammals are sphingomyelins ( ceramide phosphocholines ) , whereas insects contain mainly ceramide phosphoethanolamines and fungi have phytoceramide phosphoinositols and mannose - containing headgroups . The glycosphingolipids are a diverse family of molecules composed of one or more sugar residues linked via a glycosidic bond to the sphingoid base . Examples of these are the simple and complex glycosphingolipids such as cerebrosides and gangliosides . Sterol lipids ( edit ) Sterol lipids , such as cholesterol and its derivatives , are an important component of membrane lipids , along with the glycerophospholipids and sphingomyelins . The steroids , all derived from the same fused four - ring core structure , have different biological roles as hormones and signaling molecules . The eighteen - carbon ( C18 ) steroids include the estrogen family whereas the C19 steroids comprise the androgens such as testosterone and androsterone . The C21 subclass includes the progestogens as well as the glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids . The secosteroids , comprising various forms of vitamin D , are characterized by cleavage of the B ring of the core structure . Other examples of sterols are the bile acids and their conjugates , which in mammals are oxidized derivatives of cholesterol and are synthesized in the liver . The plant equivalents are the phytosterols , such as β - sitosterol , stigmasterol , and brassicasterol ; the latter compound is also used as a biomarker for algal growth . The predominant sterol in fungal cell membranes is ergosterol . Prenol lipids ( edit ) Prenol lipid ( 2E - geraniol ) Prenol lipids are synthesized from the five - carbon - unit precursors isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate that are produced mainly via the mevalonic acid ( MVA ) pathway . The simple isoprenoids ( linear alcohols , diphosphates , etc . ) are formed by the successive addition of C5 units , and are classified according to number of these terpene units . Structures containing greater than 40 carbons are known as polyterpenes . Carotenoids are important simple isoprenoids that function as antioxidants and as precursors of vitamin A. Another biologically important class of molecules is exemplified by the quinones and hydroquinones , which contain an isoprenoid tail attached to a quinonoid core of non-isoprenoid origin . Vitamin E and vitamin K , as well as the ubiquinones , are examples of this class . Prokaryotes synthesize polyprenols ( called bactoprenols ) in which the terminal isoprenoid unit attached to oxygen remains unsaturated , whereas in animal polyprenols ( dolichols ) the terminal isoprenoid is reduced . Saccharolipids ( edit ) Structure of the saccharolipid Kdo - lipid A. Glucosamine residues in blue , Kdo residues in red , acyl chains in black and phosphate groups in green . Saccharolipids describe compounds in which fatty acids are linked directly to a sugar backbone , forming structures that are compatible with membrane bilayers . In the saccharolipids , a monosaccharide substitutes for the glycerol backbone present in glycerolipids and glycerophospholipids . The most familiar saccharolipids are the acylated glucosamine precursors of the Lipid A component of the lipopolysaccharides in Gram - negative bacteria . Typical lipid A molecules are disaccharides of glucosamine , which are derivatized with as many as seven fatty - acyl chains . The minimal lipopolysaccharide required for growth in E. coli is Kdo - Lipid A , a hexa - acylated disaccharide of glucosamine that is glycosylated with two 3 - deoxy - D - manno - octulosonic acid ( Kdo ) residues . Polyketides ( edit ) Polyketides are synthesized by polymerization of acetyl and propionyl subunits by classic enzymes as well as iterative and multimodular enzymes that share mechanistic features with the fatty acid synthases . They comprise a large number of secondary metabolites and natural products from animal , plant , bacterial , fungal and marine sources , and have great structural diversity . Many polyketides are cyclic molecules whose backbones are often further modified by glycosylation , methylation , hydroxylation , oxidation , or other processes . Many commonly used anti-microbial , anti-parasitic , and anti-cancer agents are polyketides or polyketide derivatives , such as erythromycins , tetracyclines , avermectins , and antitumor epothilones . Biological functions ( edit ) Membranes ( edit ) Eukaryotic cells feature compartmentalized membrane - bound organelles that carry out different biological functions . The glycerophospholipids are the main structural component of biological membranes , such as the cellular plasma membrane and the intracellular membranes of organelles ; in animal cells , the plasma membrane physically separates the intracellular components from the extracellular environment . The glycerophospholipids are amphipathic molecules ( containing both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions ) that contain a glycerol core linked to two fatty acid - derived `` tails '' by ester linkages and to one `` head '' group by a phosphate ester linkage . While glycerophospholipids are the major component of biological membranes , other non-glyceride lipid components such as sphingomyelin and sterols ( mainly cholesterol in animal cell membranes ) are also found in biological membranes . In plants and algae , the galactosyldiacylglycerols , and sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol , which lack a phosphate group , are important components of membranes of chloroplasts and related organelles and are the most abundant lipids in photosynthetic tissues , including those of higher plants , algae and certain bacteria . Plant thylakoid membranes have the largest lipid component of a non-bilayer forming monogalactosyl diglyceride ( MGDG ) , and little phospholipids ; despite this unique lipid composition , chloroplast thylakoid membranes have been shown to contain a dynamic lipid - bilayer matrix as revealed by magnetic resonance and electron microscope studies . Self - organization of phospholipids : a spherical liposome , a micelle , and a lipid bilayer . A biological membrane is a form of lamellar phase lipid bilayer . The formation of lipid bilayers is an energetically preferred process when the glycerophospholipids described above are in an aqueous environment . This is known as the hydrophobic effect . In an aqueous system , the polar heads of lipids align towards the polar , aqueous environment , while the hydrophobic tails minimize their contact with water and tend to cluster together , forming a vesicle ; depending on the concentration of the lipid , this biophysical interaction may result in the formation of micelles , liposomes , or lipid bilayers . Other aggregations are also observed and form part of the polymorphism of amphiphile ( lipid ) behavior . Phase behavior is an area of study within biophysics and is the subject of current academic research . Micelles and bilayers form in the polar medium by a process known as the hydrophobic effect . When dissolving a lipophilic or amphiphilic substance in a polar environment , the polar molecules ( i.e. , water in an aqueous solution ) become more ordered around the dissolved lipophilic substance , since the polar molecules can not form hydrogen bonds to the lipophilic areas of the amphiphile . So in an aqueous environment , the water molecules form an ordered `` clathrate '' cage around the dissolved lipophilic molecule . The formation of lipids into protocell membranes represents a key step in models of abiogenesis , the origin of life . Energy storage ( edit ) Triglycerides , stored in adipose tissue , are a major form of energy storage both in animals and plants . The adipocyte , or fat cell , is designed for continuous synthesis and breakdown of triglycerides in animals , with breakdown controlled mainly by the activation of hormone - sensitive enzyme lipase . The complete oxidation of fatty acids provides high caloric content , about 9 kcal / g , compared with 4 kcal / g for the breakdown of carbohydrates and proteins . Migratory birds that must fly long distances without eating use stored energy of triglycerides to fuel their flights . Signaling ( edit ) In recent years , evidence has emerged showing that lipid signaling is a vital part of the cell signaling . Lipid signaling may occur via activation of G protein - coupled or nuclear receptors , and members of several different lipid categories have been identified as signaling molecules and cellular messengers . These include sphingosine - 1 - phosphate , a sphingolipid derived from ceramide that is a potent messenger molecule involved in regulating calcium mobilization , cell growth , and apoptosis ; diacylglycerol ( DAG ) and the phosphatidylinositol phosphates ( PIPs ) , involved in calcium - mediated activation of protein kinase C ; the prostaglandins , which are one type of fatty - acid derived eicosanoid involved in inflammation and immunity ; the steroid hormones such as estrogen , testosterone and cortisol , which modulate a host of functions such as reproduction , metabolism and blood pressure ; and the oxysterols such as 25 - hydroxy - cholesterol that are liver X receptor agonists . Phosphatidylserine lipids are known to be involved in signaling for the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells or pieces of cells . They accomplish this by being exposed to the extracellular face of the cell membrane after the inactivation of flippases which place them exclusively on the cytosolic side and the activation of scramblases , which scramble the orientation of the phospholipids . After this occurs , other cells recognize the phosphatidylserines and phagocytosize the cells or cell fragments exposing them . Other functions ( edit ) The `` fat - soluble '' vitamins ( A , D , E and K ) -- which are isoprene - based lipids -- are essential nutrients stored in the liver and fatty tissues , with a diverse range of functions . Acyl - carnitines are involved in the transport and metabolism of fatty acids in and out of mitochondria , where they undergo beta oxidation . Polyprenols and their phosphorylated derivatives also play important transport roles , in this case the transport of oligosaccharides across membranes . Polyprenol phosphate sugars and polyprenol diphosphate sugars function in extra-cytoplasmic glycosylation reactions , in extracellular polysaccharide biosynthesis ( for instance , peptidoglycan polymerization in bacteria ) , and in eukaryotic protein N - glycosylation . Cardiolipins are a subclass of glycerophospholipids containing four acyl chains and three glycerol groups that are particularly abundant in the inner mitochondrial membrane . They are believed to activate enzymes involved with oxidative phosphorylation . Lipids also form the basis of steroid hormones . Metabolism ( edit ) The major dietary lipids for humans and other animals are animal and plant triglycerides , sterols , and membrane phospholipids . The process of lipid metabolism synthesizes and degrades the lipid stores and produces the structural and functional lipids characteristic of individual tissues . Biosynthesis ( edit ) In animals , when there is an oversupply of dietary carbohydrate , the excess carbohydrate is converted to triglycerides . This involves the synthesis of fatty acids from acetyl - CoA and the esterification of fatty acids in the production of triglycerides , a process called lipogenesis . Fatty acids are made by fatty acid synthases that polymerize and then reduce acetyl - CoA units . The acyl chains in the fatty acids are extended by a cycle of reactions that add the acetyl group , reduce it to an alcohol , dehydrate it to an alkene group and then reduce it again to an alkane group . The enzymes of fatty acid biosynthesis are divided into two groups , in animals and fungi all these fatty acid synthase reactions are carried out by a single multifunctional protein , while in plant plastids and bacteria separate enzymes perform each step in the pathway . The fatty acids may be subsequently converted to triglycerides that are packaged in lipoproteins and secreted from the liver . The synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids involves a desaturation reaction , whereby a double bond is introduced into the fatty acyl chain . For example , in humans , the desaturation of stearic acid by stearoyl - CoA desaturase - 1 produces oleic acid . The doubly unsaturated fatty acid linoleic acid as well as the triply unsaturated α - linolenic acid can not be synthesized in mammalian tissues , and are therefore essential fatty acids and must be obtained from the diet . Triglyceride synthesis takes place in the endoplasmic reticulum by metabolic pathways in which acyl groups in fatty acyl - CoAs are transferred to the hydroxyl groups of glycerol - 3 - phosphate and diacylglycerol . Terpenes and isoprenoids , including the carotenoids , are made by the assembly and modification of isoprene units donated from the reactive precursors isopentenyl pyrophosphate and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate . These precursors can be made in different ways . In animals and archaea , the mevalonate pathway produces these compounds from acetyl - CoA , while in plants and bacteria the non-mevalonate pathway uses pyruvate and glyceraldehyde 3 - phosphate as substrates . One important reaction that uses these activated isoprene donors is steroid biosynthesis . Here , the isoprene units are joined together to make squalene and then folded up and formed into a set of rings to make lanosterol . Lanosterol can then be converted into other steroids such as cholesterol and ergosterol . Degradation ( edit ) Beta oxidation is the metabolic process by which fatty acids are broken down in the mitochondria or in peroxisomes to generate acetyl - CoA . For the most part , fatty acids are oxidized by a mechanism that is similar to , but not identical with , a reversal of the process of fatty acid synthesis . That is , two - carbon fragments are removed sequentially from the carboxyl end of the acid after steps of dehydrogenation , hydration , and oxidation to form a beta - keto acid , which is split by thiolysis . The acetyl - CoA is then ultimately converted into ATP , CO , and H O using the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain . Hence the citric acid cycle can start at acetyl - CoA when fat is being broken down for energy if there is little or no glucose available . The energy yield of the complete oxidation of the fatty acid palmitate is 106 ATP . Unsaturated and odd - chain fatty acids require additional enzymatic steps for degradation . Nutrition and Health ( edit ) Most of the fat found in food is in the form of triglycerides , cholesterol , and phospholipids . Some dietary fat is necessary to facilitate absorption of fat - soluble vitamins ( A , D , E , and K ) and carotenoids . Humans and other mammals have a dietary requirement for certain essential fatty acids , such as linoleic acid ( an omega - 6 fatty acid ) and alpha - linolenic acid ( an omega - 3 fatty acid ) because they can not be synthesized from simple precursors in the diet . Both of these fatty acids are 18 - carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids differing in the number and position of the double bonds . Most vegetable oils are rich in linoleic acid ( safflower , sunflower , and corn oils ) . Alpha - linolenic acid is found in the green leaves of plants , and in selected seeds , nuts , and legumes ( in particular flax , rapeseed , walnut , and soy ) . Fish oils are particularly rich in the longer - chain omega - 3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) and docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) . A large number of studies have shown positive health benefits associated with consumption of omega - 3 fatty acids on infant development , cancer , cardiovascular diseases , and various mental illnesses , such as depression , attention - deficit hyperactivity disorder , and dementia . In contrast , it is now well - established that consumption of trans fats , such as those present in partially hydrogenated vegetable oils , are a risk factor for cardiovascular disease . A few studies have suggested that total dietary fat intake is linked to an increased risk of obesity and diabetes . However , a number of very large studies , including the Women 's Health Initiative Dietary Modification Trial , an eight - year study of 49,000 women , the Nurses ' Health Study and the Health Professionals Follow - up Study , revealed no such links . None of these studies suggested any connection between percentage of calories from fat and risk of cancer , heart disease , or weight gain . The Nutrition Source , a website maintained by the Department of Nutrition at the Harvard School of Public Health , summarizes the current evidence on the impact of dietary fat : `` Detailed research -- much of it done at Harvard -- shows that the total amount of fat in the diet is n't really linked with weight or disease . '' See also ( edit ) Solid lipid nanoparticle Emulsion test Lipid microdomain Membrane lipid Fats Lipid signaling Lipidomics Protein - lipid interaction Phenolic lipids , a class of natural products composed of long aliphatic chains and phenolic rings that occur in plants , fungi and bacteria References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Maitland , Jr Jones ( 1998 ) . Organic Chemistry . WW Norton & Co Inc ( Np ) . p. 139 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 97378 - 5 . Jump up ^ Stryer et al. , p. 328 . Jump up ^ McNaught , A.D. ; Wilkinson , A. , eds. ( 1997 ) . `` lipids '' . Compendium of Chemical Terminology ( the `` Gold Book '' ) ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford : Blackwell Scientific Publications . doi : 10.1351 / goldbook . ISBN 0 - 9678550 - 9 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Fahy E , Subramaniam S , Murphy RC , Nishijima M , Raetz CR , Shimizu T , Spener F , van Meer G , Wakelam MJ , Dennis EA ( April 2009 ) . `` Update of the LIPID MAPS comprehensive classification system for lipids '' . Journal of Lipid Research . 50 Suppl ( S1 ) : S9 -- 14 . doi : 10.1194 / jlr. R800095 - JLR200 . PMC 2674711 . PMID 19098281 . Jump up ^ Subramaniam S , Fahy E , Gupta S , Sud M , Byrnes RW , Cotter D , Dinasarapu AR , Maurya MR ( October 2011 ) . `` Bioinformatics and systems biology of the lipidome '' . Chemical Reviews . 111 ( 10 ) : 6452 -- 90 . doi : 10.1021 / cr200295k . PMC 3383319 . PMID 21939287 . Jump up ^ Mashaghi S , Jadidi T , Koenderink G , Mashaghi A ( February 2013 ) . `` Lipid nanotechnology '' . International Journal of Molecular Sciences . 14 ( 2 ) : 4242 -- 82 . doi : 10.3390 / ijms14024242 . PMC 3588097 . PMID 23429269 . Jump up ^ Michelle A , Hopkins J , McLaughlin CW , Johnson S , Warner MQ , LaHart D , Wright JD ( 1993 ) . Human Biology and Health . Englewood Cliffs , New Jersey , USA : Prentice Hall . ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 981176 - 0 . Jump up ^ Braconnot , H. Sur la nature des corps gras . Annales de chimie , 31 Mars 1815 , 2 Sér. , t . XCIII , p. 225 - 277 . link . Jump up ^ Chevreul , M.E. Recherches sur les corps gras d'origine animale . Levrault , Paris , 1823 . link . ^ Jump up to : Leray , C. ( 2012 ) . Introduction to Lipidomics . Boca Raton : CRC Press . link . Jump up ^ Leray , C. 2015 . Introduction , History and Evolution . In : Lipids . Nutrition and health . Boca Raton : CRC Press . link . Jump up ^ Leray , C. Chronological history of lipid center . Cyberlipid Center . Last updated on 11 November 2017 . link . Jump up ^ Prout , W. ( 1827 ) On the ultimate composition of simple alimentary substances , with some preliminary remarks on the analysis of organised bodies in general . Phil . Trans. , 355 - 388 . link . Jump up ^ Culling , C.F.A. ( 1974 ) . Lipids . ( Fats , Lipoids . Lipins ) . In : Handbook of Histopathological Techniques . London , Butterworths , 3rd ed. , pp. 351 - 376 . link . Jump up ^ Rosenbloom , J. ; Gies , W.J. A proposed chemical classification of lipins . Biochemical Bulletin , 1911 , v. I , p. 51 . link . Jump up ^ Bloor , W.R. ( 1920 ) . Outline of a classication of the lipids . Proc. Soc . Exp. Biol. Med. 17 : 138 -- 140 . link . Jump up ^ Christie , W.W. , Han , X. , 2010 . Lipid Analysis : Isolation , Separation , Identification and Lipidomic Analysis . The Oily Press , Bridgwater , England . link . Jump up ^ Bertrand , Gabriel . 1923 . Projet de reforme de la nomenclature de Chimie biologique . Bulletin de la Societé de Chimie Biologique 5 : 96 - 109 . Jump up ^ Vance JE , Vance DE ( 2002 ) . Biochemistry of Lipids , Lipoproteins and Membranes . Amsterdam : Elsevier . ISBN 978 - 0 - 444 - 51139 - 3 . Jump up ^ Brown HA , ed. ( 2007 ) . Lipodomics and Bioactive Lipids : Mass Spectrometry Based Lipid Analysis . Methods in Enzymology. 423 . Boston : Academic Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 373895 - 0 . Jump up ^ Hunt SM , Groff JL , Gropper SA ( 1995 ) . Advanced Nutrition and Human Metabolism . Belmont , California : West Pub. Co. p. 98 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 314 - 04467 - 9 . Jump up ^ Yashroy RC . ( 1987 ) . `` C NMR studies of lipid fatty acyl chains of chloroplast membranes '' . Indian Journal of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 24 ( 6 ) : 177 -- 178 . Jump up ^ Devlin , pp. 193 -- 195 . Jump up ^ Hunter JE ( November 2006 ) . `` Dietary trans fatty acids : review of recent human studies and food industry responses '' . Lipids. 41 ( 11 ) : 967 -- 92 . doi : 10.1007 / s11745 - 006 - 5049 - y . PMID 17263298 . Jump up ^ Furse S ( 2011 - 12 - 02 ) . `` A Long Lipid , a Long Name : Docosahexaenoic Acid '' . The Lipid Chronicles . Jump up ^ `` DHA for Optimal Brain and Visual Functioning '' . DHA / EPA Omega - 3 Institute . Jump up ^ Fezza F , De Simone C , Amadio D , Maccarrone M ( 2008 ) . `` Fatty acid amide hydrolase : a gate - keeper of the endocannabinoid system '' . Sub-Cellular Biochemistry . Subcellular Biochemistry . 49 : 101 -- 32 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4020 - 8831 - 5_4 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 8830 - 8 . PMID 18751909 . Jump up ^ Coleman RA , Lee DP ( March 2004 ) . `` Enzymes of triacylglycerol synthesis and their regulation '' . Progress in Lipid Research . 43 ( 2 ) : 134 -- 76 . doi : 10.1016 / S0163 - 7827 ( 03 ) 00051 - 1 . PMID 14654091 . Jump up ^ van Holde and Mathews , pp. 630 -- 31 . ^ Jump up to : Hölzl G , Dörmann P ( September 2007 ) . `` Structure and function of glycoglycerolipids in plants and bacteria '' . Progress in Lipid Research . 46 ( 5 ) : 225 -- 43 . doi : 10.1016 / j. plipres. 2007.05. 001 . PMID 17599463 . Jump up ^ Honke K , Zhang Y , Cheng X , Kotani N , Taniguchi N ( 2004 ) . `` Biological roles of sulfoglycolipids and pathophysiology of their deficiency '' . Glycoconjugate Journal . 21 ( 1 - 2 ) : 59 -- 62 . doi : 10.1023 / B : GLYC. 0000043749.06556. 3d . PMID 15467400 . Jump up ^ `` The Structure of a Membrane '' . The Lipid Chronicles . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ Berridge MJ , Irvine RF ( September 1989 ) . `` Inositol phosphates and cell signalling '' . Nature . 341 ( 6239 ) : 197 -- 205 . doi : 10.1038 / 341197a0 . PMID 2550825 . Jump up ^ Farooqui AA , Horrocks LA , Farooqui T ( June 2000 ) . `` Glycerophospholipids in brain : their metabolism , incorporation into membranes , functions , and involvement in neurological disorders '' . Chemistry and Physics of Lipids. 106 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 29 . doi : 10.1016 / S0009 - 3084 ( 00 ) 00128 - 6 . PMID 10878232 . Jump up ^ Ivanova PT , Milne SB , Byrne MO , Xiang Y , Brown HA ( 2007 ) . `` Glycerophospholipid identification and quantitation by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry '' . Methods in Enzymology . Methods in Enzymology. 432 : 21 -- 57 . doi : 10.1016 / S0076 - 6879 ( 07 ) 32002 - 8 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 373895 - 0 . PMID 17954212 . Jump up ^ van Holde and Mathews , p. 844 . Jump up ^ Paltauf F ( December 1994 ) . `` Ether lipids in biomembranes '' . Chemistry and Physics of Lipids. 74 ( 2 ) : 101 -- 39 . doi : 10.1016 / 0009 - 3084 ( 94 ) 90054 - X . PMID 7859340 . Jump up ^ Merrill AH , Sandoff K ( 2002 ) . `` Chapter 14 : Sphingolipids : Metabolism and Cell Signaling '' ( PDF ) . In Vance JE , Vance EE . Biochemistry of Lipids , Lipoproteins and Membranes ( 4th ed . ) . Amsterdam : Elsevier . pp. 373 -- 407 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 444 - 51138 - 6 . Jump up ^ Devlin , pp. 421 -- 422 . Jump up ^ Hori T , Sugita M ( 1993 ) . `` Sphingolipids in lower animals '' . Progress in Lipid Research . 32 ( 1 ) : 25 -- 45 . doi : 10.1016 / 0163 - 7827 ( 93 ) 90003 - F. PMID 8415797 . Jump up ^ Wiegandt H ( January 1992 ) . `` Insect glycolipids '' . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1123 ( 2 ) : 117 -- 26 . doi : 10.1016 / 0005 - 2760 ( 92 ) 90101 - Z . PMID 1739742 . Jump up ^ Guan X , Wenk MR ( May 2008 ) . `` Biochemistry of inositol lipids '' . Frontiers in Bioscience. 13 ( 13 ) : 3239 -- 51 . doi : 10.2741 / 2923 . PMID 18508430 . Jump up ^ Bach D , Wachtel E ( March 2003 ) . `` Phospholipid / cholesterol model membranes : formation of cholesterol crystallites '' . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1610 ( 2 ) : 187 -- 97 . doi : 10.1016 / S0005 - 2736 ( 03 ) 00017 - 8 . PMID 12648773 . Jump up ^ Stryer et al. , p. 749 . Jump up ^ Bouillon R , Verstuyf A , Mathieu C , Van Cromphaut S , Masuyama R , Dehaes P , Carmeliet G ( December 2006 ) . `` Vitamin D resistance '' . Best Practice & Research . Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 20 ( 4 ) : 627 -- 45 . doi : 10.1016 / j. beem. 2006.09. 008 . PMID 17161336 . Jump up ^ Russell DW ( 2003 ) . `` The enzymes , regulation , and genetics of bile acid synthesis '' . Annual Review of Biochemistry . 72 : 137 -- 74 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. biochem. 72.121801. 161712 . PMID 12543708 . Jump up ^ Villinski JC , Hayes JM , Brassell SC , Riggert VL , Dunbar R ( 2008 ) . `` Sedimentary sterols as biogeochemical indicators in the Southern Ocean '' . Organic Geochemistry. 39 ( 5 ) : 567 -- 588 . doi : 10.1016 / j. orggeochem. 2008.01. 009 . Jump up ^ Deacon J. ( 2005 ) . Fungal Biology . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Blackwell Publishers . p. 342 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 3066 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Kuzuyama T , Seto H ( April 2003 ) . `` Diversity of the biosynthesis of the isoprene units '' . Natural Product Reports . 20 ( 2 ) : 171 -- 83 . doi : 10.1039 / b109860h . PMID 12735695 . Jump up ^ Rao AV , Rao LG ( March 2007 ) . `` Carotenoids and human health '' . Pharmacological Research . 55 ( 3 ) : 207 -- 16 . doi : 10.1016 / j. phrs. 2007.01. 012 . PMID 17349800 . Jump up ^ Brunmark A , Cadenas E ( 1989 ) . `` Redox and addition chemistry of quinoid compounds and its biological implications '' . Free Radical Biology & Medicine . 7 ( 4 ) : 435 -- 77 . doi : 10.1016 / 0891 - 5849 ( 89 ) 90126 - 3 . PMID 2691341 . Jump up ^ Swiezewska E , Danikiewicz W ( July 2005 ) . `` Polyisoprenoids : structure , biosynthesis and function '' . Progress in Lipid Research . 44 ( 4 ) : 235 -- 58 . doi : 10.1016 / j. plipres. 2005.05. 002 . PMID 16019076 . ^ Jump up to : Raetz CR , Garrett TA , Reynolds CM , Shaw WA , Moore JD , Smith DC , et al. ( May 2006 ) . `` Kdo2 - Lipid A of Escherichia coli , a defined endotoxin that activates macrophages via TLR - 4 '' . Journal of Lipid Research . 47 ( 5 ) : 1097 -- 111 . doi : 10.1194 / jlr. M600027 - JLR200 . PMID 16479018 . Jump up ^ Walsh CT ( March 2004 ) . `` Polyketide and nonribosomal peptide antibiotics : modularity and versatility '' . Science . 303 ( 5665 ) : 1805 -- 10 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1094318 . PMID 15031493 . Jump up ^ Caffrey P , Aparicio JF , Malpartida F , Zotchev SB ( 2008 ) . `` Biosynthetic engineering of polyene macrolides towards generation of improved antifungal and antiparasitic agents '' . Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry . 8 ( 8 ) : 639 -- 53 . doi : 10.2174 / 156802608784221479 . PMID 18473889 . Jump up ^ Minto RE , Blacklock BJ ( July 2008 ) . `` Biosynthesis and function of polyacetylenes and allied natural products '' . Progress in Lipid Research . 47 ( 4 ) : 233 -- 306 . doi : 10.1016 / j. plipres. 2008.02. 002 . PMC 2515280 . PMID 18387369 . Jump up ^ Stryer et al. , pp. 329 -- 331 . Jump up ^ Heinz E. ( 1996 ) . `` Plant glycolipids : structure , isolation and analysis '' , pp. 211 -- 332 in Advances in Lipid Methodology , Vol. 3 . W.W. Christie ( ed . ) . Oily Press , Dundee . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9514171 - 6 - 4 Jump up ^ Yashroy RC . ( 1990 ) . `` Magnetic resonance studies of dynamic organisation of lipids in chloroplast membranes '' . Journal of Biosciences. 15 ( 4 ) : 281 -- 288 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02702669 . Jump up ^ Stryer et al. , pp. 333 -- 334 . Jump up ^ van Meer G , Voelker DR , Feigenson GW ( February 2008 ) . `` Membrane lipids : where they are and how they behave '' . Nature Reviews . Molecular Cell Biology . 9 ( 2 ) : 112 -- 24 . doi : 10.1038 / nrm2330 . PMC 2642958 . PMID 18216768 . Jump up ^ Feigenson GW ( November 2006 ) . `` Phase behavior of lipid mixtures '' . Nature Chemical Biology . 2 ( 11 ) : 560 -- 3 . doi : 10.1038 / nchembio1106 - 560 . PMC 2685072 . PMID 17051225 . Jump up ^ Wiggins PM ( December 1990 ) . `` Role of water in some biological processes '' . Microbiological Reviews . 54 ( 4 ) : 432 -- 49 . PMC 372788 . PMID 2087221 . Jump up ^ Raschke TM , Levitt M ( May 2005 ) . `` Nonpolar solutes enhance water structure within hydration shells while reducing interactions between them '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 102 ( 19 ) : 6777 -- 82 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0500225102 . PMC 1100774 . PMID 15867152 . Jump up ^ Segré D , Ben - Eli D , Deamer DW , Lancet D ( 2001 ) . `` The lipid world '' ( PDF ) . Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere. 31 ( 1 - 2 ) : 119 -- 45 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1006746807104 . PMID 11296516 . Jump up ^ Brasaemle DL ( December 2007 ) . `` Thematic review series : adipocyte biology . The perilipin family of structural lipid droplet proteins : stabilization of lipid droplets and control of lipolysis '' . Journal of Lipid Research . 48 ( 12 ) : 2547 -- 59 . doi : 10.1194 / jlr. R700014 - JLR200 . PMID 17878492 . Jump up ^ Stryer et al. , p. 619 . Jump up ^ Malinauskas T , Aricescu AR , Lu W , Siebold C , Jones EY ( July 2011 ) . `` Modular mechanism of Wnt signaling inhibition by Wnt inhibitory factor 1 '' . Nature Structural & Molecular Biology . 18 ( 8 ) : 886 -- 893 . doi : 10.1038 / nsmb. 2081 . PMC 3430870 . PMID 21743455 . Jump up ^ Malinauskas T ( 2008 ) . `` Docking of fatty acids into the WIF domain of the human Wnt inhibitory factor - 1 '' . Lipids. 43 ( 3 ) : 227 -- 30 . doi : 10.1007 / s11745 - 007 - 3144 - 3 . PMID 18256869 . Jump up ^ Wang X ( June 2004 ) . `` Lipid signaling '' . Current Opinion in Plant Biology . 7 ( 3 ) : 329 -- 36 . doi : 10.1016 / j. pbi. 2004.03. 012 . PMID 15134755 . Jump up ^ Dinasarapu AR , Saunders B , Ozerlat I , Azam K , Subramaniam S ( June 2011 ) . `` Signaling gateway molecule pages -- a data model perspective '' . Bioinformatics. 27 ( 12 ) : 1736 -- 8 . doi : 10.1093 / bioinformatics / btr190 . PMC 3106186 . PMID 21505029 . Jump up ^ Eyster KM ( March 2007 ) . `` The membrane and lipids as integral participants in signal transduction : lipid signal transduction for the non-lipid biochemist '' . Advances in Physiology Education . 31 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 16 . doi : 10.1152 / advan. 00088.2006 . PMID 17327576 . Jump up ^ Hinkovska - Galcheva V , VanWay SM , Shanley TP , Kunkel RG ( November 2008 ) . `` The role of sphingosine - 1 - phosphate and ceramide - 1 - phosphate in calcium homeostasis '' . Current Opinion in Investigational Drugs . 9 ( 11 ) : 1192 -- 205 . PMID 18951299 . Jump up ^ Saddoughi SA , Song P , Ogretmen B ( 2008 ) . `` Roles of bioactive sphingolipids in cancer biology and therapeutics '' . Sub-Cellular Biochemistry . Subcellular Biochemistry . 49 : 413 -- 40 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4020 - 8831 - 5_16 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 8830 - 8 . PMC 2636716 . PMID 18751921 . Jump up ^ Klein C , Malviya AN ( January 2008 ) . `` Mechanism of nuclear calcium signaling by inositol 1 , 4 , 5 - trisphosphate produced in the nucleus , nuclear located protein kinase C and cyclic AMP - dependent protein kinase '' . Frontiers in Bioscience. 13 ( 13 ) : 1206 -- 26 . doi : 10.2741 / 2756 . PMID 17981624 . Jump up ^ Boyce JA ( August 2008 ) . `` Eicosanoids in asthma , allergic inflammation , and host defense '' . Current Molecular Medicine . 8 ( 5 ) : 335 -- 49 . doi : 10.2174 / 156652408785160989 . PMID 18691060 . Jump up ^ Bełtowski J ( 2008 ) . `` Liver X receptors ( LXR ) as therapeutic targets in dyslipidemia '' . Cardiovascular Therapeutics . 26 ( 4 ) : 297 -- 316 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1755 - 5922.2008. 00062. x . PMID 19035881 . Jump up ^ Biermann M , Maueröder C , Brauner JM , Chaurio R , Janko C , Herrmann M , Muñoz LE ( December 2013 ) . `` Surface code -- biophysical signals for apoptotic cell clearance '' . Physical Biology . 10 ( 6 ) : 065007 . doi : 10.1088 / 1478 - 3975 / 10 / 6 / 065007 . PMID 24305041 . Jump up ^ Indiveri C , Tonazzi A , Palmieri F ( October 1991 ) . `` Characterization of the unidirectional transport of carnitine catalyzed by the reconstituted carnitine carrier from rat liver mitochondria '' . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1069 ( 1 ) : 110 -- 6 . doi : 10.1016 / 0005 - 2736 ( 91 ) 90110 - t . PMID 1932043 . Jump up ^ Parodi AJ , Leloir LF ( April 1979 ) . `` The role of lipid intermediates in the glycosylation of proteins in the eucaryotic cell '' . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 559 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 37 . doi : 10.1016 / 0304 - 4157 ( 79 ) 90006 - 6 . PMID 375981 . Jump up ^ Helenius A , Aebi M ( March 2001 ) . `` Intracellular functions of N - linked glycans '' . Science . 291 ( 5512 ) : 2364 -- 9 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 291.5512. 2364 . PMID 11269317 . Jump up ^ Nowicki M , Müller F , Frentzen M ( April 2005 ) . `` Cardiolipin synthase of Arabidopsis thaliana '' . FEBS Letters. 579 ( 10 ) : 2161 -- 5 . doi : 10.1016 / j. febslet. 2005.03. 007 . PMID 15811335 . Jump up ^ Gohil VM , Greenberg ML ( February 2009 ) . `` Mitochondrial membrane biogenesis : phospholipids and proteins go hand in hand '' . The Journal of Cell Biology . 184 ( 4 ) : 469 -- 72 . doi : 10.1083 / jcb. 200901127 . PMC 2654137 . PMID 19237595 . Jump up ^ Hoch FL ( March 1992 ) . `` Cardiolipins and biomembrane function '' . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1113 ( 1 ) : 71 -- 133 . doi : 10.1016 / 0304 - 4157 ( 92 ) 90035 - 9 . PMID 1550861 . Jump up ^ Steroids Archived 2011 - 10 - 23 at the Wayback Machine ... Elmhurst.edu . Retrieved on 2013 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ Stryer et al. , p. 634 . Jump up ^ Chirala SS , Wakil SJ ( November 2004 ) . `` Structure and function of animal fatty acid synthase '' . Lipids. 39 ( 11 ) : 1045 -- 53 . doi : 10.1007 / s11745 - 004 - 1329 - 9 . PMID 15726818 . Jump up ^ White SW , Zheng J , Zhang YM ( 2005 ) . `` The structural biology of type II fatty acid biosynthesis '' . Annual Review of Biochemistry . 74 : 791 -- 831 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. biochem. 74.082803. 133524 . PMID 15952903 . Jump up ^ Ohlrogge JB , Jaworski JG ( June 1997 ) . `` Regulation of fatty acid synthesis '' . Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology . 48 : 109 -- 136 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. arplant. 48.1. 109 . PMID 15012259 . ^ Jump up to : Stryer et al. , p. 643 . Jump up ^ Stryer et al. , pp. 733 -- 739 . Jump up ^ Grochowski LL , Xu H , White RH ( May 2006 ) . `` Methanocaldococcus jannaschii uses a modified mevalonate pathway for biosynthesis of isopentenyl diphosphate '' . Journal of Bacteriology. 188 ( 9 ) : 3192 -- 8 . doi : 10.1128 / JB. 188.9. 3192 - 3198.2006 . PMC 1447442 . PMID 16621811 . Jump up ^ Lichtenthaler HK ( June 1999 ) . `` The 1 - dideoxy - D - xylulose - 5 - phosphate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis in plants '' . Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology . 50 : 47 -- 65 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. arplant. 50.1. 47 . PMID 15012203 . ^ Jump up to : Schroepfer GJ ( 1981 ) . `` Sterol biosynthesis '' . Annual Review of Biochemistry . 50 : 585 -- 621 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. bi. 50.070181. 003101 . PMID 7023367 . Jump up ^ Lees ND , Skaggs B , Kirsch DR , Bard M ( March 1995 ) . `` Cloning of the late genes in the ergosterol biosynthetic pathway of Saccharomyces cerevisiae -- a review '' . Lipids. 30 ( 3 ) : 221 -- 6 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02537824 . PMID 7791529 . Jump up ^ Stryer et al. , pp. 625 -- 626 . Jump up ^ Bhagavan , p. 903 . Jump up ^ Russo GL ( March 2009 ) . `` Dietary n - 6 and n - 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids : from biochemistry to clinical implications in cardiovascular prevention '' . Biochemical Pharmacology . 77 ( 6 ) : 937 -- 46 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bcp. 2008.10. 020 . PMID 19022225 . Jump up ^ Bhagavan , p. 388 . Jump up ^ Riediger ND , Othman RA , Suh M , Moghadasian MH ( April 2009 ) . `` A systemic review of the roles of n - 3 fatty acids in health and disease '' . Journal of the American Dietetic Association . 109 ( 4 ) : 668 -- 79 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jada. 2008.12. 022 . PMID 19328262 . Jump up ^ Galli C , Risé P ( 2009 ) . `` Fish consumption , omega 3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease . The science and the clinical trials '' . Nutrition and Health . 20 ( 1 ) : 11 -- 20 . doi : 10.1177 / 026010600902000102 . PMID 19326716 . Jump up ^ Micha R , Mozaffarian D ( 2008 ) . `` Trans fatty acids : effects on cardiometabolic health and implications for policy '' . Prostaglandins , Leukotrienes , and Essential Fatty Acids. 79 ( 3 - 5 ) : 147 -- 52 . doi : 10.1016 / j. plefa. 2008.09. 008 . PMC 2639783 . PMID 18996687 . Jump up ^ Dalainas I , Ioannou HP ( April 2008 ) . `` The role of trans fatty acids in atherosclerosis , cardiovascular disease and infant development '' . International Angiology. 27 ( 2 ) : 146 -- 56 . PMID 18427401 . Jump up ^ Mozaffarian D , Willett WC ( December 2007 ) . `` Trans fatty acids and cardiovascular risk : a unique cardiometabolic imprint ? '' . Current Atherosclerosis Reports . 9 ( 6 ) : 486 -- 93 . doi : 10.1007 / s11883 - 007 - 0065 - 9 . PMID 18377789 . Jump up ^ Astrup A , Dyerberg J , Selleck M , Stender S ( 2008 ) , `` Nutrition transition and its relationship to the development of obesity and related chronic diseases '' , Obes Rev , 9 ( S1 ) : 48 -- 52 , doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 789X. 2007.00438. x , PMID 18307699 Jump up ^ Astrup A ( February 2005 ) . `` The role of dietary fat in obesity '' . Seminars in Vascular Medicine . 5 ( 1 ) : 40 -- 7 . doi : 10.1055 / s - 2005 - 871740 . PMID 15968579 . Jump up ^ Astrup A ( 2008 ) . `` Dietary management of obesity '' . JPEN . Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 32 ( 5 ) : 575 -- 7 . doi : 10.1177 / 0148607108321707 . PMID 18753397 . Jump up ^ Beresford SA , Johnson KC , Ritenbaugh C , Lasser NL , Snetselaar LG , Black HR , et al. ( February 2006 ) . `` Low - fat dietary pattern and risk of colorectal cancer : the Women 's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Dietary Modification Trial '' . Journal of the American Medical Association . 295 ( 6 ) : 643 -- 54 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 295.6. 643 . PMID 16467233 . Jump up ^ Howard BV , Manson JE , Stefanick ML , Beresford SA , Frank G , Jones B , Rodabough RJ , Snetselaar L , Thomson C , Tinker L , Vitolins M , Prentice R ( January 2006 ) . `` Low - fat dietary pattern and weight change over 7 years : the Women 's Health Initiative Dietary Modification Trial '' . Journal of the American Medical Association . 295 ( 1 ) : 39 -- 49 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 295.1. 39 . PMID 16391215 . Jump up ^ `` Fats and Cholesterol : Out with the Bad , In with the Good -- What Should You Eat ? -- The Nutrition Source '' . Harvard School of Public Health . Bibliography ( edit ) Bhagavan NV ( 2002 ) . Medical Biochemistry . San Diego : Harcourt / Academic Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 095440 - 7 . Devlin TM ( 1997 ) . Textbook of Biochemistry : With Clinical Correlations ( 4th ed . ) . Chichester : John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 17053 - 2 . Stryer L , Berg JM , Tymoczko JL ( 2007 ) . Biochemistry ( 6th ed . ) . San Francisco : W.H. Freeman . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7167 - 8724 - 2 . van Holde KE , Mathews CK ( 1996 ) . Biochemistry ( 2nd ed . ) . Menlo Park , California : Benjamin / Cummings Pub. Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8053 - 3931 - 4 . External links ( edit ) Look up lipid in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lipids . Introductory List of lipid - related web sites Nature Lipidomics Gateway -- Round - up and summaries of recent lipid research Lipid Library -- General reference on lipid chemistry and biochemistry Cyberlipid.org -- Resources and history for lipids . Molecular Computer Simulations -- Modeling of Lipid Membranes Lipids , Membranes and Vesicle Trafficking -- The Virtual Library of Biochemistry , Molecular Biology and Cell Biology Nomenclature IUPAC nomenclature of lipids IUPAC glossary entry for the lipid class of molecules Databases LIPID MAPS -- Comprehensive lipid and lipid - associated gene / protein databases . LipidBank -- Japanese database of lipids and related properties , spectral data and references . General ApolloLipids -- Provides dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease prevention and treatment information as well as continuing medical education programs National Lipid Association -- Professional medical education organization for health care professionals who seek to prevent morbidity and mortality stemming from dyslipidemias and other cholesterol - related disorders . Types of lipids General Saturation : Saturated fat Unsaturated fat Monounsaturated fat Polyunsaturated fat Essential fatty acid Other : Fat Oil Geometry Trans fat Omega - 3 fatty acid Omega - 6 fatty acid Omega - 9 fatty acid Eicosanoids Arachidonic acid Prostaglandins Prostacyclin Thromboxane Leukotrienes Fatty acids Caprylic acid Capric acid Lauric acid Myristic acid Palmitic acid Stearic acid Arachidic acid Behenic acid Lignoceric acid Glycerides Monoglyceride Diglyceride Triglyceride Triheptanoin Trimyristin Tripalmitin Tristearin Trilinolein Triolein Phospholipids Phosphatidylserine Phosphatidylinositol Phosphatidyl ethanolamine Cardiolipin Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine Sphingolipids Ceramide Steroids Cholesterol Corticosteroids Sex steroids Secosteroids Lipids : fatty acids Saturated Butyric ( C4 ) Valeric ( C5 ) Caproic ( C6 ) Enanthic ( C7 ) Caprylic ( C8 ) Pelargonic ( C9 ) Capric ( C10 ) Undecylic ( C11 ) Lauric ( C12 ) Tridecylic ( C13 ) Myristic ( C14 ) Pentadecanoic ( C15 ) Palmitic ( C16 ) Margaric ( C17 ) Stearic ( C18 ) Nonadecylic ( C19 ) Arachidic ( C20 ) Heneicosylic ( C21 ) Behenic ( C22 ) Tricosylic ( C23 ) Lignoceric ( C24 ) Pentacosylic ( C25 ) Cerotic ( C26 ) Heptacosylic ( C27 ) Montanic ( C28 ) Nonacosylic ( C29 ) Melissic ( C30 ) Hentriacontylic ( C31 ) Lacceroic ( C32 ) Psyllic ( C33 ) Geddic ( C34 ) Ceroplastic ( C35 ) Hexatriacontylic ( C36 ) Heptatriacontanoic ( C37 ) Octatriacontanoic ( C38 ) ω − 3 Unsaturated α - Linolenic ( 18 : 3 ) Stearidonic ( 18 : 4 ) Eicosapentaenoic ( 20 : 5 ) Docosahexaenoic ( 22 : 6 ) ω − 6 Unsaturated Linoleic ( 18 : 2 ) γ - Linolenic ( 18 : 3 ) Dihomo - γ - linolenic ( 20 : 3 ) Arachidonic ( 20 : 4 ) Adrenic ( 22 : 4 ) Osbond ( 22 : 5 ) ω − 7 Unsaturated Palmitoleic ( 16 : 1 ) Vaccenic ( 18 : 1 ) Paullinic ( 20 : 1 ) ω − 9 Unsaturated Oleic ( 18 : 1 ) Elaidic ( trans - 18 : 1 ) Gondoic ( 20 : 1 ) Erucic ( 22 : 1 ) Nervonic ( 24 : 1 ) Mead ( 20 : 3 ) Lipids : lipoprotein particle metabolism Lipoprotein particle classes and subclasses delivery of TGs : Chylomicron VLDL delivery of C and CE : IDL LDL lb LDL sd LDL Lp ( a ) HDL Remnant cholesterol Apolipoproteins APOA 5 APOB APOC APOD APOE APOH SAA SAA1 Extracellular enzymes LCAT LIPC LPL Lipid transfer proteins CETP MTTP PLTP Cell surface receptors HDL : SCARB1 IDL : LRP LRP1 LRP1B LRP2 LRP3 LRP4 LRP5 LRP5L LRP6 LRP8 LRP10 LRP11 LRP12 LDL : LDLR LRPAP1 ATP - binding cassette transporter ABCA1 ABCG5 ABCG8 Lipids : phospholipids Glycerol backbone ( Glycerophospholipids / Phosphoglycerides ) Phosphatidyl - : - ethanolamine / cephalin ( PE ) - choline / lecithin ( PC ) - serine ( PS ) - glycerol ( PG ) - inositol ( PI ) glyco - ( GPI ) Phosphoinositides : PIP PI ( 3 ) P PI ( 4 ) P PI ( 5 ) P PIP PI ( 3 , 4 ) P PI ( 3 , 5 ) P PI ( 4 , 5 ) P PIP Ether lipids : Plasmalogen Platelet - activating factor Cardiolipin Sphingosine backbone Sphingomyelin Metabolites Inositol phosphate Inositol Lysophosphatidic acid Choline Phosphocholine Citicoline Glycoconjugates , lipids and glycolipids : sphingolipids and glycosphingolipids , and metabolic intermediates Ceramide Cerebroside Galactocerebroside Glucocerebroside Lactosylceramide Ganglioside pathway From ganglioside GM1 GM2 GM3 GD2 From globoside Globotriaosylceramide From sphingomyelin Glucocerebroside From sulfatide Galactocerebroside To sphingosine Ceramide Other Sphingosine - 1 - phosphate Metabolism , catabolism , anabolism General Metabolic pathway Metabolic network Primary nutritional groups Energy metabolism Aerobic respiration Glycolysis → Pyruvate decarboxylation → Citric acid cycle → Oxidative phosphorylation ( electron transport chain + ATP synthase ) Anaerobic respiration Electron acceptors are other than oxygen Fermentation Glycolysis → Substrate - level phosphorylation ABE Ethanol Lactic acid Specific paths Protein metabolism Protein synthesis Catabolism Carbohydrate metabolism ( carbohydrate catabolism and anabolism ) Human Glycolysis ⇄ Gluconeogenesis Glycogenolysis ⇄ Glycogenesis Pentose phosphate pathway Fructolysis Galactolysis Glycosylation N - linked O - linked Nonhuman Photosynthesis Anoxygenic photosynthesis Chemosynthesis Carbon fixation Xylose metabolism Radiotrophism Lipid metabolism ( lipolysis , lipogenesis ) Fatty acid metabolism Fatty acid degradation ( Beta oxidation ) Fatty acid synthesis Other Steroid metabolism Sphingolipid metabolism Eicosanoid metabolism Ketosis Reverse cholesterol transport Amino acid Amino acid synthesis Urea cycle Nucleotide metabolism Purine metabolism Nucleotide salvage Pyrimidine metabolism Other Metal metabolism Iron metabolism Ethanol metabolism Food chemistry Additives Carbohydrates Coloring Enzymes Essential fatty acids Flavors Fortification Lipids `` Minerals '' ( Chemical elements ) Proteins Vitamins Water Diving medicine , physiology , physics and environment Diving medicine Injuries and disorders Pressure Oxygen Freediving blackout Hyperoxia Hypoxia ( medical ) Oxygen toxicity Inert gases Atrial septal defect Avascular necrosis Decompression sickness Dysbaric osteonecrosis High - pressure nervous syndrome Hydrogen narcosis Isobaric counterdiffusion Nitrogen narcosis Taravana Uncontrolled decompression Carbon dioxide Hypercapnia Hypocapnia Aerosinusitis Air embolism Alternobaric vertigo Barodontalgia Barostriction Barotrauma Compression arthralgia Decompression illness Dental barotrauma Dysbarism Ear clearing Frenzel maneuver Valsalva maneuver Immersion Asphyxia Drowning Hypothermia Immersion diuresis Instinctive drowning response Laryngospasm Salt water aspiration syndrome Swimming - induced pulmonary edema List of signs and symptoms of diving disorders Cramps Diving disorders Motion sickness Surfer 's ear Treatments Diving chamber Diving medicine Hyperbaric medicine Hyperbaric treatment schedules In - water recompression Oxygen therapy Fitness to dive Diving physiology Artificial gills ( human ) Blood -- air barrier Blood shift Breathing Circulatory system CO2 retention Cold shock response Dead space ( physiology ) Decompression ( diving ) Decompression theory Diving reflex Gas exchange History of decompression research and development Lipid Maximum operating depth Metabolism Normocapnia Oxygen window in diving decompression Perfusion Physiological response to water immersion Physiology of decompression Pulmonary circulation Respiratory exchange ratio Respiratory quotient Respiratory system Systemic circulation Tissue ( biology ) Diving physics Ambient pressure Amontons ' law Anti-fog Archimedes ' principle Atmospheric pressure Boyle 's law Breathing performance of regulators Buoyancy Charles 's law Combined gas law Dalton 's law Diffusion Force Gay - Lussac 's law Henry 's law Hydrophobe Hydrostatic pressure Ideal gas law Molecular diffusion Neutral buoyancy Oxygen fraction Partial pressure Permeation Pressure Psychrometric constant Snell 's law Solubility Solution Supersaturation Surface tension Surfactant Torricellian chamber Underwater vision Weight Diving environment Algal bloom Breaking wave Ocean current Current ( stream ) Ekman transport Halocline List of diving hazards and precautions Longshore drift Rip current Stratification Surf Surge ( wave action ) Thermocline Tides Turbidity Undertow ( water waves ) Upwelling Researchers in diving medicine and physiology Arthur J. Bachrach Albert R. Behnke Paul Bert George F. Bond Robert Boyle Albert A. Bühlmann John R Clarke William Paul Fife John Scott Haldane Robert William Hamilton Jr . Leonard Erskine Hill Brian Andrew Hills Felix Hoppe - Seyler Christian J. Lambertsen Simon Mitchell Charles Momsen John Rawlins R.N. Charles Wesley Shilling Edward D. Thalmann Jules Triger Diving medical research organisations Aerospace Medical Association Divers Alert Network ( DAN ) Diving Diseases Research Centre ( DDRC ) Diving Medical Advisory Council ( DMAC ) European Diving Technology Committee ( EDTC ) European Underwater and Baromedical Society ( EUBS ) National Board of Diving and Hyperbaric Medical Technology Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory Royal Australian Navy School of Underwater Medicine Rubicon Foundation South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society ( SPUMS ) Southern African Underwater and Hyperbaric Medical Association ( SAUHMA ) Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society ( UHMS ) United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit ( NEDU ) Categories : Diving medicine Underwater diving physiology Underwater diving physics Physical oceanography Glossary Portal Food portal Biology portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lipid&oldid=820917611 '' Categories : Lipids Underwater diving physiology Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from July 2016 Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русиньскый Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 January 2018 , at 10 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid
| 2,111 |
||
record number of shots in an nhl game
|
List of NHL records ( individual )
|
list of nhl records ( individual )
|
This is a list of individual records recognized by the National Hockey League through the end of the 2017 -- 18 NHL season .
|
Contents ( hide ) 1 Seasons 2 Games 3 Stanley Cup 4 NHL Awards 5 Goals 6 Assists 7 Points 8 Plus / minus 9 Power - play goals 10 Shorthanded goals 11 Overtime 12 Goals / assists / points by position 13 Records by a rookie 14 Points / goals / assists per game average 15 Milestone goal seasons 16 Hat trick or better games 17 Goal / assist / point streaks 18 Fastest goals 19 Shots 20 Hits 21 Blocked Shots 22 Time on Ice 23 Penalty Shots 24 Penalty minutes 25 Goaltending 26 Shootout 27 Age 28 See also 29 References 30 Sources Seasons ( edit ) Most seasons : Gordie Howe ( 1946 -- 47 to 1970 -- 1971 ; 1979 -- 1980 ) and Chris Chelios ( 1983 -- 84 to 2009 -- 10 , except for the 2004 -- 05 NHL lock - out ) , 26 Most playoff seasons : Chris Chelios , 24 ( 1983 -- 84 to 2008 -- 09 , except for 1997 -- 98 and the 2004 -- 05 NHL lock - out year ) Most consecutive playoff seasons : Larry Robinson , ( 1972 -- 73 to 1991 -- 92 ) and Nicklas Lidstrom , ( 1991 -- 92 to 2011 -- 12 , except for the 2004 -- 05 NHL lock - out ) , 20 Games ( edit ) Most games : Gordie Howe , 1,767 Most games , including playoffs : Mark Messier , 1,992 Most playoff games : Chris Chelios , 266 Most games played in a single NHL season , not including playoffs : Jimmy Carson ( 1992 -- 93 ) and Bob Kudelski ( 1993 -- 94 ) , 86 Most consecutive games : Doug Jarvis ( October 8 , 1975 -- October 10 , 1987 ) , 964 Most consecutive games by a defenseman : Jay Bouwmeester , 737 Oldest player to play a game : Gordie Howe , 52 years , 11 days Most games by a coach in the Stanley Cup Final : Dick Irvin ( Chicago ( 5 ) , Toronto ( 29 ) , Montreal ( 43 ) ) , 77 Most games played in the Finals : Red Kelly ( Detroit ( 37 ) , Toronto ( 28 ) ) , Henri Richard ( Montreal ) , 65 Most games won by a coach in the Stanley Cup Finals : Scotty Bowman ( Montreal ( 20 ) , Pittsburgh ( 4 ) , Detroit ( 12 ) ) , 36 Most games coached by the first coach of an NHL expansion franchise : Barry Trotz ( Nashville Predators ) , 1196 Stanley Cup ( edit ) Most Stanley Cup wins , as a player : Henri Richard Montreal Canadiens , ( 1956 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 65 , 66 , 68 , 69 , 71 , 73 ) 11 Most Stanley Cup wins , as a non-player : Scotty Bowman ( Montreal : 1973 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 ( Coach ) ; Pittsburgh : 1991 ( Director of Player Development - Recruitment ) , 1992 ( Head Coach ) ; Detroit : 1997 , 98 , 2002 ( Head Coach ) , 2008 ( Consultant ) ; Chicago : 2010 , 13 , 15 ( Sr. Advisor ) 14 Most Stanley Cup wins , combined player or non-player : Jean Beliveau , Montreal Canadiens ( Player : 1956 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 65 , 66 , 68 , 69 , 71 ; Sr. Vice President : 1973 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 86 , 93 ) , 17 Won the Stanley Cup with the highest number of different teams Player - Jack Marshall ( Winnipeg Victorias 1901 , Montreal AAA 1902 , 1903 , Montreal Wanderers 1907 , 1910 , Toronto Blueshirts 1914 ) and Hap Holmes ( Toronto Blueshirts 1914 , Seattle Metropolitans 1917 , Toronto Arenas 1918 , Victoria Cougars 1925 ) , 4 Player / Non-Player - Al Arbour ( Player : Detroit 1954 , Chicago 1961 , Toronto 1962 , 1964 ; Coach : New York Islanders 1980 , 81 , 82 , 83 ) , 4 Non-Player - Tommy Gorman ( Ottawa Senators : 1920 , 1921 , 1923 ( Manager ) ; Chicago : 1934 ( Manager / Coach ) ; Montreal Maroons : 1935 ( Manager / Coach ) ; Montreal Canadiens : 1944 , 1946 ( Manager ) and Scotty Bowman ( Montreal : 1973 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 ( Coach ) ; Pittsburgh : 1991 ( Director of Player Development - Recruitment ) , 1992 ( Head Coach ) ; Detroit : 1997 , 98 , 2002 ( Head Coach ) , 2008 ( Consultant ) ; Chicago : 2010 , 13 , 15 ( Sr. Advisor ) 4 NHL Awards ( edit ) Most Hart Memorial Trophies : Wayne Gretzky , 9 Most consecutive Hart Memorial Trophies : Wayne Gretzky , 8 Most Ted Lindsay Awards : Wayne Gretzky , 5 Most consecutive Ted Lindsay Awards : Wayne Gretzky , 4 Most Conn Smythe Trophies : Patrick Roy 3 Most consecutive Conn Smythe Trophies : Bernie Parent , Mario Lemieux , and Sidney Crosby : 2 Most James Norris Trophies : Bobby Orr , 8 Most consecutive James Norris Trophies : Bobby Orr , 8 Most Maurice `` Rocket '' Richard Trophies : Alexander Ovechkin , 6 Most consecutive Maurice `` Rocket '' Richard Trophies : Alexander Ovechkin , 4 Most Art Ross Trophies : Wayne Gretzky , 10 Most consecutive Art Ross Trophies : Wayne Gretzky , 7 Most Frank J. Selke Trophies : Bob Gainey and Patrice Bergeron , 4 Most consecutive Frank J. Selke Trophies : Bob Gainey 4 Most Lady Byng Trophies : Frank Boucher , 7 Most consecutive Lady Byng Trophies : Frank Boucher and Pavel Datsyuk , 4 Most William M Jennings Trophies : Patrick Roy , Martin Brodeur , 5 Most consecutive William M Jennings Trophies : Patrick Roy and Brian Hayward , 3 Most Vezina Trophies : Jacques Plante , 7 Most consecutive Vezina Trophies : Jacques Plante , 5 Most Jack Adams Awards : Pat Burns , 3 Most consecutive Jack Adams Awards : Jacques Demers , 2 Goals ( edit ) Most goals career : Wayne Gretzky , 894 Most goals playoffs career ; Wayne Gretzky , 122 Most goals career , including playoffs : Wayne Gretzky , 1,016 Most goals , one season : Wayne Gretzky ( 1981 -- 82 ) , 92 Most goals scored by a single player in an expansion team 's inaugural season : William Karlsson ( 2017 - 18 ) , 43 Most goals , in playoffs one season : Reggie Leach ( 1976 ) and Jari Kurri ( 1985 ) , 19 Most goals , one season , including playoffs : Wayne Gretzky ( 1983 -- 84 ) , 100 Most goals , one playoff series : Jari Kurri ( six - game series ) ( 1985 ) , 12 Most goals in a Stanley Cup Final : Cyclone Taylor ( 1918 , five games ) , Frank Foyston ( 1919 , five games ) , Babe Dye ( 1922 , five games ) , 9 Most goals in the Finals , career : Maurice Richard , 34 Most goals , 50 games from start of season : Wayne Gretzky ( 1981 -- 82 and 1983 -- 84 ) , 61 Fastest 50 goals from start of season : Wayne Gretzky ( December 30 , 1981 ) , 39 games Most goals , one regular season game : Joe Malone ( January 31 , 1920 ) , 7 Most goals , one regular season home game : Joe Malone ( January 31 , 1920 ) , 7 Most goals , one regular season road game : Red Berenson ( November 7 , 1968 ) , 6 Most goals , one playoff game : Newsy Lalonde ( March 1 , 1919 ) , Maurice Richard ( March 23 , 1944 ) , Darryl Sittler ( April 22 , 1976 ) , Reggie Leach ( May 6 , 1976 ) , and Mario Lemieux ( April 25 , 1989 ) , 5 Most goals , one home playoff game : Maurice Richard ( March 23 , 1944 ) , Darryl Sittler ( April 22 , 1976 ) , Reggie Leach ( May 6 , 1976 ) , and Mario Lemieux ( April 25 , 1989 ) , 5 Most goals , one road playoff game : Newsy Lalonde ( March 1 , 1919 ) , 5 Most goals , one period : Max Bentley ( January 28 , 1943 ) , Busher Jackson ( November 20 , 1934 ) , Clint Smith ( March 4 , 1945 ) , Red Berenson ( November 7 , 1968 ) , Wayne Gretzky ( February 18 , 1981 ) , Grant Mulvey ( February 3 , 1982 ) , Bryan Trottier ( February 13 , 1982 ) , Tim Kerr ( April 13 , 1985 ) , Al Secord ( January 7 , 1987 ) , Joe Nieuwendyk ( January 11 , 1989 ) , Peter Bondra ( February 5 , 1994 ) , Mario Lemieux ( January 26 , 1997 ) , and Patrick Marleau ( January 23 , 2017 ) , 4 Most goals in one period during the Finals : Busher Jackson ( April 5 , 1932 ) , Ted Lindsay ( April 5 , 1955 ) , Maurice Richard ( April 6 , 1957 ) , Wayne Gretzky ( May 25 , 1985 ) , Dirk Graham ( June 1 , 1992 ) , and Peter Forsberg ( June 6 , 1996 ) , 3 Most game - winning goals in a season : Phil Esposito ( 1970 -- 71 and 1971 -- 72 ) and Michel Goulet ( 1983 -- 84 ) , 16 Most game - winning goals in playoffs one season : Brad Richards ( 2004 ) , 7 Most game - winning goals in a playoff series : Mike Bossy ( six - game series ) ( 1983 ) , 4 Most game - winning goals career : Jaromir Jagr , 135 Most game - winning goals playoffs career : Wayne Gretzky and Brett Hull , 24 Assists ( edit ) Most assists regular season career : Wayne Gretzky , 1,963 Most assists playoffs career : Wayne Gretzky 260 Most assists career , including playoffs : Wayne Gretzky , 2,223 Most assists , one season : Wayne Gretzky ( 1985 -- 86 ) , 163 Most assists , one playoff season : Wayne Gretzky ( 1987 -- 88 ) , 31 Most assists , one season , including playoffs : Wayne Gretzky ( 1985 -- 86 ) , 174 Most assists , playoff series : Rick Middleton ( seven - game series ) ( 1983 ) , Wayne Gretzky ( six - game series ) ( 1985 ) , 14 Most assists , one game : Billy Taylor ( March 16 , 1947 ) and Wayne Gretzky ( February 15 , 1980 , December 11 , 1985 , and February 14 , 1986 ) , 7 Most assists , one home game : Wayne Gretzky ( February 15 , 1980 , and February 14 , 1986 ) , 7 Most assists , one road game : Billy Taylor ( March 16 , 1947 ) and Wayne Gretzky ( December 11 , 1985 ) , 7 Most assists , one playoff game : Mikko Leinonen ( April 8 , 1982 ) , and Wayne Gretzky ( April 9 , 1987 ) , 6 Most assists , one playoff home game : Mikko Leinonen ( April 8 , 1982 ) , and Wayne Gretzky ( April 9 , 1987 ) , 6 Most assists , one period : Dale Hawerchuk ( March 6 , 1984 ) , 5 Points ( edit ) Most points regular season career : Wayne Gretzky , 2,857 Most points playoff career : Wayne Gretzky , 382 Most points career , including playoffs : Wayne Gretzky , 3,239 Most points , one season : Wayne Gretzky ( 1985 -- 86 ) , 215 Fastest 100 points from the start of a season : Wayne Gretzky ( December 27 , 1981 ) , 34 games Most points , one season , including playoffs : Wayne Gretzky ( 1984 -- 85 ) , 255 Most points , one game : Darryl Sittler ( February 7 , 1976 ) , 10 Most points , one home game : Darryl Sittler ( February 7 , 1976 ) , 10 Most points , one road game : Peter Stastny and Anton Stastny , ( February 22 , 1981 ) , 8 Most points , one playoff game : Patrik Sundstrom ( April 22 , 1988 ) and Mario Lemieux ( April 25 , 1989 ) , 8 Most points , one playoff home game : Patrik Sundstrom ( April 22 , 1988 ) and Mario Lemieux ( April 25 , 1989 ) , 8 Most points , one period : Bryan Trottier ( December 23 , 1978 ) , 6 Most points , one playoff season : Wayne Gretzky ( 1985 ) , 47 Most points , one playoff series : Rick Middleton ( seven - game series ) ( 1983 ) , 19 Most points , team 's first postseason : Jonathan Marchessault ( 2018 ) , 21 Most points in the Final , one series : Wayne Gretzky ( 1988 ) , 13 Most points in the Final , career : Jean Beliveau , 62 Plus / minus ( edit ) Best ± rating , regular season career : Larry Robinson , + 722 Best ± rating one season : Bobby Orr ( 1970 -- 71 ) , + 124 Best ± rating one game : Tom Bladon ( December 11 , 1977 , 11 - 1 game against the Cleveland Barons ) , + 10 Worst ± rating , season : Bill Mikkelson ( 1974 -- 75 ) , - 82 Worst ± rating , game : Doug Wilson ( February 10 , 1993 against the Calgary Flames ) and Chris Butler , ( January 5 , 2012 against the Boston Bruins ) , - 7 Worst ± rating , regular season career : Bob Stewart , - 257 Best ± ratings playoffs career : Charlie Huddy , + 94 Best ± ratings one playoff season : Wayne Gretzky ( 1984 -- 85 ) , + 28 Power - play goals ( edit ) Most power - play goals , career : Dave Andreychuk , 274 Most power - play goals , one season : Tim Kerr ( 1985 -- 86 ) , 34 Most power - play goals , one season for a defenseman : Sheldon Souray ( 2006 -- 07 ) , 19 Most power - play goals , career playoffs : Brett Hull 38 , Most power - play goals , one playoff season : Mike Bossy , ( 1981 ) , and Cam Neely , ( 1991 ) , 9 Most power - play goals , one playoff series : Chris Kontos ( seven - game series ) , ( 1989 ) , 6 Most power - play goals , one playoff game : Syd Howe ( March 23 , 1939 ) , Sid Smith ( April 10 , 1949 ) , Phil Esposito ( April 2 , 1969 ) , Johnny Bucyk ( April 2 , 1969 ) , Denis Potvin ( April 17 , 1981 ) , Tim Kerr ( April 13 , 1985 ) , Jari Kurri ( April 3 , 1987 ) , Mark Johnson ( April 22 , 1988 ) , Dino Ciccarelli ( April 29 , 1993 , May 11 , 1995 ) and Valeri Kamensky ( April 24 , 1997 ) , Jonathan Toews ( May 7 , 2010 ) , 3 Most power - play goals , one playoff game period : Tim Kerr ( April 13 , 1985 ) , 3 Most power - play goals , rookie Joe Nieuwendyk ( 1987 - 88 ) 31 Shorthanded goals ( edit ) Most shorthanded goals , career : Wayne Gretzky , 73 Most shorthanded goals , career playoffs : Mark Messier , 14 Most shorthanded goals , one season : Mario Lemieux ( 1988 -- 89 ) , 13 Most shorthanded goals , one playoff season : Derek Sanderson ( 1969 ) , Bill Barber ( 1980 ) , Lorne Henning ( 1980 ) , Wayne Gretzky ( 1983 ) , Wayne Presley ( 1989 ) , and Todd Marchant ( 1997 ) , 3 Most shorthanded goals , one playoff series : Bill Barber ( five - game series ) ( 1980 ) and Wayne Presley ( six - game series ) ( 1989 ) , 3 Most shorthanded goals , one game : Theoren Fleury ( March 9 , 1991 ) , 3 Most shorthanded goals , rookie : Jordan Staal ( 2006 -- 07 ) , 7 Most two - man shorthanded goals , career : Mike Richards , 3 Overtime ( edit ) Most overtime goals , career : Alexander Ovechkin , 22 Most playoff overtime goals , career : Joe Sakic , 8 Most overtime assists , career : Mark Messier , 18 Most overtime points , career : Sergei Fedorov , 27 Most overtime goals , season : Steven Stamkos ( 2011 -- 12 ) , Jonathan Toews ( 2015 -- 16 ) , Alex Galchenyuk ( 2016 -- 17 ) , and Brad Marchand ( 2017 -- 18 ) , 5 Most overtime goals by a rookie , season : Shayne Gostisbehere , 4 Most overtime goals , playoffs season : Mel Hill and Maurice Richard 3 Most overtime goals , one playoff series : Mel Hill , 3 Most consecutive overtime goals : Andrew Cogliano ( 2007 -- 08 ) and Nathan Horton ( 2010 -- 11 ) , 3 Goals / assists / points by position ( edit ) Most goals by a centre , career : Wayne Gretzky , 894 Most goals by a centre , one season : Wayne Gretzky ( 1981 -- 82 ) , 92 Most assists by a centre , career : Wayne Gretzky , 1,963 Most assists by a centre , one season : Wayne Gretzky ( 1985 -- 86 ) , 163 Most points by a centre , career : Wayne Gretzky , 2,857 Most points by a centre , one season : Wayne Gretzky ( 1985 -- 86 ) , 215 Most goals by a left wing , career : Luc Robitaille , 668 Most goals by a left wing , one season : Alexander Ovechkin ( 2007 -- 08 ) , 65 Most assists by a left wing , career : John Bucyk , 813 Most assists by a left wing , one season : Joe Juneau ( 1992 -- 93 ) , 70 Most points by a left wing , career : Luc Robitaille , 1,394 Most points by a left wing , one season : Luc Robitaille ( 1992 -- 93 ) , 125 Most goals by a right wing , career : Gordie Howe , 801 Most goals by a right wing , one season : Brett Hull ( 1990 -- 91 ) , 86 Most assists by a right wing , career : Jaromir Jagr , 1,155 Most assists by a right wing , one season : Jaromir Jagr ( 1995 -- 96 ) , 87 Most points by a right wing , career : Jaromir Jagr , 1,921 Most points by a right wing , one season : Jaromir Jagr ( 1995 -- 96 ) , 149 Most goals by a defenseman , career : Ray Bourque , 410 Most goals by a defenseman , one season : Paul Coffey ( 1985 -- 86 ) , 48 Most goals by a defenseman , one game : Ian Turnbull ( February 2 , 1977 ) , 5 Most assists by a defenseman , career : Ray Bourque , 1,169 Most assists by a defenseman , one season : Bobby Orr ( 1970 -- 71 ) , 102 Most assists by a defenseman , one game : Babe Pratt ( January 8 , 1944 ) , Pat Stapleton ( March 30 , 1969 ) , Bobby Orr ( January 1 , 1973 ) , Ron Stackhouse ( March 8 , 1975 ) , Paul Coffey ( March 14 , 1986 ) , and Gary Suter , ( April 4 , 1986 ) , 6 Most points by a defenseman , career : Ray Bourque , 1579 Most points by a defenseman , one season : Bobby Orr ( 1970 -- 71 ) , 139 Most points by a defenseman , one game : Tom Bladon ( December 11 , 1977 ) and Paul Coffey ( March 14 , 1986 ) , 8 Most points by a defenseman , one playoff year : Paul Coffey ( 1985 ) , 37 Most goals by a goaltender regular season career : Martin Brodeur ( February 15 , 2000 & March 21 , 2013 ) , 2 Most goals by a goaltender in the playoffs : Ron Hextall ( April 11 , 1989 ) and Martin Brodeur ( April 17 , 1997 ) , 1 Most goals by a goaltender career , including playoffs : Martin Brodeur , 3 Most assists by a goaltender , one season : Grant Fuhr , 14 Most assists by a goaltender , regular season career : Tom Barrasso , 48 Most assists by a goaltender playoffs one season Martin Brodeur ( 2011 -- 12 ) , 4 Most assists by a goaltender , playoffs career : Grant Fuhr , 14 Most assists by a goaltender , career , including playoffs : Grant Fuhr ( 46 regular season , 14 playoffs ) , 60 Most assists by a goaltender , one game Jeff Reese ( February 10 , 1993 ) , 3 Most points by a goaltender , one season : Grant Fuhr ( 1983 -- 84 ) , 14 Most points by a goaltender regular season career : Tom Barrasso , 48 - all assists Most points by a goaltender regular season one season : Grant Fuhr ( 1983 -- 84 ) , 14 - all assists Most points by a goaltender career , including playoffs Grant Fuhr ( 46 regular season , 14 playoffs ) , 60 Most points by a goaltender regular season one game : Jeff Reese ( February 10 , 1993 ) , 3 - all assists Most points by a goaltender playoffs one season Martin Brodeur ( 2011 -- 12 ) , 4 - all assists Most points by a goaltender , one period : Jeff Reese ( February 10 , 1993 ) , 3 - all assists Records by a rookie ( edit ) Most goals by a rookie , one season : Teemu Selanne ( 1992 -- 93 ) , 76 Most goals by a player in his first NHL season , one game : Joe Malone ( December 19 , 1917 , January 12 , 1918 and February 2 , 1918 ) , Howie Meeker ( January 8 , 1947 ) and Don Murdoch ( October 12 , 1976 ) , 5 Most goals by a player in his first NHL game : Joe Malone ( December 19 , 1917 ) , 5 Most goals by a rookie in his first NHL game : Auston Matthews ( October 12 , 2016 ) , 4 Most assists by a rookie , one season : Peter Stastny ( 1980 -- 81 ) and Joe Juneau ( 1992 -- 93 ) , 70 Most assists by a player in his first NHL season , one game : Wayne Gretzky ( February 15 , 1980 ) , 7 Most assists by a player in his first NHL game : Dutch Reibel ( October 8 , 1953 ) , 4 Most points by a rookie , one season : Teemu Selanne ( 1992 -- 93 ) , 132 Most goals by a rookie , one playoff season : Dino Ciccarelli ( 1981 ) , 14 Most assists by a rookie , one playoff season : Ville Leino ( 2010 ) , 14 Most points by a rookie , one playoff season : Dino Ciccarelli ( 1981 ) , Ville Leino ( 2010 ) , and Jake Guentzel ( 2017 ) , 21 Most points by a player in his first NHL season , one game : Peter Stastny and Anton Stastny ( February 22 , 1981 ) , 8 Most points by a player in his first NHL game : Al Hill ( February 14 , 1977 ) , 5 Most goals by a rookie defenseman , one season : Brian Leetch ( 1988 -- 89 ) , 23 Most assists by a rookie defenseman , one season : Larry Murphy ( 1980 -- 81 ) , 60 Most points by a rookie defenseman , one season : Larry Murphy ( 1980 -- 81 ) , 76 Longest goal scoring streak in his first NHL Season : Joe Malone ( 1917 -- 18 ) , 14 games Longest point streak by a rookie , one season : Paul Stastny ( February 3 , 2007 -- March 17 , 2007 ) , 20 games Longest point streak by an eighteen - year - old : Nathan MacKinnon ( January 10 , 2014 -- March 6 , 2014 ) , 13 games Longest point streak by a rookie defenseman : Shayne Gostisbehere ( January 19 , 2016 -- February 20 , 2016 ) , 15 games Points / goals / assists per game average ( edit ) Highest goals - per - game average , career ( among players with 200 - or - more goals ) : Mike Bossy , . 762 Highest goals - per - game average including playoffs , career ( among players with 200 - or - more goals ) : Mario Lemieux , . 749 Highest goals - per - game average , one season ( among players with 20 - or - more goals ) : Joe Malone ( 1917 -- 18 ) , 2.20 Highest goals - per - game average , one season ( among players with 50 - or - more goals ) : Wayne Gretzky ( 1983 -- 84 ) , 1.18 Highest assists - per - game average , career ( among players with 300 - or - more assists ) : Wayne Gretzky , 1.320 Highest assists - per - game average , one season ( among players with 35 - or - more assists ) : Wayne Gretzky ( 1985 -- 86 ) , 2.04 Highest points - per - game average , career ( among players with 500 - or - more points ) : Wayne Gretzky , 1.921 Highest points - per - game average , one season ( among players with 50 - or - more - points ) : Wayne Gretzky ( 1983 -- 84 ) , 2.77 Milestone goal seasons ( edit ) Most 20 - or - more goal seasons : Gordie Howe , 22 Most consecutive 20 - or - more goal seasons : Gordie Howe ( 1949 -- 1971 ) , 22 Most 30 - or - more goal seasons : Mike Gartner , 17 Most consecutive 30 - or - more goal seasons : Mike Gartner ( 1979 -- 1994 ) and Jaromir Jagr ( 1991 -- 2007 ) , 15 Most 40 - or - more goal seasons : Wayne Gretzky , 12 Most consecutive 40 - or - more goal seasons : Wayne Gretzky ( 1979 -- 1991 ) , 12 Most 50 - or - more goal seasons : Mike Bossy and Wayne Gretzky , 9 Most consecutive 50 - or - more goal seasons : Mike Bossy ( 1977 -- 1986 ) , 9 Most 60 - or - more goal seasons : Mike Bossy and Wayne Gretzky , 5 Most consecutive 60 - or - more goal seasons : Wayne Gretzky ( 1981 - 1984 ) , 4 Most 70 - or - more goal seasons : Wayne Gretzky , 4 Most consecutive 70 - or more goal seasons : Wayne Gretzky ( 1981 -- 1984 ) , 4 Most 80 - or - more goal seasons : Wayne Gretzky , 2 Most 90 - or - more goal seasons : Wayne Gretzky , 1 Hat trick or better games ( edit ) Most three - or - more goal games , career : Wayne Gretzky , 50 Most three - or - more goal games , playoffs career : Wayne Gretzky , 10 Most three - or - more goal games , one season : Wayne Gretzky ( 1981 -- 82 and 1983 -- 84 ) , 10 Most three - or - more goal games , one playoffs season : Jari Kurri ( 1985 ) , 4 Most three - or - more goal games , one playoff series : Jari Kurri ( 1985 ) , 3 Most four - or - more goal games , one season : Joe Malone ( 1917 -- 18 ) , 5 Most five - or - more goal games , one season : Joe Malone ( 1917 -- 18 ) , 3 Goal / assist / point streaks ( edit ) Longest consecutive goal - scoring streak from start of NHL career : Joe Malone ( 1917 -- 18 ) , 14 games Longest consecutive goal - scoring streak : Punch Broadbent , 16 games ( 1921 -- 22 ) Longest consecutive goal - scoring streak , one playoff season : Reggie Leach 10 games ( 1976 ) Longest consecutive goal - scoring streak by a defenseman : Mike Green ( 2008 -- 09 ) , 8 games Longest consecutive assist - scoring streak : Wayne Gretzky ( 1990 -- 91 ) , 23 games Longest consecutive point - scoring streak : Wayne Gretzky ( 1983 -- 84 ) , 51 games Longest consecutive point - scoring streak , one playoff season : Bryan Trottier ( 1981 ) , 18 games Longest consecutive point - scoring streak from start of season : Wayne Gretzky ( 1983 -- 84 ) , 51 games Longest consecutive point - scoring streak by a defenseman from start of season : John - Michael Liles ( 2010 -- 11 ) , 9 games Longest consecutive point - scoring streak by a defenseman : Paul Coffey ( 1985 -- 86 ) , 28 games Longest consecutive point - scoring streak by a rookie forward : Paul Stastny ( 2006 -- 07 ) , 20 games Longest consecutive point - scoring streak by a rookie defenseman : Shayne Gostisbehere ( 2015 -- 16 ) , 15 games Fastest goals ( edit ) Fastest goal from start of game : Doug Smail ( December 20 , 1981 ) , Bryan Trottier ( March 22 , 1984 ) , and Alexander Mogilny ( December 21 , 1991 ) , 5 seconds Fastest goal from start of game , playoffs : Don Kozak ( April 17 , 1977 ) , 6 seconds Fastest goal from start of period : Claude Provost ( November 9 , 1957 ) , Denis Savard ( January 12 , 1986 ) , and James van Riemsdyk ( March 28 , 2014 ) , 4 seconds Fastest goal from start of period , playoffs : Pelle Eklund ( April 25 , 1989 ) , 6 seconds Fastest goal by a player in his first NHL game : Dave Christian ( March 2 , 1980 ) , 7 seconds Fastest two goals from start of game : Mike Knuble , 27 seconds ( February 14 , 2003 ) Fastest two goals from start of game , playoffs : Dick Duff ( April 9 , 1963 ) , 68 seconds Fastest two goals : Nels Stewart ( January 3 , 1931 ) and Deron Quint ( December 15 , 1995 ) , 4 seconds Fastest two goals , playoffs : Norm Ullman ( April 11 , 1965 ) , 5 seconds Fastest three goals : Bill Mosienko ( March 23 , 1952 ) , 21 seconds Fastest three assists : Gus Bodnar ( March 23 , 1952 ) , 21 seconds Fastest regular season overtime goal : Mats Sundin , Alexander Ovechkin , William Nylander , David Legwand , and Andreas Athanasiou , 6 seconds Fastest playoff overtime goal : Brian Skrudland ( May 18 , 1986 ) , 9 seconds Fastest goal after being scored on : Doug Gilmour ( December 19 , 1987 ) , and Mikael Granlund ( January 5 , 2016 ) , 2 seconds Shots ( edit ) Most shots on goal , career : Ray Bourque , 6,206 Most shots on goal , playoffs career : Ray Bourque , 812 Most shots on goal , one season : Phil Esposito ( 1970 -- 71 ) , 550 Most shots on goal , one playoff season : Henrik Zetterberg , 116 Most shots on goal , one game : Ray Bourque ( March 21 , 1991 ) , 19 Most shots on goal , one playoff game : Daniel Briere ( April 22 , 2006 ) , 14 Hits ( edit ) Most hits , one season : Matt Martin ( 2014 -- 15 ) , 382 Most hits , one playoff season : Dustin Brown ( 2014 ) , 125 Most hits , regular season career : Dustin Brown , 3166 Most hits , playoff career : Brooks Orpik , 499 Most hits , one game : Brenden Morrow , 19 Most hits , one regular season game : Gary Roberts ( March 10 , 1999 ) and Zdeno Chara ( November 3 , 1999 ) 17 Most hits , one playoff game : Brenden Morrow ( May 4 , 2008 ) , 19 Blocked Shots ( edit ) Most blocked shots , one season : Kris Russell ( 2014 -- 15 ) , 283 Most blocked shots , one playoff season : Anton Volchenkov ( 2007 ) , 80 Most blocked shots , career : Dan Girardi , 1846 Most blocked shots , playoffs career : Chris Pronger , 374 Most blocked shots , one game : Kris Russell ( March 5 , 2015 ) , 15 Most blocked shots , one playoff game : Richard Matvichuk ( May 1 , 2001 ) , 13 Time on Ice ( edit ) Most time on ice per game by a defenseman , one season : Chris Pronger , 30 : 36 Most time on ice per game by a forward , one season : Pavel Bure , 26 : 52 Most time on ice per game by a defenseman , playoff season : Chris Pronger , 35 : 52 Most time on ice per game by a forward , playoff season : Boyd Devereaux , 32 : 46 Most time on ice by a defenseman , one regular season game : Dennis Wideman ( January 18 , 2014 ) , 38 : 05 Most time on ice by a forward , one regular season game : Vyacheslav Kozlov ( October 10 , 2003 ) , 30 : 00 Most time on ice by a defenseman , one playoff game : Sergei Zubov ( April 24 , 2003 ) , 63 : 51 Most time on ice by a forward , one playoff game : Jaromir Jagr ( May 4 , 2000 ) , 59 : 08 Penalty Shots ( edit ) Most penalty shot goals , career : Pavel Bure , 7 Most penalty shot goals , playoffs career : Michael Frolik , 2 Most penalty shot goals , one season : Pavel Bure , 3 Most penalty shot attempts , career : Vincent Lecavalier , 13 Most penalty shot attempts , playoffs career : Mats Sundin and Michael Frolik , 2 Most penalty shot attempts , one season : Erik Cole , 5 Most penalty shot attempts , one game : Erik Cole ( November 9 , 2005 ) , Max Pacioretty ( February 6 , 2009 ) , and Auston Matthews ( November 3 , 2017 ) , 2 Most penalty shots faced by a goaltender , career : Marc - Andre Fleury , 21 Most penalty shots faced by a goaltender , playoffs career : Dominik Hasek , 5 Most penalty shots faced by a goaltender , one game : Ben Bishop ( October 8 , 2015 ) , Miikka Kiprusoff ( March 4 , 2011 ) , Roberto Luongo ( February 6 , 2014 ) , and Jonathan Quick ( November 3 , 2017 ) , 2 Most penalty shots stopped by a goaltender , career : Marc - Andre Fleury , 15 Most penalty shots stopped by a goaltender , playoffs career : Dominik Hasek , 4 Most penalty shots allowed by a goaltender , career : Tomas Vokoun , 8 Penalty minutes ( edit ) Most penalty minutes , career : Tiger Williams , 3,966 Most penalty minutes , playoffs career : Dale Hunter , 729 Most penalty minutes , career , including playoffs : Tiger Williams , 4,421 Most penalty minutes , one season : Dave Schultz ( 1974 -- 75 ) , 472 Most penalties , one game : Chris Nilan ( March 31 , 1991 ) , 10 Most penalties , one playoff game : Forbes Kennedy ( April 2 , 1969 ) and Kim Clackson ( April 20 , 1980 ) , 8 Most penalty minutes , one game : Randy Holt ( March 11 , 1979 ) , 67 Most penalty minutes , one playoff game : Dave Schultz ( April 22 , 1976 ) and Deryk Engelland ( April 17 , 2015 ) , 42 Most penalty minutes , career , in the Stanley Cup Final : Gordie Howe , 94 Goaltending ( edit ) Most wins by a goaltender regular season career : Martin Brodeur , 691 Most wins by a goaltender playoffs career : Patrick Roy , 151 Most wins by a goaltender career , including playoffs : Martin Brodeur 804 Best Winning Percentage ( minimum 250 played ) : Ken Dryden . 740 in 397 games played Best Winning Percentage ( minimum 500 games played ) : Jacques Plante . 610 in 837 games played Most wins by a goaltender , one season : Martin Brodeur ( 2006 -- 07 ) and Braden Holtby ( 2015 -- 16 ) , 48 Most wins by a goaltender , career , in the Finals : Jacques Plante , 25 Most wins by a goaltender , expansion team season : Marc - Andre Fleury ( 2017 -- 18 Vegas Golden Knights ) , 28 Most ties , career : Terry Sawchuk , 172 Most losses by a goaltender regular season career : Martin Brodeur , 397 Most losses by a goaltender playoffs career : Patrick Roy , 94 Most losses by a goaltender , one season : Gary Smith ( 1970 -- 71 ) , 48 Most losses by a goaltender , one playoff season : Ron Hextall ( 1987 ) , Miikka Kiprusoff ( 2004 ) , Henrik Lundqvist ( 2014 ) , Ben Bishop ( 2015 ) , 11 Most shutouts regular season career : Martin Brodeur 125 Most shutouts playoffs career : Martin Brodeur 24 Most shutouts by a goaltender , including playoffs , expansion team season : Marc - Andre Fleury ( 2017 -- 18 Vegas Golden Knights ) , 9 Most shutouts , including playoffs career : Martin Brodeur 149 Most shutouts , one regular season : George Hainsworth ( 1928 -- 29 ) , 22 Most shutouts , one playoff season : Martin Brodeur ( 2002 -- 03 ) , 7 Most games appeared in by a goaltender , career regular season : Martin Brodeur , 1,265 Most games appeared in by a goaltender , career playoffs : Patrick Roy , 247 Most games appeared in by a goaltender career , including playoffs Martin Brodeur , 1,470 Most games appeared in by a goaltender career , in the Finals : Jacques Plante ( Montreal - 38 ) , St. Louis - 3 ) , 41 Most consecutive complete games by a goaltender : Glenn Hall , 502 ( 1955 -- 1962 ) Most games appeared in by a goaltender , one regular season : Grant Fuhr , 79 ( 1995 -- 96 ) Most games appeared in by a goaltender , one playoff season Ron Hextall ( 1986 -- 87 ) and Jonathan Quick ( 2013 -- 14 ) , 26 Most minutes played by a goaltender , career : Martin Brodeur , 74,380 Most minutes played by a goaltender , one season : Martin Brodeur ( 2006 -- 07 ) , 4,697 Least time played by a goaltender , career Jorge Alves Dec 31 , 2016 , 7.6 sec Longest continuous shutout by a goaltender : Alec Connell ( 7 games , 2 periods ) ( 1927 -- 28 ) , 461 minutes , 29 seconds Longest continuous shutout by a goaltender at start of NHL career : Matt Hackett ( December 6 & 8 , 2011 ) , 102 minutes , 48 seconds Longest winning streak by a goaltender , one season : Gilles Gilbert ( 1975 -- 76 ) , 17 games Longest winning streak to start a season : Carey Price ( 2016 -- 17 ) , 10 games Longest undefeated streak by a goaltender , one season : Gerry Cheevers ( 24 wins , 8 ties 1971 -- 72 ) , 32 games Longest undefeated streak by a goaltender in his first NHL season : Grant Fuhr ( 15 wins , 8 ties 1981 -- 82 ) , 23 games Longest undefeated streak by a goaltender from start of career : Patrick Lalime ( 14 wins , 2 ties 1996 -- 97 ) , 16 games Most 20 - or - more win seasons by a goaltender Martin Brodeur , 16 Most consecutive 20 - or - more win seasons by a goaltender : Martin Brodeur ( 1995 -- 2008 ) and Henrik Lundqvist ( 2005 -- 2017 ) , 12 Most 30 - or - more win seasons by a goaltender : Martin Brodeur 14 Most consecutive 30 - or - more win seasons by a goaltender : Martin Brodeur ( 1995 -- 2008 ) , 12 Most consecutive 30 - or - more win seasons to start a career : Henrik Lundqvist ( 2005 -- 2012 ) , 7 Most 40 - or - more win seasons by a goaltender : Martin Brodeur 8 Most consecutive 40 - or - more win seasons by a goaltender : Martin Brodeur ( 2005 -- 2008 ) and Evgeni Nabokov ( 2007 -- 10 ) , 3 Most consecutive wins by a goaltender in his rookie season : Bill Durnan ( 1943 -- 44 ) , 10 Most consecutive wins by a goaltender in his first NHL season : George Hainsworth ( 1926 -- 27 ) , 11 Most losses by a goaltender regular season career : Martin Brodeur , 397 Most losses by a goaltender , one season : Gary Smith ( 1970 -- 71 ) , 48 Most home games played by a goaltender , one season : Roberto Luongo ( 2006 -- 07 ) , 41 Most shots faced by a goaltender , in a regular season game : Sam LoPresti ( March 4 , 1941 ) , 83 Most shots faced by a goaltender , in a season : Roberto Luongo ( 2005 -- 06 ) , 2,488 Most shots faced by a goaltender , in a playoff game : Normie Smith ( March 24 , 1936 ) , 92 Most saves by a goaltender career : Martin Brodeur , 28,928 Most saves by a goaltender playoffs career : Patrick Roy , 6,561 Most saves by a goaltender , including playoffs career : Martin Brodeur , 33,758 Most saves by a goaltender , in a regular season game : Sam LoPresti ( March 4 , 1941 ) , 80 Most saves by a goaltender , in a playoff game : Normie Smith ( March 24 , 1936 ) , 92 Most saves by a goaltender , in a playoffs overtime game shutout : Normie Smith ( March 24 , 1936 ) , 92 Most saves by a goaltender , in a regular season shutout : Ben Scrivens ( January 29 , 2014 ) , 59 Most saves by a goaltender , in a season : Roberto Luongo ( 2003 -- 04 ) , 2,303 Most saves by a goaltender , in a playoff run : Tim Thomas ( 2011 ) , 798 Most saves by a goaltender , in a Stanley Cup finals series : Tim Thomas ( 2011 ) , 238 Highest save percentage , in a regular season : Craig Anderson ( 2013 ) , . 941 Highest save percentage , playoffs ( minimum 10 games ) : Jonathan Quick ( 2012 ) , . 946 Lowest goals - against average in a season ( minimum 20 games ) : George Hainsworth , 0.92 Lowest goals - against average playoffs ( minimum 10 games ) : Frank Brimsek , 1.25 Highest goals - against average in a season ( minimum 20 games ) : Frank Brophy , 7.11 Highest goals - against average playoffs ( minimum 10 games ) : Murray Bannerman , 4.77 Most overtime wins : Roberto Luongo , 49 Most penalty minutes by a goaltender regular season career : Ron Hextall , 584 Most penalty minutes by a goaltender playoffs career : Ron Hextall , 115 Most penalty minutes by a goaltender career , including playoffs : Ron Hextall ( 584 regular season , 115 playoffs ) , 699 Most penalty minutes by a goaltender one season Ron Hextall ( 1988 -- 89 ) , 113 Most penalty minutes by a goaltender one playoff season Ron Hextall ( 1986 -- 87 ) , 43 Youngest goaltender to win 50 regular - season games : Patrick Roy 22 yrs Youngest goaltender to win 100 regular - season games : Patrick Roy 23 yrs Youngest goaltender to win 200 regular - season games : Martin Brodeur 26 yrs. , 1 mos Youngest goaltender to win 300 regular - season games : Martin Brodeur 29 yrs. , 7 mos . Youngest goaltender to win 400 regular - season games : Martin Brodeur 31 yrs. , 10 mos . Youngest goaltender to win 500 regular - season games : Martin Brodeur 35 yrs. , 6 mos . Youngest goaltender to win 600 regular - season games : Martin Brodeur 37 yrs. , 11 mos . Quickest goaltender to win 400 regular - season games : Henrik Lundqvist 727 Most Stanley Cup finals series played by a goaltender : Jacques Plante ( Montreal : 8 ( 1953 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 ) ; St. Louis : 2 ( 1969 , 70 ) ) , 10 Most Stanley Cup consecutive finals series played by a goaltender : Jacques Plante ( Montreal ( 1953 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 ) , 8 Least saves required in a win : Ryan Miller ( Anaheim Jan. 25 , 2018 ) 11 : 40 min ; Antti Niemi ( Dallas , Dec. 12 , 2015 ) 6 : 43 min ; Richard Bachman ( Dallas Mar. 29 , 2013 ) 2 : 32 min ; Craig Billington ( Colorado Dec. 21 , 1998 ) 1 : 52 min , ( Colorado Dec. 31 , 1996 ) 0 : 12 sec ; Steve Weeks ( NY Rangers Mar. 24 , 1982 ) 0 : 17 sec 0 Shootout ( edit ) Most shootout goals in one season : Ilya Kovalchuk ( 2011 -- 12 ) , 11 Most game - deciding shootout goals in one season : Ilya Kovalchuk ( 2011 -- 12 ) , 7 Most shootout goals career : Frans Nielsen , 48 Most game - deciding shootout goals career : Frans Nielsen , 22 Highest shootout percentage ( Minimum 15 attempts ) : Brayden Point , 66.7 % ( 10 / 15 ) Most shootout attempts in a season : Radim Vrbata , 18 Most shootout attempts career : Radim Vrbata , 105 Most shootout games played by a goaltender in a season : Martin Brodeur ( 2006 -- 07 ) , 16 Most shootout games played by a goaltender career : Roberto Luongo , 107 Most shootout wins by a goaltender in a season : Ryan Miller and Martin Brodeur ( 2006 -- 07 ) , Mathieu Garon ( 2007 -- 08 ) , and Jonathan Quick ( 2010 -- 11 ) , 10 Most shootout wins by a goaltender career : Ryan Miller , 59 Most shootout losses by a goaltender in a season : Tomas Vokoun ( 2009 -- 10 ) and Tuukka Rask ( 2014 -- 15 ) , 9 Most shootout losses by a goaltender career : Roberto Luongo , 55 Most goals allowed in a shootout by a goaltender career : Roberto Luongo , 126 Most saves in a shootout by a goaltender career : Henrik Lundqvist , 278 Age ( edit ) Oldest Forward : Gordie Howe , April 11 , 1980 , 52 years , 11 days Oldest Defensemen : Chris Chelios , April 6 , 2010 , 48 years , 71 days Oldest Goaltender : Maurice Roberts , November 25 , 1951 , 45 years , 345 days Oldest Player to play his first NHL game : Connie Madigan , February 6 , 1973 , 38 years , 94 days Oldest Goalie to play his first NHL game : Jorge Alves , December 31 , 2016 , 37 years , 30 days Youngest Player to play his first NHL game : Bep Guidolin , November 12 , 1942 , 16 years , 337 days Youngest Goalie to play his first NHL game : Harry Lumley , December 23 , 1943 , 17 years , 42 days Oldest Goalie to play in Stanley Cup Finals : Lester Patrick , April 7 , 1928 , 44 years , 90 days Oldest Defensemen to play in the Stanley Cup Finals : Doug Harvey , May 11 , 1968 , 43 years , 137 days Oldest Forward to play in Stanley Cup Finals : Mark Recchi , June 15 , 2011 , 43 years , 134 days Youngest Player to play in the Stanley Cup Finals : Gaye Stewart , 18 years , 288 days Youngest Player to win the Stanley Cup : Larry Hillman , April 14 , 1955 18 years , 68 days Oldest Player to win the Stanley Cup : Chris Chelios , June 4 , 2008 , 46 years , 130 days Oldest Goalie to win the Stanley Cup : Lester Patrick April 14 , 1928 , 44 years , 97 days See also ( edit ) List of NHL records ( team ) List of NHL statistical leaders List of NHL statistical leaders by country References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Individual All Time Career Records ( 1918 - 2011 ) '' . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hart Memorial Trophy '' . NHL Enterprises , L.P. July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ted Lindsay Award '' . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Conn Smythe Trophy '' . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` James Norris Trophy '' . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Maurice Richard Trophy '' . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Art Ross Trophy '' . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Frank J. Selke Trophy '' . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lady Byng Trophy '' . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` William M. Jennings Trophy '' . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Vezina Trophy '' . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Adams Award '' . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Sources ( edit ) NHL Official Guide and Record Book , 2016 www.nhl.com hide List of NHL - related topics History Pre-NHL seasons National Hockey Association 1917 -- 42 1942 -- 67 1967 -- 92 1992 -- present All - time standings All - time team performance Seasons Most frequent playoff series Retired numbers First NHL player by country Ice hockey in Canada Ice hockey in the United States Personnel Famous linemates Captains Head coaches General managers Owners Notable families Presidents and Commissioners Referees and linesmen Records League records ( individual , team ) Statistical leaders ( by country of birth ) Points , career ( min . 1000 ) Assists , career ( min . 1000 ) Goals , career ( min . 500 ) Points , season ( min . 100 ) Goals , season ( min . 50 ) 50 goals in 50 games Games , career ( min . 1000 ) Consecutive games , career ( min . 500 ) PIMs , career ( min . 2000 ) 5 + goals , game 8 + points , game Goaltender wins , career ( min . 300 ) Goaltenders who have scored Wayne Gretzky 's records Gordie Howe 's records Related International games with NHL teams International games with NHL players World Cup of Hockey Hockey Fights Cancer Other Trade deadline Player salaries Team payrolls Video games Mascots National Hockey League lore Advanced statistics NHL uniform hide Franchise records of the National Hockey League Western Conference Eastern Conference Pacific Division Anaheim Ducks Arizona Coyotes Calgary Flames Edmonton Oilers Los Angeles Kings San Jose Sharks Vancouver Canucks Central Division Chicago Blackhawks Colorado Avalanche Dallas Stars Minnesota Wild Nashville Predators St. Louis Blues Winnipeg Jets Atlantic Division Boston Bruins Buffalo Sabres Detroit Red Wings Florida Panthers Montreal Canadiens Ottawa Senators Tampa Bay Lightning Toronto Maple Leafs Metropolitan Division Carolina Hurricanes Columbus Blue Jackets New Jersey Devils New York Islanders New York Rangers Philadelphia Flyers Pittsburgh Penguins Washington Capitals League records : Individual records Team records Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_NHL_records_(individual)&oldid=846459878 '' Categories : National Hockey League statistical records National Hockey League lists Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Magyar Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 18 June 2018 , at 22 : 31 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20NHL%20records%20%28individual%29
| 2,112 |
||
when was the last time the atlanta falcons were in the super bowl
|
In their 51 years of existence , the Falcons have compiled a record of 350 -- 450 -- 6 ( 341 -- 437 -- 6 in the regular season and 9 -- 13 in the playoffs ) , winning division championships in 1980 , 1998 , 2004 , 2010 , 2012 , and 2016 . The Falcons have appeared in two Super Bowls , the first being during the 1998 season in Super Bowl XXXIII , where they lost to the Denver Broncos 34 -- 19 , and the second being a 34 -- 28 overtime defeat by the New England Patriots in Super Bowl LI .
|
Super Bowl LI
|
Atlanta Falcons
|
atlanta falcons
|
National Football League ( 1966 -- present )
|
Eastern Conference ( 1966 ) Western Conference ( 1967 -- 1969 ) Coastal Division ( 1967 -- 1969 ) National Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) NFC West ( 1970 -- 2001 ) NFC South ( 2002 -- present ) Current uniform Team colors Black , Red , Silver , White Mascot Freddie Falcon Personnel Owner ( s ) Arthur Blank CEO Rich McKay President Rich McKay General manager Thomas Dimitroff Head coach Dan Quinn Team history Atlanta Falcons ( 1966 -- present ) Team nicknames The Dirty Birds Grits Blitz ( 1977 defense ) Championships League championships ( 0 ) Conference championships ( 2 ) NFC : 1998 , 2016 Division championships ( 6 ) NFC West : 1980 , 1998 NFC South : 2004 , 2010 , 2012 , 2016 Playoff appearances ( 14 ) NFL : 1978 , 1980 , 1982 , 1991 , 1995 , 1998 , 2002 , 2004 , 2008 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2016 , 2017 Home fields Atlanta -- Fulton County Stadium ( 1966 -- 1991 ) Georgia Dome ( 1992 -- 2016 ) Mercedes - Benz Stadium ( 2017 -- present ) The Atlanta Falcons are a professional American football team based in Atlanta . The Falcons compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) South division . The Falcons joined the NFL in 1965 as an expansion team , after the NFL offered then - owner Rankin Smith a franchise to keep him from joining the rival American Football League ( AFL ) . In their 51 years of existence , the Falcons have compiled a record of 350 -- 450 -- 6 ( 341 -- 437 -- 6 in the regular season and 9 -- 13 in the playoffs ) , winning division championships in 1980 , 1998 , 2004 , 2010 , 2012 , and 2016 . The Falcons have appeared in two Super Bowls , the first being during the 1998 season in Super Bowl XXXIII , where they lost to the Denver Broncos 34 -- 19 , and the second being a 34 -- 28 overtime defeat by the New England Patriots in Super Bowl LI . The Falcons ' current home field is Mercedes - Benz Stadium , which opened in time for the 2017 season ; the team 's headquarters and practice facilities are located at a 50 - acre site in Flowery Branch , Georgia . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 1.1 Professional football comes to Atlanta 1.2 1966 -- 1977 : Early struggles 1.3 1978 -- 1989 1.4 1989 -- 1996 1.5 1997 -- 2000 : The Dan Reeves era 1.6 2001 -- 2006 1.7 2007 1.8 2008 -- 2014 : The Mike Smith era 1.8. 1 2008 1.8. 2 2009 1.8. 3 2010 1.8. 4 2011 1.8. 5 2012 1.8. 6 2013 1.8. 7 2014 1.9 2015 -- present : The Dan Quinn era 1.9. 1 2015 1.9. 2 2016 1.9. 3 2017 2 Stadiums 3 Logo and uniforms 4 Rivalries 4.1 New Orleans Saints 4.2 Carolina Panthers 5 Statistics 5.1 Season - by - season records 5.2 Record vs. opponents 5.3 Single game records 5.4 Single season records 5.5 Career records 6 Players 6.1 Current roster 6.2 Pro Football Hall of Famers 6.3 Retired numbers 6.4 Ring of Honor 6.5 Georgia Sports Hall of Fame 6.6 Starting quarterbacks 6.7 Draft history 7 Coaching staff 7.1 Head coaches 7.2 Current staff 8 Radio and television 8.1 Radio affiliates 8.1. 1 Georgia 8.1. 2 Alabama 8.1. 3 Mississippi 8.1. 4 South Carolina 8.1. 5 Tennessee 9 See also 10 Notes and references 11 External links Franchise history Further information : History of the Atlanta Falcons Professional Football comes to Atlanta Professional football first came to Atlanta in 1962 , when the American Football League staged two preseason contests , with one featuring the Denver Broncos vs. the Houston Oilers and the second pitting the Dallas Texans against the Oakland Raiders . Two years later , the AFL held another exhibition , this time with the New York Jets taking on the San Diego Chargers . In 1965 , after the Atlanta -- Fulton County Stadium ( then known simply as Atlanta Stadium ) was built , the city of Atlanta felt the time was right to start pursuing professional football . One independent group which had been active in NFL exhibition promotions in Atlanta applied for franchises in both the American Football League and the National Football League , acting entirely on its own with no guarantee of stadium rights . Another group reported it had deposited earnest money for a team in the AFL . With everyone running in different directions , some local businessmen worked out a deal and were awarded an AFL franchise on June 7 , 1965 , contingent upon acquiring exclusive stadium rights from city officials . NFL Commissioner Pete Rozelle , who had been moving slowly in Atlanta matters , was spurred by the AFL interest and headed on the next plane down to Atlanta to block the rival league 's claim on the city of Atlanta . He forced the city to make a choice between the two leagues . By June 30 , the city picked Rankin Smith and the NFL . The Atlanta Falcons franchise began on June 30 , 1965 , when NFL Commissioner Pete Rozelle granted ownership to 41 - year - old Rankin Smith Sr. Smith , an Executive Vice President of Life Insurance Company of Georgia at the time , paid $8.5 million the highest price in NFL history at the time for a franchise . Former commissioner Pete Rozelle and Smith made the deal in about five minutes and the Atlanta Falcons brought the largest and most popular sport to the city of Atlanta . The Atlanta expansion franchise became the 15th NFL franchise , and they were awarded the first pick in the 1966 NFL draft as well as the final pick in each of the first five rounds . The Falcons drafted All - American linebacker Tommy Nobis from the University of Texas with the first pick of the draft , making him the first - ever Falcon . The league also held the 1966 NFL Expansion Draft six weeks later in which the Falcons selected unprotected players from existing franchises . Although the Falcons selected many good players in those drafts , they still were not able to win right away . The Atlanta Falcons Football Club received its nickname on August 29 , 1965 . Miss Julia Elliott , a school teacher from Griffin , Georgia , was singled out from many people who suggested `` Falcons '' as the nickname for the new franchise . Elliott wrote : `` the Falcon is proud and dignified , with great courage and fight . It never drops its prey . It is deadly and has a great sporting tradition . '' 1966 -- 1977 : early struggles The Falcons had their first season in 1966 , and their first preseason game on August 1 , 1966 , losing to the Philadelphia Eagles . Under head coach Norb Hecker they lost their first nine regular - season games in 1966 and secured their first victory on the road against the New York Giants . The team finished the 1960s with only 12 wins . The Falcons had their first Monday Night Football game in Atlanta during the 1970 season , losing 20 -- 7 to the Miami Dolphins . The only two winning seasons in this twelve - year period were 1971 and 1973 . 1978 -- 1989 The Falcons ' defense taking on Denver Broncos quarterback John Elway during a 1985 game . In the 1978 season , the Falcons qualified for the playoffs for the first time and won the Wild Card game against the Eagles 14 -- 13 . The following week , they lost to the Dallas Cowboys 27 -- 20 in the Divisional Playoffs . In the 1980 season , after a nine - game winning streak , the Falcons posted a franchise then - best record of 12 -- 4 and captured their first NFC West division title . The next week , their dream season ended at home with a loss to the Cowboys 30 -- 27 in the divisional playoffs . In the strike - shortened 1982 season , the Falcons made the playoffs but lost to the Minnesota Vikings , 30 -- 24 . Falcons coach Leeman Bennett was fired after the loss . The team would then have losing seasons for the next eight years . 1989 -- 1996 In 1989 , the Falcons drafted cornerback Deion Sanders in the first round , who helped them for the next four years , setting many records for the franchise . `` Neon Deion '' ( a.k.a. `` Prime Time '' ) had a flashy appeal and helped bring media attention to one of the league 's most anonymous franchises . Sanders was also famous for playing on major league baseball teams ( the New York Yankees and the Atlanta Braves ) while simultaneously playing in the NFL . The Falcons playing against the Los Angeles Rams during a 1991 away game . After defeating the New Orleans Saints in the NFC Wild Card game , the Falcons ' 1991 season ended in a divisional playoff loss to the Washington Redskins . In 1991 , the Falcons drafted Brett Favre as the thirty - third overall pick . During his rookie season , he played in two games where he amassed a record of 4 passing attempts with 0 receptions and 2 interceptions . The following February , Favre was traded to the Green Bay Packers . In 1992 , the Atlanta Falcons opened a new chapter in their history moving into the newly constructed Georgia Dome , where the team has defeated all 31 other NFL teams at least during its time there . 1997 -- 2000 : the Dan Reeves era In 1998 , under recently acquired head coach Dan Reeves , quarterback Chris Chandler and running back Jamal Anderson the `` Dirty Bird '' Falcons had their greatest season to date . On November 8 , they beat the New England Patriots 41 -- 10 , ending a streak of 22 losses at cold - weather sites . The team finished with a franchise - best 14 -- 2 regular season record and the NFC West division championship . On January 17 , 1999 , the Falcons upset the top - seeded Vikings at the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome in the NFC Championship Game 30 -- 27 , in an exciting overtime victory . However , in their first - ever Super Bowl appearance , they lost 34 -- 19 to the defending champion Denver Broncos in Super Bowl XXXIII . In the second game of the Falcons 1999 season , running back Jamal Anderson , who had been a key player in the Falcons ' 1998 success , suffered a season - ending knee injury . The Falcons finished the season with a very disappointing 5 -- 11 regular season record . In 2000 , the Falcons suffered through another horrendous season finishing 4 -- 12 and once again missing the playoffs . 2001 -- 2006 In the 2001 NFL draft , the Falcons orchestrated a trade with the San Diego Chargers , acquiring the first overall pick ( which was used on quarterback Michael Vick ) in exchange for wide receiver - return specialist Tim Dwight and the fifth overall pick ( used on running back LaDainian Tomlinson ) . The Falcons finished the 2001 season with a record of 7 -- 9 and missed the playoffs . Jessie Tuggle retired following 14 seasons in Atlanta . On December 6 , 2001 , Arthur M. Blank reached a preliminary agreement with the Falcons ' Taylor Smith to purchase the team . In a special meeting prior to Super Bowl XXXVI in New Orleans on February 2 , 2002 , NFL owners voted unanimously to approve the purchase . The 2002 season saw the Falcons return to the playoffs with a regular season record of 9 -- 6 -- 1 , tying the Pittsburgh Steelers . It was Vick 's first year as the starter , and the team , with newly acquired running back Warrick Dunn , delivered the Green Bay Packers their first home playoff loss ever . A 20 - 6 loss to the Donovan McNabb - led Philadelphia Eagles the following week , however , ended the Falcons ' season . On March 19 , 2003 , the Falcons presented their new logo . During the 2003 preseason Vick broke his leg and missed the first twelve games of the season . After losing 7 straight games , the decision was made to release head coach Dan Reeves . Wade Phillips acted as interim coach for the final 3 games . Although the Falcons won 3 of their last 4 games after the return of Vick , they ended up with a 5 -- 11 record that year . In 2004 , a new head coach , Jim L. Mora , was hired and Vick returned for the full season . The Falcons went 11 -- 5 , winning their third division title and earning a first - round bye into the playoffs . In the divisional playoffs , the Falcons defeated the St. Louis Rams , 47 -- 17 , in the Georgia Dome , advancing to the NFC Championship Game , which they lost to the Eagles , 27 -- 10 . The Falcons again fell short of achieving back - to - back winning seasons in 2005 , going 8 -- 8 . In 2006 , Michael Vick became the first quarterback in league history to rush for more than 1,000 yards in a season , with 1,039 . After finishing the season 7 -- 9 , however , coach Jim Mora was dismissed and Bobby Petrino , the University of Louisville 's football coach , replaced him . Before the 2007 season began , Vick was suspended indefinitely by the NFL after pleading guilty to charges involving dog fighting in the state of Virginia . On December 10 , 2007 , Vick received a 23 - month prison sentence and was officially cut from the Atlanta roster . 2007 Main article : 2007 Atlanta Falcons season For the 2007 season , the Falcons were forced to start Joey Harrington at quarterback . On December 11 , 13 games into his first NFL season as head coach , Bobby Petrino resigned without notice to coach at the University of Arkansas , leaving the beleaguered players only a note in the locker room . Secondary Coach Emmitt Thomas was named interim coach for the final three games of the season on December 12 . The Falcons ended the year with a dismal 4 -- 12 record . 2008 -- 2014 : the Mike Smith era Mike Smith After the tumultuous and disappointing 2007 season , the Falcons made a number of moves , hiring a new General Manager and head coach , drafting a new starting quarterback , and signing a starting running back . On January 13 , 2008 , the Falcons named former Patriots director of college football scouting Thomas Dimitroff General Manager . On January 23 , Jacksonville Jaguars defensive coach and former linebackers coach for the 2000 Super Bowl champion Baltimore Ravens Mike Smith was named the Falcons ' new head coach . Chargers back - up RB Michael Turner agreed to a 6 - year deal , $30 million deal on March 2 . On April 26 , Matt Ryan ( quarterback from Boston College ) was drafted third overall in the 2008 NFL draft by the Falcons . 2008 Main article : 2008 Atlanta Falcons season The Falcons finished the 2008 regular season with a record of 11 -- 5 , and the # 5 seed in the playoffs . On December 21 , 2008 , Atlanta beat the Minnesota Vikings 24 -- 17 to clinch a wild card spot , earning a trip to the playoffs for the first time since 2004 . The Falcons would go on to lose in the wild - card round of the 2008 NFL playoffs to the eventual NFC champion Arizona Cardinals , 30 -- 24 . Matt Ryan started all 16 games in his rookie season and was named the Associated Press Offensive Rookie of the Year . First - year head coach Mike Smith was named 2008 NFL Coach of the Year . 2009 Main article : 2009 Atlanta Falcons season Although they failed to make the playoffs in 2009 the team rallied to win their final three regular season games to record back - to - back winning seasons for the first time in franchise history . The Falcons defeated the Tampa Bay Buccaneers 20 -- 10 in the final game of the season to improve their record to 9 -- 7 . Main article : 2010 Atlanta Falcons season In 2010 , with a regular season record of 13 -- 3 , the Falcons secured a third straight winning season , their fourth overall divisional title , and the top overall seed in the NFC playoffs ; however , the Falcons were overpowered by the eventual Super Bowl XLV champion Green Bay Packers in the NFC Divisional Playoffs 48 -- 21 . The Falcons scored 414 points -- the fifth-most in franchise history . The team sent an NFL - high and franchise - best nine players to the 2011 Pro Bowl . 2011 Main article : 2011 Atlanta Falcons season The Falcons made a surprise trade up with the Cleveland Browns in the 2011 NFL draft to select Alabama wide receiver Julio Jones sixth overall . In exchange , the Falcons gave up their first - , second - and fourth - round draft picks in 2011 , and their first and fourth draft picks in 2012 . Jones , along with teammates Tony Gonzalez and Roddy White , have since been dubbed Atlanta 's `` Big Three '' ( based on their total number of reception yards ) . On August 30 , 2011 , Sports Illustrated senior writer Peter King , who correctly predicted the 2011 Super Bowl , made his predictions for the 2011 season and picked the Falcons to defeat the San Diego Chargers in the 2012 Super Bowl . The Falcons finished the season at 10 -- 6 , securing the fifth seed after a Week 17 beatdown of Tampa Bay in which the Falcons pulled their starters after leading 42 -- 0 just 23 minutes into the game . The Falcons then went on to play the New York Giants in a 2011 NFC Wild Card Game at MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford , New Jersey . The first half was a defensive struggle , with the first points coming off of a safety by the Falcons , giving Atlanta a 2 -- 0 lead . In the 2nd quarter , though , Eli Manning connected with Hakeem Nicks for a short touchdown pass to make it 7 -- 2 Giants heading into the 2nd half . Then the Giants took control , as Manning threw for two more TD passes to Mario Manningham and Nicks and the defense completed its shutout of the Falcons to give the New York Giants the win , 24 -- 2 , and the Falcons their third straight playoff loss with Matt Ryan and Mike Smith . After the season Defense Coordinator Brian VanGorder accepted a coaching job at Auburn University , and the offensive coordinator Mike Mularkey took the head coaching job in Jacksonville . 2012 Main article : 2012 Atlanta Falcons season Atlanta exploded out of the gate , going a franchise best 8 -- 0 and remaining the last unbeaten team in the NFL that year . Their hopes to get an undefeated season came to an end with a 27 -- 31 loss to the division rival Saints . Julio Jones had a remarkable second year , grabbing 10 touchdowns and 1,198 yards . The Falcons finished the season 13 -- 3 , and clinched the number one seed in the NFC playoffs . The Falcons played the Seattle Seahawks in their first playoff game . Although they went down 28 -- 27 with only 31 seconds left on the clock , Matt Ryan led the team to their first playoff victory , 30 -- 28 . It was the only playoff victory in the Mike Smith era . The Atlanta Falcons then advanced to face the San Francisco 49ers . The Falcons seized control of the game early with a Matt Bryant field goal , a trio of Matt Ryan touchdown passes caught by Julio Jones and Tony Gonzalez coupled with outstanding defensive play . By the end of the half , the score was 24 -- 14 . The tides of the game began to shift in the second half as the 49ers rallied back with a pair of Frank Gore touchdown runs . Atlanta 's offense attempted to reply but were ultimately shut down by the 49er defense . A few series later , late in the 4th quarter with little time remaining , Atlanta found themselves in a 4th and 4 situation at the 10 - yard line . The Falcons needed just 10 more yards to secure victory and advance to their first Super Bowl berth in 14 years . Matt Ryan fired a pass to Roddy White which was ultimately broken up by inside linebacker NaVorro Bowman , resulting in a 28 -- 24 defeat . 2013 Main article : 2013 Atlanta Falcons season Following the success of the previous season , the Falcons were an expected Super Bowl contender . However , injuries hampered the team 's performance and the team finished the season 4 -- 12 . With that , the streak of consecutive winning seasons came to an end and Mike Smith had his first losing season as a head coach . Tony Gonzalez , in his final season in the NFL , was selected to the 2014 Pro Bowl as a starter representing Team Rice . Following the conclusion of the 2012 season , director of player personnel Les Snead departed the team to join the St. Louis Rams and Dave Caldwell , assistant to general manager Thomas Dimitroff , left the team to join the Jacksonville Jaguars . Scott Pioli , former GM of the New England Patriots , was announced as the Falcons ' new assistant GM . Mike Smith was given a one - year extension on his contract as head coach . The Falcons had the 6th overall pick in the 2014 NFL draft with which they selected Jake Matthews , who played as offensive tackle for Texas A&M . 2014 Main article : 2014 Atlanta Falcons season Despite having another rough season , the Falcons still had an opportunity to qualify for the playoffs at the end of the regular season . The Falcons hosted the Carolina Panthers in their regular season finale , with the winners clinching the NFC South division . Unfortunately , the Falcons lost in a 34 -- 3 blowout as Matt Ryan threw two interceptions that were returned for touchdowns and got sacked six times . The Falcons finished the season 6 -- 10 , marking the second consecutive losing season for the team . The following day , Mike Smith was fired after seven seasons as head coach . The Falcons would soon hire Seattle Seahawks defensive coordinator Dan Quinn as the team 's 16th head coach . The Falcons had the 8th overall pick in the 2015 NFL draft with which they selected Vic Beasley , a defensive end from Clemson University . 2015 -- present : the Dan Quinn era 2015 Main article : 2015 Atlanta Falcons season Dan Quinn In February 2015 , the team was investigated by the NFL for alleged use of artificial crowd noise in the Georgia Dome . The Falcons lost a 2016 NFL Draft selection as a result of the league 's investigation . Dan Quinn 's first season saw a 5 -- 0 start , the team 's best start in four years . They would then struggle throughout the rest of the season by losing 8 of their last 11 games , resulting in an 8 -- 8 record . They did , however , give the Panthers their only regular season loss . The Falcons used their first - round pick in the 2016 NFL Draft on safety Keanu Neal from the University of Florida . 2016 Main article : 2016 Atlanta Falcons season In the Falcons ' 25th and final season in the Georgia Dome , Atlanta lost their Week 1 game to the Buccaneers 24 -- 31 . The Falcons would then win their next four including one over the Panthers , when the franchise set new records . Matt Ryan threw for 503 yards , and Julio Jones caught twelve passes for 300 yards . With a 41 -- 13 thrashing of the San Francisco 49ers in Week 15 , the Falcons improved to 9 -- 5 and secured their first winning season since 2012 . One week later , the Falcons defeated the Panthers in Charlotte , North Carolina and clinched their first NFC South division title since 2012 . In their last regular season game at the Georgia Dome , the Falcons defeated the New Orleans Saints , and secured an 11 -- 5 record and a first round bye . In the divisional round of the playoffs , Atlanta defeated the Seahawks 36 -- 20 in the Georgia Dome , and hosted their last game at the Dome against the Green Bay Packers in the NFC Championship Game on January 22 , 2017 . The Falcons defeated the Packers 44 -- 21 to advance to Super Bowl LI as the NFC champions . Atlanta was up 28 -- 3 late in the third quarter , and the New England Patriots scored 31 unanswered points , with the last 6 in the first - ever overtime in the Super Bowl . The Patriots ' 25 - point comeback was the largest in Super Bowl history . In 2016 , the Falcons scored 540 points in the regular season , the seventh-most in NFL history , tied with the Greatest Show on Turf ( the 2000 St. Louis Rams ) . However , the Falcons defense gave up 406 points , 27th in the league . 2017 Main article : 2017 Atlanta Falcons season The Falcons moved into their new home , the Mercedes - Benz Stadium , this season . Their first game ever played at the new stadium was a preseason loss to the Arizona Cardinals . The first regular season game at the new stadium was a rematch of the 2016 -- 17 NFC Championship , with Atlanta defeating Green Bay 34 -- 23 . Their first loss of the season was a 23 -- 17 home defeat to the Buffalo Bills in week 4 . The team returned to the playoffs with a 10 - 6 record ( albeit with a third - place finish in the NFC South ) . The Falcons defeated the Los Angeles Rams 26 - 13 in the Wild Card round , but their 2017 season came to an end a week later in the Divisional Playoff round at the hands of the eventual Super Bowl champion Philadelphia Eagles 15 - 10 . Stadiums Main article : Mercedes - Benz Stadium The Falcons have called three stadiums home in their 51 years of existence , and its third home in their history opened in the late summer of 2017 . The first was the Atlanta -- Fulton County Stadium , sharing with the Atlanta Braves Major League Baseball team until 1991 . In 1992 , the Georgia Dome was built , and the Falcons played there from its opening to the 2016 season . The Dome has been frequently used for college football , including Georgia State football and college bowl games such as the Peach Bowl . In an effort to replace the aging Georgia Dome and potentially host a future Super Bowl , team owner Arthur Blank proposed a deal with the city of Atlanta to build a new state - of - the - art stadium not far from where the Georgia Dome is located . Blank will contribute $800 million and the city of Atlanta will contribute an additional $200 million via bonds backed by the city 's hotel / motel tax towards the construction of a retractable roof stadium . Blank will contribute additional money for cost overruns if it is needed . The team will provide up to $50 million towards infrastructure costs that were n't included in the construction budget and to retire the remaining debt on the Georgia Dome . In addition , Blank 's foundation and the city will each provide $15 million for development in surrounding neighborhoods . Though the total cost of the stadium was initially estimated to be around $1 billion , the total cost was revised to $1.5 billion according to Blank . In March 2013 , the Atlanta City Council voted 11 -- 4 in favor of building the stadium . The retractable roof Mercedes - Benz Stadium broke ground in May 2014 , and became the third home stadium for the Falcons and the first for the new Atlanta United FC Major League Soccer club upon opening in 2017 . Logo and uniforms Atlanta Falcons uniform : 1971 -- 1989 Atlanta Falcons uniform : 1997 -- 2002 The Atlanta Falcons ' colors are red , black , silver and white . When the team began play in 1966 , the Falcons wore red helmets with a black falcon crest logo . In the center of the helmet was a center black stripe surrounded by two gold stripes and two white stripes . These colors represented the two college rival schools in the state of Georgia ; rival schools Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets ( white and gold ) and the Georgia Bulldogs ( red and black ) . Although the gold was removed after several seasons , the white remains to this day . They wore white pants and either black or white jerseys . At first , the falcon crest logo was also put on the jersey sleeves , but it was replaced by a red and white stripe pattern four years later . They switched from black to red jerseys in 1971 , and the club began to wear silver pants in 1978 . A prototype white helmet was developed for the team prior to the 1974 season , but was never worn . In 1990 , the uniform design changed to black helmets , silver pants , and either black or white jerseys . The numbers on the white jerseys were black , but were changed to red in 1997 . ( The red numerals could be seen on the away jerseys briefly in 1990 . ) Both the logo and uniforms changed in 2003 . The logo was redesigned with red and silver accents to depict a more powerful , aggressive falcon , which now more closely resembles the capital letter F . Although the Falcons still wore black helmets , the new uniforms featured jerseys and pants with red trim down the sides . The uniform design consisted of either black or white jerseys , and either black or white pants . During that same year , a red alternate jersey with black trim was also introduced . The Falcons also started wearing black cleats with these uniforms . In 2004 , the red jerseys became the primary jerseys , and the black ones became the alternate , both worn with white pants . In select road games , the Falcons wear black pants with white jerseys . The Falcons wore an all - black combination for home games against their archrivals , the New Orleans Saints , winning the first two contests ( 24 -- 21 in 2004 and 36 -- 17 in 2005 ) , but losing 31 -- 13 in 2006 . The Falcons wore the all black combination against the New Orleans Saints for four straight seasons starting in 2004 , With the last time being in 2007 , losing 34 -- 14 . They wore the combination again in 2006 , against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in Week 2 . The Falcons won that game , 14 -- 3 . The Falcons also wore their all - black uniform in 2007 against the New York Giants , and in 2008 against the Carolina Panthers and against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( for the second time ) . In the 1980s , the Falcons wore their white uniforms at home most of the time because of the heat . When the Falcons started playing in a dome , the team switched to their dark uniforms for home games but have worn their white uniforms at home a few times since switching to the dome . It was announced at the 2009 state of the franchise meeting that the Falcons would wear 1966 throwback uniforms for a couple games during the 2009 season . The Atlanta Falcons wore 1966 throwback jerseys for two home games in 2009 -- against the Carolina Panthers on September 20 and against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers on November 29 . The Falcons won both of those games . They donned the throwbacks again for 2 games in 2010 , against Baltimore and San Francisco , winning both of those games as well . Rivalries New Orleans Saints This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2017 ) Main article : Falcons -- Saints rivalry In every season except for their debut season , the Falcons have shared a division with the New Orleans Saints ( first the NFC West , and now the NFC South ) . Over this time , a heated rivalry has developed between the two cities ' franchises . Atlanta leads the series 51 -- 45 . Carolina Panthers This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2017 ) Main article : Falcons -- Panthers rivalry In addition , the Falcons share a similar , yet smaller , rivalry with the Carolina Panthers , with both teams having been in the NFC West from the Panthers ' founding in 1995 to the NFL realignment in 2002 , where they have been in the NFC South since then . The Falcons lead the series 27 -- 17 . Statistics Season - by - season records Main article : List of Atlanta Falcons seasons Record vs. opponents Includes postseason records Source : Note : W = Wins , L = Losses , T = Ties Team Percent Last result Last date Last locale Postseason St. Louis / Phoenix / Arizona Cardinals 14 15 0 . 483 W 38 -- 19 November 27 , 2016 Georgia Dome 0 -- 1 postseason Baltimore Ravens 0 . 400 L 7 -- 29 October 19 , 2014 Baltimore , Maryland Buffalo Bills 7 5 0 . 583 L 17 -- 23 October 1 , 2017 Mercedes - Benz Stadium Carolina Panthers 28 18 0 . 609 W 22 - 10 December 31 , 2017 Mercedes - Benz Stadium Chicago Bears 13 14 0 . 481 W 23 -- 17 September 10 , 2017 Chicago , Illinois Cincinnati Bengals 5 8 0 . 385 L 10 -- 24 September 14 , 2014 Cincinnati , Ohio Cleveland Browns 11 0 . 214 L 24 -- 26 November 23 , 2014 Georgia Dome Dallas Cowboys 11 14 0 . 440 W 27 - 7 November 12 , 2017 Mercedes - Benz Stadium 0 -- 2 postseason Denver Broncos 6 8 0 . 429 W 23 -- 16 October 9 , 2016 Denver , Colorado 0 -- 1 postseason Detroit Lions 13 24 0 . 351 W 30 - 26 September 24 , 2017 Detroit , Michigan Green Bay Packers 14 15 0 . 483 W 34 -- 23 September 17 , 2017 Mercedes - Benz Stadium 2 -- 2 postseason Houston Texans 0 . 500 W 48 -- 21 October 4 , 2015 Georgia Dome Baltimore / Indianapolis Colts 14 0 . 125 L 21 -- 24 November 22 , 2015 Georgia Dome Jacksonville Jaguars 0 . 500 W 23 -- 17 December 20 , 2015 Jacksonville , Florida Kansas City Chiefs 6 0 . 333 L 28 -- 29 December 4 , 2016 Georgia Dome San Diego / Los Angeles Chargers 8 0 . 800 L 30 -- 33 ( OT ) October 23 , 2016 Georgia Dome St. Louis / Los Angeles Rams 29 47 . 385 W 26 -- 13 January 6 , 2018 Los Angeles , California 2 -- 0 postseason Miami Dolphins 9 0 . 308 L 17 -- 20 October 15 , 2017 Mercedes - Benz Stadium Minnesota Vikings 10 18 0 . 357 L 9 -- 14 December 3 , 2017 Mercedes - Benz Stadium 1 -- 1 postseason New England Patriots 6 9 0 . 400 L 7 -- 23 October 22 , 2017 Foxborough , Massachusetts 0 -- 1 postseason New Orleans Saints 51 46 0 . 526 L 13 -- 23 December 24 , 2017 Mercedes - Benz Superdome 1 -- 0 postseason New York Giants 12 11 0 . 522 W 24 -- 20 September 20 , 2015 East Rutherford , New Jersey 0 -- 1 postseason New York Jets 7 5 0 . 583 W 25 -- 20 October 29 , 2017 East Rutherford , New Jersey Los Angeles / Oakland Raiders 7 7 0 . 500 W 35 -- 28 September 18 , 2016 Oakland , California Philadelphia Eagles 13 16 . 450 L 10 -- 15 January 13 , 2018 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 1 -- 2 postseason Pittsburgh Steelers 13 . 156 L 20 -- 27 December 14 , 2014 Georgia Dome San Francisco 49ers 30 46 . 396 W 41 -- 13 December 18 , 2016 Georgia Dome 1 -- 1 postseason Seattle Seahawks 7 10 0 . 412 W 34 -- 31 November 20 , 2017 CenturyLink Field 2 -- 0 postseason Tampa Bay Buccaneers 25 24 0 . 510 W 24 - 21 December 18 , 2017 Raymond James Stadium Houston Oilers / Tennessee Titans 7 7 0 . 500 W 10 -- 7 October 25 , 2015 Nashville , Tennessee Washington Redskins 9 14 . 396 W 25 -- 19 ( OT ) October 11 , 2015 Georgia Dome 0 -- 1 postseason Total 353 449 6 . 441 10 -- 12 (. 455 ) * Notes International Series Single game records Rushing : Michael Turner , 220 ( September 7 , 2008 ) Passing : Matt Ryan , 503 ( October 2 , 2016 ) Passing touchdowns : Wade Wilson , 5 ( December 13 , 1992 ) Receptions : William Andrews , 15 ( September 15 , 1981 ) Receiving yards : Julio Jones , 300 ( October 2 , 2016 ) Interceptions : Several Falcons , 2 , most recently Robert Alford , 2 ( October 2 , 2016 ) Field goals : Norm Johnson , 6 ( November 13 , 1994 ) Total touchdowns : T.J. Duckett , 4 ( December 12 , 2004 ) and Michael Turner 4 ( November 23 , 2008 ) Points scored : T.J. Duckett , 24 ( December 12 , 2004 ) and Michael Turner , 24 ( November 23 , 2008 ) Sacks : Adrian Clayborn , 6 ( November 13 , 2017 ) Single season records Passing attempts : 651 Matt Ryan ( 2013 ) Passing completions : 439 Matt Ryan ( 2013 ) Passing yards : 4,944 Matt Ryan ( 2016 ) Passing touchdowns : 38 Matt Ryan ( 2016 ) Passing interceptions : 25 Bobby Hebert ( 1996 ) Completion percentage : 69.9 Matt Ryan ( 2016 ) Passing rating : 117.1 Matt Ryan ( 2016 ) Rushing attempts : 410 Jamal Anderson ( 1998 ) Rushing yards : 1,846 Jamal Anderson ( 1998 ) Rushing touchdowns : 17 Michael Turner ( 2008 ) Receiving catches : 136 Julio Jones ( 2015 ) Receiving yards : 1,871 Julio Jones ( 2015 ) Receiving touchdowns : 15 Andre Rison ( 1993 ) Quarterback sacks : 16.5 John Abraham ( 2008 ) Pass interceptions : 10 Scott Case ( 1988 ) Field goal attempts : 40 Jay Feely ( 2002 ) Field goals made : 34 Matt Bryant ( 2016 ) Points : 158 Matt Bryant ( 2016 ) Total touchdowns : 17 Michael Turner ( 2008 ) Career records Passing attempts : 5,064 Matt Ryan ( 2008 -- present ) Passing completions : 3,288 Matt Ryan ( 2008 -- present ) Passing yards : 37,701 Matt Ryan ( 2008 -- present ) Passing touchdowns : 240 Matt Ryan ( 2008 -- present ) Passing interceptions : 141 Steve Bartkowski ( 1975 -- 85 ) Passing rating : 93.6 Matt Ryan ( 2008 -- present ) Rushing attempts : 1,587 Gerald Riggs ( 1982 -- 88 ) Rushing yards : 6,631 Gerald Riggs ( 1982 -- 88 ) Rushing yards by a QB : 3,859 Michael Vick ( 2001 -- 2006 ) Rushing touchdowns : 60 Michael Turner ( 2008 -- 2012 ) Receiving catches : 808 Roddy White ( 2005 -- 2015 ) Receiving yards : 10,863 Roddy White ( 2005 -- 2015 ) Receiving touchdowns : 63 Roddy White ( 2005 -- 2015 ) Quarterback sacks : 68.5 John Abraham ( 2006 -- 2012 ) Pass interceptions : 39 Rolland Lawrence ( 1973 -- 80 ) Field goal attempts : 224 Morten Andersen ( 1995 -- 2000 , 2006 -- 2007 ) Field goals made : 196 Matt Bryant ( 2009 -- present ) Points : 892 Matt Bryant ( 2009 -- present ) Total touchdowns : 63 Roddy White ( 2005 -- 2015 ) Pass interception return yards : 658 Rolland Lawrence ( 1973 -- 80 ) Pass interception returned for touchdowns : 3 Deion Sanders ( 1989 -- 1993 ) and Kevin Mathis ( 2002 -- 2006 ) Punt return yards : 1,723 Allen Rossum ( 2002 -- 2006 ) Kickoff return yards : 5,489 Allen Rossum ( 2002 -- 2006 ) Longest punt : 75 John James ( 1972 -- 1981 ) and Harold Alexander ( 1993 -- 1994 ) Longest field goal : 59 Morten Andersen ( 1995 -- 2000 , 2006 -- 2007 ) and Matt Bryant ( 2009 -- present ) Players Current roster Atlanta Falcons roster view talk Quarterbacks 9 Garrett Grayson 2 Matt Ryan 8 Matt Schaub Running backs 26 Tevin Coleman 24 Devonta Freeman 25 Terrence Magee Wide receivers 16 Reggie Davis 13 Devin Fuller 17 Marvin Hall 14 Justin Hardy 11 Julio Jones 12 Mohamed Sanu Tight ends 89 Alex Gray 81 Austin Hooper 82 Logan Paulsen 85 Eric Saubert Offensive linemen 76 Daniel Brunskill T 75 Jamil Douglas G 65 Brandon Fusco C 63 Ben Garland G 64 Sean Harlow G 67 Andy Levitre G 51 Alex Mack C 70 Jake Matthews T 68 Austin Pasztor T 74 Ty Sambrailo T 73 Ryan Schraeder T 71 Wes Schweitzer G Defensive linemen 95 Jack Crawford DT 96 Martin Ifedi DE 77 Joey Ivie DT 97 Grady Jarrett DT 55 J'Terius Jones DE 98 Takkarist McKinley DE 50 Brooks Reed DE 90 Derrick Shelby DE 93 Tani Tupou DT Linebackers 44 Vic Beasley OLB 59 De'Vondre Campbell OLB 45 Deion Jones MLB 42 Duke Riley OLB Defensive backs 23 Robert Alford CB 37 Ricardo Allen FS 28 Justin Bethel CB 38 Marcelis Branch FS 39 Deante Burton CB 36 Kemal Ishmael SS 27 Damontae Kazee FS 41 Quincy Mauger SS 35 Leon McFadden CB 22 Keanu Neal SS 34 Brian Poole CB 21 Desmond Trufant CB 33 Blidi Wreh - Wilson CB Special teams 3 Matt Bryant K 5 Matt Bosher P 47 Josh Harris LS Reserve lists Currently vacant Rookies in italics Roster updated April 4 , 2018 Depth chart Transactions 57 Active , 0 Inactive → AFC rosters → NFC rosters AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Pro Football Hall of famers Atlanta Falcons Hall of Famers Players No . Name Position Tenure Year inducted 25 Tommy McDonald WR 1967 1998 29 Eric Dickerson RB 1993 1999 21 Deion Sanders CB 1989 -- 1993 2011 56 Chris Doleman DE 1994 -- 1995 2012 87 Claude Humphrey DE 1968 -- 1978 2014 Brett Favre QB 1991 2016 5 Morten Andersen 1995 -- 2000 2006 -- 2007 2017 Coaches Name Position Tenure Year inducted Norm Van Brocklin Head Coach 1968 -- 1974 1971 Sanders and Humphrey are the only two players in the Hall of Fame that have been inducted based substantially on their service with the Falcons . Andersen spent eight of his 25 NFL seasons with the Falcons , and remains the team 's all - time scoring leader , but he also played his first 13 NFL seasons with the New Orleans Saints , also leading that team 's career scoring list . Retired numbers Atlanta Falcons retired numbers No . Player Position Tenure 10 Steve Bartkowski QB 1975 -- 1985 31 William Andrews RB 1979 -- 1983 , 1986 57 Jeff Van Note 1969 -- 1986 60 Tommy Nobis LB 1966 -- 1976 Ring of Honor The Atlanta Falcons organization does not officially retire jersey numbers , but considers certain players ' jerseys worthy of being honored . The Falcons Ring of Honor , which is featured in the rafters of the Georgia Dome , honors individual players . Atlanta Falcons Ring of Honor No . Player Position Tenure Inducted 10 Steve Bartkowski QB 1975 -- 1985 21 Deion Sanders CB 1989 -- 1993 28 Warrick Dunn RB 2002 -- 2007 2017 31 William Andrews RB 1979 -- 1983 , 1986 42 Gerald Riggs RB 1982 -- 1988 2013 57 Jeff Van Note 1969 -- 1986 2006 58 Jessie Tuggle LB 1987 -- 2000 60 Tommy Nobis LB 1966 -- 1976 78 Mike Kenn 1978 -- 1994 2008 87 Claude Humphrey DE 1968 -- 1978 2008 Georgia Sports Hall of Fame Main article : Georgia Sports Hall of Fame Starting quarterbacks Main article : List of Atlanta Falcons starting quarterbacks Draft history Main article : List of Atlanta Falcons first - round draft picks Main article : Atlanta Falcons draft history Main article : 1966 NFL expansion draft Coaching staff Head coaches Main article : List of Atlanta Falcons head coaches In their history , the Atlanta Falcons have had 15 head coaches . Coach Years Record Notes Norb Hecker 1966 -- 1968 4 -- 26 -- 1 (. 129 ) Fired after three games in 1968 . Norm Van Brocklin 1968 -- 1974 39 -- 48 -- 3 (. 433 ) Fired after eight games in 1974 . Marion Campbell 1974 -- 1976 6 -- 19 (. 240 ) Fired after five games in 1976 . Pat Peppler 1976 3 -- 6 (. 333 ) Interim head coach . Leeman Bennett 1977 -- 1982 46 -- 41 (. 529 ) Dan Henning 1983 -- 1986 22 -- 41 -- 1 (. 344 ) Marion Campbell 1987 -- 1989 11 -- 36 (. 234 ) Retired after 12 games in 1989 . Jim Hanifan 1989 0 -- 4 (. 000 ) Interim head coach . Jerry Glanville 1990 -- 1993 27 -- 37 (. 422 ) June Jones 1994 -- 1996 19 -- 29 (. 396 ) Dan Reeves 1997 -- 2003 49 -- 59 -- 1 (. 450 ) Wade Phillips 2003 2 -- 1 (. 667 ) Interim head coach . Jim Mora 2004 -- 2006 26 -- 22 (. 542 ) Bobby Petrino 2007 3 -- 10 (. 231 ) Resigned after 13 games to take over Arkansas Razorbacks . Emmitt Thomas 2007 1 -- 2 (. 333 ) Interim head coach . Mike Smith 2008 -- 2014 66 -- 46 (. 589 ) Dan Quinn 2015 -- present 19 -- 13 (. 594 ) Current staff Atlanta Falcons staff Front Office Owner / Chairman -- Arthur Blank President / CEO -- Rich McKay General Manager -- Thomas Dimitroff Assistant General Manager -- Scott Pioli Director of Pro Personnel -- Joel Collier Director , Football Operations -- Nick Polk Director of College Scouting -- Steve Sabo National Scout -- Ruston Webster National Scout -- Phil Emery Head Coaches Head Coach -- Dan Quinn Assistant Head Coach / Pass Game Coordinator / Wide Receivers -- Raheem Morris Assistant to the Head Coach -- Steve Scarnecchia Offensive Coaches Offensive Coordinator -- Steve Sarkisian Quarterbacks -- Greg Knapp Running Backs -- Bernie Parmalee Tight Ends -- Wade Harman Offensive Line -- Chris Morgan Assistant Offensive Line -- Kyle Flood Offensive Assistant -- Dave Brock Offensive Assistant -- Justin Outten Offensive Assistant - Chad Walker Defensive Coaches Defensive Coordinator -- Marquand Manuel Pass Game Coordinator -- Jerome Henderson Defensive Line -- Bryant Young Linebackers -- Jeff Ulbrich Secondary -- Doug Mallory Defensive Assistant -- Charlie Jackson Defensive Assistant -- Jess Simpson Special Teams Coaches Special Teams Coordinator -- Keith Armstrong Special Teams Assistant - Mayur Chaudhari Strength and Conditioning Head Strength and Conditioning -- Jesse Ackerman Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Jonas Beauchemin Assistnat Strength - Brandon Ireland → Coaching staff → Management → More NFL staffs AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Radio and television Falcons ' flagship radio station is WZGC 92.9 The Game . Wes Durham , son of longtime North Carolina Tar Heels voice Woody Durham , is the Falcons ' play - by - play announcer , with former Atlanta Falcons QB and pro football veteran , Dave Archer serving as color commentator . In 2014 , The CW owned - and - operated station WUPA became the official television station of the Falcons , gaining rights to its preseason games , which are produced by CBS Sports . In the regular season , the team 's games are seen on Fox 's O&O affiliate WAGA . When the Falcons challenge an AFC team , CBS affiliate WGCL will air those games while Sunday night games are televised on WXIA , the local NBC affiliate . Radio affiliates Map of radio affiliates . Source : Georgia City Call sign Frequency Albany WSRA - AM 1250 AM Athens WRFC - AM 960 AM Atlanta WZGC - FM 92.9 FM Brunswick WSFN - AM 790 AM Clarkesville WDUN - FM 102.9 FM Columbus WDAK - AM 540 AM WBOJ 1270 AM Dalton WBLJ - AM 1230 AM Douglas WDMG - AM 860 AM Gainesville WDUN 550 AM Griffin WKEU - AM 1450 AM WKEU - FM 88.9 FM Hogansville WVCC - AM 720 AM Jesup WLOP - AM 1370 AM WIFO - FM 105.5 FM LaGrange WMGP - FM 98.1 FM Louisville WPEH - AM 1420 AM WPEH - FM 92.1 FM Macon WMAC - AM 940 AM Milledgeville WMVG - AM 1450 AM Newnan WCOH - AM 1400 AM Rome WATG - FM 95.7 FM Sandersville WJFL - FM 101.9 FM Savannah WSEG - AM 1400 AM WSEG - FM 104.3 FM Statesboro WPTB - AM 850 AM Swainsboro WJAT - AM 800 AM Thomaston WTGA - FM 101.1 FM Toccoa WNEG - AM 630 AM Valdosta WVGA 105.9 FM Vidalia WVOP - AM 970 AM Waycross WFNS - AM 1350 AM Alabama City Call sign Frequency Foley WHEP - AM 1310 AM Mississippi City Call sign Frequency Jackson WYAB - FM 103.9 FM South Carolina City Call sign Frequency Clemson WCCP - FM 104.9 FM Tennessee City Call sign Frequency Chattanooga WALV - FM 105.1 FM See also Atlanta portal National Football League portal Notes and references Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons Team History '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Uniform Schedule '' . Atlanta Falcons . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons Team Capsule '' ( PDF ) . 2017 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book . National Football League . August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rise Up : Team History '' ( PDF ) . 2017 Atlanta Falcons Media Guide . Atlanta Falcons . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hubbuch , Bart ( January 7 , 2012 ) . `` Queens - born owner models Falcons after hometown team '' . New York Post . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons Corporate Headquarters and Training Facility '' . claycorp.com . Retrieved May 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons Team History '' . Nflteamhistory.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1966 NFL Draft '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved September 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . Atlanta Falcons . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Franchise nicknames '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . January 1 , 2005 . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Arthur Blank buys Falcons from Smith family '' . December 17 , 2001 . ^ Jump up to : `` Falcons unveil new logo '' ( Press release ) . Atlanta Falcons . March 19 , 2003 . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2003 . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons : Thomas Dimitroff '' . atlantafalcons.com . Jump up ^ `` Coaches '' . atlantafalcons.com . Jump up ^ `` Recent news on Michael Turner -- Unsigned Free Agent -- Rotoworld.com '' . rotoworld.com . Jump up ^ `` 2008 NFL Draft Listing '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons Stats at NFL.com '' . nfl.com . Jump up ^ `` Matt Ryan -- Atlanta Falcons -- 2015 Player Profile -- Rotoworld.com '' . rotoworld.com . Jump up ^ Cox , Daniel ( 2011 - 01 - 30 ) . `` Pro Bowl Breakdown : ST '' . AtlantaFalcons.com . Archived from the original on 2018 - 02 - 04 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ Singer , Mike ( November 28 , 2012 ) . `` Atlanta 's Jacquizz Rodgers emerging as Falcons top back '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Galleries '' . CNN . September 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Wild Card - Atlanta Falcons at New York Giants - January 8th , 2012 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Panthers use opportunistic defense to crush Falcons , win NFC South '' . ESPN.com . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved March 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin . `` Atlanta Falcons fire coach Mike Smith '' . NFL.com . NFL Enterprises LLC . Retrieved March 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stites , Adam . `` Dan Quinn named Atlanta Falcons head coach '' . SB Nation . Vox Media , Inc . Retrieved March 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fitzgerald , Matt . `` 2015 NFL Draft Results : Complete List of Picks , Analysis of Major Storylines '' . Bleacher Report . Turner Broadcasting System , Inc . Retrieved May 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schefter , Adam ( February 1 , 2015 ) . `` NFL investigating Atlanta Falcons for fake crowd noise at Georgia Dome '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( March 30 , 2015 ) . `` Atlanta Falcons lose 2016 pick for pumping fake noise '' . National Football League . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Patriots ' Tom Brady earns 4th Super Bowl MVP trophy with epic comeback '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Falcons tied Greatest Show on Turf for record 7th most points scored ever '' . The Falcoholic . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Atlanta Falcons Statistics & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Atlanta Falcons Schedule & Game Results '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons , city officials agree on financing terms for new $1 billion stadium '' . ESPN.go.com . March 7 , 2013 . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Saporta , Maria . `` New Falcons stadium cost ' rises up ' -- again -- another $100 million '' . Atlanta Business Chronicle . American City Business Journals . Retrieved May 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta City Council approves Falcons stadium funding '' . myfoxatlanta.com . March 18 , 2013 . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Evolution of the Falcons ' colors . Atlanta Falcons . February 13 , 2013 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Falcons unveil new uniforms at fan rally '' ( Press release ) . Atlanta Falcons. April 24 , 2003 . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2003 . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons Team Encyclopedia '' . Pro Football Reference. 2008 . Retrieved August 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons Head - to - Head Records '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Michael Vick : Career Stats at NFL.com '' . nfl.com . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons -- Ring of Honor '' . atlantafalcons.com . Jump up ^ `` History of Atlanta Falcons Head Coaches '' . Atlanta Falcons . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ho , Rodney . `` 92.9 / The Game becomes a Falcons affiliate '' . Radio & TV Talk with Rodney Ho . Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Falcons Announce New Local TV Partner '' . atlantafalcons.com . Retrieved August 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons -- Radio Affiliate Stations '' . Jump up ^ `` Braves New Home In Chattanooga Is Brewer Media 's ESPN 105.1 The Zone '' . External links Media related to Atlanta Falcons at Wikimedia Commons Official website Atlanta Falcons Founded in 1966 Based in Atlanta , Georgia Headquartered in Flowery Branch , Georgia Franchise Franchise Team history Seasons Players Quarterbacks Head coaches Expansion draft Draft history First - round draft picks Stadiums Atlanta -- Fulton County Stadium Georgia Dome Mercedes - Benz Stadium Culture Rankin M. Smith , Sr . Arthur Blank The Dirty Bird Dance Freddie Falcon Michael Vick dog fighting investigation Cheerleaders `` 2 Legit 2 Quit '' Lore Gary Anderson 's missed field goal 28 -- 3 Rivalries Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Wild card berths ( 7 ) 1978 1991 1995 2002 2008 2011 2017 Division championships ( 6 ) 1980 1998 2012 2016 Conference championships ( 2 ) 1998 2016 Ring of Honor 10 21 31 42 57 58 60 78 87 Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : South Division Seasons ( 53 ) 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1989 1990 1991 1993 1997 1998 2017 2018 Links to related articles National Football League ( 2018 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Proposed stadiums 1995 -- 2016 American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Playoffs Merger NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Tied games Canceled games Controversies Business Owners Properties Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement National Football League Players Association Lockouts Media TV NFL Network NFL RedZone Radio NFL Films Other Officials Stadiums Chronology Awards All - Pro Hall of Fame Foreign players Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Culture Cheerleading Mascots Lore Nicknames Numbers Retired Color Rush Sports teams based in Georgia Baseball MLB Atlanta Braves IL Gwinnett Stripers SAL Rome Braves CPL Savannah Bananas Basketball NBA Atlanta Hawks WNBA Atlanta Dream NBA G League College Park ( beginning in 2019 -- 20 ) ECBL Fort Gordon Eagles Savannah Storm Football NFL Atlanta Falcons NAL Columbus Lions WFA Atlanta Phoenix LFL Atlanta Steam EIF Southern Steam AAL Atlanta Havoc Georgia Doom Hockey ECHL Atlanta Gladiators SPHL Macon Mayhem Lacrosse MLL Atlanta Blaze NLL Georgia Swarm Roller derby WFTDA Atlanta Rollergirls Classic City Rollergirls Soul City Sirens Rugby league USARL Atlanta Rhinos Rugby union RSL Life University GRU Savannah Shamrocks RFC Soccer MLS Atlanta United FC USL Atlanta United 2 NPSL Atlanta Silverbacks Georgia Revolution FC PDL Peachtree City MOBA Tormenta FC Ultimate AUDL Atlanta Hustle Sports teams based in or near Atlanta , Georgia Baseball MLB Atlanta Braves IL Gwinnett Stripers Basketball NBA Atlanta Hawks WNBA Atlanta Dream G League College Park ( beginning in 2019 -- 20 ) ABA Atlanta Aliens Atlanta Experience Atlanta Wildcats East Point Jaguars Georgia Gwizzlies WBA Marietta Storm Football NFL Atlanta Falcons WFA Atlanta Phoenix USWFL Atlanta Heartbreakers LFL Atlanta Steam Hockey ECHL Atlanta Gladiators NA3HL Atlanta Capitals Lacrosse MLL Atlanta Blaze NLL Georgia Swarm Roller derby WFTDA Atlanta Rollergirls Rugby league USA Rugby League Atlanta Rhinos Rugby union RSL Life University Soccer MLS Atlanta United FC USL Atlanta United 2 NPSL Atlanta Silverbacks Georgia Revolution PDL Peachtree City MOBA Ultimate AUDL Atlanta Hustle College athletics ( NCAA Division I ) Georgia Tech Georgia State Kennesaw State City of Atlanta Fulton County Atlanta metropolitan area Georgia United States Topics Architecture Arts Crime Cuisine Demographics Economy Festivals Geography History Timeline Media Museums Music Neighborhoods Nicknames Parks People Religion Skyscrapers Sports Tourism Transportation Tree canopy Education Colleges and universities Private schools Public schools Government City Council Fire Atlanta Housing Authority Invest Atlanta development authority Mayors Police Sports Atlanta Braves Atlanta Dream Atlanta Falcons Atlanta Hawks Atlanta United FC Georgia State Panthers Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets Related Georgia State Capitol Miss Freedom Sister cities Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atlanta_Falcons&oldid=833386951 '' Categories : American football teams in Atlanta Atlanta Falcons National Football League teams Sports clubs established in 1965 1965 establishments in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles to be expanded from June 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 31 March 2018 , at 07 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta%20Falcons
| 2,113 |
who is performing at the superbowl halftime show
|
Super Bowl 50 halftime show
|
super bowl 50 halftime show
|
The Super Bowl 50 Halftime Show took place on February 7 , 2016 , at Levi 's Stadium in Santa Clara , California as part of Super Bowl 50 . It was headlined by the British rock group Coldplay with special guest performers Beyoncé and Bruno Mars , who previously had headlined the Super Bowl XLVII and Super Bowl XLVIII halftime shows , respectively .
|
Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Performance 3 Critical reception 3.1 Controversy 4 Commercial reception 5 Set list 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) Levi 's Stadium , location of Super Bowl 50 and the halftime show Coldplay , Rihanna , and Katy Perry were considered as potential acts for the Super Bowl XLIX halftime show in 2015 . Perry was soon confirmed as the headliner of the halftime show in October 2014 . In late November , 2015 , reports surfaced stating that multiple acts would perform during the halftime show . Coldplay was confirmed as the lead half time performer for Super Bowl 50 on December 3 , 2015 , one day before the release of their seventh studio album A Head Full of Dreams . It was confirmed that Beyoncé and Bruno Mars would join Coldplay as special guests . Chris Martin called Mars to ask him to perform with Coldplay ; however , Mars declined the offer . Nevertheless , the singer of Coldplay invited Mars to his studio in Malibu where he was working . There , Martin revealed to Mars that he wanted for him to perform `` Uptown Funk '' with Beyonce . Despite this , Mars still did n't think it was a good idea and asked the former to talk to Beyonce to see what was her opinion on that . Martin videotaped him and Mars , while the former sang a song to Beyoncé so that she would come to do the Super Bowl with both of them . Beyonce response was receptive to the idea . At that time , Mars and Beyoncé were both doing a diet and stressing out . One day before the performance they were `` watching playback backstage '' , while Beyonce ate a bag of Cheetos . Mars asked her `` That 's what you 're doing ? '' , to which she replied `` There 's nothing more we can do these last two days . It 's gon na be what it 's gon na be . So I 'm gon na enjoy this bag of Cheetos . '' Mars strongly believes that Beyoncé is `` coming for you every single time . So you better bring your A-game every time . '' Performance ( edit ) Coldplay performing the halftime show . Coldplay frontman Chris Martin during the performance . Field during the halftime show . The audience participates in a card stunt The show opened with Chris Martin singing the opening chorus from `` Yellow '' . He was then joined by the remaining band members of Coldplay to perform `` Viva la Vida '' , `` Paradise '' , and `` Adventure of a Lifetime '' with the Youth Orchestra Los Angeles conducted by Gustavo Dudamel and the University of California Marching Band . Bruno Mars , Mark Ronson , and a troupe of backing dancers ( dressed in the style of Michael Jackson ) then performed `` Uptown Funk '' . Beyoncé , also in a Jackson - inspired outfit and appearing with a set of backing dancers dressed as Black Panthers , then performed her new single `` Formation '' in a mass choreographed dance number before joining Mars onstage for a verse of `` Uptown Funk '' . Coldplay played a snippet of `` Clocks '' during a video montage of past Super Bowl halftime and national anthem performances , including those by Bruce Springsteen , Missy Elliott , Katy Perry , The Rolling Stones , Paul McCartney , Stevie Wonder , Diana Ross , James Brown , Whitney Houston , Michael Jackson , The Black Eyed Peas , U2 , Prince , Beyoncé and Mars . The show concluded with the band performing `` Fix You '' and `` Up&Up '' with Beyoncé , Mars and everyone taking part in the show . At the end of the performance , the audience participated in a card - stunt creating a rainbow and the phrase , `` Believe in love '' , the closing lyrics to Coldplay 's A Head Full of Dreams . Critical reception ( edit ) Bruno Mars performed at the Super Bowl 50 halftime show and received positive reviews . The performance received generally mixed review from critics , who complimented Beyoncé and Mars ' part of the performance but were critical of Coldplay . Jon Caramanica of The New York Times stated that Coldplay `` acted more as a stagehand than an actual performer '' while Beyoncé 's section of the performance was `` the night 's true event '' . Caramanica also noted that Beyoncé and Mars `` outsang '' Martin during the closing part of the performance . Andrew Barker of Variety similarly noted that `` Coldplay seemed resigned to politely allowing themselves to be played right off their own stage '' by the `` far flashier '' Mars and Beyoncé . In a review for Fox Sports , Chris Chase panned Coldplay 's performance , calling it `` inexplicable , indecipherable , and unnecessary '' and a `` musical snooze '' . Chase complimented Beyoncé 's and Mars ' appearances but described the performance as `` boring '' . Alex Needham of The Guardian gave the performance four stars , saying that `` Queen Bey at the height of her powers effortlessly overwhelmed Coldplay 's widescreen anthems in a show that seemed lightweight until she showed up '' . Beyoncé , seen here performing at the show , was both praised and castigated for her performance . Robert Bianco of USA Today stated that Martin `` seemed overwhelmed '' by the size of the event , and that despite being a `` personable and energetic performer '' , an `` awful lot '' of Martin 's energy `` went into jumping '' . Bianco praised Beyoncé 's appearance and stated that she `` stole the show '' . Wendy Geller of Yahoo ! also complimented Beyoncé 's and Mars ' appearances , but criticized the montage of previous halftime performances , describing it as `` confusing rather than touching '' and stating that the performance was `` definitely a cold play '' . Controversy ( edit ) Following the performance , Beyoncé was criticized for performing a song that they considered to be `` anti-police '' during the halftime show and for appearing to align herself with the Black Lives Matter movement . Former New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani accused the performance of being anti-police and also criticized Beyoncé 's use of Black Power and Black Panther Party symbolism in her dance routine . `` This is football , not Hollywood , and I thought it was really outrageous that she used it as a platform to attack police officers who are the people who protect her and protect us , and keep us alive , '' he said . The controversy caused a `` # BoycottBeyonce '' hashtag on Twitter and protesters announced plans for an `` anti-Beyoncé '' rally on the morning of February 16 outside of the NFL 's headquarters in New York City , but no one showed up for such a rally . CNN political commentator Sally Kohn stated that `` too many police continue to show themselves to be far more interested in reactionary defensiveness and preserving the abusive status quo . '' Black Lives Matter activist Melina Abdullah praised Beyoncé and other artists who `` are willing to raise social consciousness and use their artistry to advance social justice . '' Commercial reception ( edit ) The halftime show became the fourth highest ever watched show in the United States , with total viewership of 115.5 million . Set list ( edit ) `` Yellow '' `` Viva la Vida '' `` Paradise '' `` Adventure of a Lifetime '' `` Uptown Funk '' ( Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars ) ( contains elements of `` U Ca n't Touch This '' ) `` Formation '' ( Beyoncé ) ( contains elements of `` Crazy in Love '' ) `` Fix You '' / `` Up&Up '' ( featuring Mars and Beyoncé ) ( contains elements of `` Clocks '' , `` Midnight '' , `` Independent Women , Pt 1 '' , `` Just the Way You Are '' , `` Purple Rain '' and `` Beautiful Day '' ) Setlist obtained from Billboard . See also ( edit ) 2016 in American music 2016 in American television References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Coldplay performed at Pepsi Super Bowl 50 Halftime Show '' ( Press release ) . National Football League . December 3 , 2015 . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Blistein , Jon ( August 19 , 2014 ) . `` NFL Asks Musicians for Money to Play Super Bowl '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Framke , Caroline ( January 8 , 2016 ) . `` Beyoncé , Redfoo , & Bruno Mars join Coldplay for the Super Bowl 50 halftime show '' . Vox . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Eells , Josh ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` Bruno Mars : The Private Anxiety of a Pop Perfectionist '' . Rolling Stone . Jann Wenner . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bruno Mars Talks `` 24K Magic '' , Beyoncé & Prince `` . Rap - Up . November 1 , 2016 . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott , Damien ( November 19 , 2016 ) . `` Bruno Mars Just Wants You to Have a Good Time '' . Black Entertainment Television . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bauder , David ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Review : Coldplay lets Beyonce , Bruno Mars overshadow band '' . WIVB . Associated Press . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Review : It 's Coldplay , Starring Beyoncé , at Super Bowl Halftime Show '' . The New York Times . February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Review : Super Bowl 50 Halftime Show '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` Beyonce could n't save Coldplay 's terrible Super Bowl halftime show '' . Fox Sports . February 7 , 2016 . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl half - time show -- Beyonce easily steals the show from Coldplay '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Beyoncé upstages Coldplay in Super Bowl halftime show '' . USA Today . February 7 , 2016 . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Coldplay Left in the Cold at Super Bowl 50 ; Beyoncé and Bruno Bring It '' . Yahoo ! Music . February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cutler , Jacqueline ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` Beyoncé 's ' black power ' salute during Super Bowl 50 halftime show slammed by Rudy Giuliani as ' attack ' on police '' . New York Daily News . New York . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bonesteel , Matt ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` No one showed up to the anti-Beyonce rally at NFL headquarters '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Commentator , Sally Kohn , CNN Political . `` Beyonce a political superhero with rhythm ( Opinion ) '' . CNN . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Respers France , Lisa ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` Protests planned against and for Beyonce '' . CNN . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Anger : Anti-Beyonce Rally Planned For Next Week At NFL Headquarters '' . CBSNewYork.com . CBS Radio . February 9 , 2016 . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stelter , Frank Pallotta and Brian ( 8 February 2016 ) . `` Super Bowl 50 audience is third largest in TV history '' . Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/7684905/lady-gaga-super-bowl-halftime-viewers-number Jump up ^ Platton , Adelle ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Super Bowl 50 Review : Coldplay , Beyonce & Bruno Mars Turn on an Electric Halftime Show '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Video of the Super Bowl 50 halftime show ( from the NFL 's official YouTube channel ) http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/super-bowl/6874799/bruno-mars-super-bowl-50-outfit-donatella-versace Super Bowl halftime shows 2000s XXXIV ( 2000 ) XXXV ( 2001 ) XXXVI ( 2002 ) XXXVII ( 2003 ) XXXVIII ( 2004 ) XXXIX ( 2005 ) XL ( 2006 ) XLI ( 2007 ) XLII ( 2008 ) XLIII ( 2009 ) 2010s XLIV ( 2010 ) XLV ( 2011 ) XLVI ( 2012 ) XLVII ( 2013 ) XLVIII ( 2014 ) XLIX ( 2015 ) 50 ( 2016 ) LI ( 2017 ) LII ( 2018 ) Other Counterprogramming Coldplay Guy Berryman Jonny Buckland Will Champion Chris Martin Discography Awards and nominations Songs Studio albums Parachutes A Rush of Blood to the Head X&Y Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends Mylo Xyloto Ghost Stories A Head Full of Dreams Live albums Live 2003 LeftRightLeftRightLeft Live 2012 Ghost Stories Live 2014 Compilation albums The Singles 1999 -- 2006 Extended plays Safety Brothers & Sisters The Blue Room Acoustic Mince Spies Remixes EP Prospekt 's March iTunes Festival : London 2011 Live in Madrid Every Teardrop Is a Waterfall A Sky Full of Stars Live from Spotify London Kaleidoscope EP Tours Parachutes Tour A Rush of Blood to the Head Tour Twisted Logic Tour Viva la Vida Tour Mylo Xyloto Tour Ghost Stories Tour A Head Full of Dreams Tour Additional personnel Phil Harvey Rik Simpson Davide Rossi Ken Nelson Brian Eno Markus Dravs Tappin Gofton Jon Hopkins Related articles Labels Atlantic Capitol EMI Fierce Panda Parlophone Commercial Mylo Xyloto Comics Tidal Xyloband Television Festival of Flame Hope for Haiti Now Super Bowl 50 halftime show Global Citizen Festival One Love Manchester Charity Make Trade Fair ( Product ) Red Apparatjik We Are Here Square Peg in a Round Hole Come to Life Book Category Chris Martin Collaborations `` See It in a Boy 's Eyes '' `` Gravity '' `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( 2004 ) `` All Good Things ( Come to an End ) '' `` In the Sun '' `` Homecoming '' `` Want '' `` Me and Tennessee '' `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( 2014 ) `` Every Day 's Like Christmas '' `` Homesick '' Films Shaun of the Dead Brüno Avicii : True Stories Television Festival of Flame Global Citizen Festival Super Bowl 50 halftime show Related topics Coldplay Jonny Buckland Guy Berryman Will Champion Phil Harvey Gwyneth Paltrow ( then - wife ) Beyoncé Avicii Book Category Beyoncé Awards and nominations Discography Songs Performances Videography Studio albums Dangerously in Love B'Day I Am ... Sasha Fierce Beyoncé Lemonade EPs True Star : A Private Performance Irreemplazable Above and Beyoncé : Dance Mixes Heat 4 : The Remix More Only Compilations Speak My Mind Beyoncé : Platinum Edition Collector 's Edition How to Make Lemonade Box Set Live and video releases Live at Wembley B'Day Anthology Video Album The Beyoncé Experience Live Above and Beyoncé : Video Collection I Am ... Yours : An Intimate Performance at Wynn Las Vegas I Am ... World Tour Live at Roseland : Elements of 4 Live in Atlantic City Live Concert tours Dangerously in Love Tour The Verizon Ladies First Tour The Beyoncé Experience I Am ... World Tour The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour On the Run Tour The Formation World Tour Concert residencies I Am ... Yours 4 Intimate Nights with Beyoncé Revel Presents : Beyoncé Live Television Super Bowl XLVII halftime show Life Is But a Dream On the Run Tour : Beyoncé and Jay Z Super Bowl 50 halftime show Lemonade Retail House of Deréon Heat Heat Rush Pulse Rise Tidal Ivy Park Related soundtracks Dreamgirls soundtrack Cadillac Records soundtrack Related topics Parkwood Entertainment Destiny 's Child Jay - Z ( husband ) Mathew Knowles ( father ) Tina Knowles ( mother ) Solange Knowles ( sister ) Frank Gatson Jr . Ashley Everett Bibi McGill True Star `` Kanyegate '' Let 's Move ! Flash Workout Scaptia beyonceae EveryBODYisflawless Book Category Portal Bruno Mars Discography Videography Awards and nominations Songs recorded Songs written Studio albums Doo - Wops & Hooligans Unorthodox Jukebox 24K Magic Extended plays It 's Better If You Do n't Understand Concert tours The Doo - Wops & Hooligans Tour Moonshine Jungle Tour 24K Magic World Tour Filmography Rio 2 Related articles The Smeezingtons Super Bowl XLVIII halftime show Super Bowl 50 halftime show Book : Bruno Mars 2010s portal Beyoncé portal San Francisco Bay Area portal National Football League portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Super_Bowl_50_halftime_show&oldid=820132991 '' Categories : 2016 in American music 2016 in American television 2016 in sports in California African - American - related controversies Beyoncé Bruno Mars Coldplay Race - related controversies in the United States Super Bowl halftime shows Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español ไทย Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 13 January 2018 , at 06 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super%20Bowl%2050%20halftime%20show
| 2,114 |
||
what were the requirements to vote and hold political office in mississippi prior to the civil war
|
History of Mississippi
|
history of mississippi
|
The history of the state of Mississippi extends to thousands of years of indigenous peoples . Evidence of their cultures has been found largely through archeological excavations , as well as existing remains of earthwork mounds built thousands of years ago . Native American traditions were kept through oral histories ; the Europeans recorded accounts of historic peoples they encountered . Since the late 20th century , there have been increased studies of the Native American tribes and reliance on their oral histories to document their cultures . Their accounts have been correlated with evidence of natural events .
|
The first European explorers to settle in the area of the present - day state were French colonists , and later some Spanish and English , particularly along the Gulf Coast . European Americans did not enter the territory in great number until the early nineteenth century , and then they brought many enslaved African Americans with them to serve as laborers to develop cotton plantations along major riverfronts . Through the 1830s , the federal government forced most of the native Choctaw and Chickasaw people west of the Mississippi River . White planters developed an economy based on the export of cotton produced by slave labor along the Mississippi and Yazoo rivers . A small elite group of planters controlled most of the richest land , the wealth , and the politics of the state , which seceded from the Union in 1861 . Its river cities particularly were sites of extended battles during the Civil War , and there was widespread destruction . The bottomlands of the Mississippi Delta were still 90 % undeveloped after the Civil War . Thousands of migrants , both black and white , entered the area for a chance at land ownership . They sold timber while clearing land to raise money for purchases . During Reconstruction , many freedmen became owners of farms in these areas and by 1900 composed two - thirds of the property owners in the Delta . After white Democrats regained control of the state legislature in the late 19th century , in 1890 they passed a disfranchising constitution , resulting in the exclusion of African Americans from political life until the late 1960s . Most lost their lands due to disenfranchisement , segregation , financial crises , and an extended decline in cotton prices . By 1920 most were landless sharecroppers and tenant farmers . But in the 1940s , some blacks acquired land under low - interest loans in the New Deal ; in 1960 Holmes County still had 800 black farmers , the most of any county in the state . The state continued to rely mostly on agriculture and timber into the 20th century , but mechanization and acquisition of properties by megafarms have changed the labor market and economy . Through the two waves of the Great Migration , hundreds of thousands of rural blacks left the state . As a result , by the 1930s African Americans were a minority of the population for the first time since the early nineteenth century , but they were a majority of the population in many Delta counties . The state had numerous sites of activism related to the Civil Rights Movement , as African Americans sought to re-establish their constitutional rights for access to public facilities , including all state universities , and the ability to register , vote and run for office . In the 21st century , the state has expanded its medical and professional communities in cities such as Jackson , the capital . The state legislature approved gaming casinos on riverboats on the Mississippi River and along the Gulf Coast , which has led to increases in tourism in these areas , generating revenues for the state . Contents ( hide ) 1 Native Americans 2 European colonial period 3 Territory and statehood 3.1 Settlement 3.2 Cotton 3.3 Statehood 3.4 Religion 3.5 Government 3.6 Native American lands 4 Antebellum period 4.1 Cotton 4.2 Slavery 4.3 Politics 5 Civil War 5.1 Homefront 6 Reconstruction 7 Gilded Age : 1877 - 1900 7.1 Blacks : 1877 - 1940 7.1. 1 Schools 7.1. 2 Jazz 8 Progressive Era 9 1920s and 1930s 9.1 Transportation 10 World War II 11 1945 - 2000 11.1 Mississippi Freedom Summer , 1964 11.2 Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party , 1964 11.3 National image 12 Since 2000 12.1 Hurricanes 13 Literature 14 See also 15 References 16 Further reading 16.1 Surveys 16.2 Specialized studies 16.2. 1 Indians and archaeology 16.2. 2 Pre 1920 16.3 Since 1920 16.4 Local and regional histories 16.5 Environment 16.6 Primary sources 17 External links Native Americans ( edit ) Holly Bluff Site , located in Yazoo County , Mississippi At the end of the last Ice Age , Native Americans or Paleo - Indians appeared in what today is the Southern United States . Paleo - Indians in the South were hunter - gatherers who pursued the megafauna that became extinct following the end of the Pleistocene age . A variety of indigenous cultures arose in the region , including some that built great earthwork mounds more than 2,000 years ago . The successive mound building Troyville , Coles Creek , and Plaquemine cultures occupied western Mississippi bordering the Mississippi River during the Late Woodland period . During the Terminal Coles Creek period ( 1150 to 1250 CE ) contact increased with Mississippian cultures centered upriver near St. Louis , Missouri . This led to the adaption of new pottery techniques , as well as new ceremonial objects and possibly new forms of social structuring . As more Mississippian culture influences were absorbed the Plaquemine area as a distinct culture began to shrink after 1350 CE . Eventually the last enclave of purely Plaquemine culture was the Natchez Bluffs area , while the Yazoo Basin and adjacent areas of Louisiana became a hybrid Plaquemine - Mississippian culture . Historic groups in the area during first European contact bear out this division . In the Natchez Bluffs , the Taensa and Natchez had held out against Mississippian influence and continued to use the same sites as their ancestors and carry on the Plaquemine culture . Groups who appear to have absorbed more Mississippian influence were identified at the time of European contact as those tribes speaking the Tunican , Chitimachan , and Muskogean languages . Winterville Mounds , near Greenville , Mississippi The Mississippian culture disappeared in most places around the time of European encounter . Archaeological and linguistic evidence has shown their descendants are the historic Chickasaw and Choctaw peoples , who were later counted by colonists as among the Five Civilized Tribes of the Southeast . Other tribes who inhabited the territory that became known as Mississippi ( and whose names were given by colonists to local towns and features ) include the Natchez , Yazoo , Pascagoula , and the Biloxi . French , Spanish and English colonists all traded with these tribes in the early colonial years . Pressure from European - American settlers increased during the early nineteenth century , after invention of the cotton gin made cultivation of short - staple cotton profitable . This was readily cultivated in the upland areas of the South , and its development could feed an international demand for cotton in the 19th century . Migrants from the United States entered Mississippi mostly from the north and east , coming from the Upper South and coastal areas . Eventually they gained passage of the Indian Removal Act in 1830 , which achieved federal forced removal of most of the indigenous peoples during the 1830s to areas west of the Mississippi River . European colonial period ( edit ) A proposed route for the de Soto Expedition , based on Charles M. Hudson map of 1997 . The first major European expedition into the territory that became Mississippi was Spanish , led by Hernando de Soto , which passed through in the early 1540s . The French claimed the territory that included Mississippi as part of their colony of New France and started settlement along the Gulf Coast . They created the first Fort Maurepas under Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville on the site of modern Ocean Springs ( or Old Biloxi ) in 1699 . In 1716 , the French founded Natchez as Fort Rosalie on the Mississippi River ; it became the dominant town and trading post of the area . In this period of the early 18th century , the French Roman Catholic Church created pioneer parishes at Old Biloxi / Ocean Springs and Natchez . The church also established seven pioneer parishes in present - day Louisiana and two in Alabama , which was also part of New France . The French and later Spanish colonial rule influenced early social relations of the settlers who held enslaved Africans . As in Louisiana , for a period there developed a third class of free people of color . They were chiefly descendants of white European colonists and enslaved African or African - American mothers . The planters often had formally supportive relationships with their mistresses of color , known in French as plaçage . They sometimes freed them and their multiracial children . The fathers passed on property to their mistresses and children , or arranged for the apprenticeship or education of children so they could learn a trade . Some wealthier male colonists sent their mixed - race sons to France for education , and some entered the military there . Free people of color often migrated to New Orleans , where there was more opportunity for work and a bigger community of their class . As part of New France , Mississippi was also ruled by the Spanish after France 's defeat in the Seven Years ' War ( 1756 - 63 ) . Later it was briefly part of West Florida under the British . In 1783 the Mississippi area was deeded by Great Britain to the United States after the latter won its independence in the American Revolution , under the terms of the Treaty of Paris . Following the Peace of Paris ( 1783 ) the southern third of Mississippi came under Spanish rule as part of West Florida . Through the colonial period , the various tribes of Native Americans changed alliances trying to achieve the best trading and other conditions for themselves . Historical populations Census year Population 1800 7,600 1810 31,306 1820 75,448 1830 136,621 1840 375,651 1850 606,526 1860 791,305 1870 827,922 1880 1,131,597 1890 1,289,600 1900 1,551,270 1910 1,797,114 1920 1,790,618 1930 2,009,821 1940 2,183,796 1950 2,178,914 1960 2,178,141 1970 2,216,912 1980 2,520,638 1990 2,573,216 2000 2,844,658 Territory and statehood ( edit ) Before 1798 the state of Georgia claimed the entire region extending west from the Chattahoochee to the Mississippi River and tried to sell lands there , most notoriously in the Yazoo land scandal of 1795 . Georgia finally ceded the disputed area in 1802 to the United States national government for its management . In 1804 , after the Louisiana Purchase , the government assigned the northern part of this cession to Mississippi Territory . The southern part became the Louisiana Territory . The Mississippi Territory was sparsely populated and suffered initially from a series of difficulties that hampered its development . Pinckney 's Treaty of 1795 ended Spanish control over Mississippi , but Spain continued to hamper the territory 's growth by harassing commercial traders . It restricted American trading and travel on the Mississippi River down to New Orleans , the major port on the Gulf Coast . Winthrop Sargent , territorial governor in 1798 , proved unable to impose a code of laws . Not until the emergence of cotton as a profitable staple crop in the nineteenth century , after the invention of the cotton gin , were the riverfront areas of Mississippi developed as cotton plantations . These were based on slave labor , and developed most intensively along the Mississippi and Yazoo rivers , bordering the Mississippi Delta . The rivers offered the best transportation to markets . Americans had continuing land disputes with the Spanish , even after taking control of much of this territory through the Louisiana Purchase ( 1803 ) from France . In 1810 the European - American settlers in parts of West Florida rebelled and declared their freedom from Spain . President James Madison declared that the region between the Mississippi and Perdido rivers , which included most of West Florida , had already become part of the United States under the terms of the Louisiana Purchase . The section of West Florida between the Pearl and Perdido rivers , known as the District of Mobile , was annexed to Mississippi Territory in 1812 ; Americans from the United States occupied Kiln , Mississippi , in 1813 . Settlement ( edit ) The attraction of vast amounts of high - quality , fertile and inexpensive cotton land attracted hordes of settlers , mostly from Georgia and the Carolinas , and from former tobacco areas of Virginia and North Carolina in the Upper South . By this time , most planters in the Upper South had switched to mixed crops , as their lands were exhausted from tobacco and it was barely profitable as a commodity crop . From 1798 through 1820 , the population in the Mississippi Territory rose dramatically , from less than 9,000 to more than 222,000 . The vast majority were enslaved African Americans brought by settlers or shipped by slave traders . Migration came in two fairly distinct waves - a steady movement until the outbreak of the War of 1812 , and a flood after it was ended , from 1815 through 1819 . The postwar flood was catalyzed by various factors : high prices for cotton , the elimination of Indian titles to much land , new and improved roads , and the acquisition of new direct water outlets to the Gulf of Mexico . The first migrants were traders and trappers , then herdsmen , and finally farmers . Conditions on the Southwest frontier initially resulted in a relatively democratic society for whites . But expansion of cotton cultivation resulted in an elite group of white planters who controlled politics in the state for decades . Cotton ( edit ) Expansion of cultivation of cotton into the Deep South was enabled by the invention of the cotton gin , which made processing of short - staple cotton profitable . This type was more readily grown in upland and inland areas , in contrast to the long - staple cotton of the Sea Islands and Lowcountry . Americans pressed to gain more land for cotton , causing conflicts with the several tribes of Native Americans who historically occupied this territory of the Southeast . Five of the major tribes had adopted some western customs and had members who assimilated to varying degrees , often based on proximity and trading relationships with whites . Through the 1830s , state and federal US governments forced the Five Civilized Tribes to cede their lands . Various US leaders developed proposals for removal of all Native Americans to west of the Mississippi River . This took place following passage of the Indian Removal Act in 1830 by Congress . As Indians ceded their lands to whites through the Southeast , they moved west and became more isolated from the American planter society , where many African Americans were enslaved . The state sold off the ceded lands , and white migration into the state continued . Some families brought slaves with them ; most slaves were transported into the area from the Upper South in a forced migration through the domestic slave trade . Statehood ( edit ) In 1817 elected delegates wrote a constitution and applied to Congress for statehood . On Dec. 10 , 1817 , the western portion of Mississippi Territory became the State of Mississippi , the 20th state of the Union . Natchez , long established as a major river port , was the first state capital . As more population came into the state and future growth was anticipated , in 1822 the capital was moved to the more central location of Jackson . Religion ( edit ) French colonists had established the Catholic Church in their colonial settlements along the coast , such as Biloxi . As Americans entered the territory , they brought their strongly Protestant tradition . Methodists , Baptists , and Presbyterians made up the three leading denominations in the territory , and their congregations rapidly built new churches and chapels . By this time , many slaves were already Christians , attending church under the supervision of white planters . They also developed their own private worship and celebrations on the larger plantations . Adherents to other religions were a distinct minority . Some Protestant ministers won converts and often promoted education , although there was no state public school system until it was authorized after the Civil War by the Reconstruction - era biracial legislature . Whereas in the first Great Awakening , Protestant ministers of these denominations had promoted abolition of slavery , by the early 19th century , when the Deep South was being developed , most had retreated to support for slavery . They argued instead for an improved paternalism under Christianity by white slaveholders . This sometimes led to improved treatment for the enslaved . Government ( edit ) William C.C. Claiborne ( 1775 -- 1817 ) , a lawyer and former Republican congressman from Tennessee ( 1797 -- 1801 ) , was appointed by President Thomas Jefferson as governor and superintendent of Indian affairs in the Mississippi Territory from 1801 through 1803 . Although he favored acquiring some land from the Choctaw and Chickasaw , Claiborne was generally sympathetic and conciliatory toward Indians . He worked long and patiently to iron out differences that arose , and to improve the material well - being of the Indians . He was partly successful in promoting the establishment of law and order ; his offer of a $2,000 reward helped destroy a gang of outlaws headed by Samuel Mason ( 1750 -- 1803 ) . His position on issues indicated a national rather than regional outlook , though he did not ignore his constituents . Claiborne expressed the philosophy of the Democratic - Republican Party and helped that party defeat the Federalists . When a smallpox epidemic broke out in the spring of 1802 , Claiborne directed the first recorded mass vaccination in the territory . This prevented the spread of the epidemic in Natchez . Native American lands ( edit ) The United States government purchased land from the Chickasaw and Choctaw tribes from 1801 to about 1830 , as white settlers entered the territory from coastal states . After Congressional passage of the Indian Removal Act of 1830 , the government forced the tribes to accept lands west of the Mississippi River in Indian Territory . Most left the state , but those who remained became United States citizens . After 1800 the rapid development of a cotton economy and the slave society of the Deep South changed the economic relationship of native Indians with whites and slaves in Mississippi Territory . As Indians ceded their lands to whites in the eastern sections , they moved west in the state , becoming more isolated from whites and blacks . The following table illustrates ceded land in acres : Treaty Year Signed with Where Purpose Ceded land San Lorenzo 1795 Between Spain and United States San Lorenzo de El Escorial , Spain The treaty , also known as Pinckney 's Treaty , put Choctaw & Chickasaw country under U.S. control n / a Fort Adams 1801 Choctaw Mississippi Territory Redefined Choctaw cession to England and permission for whites to use the Natchez Trace 2,641,920 acres ( 10,691.5 km ) Fort Confederation 1802 Choctaw Mississippi Territory n / a 10,000 acres ( 40 km ) Hoe Buckintoopa 1803 Choctaw Choctaw Nation Small cession of Tombigbee River and redefined English treaty of 1765 853,760 acres ( 3,455.0 km ) Mount Dexter 1805 Choctaw Choctaw Nation Large cession from Natchez District to the Tombigbee / Alabama River watershed 4,142,720 acres ( 16,765.0 km ) Fort St. Stephens 1816 Choctaw Fort Confederation Ceded all Choctaw land east of Tombigbee River 10,000 acres ( 40 km ) Doak 's Stand 1820 Choctaw Natchez Trace , Choctaw Nation Exchanged cession in Mississippi for parcel in Arkansas 5,169,788 acres ( 20,921.39 km ) Washington City 1825 Choctaw Exchanged Arkansas land for Oklahoma parcel 2,000,000 acres ( 8,100 km ) Dancing Rabbit Creek 1830 Choctaw Choctaw Nation Removal and granting U.S. citizenship to Choctaw who remained 10,523,130 acres ( 42,585.6 km ) Pontotoc 1832 Chickasaw Pontitock Creek Seek a home in the west 6,283,804 acres ( 25,429.65 km ) Antebellum period ( edit ) The exit of most the Native Americans meant that vast new lands were open to settlement , and tens of thousands of immigrant Americans poured in . Men with money brought slaves and purchased the best cotton lands in the Delta region along the Mississippi River . Poor men took up poor lands in the rest of the state , but the vast majority of the state was still undeveloped at the time of the Civil War . Cotton ( edit ) By the 1830s Mississippi was a leading cotton producer , increasing its demand for enslaved labor . Some planters considered slavery a `` necessary evil '' to make cotton production profitable , for the survival of the cotton economy , and were brought in from the border states and the tobacco states where slavery was declining . The 1832 state constitution forbade any further importation of slaves by the domestic slave trade , but the provision was found to be unenforceable , and it was repealed . As planters increased their holdings of land and slaves , the price of land rose , and small farmers were driven into less fertile areas . An elite slave - owning class arose that wielded disproportionate political and economic power . By 1860 , of the 354,000 whites , only 31,000 owned slaves and two thirds of these held fewer than 10 . Fewer than 5,000 slaveholders had more than 20 slaves ; 317 possessed more than 100 . These 5,000 planters , especially the elite among them , controlled the state . In addition a middle element of farmers owned land but no slaves . A small number of businessmen and professionals lived in the villages and small towns . The lower class , or `` poor whites '' , occupied marginal farm lands remote from the rich cotton lands and grew food for their families , not cotton . Whether they owned slaves or not , however , most white Mississippians supported the slave society ; all whites were considered above blacks in social status . They were both defensive and emotional on the subject of slavery . A slave insurrection scare in 1836 resulted in the hanging of a number of slaves , as was common in the South after such incidents . Several white northerners were suspected of being secret abolitionists . When cotton was king during the 1850s , Mississippi plantation owners -- especially those in the old Natchez District , as well as the newly emerging Delta and Black Belt region of the uplands in the center of the state -- became increasingly wealthy due to the great fertility of the soil and the high price of cotton on the international market . The severe wealth imbalances and the necessity of large - scale slave populations to sustain such income played a strong role in state politics and political support for secession . Mississippi was among the six states in the Deep South with the highest proportion of slave population ; it was the second state to secede from the union . Mississippi 's population grew rapidly due to migration , both voluntary and forced , reaching 791,305 in 1860 . Blacks numbered 437,000 , making up 55 % of the population ; they were overwhelmingly enslaved . Cotton production grew from 43,000 bales in 1820 to more than one million bales in 1860 , as Mississippi became the leading cotton - producing state . With international demand high , Mississippi and other Deep South cotton was exported to the textile factories of Britain and France , as well as those in New York and New England . The Deep South was the major supplier and had strong economic ties with the Northeast . By 1820 , half of the exports from New York City were related to cotton . Southern businessmen traveled so frequently to the city that they had favorite hotels and restaurants . In Mississippi some modernizers encouraged crop diversification , and production of vegetables and livestock increased , but King Cotton prevailed . Cotton 's ascendancy was seemingly justified in 1859 , when Mississippi planters were scarcely touched by the financial panic in the North . They were concerned by inflation of the price of slaves but were in no real distress . Mississippi 's per capita wealth was well above the U.S. average . The major planters made very large profits , but they invested it on buying more cotton lands and more slaves , which pushed up prices even higher . They educated their children privately , and the state government made little investment in infrastructure . Railroad construction lagged behind that of other states , even in the South . The threat of abolition troubled planters , but they believed that if needed , the cotton states could secede from the Union , form their own country , and expand to the south in Mexico and Cuba . Until late 1860 they never expected a war . The relatively low population of the state before the Civil War reflected the fact that much of the state was still frontier and needed many more settlers for development . For instance , except for riverside settlements and plantations , 90 % of the Mississippi Delta bottom lands were still undeveloped and covered mostly in mixed forest and swampland . These areas were not cleared and developed until after the war . During and after Reconstruction , most of the new owners in the Delta were freedmen , who bought the land by clearing it and selling off timber . Slavery ( edit ) At the time of the Civil War , the great majority of blacks were slaves living on plantations with 20 or more fellow slaves , many in much larger concentrations . While some had been born in Mississippi , many had been transported to the Deep South in a forcible migration through the domestic slave trade from the Upper South . Some were shipped from the Upper South in the coastwise slave trade , while others were taken overland or forced to make the entire journey on foot . The typical division of labor on a large plantation included an elite of house slaves , a middle group of overseers , drivers ( gang leaders ) and skilled craftsmen , and a `` lower class '' of unskilled field workers whose main job was hoeing and picking cotton . The owners hired white overseers to direct the work . Some slaves resisted by work slowdowns and by breaking tools and equipment . Others left for a while , hiding out for a couple of weeks in woods or nearby plantations . There were no slave revolts of any size , although whites often circulated fearful rumors that one was about to happen . Most slaves who tried to escape were captured and returned , though a handful made it to northern states and eventual freedom . Most slaves endured the harsh routine of plantation life . Because of their concentration on large plantations , within these constraints they built their own culture , often developing leaders through religion , and others who acquired particular skills . They created their own religious practices and worshipped sometimes in private , developing their own style of Christianity and deciding which stories , such as the Exodus , spoke most to them . While slave marriages were not legally recognized , many families formed unions that lasted , and they struggled to maintain their stability . Some slaves with special skills attained a quasi-free status , being leased out to work on riverboats or in the port cities . Those on the riverboats got to travel to other cities ; they were part of a wide information network among slaves . By 1820 , 458 former slaves had been freed in the state . The legislature restricted their lives , requiring free blacks to carry identification and forbidding them from carrying weapons or voting . In 1822 planters decided it was too awkward to have free blacks living near slaves and passed a state law forbidding emancipation except by special act of the legislature for each manumission . In 1860 only 1,000 of the 437,000 blacks in the state were recorded as free . Most of these free people lived in wretched conditions near Natchez . Politics ( edit ) Mississippi was a stronghold of Jacksonian democracy , which glorified the independent farmer ; the legislature named the state capital in Andrew Jackson 's honor . Corruption and land speculation caused a severe blow to state credit in the years preceding the Civil War . Federally allocated funds were misused , tax collections embezzled , and finally , in 1853 , two state - supported banks collapsed when their debts were repudiated . In the Second Party System ( 1820s to 1850s ) , Mississippi moved politically from a divided Whig and Democratic state to a one - party Democratic state bent on secession . Criticism from Northern abolitionists escalated after the Mexican War ended in 1848 . Mississippi and other southern planters expected the war to gain new territory where slavery could flourish . The South resisted attacks by abolitionists , and white Mississippians were among those who became outspoken defenders of the slave system . An abortive secession attempt in 1850 was followed by a decade of political agitation during which the protection and expansion of slavery became their major goal . When Republican Abraham Lincoln was elected president in 1860 with the goal seeking an eventual end of slavery , Mississippi followed South Carolina and seceded from the Union on January 9 , 1861 . Mississippi 's U.S. senator Jefferson Davis was chosen as president of the Confederate States . Civil war ( edit ) Main article : Mississippi in the Civil War Confederate lines , Vicksburg , May 19 , 1863 . Shows assault by US 1st Battalion , 13th Infantry More than 80,000 Mississippians fought in the American Civil War , and casualties were extremely heavy . Fear that white supremacy might be lost was among the reasons that men joined the Confederate Army . Men who owned more property , including slaves , were more likely to volunteer . But men in Mississippi 's river counties , regardless of their wealth or other characteristics , joined at lower rates than those living in the state 's interior . River - county residents were especially vulnerable and apparently left their communities for safer areas ( and sometimes moved out of the Confederacy ) rather than face invasion . Both the Union and Confederacy knew control of the Mississippi River was critical to the war . Union forces mounted major military operations to take over Vicksburg , with General Ulysses S. Grant launching the Shiloh and Corinth campaigns and the siege of Vicksburg , from the spring of 1862 to the summer of 1863 . The most important was the Vicksburg Campaign , fought for control of the last Confederate stronghold on the Mississippi River . The fall of the city to General Grant on July 4 , 1863 , gave the Union control of the Mississippi River , cut off the western states , and made the Confederate cause in the west hopeless . As Union troops advanced , many slaves escaped and joined their lines to gain freedom . After the Emancipation Proclamation of January 1863 , more slaves left the plantations . Thousands of ex-slaves in Mississippi enlisted in the Union Army in 1863 and the following years . At the Battle of Grand Gulf , Admiral Porter led seven Union ironclads in an attack on the fortifications and batteries at Grand Gulf , Mississippi . His goal was to take over the Confederate guns and secure the area with troops of McClernand 's XIII Corps , who were on the accompanying transports and barges . The Confederates won but it was a hollow victory ; the Union defeat at Grand Gulf caused only a slight change in Grant 's offensive . Grant won the Battle of Port Gibson . Advancing toward Port Gibson , Grant 's army ran into Confederate outposts after midnight . Union forces advanced on the Rodney Road and a plantation road at dawn , and were met by Confederates . Grant forced the Confederates to fall back to new defensive positions several times during the day ; they could not stop the Union onslaught and left the field in the early evening . This defeat demonstrated that the Confederates were unable to defend the Mississippi River line ; the Federals secured their needed beachhead . General William Tecumseh Sherman 's march from Vicksburg to Meridian , Mississippi , was designed to destroy the strategic railroad center of Meridian , which had been supplying Confederate needs . The campaign was Sherman 's first application of total war tactics , prefiguring his March to the Sea through Georgia in 1864 . The Confederates had no better luck at the Battle of Raymond . On May 10 , 1863 , Pemberton sent troops from Jackson to Raymond , 20 miles ( 32 km ) to the southwest . Brig. Gen. Gregg had an over-strength brigade , but they had endured a grueling march from Port Hudson , Louisiana , arriving in Raymond late on May 11 . The next day he tried to ambush a small Union raiding party . The party was Maj. Gen. John A. Logan 's Division of the XVII Corps . Gregg tried to hold Fourteen Mile Creek , and a sharp battle ensued for six hours , but the overwhelming Union force prevailed and the Confederates retreated . This left the Southern Railroad of Mississippi vulnerable to Union forces , severing the lifeline of Vicksburg . Battle of Brice 's Crossroads In April -- May 1863 Union colonel Benjamin H. Grierson led a major cavalry raid that raced through Mississippi and Louisiana , destroying railroads , telegraph lines , and Confederate weapons and supplies . The raid also served as a diversion to take away Confederate attention from Grant 's moves toward Vicksburg . A Union expedition in June 1864 , commanded by General Samuel D. Sturgis , was opposed by Confederate general Nathan Bedford Forrest . They clashed at the Battle of Brice 's Crossroads on 10 June 1864 , and Forrest routed the Yankees in his greatest battlefield victory . Homefront ( edit ) After each battle , there was increased economic chaos and local societal breakdown . State government during the course of the war transferred around the state . It moved from Jackson to Enterprise , to Meridian and back to Jackson , to Meridian and then to Columbus and Macon , Georgia , and finally back to what was left of Jackson . The first of the two wartime governors was the Fire - Eater John J. Pettus , who carried the state into secession , whipped up the war spirit , began military and domestic mobilization , and prepared to finance the war . His successor , General Charles Clark , elected in 1863 , remained committed to continuing the fight regardless of the cost , but he faced a deteriorating military and economic situation . The war presented both men with enormous challenges in providing an orderly , stable government for Mississippi . There were no slave insurrections , but many slaves escaped to Union lines . Numerous plantations turned to food production . The federal government wanted to keep up cotton production to fulfill the North 's needs , and some planters sold their cotton to Union Treasury agents for high prices . The Confederates considered this a sort of treason but were unable to stop the lucrative trading on the black market . Most whites supported the Confederacy , but there were holdouts . The two most vehemently anti-Confederate areas were Jones County in the southeastern corner of the state , where the `` Knight Company '' originated , and Tishomingo County in the northeastern corner . Among the most influential Mississippi Unionists was Presbyterian minister John Aughey , whose sermons and book The Iron Furnace or Slavery and Secession ( 1863 ) became hallmarks of the anti-secessionist cause in the state . The war shattered the lives of all classes , high and low . Upper - class ladies replaced balls and parties with bandage - rolling sessions and fund - raising efforts . But soon enough they were losing brothers , sons and husbands to battlefield deaths and disease , lost their incomes and luxuries , and had to deal with chronic shortages and poor ersatz substitutes for common items . They took on unexpected responsibilities , including the chores previously left to slaves when the latter struck out for freedom . The women coped by focusing on survival . They maintained their family honor by upholding Confederate patriotism to the bitter end . Less privileged white women struggled even more to hold their families together in their men 's absence ; many became refugees in camps or fled to Union lines . After the war , Southern women organized to create Confederate cemeteries and memorials , becoming champions of the `` Lost Cause '' and shapers of social memory . Black women and children had an especially hard time as the plantation regime collapsed ; many took refuge in camps operated by the Union Army . They were freed after the Emancipation Proclamation but suffered from widespread diseases that flourished in the crowded camps . Disease was also common in the troop camps ; during the war , more men on both sides died of disease than of wounds or direct warfare . Reconstruction ( edit ) After the defeat of the Confederacy , President Andrew Johnson appointed a temporary state government under provisional governor Judge William Lewis Sharkey ( 1798 - 1873 ) . It repealed the 1861 Ordinance of Secession and wrote new `` Black Codes '' , defining and limiting the civil rights of freedmen , the former slaves . The whites tried to restrict the African Americans to a second - class status without citizenship or voting rights . Johnson was following the previously expressed policies of his predecessor , 16th President Abraham Lincoln . He had planned a generous and tolerating Reconstruction policy towards the former Confederates and southerners . He intended to grant citizenship and voting rights first to Black veterans , while slowly integrating the remainder of the freedmen into the political and economic life in the nation and the `` new South '' . The Black Codes were never implemented . Radical Republicans in the Congress , with the early support of President Lincoln , objected strongly to the intent to impose new restrictions on the movement and rights of freedmen . The federal government established the Freedmen 's Bureau as an agency to help educate and assist the former slaves , in the U.S. War Department . It attempted to help the freedmen negotiate contracts and other relations in the new free labor market . Most officials in the Freedmen 's Bureau were former Union Army officers from the North . Many settled permanently in the state , with some becoming political leaders in the Republican Party and in business ( they were scornfully known as `` carpetbaggers '' by white Democrats in the South ) . The Black Codes outraged northern opinion , as they represented an attempt to reassert conditions of slavery and white supremacy . They were not fully implemented in any state . White Mississippians and other Southerners were committed to restoring white supremacy and circumscribing the legal , civil , political , and social rights of the freedmen . In September 1865 Congress was under the control of more Radical Republicans from the North , and refused to seat the newly elected Mississippi delegation . Responding to tumultuous conditions and violence , in 1867 , Congress passed Reconstruction legislation . It used U.S. Army forces to occupy and manage various areas of the South in an effort to create a new order , and Mississippi was one of the areas designated to be under military control . The military Governor - General , and Union Army Gen. Edward O.C. Ord , ( 1818 - 1883 ) , commander of the Mississippi / Arkansas District , was assigned to register the state 's electorate so that voters could elect representatives to write a new state constitution reflecting the granting of citizenship and the franchise to freedmen through amendments to the United States Constitution . In a contested election , the state 's white voters rejected the proposal of a new state constitution . Mississippi continued to be governed by federal martial law . Union Gen. Adelbert Ames ( 1835 - 1933 ) of Maine , under direction from the Republican majority in the U.S. Congress , deposed the provisional civil government appointed by President Johnson . He enabled all black men of age to enroll as voters ( not just veterans ) , and temporarily prohibited about a thousand or so former Confederate leaders to vote or hold state offices . In 1868 a biracial coalition ( dominated by whites ) drafted a new constitution for the state ; it was adopted by referendum . The Constitutional Convention was the first political organization in the state 's history to include African American ( then referred to as `` Negro '' or `` Colored '' ) representatives , but they did not dominate the convention , nor the later state legislature . Freedmen numbered 17 among the 100 members , although blacks comprised more than half of the state population of the time . Thirty - two Mississippi counties had black majorities , but freedmen elected whites as well as blacks to represent them . The 1868 constitution had major elements that lasted for 22 years . The convention adopted universal male suffrage ( unrestricted by property qualifications , educational requirements or poll taxes ) ; created the framework for the state 's first public school system ( which Northern and border states had begun 40 years earlier ) ; forbade race distinctions in the possession and inheritance of property ; and prohibited limiting civil rights in travel . It provided for a four - year term for the governor rather than two years ( the previous legislatures had severely limited executive power ) ; provided the governor with the power to appoint judges ( taking judicial elections out of what had been corrupt elections before the war ) ; required legislative reapportionment of seats to recognize the new voting freedmen in many jurisdictions ; and repudiated the ordinances and powers of secession . Opponents of black franchise referred to this as the `` Black and Tan Convention '' , although whites composed the overwhelming majority of delegates . Mississippi was readmitted to the Union on January 11 , 1870 , and its representatives and senators were seated in Congress on February 23 , 1870 . Black Mississippians , participating in the political process for the first time , formed a coalition with white Republicans made up of locals and Northerners in a Republican party that controlled the state legislature for a time . Most of the Republican voters were freedmen , several of whom held important state offices . Some black leaders emerged who had gained education in the North and were returning to the South . A.K. Davis served as lieutenant governor , and Hiram Revels ( 1827 - 1901 ) and Blanche K. Bruce ( 1841 - 1898 ) were elected by the Legislature to the U.S. Senate . John R. Lynch ( 1847 - 1939 ) was elected as a representative to Congress . The Republican regime faced the determined opposition of the `` unreconstructed '' white Democrats in the population . Soon after the end of the war , chapters of the Ku Klux Klan were organized in Mississippi , working to intimidate blacks and their allies , such as schoolteachers , and suppress voting . The planter James Lusk Alcorn ( 1816 - 1894 ) , a Confederate general , was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1865 but , like other Southerners who had been loyal to the Confederacy , was not allowed to take a seat at that time . He supported suffrage for freedmen and endorsed the Fourteenth Amendment , as required by the Republicans in Congress . Alcorn became the leader of the `` scalawags '' , local residents who comprised about a third of the Republican Party in the state , in coalition with `` carpetbaggers '' ( migrants from the North ) and freedmen . Alcorn was elected as governor in 1869 and served from 1870 to 1871 . As a modernizer , he appointed many like - minded former Whigs , even if they had become Democrats . He strongly supported education , conceding segregation of public schools in order to get them started . He supported founding a new college for freedmen , now known as Alcorn State University ( established 1871 in Lorman ) . He maneuvered to make his ally Hiram Revels its president . Radical Republicans opposed Alcorn as they were angry about his patronage policy . One complained that Alcorn 's policy was to see `` the old civilization of the South ' modernized ' '' rather than lead a total political , social and economic revolution . Alcorn resigned the governorship to become a U.S. senator ( 1871 -- 1877 ) , replacing his ally Hiram Revels , the first African - American U.S. senator from the state . In speeches to the Senate , Alcorn urged the removal of the political disabilities of white southerners and rejected Radical Republican proposals to enforce social equality by federal legislation . He denounced the federal cotton tax as robbery , and defended separate schools for both races in Mississippi . Although a former slaveholder , he characterized slavery as `` a cancer upon the body of the Nation '' and expressed his gratitude for its end . Although President Grant achieved suppression of the KKK in much of the South through the Enforcement Acts , new groups of Democratic insurgents arose through the 1870s . Such paramilitary terrorist organizations as the White League , the Red Shirts in Mississippi and the Carolinas , and associated rifle clubs raised the level of violence at every election , attacking blacks to suppress the freedmen 's vote . In 1870 , former military governor Adelbert Ames ( 1835 - 1933 ) was elected by the Legislature ( as was the process at the time ) to the U.S. Senate . Ames and Alcorn battled for control of the Republican Party in Mississippi ; their struggle caused the party to lose its precarious unity . In 1873 they both ran for governor . Ames was supported by the Radicals and most African Americans , while Alcorn won the votes of conservative whites and most of the scalawags . Ames won by a vote of 69,870 to 50,490 . In 1874 Republican voters elected a black sheriff in the city of Vicksburg and dominated other elections . White had been organizing to throw out Republicans and , on December 6 , 1874 , forced the newly elected sheriff Peter Crosby to leave his office . Freedmen tried to support him , coming in from the rural areas on December 7 , but he advised them to return home peacefully . Armed white militia attacked the freedmen that day and in the following days , in what became known as the Vicksburg Massacre . White Democrats are estimated to have killed 300 blacks in the area . The massacre was carried by newspapers from New York to California . The New York Times also carried reporting on the congressional investigation into these events , beginning in January 1875 . The Democratic Party had factions of the Regulars and New Departures , but as the state election of 1875 approached , they united and worked on the `` Mississippi Plan '' , to organize whites to defeat both white and black Republicans . They used economic and political pressure against scalawags and carpetbaggers , persuading them to change parties or leave the state . Armed attacks by the Red Shirts , White League and rifle clubs on Republicans proliferated , as in the September 1875 `` Clinton Riot '' . Governor Ames appealed to the federal government for armed assistance , which was refused . That November , Democrats gained firm control of both houses of the legislature by such violence and election fraud . Ames requested the intervention of the U.S. Congress since the election had been subject to voter intimidation and fraud . The state legislature , convening in 1876 , drew up articles of impeachment against him and all statewide officials . He resigned and fled the state , `` marking the end of Republican Reconstruction in Mississippi . '' Gilded age : 1877 - 1900 ( edit ) The legislature of the State of Mississippi in 1890 A poster showing the members of the 1890 Mississippian state constitutional convention . The members were overwhelmingly white Democrats ; the only black member was a man who was allowed into the convention for his willingness to support black disenfranchisement . There was steady economic and social progress among some classes in Mississippi after the Reconstruction era , despite the low prices for cotton and reliance on agriculture . Politically the state was controlled by the conservative elite whites , known as `` Bourbon Democrats '' by their critics . The Bourbons represented the planters , landowners and merchants . They used violence , intimidation , and coercion to suppress black voting at the polls , but freedmen elected many representatives to local offices , such as sheriff and justice of the peace . The Bourbons controlled the Democratic Party conventions and state government . The state remained largely rural , but the nascent railroad system , which had been destroyed in the war , was rebuilt and more investments were made in infrastructure . A few more towns developed , as well as small - scale industry , notably the lumber industry in the Piney Woods region of the state . Most farmers continued to grow cotton . The `` crop - lien system involved local merchants who lent money for food and supplies all year , and then split the cotton crop to pay the debts and perhaps leave a little cash left over for the farmer -- or often leave him further in debt to the merchants . '' In 1878 the worst yellow fever epidemic Mississippi had seen ravaged the state . The disease , sometimes known as `` Yellow Jack '' or `` Bronze John '' , produced so many fatalities that it devastated the society both socially and economically . Entire families were wiped out , while others fled their homes in panic for the presumed safety of other parts of the state , as people did not understand how the disease was transmitted . Quarantine regulations , passed to prevent the spread of the disease , brought trade to a stop . Some local economies never recovered . Beechland , near Vicksburg , became a ghost town . By the end of the year , 3,227 people in the state had died from the disease , particularly along the coast . The small farmers struggled against the Bourbon control of politics and the credit lien system , which seemed to keep them forever in debts . The Populist movement failed to attract the large following in Mississippi that it did in Alabama , Georgia and other Southern states . Mississippi did produce some Populist spokesmen , such as newspaper editor Frank Burkitt , but poor farmers , white and black , refused to follow the leadership of the Farmers ' Alliance . Few farmers were willing to support the sub-treasury plan , the Alliance 's plan to aid farmers by providing low - cost federal loans secured by crops . The Democratic Party machine , the increasing activism of the National Grange , and effective disenfranchisement of most black voters and many poor whites after 1890 under provisions of the new constitution , designed to `` exclude the Negro '' and help the Democrats in `` keeping the Negro down '' , according to its drafters , meant the failure of Mississippi populism . The constitution required payment of a poll tax for voter registration , which many poor people could not afford . The voter rolls dropped dramatically , and white Democrats secured a hold on power in the state . By the birth of the People 's Party in 1892 , Mississippi populism was too weak to play a major role . According to Democrat James K. Vardaman , Mississippi 's governor , the purpose of the 1890 constitution was `` to eliminate the nigger from politics . '' Whitecapping was the name associated with activities by a dirt farmer movement that arose in the Piney Woods region of southern Mississippi . Poor whites organized against low prices , rising costs , and increasing tenancy brought about by the crop lien system . Whitecaps resented black tenant farmers on lands acquired by foreclosure by merchants -- some of them Jewish . Whitecap Clubs , resembling fraternal and military organizations , tried to intimidate black laborers and landowners , and to prevent mercantile land acquisition . They were anti-black and anti-Jewish . Whitecaps came from the rural poor ; their leaders from a higher social strata . Blacks : 1877 - 1940 ( edit ) See also : Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era Mississippi has been thought to typify the Deep South during the era of Jim Crow that began in the late 19th century . But it had an enormous frontier of undeveloped land in the backcountry and bottomlands of the Mississippi Delta . Tens of thousands of black and white migrants came to the Delta seeking the chance to buy and work land , cut timber , and make lives for themselves and their families . Because the Mississippi Delta contained so much fertile bottomland away from the river settlements , African Americans achieved unusually high rates of land ownership from 1870 to 1900 . Two - thirds of the independent farmers in the Delta were black . As the Panic of 1893 brought another depression and very low cotton prices , many farmers had to sell their land to pay off debts and become sharecroppers . The sharecropping system , as Cresswell ( 2006 ) shows , functioned as a compromise between white landowners ' desire for a reliable supply of labor , and black workers ' refusal to work in gangs . By the turn of the century , much of the second - generation of black owner - farmers had lost their land . In 1890 the state adopted a new constitution that imposed a poll tax of $2 a year , which the great majority of blacks and poor whites could not pay in order to register to vote ; they were effectively excluded from the political process . These requirements , with additions in legislation of 1892 , resulted in a 90 % reduction in the number of blacks who voted . In every county whites allowed a handful of prominent black ministers and local leaders to vote . As only voters could serve on juries , disenfranchisement meant blacks could not serve on juries , and they lost all chance at local and state offices , as well as representation in Congress . When these provisions survived a Supreme Court challenge in 1898 in Williams v. Mississippi , other southern state legislatures rapidly incorporated them into new constitutions or amendments , effectively extending disfranchisement to every southern state . In 1900 the population of Mississippi was nearly 59 % African American , but they were virtually excluded from political life . The Jim Crow system became total after 1900 , with disenfranchisement , coupled with increasingly restrictive racial segregation laws , and increased lynchings . Economic disasters always lurked , such as failure of the cotton crop due to boll weevil infestation , and successive severe flooding in 1912 and 1913 . By 1920 , the third generation after freedom , most African Americans in the state were landless sharecroppers or laborers facing inescapable poverty . Legal racial segregation was imposed in Mississippi primarily following the Reconstruction era . A handful of state laws earlier required separate facilities for black and white school children . The legislature passed statutes requiring three restroom facilities in public buildings : one for white males , one for white females , and one for black males and females . Otherwise , segregation arose by local custom more than it did by state or municipal law . Since segregation was a customary practice , historians consider it to be one that mandated social distance between whites and blacks rather than physical distance . In most Mississippi communities from the late 1800s until the 1970s , blacks and whites lived in relative proximity to one another . Whites depended on the labor of blacks either as agricultural or domestic workers . White and black children often played together until they reached puberty , at which time parents began instructing their children about the racial status quo . White children were taught they were superior to blacks , while black children were forced to learn the vacillating and arbitrary customs of Jim Crow , which often differed from community to community . By 1900 , racial segregation had become more rigid . Jim Crow became the mainstay of the Mississippi social order . Tens of thousands of African Americans left Mississippi by train , foot , or boat to migrate north starting in the 1880s ; migration reached its pinnacle during and after World War I. In the Great Migration , they went North to leave the violence and a society that had closed off opportunity . Another wave of migration arose in the 1940s and 1950s . Almost half a million people , three - quarters of them black , left Mississippi in the second migration , many seeking jobs in the burgeoning wartime defense industry on the West Coast , particularly in California . Jim Crow and disenfranchisement persisted in Mississippi for decades , sometimes enforced by violence and economic blackmail , particularly as African Americans organized to achieve civil rights . It did not legally end until after passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , as well as concerted federal enforcement , and court challenges by black groups and national advocates , and local customs began to break down by 1970 . Schools ( edit ) Following Reconstruction , the Democrat - dominated state legislature cut back on already limited funding for public schools . For decades public school funding was poor for whites and very poor for blacks . Northern philanthropy helped support the schools . The Anna T. Jeanes Foundation , begun in 1907 and also known as the Negro Rural School Fund , aimed to provide rudimentary education for rural Southern blacks . Jeanes supervisors , all experienced teachers , personally made physical and academic improvements in rural schools . Early Jeanes supervisors brought vocational education into their classrooms , based on the Hampton and Tuskegee Institute models promoted by Booker T. Washington . By the 1940s , the Jeanes program changed its emphasis from industrial education to academic subjects . Other major northern foundations also helped , especially the General Education Board ( funded by the Rockefeller Foundation and the Rosenwald Fund ) , which supported construction of more than 5,000 schools in southern rural areas . Northern churches supported denominational colleges . Jazz ( edit ) Mississippi became a center of rich , quintessentially American music traditions : gospel music , jazz , blues , and rock and roll were all invented , promulgated , or developed largely by Mississippi musicians , particularly of the Delta areas . They also carried these traditions upriver to Chicago during the Great Migration , creating new forms of jazz and blues in that city . In the 1940s , John Lomax and his son Alan recorded some of the Delta 's rich musical tradition for the Library of Congress . They sought out blues songs and field chants at Mississippi State Penitentiary at Parchman . In 1941 , Alan Lomax recorded Muddy Waters , then 28 years old , at Stovall 's Plantation . Among other major artists , Bo Diddley , B.B. King and Muddy Waters were born and raised on Mississippi plantations . Progressive era ( edit ) By 1900 , Mississippi lagged behind other Southern states . It had a one - party government dominated by white Democrats who emphasized not raising taxes , resulting in no paved roads ; residents suffered widespread illiteracy and regular epidemics of contagious diseases , the latter spread in part because of the lack of sanitation infrastructure , endemic hookworm ; this was the nadir of race relations , marked by a high rate of lynchings of blacks , especially when sharecrop accounts were due to be settled and cotton prices were low ; local affairs were controlled by courthouse rings ; and the state had few natural assets besides prime cotton land and once important cities on the Mississippi River . Mississippi failed to attract much outside investment or European immigration , although European Jews settled in the larger cities such as Meridian and Jackson . Planters recruited Chinese workers for agriculture from 1900 to 1930 , but the newcomers did not stay long in the fields . They became merchants in small towns . Planters also had recruited Italian workers for field labor , and they complained about peonage conditions to their consulate . A State Department investigation ensued in some areas , including an Arkansas plantation owned by prominent US Senator LeRoy Percy of Greenville , Mississippi . The Progressive Era had some results in Mississippi . Governor Theodore Bilbo ( 1916 -- 20 ) had the most successful administration of all the governors who served between 1877 and 1917 , putting state finances in order and supporting such Progressive measures as passing a compulsory school attendance law , founding a new charity hospital , and establishing a board of bank examiners . However , Bilbo was also an avowed racist who openly defended segregation and was a member of the Ku Klux Klan . 1920s and 1930s ( edit ) Mississippians had more prosperity in the 1920s than they had known for two generations , although the state was still poor and rural by national standards . The people gained a slice of the American Dream . Ownby ( 1999 ) , in his in - depth study of the state , identifies four American dreams that the new 20th - century consumer culture addressed . The first was the `` Dream of Abundance '' , offering a cornucopia of material goods to all Americans , making them proud to be the richest society on earth . The second was the `` Dream of a Democracy of Goods '' , whereby everyone had access to the same products regardless of race , gender , ethnicity , or class , thereby challenging the aristocratic norms of the rest of the world , whereby only the rich or well - connected are granted access to luxury . The `` Dream of Freedom of Choice '' , with its ever - expanding variety of goods , allowed people to fashion their own particular style . Finally was the `` Dream of Novelty '' , in which ever - changing fashions , new models , and unexpected new products broadened the consumer experience and challenged the conservatism of traditional society and culture , and politics . Ownby acknowledges that the dreams of the new consumer culture radiated from the major cities , but notes that they quickly penetrated the most rural and most isolated areas , such as rural Mississippi . With the arrival of the Model T car after 1910 , many consumers in rural America were no longer locked into local general stores with their limited merchandise and high prices . They could go to towns and cities to do comparison shopping . Ownby demonstrates that poor black Mississippians shared in the new consumer culture . He attributes some of their desire to move to ambition , and acknowledges that hundreds of thousands of blacks moved to Memphis or Chicago in the Great Migration . Other historians have attributed the migration decisions to the poor schools for blacks , a high rate of violence , social oppression , and political disenfranchisement in Mississippi . Not all Mississippi was doing well . In the Pearl River country in the south central region , the 1920s was a decade of persistent poverty . Locals had new interest in anti-modernist politics and culture . The timber companies that had employed up to half of all workers were running short of timber , so payrolls dwindled . Farming was hard - scrabble . Governor Theodore G. Bilbo , a native of the region , won widespread support among the poor white farmers and loggers with his attacks on the elites , the big cities , and the blacks . Dry laws were but one aspect of a pervasive prohibitionism that included laws against business or recreation on Sunday , as well as attacks on Catholics and immigrants ( often the same , as new immigrants came from Catholic countries ) . Baptist and some other denominations embraced fundamentalism and rejected liberal ideas such as evolution and the Social Gospel . Transportation ( edit ) When the automobile arrived about 1910 , the state had poorly constructed dirt roads used for wagon traffic , and an outdated system of taxation . Road improvement continued to be a local affair controlled by individual county supervisors for each beat in the counties ; they achieved few positive results . The Lindsey Wagon Company of Laurel built the famous Lindsey wagon after 1899 . It was a heavy - duty eight - wheel wagon used to haul logs , timber , and other bulky and heavy material . Wagon production reached a peak in the 1920s , then declined . Improved roads finally made it possible for residents to use trucks built in Detroit . The Great Depression after 1929 reduced the need for new wagons . After 1928 , the need to build roads motivated politicians to talk up the cause . They enacted massive bond issues , created excise taxes , and centralized control to create a genuine state highway system , with a system of main highways designed by engineers , using a common system of signage and nomenclature . World war II ( edit ) The war years brought prosperity as cotton prices soared and new war installations paid high wages . Many blacks headed to northern and western cities , particularly in California , as part of the second and larger wave of the Great Migration . White farmers often headed to southern factory towns . Young men , white and black , were equally subject to the draft , but farmers were often exempt on occupational grounds . The World War II era marked a transition from labor - intensive agriculture to mechanized farming in the Delta region of Mississippi . Federal farm payments and improvements in mechanical cotton pickers made modernization economically possible by 1940 , but most planters feared loss of racial and social control and simply shifted their workers from sharecropping to wage labor . As workers left the farm for military service or defense jobs , farm wages rose . By 1944 , wages had tripled . In 1945 the newly established Delta War Wage Board provided planters temporary relief by setting a maximum wage for farm workers , but President Harry S. Truman lifted wartime economic controls in 1946 . Beginning in the 1930s , the ravages of the boll weevil and federal crop restrictions and conservation programs encouraged many farmers to turn from cotton farming to growing other crops , such as soybeans ; to sowing grasses for livestock ; and to planting trees for timber . Agricultural productivity increased , and the soils were improved by crop rotation , strip planting , terracing , contour plowing , and the use of improved fertilizers , insecticides , and seeds . After 1945 , farm mechanization advanced rapidly , especially in the Cotton Belt , and small farms were consolidated , as small farmers who could not afford the new machinery and sharecroppers left the land . Planters rapidly mechanized . It took only a few operators of cotton - picking machines to do the work of hundreds of laborers . The sharecroppers could find no other work , and this system collapsed after they moved to the cities in the North and West . By 1950 whites were a majority of the population statewide and in every region outside the Delta . Before 1945 , times were good when the price of cotton was above 20 cents . 1945 - 2000 ( edit ) In the postwar period , African - American veterans and others began to press for improved civil rights . There was high resistance from many whites , leading to outbreaks of violence and other forms of intimidation . Despite this , mature men with families were among those who joined the NAACP and later such groups as CORE and SNCC . Given the repressed state of its black population , Mississippi was a center of the Civil Rights Movement . In 1954 the US Supreme Court ruled in Brown v. Board of Education that segregated public education was unconstitutional . In reaction the state set up the Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission , ostensibly to market its advantages . This tax - supported group began to spy on state citizens , identifying professionals such as teachers as activists , and sharing data on persons ' activities with the White Citizens Councils formed in many cities and towns in this period . Whites used economic intimidation to suppress activism , firing people from jobs , evicting them from rental properties , refusing loans , etc . The state 's activities captured the national stage in 1963 and 1964 . Few white leaders in the state supported the effort to secure voting and exercise of other civil rights for African Americans . According to the 1960 census , the state had a population of 2,178,141 , of which 915,743 , or 42 % of the residents , were black . During their long disenfranchisement , white state legislators had consistently underfunded segregated schools and services for African Americans , created programs that did not represent their interests , and passed laws that discriminated against them systematically . African Americans had no representation in local governments , juries or law enforcement . Based on complaints and research by the Department of Justice , In 1962 the United States government brought an action against the State of Mississippi , state election commissioners , and six county registrars , alleging that the defendants had violated the voting rights of African - American citizens . The U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Mississippi dismissed the complaint , but the Supreme Court reversed the suit on appeal in March 1965 . However , Congress passed the Voting Rights Act of 1965 before the District Court reconsidered the case ... making significant portions moot . On another front , young people attempted to integrate the state 's institutions of higher education . James Meredith , the first black student to enroll at the University of Mississippi , was greeted with the Ole Miss riot of 1962 as opponents rushed to the campus from the region . A white mob attacked 500 United States marshals deployed by President John F. Kennedy to ensure Meredith 's safety . Rioters assaulted the marshals with bricks , bottles , and gunfire before the marshals responded with tear gas . The fighting which ensued claimed the lives of two men and seriously injured dozens more , and polarized race relations and politics . Whites believed they were under attack from the federal government . Following the murder of three civil rights workers in the early summer , in September 1964 the Federal Bureau of Investigation launched a secretive and extralegal counterintelligence program known as COINTELPRO - WHITE HATE . This covert action program sought to expose , disrupt , and otherwise neutralize Ku Klux Klan groups in Mississippi whose violent vigilante activities alarmed the national government . The program succeeded in creating an atmosphere of paranoia that turned many Klan members against each other . It helped destroy many Klan groups between 1964 and 1971 . Some members of the Klan groups subsequently joined other white supremacist organizations , including Christian Identity . Mississippi Freedom summer , 1964 ( edit ) Main article : Freedom Summer Meanwhile , black activists had been increasing their local work throughout the South . In Mississippi in 1962 , several activists formed the Council of Federated Organizations ( COFO ) , to coordinate activities in voter registration and education of civil rights groups in Mississippi : the Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) , the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) , the Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) , and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) . In 1963 COFO organized a Freedom Vote in Mississippi to demonstrate the desire of black Mississippians to vote . They had been disfranchised since statutory and constitutional changes in 1890 and 1892 . More than 80,000 people quickly registered and voted in mock elections which pitted candidates from the `` Freedom Party '' against the official state Democratic Party candidates . In the summer of 1964 , the COFO brought more than one hundred college students , many from outside the state , to Mississippi to join with local activists to register voters , teach in `` Freedom Schools '' and organize the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party . Many white residents deeply resented the outsiders and attempts to change their society . The work was dangerous . Activists were threatened . On June 21 , 1964 , three civil rights workers , James Chaney , a young black Mississippian and plasterer 's apprentice ; and two Jewish volunteers from New York , Andrew Goodman , a Queens College student ; and Michael Schwerner , a social worker , disappeared . With the national uproar caused by their disappearance , President Johnson forced J. Edgar Hoover to have the FBI investigate . The FBI found the bodies of the civil rights workers on August 4 in an earthen dam outside Philadelphia , Mississippi . During its investigation , the FBI also discovered the bodies of several other Mississippi blacks whose murders and disappearances over the past several years had not gained attention outside their local communities . The case of the young murdered activists captured national attention . They were found to have been murdered by members of the Klan , some of them members of the Neshoba County sheriff 's department . President Johnson used the outrage over their deaths and his formidable political skills to bring about passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , signed July 2 . It banned discrimination in public accommodations , employment and education . It also had a section about voting , but voting protection was addressed more substantially by passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 . Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party , 1964 ( edit ) Main article : Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party In 1964 , civil rights organizers launched the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party ( MFDP ) to challenge the all - white slate from the state party , based as it was on disfranchisement of blacks . When Mississippi voting registrars refused to recognize their candidates , the MFDP held its own primary . They selected Fannie Lou Hamer , Annie Devine , and Victoria Gray to run for Congress , and a slate of delegates to represent Mississippi at the 1964 Democratic National Convention . The presence of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party at the convention in Atlantic City , New Jersey , was inconvenient for national leaders . Democratic Party organizers had planned a triumphant celebration of the Johnson Administration 's achievements in civil rights , rather than a fight over racism within the party . Johnson was also worried about inroads that Republican candidate Barry Goldwater was making in what had been the Democratic stronghold of the `` Solid South '' , as well as the support which Independent candidate George Wallace had gained in the North during the Democratic primaries . The all - white delegations from other Southern states threatened to walk out if the official slate from Mississippi was not seated . Johnson could not prevent the MFDP from taking its case to the Credentials Committee . There Fannie Lou Hamer testified eloquently about the beatings which she and others endured , and the threats they faced , all for trying to register to vote and exercise their constitutional rights . Turning to the television cameras , Hamer asked , `` Is this America ? '' Johnson offered the MFDP a `` compromise '' under which it would receive two non-voting , at - large seats , while the white delegation sent by the official Democratic Party would retain its seats . The MFDP angrily rejected the compromise . The MFDP kept up its agitation within the convention , even after it was denied official recognition . The 1964 convention disillusioned many within the MFDP and the Civil Rights Movement , but it did not destroy the MFDP . The new party invited Malcolm X , head of the Black Muslims , to speak at its founding convention and issued a statement opposing the war in Vietnam . Armed self - defense became an integral part of the Southern planning strategy of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) and the Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) after 1964 . The ideological shift on the question of nonviolence within CORE and SNCC occurred primarily because of the effect of white violence in Mississippi , such as the murders of Chaney , Schwerner and Goodman in Neshoba County . The shift marked the beginning of the end of nonviolence as the philosophy and method of the Southern freedom movement . Southern blacks had a tradition of armed resistance to white violence that had become more organized and intense as the struggle accelerated and federal protection failed to appear . Moreover , it was the armed protection by local blacks and the haven provided by Mississippi 's black farming communities that allowed SNCC and CORE to operate effectively in the state . After 1966 the blacks moved into the Democratic party , where they organized politically to vote , to nominate candidates for office , and win their elections . They struggled to get candidates elected to office , particularly in the Delta , where they were a majority of the population and had long been oppressed by white officials . National image ( edit ) During the 1960s , the vocal opposition of many politicians and officials , the use of tax dollars to support the Mississippi Sovereignty Commission , which spied on citizens and helped achieve economic boycotts of civil rights activists ; and the violent tactics of Ku Klux Klan members and sympathizers gave Mississippi a reputation as a reactionary state . The state was the last to repeal Prohibition and to ratify the Thirteenth Amendment , in 1966 and 2013 , respectively . As in other states of the former Confederacy since the late 1960s , the Republican Party has won increasing support from white conservatives , who formerly had voted Democratic since before the Civil War . In Mississippi , the three majority - white congressional districts support Republican candidates . The majority - black 2nd congressional district has supported Democratic candidates since the national party 's support for the civil rights movement and President Lyndon B. Johnson 's gaining passage of legislation to this end in the mid-1960s . As was noted by reporter R.L. Nave of the Jackson Free Press in 2012 when the Republicans took control of the state legislature for the first time since Reconstruction , `` of course , the Republican Party of the 1880s was very different from the GOP that now rules the state . '' Since 2000 ( edit ) Mississippi in recent years has been noted for its political conservatism , improved civil rights record , and increasing industrialization . In addition , a decision in 1990 to permit riverboat gambling has led to economic gains for the state . However , the state lost an estimated $500,000 per day in tax revenue following Hurricane Katrina 's severe damage to several riverboat casinos in August 2005 . Gambling towns in Mississippi include Gulfport and Biloxi on the Gulf Coast ; Vicksburg , Tunica Resorts , and Greenville on the Mississippi River ; and the town of Philadelphia in the interior . Prior to Katrina , Mississippi was the second - largest gambling state in the Union in terms of its revenues , after Nevada and ahead of New Jersey . Hurricanes ( edit ) August 17 , 1969 - Category 5 Hurricane Camille hit the Mississippi coast , killing 248 people and causing US $1.5 billion in damage . September 12 , 1979 - Hurricane Frederic September 2 , 1985 - Hurricane Elena September 28 , 1998 - Hurricane Georges August 29 , 2005 - Hurricane Katrina caused the greatest destruction across the entire 90 miles ( 140 km ) of Mississippi Gulf coast from Louisiana to Alabama . Literature ( edit ) Mississippi has been noted for its authors , including Nobel Prize - winner William Faulkner , as well as William Alexander Percy , Walker Percy , Shelby Foote , Stark Young , Eudora Welty and Anne Moody . See also ( edit ) History portal North America portal United States portal Mississippi portal New Spain portal Main article : Historical outline of Mississippi History of the Southern United States Timeline of Mississippi Timeline of Jackson , Mississippi References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gibson , John L ; Philip J Carr ( 2004 ) . Signs of Power : The Rise of Cultural Complexity in the Southeast . University of Alabama Press . p. 99 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8173 - 5085 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Busbee ( 2005 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Louisiana Prehistory : Plaquemine Mississippian '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ Guy E. Gibbon ; Kenneth M. Ames ( 1998 - 08 - 01 ) . Archaeology of prehistoric native America : an encyclopedia . Routledge . pp. 657 -- 658 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8153 - 0725 - 9 . Jump up ^ Hudson , Charles M. ( 1997 ) . Knights of Spain , Warriors of the Sun . University of Georgia Press . Jump up ^ `` A History of the Archdiocese of New Orleans - French Beginnings '' , Archdiocese of New Orleans Archived 2008 - 04 - 10 at the Wayback Machine. , accessed 6 May 2008 Jump up ^ Robert V. Haynes , `` Territorial Mississippi , 1798 - 1817 '' , Journal of Mississippi History 2002 64 ( 4 ) : 283 - 305 Jump up ^ Lowery ( 1968 ) Jump up ^ Daniel H. Usner , Jr. , `` American Indians on the Cotton Frontier : Changing Economic Relations with Citizens and Slaves in the Mississippi Territory , '' Journal of American History 1985 72 ( 2 ) : 297 - 317 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Winbourne Magruder Drake , `` The Framing of Mississippi 's First Constitution , '' Journal of Mississippi History 1967 29 ( 4 ) : 301 - 327 Jump up ^ Margaret Deschamps Moore , `` Protestantism in the Mississippi Territory , '' Journal of Mississippi History 1967 29 ( 4 ) : 358 - 370 Jump up ^ Randy J. Sparks , Religion in Mississippi ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ Joseph T. Hatfield , `` Governor William Claiborne , Indians , and Outlaws in Frontier Mississippi , 1801 - 1803 , '' Journal of Mississippi History 1965 27 ( 4 ) : 323 - 350 Jump up ^ Laura D.S. Harrell , `` Preventive Medicine in the Mississippi Territory , 1799 - 1802 , '' Bulletin of the History of Medicine 1966 40 ( 4 ) : 364 - 375 Jump up ^ A small number were smuggled in from overseas ; that traffic was illegal after 1807 . ^ Jump up to : Sydnor ( 1933 ) Jump up ^ Wayne ( 1983 ) Jump up ^ William W. Freehling , The Road to Disunion : Secessionists Triumphant , 1854 - 1861 ( 2007 ) . Jump up ^ John C. Willis , Forgotten Time : The Yazoo - Mississippi Delta after the Civil War . Charlottesville : University of Virginia Press , 2000 Jump up ^ Waters ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Historical Census Browser , 1860 Census Archived 2007 - 08 - 23 at the Wayback Machine. , Accessed 12 Nov 2007 Jump up ^ Larry M. Logue , `` Who Joined the Confederate Army ? Soldiers , Civilians , and Communities in Mississippi , '' Journal of Social History 1993 26 ( 3 ) : 611 - 623 Jump up ^ Steven Nathaniel Dossman , Campaign for Corinth : Blood in Mississippi ( McWhiney Foundation. , 2006 ) Jump up ^ David Slay , `` Abraham Lincoln and the United States Colored Troops of Mississippi , '' Journal of Mississippi History 2008 70 ( 1 ) : 67 - 86 Jump up ^ NPS Grand Gulf. , National Park Service Jump up ^ Port Gibson. , National Park Service Jump up ^ `` Battle of Raymond '' , National Park Service Jump up ^ Dubay , John Jones Pettus , Mississippi Fire - Eater : His Life and Times , 1813 - 1867 ( 1975 ) . Jump up ^ William F. Winter , `` Mississippi 's Civil War Governors , '' Journal of Mississippi History , 1989 51 ( 2 ) : 77 - 88 Jump up ^ Walter E. Pittman , Jr . `` Trading with the Devil : The Cotton Trade in Civil War Mississippi , '' Journal of Confederate History 1989 2 ( 1 ) : 132 - 142 Jump up ^ M. Shannon Mallard , `` ' I Had No Comfort to Give the People ' : Opposition to the Confederacy in Civil War Mississippi , '' North and South : the Official Magazine of the Civil War Society 2003 6 ( 4 ) : 78 - 86 Jump up ^ Giselle Roberts , The Confederate Belle ( 2003 ) , covers the changing lives of planter women in Mississippi and Louisiana . Jump up ^ David W. Blight , Race and Reunion : The Civil War and American Memory , Cambridge : Harvard University Press , 2001 Jump up ^ Marshall Scott Legan , `` Disease and the Freedmen in Mississippi During Reconstruction , '' Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 1973 28 ( 3 ) : 257 - 267 Jump up ^ Harris , William C. ( 1979 ) . The Day of the Carpetbagger : Republican Reconstruction in Mississippi . Baton Rouge and London : Louisiana State University Press . pp. 1 , 45 . ISBN 0807103667 . Jump up ^ W.E.B. DuBois , Black Reconstruction in America , 1860 - 1880 . ( 1935 ) , p. 437 Jump up ^ Eric Foner , Reconstruction ( 1988 ) , p 298 . Jump up ^ Congressional Globe , 42 Cong. , 2 Sess. , pp. 246 - 47 , 2730 - 33 , 3424 . Jump up ^ `` The Vicksburg Troubles '' , New York Times , 14 December 1874 , accessed 15 June 2015 Jump up ^ `` The Vicksburg Riot '' , Daily Alta California , Volume 26 , Number 9017 , 9 December 1874 , accessed 15 June 2015 Jump up ^ Christopher Waldrep , Michael Bellesiles , Documenting American Violence : A Sourcebook , Oxford University Press , USA , 2005 , pp. 180 - 184 ( primary documents , including testimony to Congress ) Jump up ^ Emilye Crosby , Little Taste of Freedom : The Black Freedom Struggle in Claiborne County , Mississippi , Univ of North Carolina Press , 2006 , p. 3 Jump up ^ `` THE VICKSBURG MASSACRE '' , New York Times , 7 January 1875 , accessed 15 June 2015 Jump up ^ Harris , William C. The Day of the Carpetbagger . p. xi . Jump up ^ Ellem ( 1992 ) Jump up ^ Halsell ( 1945 ) Jump up ^ Thomas D. Clark , `` The Furnishing and Supply System in Southern Agriculture since 1865 , '' Journal of Southern History , Vol. 12 , No. 1 ( Feb. , 1946 ) , pp. 24 - 44 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Deanne Stephens Nuwer , `` The 1878 Yellow Fever Epidemic along the Mississippi Gulf Coast , '' Gulf South Historical Review 1999 14 ( 2 ) : 51 - 73 ^ Jump up to : Michael Perman , Struggle for Mastery : Disfranchisement in the South , 1888 - 1908 ( 2000 ) , ch 4 . Jump up ^ McMillen , Neil . Dark Journey . p. 41 . Jump up ^ Thomas Adams Upchurch , `` Why Populism Failed in Mississippi , '' Journal of Mississippi History 2003 65 ( 3 ) : 249 - 276 Jump up ^ McMillen , Neil . Dark Journey . p. 43 Jump up ^ William F. Holmes , `` Whitecapping in Mississippi : Agrarian Violence in the Populist Era '' , Mid America ; 1973 55 ( 2 ) : 134 - 148 ; Holmes , `` Whitecapping : Agrarian Violence in Mississippi , 1902 -- 1906 . '' Journal of Southern History . 35 ( 1969 ) : 165 -- 185 . In JSTOR ^ Jump up to : John C. Willis , Forgotten Time : The Yazoo - Mississippi Delta after the Civil War , University of Virginia Press , 2000 Jump up ^ Neil McMillen , Dark Journey : Black Mississippians in the Age of Jim Crow ( 1989 ) Jump up ^ McMillen , Neil . Dark Journey . pp. 1 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Ritterhouse , Jennifer ( 2006 ) . Growing Up Jim Crow : How Black and White Children Learned Race . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . pp. 2 -- 6 . ISBN 0807856843 . Jump up ^ Bonnie J. Krause , `` The Jeanes Supervisor : Agent of Change in Mississippi 's African American Education , '' Journal of Mississippi History 2003 65 ( 2 ) : 127 - 145 Jump up ^ Cresswell , Rednecks , Redeemers , and Race : Mississippi after Reconstruction , 1877 - 1917 ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ `` Peonage '' , Encyclopedia of Arkansas History and Culture , accessed 27 August 2012 Jump up ^ Cresswell ( 2006 ) pp. 212 -- 13 Jump up ^ Ted Ownby , American Dreams in Mississippi : Consumers , Poverty , and Culture 1830 - 1998 ( University of North Carolina Press , 1999 ) Jump up ^ John Hawkins Napier , III , `` The Roaring Twenties on Pearl River : Poverty , Populism , and Prohibition , '' Gulf Coast Historical Review , 1996 , Vol. 12 Issue 1 , pp 42 - 59 Jump up ^ John Carroll Eudy , `` A Mississippi Log Wagon '' , Journal of Mississippi History , June 1968 , Vol. 30 Issue 2 , pp 143 - 150 Jump up ^ Corey T. Lesseig , `` ' Out of the Mud ' : The Good Roads Crusade and Social Change in Twentieth - Century Mississippi , '' Journal of Mississippi History , March 1998 , Vol. 60 Issue 1 , pp 50 - 72 Jump up ^ Chester M. Morgan , `` At the Crossroads : World War II , Delta Agriculture , and Modernization in Mississippi , '' Journal of Mississippi History 1995 57 ( 4 ) : 353 - 371 ; Cosby ( 1992 ) Jump up ^ Historical Census Browser , 1960 Census , Accessed 13 Mar 2008 Archived 2009 - 12 - 06 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` United States v. Mississippi Interrogatory Answers '' , Archives and Special Collections , University of Mississippi Libraries Digital Collections Jump up ^ Charles W. Eagles `` ' The Fight for Men 's Minds ' : The Aftermath of the Ole Miss Riot of 1962 , '' Journal of Mississippi History Spring 2009 , Vol. 71 Issue 1 , pp 1 - 53 Jump up ^ John Drabble , `` The FBI , COINTELPRO - WHITE HATE , and the Decline of the Ku Klux Klan Organizations in Mississippi , 1964 - 1971 , '' Journal of Mississippi History 2004 66 ( 4 ) : 353 - 401 Jump up ^ Council of Federated Organizations , accessed 13 Mar 2008 Archived 2008 - 12 - 21 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Akinyele O. Umoja , `` 1964 : the Beginning of the End of Nonviolence in the Mississippi Freedom Movement , '' Radical History Review 2003 ( 85 ) : 201 - 226 Jump up ^ Joseph , Crespino , ( 17 May 2018 ) . `` Mississippi as Metaphor State , Region , and Nation in Historical Imagination '' . southernspaces.org. 2006 . Jump up ^ `` After 148 years , Mississippi finally ratifies 13th Amendment , which banned slavery '' . cbsnews.com . Jump up ^ R.L. Nave , `` 2012 Legislative Session Ends '' , Jackson Free Press , 9 May 2012 Jump up ^ Federal Writers ' Project ( 1949 ) , `` Chronology '' , Mississippi ; a Guide to the Magnolia State , New York : Viking , OCLC 478887 Further reading ( edit ) Surveys ( edit ) Busbee , Westley F. Mississippi : A History ( 2005 ) , good survey ; online edition Gonzales , Edmond , ed . A Mississippi Reader : Selected Articles from the Journal of Mississippi History ( 1980 ) Krane , Dale and Stephen D. Shaffer . Mississippi Government & Politics : Modernizers versus Traditionalists ( 1992 ) , government textbook ; online edition Loewen , James W. and Charles Sallis , eds . Mississippi : Conflict and Change ( 2nd ed. 1980 ) , high school textbook McLemore , Richard , ed . A History of Mississippi 2 vols. ( 1973 ) , thorough coverage by scholars Mitchell , Dennis J. , A New History of Mississippi ( 2014 ) Skates , John Ray . Mississippi : A Bicentennial History ( 1979 ) , popular Sparks , Randy J. Religion in Mississippi ( 2001 ) 374 pp. online edition Swain , Martha H. ed . Mississippi Women : Their Histories , Their Lives ( 2003 ) . 17 short biographies Specialized studies ( edit ) Indians and archaeology ( edit ) Barnett , James F. , Jr . The Natchez Indians : A History to 1735 , Oxford : University Press of Mississippi , 2007 . 185 pp . Carson , James Taylor . Searching for the Bright Path : The Mississippi Choctaws from Prehistory to Removal , Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press , 1999 online edition Peacock , Evan . Mississippi Archaeology Q and A , Oxford : University Press of Mississippi , 2005 , online at Googlebooks online edition at Questia Wells , Samuel J. and Roseanna Tubby . After Removal : The Choctaw in Mississippi , Oxford : University Press of Mississippi , 1986 / 3rd edition , 2010 White , Douglas R. , George P. Murdock , Richard Scaglion . `` Natchez Class and Rank Reconsidered . '' Ethnology 10 : 369 - 388 . ( 1971 ) . Study of the Natchez nation before the French - Indian wars of the 1720s . online Pre 1920 ( edit ) Ballard , Michael B. Civil War Mississippi : A Guide ( 2000 ) online edition Barney , William L. The Secessionist Impulse : Alabama and Mississippi in 1860 ( 1974 ) 371 pp. statistical analysis of voting Bettersworth , John K. Confederate Mississippi : The People and Policies of a Cotton State in Wartime ( 1943 ) . 386 pp . Buchanan , Thomas C. Black Life on the Mississippi : Slaves , Free Blacks , and the Western Steamboat World ( U of North Carolina Press 2004 ) online Cresswell , Stephen . Multiparty Politics in Mississippi , 1877 - 1902 ( 1995 ) online edition Cresswell , Stephen . Rednecks , Redeemers , And Race : Mississippi After Reconstruction , 1877 - 1917 ( 2006 ) Donald , David H. `` The Scalawag in Mississippi Reconstruction , '' Journal of Southern History , Vol. 10 , No. 4 ( Nov. , 1944 ) , pp. 447 -- 460 in JSTOR Ellem , Warren A . `` The Overthrow of Reconstruction in Mississippi , '' Journal of Mississippi History 1992 54 ( 2 ) : 175 - 201 Ellem , Warren A. `` Who Were the Mississippi Scalawags ? '' Journal of Southern History , Vol. 38 , No. 2 ( May , 1972 ) , pp. 217 -- 240 in JSTOR Ferguson , James S . `` The Grange and Farmer Education in Mississippi , '' Journal of Southern History 1942 8 ( 4 ) : 497 - 512 . in JSTOR Frankel , Noralee . Freedom 's Women : Black Women and Families in Civil War Era Mississippi ( 1999 ) Garner , James Wilford . Reconstruction in Mississippi ( 1901 ) reflects Dunning School historiography ; full text ; online edition ; full text online Guice , John D.W. `` The Cement of Society : Law in the Mississippi Territory , '' Gulf Coast Historical Review 1986 1 ( 2 ) : 76 - 99 Halsell , Willie D . `` The Bourbon Period in Mississippi Politics , 1875 - 1890 , '' Journal of Southern History , Vol. 11 , No. 4 ( Nov. , 1945 ) , pp. 519 -- 537 in JSTOR Harris , William C. `` Blanche K. Bruce of Mississippi : Conservative Assimilationist . '' in Howard N. Rabinowitz , ed . Southern Black Leaders of the Reconstruction Era ( 1982 ) . 3 - 38 . Harris , William C. `` James Lynch : Black Leader in Southern Reconstruction , '' Historian ( 1971 ) 34 # 1 pp 40 -- 61 , DOI : 10.1111 / j. 1540 - 6563.1971. tb00398. x Harris , William C. The Day of the Carpetbagger : Republican Reconstruction in Mississippi ( 1979 ) online edition Harris , William C. Presidential Reconstruction in Mississippi ( 1967 ) online edition Haynes , Robert V. `` Territorial Mississippi , 1798 - 1817 , '' Journal of Mississippi History 2002 64 ( 4 ) : 283 - 305 James , Dorris Clayton . Ante - Bellum Natchez ' ( 1968 ) Johannsen , Robert W . `` The Mind of a Secessionist : Social Conservatism or Romantic Adventure ? '' Reviews in American History , Vol. 14 , No. 3 ( Sep. , 1986 ) , pp. 354 -- 360 in JSTOR on John A. Quitman Kirwan , Albert D. Revolt of the Rednecks : Mississippi Politics : 1876 - 1925 ( 1965 ) , classic political history ; online edition Libby , David J. Slavery and Frontier Mississippi , 1720 - 1835 ( 2004 ) online edition Logue , Larry M. `` Who Joined the Confederate Army ? Soldiers , Civilians , and Communities in Mississippi , '' Journal of Social History , Vol. 26 , No. 3 ( Spring , 1993 ) , pp. 611 -- 623 in JSTOR Lowery , Charles D . `` The Great Migration to the Mississippi Territory , 1798 - 1819 , '' Journal of Mississippi History 1968 30 ( 3 ) : 173 - 192 McMillen , Neil R. Dark Journey : Black Mississippians in the Age of Jim Crow ( 1989 ) Miles , Edwin Arthur . Jacksonian Democracy in Mississippi ( 1960 ) online edition Morris , Christopher . Becoming Southern : The Evolution of a Way of Life , Warren County and Vicksburg , Mississippi , 1770 -- 1860 ( 1995 ) online edition Olsen , Christopher J. Political Culture and Secession in Mississippi : Masculinity , Honor , and the Antiparty Tradition , 1830 - 1860 ( 2000 ) online edition Pereyra , Lillian A. James Lusk Alcorn : Persistent Whig ( 1966 ) , the standard scholarly biography Rainwater , P.L. `` An Analysis of the Secession Controversy in Mississippi , 1854 - 61 . '' Mississippi Valley Historical Review Vol. 24 , No. 1 ( Jun. , 1937 ) , pp. 35 -- 42 in JSTOR Rainwater , P.L. `` Economic Benefits of Secession : Opinions in Mississippi in the 1850s , '' Journal of Southern History , Vol. 1 , No. 4 ( Nov. , 1935 ) , pp. 459 -- 474 in JSTOR Roberts , Giselle . `` The Confederate Belle : the Belle Ideal , Patriotic Womanhood , and Wartime Reality in Louisiana and Mississippi , 1861 - 1865 , '' Louisiana History 2002 43 ( 2 ) : 189 - 214 Roberts , Giselle . The Confederate Belle ( 2003 ) online edition Roberts , Bobby and Moneyhon , Carl . Portraits of Conflict : A Photographic History of Mississippi in the Civil War , ( 1992 ) . 396 pp . Smith , Timothy B. Mississippi in the Civil War : The Home Front ( University Press of Mississippi , 2010 ) 265 pages ; $ Documents the declining morale of Mississippians as they witnessed extensive destruction and came to see victory as increasingly improbable Span , Christopher M. From Cotton Field to Schoolhouse : African American Education in Mississippi , 1862 - 1875 ( 2009 ) Sydnor , Charles S. Slavery in Mississippi . ( 1933 ) . Thompson , Julius E. Lynchings in Mississippi : A History , 1865 -- 1965 . ( 2007 ) . 253 pp. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 2722 - 2 . ) Wayne , Michael . The Reshaping of Plantation Society : The Natchez District , 1860 -- 1880 ( 1983 ) Weaver , Herbert . Mississippi Farmers , 1850 - 1860 ( 1945 ) Wharton , Vernon Lane . The Negro in Mississippi , 1865 - 1890 ( 1947 ) Willis , John C. Forgotten Time : The Yazoo - Mississippi Delta After the Civil War ( 2000 ) Wynne , Ben . Mississippi 's Civil War : A Narrative History . ( 2006 ) . 243 pp. ISBN 978 - 0 - 88146 - 039 - 1 . Since 1920 ( edit ) Beito , David T. , `` ' Let Down Your Bucket Where You Are : The Afro - American Hospital and Black Health Care in Mississippi , 1924 -- 1966 , '' Social Science History , 30 ( Winter 2006 ) , 551 -- 69 . in Project MUSE Bolton , Charles C. William F. Winter and the New Mississippi : A Biography ( University Press of Mississippi ; 2013 ) 368 pp ; scholarly biography of the governor 1980 - 84 Bolton , Charles C. The Hardest Deal of All : The Battle over School Integration in Mississippi , 1870 - 1980 ( 2005 ) online edition Crespino , Joseph . In Search of Another Country : Mississippi and the Conservative Counterrevolution ( 2009 ) 360 pages ; examines the conservative backlash among white Mississippians after the state 's leaders strategically accommodated themselves to federal and civil - rights demands Crespino , Joseph . Mississippi as Metaphor : State , Region , and Nation in Historical Imagination Southern Spaces , 2006 . Cresswell , Stephen Edward . Rednecks , Redeemers , and Race : Mississippi after Reconstruction , 1877 -- 1917 ( 2006 ) Danielson , Chris . `` ' Lily White and Hard Right ' : The Mississippi Republican Party and Black Voting , 1965 - 1980 , '' Journal of Southern History Feb 2009 , Vol. 75 Issue 1 , pp 83 -- 119 Danielson , Chris . After Freedom Summer : How Race Realigned Mississippi Politics , 1965 - 1986 ( University Press of Florida ; 2012 ) 294 pages Katagiri , Yasuhiro . The Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission : Civil Rights and States ' Rights ( 2001 ) Key , V.O. Southern Politics in State and Nation ( 1949 ) , has famous chapter on Mississippi , pp 229 -- 53 . Lesseig , Corey T. `` ' Out of the Mud ' : The Good Roads Crusade and Social Change in 20th - century Mississippi . '' Journal of Mississippi History 60 ( Spring 1998 ) : 51 -- 72 . McLemore , Nannie Pitts . `` James K. Vardaman , a Mississippi Progressive , '' Journal of Mississippi History 29 ( 1967 ) : 1 - 11 McMillen , Neil R. Dark Journey : Black Mississippians in the Age of Jim Crow ( 1989 ) Morris , Tiyi M. Womanpower Unlimited and the Black Freedom Struggle in Mississippi ( University of Georgia Press , 2015 ) , 237 pp . Namorato , Michael V . The Catholic Church in Mississippi , 1911 - 1984 : A History ( 1998 ) 313pp . online edition Nash , Jere , and Andy Taggart . Mississippi Politics : The Struggle for Power , 1976 - 2008 ( 2nd ed. 2010 ) Orey , Byron D'Andra . `` Racial Threat , Republicanism , and the Rebel Flag : Trent Lott and the 2006 Mississippi Senate Race , '' National Political Science Review July 2009 , Vol. 12 , pp. 83 -- 96 , on Senator Trent Lott Osborn , George Coleman . James Kimble Vardaman : Southern Commoner ( 1981 ) . Ownby , Ted . American Dreams in Mississippi : Consumers , Poverty & Culture , 1830 - 1998 ( 1998 ) online edition Parker , Frank R. Black Votes Count : Political Empowerment in Mississippi After 1965 ( 1990 ) Peirce , Neal R . The Deep South States of America : People , Politics , and Power in the Seven Deep South States ( 1974 ) see chapter 4 on Mississippi in the 1970s online edition Silver , James W. Mississippi : The Closed Society ( 1963 ) Smith , Lewis H. and Robert S. Herren , `` Mississippi '' in Richard P. Nathan , Fred C. Doolittle , eds . Reagan and the States ( 1987 ) , pp. 208 -- 30 . Local and regional histories ( edit ) Bolton , Charles C. Poor Whites of the Antebellum South : Tenants and Laborers in Central North Carolina and Northeast Mississippi ( 1994 ) online edition Brazy , Martha Jane . An American Planter : Stephen Duncan of Antebellum Natchez And New York ( 2006 ) Cobb , James C. The Most Southern Place on Earth : The Mississippi Delta and the Roots of Regional Identity ( 1992 ) online edition Cosby , A.G. et al . A Social and Economic Portrait of the Mississippi Delta ( 1992 ) online Currie , James T. Enclave : Vicksburg and Her Plantations , 1863 - 1870 ( 1980 ) Dittmer , John . Local People : The Struggle for Civil Rights in Mississippi ( 1994 ) Dollard , John . Caste and Class in a Southern Town ( 1957 ) sociological case study of race and class in the 1930s Greenberg , Kenneth S . `` The Civil War and the Redistribution of Land : Adams County , Mississippi , 1860 - 1870 , '' Agricultural History , Vol. 52 , No. 2 ( Apr. , 1978 ) , pp. 292 -- 307 in JSTO Helferich , Gerry . High Cotton : Four Seasons in the Mississippi Delta ( 2007 ) , growing cotton in the 21st century James , Dorris Clayton . Ante - Bellum Natchez ( 1968 ) Morris , Christopher . Becoming Southern : The Evolution of a Way of Life , Warren County and Vicksburg , Mississippi , 1770 -- 1860 ( 1995 ) Nelson , Lawrence J. `` Welfare Capitalism on a Mississippi Plantation in the Great Depression . '' Journal of Southern History 50 ( May 1984 ) : 225 -- 50 . in JSTOR Owens , Harry P. Steamboats and the Cotton Economy : River Trade in the Yazoo - Mississippi Delta ( 1990 ) . Polk , Noel . Natchez before 1830 ( 1989 ) Von Herrmann , Denise . Resorting to Casinos : The Mississippi Gambling Industry ( 2006 ) online edition Willis , John C. Forgotten Time : The Yazoo - Mississippi Delta After the Civil War ( 2000 ) Woodruff , Nan Elizabeth . American Congo : The African American Freedom Struggle in the Delta ( 2003 ) Environment ( edit ) Brinkley , Douglas G . The Great Deluge : Hurricane Katrina , New Orleans , and the Mississippi Gulf Coast ( 2007 ) Fickle , James E. Mississippi Forests and Forestry ( 2001 ) . 384 pp . Hearn , Philip D. Hurricane Camille : Monster Storm of the Gulf Coast , ( 2004 ) 233 pp Primary sources ( edit ) Abbott , Dorothy . ed . Mississippi Writers : Reflections of Childhood and Youth . Vol. 2 : Nonfiction , ( 1986 ) . Baldwin , Joseph G . The Flush Times of Alabama and Mississippi : A Series of Sketches ( 1853 ) , on the boom times of the 1830s online edition Bond , Bradley G. ed . Mississippi : A Documentary History ( 2003 ) excerpt and text search ; online edition Evers , Charles . Have No Fear : The Charles Evers Story ( 1997 ) , memoir of a black politician Moody , Anne . Coming of Age in Mississippi . ( 1968 ) memoir of Black girlhood Percy , William Alexander . Lanterns on the Levee ; Recollections of a planter 's son ( 1941 ) 347 pages excerpt and text search Rosengarten , Theodore . All God 's Dangers : The Life of Nate Shaw ( 1974 ) memoir of a Black Mississippian ; Waters , Andrew , ed . Prayin ' to Be Set Free : Personal Accounts of Slavery in Mississippi ( 2002 ) 196pp External links ( edit ) Charts and data on farm production , 1911 - 201 Reconstruction in Mississippi ( by Professor Donald J. Mabry ) The Parchman Farm and the Ordeal of Jim Crow Justice ( by David M. Oshinsky ) Mississippi Historical Society : Mississippi History Now State of Mississippi Jackson ( capital ) Topics Mississippians Delegations Governors Lieutenant Governors Legislature State Parks State Landmarks Music History Geography Tourist attractions Seal of Mississippi Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Media Newspapers Radio TV Politics Regions The Delta Golden Triangle Gulf Coast Mississippi Plain Natchez District North Mississippi Pine Belt Tennessee Valley Metros Gulfport - Biloxi Hattiesburg Jackson Memphis ( TN ) Pascagoula Larger cities Gulfport Jackson Southaven Smaller cities Bay St. Louis Biloxi Brandon Brookhaven Canton Clarksdale Cleveland Clinton Columbus Corinth Gautier Greenville Greenwood Grenada Hattiesburg Horn Lake Indianola Itta Bena Laurel Long Beach Louisville Madison Magee McComb Mendenhall Meridian Moss Point Natchez Ocean Springs Olive Branch Oxford Pascagoula Pass Christian Pearl Picayune Ridgeland Starkville Tunica Tupelo Vicksburg Waveland West Hattiesburg ( Oak Grove ) West Point Yazoo City Counties Adams Alcorn Amite Attala Benton Bolivar Calhoun Carroll Chickasaw Choctaw Claiborne Clarke Clay Coahoma Copiah Covington DeSoto Forrest Franklin George Greene Grenada Hancock Harrison Hinds Holmes Humphreys Issaquena Itawamba Jackson Jasper Jefferson Jefferson Davis Jones Kemper Lafayette Lamar Lauderdale Lawrence Leake Lee Leflore Lincoln Lowndes Madison Marion Marshall Monroe Montgomery Neshoba Newton Noxubee Oktibbeha Panola Pearl River Perry Pike Pontotoc Prentiss Quitman Rankin Scott Sharkey Simpson Smith Stone Sunflower Tallahatchie Tate Tippah Tishomingo Tunica Union Walthall Warren Washington Wayne Webster Wilkinson Winston Yalobusha Yazoo Years in Mississippi ( 1817 -- present ) 19th century 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 20th century 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1990 1991 21st century 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 History of the United States by polity States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. Insular areas American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Outlying islands Baker Island Howland Island Jarvis Island Johnston Atoll Kingman Reef Midway Atoll Navassa Island Palmyra Atoll Wake Island Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Mississippi&oldid=841717694 '' Categories : History of Mississippi History of the Southern United States by state History of the United States by state Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from June 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 May 2018 , at 16 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Mississippi
| 2,115 |
||
what notes are in the key of d
|
D major ( or the key of D ) is a major scale based on D , consisting of the pitches D , E , F ♯ , G , A , B , and C ♯ . Its key signature consists of two sharps . Its relative minor is B minor and its parallel minor is D minor .
|
D major ( or the key of D ) is a major scale based on D , consisting of the pitches D , E , F ♯ , G , A , B , and C ♯ . Its key signature consists of two sharps . Its relative minor is B minor and its parallel minor is D minor .
|
D major
|
d major
|
D major ( or the key of D ) is a major scale based on D , consisting of the pitches D , E , F ♯ , G , A , B , and C ♯ . Its key signature consists of two sharps . Its relative minor is B minor and its parallel minor is D minor .
|
D major is well - suited to violin music because of the structure of the instrument , which is tuned GDA E. The open strings resonate sympathetically with the D string , producing a sound that is especially brilliant . This is also the case with all other orchestral strings . It is thus no coincidence that many classical composers throughout the centuries have chosen to write violin concertos in D major , including those by Mozart ( No. 2 , 1775 , No. 4 , 1775 ) ; Ludwig van Beethoven ( 1806 ) ; Paganini ( No. 1 , 1817 ) ; Brahms ( 1878 ) ; Tchaikovsky ( 1878 ) ; Prokofiev ( No. 1 , 1917 ) ; Stravinsky ( 1931 ) ; and Korngold ( 1945 ) . Ascending and descending D major scale . Play in just intonation ( help info ) It is appropriate for guitar music , with drop D tuning making two Ds available as open strings . For some beginning wind instrument students , however , D major is not a very suitable key , since it transposes to E major on B - flat wind instruments , and beginning methods generally tend to avoid keys with more than three sharps . Even so , the clarinet in B - flat is still often used for music in D major , and it is perhaps the sharpest key that is practical for the instrument . There are composers however who , in writing a piece in D minor with B - flat clarinets , will have them change to clarinets in A if the music switches to D major , two examples being Rachmaninoff 's Third Piano Concerto and Beethoven 's Ninth Symphony in the fourth movement . The vast majority of tin whistles are in D , since they are often used in music with fiddles . It is a common key for Pub session playing . In the Baroque period , D major was regarded as `` the key of glory '' ; hence many trumpet concertos were in D major , such as those by Johann Friedrich Fasch , Gross , Molter ( No. 2 ) , Leopold Mozart , Telemann ( No. 2 ) , and Giuseppe Torelli . Many trumpet sonatas were in D major , too , such as those by Corelli , Petronio Franceschini , Purcell , and Torelli . `` The Trumpet Shall Sound '' and the `` Hallelujah '' chorus from Handel 's Messiah , and his coronation anthem Zadok the Priest are in D major . 23 of Haydn 's 104 symphonies are in D major , making it the most often used main key of his symphonies . The vast majority of Mozart 's unnumbered symphonies are in D major , namely K. 66c , 81 / 73 , 97 / 73m , 95 / 73n , 120 / 111a and 161 / 163 / 141a . The symphony evolved from the overture , and `` D major was by far the most common key for overtures in the second half of the eighteenth century . '' This continued even into the Romantic Period , and was used for the `` triumphant '' final movements of several D minor symphonies , including Beethoven 's Ninth Symphony , the only symphony by César Franck , Sergei Rachmaninoff 's First Symphony , Felix Mendelssohn 's Fifth Symphony and Johann Strauss I Radetzky March . See also : List of symphonies in D major Famous symphonies written in D major include Mozarts symphonies No. 31 ( Paris ) and No. 38 ( Prague ) , Beethovens No. 2 Op. 36 , Brahms 's No. 2 Op. 73 , Sibelius 's No. 2 Op. 43 , Mahlers No. 9 ( though it ends in the remote key of D - flat major ) and Prokofievs No. 1 ( Classical ) Op. 25 . Scriabin considered D major to be golden in color ( see chromesthesia ) and , in a discussion with Rimsky - Korsakov , he gave an example from one of Rimsky - Korsakov 's own operas where a character sang in D major about gold . See also ( edit ) Key ( music ) Major and minor Chord ( music ) Chord names and symbols ( popular music ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rita Steblin : A History of Key Characteristics in the Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries ( Rochester , University of Rochester Press : 1996 ) p. 124 `` The key of triumph , of Hallelujahs , of war - cries , of victory - rejoicing . '' Jump up ^ Rice , John ( 1998 ) . Antonio Salieri & Viennese Opera . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . p. 124 . External links ( edit ) Media related to D major at Wikimedia Commons Diatonic scales and keys Flats Sharps Major minor Major minor 0 d B ♭ g E ♭ f ♯ A ♭ f c ♯ D ♭ b ♭ g ♯ 6 G ♭ e ♭ F ♯ d ♯ 7 C ♭ a ♭ C ♯ a ♯ 8 F ♭ d ♭ G ♯ e ♯ The table indicates the number of sharps or flats in each scale . Minor scales are written in lower case . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=D_major&oldid=789899957 '' Categories : Musical keys Major scales Compositions in D major Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014 Talk About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 July 2017 , at 10 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%20major
| 2,116 |
when does the series finale of code black air
|
List of Code Black episodes
|
list of code black episodes
|
Code Black is an American medical drama , starring Marcia Gay Harden and Rob Lowe , that premiered on CBS on September 30 , 2015 . The series follows the understaffed , busy emergency room of Angels Memorial Hospital , which lacks sufficient resources . On May 16 , 2016 , the show was renewed for a second season , which premiered on September 28 , 2016 . On May 14 , 2017 , CBS renewed the show for a third season . On May 24 , 2018 CBS canceled the series after three seasons . During the course of the series , 47 episodes of Code Black aired over three seasons .
|
Contents 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2018 ) 3 Ratings 4 References 5 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 18 September 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 30 ) February 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 24 ) 16 September 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 28 ) February 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 08 ) 13 April 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 25 ) July 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 18 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' David Semel Michael Seitzman September 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 30 ) CB101 8.58 The new residents at Angels Memorial Hospital in Los Angeles are introduced to the ER and deal with a series of patients including a dropped - off gang member , a foreign child with a collapsed lung , an organ donor and his daughter who were in a car crash , a stroke patient , and a nine - month pregnant woman with unexplained flu symptoms . `` We Plug Holes '' Christopher Misiano Michael Seitzman October 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 07 ) CB102 6.83 The ER deals with car crash victims , a hockey player suffering from seizures who is unwilling to acknowledge his illness , a blind 14 - year - old climber and a woman desperate to have her dead husband 's baby . `` Pre-Existing Conditions '' Lee Rose David Marshall Grant October 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 14 ) CB103 6.96 The ER is under a 36 hour period of code black and receives two brothers involved in a car accident . Their mother shuns one son because she holds him responsible for the death of the other . Leighton is pushed by fellow resident Savetti to cut open the chest of a patient who had come in with pelvic , chest and rib fractures . Lorenson faces a moral dilemma while treating a prisoner with renal failure . `` Sometimes It 's a Zebra '' Adam Kane Brett Mahoney October 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 21 ) CB104 7.13 Dr. Guthrie 's son joins the hospital as a surgeon and often disagrees with Leanne . Meanwhile , after the death of her son , Christa struggles to help an infant . 5 5 `` Doctors with Borders '' David Von Ancken Molly Newman October 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 28 ) CB105 5.96 The ER is overwhelmed with patients with an unknown respiratory ailment , requiring them to be quarantined . When Dr. Hudson 's mother is among them , he clashes with his father over the proper treatment . A man impaled on a piece of rebar is desperate to make up with his daughter . 6 6 `` In Extremis '' Vincent Misiano Matt Partney and Corey Evett November 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 04 ) CB106 6.44 The ER must deal with two shot police officers , and the dilemma whether to save one of them or their shooter . A man deals with his gay , brain dead son 's lover . Tensions between the two Dr. Guthries heat up . Pineda must deal with her pregnant former lover . 7 7 `` Buen Árbol '' Nick Gomez Corinne Marrinan November 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 11 ) CB107 6.90 The ER must deal with the injured after a car ran onto a sidewalk at a street fair , along with the driver who seems to suffer from seizure - induced amnesia . Other patients include a child of an illegal immigrant , a young woman whose eye is bulging out ( Skyler Day ) , an old lady prepared to face her end , and a man with an enlarged organ who puts Savetti in an uncomfortable position . 8 8 `` You Are the Heart '' Alex Zakrzewski David Marshall Grant November 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 18 ) CB108 6.59 On a rainy LA night , the ER deals with the victims of a boating accident , an HIV - positive patient which endangers Savetti and causes tensions between him and Leighton , and Guthrie and Rorish butt heads on a surgery . Pineda runs a bone marrow drive for her former lover , much to her dismay . 9 9 `` The Son Rises '' Andrew Bernstein Michael Seitzman and Kristen Kim November 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 25 ) CB109 7.45 A family is the victim of a home invasion with a father who was stabbed near the heart , a mother who was repeatedly stabbed , and a son who was injured during his search for rescue by jumping from a window of the building . Mario and Angus clash over the mother who has bruising around her eyes . Taylor is suspended for bringing a child around the ER , and the doctors clash early with his replacement . Meanwhile , a son struggles to get his father off life support . 10 10 `` Cardiac Support '' Oz Scott Brett Mahoney December 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 02 ) CB110 8.50 The ER adjusts to the new department head who questions Rorish 's decisions . An ambulance arrives with its paramedics knocked out by their patient , who attacks Jesse . Later , Jesse has a heart attack . As the doctors try to save him , other patients include a man hit by a train , the daughter of a controlling Beverly Hills mother , and the wife of a veteran who is struggling with addiction . Meanwhile , Mario leaves the hospital to find the train victim 's son who has intellectual disabilities , against Hudson 's orders . 11 11 `` Black Tag '' Omar Madha Molly Newman December 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 09 ) CB111 8.38 Leanne , Neal , Christa , Angus , Mario , Malaya , and Heather are sent to the scene of a multi-car collision on a canyon road above Los Angeles . Leanne clashes with the physician in charge , making a decision he questions . Christa treats an injured family whose car is in a ravine . Angus , Heather , and Mario help a man stuck in cement . Mario and Heather find their lives in danger when a patient 's husband holds them at gunpoint to save his wife . Meanwhile , Jesse recovers from his heart attack . 12 12 `` The Fog of War '' Rob Bailey David Marshall Grant January 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 13 ) CB112 6.66 Neal stays behind at the car crash scene to look for Christa , Mario , and Heather . Mario and Heather continue trying to revive the wife of a grieving husband , who later attempts to commit suicide . Leanne and Neal face the consequences of having left a patient in Malaya 's care resulting in both doctors being investigated . After Heather hugs Angus , he decides he wants to ask her out , unaware she has a relationship with Mario . Carla gives birth to her son , Philip , before dying . 13 13 `` First Date '' Constantine Makris Kristen Kim January 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 20 ) CB113 7.29 When a 16 - year - old girl who is from a Christian - Scientist family comes into Angels requiring surgery , the ER must deal with her father who forbids the surgery . Angus ' brother begins an observational rotation prior to accepting a new job in the hospital as an attending surgeon . Christa treats a patient who is experiencing breathing problems who does n't seem to be improving ; when the patient dies following discharge , she blames herself for her death . Later , Neal and Christa kiss , while Malaya treats a patient named Gordon who flirts with her . Meanwhile , Leanne decides to leave her job . 14 14 `` The Fifth Stage '' Oz Scott Brett Mahoney January 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 27 ) CB114 7.49 In a shooting accident between two feuding families , one of the victims is required a kidney transplant with their cousin being the perfect match ; however , the father refuses . Neal and Christa begin their relationship and Leanne forgives the drunk driver who killed her family . Malaya again deals with Gordon , who seems to be following her more often now . Later , he sneaks into the staff lockers to confront Gina , but he stabs her to death . Christa discovers her body and calls for help . 15 15 `` Diagnosis of Exclusion '' David Von Ancken Corey Evett and Matthew Partney February 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 03 ) CB115 6.90 In the aftermath of Gina 's death , the doctors are questioned . Gordon had been at the hospital at least 17 times under different aliases and frequently asking for Malaya . Once Gina had been attacked , he followed Malaya to the elevator . She lies to him and takes another floor , but he continues to follow her . He asks her out , but she tells him that she is gay . Angry , he attacks her by slitting her and attempts to rape her . Angus arrives in time and pushes Gordon to the ground . He tells her to go to the ER . During Angus ' fight with Gordon , Gordon accidentally stabs a knife into his neck . Angus , who had lied to human resources , heard Gordon telling him that he intended to kill Malaya and Angus lets him to bleed out , ultimately killing him when complications arose . At center stage , while all three were being treated , Gina is pronounced dead when surgery was no longer an option to save her and everyone mourns her death . Meanwhile , Leanne is given Gina 's job and Neal is put on probation for surgery . Neal and Christa announce their relationship to human resources . 16 16 `` Hail Mary '' Alex Zakrzewski Michael Seitzman & Molly Newman February 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 10 ) CB116 7.11 Christa becomes insecure in her new relationship with Neal when his ex-girlfriend Dr. Grace Adams ( Meagan Good ) , returns to Angels Memorial after spending a year volunteering in Haiti . Also , New York Giants wide receiver Odell Beckham Jr. comes to the ER to convince his stubborn high school football coach , Pete Delaney ( Beau Bridges ) , to have life - saving surgery . Neal accepts a job as surgical attending at Angels . Christa and Malaya treat a marathon runner and new single mother , Katie Miller ( Annie Wersching ) , who is having lung issues . 17 17 `` Love Hurts '' Constantine Makris David Marshall Grant & Ryan McGarry February 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 17 ) CB117 6.11 Christa and Grace deal with a teenager who claims to have been abused at a camp . Angus begins to take ADHD medication to remain focused , after it is revealed that he deliberately refused to aid Gordon after he removed the knife from his throat , causing Gordon 's death . Leanne deals with a VIP patient who had embryos implanted in her without her husband 's knowledge . Meanwhile , Christa feels at odds with Grace due to her past history with Neal . 18 18 `` Blood Sport '' David Von Ancken Michael Seitzman & Kayla Alpert February 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 24 ) CB118 6.91 When the location of a presidential debate suffers an explosion , the ER must work under the scrutiny of the Secret Service to save both candidates and their families . Mario confronts Angus about his drug abuse , which in turn leads to Heather being caught by Campbell using his scripts to prescribe the Adderall . The love triangle between Neal , Christa , and Grace becomes more complex . Dr. Rorish asks Dr. Taylor for advice on how to cope with Jesse and the other nurses ' impending strike over wages and the addition of more nurses to the staff . Season 2 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 19 `` Second Year '' Loni Peristere Michael Seitzman September 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 28 ) CB201 6.37 Col. Ethan Willis joins the team , bringing new techniques and technologies learned in the field of combat to the hospital ; Willis and Mike take a helicopter to Malibu to help shark bite victims ; Jesse welcomes new residents . 20 `` Life and Limb '' Lee Rose David Marshall Grant October 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 05 ) CB202 5.87 Willis helps a young soccer player injured in a bus crash ; a patient 's hesitancy to disclose that she 's transgender compromises the doctors ' ability to diagnose her abdominal pain . 21 `` Corporeal Form '' David Von Ancken Corey Evett and Matthew Partney October 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 12 ) CB203 5.99 Willis , Mario and Heather perform a radical operation on a maintenance worker stuck under a boiler that exploded ; Angus ' father tries to seize power of attorney over Mike , who remains in a coma . 22 `` Demons and Angels '' Luis Prieto Michael Brandon Guercio October 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 26 ) CB204 5.67 On Halloween night , Willis , Noa and Elliott rush to the scene of a fire at a haunted theater , where Dr. Nolan and her boyfriend 's son are trapped . 23 5 `` Landslide '' David McWhirter Jessica Ball November 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 02 ) CB205 4.45 The doctors treat victims who were caught in a landslide ; the entire ER is put at risk when children with measles are brought in . 24 6 `` Hero Complex '' David Von Ancken Kayla Alpert November 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 09 ) CB206 6.03 When a college student regains consciousness at the hospital , Malaya must tell her that she has been raped ; Willis and Campbell are at odds when a terminally ill woman wants to end her life on her own terms . 25 7 `` What Lies Beneath '' Constantine Makris Zachary Lutsky November 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 16 ) CB207 5.68 Willis and Campbell travel to a Russian submarine to treat a sailor who has been wounded in an explosion ; the staff at Angels Memorial treats violent criminals who got injured during a prison riot . 26 8 `` 1.0 Bodies '' P.J. Pesce Kristen Kim November 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 23 ) CB208 6.18 The doctors treat the members of a cult who survived a mass suicide attempt ; Mario wants to connect with his late father 's girlfriend . 27 9 `` Sleight of Hand '' Rob Greenlea Julian Meiojas November 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 30 ) CB209 5.92 Willis , Leanne and Jesse put their lives on the line to operate on an officer with an explosive bullet in her leg ; Mario , Noa and Guthrie tend to a magician with breathing trouble . 28 10 `` Ave Maria '' Kelly Makin Kevin Hazzard December 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 07 ) CB210 6.75 When Campbell 's daughter is set to undergo surgery , he learns about Guthrie 's Parkinson 's symptoms and becomes furious . In the fallout , some doctors who knew are suspended and Jesse is fired . 29 11 `` Exodus '' Jet Wilkinson Corey Evett & Matthew Partney December 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 21 ) CB211 5.98 After Jesse takes a new job at a plastic surgery clinic , he must take one of his patients to Angels when she crashes on the operating table . While in code black , the hospital loses power and the backup generators do not work , as they are still under repair following the boiler room explosion ( S. 2 , Ep. 3 ) . While the patients are evacuated to an urgent care facility , Pinkney and Dixon must deliver a baby in the elevator . 30 12 `` One in a Million '' Rob Bailey David Marshall Grant & Jessica Ball January 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 04 ) CB212 5.98 Defying Campbell 's orders , Leanne uses the hospital helicopter to reunite a family one last time ; Willis and Noa find a cellphone app to help them communicate with an autistic girl . 31 13 `` Unfinished Business '' David Von Ancken Michael Seitzman January 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 11 ) CB213 6.33 While taking on a new role as the hospital chaplain , Guthrie considers undergoing a risky surgery to treat his Parkinson 's ; victims of an apartment fire arrive at Angels Memorial Hospital . 32 14 `` Vertigo '' Carol Banker Kayla Alpert & Michael Brandon Guercio January 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 25 ) CB214 5.68 Ethan and Mario are asked to attend to two injured construction workers who are trapped on a crane platform 40 stories in the air . Meanwhile , the Angels ' staff tends to victims and perpetrators of a school prank gone horribly wrong . 33 15 `` The Devil 's Workshop '' David Von Ancken Corey Evett & Matthew Partney February 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 01 ) CB215 6.80 The ER is quarantined when a viral outbreak jeopardizes the lives of the doctors and patients ; a young girl whom Leanne bonded with a year ago when she lost her father returns to Angels Memorial . 34 16 `` Fallen Angels '' Michael Seitzman Jessica Ball & Julian Meiojas February 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 08 ) CB216 6.07 The doctors and the Center for Disease Control try to find an antidote to the deadly virus ; Leanne makes a life - changing decision ; Jesse welcomes a new batch of residents . Season 3 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 35 `` Third Year '' Rob Bowman Michael Seitzman April 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 25 ) CB301 5.64 Ethan rides along with Rox to help victims in a still - active police raid on a drug house . Victims later brought to the hospital include a nine - year - old with a bullet wound whose drug - addicted uncle brought her to the house , plus several officers who were exposed to fentanyl . Later , new intern Pepper is exposed to fentanyl at the hospital . Meanwhile , Dr. Campbell has Angus assist on a surgery , leading him to offer Angus a surgical residency position . Also , Mario has difficulty getting over his personal feelings for Noa when the two disagree on a diagnosis . 36 `` Better Angels '' P.J. Pesce David Marshall Grant May 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 02 ) CB302 5.17 A patient appears to be psychic , but Mario insists her visions are due to a brain tumor that needs to be removed . Noa empathizes with a 39 - year - old ballet dancer who is in for surgery , knowing that the clock is ticking on his career . Meanwhile , Ethan performs a daring underwater rescue of a young woman from a submerged vehicle , earning him the ire of Rox . It is revealed that the passenger who escaped from the car is a Congressman and the young woman is his intern with whom he was having an affair . When the woman revives , she says the Congressman left her behind to die . 37 `` La Familia '' Michael Schultz Barbie Kligman May 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 09 ) CB303 5.03 Jesse 's brother Jose is taken to Angels after an accident . Although the team is able to save him from his injuries , they discover he has congestive heart failure and wo n't live for long . Mario and Noa treat an engaged couple who are both badly injured from a fight that took place at a baseball game . Leanne tries to define her relationship with Ariel , while Ethan opens up to Rox about his brother when she finds a memorial flag in his home . 38 `` The Same as Air '' Diana Valentine Corey Evett & Matthew Partney May 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 16 ) CB304 5.95 Elliot doubts his ability as a doctor when he 's sued for his role in the death of a SWAT officer . Also , Willis and Rox arrive at a road rage accident resulting in multiple serious injuries , and Leanne discovers Ariel on an ice cream `` date '' with Max , a young patient at the hospital . 39 5 `` Cabin Pressure '' Randy Zisk Mike Weiss May 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 30 ) CB305 6.38 40 6 `` Hell 's Heart '' Larry Shaw Eduardo Javier Canto & Ryan Maldonado May 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 30 ) CB306 6.28 41 7 `` Step Up '' Ed Ornelas Jessica Ball June 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 06 ) CB307 5.67 42 8 `` Home Stays Home '' Lin Oeding Rebecca Cutter June 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 13 ) CB308 6.18 43 9 `` Only Human '' Doug Hannah David Marshall Grant June 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 20 ) CB309 5.70 44 10 `` Change of Heart '' Jennifer Lynch Barbie Kligman June 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 27 ) CB310 5.74 45 11 `` One of Our Own '' Nicole Rubio Corey Evett & Matthew Partney July 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 04 ) CB311 4.80 46 12 `` As Night Comes and I 'm Breathing '' Thomas J. Wright Jessica Ball July 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 11 ) CB312 5.72 47 13 `` The Business of Saving Lives '' Rob Bowman Mike Weiss July 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 18 ) TBA 5.37 Ratings ( edit ) Code Black : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Season Episode number Average 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 8.58 6.83 6.96 7.13 5.96 6.44 6.90 6.59 7.45 8.50 8.38 6.66 7.29 7.49 6.90 7.11 6.11 6.91 7.11 6.37 5.87 5.99 5.67 4.45 6.03 5.68 6.18 5.92 6.75 5.98 5.98 6.33 5.68 6.80 6.07 N / A 5.98 5.67 5.17 5.03 5.95 6.38 6.28 5.67 6.18 5.70 5.74 4.80 5.72 5.37 N / A 5.66 Audience measurement performed by Nielsen Media Research . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 16 , 2016 ) . `` CBS Renews Code Black , Odd Couple and 2 Other Bubble Shows '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ; O'Connell , Michael ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` CBS 's ' Code Black ' Renewed for Third Season '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Dani ( October 1 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' , ' Survivor ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Rosewood ' Adjusted Up ; ' Nashville ' & ' Code Black ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 8 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire , ' ' SVU ' and others adjusted up , ' Arrow ' holds , ' Nashville ' adjusted down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 15 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire , ' ' Modern Family ' and ' Arrow ' adjusted up , ' Nashville ' adjusted down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 30 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Rosewood ' adjusted up , ' Empire ' and everything else hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Supernatural ' adjusts down , ' The Middle ' and ' The Goldbergs ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 5 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Arrow ' adjusts up , ' Criminal Minds ' rises but still at series low '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Blackish ' and ' Code Black ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 19 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Arrow , ' ' Rosewood , ' ' Survivor ' and ' The Middle ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire ' adjusts up , ' Code Black ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 3 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Arrow , ' ' Empire ' and ' Criminal Minds ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 10 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Criminal Minds , ' ' Modern Family ' and all other originals hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Modern Family ' lead week 17 , ' Shades of Blue ' doubles '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Mike & Molly ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Lucifer ' premiere shows solid growth in week 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 4 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' 2 Broke Girls ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 11 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' American Idol ' adjusts up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' The Blacklist ' and ' The Big Bang Theory ' lead week 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' has biggest week 23 gain , ' Jane the Virgin ' and 3 others double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire , ' ' Lethal Weapon , ' ' Criminal Minds , ' ' SVU ' & ' Blindspot ' all adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Survivor , ' ' SVU , ' ' Chicago PD ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' The Goldbergs ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Survivor , ' ' SVU , ' ABC comedies adjust up , ' Designated Survivor ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Survivor ' adjusts up , CMAs hold vs. World Series : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Black - ish ' adjusts down , others hold : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Goldbergs ' and ' Speechless ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' Charlie Brown Thanksgiving , ' FOX reruns adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' Empire ' adjusts up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Elf : Buddy 's Musical Christmas ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lethal Weapon , ' ' Modern Family ' and ' Criminal Minds ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Speechless ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' SVU ' and ' Modern Family ' reruns adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' rerun adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Goldbergs , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Blindspot ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Empire ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' adjusts down to series low : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Blacklist ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Survivor ' and ' The Blacklist ' finale adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' Masterchef ' premiere adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 7 , 2018 ) . `` NBA Finals and ' American Ninja Warrior ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' Shark Tank ' rerun adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Masterchef ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' Masterchef ' and ' Reverie ' adjust up , ' The Originals ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Brother , ' ' Code Black ' and NBC 's fireworks hold : Wednesday final ratings '' . Retrieved July 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( July 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Originals ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( July 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' The ESPY Awards ' stay low , all shows hold : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved July 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ For the first season , see `` Code Black : Season One Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . February 25 , 2016 . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . For the second season , see `` Code Black : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . May 14 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . For the third season , see `` Code Black : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . May 17 , 2018 . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of Code Black episodes on IMDb Code Black at TV.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Code_Black_episodes&oldid=856647038 '' Categories : Lists of American drama television series episodes Lists of medical television series episodes Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline TV.com template with ID not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Polski 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2018 , at 18 : 14 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Code%20Black%20episodes
| 2,117 |
||
the inventory account is a controlling account for the inventory subsidiary
|
Controlling account
|
controlling account
|
In accounting , the controlling account ( also known as an adjustment or control account ) is an account in the general ledger for which a corresponding subsidiary ledger has been created . The subsidiary ledger allows for tracking transactions within the controlling account in more detail . Individual transactions are posted both to the controlling account and the corresponding subsidiary ledger , and the totals for both are compared when preparing a trial balance to ensure accuracy .
|
For example , `` accounts receivable '' is the controlling account for the accounts receivable subsidiary ledger . In this subsidiary ledger , each credit customer has his own account with its own balance . Thus , while the `` accounts receivable balance '' can report how much the company is owed , the accounts receivable subsidiary ledger can report how much is owed from each credit customer . Other examples of controlling accounts and their subsidiary ledgers include `` accounts payable '' ( accounts payable subsidiary ledger ) and `` equipment '' ( equipment subsidiary ledger ) . In common use , control accounts refer to those that would , under ideal circumstances , balance to zero . For example , an inventory control account will hold the balance amount between a stock account updated by stock transactions on the balance sheet and the value of stock on hand multiplied by its unit cost . Ideally these would be the same value but rarely are . Reasons for discrepancies include stock losses and gains yet to be `` journaled '' and the control account measures the differences and provides financial visibility and control of the value of those . If the discrepancy is significant , then actions such as stock counts can be triggered in order to validate stock and correct the balance sheet and clear the control account . Other examples would be the `` goods received not invoiced '' account . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ control account definition in Financial Times lexicon Jump up ^ Jones , Jefferson ; Nikolai , Loren A. ; Bazley , John D. ( 2009 ) . Intermediate Accounting . ( Cincinnati , Ohio ) : South - Western College Pub . p. 102 . ISBN 0 - 324 - 65913 - X . . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Controlling_account&oldid=810459848 '' Categories : Accounting journals and ledgers Talk About Wikipedia Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 November 2017 , at 11 : 18 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlling%20account
| 2,118 |
||
how much is a usa visa from australia
|
Visa requirements for Chilean citizens
|
visa requirements for chilean citizens
|
Visa requirements for Chilean citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Chile . As of 1 January 2017 , Chilean citizens had visa - free or visa on arrival access to 157 countries and territories , ranking the Chilean passport 17th in terms of travel freedom according to the Henley visa restrictions index . Notably , the regular passports of Chile , Israel , South Korea and Hong Kong are the only ones to provide visa - free access to all of Europe , and the passports of Chile and South Korea are the only ones to allow visa - free access to all G8 countries . ( Citizens of Israel and Hong Kong require visas for the United States ) In addition , citizens of Chile do not need a passport when traveling to Argentina , Bolivia , Brazil , Colombia , Ecuador , Paraguay , Peru , Uruguay and Venezuela . For these countries , they may use just their domestic identification cards called Cédula de Identidad .
|
Contents 1 Visa requirements map 2 Visa requirements 3 Territories 4 APEC Business Travel Card 5 See also 6 References Visa requirements map ( edit ) Visa requirements for Chilean citizens Chile ID card travel Visa free access Visa on arrival eVisa Visa available both on arrival or online Visa required Visa requirements ( edit ) Visa requirements for holders of normal passports traveling for tourist purposes : Country Visa requirement Notes ( excluding departure fees ) Afghanistan Visa required Albania Visa not required 90 days Algeria Visa required Andorra Visa not required Angola Visa required Antigua and Barbuda Visa not required 1 month Argentina Visa not required 90 days ; ID card valid Armenia eVisa / Visa on arrival 120 days . Obtainable on arrival at Zvartnots International Airport or prior to travel online . Australia Visa required May apply online ( Online Visitor e600 visa ) . Transit visa is not required . Austria Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Azerbaijan eVisa 30 days Bahamas Visa not required 3 months Bahrain eVisa / Visa on arrival 14 days . Visa is also obtainable online . Bangladesh Visa on arrival 30 days . Not available at all entry points . Barbados Visa not required 6 months Belarus Visa not required 5 days , must arrive via Minsk International Airport ; Visas are issued on arrival at the Minsk International Airport if the support documents were submitted not later than 3 business days before expected date of arrival . Belgium Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Belize Visa not required 90 days Benin Visa required Bhutan Visa required Bolivia Visa not required 90 days ; ID card valid Bosnia and Herzegovina Visa not required 90 days within any 6 month period Botswana Visa not required 90 days within any year period Brazil Visa not required 90 days ; ID card valid Brunei Visa required Bulgaria Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period Burkina Faso Visa required Burundi Visa required Cambodia eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days . Visa is also obtainable online . Cameroon Visa required Canada Visa not required 6 months ; eTA required if arriving by air . Cape Verde Visa on arrival Not available at all entry points . Central African Republic Visa required Chad Visa required China Visa required 72 - hours visa free visit when in transit at Beijing , Changsha , Chengdu , Chongqing , Dalian , Guangzhou , Guilin , Harbin , Kunming , Qingdao , Shenyang , Tianjin , Wuhan , Xi'an and Xiamen . 144 - hours visa free visit when in transit at Hangzhou , Nanjing and Shanghai 's Hongqiao and Pudong international airports , Railway Station and port . Colombia Visa not required 90 days ; ID card valid Comoros Visa on arrival Republic of the Congo Visa required Democratic Republic of the Congo Visa required Costa Rica Visa not required 90 days Cote d'Ivoire ! Côte d'Ivoire Visa required Croatia Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period Cuba Visa required ! Tourist Card required Cyprus Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period Czech Republic Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Denmark Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period regardless of previous time spent in other Schengen countries ( except the other Nordic countries ) Djibouti Visa on arrival Not available at all entry points . Dominica Visa not required 21 days Dominican Republic Visa not required 90 days Ecuador Visa not required 90 days ; ID card valid Egypt Visa on arrival 30 days El Salvador Visa not required 3 months Equatorial Guinea Visa required Eritrea Visa required Estonia Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Ethiopia Visa required Fiji Visa not required 4 months Finland Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area France and territories Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area ( in Regions of France ) Gabon eVisa Electronic visa holders must arrive via Libreville International Airport . Gambia Visa required Georgia Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period Germany Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Ghana Visa required Greece Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Grenada Visa not required Guatemala Visa not required 90 days Guinea Visa required Guinea - Bissau eVisa / Visa on arrival 90 days Guyana Visa not required 90 days Haiti Visa not required 3 months Honduras Visa not required 3 months Hungary Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Iceland Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area India e-Visa 60 days ; e-Visa holders must arrive via 24 designated airports or 3 designated seaports . Indonesia Visa not required 30 days Iran Visa on arrival 15 days Iraq Visa required Ireland Visa not required 3 months Israel Visa not required 3 months Italy Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Jamaica Visa not required 30 days Japan Visa not required 90 days Jordan Visa on arrival Conditions apply . Not available at all entry points . Kazakhstan Visa not required 30 days Kenya eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months Kiribati Visa required North Korea Visa required South Korea Visa not required 90 days Kuwait Visa required Kyrgyzstan eVisa / Visa on arrival 1 month . Available at Manas International Airport . Laos Visa on arrival 30 days . Not available at all entry points . Latvia Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Lebanon Visa on arrival 1 month extendable for 2 additional months ; granted free of charge at Beirut International Airport or any other port of entry if there is no Israeli visa or seal , holding a telephone number , an address in Lebanon , and a non refundable return or circle trip ticket . Lesotho eVisa Liberia Visa required Libya Visa required Liechtenstein Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Lithuania Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Luxembourg Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Macedonia Visa not required 90 days within 180 days Madagascar Visa on arrival 90 days Malawi Visa on arrival Malaysia Visa not required 1 month Maldives Visa on arrival 30 days Mali Visa required Malta Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Marshall Islands Visa on arrival 90 days Mauritania Visa on arrival Available at Nouakchott -- Oumtounsy International Airport . Mauritius Visa not required 90 days Mexico Visa not required 180 days Micronesia Visa not required 30 days Moldova Visa not required 90 days Monaco Visa not required Mongolia Visa required Montenegro Visa not required 90 days Morocco Visa not required 3 months Mozambique Visa on arrival 30 days , conditions apply Myanmar eVisa 28 days , eVisa holders must arrive via Yangon International Airport . Namibia Visa required Nauru Visa required Nepal Visa on arrival 90 days Netherlands Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area ( European Netherlands ) New Zealand Visa not required 3 months Nicaragua Visa not required 90 days Niger Visa required Nigeria Visa required Norway Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Oman eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days Pakistan Visa required Visa on arrival when travelling on business valid for 30 days . Conditions apply . Palau Visa on arrival 30 days Panama Visa not required 180 days Papua New Guinea Visa on arrival 60 days Paraguay Visa not required 90 days ; ID card valid Peru Visa not required up to 183 days ; ID card valid Philippines Visa not required 30 days Poland Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Portugal Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Qatar eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days , available at Hamad International Airport . eVisa is also available . Romania Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period Russia Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period Rwanda Visa required Saint Kitts and Nevis Visa not required 3 months Saint Lucia Visa not required 6 weeks Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Visa not required 1 month Samoa Visa on arrival ! Entry Permit on arrival 60 days San Marino Visa not required São Tomé and Príncipe Visa required Visa is obtained online . Saudi Arabia Visa required Senegal Visa required Serbia Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period Seychelles Visa on arrival ! Visitor 's Permit on arrival 3 months Sierra Leone Visa required Singapore Visa not required 30 days Slovakia Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Slovenia Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Solomon Islands Visa on arrival ! Visitor 's permit on arrival 3 months Somalia Visa required Visa may be obtained on arrival , provided an invitation letter by the sponsor had been submitted to the authorities before arrival . South Africa Visa not required 90 days South Sudan Visa required Spain Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Sri Lanka eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days Sudan Visa required Suriname Visa on arrival Swaziland Visa not required 30 days Sweden Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Switzerland Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Syria Visa required Tajikistan Visa on arrival 45 days at Dushanbe International Airport . Visa also available online . E-visa holders can enter through all border points . Tanzania Visa on arrival Thailand Visa not required 3 months Timor - Leste Visa on arrival 30 days . Not available at all entry points . Togo Visa on arrival 7 days Tonga Visa required Trinidad and Tobago Visa not required 90 days Tunisia Visa not required 90 days Turkey Visa not required 3 months Turkmenistan Visa required Tuvalu Visa on arrival 1 month Uganda eVisa / Visa on arrival Determined at the port of entry . May apply online . Ukraine Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period United Arab Emirates Visa required United Kingdom Visa not required 6 months United States Visa not required ! Visa Waiver Program 90 days on arrival from overseas ; ESTA ( valid for 2 years when issued ) required if arriving by air or cruise ship . Biometric passport holders only . Uruguay Visa not required 3 months ; ID card valid Uzbekistan Visa required Vanuatu Visa not required 30 days Vatican City Visa not required Venezuela Visa not required 90 days ; ID card valid Vietnam Visa not required 90 days Yemen Visa required Zambia eVisa / Visa on arrival up to 90 days Zimbabwe Visa required Territories ( edit ) Visa requirements for Chilean citizens for visits to various territories , disputed areas , partially recognized countries and restricted zones : Africa Visitor to Visa requirement Notes ( excluding departure fees ) British Indian Ocean Territory Special permit required Special permit required . Eritrea outside Asmara Travel permit required To travel in the rest of the country , a Travel Permit for Foreigners is required ( 20 Eritrean nakfa ) . Ascension Island Entry Permit required Entry Permit must be obtained minimum 28 days in advance ( 3 months for 20 / 30 pounds sterling , single / double entry ) . Saint Helena Visitor 's Pass required Visitor 's Pass granted on arrival valid for 4 / 10 / 21 / 60 / 90 days for 12 / 14 / 16 / 20 / 25 pound sterling . Tristan da Cunha Permission required Permission to land required for 15 / 30 pounds sterling ( yacht / ship passenger ) for Tristan da Cunha Island or 20 pounds sterling for Gough Island , Inaccessible Island or Nightingale Islands . Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Undefined visa regime in the Western Sahara controlled territory . Somaliland Visa on arrival 30 days for 30 US dollars , payable on arrival . Sudan Travel permit required All foreigners traveling more than 25 kilometers outside of Khartoum must obtain a travel permit . Darfur Travel permit required Separate travel permit is required . Asia Visitor to Visa requirement Notes ( excluding departure fees ) Hong Kong Visa not required 3 months India PAP / RAP PAP / RAP required Protected Area Permit ( PAP ) required for whole states of Nagaland and Sikkim and parts of states Manipur , Arunachal Pradesh , Uttaranchal , Jammu and Kashmir , Rajasthan , Himachal Pradesh . Restricted Area Permit ( RAP ) required for all of Andaman and Nicobar Islands and parts of Sikkim . Some of these requirements are occasionally lifted for a year . Kazakhstan Special permission required Special permission required for the town of Baikonur and surrounding areas in Kyzylorda Oblast , and the town of Gvardeyskiy near Almaty . Kish Island Visa not required Visitors to Kish Island do not require a visa . Macao Visa not required 30 days Sabah and Sarawak Visa not required These states have their own immigration authorities and passport is required to travel to them , however the same visa applies . Maldives Permission required With the exception of the capital Malé , tourists are generally prohibited from visiting non-resort islands without the express permission of the Government of Maldives . North Korea outside Pyongyang Special permit required People are not allowed to leave the capital city , tourists can only leave the capital with a governmental tourist guide ( no independent moving ) Palestine Visa not required Arrival by sea to Gaza Strip not allowed . Taiwan Visa not required 90 days Gorno - Badakhshan Autonomous Province OIVR permit required OIVR permit required ( 15 + 5 Tajikistani Somoni ) and another special permit ( free of charge ) is required for Lake Sarez . Tibet Autonomous Region TTP required Tibet Travel Permit required ( 10 US Dollars ) . Korean Demilitarized Zone Restricted zone . UNDOF Zone and Ghajar Restricted zone . Phú Quốc Visa not required 30 days Yemen Special permission required Special permission needed for travel outside Sana'a or Aden . Caribbean and North Atlantic Visitor to Visa requirement Notes ( excluding departure fees ) Anguilla Visa not required 3 months Aruba Visa not required 30 days , extendable to 180 days Bermuda Visa not required Up to 6 months , decided on arrival . Bonaire , St. Eustatius and Saba Visa not required 3 months British Virgin Islands Visa not required 30 days , extensions possible Cayman Islands Visa not required 6 months Curacao Visa not required 3 months French Guiana Visa not required 3 months French West Indies Visa not required 3 months ( French West Indies refers to Martinique , Guadeloupe , Saint Martin and Saint Barthélemy ) Greenland Visa not required Margarita Island Visa not required All visitors are fingerprinted . Montserrat Visa not required 6 months Puerto Rico Visa not required Under the Visa Waiver Program , for 90 days on arrival from overseas for 2 years . ESTA and a biometric passport required . Sint Maarten Visa not required 3 months Turks and Caicos Islands Visa not required 90 days U.S. Virgin Islands Visa not required Under the Visa Waiver Program , for 90 days on arrival from overseas for 2 years . ESTA and a biometric passport required . Europe Visitor to Visa requirement Notes ( excluding departure fees ) Abkhazia Visa required Mount Athos Special permit required Special permit required ( 4 days : 25 euro for Orthodox visitors , 35 euro for non-Orthodox visitors , 18 euro for students ) . There is a visitors ' quota : maximum 100 Orthodox and 10 non-Orthodox per day and women are not allowed . Crimea Visa not required Territory accessed under Russian visa policy . Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus Visa not required 3 months UN Buffer Zone in Cyprus Access Permit required Access Permit is required for travelling inside the zone , except Civil Use Areas . Faroe Islands Visa not required Gibraltar Visa not required Guernsey Visa not required Isle of Man Visa not required Jan Mayen Permit required Permit issued by the local police required for staying for less than 24 hours and permit issued by the Norwegian police for staying for more than 24 hours . Jersey Visa not required Kosovo Visa not required 90 days Nagorno - Karabakh Republic Visa required Travellers with Nagorno - Karabakh visa ( expired or valid ) or evidence of travel to Nagorno - Karabakh ( stamps ) will be permanently denied entry to Azerbaijan . Russia Special authorization required Several closed cities and regions in Russia require special authorization . South Ossetia Visa not required Multiple entry visa to Russia and three - day prior notification are required to enter South Ossetia . Transnistria Visa not required Registration required after 24h . Oceania Visitor to Visa requirement Notes ( excluding departure fees ) American Samoa Entry permit required Entry permit is required . Ashmore and Cartier Islands Special authorisation required Special authorisation required . Clipperton Island Special permit required Special permit required . Cook Islands Visa not required 31 days Guam Visa not required Under the Visa Waiver Program , for 90 days on arrival from overseas for 2 years . ESTA and a biometric passport required . Lau Province Special permission required Special permission required . French Polynesia Visa not required 90 days within 180 days Niue Visa on arrival 30 days Northern Mariana Islands Visa not required Visa not required under the Visa Waiver Program , for 90 days on arrival from overseas for 2 years . ESTA and a biometric passport required . Pitcairn Islands Visa not required 14 days visa free and landing fee 35 USD or tax of 5 USD if not going ashore . United States Minor Outlying Islands Special permits required Special permits required for Baker Island , Howland Island , Jarvis Island , Johnston Atoll , Kingman Reef , Midway Atoll , Palmyra Atoll and Wake Island . South America Visitor to Visa requirement Notes ( excluding departure fees ) Galápagos Pre-registration required Online pre-registration is required . Transit Control Card must also be obtained at the airport prior to departure . South Atlantic and Antarctica Visitor to Visa requirement Notes ( excluding departure fees ) Falkland Islands Visa not required Visa is not required . South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Permit required Pre-arrival permit from the Commissioner required ( 72 hours / 1 month for 110 / 160 pounds sterling ) . Antarctica Special permits required for British Antarctic Territory , French Southern and Antarctic Lands , Argentine Antarctica , Australian Antarctic Territory , Heard Island and McDonald Islands , Peter I Island , Queen Maud Land , Ross Dependency . APEC business travel card ( edit ) Full members of the scheme Transitional members ( United States , Canada ) Holders of an APEC Business Travel Card ( ABTC ) travelling on business do not require a visa to the following countries : Australia Brunei China Hong Kong Indonesia Japan South Korea Malaysia Mexico New Zealand Papua New Guinea Peru Philippines Russia Singapore Taiwan Thailand Vietnam The card must be used in conjunction with a passport and has the following advantages : no need to apply for a visa or entry permit to APEC countries , as the card is treated as such ( except by Canada and United States ) undertake legitimate business in participating economies expedited border crossing in all member economies , including transitional members expedited scheduling of visa interview ( United States ) See also ( edit ) Chile portal Visa policy of Chile Chilean passport References ( edit ) ^ `` Global Ranking - Visa Restriction Index 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Henley & Partners . Retrieved 14 March 2017 . ^ ( 1 ) ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ e-Visa - Republic of Armenia Electronic Visa System ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Visitor e600 Visa Online Applications '' . Department of Immigration and Border Protection . Retrieved 31 August 2015 . ^ Do I need a visa to transit through Australia ? ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ Electronic Visa System of Azerbaijan Republic ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ ( 2 ) ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ Available at Shahjalal International Airport , Shah Amanat International Airport and Osmani International Airport only . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ http://www.mfa.gov.by/en/visa/airport/ ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 9 October 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ http://evisa.mfaic.gov.kh ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 2 April 2015 . ^ canada.ca/eTA ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ Obtainable at Nelson Mandela International Airport , Cesária Évora Airport , Amílcar Cabral International Airport and Aristides Pereira International Airport . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ Obtainable at Djibouti -- Ambouli International Airport . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ Extendable length of stay . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ Gabon e-Visa ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ ( 3 ) ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ Indian e-Visa ^ e-Visa ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Visa Information '' . Timatic . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ Visa on arrival obtainable at most international ports of entry and at most international land border crossings ( except King Hussein / Allenby Bridge crossing ) . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ Republic of Kenya - eCitizen portal ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ Available at international airports Wattay Vientiane , Pakse Savannakhet and Luang Prabang , and at land borders Friendship Bridge , Vientiane and Savannakhet ; Nam Heuang Friendship Bridge , Sayabouly Province ; and border crossings at Boten - Mohan , Dansavan - Lao Bao , Houaysay - Chiang Khong , Thakhek - Nakhon Phanom , Nong Haet - Nam Kan , Nam Phao - Kao Cheo , Veun Kham - Dong Calor , and Vangtao - Chong Mek as well as Tha Naleng train station in Vientiane , which connects to the train station in Nongkhai , Thailand . Entry points Napao - Chalo , Taichang - Sophoun , Pakxan - Bungkan , and Xiengkok are open only to visa holders . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ eVisa Lesotho ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 5 October 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ http://www.mfa.gov.md/entry-visas-moldova/citizens-additional-checks/#link ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Visa Information '' . Timatic . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ ( 4 ) ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ Business Visa . Ministry of Interior of Pakistan ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ http://www.smf.st/virtualvisa/ ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ https://www.evisa.tj ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ Obtainable at the Presidente Nicolau Lobato International Airport or at the Dili Sea Port . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ Uganda Electronic Visa / Permit Application System ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ ( 5 ) ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ Visa - free travel between Vietnam and Chile ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/travel-advice-by-country/asia-oceania/british-indian-ocean-territory?ta=entryRequirements&pg=4 ^ http://www.eritrea.be/MoT.htm ^ http://www.ascension-island.gov.ac/services/entry-permits/ ^ http://www.sthelenatourism.com/the-island/useful-info/ ^ http://www.tristandc.com/visitsadmin.php ^ http://www.lonelyplanet.com/somaliland-puntland-and-somalia/practical-information/visas ^ http://www.somalilandgov.com/Visa%20Application.htm ^ `` Republic of South Sudan Country Specific Information '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 19 November 2013 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ ( 6 ) ^ http://as.and.nic.in/TourismAND/TCorner/ForeignersNew.htm ^ http://arunachaltourism.com/entry_formalities.php ^ http://manipurbhawan.nic.in/entryformalities.htm ^ http://manipurhub.com/news/manipur/protected-area-permit-requirement-lifted-from-manipur-for-one-year/ ^ http://lakshadweeptourism.nic.in/web9.htm ^ `` Kazakhstan Country Specific Information '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . ^ `` Iran Country Specific Information '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Malaysia Country Specific Information '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . ^ `` Maldives Country Specific Information '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Israel Country Specific Information '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 1 January 2016 . ^ http://www.pamirs.org/visas.htm ^ http://www.traveltajikistan.com/visas/gbao.html ^ http://tajiktourism.com/tajikistan-visa/ ^ http://www.xzta.gov.cn/yww/Essential/Notice/4719.shtml ^ http://www.tibettravel.org/tibet-travel-permit/tibet-permits.html ^ http://www.tibettravelplanner.com/travel_permit.htm ^ http://www.vietseatourist.vn/News/category1/news-57/No-visa-required-for-tourists-to-Phu-Quoc-on-short-stay.html ^ `` Yemen Country Specific Information '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 19 November 2013 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Aruba Country Specific Information '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 19 November 2013 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Bonaire , St. Eustatius , and Saba ( BES ) Country Specific Information '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 19 November 2013 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ ( 7 ) ^ `` Vietnam Country Specific Information '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 19 November 2013 . ^ ( 8 ) ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Sint Maarten Country Specific Information '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 19 November 2013 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ http://mfaapsny.org/aps/council/visa.php ^ http://www.athosfriends.org/PilgrimsGuide/planning/ ^ http://www.mountathosinfos.gr/pages/agionoros/pilgrims_info.en.html ^ Foreigners Now Need Russian Visa to Visit Crimea ^ http://www.korinia.com/living-north-cyprus.php ^ http://www.cypnet.co.uk/ncyprus/tourism/tourist.html ^ http://www.unficyp.org/nqcontent.cfm?a_id=1608&tt=graphic&lang=l1 ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ Do I require an entry clearance / VISA ^ An overview of Immigration in the Isle of Man ^ http://www.jan-mayen.no/visit.htm ^ http://www.lovdata.no/for/sf/jd/xd-19620601-0001.html ^ Visa and passport requirements for visitors ^ http://www.mfa-ks.net/?page=2,158 ^ http://www.nkr.am/en/the-procedure-of-foreign-citizens-entry-to-the-nkr/92/ ^ http://www.nkrusa.org/nkr_office/visa_travel.shtml ^ http://mfa.gov.az/index.php?options=content&id=587 ^ `` Russian Federation Country Specific Information '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . ^ http://mfa-rso.su/node/55 ^ http://mfa-rso.su/en/node/406 ^ http://www.luxlana.net/Transdniestr.html ^ http://transnistria-tour.com/en/rules-and-tipps ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ http://www.environment.gov.au/coasts/mpa/ashmore/activities.html ^ http://www.clipperton.fr/incagen.html?geopolitique.htm~main ^ http://www.cook-islands.gov.ck/faq.php ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Fiji Country Specific Information '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ http://www.niueisland.com/getting-niue ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ http://www.visitpitcairn.pn/visitpitcairn/visaslegalinfo/touristinfo/index.html ^ http://www.government.pn/visaInfo.php ^ http://www.government.pn/immigration%20ordinance.pdf ^ http://www.fws.gov/bakerisland/visit.html ^ http://www.fws.gov/howlandisland/visit.html ^ http://www.fws.gov/jarvisisland/ ^ http://www.fws.gov/johnstonisland/visit.html ^ http://www.fws.gov/kingmanreef/visit.html ^ http://www.fws.gov/midway/visit.html ^ http://www.fws.gov/palmyraatoll/visit.html ^ Sistema de Calificación y Control de Residencia - Consejo de Gobierno de Galápagos ^ http://www.falklandislands.com/product.php/35/17/entry_and_exit_requirements/abce58e896311945651c12e01c7562dc ^ http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/travel-advice-by-country/south-america/south-georgia-south-sandwich#entryRequirements ^ http://www.sgisland.gs/index.php/(v)Information_for_Visitors_to_South_Georgia?useskin=vis ^ http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/about_antarctica/tourism/index.php ^ http://www.fco.gov.uk/content/en/travel-advice/north-central-south-america/12940285/fco_trv_ca_britishantarcticterr?ta=travelSummary&pg=1 ^ http://britishantarcticterritory.fco.gov.uk/en/tourism/ ^ http://www.taaf.fr/Acces-a-l-Antarctique ^ http://www.taaf.fr/Acces-aux-iles-australes ^ http://www.taaf.fr/Acces-aux-iles-Eparses ^ http://www.dna.gov.ar/DIVULGAC/INDEX.HTM ^ http://www.antarctica.gov.au/living-and-working/predeparture/expeditioner-engagement-information ^ http://www.heardisland.aq/about/frequently-asked-questions#visit_heard_island ^ http://www.npolar.no/en/antarctica/peter-I-oy.html ^ http://www.npolar.no/en/antarctica/dronning-maud-land.html ^ http://www.mfat.govt.nz/Foreign-Relations/Antarctica/3-New-Zealand-Procedures-for-Visitors-to-Antarctica/index.php ^ APEC Business Travel Card ^ APEC Business Travel Card Visa policy by country Visa Passport Travel document Africa Central Angola Cameroon Central African Republic Chad DR Congo R Congo Equatorial Guinea Gabon São Tomé and Príncipe Eastern Burundi Comoros Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Rwanda Seychelles Somalia ( Somaliland ) South Sudan Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Northern Algeria Egypt Libya Morocco Sudan Tunisia Southern Botswana Lesotho Namibia Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha South Africa Swaziland Western Benin Burkina Faso Cape Verde Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast Liberia Mali Mauritania Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo Americas Caribbean Dutch Caribbean ( Aruba , Caribbean Netherlands , Curaçao , Sint Maarten ) Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Grenada Haiti Jamaica Montserrat Puerto Rico St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands Central Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama North Bermuda Canada Mexico United States South Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Falkland Islands Guyana Paraguay Peru South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Asia Central & North Afghanistan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan East China Hong Kong Macau Japan North Korea South Korea Mongolia Taiwan ( Republic of China ) South Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Southeast Brunei Cambodia East Timor Indonesia Laos Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam Western Abkhazia Akrotiri and Dhekelia Armenia Artsakh Azerbaijan Bahrain Cyprus Egypt Georgia Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Northern Cyprus Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia South Ossetia Syria Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen Europe European Union / EFTA Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Cyprus Denmark Faroe Islands Estonia Finland France Overseas Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Overseas Norway Svalbard Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom Overseas Other Europe Abkhazia Akrotiri and Dhekelia Albania Andorra Armenia Artsakh Azerbaijan Belarus Bosnia and Herzegovina Georgia Kazakhstan Kosovo Macedonia Moldova Monaco Montenegro Northern Cyprus Russia San Marino Serbia South Ossetia Transnistria Turkey Ukraine Vatican City Oceania American Samoa Australia Cook Islands Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Niue Northern Mariana Islands Palau Papua New Guinea Pitcairn Islands Samoa Solomon Islands Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu British Overseas Territories . Open border with Schengen Area . Russia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia . The majority of its population ( 80 % ) lives in European Russia , therefore Russia as a whole is included as a European country here . Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe . Has part of its territory ( 3 % ) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace . Azerbaijan ( Artsakh ) and Georgia ( Abkhazia ; South Ossetia ) are transcontinental countries . Both have part of their territories in the European part of the Caucasus . Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country . Has part of its territories located west of the Urals in Eastern Europe . Armenia and Cyprus ( Northern Cyprus ; Akrotiri and Dhekelia ) are entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio - political connections with Europe . Egypt is a transcontinental country in North Africa and the Middle East . Has part of its territory in the Middle East called Sinai Peninsula . Part of the Realm of New Zealand . Partially recognized . Unincorporated territory of the United States . Part of Norway , not part of the Schengen Area , special open - border status under Svalbard Treaty Visa requirements Visa Passport Travel document Africa Central Angolan Cameroonian Central African Republic Chadian DR Congo R Congo Equatorial Guinean Gabonese Santomean Eastern Burundian Comorian Djiboutian Eritrean Ethiopian Kenyan Malagasy Malawian Mauritian Mozambican Rwandan Seychellois Somali ( Somaliland ) South Sudanese Tanzanian Ugandan Zambian Zimbabwean Northern Algerian Egyptian Libyan Moroccan Sudanese Tunisian Southern Botswana Lesotho Namibian Saint Helena South African Swazi Western Beninese Burkinabe Cape Verdean Gambian Ghanaian Guinean Guinea - Bissauan Ivorian Liberian Malian Mauritanian Nigerian Nigerien Senegalese Sierra Leonean Togolese Americas Caribbean Anguillan Antigua and Barbuda Bahamian Barbadian British Virgin Islands Caymanian Cuban Dominica Dominican Republic Grenadian Haitian Jamaican Montserratian Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucian Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands Central Belizean Costa Rican El Salvador Guatemalan Honduran Nicaraguan Panamanian North Bermudian Canadian Mexican United States South Argentine Bolivian Brazilian Chilean Colombian Ecuadorian Guyanese Paraguayan Peruvian Surinamese Uruguayan Venezuelan Asia Central & North Afghanistani Kazakhstani Kyrgyzstani Russian Tajik Turkmen Uzbekistani East Chinese Hong Kongese Macanese Japanese North Korean South Korean Mongolian Taiwanese South Bangladeshi Bhutanese Indian Maldivian Nepalese Pakistani Sri Lankan Southeast Bruneian Cambodian East Timorese Indonesian Laotian Malaysian Myanmar Philippine Singaporean Thai Vietnamese Western Abkhaz Armenian Artsakh Azerbaijani Bahraini Cypriot Egyptian Georgian Emirati Iranian Iraqi Israeli Jordanian Kuwaiti Lebanese Northern Cypriot Omani Palestinian Qatari Saudi South Ossetian Syrian Turkish Yemeni Europe European Union Austrian Belgian British ( BOTC BN ( O ) BOC ) Bulgarian Croatian Cypriot Czech Danish Dutch Estonian ( Non-citizens ) Finnish French German Greek Hungarian Irish Italian Latvian ( Non-citizens ) Lithuanian Luxembourg Maltese Polish Portuguese Romanian Slovak Slovenian Spanish Swedish Other Europe Abkhaz Albanian Andorran Armenian Artsakh Azerbaijani Belarusian Bosnian and Herzegovinian Georgian Gibraltar Icelandic Kazakhstani Kosovan Liechtenstein Macedonia Moldovan Monégasque Montenegrin Northern Cypriot Norwegian Russian San Marino Serbian South Ossetian Sovereign Military Order of Malta Swiss Transnistrian Turkish Ukrainian Vatican City Oceania Australian Fijian Kiribati Marshallese Micronesian Nauruan New Zealand Palauan Papua New Guinean Pitcairn Islands Samoan Solomon Islands Tongan Tuvaluan Vanuatuan British Overseas Territories . Open border with Schengen Area . Russia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia . The vast majority of its population ( 80 % ) lives in European Russia . Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe . Has a small part of its territory ( 3 % ) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace . Azerbaijan and Georgia ( Abkhazia ; South Ossetia ) are transcontinental countries . Both have a small part of their territories in the European part of the Caucasus . Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country . Has a small part of its territories located west of the Urals in Eastern Europe . Armenia ( Artsakh ) and Cyprus ( Northern Cyprus ) are entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio - political connections with Europe . Egypt is a transcontinental country in North Africa and the Middle East . Has a small part of its territory in the Middle East called Sinai peninsula . Partially recognized . Immigration law Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Visa_requirements_for_Chilean_citizens&oldid=807430914 '' Categories : Visa requirements by nationality Foreign relations of Chile Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 22 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visa%20requirements%20for%20Chilean%20citizens
| 2,119 |
||
rupaul's drag race all stars season 3 episode 7 vh1
|
RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars ( season 3 )
|
rupaul's drag race all stars ( season 3 )
|
The third season of RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars began airing on January 25 , 2018 . The season was announced in August 2017 , and 9 of the 10 cast members were revealed during a VH1 television special titled `` Exclusive Queen Ruveal , '' which aired on October 20 , 2017 . This season featured ten All Star contestants , selected from the show 's first season through to its ninth season , who competed to be inducted into the `` Drag Race Hall of Fame '' .
|
As in the previous season , the top two queens in the challenge compete in a `` Lip Sync for Your Legacy , '' with the winner of the lip sync earning $10,000 and choosing which of the bottom queens gets eliminated . A new twist on how the top queens of the season were chosen was revealed in the seasons last episode . The previously eliminated queens returned in the finale and voted for the top two out of the remaining top four finalists , from there on the two queens with the most votes advanced and the others were subsequently eliminated . The prizes for the winner of the competition are a one - year supply of Anastasia Beverly Hills cosmetics and a cash prize of $100,000 . The winner of the third season of RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars was Trixie Mattel , with Kennedy Davenport being the runner - up . Contents ( hide ) 1 Contestants 2 Contestant progress 3 Lip syncs 4 Guest judges 4.1 Special guests 5 Episodes 6 Leak 7 Ratings 8 Reception 9 References 10 External Links Contestants ( edit ) The drag queens that competed are : ( Ages and names stated are at time of contest . ) Contestant Real name Age Hometown Original season Original placement Outcome Trixie Mattel Brian Firkus 28 Los Angeles , California Season 7 06 ! 6th Place Winner Kennedy Davenport Reuben Asberry Jr . 35 Dallas , Texas Season 7 04 ! 4th Place Runner - up BeBe Zahara Benet Nea Marshall Kudi 36 Minneapolis , Minnesota Season 1 01 ! Winner 3rd / 4th Place Shangela D.J. Pierce 35 Los Angeles , California Season 2 12 ! 12th Place Season 3 05 ! 6th Place Morgan McMichaels Thomas White 36 Los Angeles , California Season 2 08 ! 8th Place 5th Place BenDeLaCreme Benjamin Putnam 35 Seattle , Washington Season 6 05 ! 5th Place 6th Place Aja Jay Rivera 23 Brooklyn , New York Season 9 09 ! 9th Place 7th Place Chi Chi DeVayne Zavion Davenport 32 Shreveport , Louisiana Season 8 04 ! 4th Place 8th Place Milk Dan Donigan 29 New York , New York Season 6 09 ! 9th Place 9th Place Thorgy Thor Shane Galligan 33 Brooklyn , New York Season 8 06 ! 6th Place 10th Place Jump up ^ Morgan McMichaels originally placed 10th before being chosen to return to the competition . Jump up ^ This contestant was voted Miss Congeniality during her original season . Jump up ^ This contestant eliminated herself . Contestant progress ( edit ) Contestant 5 6 7 8 Trixie Mattel SAFE SAFE HIGH BTM3 WIN BTM3 WIN Winner Kennedy Davenport SAFE BTM2 WIN BTM3 SAFE BTM3 BTM3 Runner - up BeBe Zahara Benet SAFE HIGH SAFE SAFE WIN WIN BTM3 Eliminated Shangela HIGH WIN SAFE WIN BTM2 BTM3 WIN Eliminated Morgan McMichaels ELIM IN ELIM Guest BenDeLaCreme WIN WIN WIN WIN SAFE ELIM Guest Aja WIN SAFE BTM3 SAFE ELIM OUT Guest Chi Chi DeVayne BTM2 LOW BTM3 ELIM OUT Guest Milk SAFE SAFE ELIM OUT Guest Thorgy Thor SAFE ELIM OUT Guest The contestant won RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars . The contestant was the runner - up . The contestant was eliminated by jury vote without lip - syncing entirely . The contestant won the challenge and won the `` Lip Sync for Your Legacy . '' The contestant won the challenge but lost the `` Lip Sync for Your Legacy . '' The contestant came back for a chance to re-enter the competition and was chosen to return . The contestant came back for a chance to re-enter the competition but was not chosen to return . The contestant received positive judges ' critiques but was ultimately declared safe . The contestant received judges ' critiques but was ultimately declared safe . The contestant received negative judges ' critiques but was ultimately declared safe . The contestant won the challenge and won the `` Lip Sync for Your Legacy '' but chose to eliminate herself . The contestant was in the bottom and eligible for elimination . The contestant was eliminated . The contestant returned as a juror for the final episode to vote for the Top 2 Lip syncs ( edit ) Episode Contestants ( Pick for Elimination ) Song Winner Up for Elimination Eliminated Aja ( Chi Chi DeVayne ) vs . BenDeLaCreme ( Morgan McMichaels ) `` Anaconda '' ( Nicki Minaj ) BenDeLaCreme Chi Chi DeVayne Morgan McMichaels Morgan McMichaels BenDeLaCreme ( Thorgy Thor ) vs . Shangela ( Thorgy Thor ) `` Jump ( For My Love ) '' ( The Pointer Sisters ) Shangela Kennedy Davenport Thorgy Thor Thorgy Thor BenDeLaCreme ( Chi Chi DeVayne ) vs . Kennedy Davenport ( Milk ) `` Green Light '' ( Lorde ) Kennedy Davenport Aja Chi Chi DeVayne Milk Milk BenDeLaCreme ( Chi Chi DeVayne ) vs . Shangela ( Chi Chi DeVayne ) `` I Kissed a Girl '' ( Katy Perry ) BenDeLaCreme & Shangela Chi Chi DeVayne Kennedy Davenport Trixie Mattel Chi Chi DeVayne 5 BeBe Zahara Benet ( Aja ) vs . Trixie Mattel ( Aja ) `` The Boss '' ( Diana Ross ) BeBe Zahara Benet Aja Shangela Aja 6 BeBe Zahara Benet vs . BenDeLaCreme ( BenDeLaCreme ) ( Morgan McMichaels ) `` Nobody 's Supposed to Be Here ( Hex Hector Dance Mix ) '' ( Deborah Cox ) BenDeLaCreme Kennedy Davenport Shangela Trixie Mattel BenDeLaCreme 7 Shangela ( Morgan McMichaels ) vs . Trixie Mattel ( Morgan McMichaels ) `` Freaky Money '' ( RuPaul ft . Big Freedia ) Shangela BeBe Zahara Benet Kennedy Davenport Morgan McMichaels Morgan McMichaels 8 Kennedy Davenport vs . Trixie Mattel `` Wrecking Ball '' ( Miley Cyrus ) Trixie Mattel None Kennedy Davenport The contestant was eliminated after their first time in the bottom . The contestant was eliminated after their second time in the bottom . The contestant was eliminated after their third time in the bottom . The contestant self - eliminated without being in the bottom . The contestant was eliminated after the final lip sync . Jump up ^ In episode 7 , BeBe Zahara Benet chose not to show who she selected to return to the competition and who she selected to eliminate if she had won the lip sync . Jump up ^ In episode 6 , the contestants in the lip sync were asked to choose an eliminated contestant to return to the competition in addition to picking someone to eliminate . Guest judges ( edit ) Guest judges for this season include ( in order of appearance ) : Vanessa Hudgens , actress and singer Todrick Hall , actor and singer Vanessa Williams , actress and singer Constance Zimmer , actress Jeffrey Bowyer - Chapman , actor and model Nicole Byer , comedian and actress Kristin Chenoweth , actress and singer Tituss Burgess , actor and singer Shay Mitchell , actress and model Adam Lambert , singer and actor Emma Bunton , singer and actress Chris Colfer , actor and singer Garcelle Beauvais , actress and model Special guests ( edit ) Guests who appeared in episodes but did not judge on the main stage ( in order of appearance ) : Chad Michaels , runner - up from season four and winner of season one of All Stars Alaska , runner - up from season five and winner of season two of All Stars Marc Jacobs , fashion designer Nancy Pelosi , House Democratic leader and representative for California 's 12th congressional district Episodes ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date 16 `` All - Star Variety Show '' January 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 25 ) Nine formerly eliminated queens from past seasons of RuPaul 's Drag Race enter the workroom to win a spot in the Drag Race Hall of Fame , and also to win a cash prize of $100,000 . Upon entering the room , RuPaul introduces the final 10th queen , season one winner BeBe Zahara Benet , stating that he wants to showcase the contestant to a new generation of fans . For the episode 's maxi - challenge , each queen is to prepare a live talent presentation for the second All Star Variety Show . Upon judgement , BeBe Zahara Benet , Milk , and Trixie Mattel are deemed safe . During the critiques , Aja and BenDeLaCreme are selected as the top two all stars of the week . Contestants Shangela and Thorgy Thor receive positive reviews from the judges . Chi Chi DeVayne and Morgan McMichaels are placed in the bottom for their performances . Aja and BenDeLaCreme lip - sync against each other to Nicki Minaj 's `` Anaconda '' ; BenDeLaCreme wins the lip sync and eliminates Morgan McMichaels . Guest Judge : Vanessa Hudgens Mini-challenge : Reading is Fundamental Mini-challenge Winner : BenDeLaCreme Mini-challenge Prize : $3,000 shopping spree to L.A. Eyeworks Main Challenge : Perform a talent in front of the judges , a live audience , and other competitors . Challenge Winners : Aja & BenDeLaCreme Main Challenge Prize : Five - night stay at the Grand Resort Hotel and Spa in Fort Lauderdale , air fare included Lip Sync for Your Legacy Winner : BenDeLaCreme Lip Sync Song : `` Anaconda '' by Nicki Minaj Bottom Two : Chi Chi DeVayne & Morgan McMichaels Eliminated : Morgan McMichaels Farewell Message : `` I love you girls ! Keep rocking and stay FABULOUS ! '' 17 `` Divas Lip Sync Live '' February 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) In episode two , the nine remaining queens are assigned female musicians to embody in the Divas Lip Sync Live battle , a tribute act in the form of a live medley of RuPaul songs . Aja performs as Amy Winehouse , BeBe Zahara Benet as Diana Ross , BenDeLaCreme as Julie Andrews , Chi Chi DeVayne as Patti LaBelle , Kennedy Davenport as Janet Jackson , Milk as Celine Dion , Shangela as Mariah Carey , Trixie Mattel as Dolly Parton , and Thorgy Thor as Stevie Nicks . The runway theme on the main stage is `` RuDemption , '' a theme for which each contestant recreates a look from their original season . Upon judgement , Aja , Milk , and Trixie Mattel are deemed safe . During the critiques , BeBe Zahara Benet , BenDaLeCreme , and Shangela receive positive feedback on their performances and runway looks , with the latter two winning the challenge . Chi Chi DeVayne , Kennedy Davenport and Thorgy Thor are all criticized for their performances , while their runway looks receive praise . DeVayne is declared safe from the bottom two . Shangela and BenDeLaCreme lip - sync against each other to The Pointer Sisters ' `` Jump ( For My Love ) . '' Shangela wins the lip sync and eliminates Thorgy Thor . Guest Judges : Todrick Hall & Vanessa Williams Alternating Judge : Carson Kressley Main Challenge : Perform in a lip - syncing dance number inspired by VH1 Divas . Runway Theme : RuDemption Runway Challenge Winners : BenDeLaCreme & Shangela Main Challenge Prize : $1000 gift card from Sparkles Rhinestones and a $1000 gift card from Fierce Queen Heels Lip Sync for Your Legacy Winner : Shangela Lip Sync Song : `` Jump ( For My Love ) '' by The Pointer Sisters Bottom Two : Kennedy Davenport & Thorgy Thor Eliminated : Thorgy Thor Farewell Message : `` Wooo ! Drag is fun . Suck it ShangeLLA ! '' ( Drawing of an ejaculating penis ) 18 `` The B * tchelor '' February 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 08 ) The eight remaining queens are each assigned a personality by RuPaul for The Bitchelor , a satire based on the show The Bachelor . Aja plays the Needy Girl , BeBe Zahara Benet the Shy Virgin , BenDeLaCreme the Cougar , Chi Chi DeVayne and Shangela a polyamorous couple , Kennedy Davenport the Party Girl , Milk the Stalker , and Trixie Mattel the Fake Bitch . Jeffrey Bowyer - Chapman participates as the main love interest of the show . The main - stage runway theme is `` Wigs on Wigs on Wigs '' . Upon judgement , Benet and Shangela are both deemed safe . BenDeLaCreme , Davenport and Mattel are praised for their performances and looks , with the former two contestants winning the challenge . Aja , Chi Chi DeVayne , and Milk are placed in the bottom three . Davenport and BenDeLaCreme lip - sync against each other to Lorde 's `` Green Light . '' Davenport wins the lip sync and eliminates Milk . Guest Judges : Constance Zimmer & Jeffrey Bowyer - Chapman Alternating Judge : Ross Mathews Main Challenge : Improvise in an unscripted dating show inspired by The Bachelor . Runway Theme : Wigs on Wigs on Wigs Challenge Winners : BenDeLaCreme & Kennedy Davenport Main Challenge Prize : A jewelry pack from Fierce Drag Jewels and a $1000 gift card to Nailed by Cristy Lip Sync for Your Legacy Winner : Kennedy Davenport Lip Sync Song : `` Green Light '' by Lorde Bottom Three : Aja , Chi Chi DeVayne , & Milk Eliminated : Milk Farewell Message : `` Love u girls but ya 'll know this is bogus ! Stay amazing ❤ Milk '' 19 `` All Stars Snatch Game '' February 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 15 ) The seven remaining queens prepare for the Snatch Game , where each contestant picks a celebrity to impersonate . Aja appears as Crystal LaBeija , BeBe Zahara Benet as Grace Jones , BenDeLaCreme as Paul Lynde , Chi Chi DeVayne as Maya Angelou , Kennedy Davenport as Phaedra Parks , Shangela as Jenifer Lewis and Trixie Mattel as RuPaul . Guest judge Kristin Chenoweth partakes in the challenge , playing herself . The runway theme on the main stage is `` Flower Power . '' Upon judgement , BenDeLaCreme and Shangela are deemed the winners of the challenge . Aja and Benet receive positive remarks for their runway looks , though reviews are divided on Benet 's Snatch Game performance . Both are ultimately declared safe . DeVayne , Davenport and Mattel are placed in the bottom three . Shangela and BenDeLaCreme lip - sync against each other to Katy Perry 's `` I Kissed a Girl . '' The lip sync is declared a tie , and both contestants eliminate DeVayne . Guest Judges : Kristin Chenoweth & Nicole Byer Alternating Judge : Carson Kressley Main Challenge : Impersonate celebrities in the Snatch Game . Runway Theme : Flower Power Challenge Winners : BenDeLaCreme & Shangela Main Challenge Prize : A wig wardrobe courtesy of Rockstar Wigs and a $1000 gift card from Coolhaus Ice Cream Lip Sync for Your Legacy Winner : BenDeLaCreme & Shangela Lip Sync Song : `` I Kissed a Girl '' by Katy Perry Bottom Three : Chi Chi DeVayne , Kennedy Davenport , & Trixie Mattel Eliminated : Chi Chi DeVayne Farewell Message : `` LOVE All of you gals , Remember to Keep it fair . Chi Chi 💋 '' 20 5 `` Pop Art Ball '' February 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 22 ) The six remaining queens participate in a mini-challenge where they dress up in `` Quick Drag '' and model in an Andy Warhol - inspired photoshoot . Aja wins the challenge , receiving a year 's supply of burgers from Hamburger Mary 's and a cash tip of $2,000 . For the main challenge , each contestant is asked to prepare two runway looks for the Pop Art Ball : one inspired by Warhol 's Campbell 's Soup Cans and a second inspired by Studio 54 . Additionally , each contestant has to record a voice - over narrative to be played during her runway presentation . During the judges ' critiques , Aja and Shangela are criticized for both of their runway looks , and they fall into the bottom two . BeBe Zahara Benet and Trixie Mattel are both commended for their runway looks , winning the challenge . BenDeLaCreme and Kennedy Davenport attract mixed commentary but are ultimately declared safe . Benet and Mattel lip - sync against each other to Diana Ross 's `` The Boss '' . Benet wins the lip sync and eliminates Aja . At the end of the episode , RuPaul brings previous winners Chad Michaels and Alaska back onto the main stage , and they reveal three queens in cloaks that will be returning for the next episode . Guest Judges : Tituss Burgess & Shay Mitchell Alternating Judge : Ross Mathews Mini-challenge : Pose for a pop art - style portrait Mini-challenge Winner : Aja Mini-challenge Prize : A year 's supply of hamburgers from Hamburger Mary 's and $2,000 Main Challenge : Design wearable soup cans inspired by Andy Warhol as well as a Studio 54 disco look . Challenge Winners : BeBe Zahara Benet & Trixie Mattel Main Challenge Prize : Two - night escape for 2 at the W Hotel in Fort Lauderdale Lip Sync for Your Legacy Winner : BeBe Zahara Benet Lip Sync Song : The Boss by Diana Ross Bottom Two : Aja & Shangela Eliminated : Aja Farewell Message : `` I love u bitches ❤ Honestly , thank you from the bottom of my heart ! Y'all inspire me ! - Aja '' 21 6 `` Handmaids to Kitty Girls '' March 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 01 ) RuPaul reintroduces all the eliminated queens to the competition . Everyone is tasked with writing and performing original lyrics to audition for RuPaul 's new all - star supergroup , The Kitty Girls . The queens are split equally into two teams : the eliminated queens on one team , and the remaining queens on the other . Each member creates a character to perform : Benet appears as Jungle Kitty , BenDeLaCreme as Goth Kitty , Davenport as Diva Kitty , Shangela as Sparkle Kitty , and Mattel as IQ Kitty . On the opposite team , Aja appears as Lil ' Banjee , DeVayne as Cajun Kitty , Milk as Milky Kitty , McMichaels as Bimbo Kitty , and Thor as Cardio Kitty . During the judges ' critiques , Benet and BenDeLaCreme are praised for their performances , and they are deemed the top two contestants . Davenport , Shangela and Mattel are placed in the bottom three . Benet and BenDeLaCreme are instructed to eliminate one of the bottom queens and to select an eliminated contestant to return to the competition . Benet and BenDeLaCreme lip - sync against each other to Deborah Cox 's `` Nobody 's Supposed To Be Here , '' and the latter wins . BenDeLaCreme chooses McMichaels to return to the competition and subsequently eliminates herself , making her the second queen to leave the competition voluntarily . Upon the episode 's premiere , critics deemed her move one of the most controversial and `` unthinkable '' moments on the show . Guest Judges : Adam Lambert & Emma Bunton Alternating Judge : Carson Kressley Main Challenge : Audition for RuPaul 's new all star super group called `` The Kitty Girls . '' Challenge Winners : BeBe Zahara Benet & BenDeLaCreme Main Challenge Prize : $1,000 gift card to The Spa on Rodeo and a $1,000 gift card to MuLondon Lip Sync for Your Legacy Winner : BenDeLaCreme Lip Sync Song : `` Nobody 's Supposed to Be Here ( Hex Hector Dance Mix ) '' by Deborah Cox Bottom Three : Kennedy Davenport , Shangela , & Trixie Mattel Returned : Morgan McMichaels Eliminated : BenDeLaCreme Farewell Message : `` Dear new top 5 , thank you so much for this incredible journey . Stay fierce . You all deserve a crown . Your friendship and respect is the best win I can imagine . XO BDLC '' 22 7 `` My Best Squirrelfriend 's Dragsmaids Wedding Trip '' March 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 08 ) The five remaining queens are asked to act in a trailer for a movie titled My Best Squirrelfriend 's Dragsmaids Wedding Trip , comedically portraying Academy Award - winning female characters . Morgan McMichaels is tasked with handing out roles to each contestant : Bebe Zahara Benet plays The Queen ( The Queen ) , Kennedy Davenport plays La La ( La La Land ) , McMichaels plays Beige Swan ( Black Swan ) , Shangela plays Actavia ( The Help / Hidden Figures ) , and Trixie Mattel plays Sharon Frokovich ( Erin Brockovich ) . The runway theme for the episode is `` Red for Filth . '' During critiques , Shangela 's and Mattel 's performances and looks are praised , and they are chosen as the top two contestants . Although Benet , Davenport and McMichaels receive compliments for their runway looks , all three are placed in the bottom three . Shangela and Mattel lip - sync against each other to RuPaul 's `` Freaky Money . '' Shangela wins the lip sync and chooses to eliminate McMichaels . Guest Judges : Chris Colfer & Garcelle Beauvais Alternating Judge : Ross Mathews Main Challenge : Star in a raunchy girl comedy blockbuster . Runway Theme : `` Red for Filth '' Challenge Winners : Shangela & Trixie Mattel Main Challenge Prize : $1,000 gift card to Elea 's Closet and a luggage set from Radden Luggage Lip Sync for Your Legacy Winner : Shangela Lip Sync Song : `` Freaky Money '' by RuPaul ft . Big Freedia Bottom Three : BeBe Zahara Benet , Kennedy Davenport & Morgan McMichaels Eliminated : Morgan McMichaels Farewell Message : `` Let no one dim your light . I love you all totally ! SISTERS FOREVER ! 💋 '' 23 8 `` A Jury of Their Queers '' March 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 15 ) The final four queens were asked to write , sing and dance in an ambitious production number to RuPaul 's song `` Kitty Girl . '' Choreographer Todrick Hall accompanied the girls choreography , but also revealed that the entire music video would be shot in one - take throughout the backstage of RuPaul 's Drag Race , including the runway The music video opens with Kennedy Davenport , and follows with Shangela , Bebe Zahara Benet and Trixie Mattel ; the judges , and eliminated contestants , all appeared as cameo to the video . During the critiques , all four queens were given positive comments about their performances and runway looks . RuPaul reveals that each eliminated queen gets to vote two contestants to enter the top two spots , whereas each remaining contestant got the chance to plead why they deserved to be in the top positions . Subsequently , the four remaining queens were asked to change costumes for the lip - sync to Miley Cyrus 's `` Wrecking Ball '' . After deliberation , eliminated contestant Morgan McMichaels announces Davenport and Mattel as the top two All - Stars , effectively eliminating both Benet and Shangela . After the lip - sync , RuPaul announces Mattel as the season three winner , and earns a spot in the Drag Race Hall of Fame . Main Challenge : Write , sing , and dance in an ambitious production number to RuPaul 's song `` Kitty Girl . '' Eliminated : BeBe Zahara Benet & Shangela Final Two : Kennedy Davenport & Trixie Mattel Lip Sync Song : `` Wrecking Ball '' by Miley Cyrus Runner - up : Kennedy Davenport Winner of RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars Season Three : Trixie Mattel Leak ( edit ) On February 15 , 2018 , the series production company World of Wonder filed a lawsuit against an anonymous leaker using the alias RealityTVLeaks . According to the lawsuit , RealityTVLeaks posted several visuals from the season on various social media websites such as Reddit , Twitter , and Instagram before each episode 's airing -- including runway themes , challenges , episode titles , and eliminated queens . Additionally , a producer from the show stated that the leaker removed `` information identifying ( World of Wonder ) as the copyright owner and author '' before adding `` misleading copyright management information falsely identifying ( the defendants ) as the copyright owners and authors . '' World of Wonder launched the suit because of the defendant 's `` unlawful theft and public dissemination of episodes of the popular and critically - acclaimed reality television show , '' and the production company confirmed it is seeking damages of $300,000 , including $150,000 for each infringed episode and $25,000 per violation of `` actual damages '' and defendants ' profits . Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) `` All - Star Variety Show '' January 25 , 2018 0.46 0.895 `` Divas Lip Sync Live '' February 1 , 2018 0.40 0.777 `` The B * tchelor '' February 8 , 2018 0.39 0.738 `` All Stars Snatch Game '' February 15 , 2018 0.34 0.713 5 `` Pop Art Ball '' February 22 , 2018 0.38 0.732 6 `` Handmaids to Kitty Girls '' March 1 , 2018 0.49 0.883 7 `` My Best Squirrelfriend 's Dragsmaids Wedding Trip '' March 8 , 2018 0.31 0.658 8 `` A Jury of Their Queers '' March 15 , 2018 0.27 0.589 Reception ( edit ) Although a ratings success , the season was not critically well received , following the high bar set by All Stars 2 . Vulture , in writing a summation review , described the season as `` truly one of the roughest seasons of the show ever . After a stellar , jaw - unhingingly good All Stars 2 , this season felt more like an embarrassing cousin you brought to gay happy hour who wears double polos '' . The A.V. Club similarly described the season as disappointing ; in their final review of the season , they wrote , `` I should be celebrating the crowning of a new queen in the Drag Race hall of fame , but Drag Race All Stars season three has left me feeling totally underwhelmed and wondering , What 's the point ? '' Vulture did however make the point that although the season did not live up to expectations , `` even at its worst , it 's still one of one the best , if not the best goddamn reality competition show on television '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` RuPaul to Reveal ' All Stars ' Season 3 Cast on Upcoming VH1 Special : ' Prepare to Be Gagged ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars ' season 3 cast to be revealed during TV special '' . Entertainment Weekly . October 13 , 2017 . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fernandez , Matt ( October 14 , 2017 ) . `` TV News Roundup : ' RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars ' to Launch Season 3 with Hour Special '' . Variety . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars ' season 3 queens announced : See an exclusive cast photo '' . Entertainment Weekly . 2017 - 10 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ Avery , Dan . `` Shangela , Latrice Royale , Kasha Davis Raise The Roof To Save Kennedy Davenport 's Home '' . LOGO News . Retrieved 28 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Patricio , Edana ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' RuPaul 's Drag Race ' season 9 episode 1 : Lady Gaga , the Queens and spoilers '' . International Business Times . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Weigle , Lauren ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` RuPaul 's Drag Race ' Season 8 Cast '' . Heavy.com . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2017 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Avery , Dan ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` Milk Out Of Drag -- And Out Of His Clothes '' . Logo . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` All Stars : The Changing Face of Drag official website '' . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2016 . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hegedus , Eric ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` RuPaul still reigns supreme as ' Drag Race ' hits 100 episodes '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2016 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` All - Star Variety Show '' . RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars . Season 3 . Episode 1 . January 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Divas Lip - Sync Live '' . RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars . Season 3 . Episode 2 . February 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The B * itchelor '' . RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars . Season 3 . Episode 3 . February 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Stars Snatch Game '' . RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars . Season 3 . Episode 4 . February 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Stars Snatch Game '' . RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars . Season 3 . Episode 5 . February 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Handmaid to Kitty Girls '' . RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars . Season 3 . Episode 6 . March 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` My Best Squirrelfriend 's Dragsmaids Wedding Trip '' . RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars . Season 3 . Episode 7 . March 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Jury of their Queers '' . RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars . Season 3 . Episode 8 . March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ O'Keefe , Kevin ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars 3 ' Reveals Guest Judges , Releases New Sneak Peek '' . IntoMore . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TV Schedule for RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars '' . www.vh1.com . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Futon Clinic '' . The Futon Critic . January 12 , 2018 . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sava , Oliver ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` Everything changes for Drag Race All Stars with a shocking elimination '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Munzenrieder , Kyle ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` The Night Bendelacreme Became a Goddess '' . W Magazine . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mulkerin , Tim ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` undamental Reading : On ' RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars 3 ' episode 6 , the girls got their revenge '' . Mic.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ru Paul Copyright '' . www.scribd.com . February 15 , 2018 . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Stars Season 3 Episode Guide '' . www.tvguide.com . March 6 , 2018 . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Moore , Matt ( February 17 , 2018 ) . `` RuPaul 's Drag Race producers are suing an anonymous leaker for $300,000 '' . Gay Times . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.25. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.1. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.8. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.15. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.22. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.1. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.8. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.15. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.vulture.com/2018/03/rupauls-drag-race-where-did-it-go-wrong-this-season.html Jump up ^ https://www.avclub.com/a-mediocre-season-of-rupaul-s-drag-race-all-stars-ends-1823821936 Jump up ^ http://www.vulture.com/2018/03/rupauls-drag-race-where-did-it-go-wrong-this-season.html External links ( edit ) Official website ( hide ) RuPaul 's Drag Race Seasons Original 5 6 7 8 9 10 All Stars Contestants Winners Original BeBe Zahara Benet Tyra Sanchez Raja Sharon Needles Jinkx Monsoon Bianca Del Rio Violet Chachki Bob the Drag Queen Sasha Velour All Stars Chad Michaels Alaska Trixie Mattel Miss Congeniality Nina Flowers Pandora Boxx Yara Sofia Latrice Royale Ivy Winters BenDeLaCreme Katya Cynthia Lee Fontaine Valentina Other contestants Ongina Tammie Brown Victoria `` Porkchop '' Parker Raven Jujubee Jessica Wild Sahara Davenport Morgan McMichaels Shangela Manila Luzon Alexis Mateo Carmen Carrera Mimi Imfurst Venus D - Lite Phi Phi O'Hara Willam Jiggly Caliente Roxxxy Andrews Detox Coco Montrese Alyssa Edwards Honey Mahogany Monica Beverly Hillz Adore Delano Courtney Act Laganja Estranja Milk Kelly Mantle Pearl Kennedy Davenport Miss Fame Jasmine Masters Kim Chi Chi Chi DeVayne Thorgy Thor Peppermint Shea Couleé Farrah Moan Aja Charlie Hides Asia O'Hara Related articles RuPaul 's Drag U episodes Drag Race Thailand The Switch Drag Race Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RuPaul%27s_Drag_Race_All_Stars_(season_3)&oldid=835724988 '' Categories : 2018 American television seasons RuPaul 's Drag Race seasons Hidden categories : Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 11 : 45 . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RuPaul%2527s%20Drag%20Race%20All%20Stars%20%28season%203%29
| 2,120 |
||
(ii) explain with examples the concept of strong and weak entities
|
Weak entity
|
weak entity
|
In a relational database , a weak entity is an entity that can not be uniquely identified by its attributes alone ; therefore , it must use a foreign key in conjunction with its attributes to create a primary key . The foreign key is typically a primary key of an entity it is related to .
|
In entity relationship diagrams , ER diagrams a weak entity set is indicated by a bold ( or double - lined ) rectangle ( the entity ) connected by a bold ( or double - lined ) type arrow to a bold ( or double - lined ) diamond ( the relationship ) . This type of relationship is called an identifying relationship and in IDEF1X notation it is represented by an oval entity rather than a square entity for base tables . An identifying relationship is one where the primary key is populated to the child weak entity as a primary key in that entity . In general ( though not necessarily ) a weak entity does not have any items in its primary key other than its inherited primary key and a sequence number . There are two types of weak entities : associative entities and subtype entities . The latter represents a crucial type of normalization , where the super-type entity inherits its attributes to subtype entities based on the value of the discriminator . In IDEF1X , a government standard for capturing requirements , possible sub-type relationships are : Complete subtype relationship , when all categories are known . Incomplete subtype relationship , when all categories may not be known . A classic example of a weak entity without a sub-type relationship would be the `` header / detail ' records in many real world situations such as claims , orders and invoices , where the header captures information common across all forms and the detail captures information specific to individual items . The standard example of a complete subtype relationship is the party entity . Given the discriminator PARTY TYPE ( which could be individual , partnership , C Corporation , Sub Chapter S Association , Association , Governmental Unit , Quasi-governmental agency ) the two subtype entities are PERSON , which contains individual - specific information such as first and last name and date of birth , and ORGANIZATION , which would contain such attributes as the legal name , and organizational hierarchies such as cost centers . When sub-type relationships are rendered in a database , the super-type becomes what is referred to as a base table . The sub-types are considered derived tables , which correspond to weak entities . Referential integrity is enforced via cascading updates and deletes . Example ( edit ) Consider a database that records customer orders , where an order is for one or more of the items that the enterprise sells . The database would contain a table identifying customers by a customer number ( primary key ) ; another identifying the products that can be sold by a product number ( primary key ) ; and it would contain a pair of tables describing orders . One of the tables could be called Orders and it would have an order number ( primary key ) to identify this order uniquely , and would contain a customer number ( foreign key ) to identify who the products are being sold to , plus other information such as the date and time when the order was placed , how it will be paid for , where it is to be shipped to , and so on . The other table could be called OrderItem ; it would be identified by a compound key consisting of both the order number ( foreign key ) and an item line number ; with other non-primary key attributes such as the product number ( foreign key ) that was ordered , the quantity , the price , any discount , any special options , and so on . There may be zero , one or many OrderItem entries corresponding to an Order entry , but no OrderItem entry can exist unless the corresponding Order entry exists . ( The zero OrderItem case normally only applies transiently , when the order is first entered and before the first ordered item has been recorded . ) The OrderItem table stores weak entities precisely because an OrderItem has no meaning independent of the Order . Some might argue that an OrderItem does have some meaning on its own ; it records that at some time not identified by the record , somebody not identified by the record ordered a certain quantity of a certain product . This information might be of some use on its own , but it is of limited use . For example , as soon as you want to find seasonal or geographical trends in the sales of the item , you need information from the related Order record . An order would not exist without a product and a person to create the order , so it could be argued that an order would be described as a weak entity and that products ordered would be a multivalue attribute of the order . See also ( edit ) Associative entity Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Weak_entity&oldid=724999047 '' Categories : Relational model Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from October 2008 All articles lacking sources Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Latviešu Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 12 June 2016 , at 23 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak%20entity
| 2,121 |
||
who plays william in pirates of the caribbean
|
William `` Will '' Turner , Jr. is a fictional character in the Pirates of the Caribbean films . He appears in The Curse of the Black Pearl ( 2003 ) , Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) , At World 's End ( 2007 ) , and Dead Men Tell No Tales ( 2017 ) . He is portrayed by Orlando Bloom ( and as a child by Dylan Smith in the prologue of The Curse of the Black Pearl ) .
|
Orlando Bloom
|
Will Turner
|
will turner
|
Father Formerly : Blacksmith
|
Captain of the Flying Dutchman ( temporarily ) Family Bootstrap Bill Turner ( father ) Mrs. Turner ( mother , deceased ) Elizabeth Swann ( wife ) Weatherby Swann ( father - in - law , deceased ) Henry Turner ( son ) William `` Will '' Turner , Jr. is a fictional character in the Pirates of the Caribbean films . He appears in The Curse of the Black Pearl ( 2003 ) , Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) , At World 's End ( 2007 ) , and Dead Men Tell No Tales ( 2017 ) . He is portrayed by Orlando Bloom ( and as a child by Dylan Smith in the prologue of The Curse of the Black Pearl ) . William Turner is a blacksmith 's apprentice working in Port Royal , Jamaica . He secretly loves the governor 's daughter , Elizabeth Swann ( played by Keira Knightley ) , although he occupies a lower social class than she does . Will is the son of Bootstrap Bill Turner , and he works to free his father from service to Davy Jones . He marries Elizabeth Swann in At World 's End , and they have a son named Henry . Contents ( hide ) 1 Appearance 2 Films 2.1 Early life 2.2 The Curse of the Black Pearl 2.3 Dead Man 's Chest 2.4 At World 's End 2.5 Dead Men Tell No Tales 3 Video game appearances 4 References 5 External links Appearance ( edit ) Will 's final costume in Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl is reminiscent of Errol Flynn 's swashbuckler movie roles . There is also a nod to Douglas Fairbanks when Turner uses his knife to glide down the ship 's sail in Dead Man 's Chest , just as Fairbanks did in the 1926 film , The Black Pirate . In one scene in Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl when Turner and Jack are fighting in the blacksmith 's shop , there is a glimpse of Orlando Bloom 's wrist tattoo of the Elvish word for `` nine '' . Bloom and the other actors except John Rhys - Davies who comprised the nine `` Fellowship of the Ring '' members in The Lord of the Rings trilogy have this same tattoo to commemorate their participation in the films . While some felt his tattoo should have been covered for his `` Pirates '' role , the producers simply stated , `` Will has a ' pretty ' tattoo on his wrist . '' According to the audio commentary from the first Pirates of the Caribbean DVD ( featuring the scriptwriters ) , Will Turner is the best swordsman in the Pirates universe . According to the commentary , Barbossa 's skills are equal to James Norrington ( Jack Davenport ) and exceeded only by Will Turner . Jack Sparrow 's skills trail closely behind Barbossa 's . Films ( edit ) Early life ( edit ) Will is the only child of `` Bootstrap '' Bill Turner ( portrayed by Stellan Skarsgaard ) . According to Jack Sparrow , Will strongly resembles his father , both in appearance and ability . However , his father was absent during his early childhood in England . Will grew up believing his father to be a merchant seaman . Following his mother 's death , Will , then about twelve years old , emigrated to Port Royal . The curse of the Black Pearl ( edit ) Main article : Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl Weatherby Swann and his daughter Elizabeth sail to Port Royal after Weatherby is appointed governor . Elizabeth spots Will clinging to a floating piece of a shipwreck . She discovers a gold medallion around his neck , and hides it to prevent anyone from believing that Will is a pirate . Over the next eight years , Will and Elizabeth maintain a respectful friendship , although Will conceals his romantic feelings for her . He is now a blacksmith 's apprentice in Port Royal . Will has developed into a master craftsman of fine swords , although his often - drunk master usually claims credit for Will 's exquisite workmanship . Will is also an exceptional , self - taught swordsman . The DVD commentary states that he is the best among the characters in the film , including Barbossa , Norrington , and Jack Sparrow . When Jack Sparrow attempts to flee from British forces , Will engages him in a duel . Sparrow outwits Will in a sword fight ; Will claims Jack `` cheated '' by ignoring the `` rules of engagement . '' Will learns that his father was the pirate Bootstrap Bill Turner , who served aboard the Black Pearl when it was commanded by Captain Jack Sparrow . Despite Sparrow 's comments that Bootstrap was `` a good man , '' Will remains deeply conflicted over the fact that his father was a pirate . Will learns that when First Mate Barbossa and the crew mutinied and marooned Sparrow , only Bootstrap defended him , infuriated by Barbossa 's betrayal . Barbossa and his crew had looted a chest of Aztec gold . This resulted in them becoming undead and unable to feel physical pleasure . It was only after they had thrown Bootstrap overboard that they learned how to break the curse : they needed to return all of the gold pieces , and each pirate who took the gold had to make a blood offering as a form of repayment . Because Bootstrap only had one child , Barbossa decides to track down and kidnap the child in order to lift the curse . It is revealed that the pirate 's medallion stolen by Elizabeth is one of the pieces of Aztec gold . Believing her to be the daughter of Bootstrap Bill , Barbossa kidnaps her . After Elizabeth is kidnapped , Will forms an alliance with Sparrow . He helps Sparrow escape from prison . They commandeer a ship and recruit a crew in Tortuga . They sail to Isla de Muerta , where Barbossa has taken Elizabeth . Unbeknownst to Will , Sparrow intends to use him to bargain back the Black Pearl . When Will learns his role in lifting the curse , he barters himself to Barbossa to free Elizabeth and the crew . In the end , Sparrow and Will succeed in lifting the curse ; Sparrow kills Barbossa , and the pirate crew is defeated . At Sparrow 's execution in Port Royal , Will declares his love for Elizabeth before attempting to rescue Sparrow from the gallows . They are quickly subdued by redcoats , but Will refuses to abandon Sparrow . Elizabeth intervenes and saves Will by declaring her love for him and vouching for Sparrow . Will is pardoned , while Sparrow escapes by falling off the rampart and into the bay where the Black Pearl awaits . Dead Man 's Chest ( edit ) Main article : Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest Will returns with the other main characters from Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl . In this film , his appearance has become more pirate - like , reminiscent of Errol Flynn 's swashbuckler movie characters . For aiding Jack Sparrow 's escape , Will and Elizabeth are arrested just prior to their wedding ceremony by Lord Cutler Beckett , a man made wealthy and powerful by profits from the East India Trading Company . Beckett threatens Will and Elizabeth with execution for aiding Sparrow 's escape , but offers clemency if Will can find Sparrow 's compass for Beckett 's use . This magical compass will allow Beckett to find the heart of Davy Jones . Beckett also possesses a Letter of Marque with which he intends to recruit Jack as a privateer . To save Elizabeth , Will hunts for Jack Sparrow and the Black Pearl . He finds the crew captive on Pelegosto , a cannibal - inhabited island . They escape , and are unexpectedly reunited with Pintel and Ragetti . Jack agrees to give Will his compass if he helps him find a key , though he has no idea what it unlocks . Jack seeks out Tia Dalma , a voodoo priestess who takes a particular interest in Will , proclaiming he has a `` touch of destiny . '' Dalma says the key is to the Dead Man 's Chest containing the heart of Davy Jones . Sparrow had once struck a bargain with Davy Jones to raise the Black Pearl from the ocean bottom and to make Jack captain for 13 years . Sparrow would then serve aboard the Dutchman for a century . When Jones attempts to collect on this deal , Jack reneges on the bargain . The crew searches for Jones , and Will soon finds himself stranded on a wrecked vessel that Jack deviously claimed was Jones ' ghost ship , the Flying Dutchman . When the real Flying Dutchman suddenly arrives , Jack attempts to barter Will to Davy Jones to repay his blood debt , but Jones refuses , saying one soul is unequal to another . Instead , he keeps Will as a `` good faith '' payment and demands an additional 99 souls . Otherwise , Jack must surrender or face the Kraken . Will , now an indentured sailor aboard Jones ' ghost ship , meets his father `` Bootstrap '' Bill Turner . When Will challenges Davy Jones to Liar 's Dice , betting his soul against the key to the Dead Man 's Chest , Bootstrap joins in and purposely loses to save his son from eternal enslavement . With Bootstrap 's help , Will steals the key from Jones and escapes in a longboat , vowing to one day free his father . A passing ship rescues Will , but Jones summons the Kraken to destroy it . Will survives and stows back aboard the Dutchman , now headed for Isla Cruces where the Dead Man 's Chest containing Jones ' heart is buried . On Isla Cruces , Will is reunited with Elizabeth , who has escaped jail and joined Jack Sparrow 's crew . Also present are Sparrow and former Commodore James Norrington , who has also joined the crew . They locate the chest . Will , Jack , and Norrington each claim the heart for their own purposes . Norrington ultimately steals the heart and the Letters of Marque , escaping just as Davy Jones ' crew attacks . The Black Pearl flees , outrunning the Flying Dutchman , but Davy Jones again summons the Kraken . Will leads the crew in temporarily fending it off , gaining enough time to abandon ship . When Elizabeth realizes that Sparrow is the Kraken 's sole prey , she distracts him with a passionate kiss while handcuffing him to the mast . Unbeknownst to her , Will witnesses this and believes Elizabeth now loves Sparrow . From the longboat , the crew watches the Kraken drag the Pearl and Sparrow to Davy Jones ' Locker . Will , Elizabeth , and the crew seek refuge with Tia Dalma . Gibbs proposes a toast to their fallen captain , to which Will glumly raises his mug . Seeing Elizabeth 's tears and believing she loves Sparrow , he tries comforting her . Will and the crew agree to attempt to rescue Sparrow from the Locker . At World 's End ( edit ) Main article : Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End Will is next seen in Singapore with Elizabeth , Barbossa , Tia Dalma , and the Black Pearl crew . They attempt bargain with Sao Feng , the Pirate Lord of the South China Sea , for the navigational charts leading to World 's End and Davy Jones ' Locker , so that they can rescue Jack Sparrow . Will had already attempted to steal the charts , but was captured . Ostensibly , the group 's mission is to rescue Jack Sparrow from the Locker , but , like the others , Will has a secret motive : to retrieve the Black Pearl and free his father from Davy Jones . When Mercer and the East India Trading Company soldiers attack Sao Feng 's bathhouse , Feng strikes a secret bargain with Will : Jack Sparrow in exchange for the Black Pearl . Will and the others journey to World 's End on Feng 's ship , sailing over an enormous waterfall into the Locker . There , they find Jack aboard the Pearl . Jack sets sail with them , although he and Barbossa dispute who is captain . Will learns that Elizabeth sacrificed Jack to the Kraken . And though he now understands why Elizabeth has been distant and despondent , she believes that her unrelenting guilt over causing Sparrow 's doom is her burden alone to bear . Will tells her their relationship will not endure if they lack trust in one another and make their choices alone . Sao Feng betrays Will in lieu of another bargain with Lord Beckett , though Beckett double - crosses Feng . Feng then offers Barbossa the Black Pearl in exchange for Elizabeth , who he mistakenly believes is the sea goddess , Calypso . Elizabeth is stunned that Will betrayed Jack Sparrow to achieve his goal . Ignoring Will , she agrees to Feng 's terms in exchange for the crew 's safety . Jack tosses Will in the brig , but he soon escapes . Still plotting to obtain the Pearl , Will leaves a trail of bodies for Lord Beckett to follow to Shipwreck Cove , the Brethren Court stronghold . Jack catches him , but surprisingly hands Will his magical compass before pushing him overboard . Clinging to a floating barrel , Will drifts towards Beckett 's ship , Endeavour . Will is exchanged for Jack during parley with Beckett and Davy Jones . Elizabeth tells Will she now understands the burden he bears , but having been aboard the Dutchman , she believes Bootstrap can no longer be saved , although Will disagrees . When Barbossa releases Calypso from her human form , Will tells her that Davy Jones betrayed her to the First Brethren Court . This causes her to turn her fury against both the pirates and Jones , forming a giant maelstrom . During the maelstrom battle , Will proposes to Elizabeth , convincing her this may be their only opportunity to wed . Barbossa performs an impromptu wedding as the battle continues . Will defends Elizabeth from Davy Jones . He stabs Jones , but Jones is unharmed . Jones mortally wounds Will . Jack , who now possesses Jones ' heart guides Will 's hand to stab the heart and kill Jones . Bootstrap carves out his son 's heart and places it in the Dead Man 's Chest . Will becomes the Flying Dutchman 's immortal captain . Now under Will 's command , the Flying Dutchman resurfaces , and the crew has reverted to human form . Will commands the Dutchman against the Endeavour and the combined firepower of the Black Pearl and the Flying Dutchman destroy the Endeavour , killing Cutler Beckett . The remaining armada retreats without a fight . Will is now a psychopomp , bound to ferrying souls of those who died at sea to the next world . Will is allowed one day ashore before beginning his ten - year duty aboard the Dutchman . Bootstrap Bill decides to remain on the crew with his son . Elizabeth , a mortal , is unable to accompany them . Will spends his one day with Elizabeth on an island where they consummate their marriage . Before returning to the Dutchman at sunset , he entrusts the Dead Man 's Chest containing his beating heart to her care . The Flying Dutchman disappears from the horizon amid the Green Flash . Will returns ten years later , where he meets Elizabeth and their son , Henry . Dead Men Tell no Tales ( edit ) Main article : Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales Orlando Bloom reprises his role as Will Turner in the fifth film , seen with barnacles forming upon his face , implying he 's failed at the responsibilities as Captain of the Flying Dutchman . At the start of the film , Henry Turner deliberately attempts to drown himself to lure in the Dutchman , believing that he has found a way to cure his father of his curse , but Will rejects this idea , certain that there is no way to free him from his duty , asking Henry to forget him . Nine years later , Jack Sparrow recruits Henry , his small crew , a girl named Carina Smyth ( who is secretly the daughter of Barbossa ) and Barbossa to help him find the Trident of Poseidon , the destruction of the Trident breaking all curses imposed by the sea , including the curse that binds Will to the Dutchman . At the film 's conclusion , Will is reunited with Elizabeth , but a post-credits sequence reveals that the Trident 's destruction has also resurrected Davy Jones , who now seeks revenge against him , Jack and Elizabeth . Video game appearances ( edit ) Will Turner appears in the Pirates of the Caribbean world , Port Royal , of Kingdom Hearts II . In the Japanese version of Kingdom Hearts II as well as in the movies he 's voiced by Daisuke Hirakawa , who was also the Japanese voice for Legolas , another famous character portrayed by Bloom . Crispin Freeman provided the voice of Will for the U.S. version of the game since Orlando Bloom was unavailable due to the filming of Dead Man 's Chest and At World 's End . Freeman was also the voice of Will in the video game Pirates of the Caribbean : The Legend of Jack Sparrow and in the video game adaptation of Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End . Will Turner appears in the video game Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest and in Lego Pirates of the Caribbean : The Video Game as a playable character in both games and was again voiced by Crispin Freeman . He also appears in the game Pirates of the Caribbean Online game as the character who gives the player their first sword . In the earlier versions of the game , Will urges the player to run and locate Tia Dalama after soldiers can be heard banging on his door . Will stays behind to confront them , drawing his sword . In the newer version , undead skeletons appear inside instead . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fuller , Becky ( 28 Mar 2017 ) . `` Pirates 5 : Will Turner 's Son Confirmed '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved 28 Mar 2017 . Jump up ^ Edelstein , David . `` The Depp , Depp Sea '' . New York Magazine . Retrieved 21 Mar 2017 . Jump up ^ Gilchrist , Todd ; Lowe , Scott ( 5 Dec 2007 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End Blu - Ray Review '' . IGN . Retrieved 20 Mar 2017 . Jump up ^ Holleran , Scott ( 31 May 2007 ) . `` Interview : Ted Elliott & Terry Rossio on ' At World 's End ' '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 28 Mar 2017 . Jump up ^ Spencer Perry ( 6 Feb 2017 ) . `` Will Turner in Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved 28 Mar 2017 . External links ( edit ) William Turner at the Pirates of the Caribbean wiki ( hide ) Pirates of the Caribbean Film series The Curse of the Black Pearl video game soundtrack Dead Man 's Chest video game soundtrack At World 's End video game soundtrack On Stranger Tides soundtrack Dead Men Tell No Tales soundtrack Characters Jack Sparrow Hector Barbossa Will Turner Elizabeth Swann Joshamee Gibbs James Norrington Davy Jones Pintel and Ragetti Bootstrap Bill Cutler Beckett Tia Dalma Universe Black Pearl Flying Dutchman Queen Anne 's Revenge Kraken Locations Music List of songs in the film series `` Yo Ho ( A Pirate 's Life for Me ) '' Soundtrack Treasures Collection Swashbuckling Sea Songs 1966 soundtrack `` He 's a Pirate '' Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End Remixes Theme park attractions Pirates of the Caribbean Battle for the Sunken Treasure The Legend of Captain Jack Sparrow Pirate 's Lair on Tom Sawyer Island Mickey 's Pirate and Princess Party Video games Adventures in the Magic Kingdom Pirates of the Caribbean Pirates of the Caribbean : The Legend of Jack Sparrow Pirates of the Caribbean Online Pirates of the Caribbean Multiplayer Mobile Kingdom Hearts II Pirates of the Caribbean : Armada of the Damned Lego Pirates of the Caribbean : The Video Game Disney Infinity Books Jack Sparrow Legends of the Brethren Court The Price of Freedom Other Trading Card Game Pinball machine Lego Pirates of the Caribbean Accolades for the film series Rob Kidd Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Will_Turner&oldid=824340976 '' Categories : Pirates of the Caribbean characters Fictional English people Fictional pirates Fictional swordsmen Kingdom Hearts characters Fictional smiths Fictional ship captains Fictional characters introduced in 2003 Adventure film characters Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from August 2015 All articles needing additional references Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español فارسی Français Italiano ქართული Nederlands Polski Português Русский Suomi Татарча / tatarça Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 February 2018 , at 19 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will%20Turner
| 2,122 |
who sings the theme song to kim possible
|
`` CALL ME , BEEP ME ! ( The Kim Possible Song ) '' - Christina Milian `` It 's Just You '' - LMNT `` I 'm Ready '' - Angela Michael `` Get Up on Ya Feet '' - Aaron Carter `` Celebration '' - Jump5 `` Say The Word '' - Kim Possible ( Christy Carlson Romano ) `` Summertime Guys '' - Nikki Cleary `` This Year '' - A * Teens `` Work it Out '' - Brassy `` E ! Is for Everybody '' - Cooler Kids `` Come On , Come On '' - Smash Mouth `` The Naked Mole Rap '' - Ron Stoppable ( Will Friedle ) and Rufus ( Nancy Cartwright ) `` CALL ME , BEEP ME ! ( The Kim Possible Song ) '' ( Tony Phillips Remix ) - Christina Milian
|
Christina Milian
|
Kim Possible ( soundtrack )
|
kim possible ( soundtrack )
|
The Kim Possible Soundtrack is an album released in 2003 by Walt Disney Records . It contains songs from the show Kim Possible . The songs here are used as scores in this toon series , and some songs inspired by the show . The voice - over artist for Kim , Christy Carlson Romano , sings a song for the soundtrack , as well as a rap from Ron and Rufus . There are a few popular artists in the soundtrack including Aaron Carter and Smash Mouth . Walt Disney Records released a second `` Kim - Proved '' version of the soundtrack on March 22 , 2005 .
|
Contents ( hide ) 1 List of songs 1.1 Original version - 2003 1.2 Kim - Proved version - 2005 1.3 Italian version - 2006 1.4 German version - 2006 1.5 French version - 2006 2 Differences 3 Charts 4 References List of songs ( edit ) Original version - 2003 ( edit ) `` CALL ME , BEEP ME ! ( The Kim Possible Song ) '' - Christina Milian `` It 's Just You '' - LMNT `` I 'm Ready '' - Angela Michael `` Get Up on Ya Feet '' - Aaron Carter `` Celebration '' - Jump5 `` Say The Word '' - Kim Possible ( Christy Carlson Romano ) `` Summertime Guys '' - Nikki Cleary `` This Year '' - A * Teens `` Work it Out '' - Brassy `` E ! Is for Everybody '' - Cooler Kids `` Come On , Come On '' - Smash Mouth `` The Naked Mole Rap '' - Ron Stoppable ( Will Friedle ) and Rufus ( Nancy Cartwright ) `` CALL ME , BEEP ME ! ( The Kim Possible Song ) '' ( Tony Phillips Remix ) - Christina Milian Kim - Proved version - 2005 ( edit ) `` CALL ME , BEEP ME ! ( The Kim Possible Song ) '' - Christina Milian `` It 's Just You '' - LMNT `` I 'm Ready '' - Angela Michael `` Get Up on Ya Feet '' - Aaron Carter `` Say The Word '' - Kim Possible ( Christy Carlson Romano ) `` Celebration '' - Jump5 `` Could It Be '' - Christy Carlson Romano - 2 : 51 `` Summertime Guys '' - Nikki Cleary `` E ! Is for Everybody '' - Cooler Kids `` The Naked Mole Rap '' - Ron Stoppable ( Will Friedle ) and Rufus ( Nancy Cartwright ) `` Come On , Come On '' - Smash Mouth `` Rappin ' Drakken '' - Dr. Drakken ( John DiMaggio ) `` CALL ME , BEEP ME ! ( The Kim Possible Song ) '' ( Tony Phillips Remix ) - Christina Milian `` CALL ME , BEEP ME ! ( Movie Mix ) '' - Angela Michael Italian version - 2006 ( edit ) `` CALL ME , BEEP ME ! ( The Kim Possible Song ) '' - Christina Milian `` Wake Up '' - Hilary Duff `` Superstar '' - Jamelia `` It 's Just You '' - LMNT `` Get Up on Ya Feet '' - Aaron Carter `` Io ci sarò '' - Kim Possible ( Valentina Mari ) `` Celebration '' - Jump5 `` Un amore nascosto '' - Kim Possible ( Valentina Mari ) `` Summertime Guys '' - Nikki Cleary `` E ! Is for Everybody '' - Cooler Kids `` La talpa senza pelo '' - Ron Stoppable ( Marco Vivio ) e Rufus ( Tatiana Dessi ) `` Get Your Shine on '' - Jesse McCartney `` Lavati la testa '' - Dott . Drakken ( Ambrogio Colombo ) `` CALL ME , BEEP ME ! ( The Kim Possible Song ) '' ( Tony Phillips Remix ) - Christina Milian German version - 2006 ( edit ) `` CALL ME , BEEP ME ! ( The Kim Possible Song ) '' - Banaroo `` Wake Up '' - Hilary Duff `` Superstar '' - Jamelia `` It 's Just You '' - LMNT `` Get Up on Ya Feet '' - Aaron Carter `` Sag Nur Ein Wort '' - Marius Claren / Saskia Tanfal `` Celebration '' - Jump5 `` Kann Das Sein '' - Saskia Tanfal `` Summertime Guys '' - Nikki Cleary `` E Is for Everybody '' - Cooler Kids `` Nacktmull - Rap '' - Marius Claren / Ron Stoppable / Stefan Krause / Rufus `` Come On Come On '' - Smash Mouth `` Get Your Shine on '' - Jesse McCartney `` Schäumen , Spülen Und Parier'n '' - Dr Drakken / Jan Spitzer `` CALL ME , BEEP ME ! ( The Kim Possible Song ) '' ( Tony Phillips Remix ) - Christina Milian French version - 2006 ( edit ) `` Mission Kim Possible '' - Priscilla Betti `` Wake Up '' - Hilary Duff `` Ma Vie '' ( French version ) - Amine `` Superstar '' - Jamelia `` It 's Just You '' - LMNT `` Get Up on Ya Feet '' - Aaron Carter `` Suffit d'un Mot '' - Mery `` Celebration '' - Jump5 `` Dis Pourquoi '' - Veronica Antico `` Summertime Guys '' - Nikki Cleary `` E Is for Everybody '' - Cooler Kids `` Le Rap Du Taupinet Tondu '' - Donald Reignoux as Robin Trépide ( Ron Stoppable ) & Michel Costa as Rufus `` Come On Come On '' - Smash Mouth `` Get Your Shine on '' - Jesse McCartney `` Mousse , Rince , Obéi '' - Michel Elias as Dr. Drakken `` CALL ME , BEEP ME ! ( The Kim Possible Song ) '' - Christina Milian `` Code S - pion : La mission '' - Fabienne Darnaud & Joan Faggianelli Differences ( edit ) Differences from the original soundtrack to the Kim - Proved version are as follows : The songs `` This Year '' by A * TEENS and `` Work It Out '' by Brassy on the original are replaced by `` Rappin ' Drakken '' by Dr. Drakken and `` Could it Be '' by Christy Carlson Romano on the Kim - Proved Version . The `` CALL ME , BEEP ME ! ( Movie Mix ) '' by Angela Michael is added to the Kim - Proved Version . Charts ( edit ) Year Chart Position 2003 The Billboard 200 125 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kim Possible Original Soundtrack ( German Version ) : Amazon.de ( german ) Jump up ^ Kim Possible Original Soundtrack ( French Version ) : Amazon.fr ( french ) Jump up ^ `` Kim Possible soundtrack on Billboard 200 '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 01 - 30 . hide Kim Possible General Characters Kim Possible Shego Episodes Films Kim Possible : A Sitch in Time Kim Possible Movie : So the Drama Merchandising Video games Soundtrack Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kim_Possible_(soundtrack)&oldid=831467959 '' Categories : Kim Possible Television animation soundtracks 2005 soundtracks Walt Disney Records soundtracks Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2008 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Magyar Suomi Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 20 March 2018 , at 19 : 12 . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim%20Possible%20%28soundtrack%29
| 2,123 |
who was the city of athens named after
|
In Ancient Greek , the name of the city was Ἀθῆναι ( Athēnai , pronounced ( a. thɛ̂ː. nai̯ ) in Classical Attic ) a plural . In earlier Greek , such as Homeric Greek , the name had been current in the singular form though , as Ἀθήνη ( Athēnē ) . It was possibly rendered in the plural later on , like those of Θῆβαι ( Thêbai ) and Μυκῆναι ( Μukênai ) . The root of the word is probably not of Greek or Indo - European origin , and is possibly a remnant of the Pre-Greek substrate of Attica . In antiquity , it was debated whether Athens took its name from its patron goddess Athena ( Attic Ἀθηνᾶ , Athēnā , Ionic Ἀθήνη , Athēnē , and Doric Ἀθάνα , Athānā ) or Athena took her name from the city . Modern scholars now generally agree that the goddess takes her name from the city , because the ending - ene is common in names of locations , but rare for personal names . During the medieval period , the name of the city was rendered once again in the singular as Ἀθήνα . However , after the establishment of the modern Greek state , and partly due to the conservatism of the written language , Ἀθῆναι ( aˈθine ) became again the official name of the city and remained so until the abandonment of Katharevousa in the 1970s , when Ἀθήνα , Athína , became the official name .
|
patron goddess Athena
|
Athens
|
athens
|
Athens ( / ˈæθɪnz / ; Greek : Αθήνα , Athína ( aˈθina ) , Ancient Greek : Ἀθῆναι , Athênai ) is the capital and largest city of Greece . Athens dominates the Attica region and is one of the world 's oldest cities , with its recorded history spanning over 3,400 years and its earliest human presence starting somewhere between the 11th and 7th millennium BC .
|
Classical Athens was a powerful city - state that emerged in conjunction with the seagoing development of the port of Piraeus , which had been a distinct city prior to its 5th century BC incorporation with Athens . A centre for the arts , learning and philosophy , home of Plato 's Academy and Aristotle 's Lyceum , it is widely referred to as the cradle of Western civilization and the birthplace of democracy , largely because of its cultural and political impact on the European continent , and in particular the Romans . In modern times , Athens is a large cosmopolitan metropolis and central to economic , financial , industrial , maritime , political and cultural life in Greece . In 2012 , Athens was ranked the world 's 39th richest city by purchasing power and the 67th most expensive in a UBS study . Athens is a global city and one of the biggest economic centres in southeastern Europe . It has a large financial sector , and its port Piraeus is both the largest passenger port in Europe , and the second largest in the world . The Municipality of Athens ( also City of Athens ) had a population of 664,046 ( in 2011 ) within its administrative limits , and a land area of 38.96 km ( 15.04 sq mi ) . The urban area of Athens ( Greater Athens and Greater Piraeus ) extends beyond its administrative municipal city limits , with a population of 3,090,508 ( in 2011 ) over an area of 412 km ( 159 sq mi ) . According to Eurostat in 2011 , the functional urban area ( FUA ) of Athens was the 9th most populous FUA in the European Union ( the 6th most populous capital city of the EU ) , with a population of 3.8 million people . Athens is also the southernmost capital on the European mainland . The heritage of the classical era is still evident in the city , represented by ancient monuments and works of art , the most famous of all being the Parthenon , considered a key landmark of early Western civilization . The city also retains Roman and Byzantine monuments , as well as a smaller number of Ottoman monuments . Athens is home to two UNESCO World Heritage Sites , the Acropolis of Athens and the medieval Daphni Monastery . Landmarks of the modern era , dating back to the establishment of Athens as the capital of the independent Greek state in 1834 , include the Hellenic Parliament and the so - called `` architectural trilogy of Athens '' , consisting of the National Library of Greece , the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens and the Academy of Athens . Athens is also home to several museums and cultural institutions , such as the National Archeological Museum , featuring the world 's largest collection of ancient Greek antiquities , the Acropolis Museum , the Museum of Cycladic Art , the Benaki Museum and the Byzantine and Christian Museum . Athens was the host city of the first modern - day Olympic Games in 1896 , and 108 years later it welcomed home the 2004 Summer Olympics . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Geography 2.1 Cityscape / skyline 2.2 Geology 2.3 Environment 2.3. 1 Climate 2.4 Locations 2.4. 1 Neighbourhoods 2.4. 2 Parks and zoos 2.5 Surrounding areas 2.5. 1 Urban and suburban municipalities 2.5. 2 Athens Urban Area 2.5. 3 Athens Metropolitan Area 2.6 Demographics 2.6. 1 Population in modern times 2.6. 1.1 Population of the Athens Metropolitan Area 2.6. 2 Population in ancient times 3 Government and politics 3.1 International relations and influence 3.1. 1 Twin towns -- sister cities 3.1. 2 Partnerships 3.1. 3 Other locations named after Athens 4 History 5 Culture 5.1 Archaeological hub 5.2 Architecture 5.3 Urban sculpture 5.4 Museums 5.5 Tourism 5.6 Entertainment and performing arts 5.6. 1 Music 5.7 Sports 5.7. 1 Olympic Games 5.7. 1.1 1896 Summer Olympics 5.7. 1.2 1906 Summer Olympics 5.7. 1.3 2004 Summer Olympics 5.7. 1.4 Special Olympics 2011 6 Economy and infrastructure 6.1 Transport 6.1. 1 Bus transport 6.1. 2 Athens Metro 6.1. 2.1 Electric railway ( ISAP ) 6.1. 3 Commuter / suburban rail ( Proastiakos ) 6.1. 4 Tram 6.1. 5 Athens International Airport 6.1. 6 Railways and ferry connections 6.1. 7 Motorways 7 Education 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Etymology ( edit ) Further information : Names of European cities in different languages : A Athena , patron goddess of Athens ; ( Varvakeion Athena , National Archaeological Museum ) In Ancient Greek , the name of the city was Ἀθῆναι ( Athēnai , pronounced ( a. thɛ̂ː. nai̯ ) in Classical Attic ) a plural . In earlier Greek , such as Homeric Greek , the name had been current in the singular form though , as Ἀθήνη ( Athēnē ) . It was possibly rendered in the plural later on , like those of Θῆβαι ( Thêbai ) and Μυκῆναι ( Μukênai ) . The root of the word is probably not of Greek or Indo - European origin , and is possibly a remnant of the Pre-Greek substrate of Attica . In antiquity , it was debated whether Athens took its name from its patron goddess Athena ( Attic Ἀθηνᾶ , Athēnā , Ionic Ἀθήνη , Athēnē , and Doric Ἀθάνα , Athānā ) or Athena took her name from the city . Modern scholars now generally agree that the goddess takes her name from the city , because the ending - ene is common in names of locations , but rare for personal names . During the medieval period , the name of the city was rendered once again in the singular as Ἀθήνα . However , after the establishment of the modern Greek state , and partly due to the conservatism of the written language , Ἀθῆναι ( aˈθine ) became again the official name of the city and remained so until the abandonment of Katharevousa in the 1970s , when Ἀθήνα , Athína , became the official name . According to the ancient Athenian founding myth , Athena , the goddess of wisdom , competed against Poseidon , the god of the seas , for patronage of the yet - unnamed city ; they agreed that whoever gave the Athenians the better gift would become their patron and appointed Cecrops , the king of Athens , as the judge . According to the account given by Pseudo-Apollodorus , Poseidon struck the ground with his trident and a salt water spring welled up . In an alternative version of the myth from Vergil 's Georgics , Poseidon instead gave the Athenians the first horse . In both versions , Athena offered the Athenians the first domesticated olive tree . Cecrops accepted this gift and declared Athena the patron goddess of Athens . Different etymologies , now commonly rejected , were proposed during the 19th century . Christian Lobeck proposed as the root of the name the word ἄθος ( áthos ) or ἄνθος ( ánthos ) meaning `` flower '' , to denote Athens as the `` flowering city '' . Ludwig von Döderlein proposed the stem of the verb θάω , stem θη - ( tháō , thē - , `` to suck '' ) to denote Athens as having fertile soil . In classical literature , the city was sometimes referred to as the City of the Violet Crown , first documented in Pindar 's ἰοστέφανοι Ἀθᾶναι ( iostéphanoi Athânai ) , or as τὸ κλεινὸν ἄστυ ( tò kleinòn ásty , `` the glorious city '' ) . In medieval texts , variant names include Setines , Satine , and Astines , all derivations involving false splitting of prepositional phrases . Today the caption η πρωτεύουσα ( ī protévousa ) , `` the capital '' , has become somewhat common . Geography ( edit ) Cityscape / skyline ( edit ) Panoramic view of Lycabettus , Stadiou Street and Panepistimiou Street . View of parts of central Athens and its eastern suburbs from Mount Lycabettus . Geology ( edit ) View of Mount Penteli , the second tallest mountain surrounding Athens . Mount Lycabettus . Athens sprawls across the central plain of Attica that is often referred to as the Athens or Attica Basin ( Greek : Λεκανοπέδιο Αττικής ) . The basin is bounded by four large mountains : Mount Aigaleo to the west , Mount Parnitha to the north , Mount Pentelicus to the northeast and Mount Hymettus to the east . Beyond Mount Aegaleo lies the Thriasian plain , which forms an extension of the central plain to the west . The Saronic Gulf lies to the southwest . Mount Parnitha is the tallest of the four mountains ( 1,413 m ( 4,636 ft ) ) , and has been declared a national park . Athens is built around a number of hills . Lycabettus is one of the tallest hills of the city proper and provides a view of the entire Attica Basin . The geomorphology of Athens is deemed to be one of the most complex in the world because its mountains cause a temperature inversion phenomenon which , along with the Greek Government 's difficulties controlling industrial pollution , was responsible for the air pollution problems the city has faced . This issue is not unique to Athens ; for instance , Los Angeles and Mexico City also suffer from similar geomorphology inversion problems . The Cephissus river , the Ilisos and the Eridanos stream are the historical rivers of Athens . Environment ( edit ) Recycling machine in Athens By the late 1970s , the pollution of Athens had become so destructive that according to the then Greek Minister of Culture , Constantine Trypanis , `` ... the carved details on the five the caryatids of the Erechtheum had seriously degenerated , while the face of the horseman on the Parthenon 's west side was all but obliterated . '' A series of measures taken by the authorities of the city throughout the 1990s resulted in the improvement of air quality ; the appearance of smog ( or nefos as the Athenians used to call it ) has become less common . Measures taken by the Greek authorities throughout the 1990s have improved the quality of air over the Attica Basin . Nevertheless , air pollution still remains an issue for Athens , particularly during the hottest summer days . In late June 2007 , the Attica region experienced a number of brush fires , including a blaze that burned a significant portion of a large forested national park in Mount Parnitha , considered critical to maintaining a better air quality in Athens all year round . Damage to the park has led to worries over a stalling in the improvement of air quality in the city . The major waste management efforts undertaken in the last decade ( particularly the plant built on the small island of Psytalia ) have improved water quality in the Saronic Gulf , and the coastal waters of Athens are now accessible again to swimmers . In January 2007 , Athens faced a waste management problem when its landfill near Ano Liosia , an Athenian suburb , reached capacity . The crisis eased by mid-January when authorities began taking the garbage to a temporary landfill . Climate ( edit ) Athens has a hot - summer Mediterranean climate ( Köppen climate classification : Csa ) . The dominant feature of Athens ' climate is alternation between prolonged hot and dry summers and mild to cool winters with moderate rainfall . With an average of 416.8 millimetres ( 16.41 in ) of yearly precipitation , rainfall occurs largely between the months of October and April . July and August are the driest months , where thunderstorms occur sparsely once or twice a month . The annual precipitation of Athens is typically lower than in other parts of Greece , mainly in western Greece . As an example , Ioannina receives around 1,300 mm ( 51 in ) per year , and Agrinio around 800 mm ( 31 in ) per year . Daily average highs for July ( 1988 -- 2017 ) have been measured at 34.4 ° C ( 94 ° F ) , but some parts of the city may be even warmer , in particular its western areas partly because of industrialization and partly because of a number of natural factors , knowledge of which has been available from the mid-19th century . Athens is affected by the urban heat island effect in some areas which is caused by human activity , altering its temperatures compared to the surrounding rural areas , and bearing detrimental effects on energy usage , expenditure for cooling , and health . The urban heat island of the city has also been found to be partially responsible for alterations of the climatological temperature time - series of specific Athens meteorological stations , because of its impact on the temperatures and the temperature trends recorded by some meteorological stations . On the other hand , specific meteorological stations , such as the National Garden station and Thiseio meteorological station , are less affected or do not experience the urban heat island . Athens holds the World Meteorological Organization record for the highest temperature ever recorded in Europe , at 48.0 ° C ( 118.4 ° F ) , which was recorded in the Elefsina and Tatoi suburbs of Athens on 10 July 1977 . ( hide ) Climate data for Downtown Athens ( 1988 -- 2017 ) . Extremes from 1890 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 22.6 ( 72.7 ) 25.3 ( 77.5 ) 28.9 ( 84 ) 32.2 ( 90 ) 36.7 ( 98.1 ) 44.8 ( 112.6 ) 43.0 ( 109.4 ) 42.6 ( 108.7 ) 38.6 ( 101.5 ) 36.5 ( 97.7 ) 30.5 ( 86.9 ) 22.9 ( 73.2 ) 44.8 ( 112.6 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 13.4 ( 56.1 ) 14.3 ( 57.7 ) 17.1 ( 62.8 ) 21.2 ( 70.2 ) 26.6 ( 79.9 ) 31.7 ( 89.1 ) 34.4 ( 93.9 ) 34.3 ( 93.7 ) 29.7 ( 85.5 ) 24.1 ( 75.4 ) 18.7 ( 65.7 ) 14.4 ( 57.9 ) 23.3 ( 73.9 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) 10.2 ( 50.4 ) 10.8 ( 51.4 ) 13.1 ( 55.6 ) 16.8 ( 62.2 ) 21.7 ( 71.1 ) 26.6 ( 79.9 ) 29.3 ( 84.7 ) 29.2 ( 84.6 ) 25.0 ( 77 ) 20.1 ( 68.2 ) 15.4 ( 59.7 ) 11.5 ( 52.7 ) 19.14 ( 66.45 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 7.1 ( 44.8 ) 7.3 ( 45.1 ) 9.2 ( 48.6 ) 12.3 ( 54.1 ) 16.9 ( 62.4 ) 21.5 ( 70.7 ) 24.2 ( 75.6 ) 24.2 ( 75.6 ) 20.3 ( 68.5 ) 16.0 ( 60.8 ) 12.0 ( 53.6 ) 8.5 ( 47.3 ) 15 ( 59 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) − 6.5 ( 20.3 ) − 5.7 ( 21.7 ) − 2.6 ( 27.3 ) 1.7 ( 35.1 ) 6.2 ( 43.2 ) 11.8 ( 53.2 ) 16 ( 61 ) 15.5 ( 59.9 ) 8.9 ( 48 ) 5.9 ( 42.6 ) − 1.1 ( 30 ) − 4 ( 25 ) − 6.5 ( 20.3 ) Average rainfall mm ( inches ) 51.4 ( 2.024 ) 43.9 ( 1.728 ) 46.0 ( 1.811 ) 25.4 ( 1 ) 18.6 ( 0.732 ) 9.7 ( 0.382 ) 8.9 ( 0.35 ) 5.0 ( 0.197 ) 23.1 ( 0.909 ) 39.8 ( 1.567 ) 72.3 ( 2.846 ) 72.7 ( 2.862 ) 416.8 ( 16.409 ) Source : Meteoclub.gr ( hide ) Climate data for Elliniko , Athens ( rain data for Nea Filadelfeia , Athens ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° C ( ° F ) 13.3 ( 55.9 ) 13.9 ( 57 ) 16.6 ( 61.9 ) 20.0 ( 68 ) 25.2 ( 77.4 ) 30.4 ( 86.7 ) 33.4 ( 92.1 ) 33.7 ( 92.7 ) 28.7 ( 83.7 ) 23.5 ( 74.3 ) 18.8 ( 65.8 ) 14.7 ( 58.5 ) 22.7 ( 72.9 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) 9.9 ( 49.8 ) 10.2 ( 50.4 ) 12.5 ( 54.5 ) 15.7 ( 60.3 ) 20.5 ( 68.9 ) 25.5 ( 77.9 ) 28.5 ( 83.3 ) 28.6 ( 83.5 ) 24.1 ( 75.4 ) 19.5 ( 67.1 ) 15.1 ( 59.2 ) 11.7 ( 53.1 ) 18.5 ( 65.3 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 6.8 ( 44.2 ) 6.8 ( 44.2 ) 8.8 ( 47.8 ) 11.7 ( 53.1 ) 15.8 ( 60.4 ) 20.6 ( 69.1 ) 23.6 ( 74.5 ) 23.8 ( 74.8 ) 19.8 ( 67.6 ) 15.9 ( 60.6 ) 11.7 ( 53.1 ) 8.8 ( 47.8 ) 14.5 ( 58.1 ) Average rainfall mm ( inches ) 56.9 ( 2.24 ) 46.7 ( 1.839 ) 40.7 ( 1.602 ) 30.8 ( 1.213 ) 22.7 ( 0.894 ) 10.6 ( 0.417 ) 5.8 ( 0.228 ) 6.0 ( 0.236 ) 13.9 ( 0.547 ) 52.6 ( 2.071 ) 58.3 ( 2.295 ) 69.1 ( 2.72 ) 414.1 ( 16.303 ) Average rainy days 12.6 10.4 10.2 8.1 6.2 3.7 1.9 1.7 3.3 7.2 9.7 12.1 87.1 Average relative humidity ( % ) 70.7 68.9 67.0 62.9 59.5 52.6 48.7 47.6 57.2 64.6 71.9 71.8 62.0 Mean monthly sunshine hours 158.1 168.0 189.1 225.0 303.8 360.0 384.4 359.6 252.0 198.4 144.0 105.4 2,847.8 Source : Climatebase ( temperatures , RH , and sun 1980 -- 2000 ) World Meteorological Organization ( precipitation 1955 -- 1997 ) , Climate data for Athens Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average sea temperature ° C ( ° F ) 15.4 ( 59.7 ) 15.0 ( 59.0 ) 15.2 ( 59.4 ) 15.7 ( 60.3 ) 18.5 ( 65.3 ) 22.6 ( 72.7 ) 25.7 ( 78.3 ) 26.3 ( 79.3 ) 25.0 ( 77.0 ) 22.2 ( 72.0 ) 19.1 ( 66.4 ) 16.6 ( 61.9 ) 19.8 ( 67.6 ) Mean daily daylight hours 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 14.0 14.0 12.0 11.0 10.0 10.0 12.2 Average Ultraviolet index 5 6 8 9 10 9 7 5 5.8 Source : Weather Atlas Locations ( edit ) Neighbourhoods ( edit ) Changing of the Greek Presidential Guard in front of the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier at Syntagma Square . The municipality of Athens , the city centre of the Athens Urban Area , is divided into several districts : Omonoia , Syntagma , Exarcheia , Agios Nikolaos , Neapolis , Lykavittos , Lofos Strefi , Lofos Finopoulou , Lofos Filopappou , Pedion Areos , Metaxourgeio , Aghios Kostantinos , Larissa Station , Kerameikos , Psiri , Monastiraki , Gazi , Thission , Kapnikarea , Aghia Irini , Aerides , Anafiotika , Plaka , Acropolis , Pnyka , Makrygianni , Lofos Ardittou , Zappeion , Aghios Spyridon , Pangration , Kolonaki , Dexameni , Evaggelismos , Gouva , Aghios Ioannis , Neos Kosmos , Koukaki , Kynosargous , Fix , Ano Petralona , Kato Petralona , Rouf , Votanikos , Profitis Daniil , Akadimia Platonos , Kolonos , Kolokynthou , Attikis Square , Lofos Skouze , Sepolia , Kypseli , Aghios Meletios , Nea Kypseli , Gyzi , Polygono , Ampelokipoi , Panormou - Gerokomeio , Pentagono , Ellinorosson , Nea Filothei , Ano Kypseli , Tourkovounia - Lofos Patatsou , Lofos Elikonos , Koliatsou , Thymarakia , Kato Patisia , Treis Gefyres , Aghios Eleftherios , Ano Patisia , Kypriadou , Menidi , Prompona , Aghios Panteleimonas , Pangrati , Goudi and Ilisia . Omonoia , Omonoia Square , ( Greek : Πλατεία Ομονοίας ) is the oldest square in Athens . It is surrounded by hotels and fast food outlets , and contains a train station used by the Athens Metro and the Ilektrikos , named Omonoia station . The square is the focus for celebration of sporting victories , as seen after the country 's winning of the Euro 2004 and the Eurobasket 2005 tournaments . Metaxourgeio ( Greek : Μεταξουργείο ) is a neighborhood of Athens . The neighborhood is located north of the historical centre of Athens , between Kolonos to the east and Kerameikos to the west , and north of Gazi . Metaxourgeio is frequently described as a transition neighborhood . After a long period of abandonment in the late 20th century , the area is acquiring a reputation as an artistic and fashionable neighborhood following the opening of art galleries , museums , restaurants and cafés. ( 1 ) Local efforts to beautify and invigorate the neighborhood have reinforced a sense of community and artistic expression . Anonymous art pieces containing quotes and statements in both English and Ancient Greek have sprung up throughout the neighborhood , bearing statements such as `` Art for art 's sake '' ( Τέχνη τέχνης χάριν ) . Guerilla gardening has also helped to beautify the area . Psiri and Gazi -- The reviving Psiri ( Greek : Ψυρρή ) neighbourhood -- also known as Athens 's `` meat packing district '' -- is dotted with renovated former mansions , artists ' spaces , and small gallery areas . A number of its renovated buildings also host fashionable bars , making it a hotspot for the city in the last decade , while live music restaurants known as `` rebetadika '' , after rebetiko , a unique form of music that blossomed in Syros and Athens from the 1920s until the 1960s , are to be found . Rebetiko is admired by many , and as a result rebetadika are often crammed with people of all ages who will sing , dance and drink till dawn . The Gazi ( Greek : Γκάζι ) area , one of the latest in full redevelopment , is located around a historic gas factory , now converted into the Technopolis cultural multiplex , and also includes artists ' areas , small clubs , bars and restaurants , as well as Athens 's `` Gay village '' . The metro 's expansion to the western suburbs of the city has brought easier access to the area since spring 2007 , as the blue line now stops at Gazi ( Kerameikos station ) . Syntagma , Syntagma Square , ( Greek : Σύνταγμα / Constitution Square ) , is the capital 's central and largest square , lying adjacent to the Greek Parliament ( the former Royal Palace ) and the city 's most notable hotels . Ermou Street , an approximately one - kilometre - long ( 0.62 - mile ) pedestrian road connecting Syntagma Square to Monastiraki , is a consumer paradise for both Athenians and tourists . Complete with fashion shops and shopping centres promoting most international brands , it now finds itself in the top five most expensive shopping streets in Europe , and the tenth most expensive retail street in the world . Nearby , the renovated Army Fund building in Panepistimiou Street includes the `` Attica '' department store and several upmarket designer stores . Plaka , Monastiraki , and Thission -- Plaka ( Greek : Πλάκα ) , lying just beneath the Acropolis , is famous for its plentiful neoclassical architecture , making up one of the most scenic districts of the city . It remains a prime tourist destination with tavernas , live performances and street salesmen . Nearby Monastiraki ( Greek : Μοναστηράκι ) , for its part , is known for its string of small shops and markets , as well as its crowded flea market and tavernas specialising in souvlaki . Another district known for its student - crammed , stylish cafés is Theseum or Thission ( Greek : Θησείο ) , lying just west of Monastiraki . Thission is home to the ancient Temple of Hephaestus , standing atop a small hill . This area also has a picturesque 11th - century Byzantine church , as well as a 15th - century Ottoman mosque . Exarcheia ( Greek : Εξάρχεια ) , located north of Kolonaki , is the location of the city 's anarchist scene and as a student quarter with cafés , bars and bookshops . Exarcheia is home to the Athens Polytechnic and the National Archaeological Museum ; it also contains important buildings of several 20th - century styles : Neoclassicism , Art Deco and Early Modernism ( including Bauhaus influences ) . Kolonaki ( Greek : Κολωνάκι ) is the area at the base of Lycabettus hill , full of boutiques catering to well - heeled customers by day , and bars and more fashionable restaurants by night , with galleries and museums . This is often regarded as one of the more prestigious areas of the capital . Panoramic view of Kolonaki Square Parks and zoos ( edit ) The entrance of the National Gardens , commissioned by Queen Amalia in 1838 and completed by 1840 Parnitha National Park is punctuated by well - marked paths , gorges , springs , torrents and caves dotting the protected area . Hiking and mountain - biking in all four mountains are popular outdoor activities for residents of the city . The National Garden of Athens was completed in 1840 and is a green refuge of 15.5 hectares in the centre of the Greek capital . It is to be found between the Parliament and Zappeion buildings , the latter of which maintains its own garden of seven hectares . Parts of the city centre have been redeveloped under a masterplan called the Unification of Archeological Sites of Athens , which has also gathered funding from the EU to help enhance the project . The landmark Dionysiou Areopagitou Street has been pedestrianised , forming a scenic route . The route starts from the Temple of Olympian Zeus at Vasilissis Olgas Avenue , continues under the southern slopes of the Acropolis near Plaka , and finishes just beyond the Temple of Hephaestus in Thiseio . The route in its entirety provides visitors with views of the Parthenon and the Agora ( the meeting point of ancient Athenians ) , away from the busy city centre . The hills of Athens also provide green space . Lycabettus , Philopappos hill and the area around it , including Pnyx and Ardettos hill , are planted with pines and other trees , with the character of a small forest rather than typical metropolitan parkland . Also to be found is the Pedion tou Areos ( Field of Mars ) of 27.7 hectares , near the National Archaeological Museum . Athens ' largest zoo is the Attica Zoological Park , a 20 - hectare ( 49 - acre ) private zoo located in the suburb of Spata . The zoo is home to around 2000 animals representing 400 species , and is open 365 days a year . Smaller zoos exist within public gardens or parks , such as the zoo within the National Garden of Athens . Surrounding areas ( edit ) The large City Centre of the Greek capital falls directly within the municipality of Athens , which is the largest in population size in Greece . Piraeus also forms a significant city centre on its own , within the Athens Urban Area and being the second largest in population size within it , with Peristeri and Kallithea following . Urban and suburban municipalities ( edit ) Ano Vrilissia maisonette block Beach in Vouliagmeni , one of the many beaches in the southern coast of Athens The Athens Metropolitan Area consists of 58 densely populated municipalities , sprawling around the municipality of Athens ( the city centre ) in virtually all directions . For the Athenians , all the urban municipalities surrounding the city centre are called suburbs . According to their geographic location in relation to the City of Athens , the suburbs are divided into four zones ; the northern suburbs ( including Agios Stefanos , Dionysos , Ekali , Nea Erythraia , Kifissia , Maroussi , Pefki , Lykovrysi , Metamorfosi , Nea Ionia , Nea Filadelfeia , Irakleio , Vrilissia , Melissia , Penteli , Chalandri , Agia Paraskevi , Galatsi , Psychiko and Filothei ) ; the southern suburbs ( including Alimos , Nea Smyrni , Moschato , Kallithea , Agios Dimitrios , Palaio Faliro , Elliniko , Glyfada , Argyroupoli , Ilioupoli , Voula and Vouliagmeni ) ; the eastern suburbs ( including Zografou , Dafni , Vyronas , Kaisariani , Cholargos and Papagou ) ; and the western suburbs ( including Peristeri , Ilion , Egaleo , Koridallos , Agia Varvara , Chaidari , Petroupoli , Agioi Anargyroi and Kamatero ) . The Athens city coastline , extending from the major commercial port of Piraeus to the southernmost suburb of Varkiza for some 25 km ( 20 mi ) , is also connected to the city centre by a tram . In the northern suburb of Maroussi , the upgraded main Olympic Complex ( known by its Greek acronym OAKA ) dominates the skyline . The area has been redeveloped according to a design by the Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava , with steel arches , landscaped gardens , fountains , futuristic glass , and a landmark new blue glass roof which was added to the main stadium . A second Olympic complex , next to the sea at the beach of Palaio Faliro , also features modern stadia , shops and an elevated esplanade . Work is underway to transform the grounds of the old Athens Airport -- named Elliniko -- in the southern suburbs , into one of the largest landscaped parks in Europe , to be named the Hellenikon Metropolitan Park . Many of the southern suburbs ( such as Alimos , Palaio Faliro , Elliniko , Voula , Vouliagmeni and Varkiza ) known as the Athens Riviera , host a number of sandy beaches , most of which are operated by the Greek National Tourism Organisation and require an entrance fee . Casinos operate on both Mount Parnitha , some 25 km ( 16 mi ) from downtown Athens ( accessible by car or cable car ) , and the nearby town of Loutraki ( accessible by car via the Athens -- Corinth National Highway , or the suburban rail service Proastiakos ) . Coastline of Palaio Faliro Athens Urban area ( edit ) The Athens Urban Area today consists of 40 municipalities , 35 of which make up what is referred to as the Greater Athens municipalities , located within 4 regional units ( North Athens , West Athens , Central Athens , South Athens ) ; and a further 5 , which make up the Greater Piraeus municipalities , located within the regional unit of Piraeus as mentioned above . The densely built up urban area of the Greek capital sprawls across 412 km ( 159 sq mi ) throughout the Attica Basin and has a total population of 3,074,160 ( in 2011 ) . The Athens municipality forms the core and center of Greater Athens , which consists of the Athens municipality and 34 more municipalities , divided in four regional units ( Central , North , South and West Athens ) , accounting for 2,641,511 people ( in 2011 ) within an area of 361 km ( 139 sq mi ) . Until 2010 , these four regional units made up the abolished Athens Prefecture . The municipality of Piraeus , the historic Athenian port , with its 4 suburban municipalities make up the regional unit of Piraeus , which in turn forms Greater Piraeus . Greater Athens and Greater Piraeus combined make up the continuous built up Athens Urban Area ( Greek : Πολεοδομικό Συγκρότημα Αθηνών ) , also called the Urban Area of the Capital ( Greek : Πολεοδομικό Συγκρότημα Πρωτεύουσας ) or simply Athens ( the most common use of the term ) , spanning over 412 km ( 159 sq mi ) , with a population of 3,090,508 people as of 2011 . The Athens Urban Area is considered to form the city of Athens as a whole , despite its administrative divisions , which is the largest in Greece and one of the most populated urban areas in Europe . Municipalities of Greater Athens Central Athens : 1 . City of Athens 2 . Dafni - Ymittos 3 . Ilioupoli 4 . Vyronas 5 . Kaisariani 6 . Zografou 7 . Galatsi 8 . Filadelfeia - Chalkidona West Athens : 29 . Egaleo 30 . Agia Varvara 31 . Chaidari 32 . Peristeri 33 . Petroupoli 34 . Ilion 35 . Agioi Anargyroi - Kamatero North Athens : 9 . Nea Ionia 10 . Irakleio 11 . Metamorfosi 12 . Lykovrysi - Pefki 13 . Kifissia 14 . Penteli 15 . Marousi 16 . Vrilissia 17 . Agia Paraskevi 18 . Papagou - Cholargos 19 . Chalandri 20 . Filothei - Psychiko South Athens : 21 . Glyfada 22 . Elliniko - Argyroupoli 23 . Alimos 24 . Agios Dimitrios 25 . Nea Smyrni 26 . Palaio Faliro 27 . Kallithea 28 . Moschato - Tavros Athens Urban Area Regional units : Central Athens : * Athens municipality * Other municipalities North Athens South Athens West Athens Piraeus Aerial view of the Athens urban area and the Saronic Gulf . Athens Metropolitan area ( edit ) The Athens Metropolitan Area spans 2,928.717 km ( 1,131 sq mi ) within the Attica region and includes a total of 58 municipalities , which are organized in 7 regional units ( those outlined above , along with East Attica and West Attica ) , having reached a population of 3,737,550 based on the preliminary results of the 2011 census . Athens and Piraeus municipalities serve as the two metropolitan centres of the Athens Metropolitan Area . There are also some inter-municipal centres serving specific areas . For example , Kifissia and Glyfada serve as inter-municipal centres for northern and southern suburbs respectively . Demographics ( edit ) The Athens Urban Area within the Attica Basin from space Athens population distribution Population in modern times ( edit ) The seven districts of the Athens municipality The municipality of Athens has an official population of 664,046 people . The four regional units that make up what is referred to as Greater Athens have a combined population of 2,640,701 . They together with the regional unit of Piraeus ( Greater Piraeus ) make up the dense Athens Urban Area which reaches a total population of 3,090,508 inhabitants ( in 2011 ) . As Eurostat the FUA of Athens had in 2013 3,828,434 inhabitants , being apparently decreasing compared with the pre-economic crisis date of 2009 ( 4,164,175 ) The municipality ( City ) of Athens is the most populous in Greece , with a population of 664,046 people ( in 2011 ) and an area of 38.96 km ( 15.04 sq mi ) , forming the core of the Athens Urban Area within the Attica Basin . The current mayor of Athens is Giorgos Kaminis . The municipality is divided into seven municipal districts which are mainly used for administrative purposes . As of the 2011 census , the population for each of the seven municipal districts of Athens is as follows : 1st : 75,810 2nd : 103,004 3rd : 46,508 4th : 85,629 5th : 98,665 6th : 130,582 7th : 123,848 For the Athenians the most popular way of dividing the city proper is through its neighbourhoods such as Pagkrati , Ambelokipi , Exarcheia , Patissia , Ilissia , Petralona , Koukaki and Kypseli , each with its own distinct history and characteristics . Population of the Athens Metropolitan area ( edit ) The Athens Metropolitan Area , with an area of 2,928.717 km ( 1,131 sq mi ) and inhabited by 3,753,783 people in 2011 , consists of the Athens Urban Area with the addition of the towns and villages of East and West Attica , which surround the dense urban area of the Greek capital . It actually sprawls over the whole peninsula of Attica , which is the best part of the region of Attica , excluding the islands . Classification of regional units within Greater Athens , Athens Urban Area and Athens Metropolitan Area Regional unit Population ( 2011 ) Central Athens 1,029,520 Greater Athens 2,641,511 Athens Urban Area 3,090,508 Athens Metropolitan Area 3,753,783 North Athens 592,490 South Athens 529,826 West Athens 489,675 Piraeus 448,997 Greater Piraeus 448,997 East Attica 502,348 West Attica 160,927 Population in ancient times ( edit ) Mycenean Athens in 1600 -- 1100 BC could have reached the size of Tiryns ; that would put the population at the range of 10,000 -- 15,000 . During the Greek Dark Ages the population of Athens was around 4,000 people . In 700 BC the population grew to 10,000 . In 500 BC the area probably contained 200,000 people . During the classical period the city 's population is estimated from 150,000 -- 350,000 and up to 610,000 according to Thucydides . When Demetrius of Phalerum conducted a population census in 317 BC the population was 21,000 free citizens , plus 10,000 resident aliens and 400,000 slaves . This suggests a total population of 431,000 . This figure is highly suspect because of the lopsided number of slaves and does not include free women and children and resident foreigners : an estimated based on Thucydides is : 40,000 male citizens , 100,000 family members , 70,000 metics ( resident foreigners ) and 150,000 - 400,000 slaves . However the numbers would include Attica and not just Athens the city , Urban History of Athens , 2008 . The ancient site of Athens is centred on the rocky hill of the acropolis . In ancient times the port of Piraeus was a separate city , but it has now been absorbed into the Athens Urban Area . The rapid expansion of the city , which continues to this day , was initiated in the 1950s and 1960s , because of Greece 's transition from an agricultural to an industrial nation . The expansion is now particularly toward the East and North East ( a tendency greatly related to the new Eleftherios Venizelos International Airport and the Attiki Odos , the freeway that cuts across Attica ) . By this process Athens has engulfed many former suburbs and villages in Attica , and continues to do so . The table below shows the historical population of Athens in recent times . Year City population Urban population Metro population 1833 4,000 -- -- 1870 44,500 -- -- 1896 123,000 -- -- 1921 ( Pre-Population exchange ) 473,000 -- -- 1921 ( Post-Population exchange ) 718,000 -- -- 1971 867,023 - 2,540,241 -- -- 1981 885,737 -- 3,369,443 1991 772,072 3,444,358 3,523,407 2001 745,514 3,165,823 3,761,810 2011 664,046 3,090,508 3,753,783 Government and Politics ( edit ) Athens became the capital of Greece in 1834 , following Nafplion , which was the provisional capital from 1829 . The municipality ( City ) of Athens is also the capital of the Attica region . The term Athens can refer either to the municipality of Athens , to Greater Athens , or to the entire Athens Urban Area . International relations and influence ( edit ) See also : List of twin towns and sister cities in Greece Twin towns -- Sister cities ( edit ) Athens is twinned with : Beijing , China ( 2005 ) Bethlehem , Palestine ( 1986 ) Los Angeles , United States ( 1984 ) Nicosia , Cyprus ( 1988 ) Ammochostos , Cyprus ( 2005 ) Partnerships ( edit ) Belgrade , Serbia ( 1966 ) Paris , France ( 2000 ) Ljubljana , Slovenia Naples , Italy Other locations named after Athens ( edit ) United States Athens , Alabama ( pop . 24,234 ) Athens , Arkansas Athens , California West Athens , California ( pop . 9,101 ) Athens , Georgia ( pop . 114,983 ) Athens , Illinois ( pop . 1,726 ) New Athens , Illinois ( pop . 2,620 ) New Athens Township , St. Clair County , Illinois ( pop . 2,620 ) Athens , Indiana Athens , Kentucky Athens , Louisiana ( pop . 262 ) Athens Township , Jewell County , Kansas ( pop . 74 ) Athens , Maine ( pop . 847 ) Athens , Michigan ( pop . 1,111 ) Athens Township , Michigan ( pop . 2,571 ) Athens , Minnesota Athens Township , Minnesota ( pop . 2,322 ) Athens , Mississippi Athens ( town ) , New York ( pop . 3,991 ) Athens ( village ) , New York ( pop . 1,695 ) Athens , Ohio ( pop . 21,909 ) Athens County , Ohio ( pop . 62,223 ) Athens Township , Athens County , Ohio ( pop . 27,714 ) Athens Township , Harrison County , Ohio ( pop . 520 ) New Athens , Ohio ( pop . 342 ) Athena , Oregon ( pop . 1,270 ) Athens , Pennsylvania ( pop . 3,415 ) Athens Township , Bradford County , Pennsylvania ( pop . 5,058 ) Athens Township , Crawford County , Pennsylvania ( pop . 775 ) Athens , Tennessee ( pop . 13,220 ) Athens , Texas ( pop . 11,297 ) Athens , Vermont ( pop . 340 ) Athens , West Virginia ( pop . 1,102 ) Athens , Wisconsin ( pop . 1,095 ) Canada Athens Township , Ontario ( pop . 3,086 ) Costa Rica Atenas ( pop . 7,716 ) Atenas ( canton ) ( pop . 23,743 ) Germany Athenstedt , Saxony - Anhalt ( pop . 431 ) Honduras Atenas De San Cristóbal , Atlántida Italy Atena Lucana , Province of Salerno , Campania ( pop . 2,344 ) Atina , Province of Frosinone , Lazio ( pop . 4,480 ) Poland Ateny , Podlaskie Voivodeship ( pop . 40 ) Ukraine Afini ( Zoria -- Зоря ) , Donetsk ( pop . 200 ) History ( edit ) Main articles : History of Athens and Timeline of Athens Acropolis of Athens , with the Roman - era Odeon of Herodes Atticus seen on bottom left The oldest known human presence in Athens is the Cave of Schist , which has been dated to between the 11th and 7th millennia BC . Athens has been continuously inhabited for at least 7000 years . By 1400 BC the settlement had become an important centre of the Mycenaean civilization and the Acropolis was the site of a major Mycenaean fortress , whose remains can be recognised from sections of the characteristic Cyclopean walls . Unlike other Mycenaean centers , such as Mycenae and Pylos , it is not known whether Athens suffered destruction in about 1200 BC , an event often attributed to a Dorian invasion , and the Athenians always maintained that they were `` pure '' Ionians with no Dorian element . However , Athens , like many other Bronze Age settlements , went into economic decline for around 150 years afterwards . Statue of Theseus at Thiseio . Theseus was responsible , according to the myth , for the synoikismos ( `` dwelling together '' ) -- the political unification of Attica under Athens . Iron Age burials , in the Kerameikos and other locations , are often richly provided for and demonstrate that from 900 BC onwards Athens was one of the leading centres of trade and prosperity in the region . The leading position of Athens may well have resulted from its central location in the Greek world , its secure stronghold on the Acropolis and its access to the sea , which gave it a natural advantage over inland rivals such as Thebes and Sparta . Delian League , under the leadership of Athens before the Peloponnesian War in 431 BC By the 6th century BC , widespread social unrest led to the reforms of Solon . These would pave the way for the eventual introduction of democracy by Cleisthenes in 508 BC . Athens had by this time become a significant naval power with a large fleet , and helped the rebellion of the Ionian cities against Persian rule . In the ensuing Greco - Persian Wars Athens , together with Sparta , led the coalition of Greek states that would eventually repel the Persians , defeating them decisively at Marathon in 490 BC , and crucially at Salamis in 480 BC . However , this did not prevent Athens from being captured and sacked twice by the Persians within one year , after a heroic resistance at Thermopylae by Spartans and other Greeks led by King Leonidas , after both Boeotia and Attica fell to the Persians . The decades that followed became known as the Golden Age of Athenian democracy , during which time Athens became the leading city of Ancient Greece , with its cultural achievements laying the foundations for Western civilization . The playwrights Aeschylus , Sophocles and Euripides flourished in Athens during this time , as did the historians Herodotus and Thucydides , the physician Hippocrates , and the philosopher Socrates . Guided by Pericles , who promoted the arts and fostered democracy , Athens embarked on an ambitious building program that saw the construction of the Acropolis of Athens ( including the Parthenon ) , as well as empire - building via the Delian League . Originally intended as an association of Greek city - states to continue the fight against the Persians , the league soon turned into a vehicle for Athens 's own imperial ambitions . The resulting tensions brought about the Peloponnesian War ( 431 -- 404 BC ) , in which Athens was defeated by its rival Sparta . By the mid-4th century BC , the northern Greek kingdom of Macedon was becoming dominant in Athenian affairs . In 338 BC the armies of Philip II defeated an alliance of some of the Greek city - states including Athens and Thebes at the Battle of Chaeronea , effectively ending Athenian independence . Later , under Rome , Athens was given the status of a free city because of its widely admired schools . The Roman emperor Hadrian , in the 2nd century AD , constructed a library , a gymnasium , an aqueduct which is still in use , several temples and sanctuaries , a bridge and financed the completion of the Temple of Olympian Zeus . By the end of Late Antiquity , the city experienced decline followed by recovery in the second half of the Middle Byzantine Period , in the 9th to 10th centuries AD , and was relatively prosperous during the Crusades , benefiting from Italian trade . After the Fourth Crusade the Duchy of Athens was established . In 1458 it was conquered by the Ottoman Empire and entered a long period of decline . The Temple of Olympian Zeus with river Ilisos by Edward Dodwell , 1821 The Entry of King Otto in Athens , Peter von Hess , 1839 . Following the Greek War of Independence and the establishment of the Greek Kingdom , Athens was chosen as the capital of the newly independent Greek state in 1834 , largely because of historical and sentimental reasons . At the time it was a town of modest size built around the foot of the Acropolis . The first King of Greece , Otto of Bavaria , commissioned the architects Stamatios Kleanthis and Eduard Schaubert to design a modern city plan fit for the capital of a state . The first modern city plan consisted of a triangle defined by the Acropolis , the ancient cemetery of Kerameikos and the new palace of the Bavarian king ( now housing the Greek Parliament ) , so as to highlight the continuity between modern and ancient Athens . Neoclassicism , the international style of this epoch , was the architectural style through which Bavarian , French and Greek architects such as Hansen , Klenze , Boulanger or Kaftantzoglou designed the first important public buildings of the new capital . In 1896 , Athens hosted the first modern Olympic Games . During the 1920s a number of Greek refugees , expelled from Asia Minor after the Greco - Turkish War , swelled Athens 's population ; nevertheless it was most particularly following World War II , and from the 1950s and 1960s , that the population of the city exploded , and Athens experienced a gradual expansion . In the 1980s it became evident that smog from factories and an ever - increasing fleet of automobiles , as well as a lack of adequate free space due to congestion , had evolved into the city 's most important challenge . A series of anti-pollution measures taken by the city 's authorities in the 1990s , combined with a substantial improvement of the city 's infrastructure ( including the Attiki Odos motorway , the expansion of the Athens Metro , and the new Athens International Airport ) , considerably alleviated pollution and transformed Athens into a much more functional city . In 2004 Athens hosted the 2004 Summer Olympics . Culture ( edit ) Main article : Culture of Greece Temple of Olympian Zeus The Temple of Hephaestus is the best - preserved of all ancient Greek temples . The Byzantine Church of the Holy Apostles next to the Stoa of Attalos View of the Odeon of Herodes Atticus in 2012 . Sets for Tosca performed by the Greek National Opera Archaeological hub ( edit ) The city is a world centre of archaeological research . Along with national institutions , such as the Athens University and the Archaeological Society , there are multiple archaeological Museums including the National Archaeological Museum , the Cycladic Museum , the Epigraphic Museum , the Byzantine & Christian Museum , as well as museums at the ancient Agora , Acropolis , Kerameikos , and the Kerameikos Archaeological Museum . The city is also home to the Demokritos laboratory for Archaeometry , alongside regional and national archaeological authorities that form part of the Greek Department of Culture . Athens hosts 17 Foreign Archaeological Institutes which promote and facilitate research by scholars from their home countries . As a result , Athens has more than a dozen archaeological libraries and three specialized archaeological laboratories , and is the venue of several hundred specialized lectures , conferences and seminars , as well as dozens of archaeological exhibitions , each year . At any given time , hundreds of international scholars and researchers in all disciplines of archaeology are to be found in the city . Architecture ( edit ) See also : Modern architecture in Athens Rooftops of traditional style houses in Plaka The Zappeion Hall The City Hall ( arch . Panagis Kalkos ) at Kotzia Square Two apartment buildings in central Athens . The left one is a modernist building of the 1930s , while the right one was built in the 1950s . Athens Tower , the tallest building in Greece Athens incorporates architectural styles ranging from Greco - Roman and Neoclassical to modern times . They are often to be found in the same areas , as Athens is not marked by a uniformity of architectural style . For the greatest part of the 19th century Neoclassicism dominated Athens , as well as some deviations from it such as Eclecticism , especially in the early 20th century . Thus , the Old Royal Palace was the first important public building to be built , between 1836 and 1843 . Later in the mid and late 19th century , Theophil Freiherr von Hansen and Ernst Ziller took part in the construction of many neoclassical buildings such as the Athens Academy and the Zappeion Hall . Ziller also designed many private mansions in the centre of Athens which gradually became public , usually through donations , such as Schliemann 's Iliou Melathron . Beginning in the 1920s , Modern architecture including Bauhaus and Art Deco began to exert an influence on almost all Greek architects , and buildings both public and private were constructed in accordance with these styles . Localities with a great number of such buildings include Kolonaki , and some areas of the centre of the city ; neighbourhoods developed in this period include Kypseli . In the 1950s and 1960s during the extension and development of Athens , other modern movements such as the International style played an important role . The centre of Athens was largely rebuilt , leading to the demolition of a number of neoclassical buildings . The architects of this era employed materials such as glass , marble and aluminium , and many blended modern and classical elements . After World War II , internationally known architects to have designed and built in the city included Walter Gropius , with his design for the US Embassy , and , among others , Eero Saarinen , in his postwar design for the east terminal of the Ellinikon Airport . Urban sculpture ( edit ) All over the city can be found several statues or busts . Apart from the neoclassicals by Leonidas Drosis at the Academy of Athens ( Plato , Socrates , Apollo , Athena ) , other notable include the statue of Theseus by Georgios Fytalis at Thiseion , of philhellenes like Lord Byron , George Canning and William Gladstone , the equestrian statue of Theodoros Kolokotronis by Lazaros Sochos in front of the Old Parliament , statues of Ioannis Kapodistrias , Rigas Feraios and Adamantios Korais at the University , of Evangelos Zappas and Konstantinos Zappas at Zappeion , of Ioannis Varvakis at the National Garden , the `` woodbreaker '' by Dimitrios Filippotis , the equestrian statue of Alexandros Papagos at Papagou district and various busts of fighters of Greek independence at the Pedion tou Areos . An important landmark is also the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Syntagma . Museums ( edit ) The National Archaeological Museum in central Athens The Acropolis Museum Further information : List of museums in Greece Athens ' most important museums include : the National Archaeological Museum , the largest archaeological museum in the country , and one of the most important internationally , as it contains a vast collection of antiquities ; its artifacts cover a period of more than 5,000 years , from late Neolithic Age to Roman Greece ; the Benaki Museum with its several branches for each of its collections including ancient , Byzantine , Ottoman - era , and Chinese art and beyond ; the Byzantine and Christian Museum , one of the most important museums of Byzantine art ; the Numismatic Museum , housing a major collection of ancient and modern coins ; the Museum of Cycladic Art , home to an extensive collection of Cycladic art , including its famous figurines of white marble ; the New Acropolis Museum , opened in 2009 , and replacing the old museum on the Acropolis . The new museum has proved considerably popular ; almost one million people visited during the summer period June -- October 2009 alone . A number of smaller and privately owned museums focused on Greek culture and arts are also to be found . the Kerameikos Archaeological Museum , a museum which displays artifacts from the burial site of Kerameikos . Much of the pottery and other artifacts relate to Athenian attitudes towards death and the afterlife , throughout many ages . the Jewish Museum of Greece , a museum which describes the history and culture of the Greek Jewish community . Tourism ( edit ) Athens has been a destination for travellers since antiquity . Over the past decade , the city 's infrastructure and social amenities have improved , in part because of its successful bid to stage the 2004 Olympic Games . The Greek Government , aided by the EU , has funded major infrastructure projects such as the state - of - the - art Eleftherios Venizelos International Airport , the expansion of the Athens Metro system , and the new Attiki Odos Motorway . Athens was voted as the third best European city to visit in 2015 by European Best Destination . More than 240,000 people voted . Entertainment and performing arts ( edit ) Athens is home to 148 theatrical stages , more than any other city in the world , including the ancient Odeon of Herodes Atticus , home to the Athens Festival , which runs from May to October each year . In addition to a large number of multiplexes , Athens plays host to open air garden cinemas . The city also supports music venues , including the Athens Concert Hall ( Megaron Moussikis ) , which attracts world class artists . The Athens Planetarium , located in Andrea Syngrou Avenue , is one of the largest and best equipped digital planetaria in the world . The Stavros Niarchos Foundation Cultural Center , inaugurated in 2016 , will house the National Library of Greece and the Greek National Opera . Music ( edit ) People dance in a nightclub in Psirri , a district of Athens with very active nightlife . The `` Theatro Vrachon '' ( Theater of the Rocks ) at Vyronas is a venue for popular music concerts The most successful songs during the period 1870 -- 1930 were the so - called Athenian serenades ( Αθηναϊκές καντάδες ) , based on the Heptanesean kantádhes ( καντάδες ' serenades ' ; sing. : καντάδα ) and the songs performed on stage ( επιθεωρησιακά τραγούδια ' theatrical revue songs ' ) in revues , musical comedies , operettas and nocturnes that were dominating Athens ' theatre scene . Notable composers of operettas or nocturnes were Kostas Giannidis , Dionysios Lavrangas , Nikos Hatziapostolou , while Theophrastos Sakellaridis ' The Godson remains probably the most popular operetta . Despite the fact that the Athenian songs were not autonomous artistic creations ( in contrast with the serenades ) and despite their original connection with mainly dramatic forms of Art , they eventually became hits as independent songs . Notable actors of Greek operettas , who made also a series of melodies and songs popular at that time , include Orestis Makris , Kalouta sisters , Vasilis Avlonitis , Afroditi Laoutari , Eleni Papadaki , Marika Nezer , Marika Krevata and others . After 1930 , wavering among American and European musical influences as well as the Greek musical tradition . Greek composers begin to write music using the tunes of the tango , waltz , swing , foxtrot , some times combined with melodies in the style of Athenian serenades ' repertory . Nikos Gounaris was probably the most renowned composer and singer of the time . In 1923 , after the population exchange between Greece and Turkey , many ethnic Greeks from Asia Minor fled to Athens as a result of the Greco - Turkish War . They settled in poor neighborhoods and brought with them Rebetiko music , making it popular also in Greece , which became later the base for the Laïko music . Other forms of song popular today in Greece are elafrolaika , entechno , dimotika , and skyladika . Greece 's most notable , and internationally famous , composers of Greek song , mainly of the entechno form , are Manos Hadjidakis and Mikis Theodorakis . Both composers have achieved fame abroad for their composition of film scores . Sports ( edit ) Athens has a long tradition in sports and sporting events , serving as home to the most important clubs in Greek sport and housing a large number of sports facilities . The city has also been host to sports events of international importance . Athens has hosted the Summer Olympic Games twice , in 1896 and 2004 . The 2004 Summer Olympics required the development of the Athens Olympic Stadium , which has since gained a reputation as one of the most beautiful stadiums in the world , and one of its most interesting modern monuments . The biggest stadium in the country , it hosted two finals of the UEFA Champions League , in 1994 and 2007 . Athens ' other major stadium , located in the Piraeus area , is the Karaiskakis Stadium , a sports and entertainment complex , host of the 1971 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup Final . Athens has hosted the Euroleague final three times , the first in 1985 and second in 1993 , both at the Peace and Friendship Stadium , most known as SEF , a large indoor arena , and the third time in 2007 at the Olympic Indoor Hall . Events in other sports such as athletics , volleyball , water polo etc. , have been hosted in the capital 's venues . Athens is home to three European multi-sport clubs : Olympiacos , Panathinaikos , AEK Athens . In football , Olympiacos have dominated the domestic competitions , Panathinaikos made it to the 1971 European Cup Final , while AEK Athens is the other member of the big three . These clubs also have basketball teams ; Panathinaikos and Olympiacos are among the top powers in European basketball , having won the Euroleague six times and three respectively , whilst AEK Athens was the first Greek team to win a European trophy in any team sport . Other notable clubs within Athens are Athinaikos , Panionios , Atromitos , Apollon , Panellinios , Ethnikos Piraeus , Maroussi BC and Peristeri B.C. . Athenian clubs have also had domestic and international success in other sports . Interior of the Nikos Galis Olympic Indoor Hall The Athens area encompasses a variety of terrain , notably hills and mountains rising around the city , and the capital is the only major city in Europe to be bisected by a mountain range . Four mountain ranges extend into city boundaries and thousands of miles of trails criss - cross the city and neighbouring areas , providing exercise and wilderness access on foot and bike . Beyond Athens and across the prefecture of Attica , outdoor activities include skiing , rock climbing , hang gliding and windsurfing . Numerous outdoor clubs serve these sports , including the Athens Chapter of the Sierra Club , which leads over 4,000 outings annually in the area . Notable sport clubs based inside the boundaries of Athens Municipality Club Founded Sports District Achievements Panellinios G.S. 1891 Basketball , Volleyball , Handball , Track and Field and others Kypseli Panhellenic titles in Basketball , Volleyball , Handball , many honours in Track and Field Apollon Smyrni 1891 ( originally in Smyrni ) Football , Basketball , Volleyball and others Rizoupoli Earlier long - time presence in A Ethniki Ethnikos G.S. Athens 1893 Track and Field , Wrestling , Shooting and others Zappeion Many honours in Athletics and Wrestling Panathinaikos 1908 ( originally as Football Club of Athens ) Football , Basketball , Volleyball , Water Polo , Track and Field and others Ampelokipoi One of the most successful Greek clubs , many titles in several sports Ilisiakos 1927 Football , Basketball Ilisia Earlier presence in A1 Ethniki basketball Asteras Exarchion 1928 ( originally as Achilleus Neapoleos ) Football , Basketball Exarcheia Earlier presence in A1 Ethniki women basketball Ampelokipoi B.C. 1929 ( originally as Hephaestus Athens ) Basketball Ampelokipoi Earlier presence in A1 Ethniki basketball Thriamvos Athens 1930 ( originally as Doxa Athens ) Football , Basketball Neos Kosmos Panhellenic title in women Basketball Sporting B.C. 1936 Basketball Patisia Many Panhellenic titles in women Basketball Pagrati B.C. 1938 Basketball Pagrati Earlier presence in A1 Ethniki Beside the above clubs , inside the boundaries of Athens municipality there are some more clubs with presence in national divisions or notable action for short periods . Some of them are PAO Rouf ( Rouf ) with earlier presence in Gamma Ethniki , Petralona F.C. ( el ) ( Petralona ) , football club founded in 1963 , with earlier presence in Beta Ethniki , Attikos F.C. ( el ) ( Kolonos ) , football club founded in 1919 with short presence in Gamma Ethniki , Athinais Kypselis ( el ) ( Kypseli ) , football club founded in 1938 with short presence in Gamma Ethniki , Gyziakos ( Gyzi ) , basketball club founded in 1937 with short presence in Beta Ethniki basketball and Aetos B.C. ( el ) ( Agios Panteleimonas ) , basketball club founded in 1992 with earlier presence in A2 Ethniki Basketball . Another important Athenian sport club is the Athens Tennis Club founded in 1895 with important offer for the Greek tennis . Olympic Games ( edit ) 1896 Summer Olympics ( edit ) Main article : 1896 Summer Olympics View of the Panathenaic Stadium ( Kallimarmaro ) Spyridon Louis entering the Panathenaic Stadium at the end of the marathon race Central Athens , c. 1900 , showing Zappeion , Kallimarmaron and their environs 1896 brought forth the revival of the modern Olympic Games , by Frenchman Pierre de Coubertin . Thanks to his efforts , Athens was awarded the first modern Olympic Games . In 1896 , the city had a population of 123,000 and the event helped boost the city 's international profile . Of the venues used for these Olympics , the Kallimarmaro Stadium , and Zappeion were most crucial . The Kallimarmaro is a replica of the ancient Athenian stadiums , and the only major stadium ( in its capacity of 60,000 ) to be made entirely of white marble from Mount Penteli , the same material used for construction of the Parthenon . 1906 Summer Olympics ( edit ) Main article : 1906 Intercalated Games The 1906 Summer Olympics , or the 1906 Intercalated games , were held in Athens . The intercalated competitions were intermediate games to the internationally organized Olympics , and were meant to be organized in Greece every four years , between the main Olympics . This idea later lost support from the IOC and these games were discontinued . 2004 Summer Olympics ( edit ) Main article : 2004 Summer Olympics 10,000 - meter final during the 2004 Olympic Games Athens was awarded the 2004 Summer Olympics on 5 September 1997 in Lausanne , Switzerland , after having lost a previous bid to host the 1996 Summer Olympics , to Atlanta , United States . It was to be the second time Athens would host the games , following the inaugural event of 1896 . After an unsuccessful bid in 1990 , the 1997 bid was radically improved , including an appeal to Greece 's Olympic history . In the last round of voting , Athens defeated Rome with 66 votes to 41 . Prior to this round , the cities of Buenos Aires , Stockholm and Cape Town had been eliminated from competition , having received fewer votes . During the first three years of preparations , the International Olympic Committee had expressed concern over the speed of construction progress for some of the new Olympic venues . In 2000 the Organising Committee 's president was replaced by Gianna Angelopoulos - Daskalaki , who was the president of the original Bidding Committee in 1997 . From that point forward , preparations continued at a highly accelerated , almost frenzied pace . Although the heavy cost was criticized , estimated at $1.5 billion , Athens was transformed into a more functional city that enjoys modern technology both in transportation and in modern urban development . Some of the finest sporting venues in the world were created in the city , all of which were fully ready for the games . The games welcomed over 10,000 athletes from all 202 countries . The 2004 Games were judged a success , as both security and organization worked well , and only a few visitors reported minor problems mainly concerning accommodation issues . The 2004 Olympic Games were described as Unforgettable , dream Games , by IOC President Jacques Rogge for their return to the birthplace of the Olympics , and for meeting the challenges of holding the Olympic Games . The only observable problem was a somewhat sparse attendance of some early events . Eventually , however , a total of more than 3.5 million tickets were sold , which was higher than any other Olympics with the exception of Sydney ( more than 5 million tickets were sold there in 2000 ) . In 2008 it was reported that most of the Olympic venues had fallen into disrepair : according to those reports , 21 of the 22 facilities built for the games had either been left abandoned or are in a state of dereliction , with several squatter camps having sprung up around certain facilities , and a number of venues afflicted by vandalism , graffiti or strewn with rubbish . These claims , however , are disputed and likely to be inaccurate , as most of the facilities used for the Athens Olympics are either in use or in the process of being converted for post-Olympics use . The Greek Government has created a corporation , Olympic Properties SA , which is overseeing the post-Olympics management , development and conversion of these facilities , some of which will be sold off ( or have already been sold off ) to the private sector , while other facilities are still in use just as during the Olympics , or have been converted for commercial use or modified for other sports . Concerts and theatrical shows , such as those by the troupe Cirque du Soleil , have recently been held in the complex . Special Olympics 2011 ( edit ) The 2011 Special Olympics World Summer Games was in Athens . The opening ceremony of the games took place on 25 June 2011 at the Panathinaiko Stadium and the closing ceremony was held on 4 July 2011 . Over 7,500 athletes , from 185 countries , competed in a total of 22 sports . Economy and infrastructure ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2012 ) Ermou street near the Syntagma Square Athens is the financial capital of Greece , and multinational companies such as Ericsson , Siemens , Motorola and Coca - Cola have their regional research and development headquarters there . Transport ( edit ) Main article : Public transport in Athens Athens metropolitan railway network ( metró and proastiakós ) Agios Dimitrios station with an island platform Athens is serviced by a variety of transportation means , forming the largest mass transit system of Greece . The Athens Mass Transit System consists of a large bus fleet , a trolleybus fleet that mainly serves Athens 's city center , the city 's Metro , a commuter rail service and a tram network , connecting the southern suburbs to the city centre . Bus Transport ( edit ) Ethel ( Greek : ΕΘΕΛ ) ( Etaireia Thermikon Leoforeion ) , or Thermal Bus Company , is the main operator of buses in Athens . Its network consists of about 300 bus lines which span the Athens Metropolitan Area , with an operating staff of 5,327 , and a fleet of 1,839 buses . Of those 1,839 buses 416 run on compressed natural gas , making up the largest fleet of natural gas - powered buses in Europe . Besides being served by a fleet of natural - gas and diesel buses , the Athens Urban Area is also served by trolleybuses -- or electric buses , as they are referred to in the name of the operating company . The network is operated by Electric Buses of the Athens and Piraeus Region , or ILPAP ( Greek : ΗΛΠΑΠ ) and consists of 22 lines with an operating staff of 1,137 . All of the 366 trolleybuses are equipped to enable them to run on diesel in case of power failure . International and regional bus links are provided by KTEL from two InterCity Bus Terminals , Kifissos Bus Terminal A and Liosion Bus Terminal B , both located in the north - western part of the city . Kifissos provides connections towards the Peloponnese and Attica , whereas Liosion is used for most northerly mainland destinations . Athens Metro ( edit ) Main article : Athens Metro Athens Metro train ( 3rd generation stock ) The Athens Metro is more commonly known in Greece as the Attiko Metro ( Greek : Αττικό Mετρό ) and provides public transport throughout the Athens Urban Area . While its main purpose is transport , it also houses Greek artifacts found during construction of the system . The Athens Metro has an operating staff of 387 and runs two of the three metro lines ; namely the Red ( line 2 ) and Blue ( line 3 ) lines , which were constructed largely during the 1990s , with the initial sections opened in January 2000 . All routes run entirely underground and a fleet of 42 trains consisting of 252 cars operate within the network , with a daily occupancy of 550,000 passengers . The Red Line ( line 2 ) runs from Anthoupoli station to Elliniko station and covers a distance of 17.5 km ( 10.9 mi ) . The line connects the western suburbs of Athens with the southeast suburbs passing through the center of Athens . The line associated with Green ( line 1 ) stations at Attiki and Omonoia Square station . Also the line connected with the Blue ( line 3 ) at Syntagma Square station and connected with Tram at Syntagma Square , Sygrou - Fix and Agios Ioannis station . The Blue Line ( line 3 ) runs from the western suburbs , namely Agia Marina to the Egaleo station , through the central Monastiraki and Syntagma stations to Doukissis Plakentias avenue in the northeastern suburb of Halandri , covering a distance of 16 km ( 10 mi ) , then ascending to ground level and reaching Eleftherios Venizelos International Airport , using the Suburban Railway infrastructure and extending its length to 39 km ( 24 mi ) . The spring 2007 extension from Monastiraki westwards , to Egaleo , connected some of the main night life hubs of the city , namely the ones of Gazi ( Kerameikos station ) with Psirri ( Monastiraki station ) and the city centre ( Syntagma station ) . Extensions are under construction to the west southwest suburbs of Athens , reaching to the port and the center of Piraeus . The new stations will be Agia Barvara , Koridallos , Nikaia , Maniatika , Piraeus and Dimotiko Theatro station . The stations will be ready in 2017 , connecting the biggest port of Greece Piraeus Port with the biggest airport of Greece the Athens International Airport . Electric Railway ( ISAP ) ( edit ) Main article : ISAP An ISAP train ( Green Line ) passes by the Stoa of Attalos in central Athens Not run by the Athens Metro company , is the ISAP ( Greek : ΗΣΑΠ ) , the Electric Railway Company line , which for many years served as Athens 's primary urban rail transport . This is today the Green Line ( line 1 ) of the Athens Metro network as shown on maps , and unlike the red and blue lines , ISAP has many above - ground sections on its route . This was the original metro line from Piraeus to Kifisia ; serving 22 stations , with a network length of 25.6 km ( 15.9 mi ) , an operating staff of 730 and a fleet of 44 trains and 243 cars . ISAP 's occupancy rate is 600,000 passengers daily . The Green Line ( line 1 ) now serves 24 stations , and forms the oldest line of the Athens metro network and for the most part runs at ground level , connecting the port of Piraeus with the northern suburb of Kifissia . The line is set to be extended to Agios Stefanos , a suburb located 23 km ( 14 mi ) to the north of Athens , reaching to 36 km ( 22 mi ) . The Athens Metropolitan Railway system is managed by three companies ; namely ISAP ( line 1 ) , Attiko Metro ( lines 2 & 3 ) , while its commuter rail , the Proastiakós is considered as line 4 . Commuter / suburban rail ( Proastiakos ) ( edit ) Main article : Proastiakos Suburban rail The Athens commuter rail service , referred to as the `` Proastiakós '' , connects Eleftherios Venizelos International Airport to the city of Kiato , 106 km ( 66 mi ) west of Athens , via Larissa station , the city 's central rail station and the port of Piraeus . The service is sometimes considered the fourth line of the Athens Metro . The length of Athens 's commuter rail network extends to 120 km ( 75 mi ) , and is expected to stretch to 281 km ( 175 mi ) by 2010 . The Proastiakos will be extended to Xylokastro west of Athens and Chalkida . Tram ( edit ) Main article : Athens Tram A modern Athens Tram station and vehicles Athens Tram SA operates a fleet of 35 Sirio type vehicles which serve 48 stations , employ 345 people with an average daily occupancy of 65,000 passengers . The tram network spans a total length of 27 km ( 17 mi ) and covers ten Athenian suburbs . The network runs from Syntagma Square to the southwestern suburb of Palaio Faliro , where the line splits in two branches ; the first runs along the Athens coastline toward the southern suburb of Voula , while the other heads toward the Piraeus district of Neo Faliro . The network covers the majority of the Saronic coastline . Further extensions are planned towards the major commercial port of Piraeus . The expansion to Piraeus will include 12 new stations , increase the overall length of tram route by 5.4 km ( 3 mi ) , and increase the overall transportation network . Athens International Airport ( edit ) Main article : Athens International Airport Athens International Airport Check - in - area Athens is served by the Athens International Airport ( ATH ) , located near the town of Spata , in the eastern Messoghia plain , some 35 km ( 22 mi ) east of Athens . The airport , awarded the `` European Airport of the Year 2004 '' Award , is intended as an expandable hub for air travel in southeastern Europe and was constructed in 51 months , costing 2.2 billion euros . It employs a staff of 14,000 . The airport is served by the Metro , the suburban rail , buses to Piraeus port , Athens ' city centre and its suburbs , and also taxis . The airport accommodates 65 landings and take - offs per hour , with its 24 - passenger boarding bridges , 144 check - in counters and broader 150,000 m ( 1,614,587 sq ft ) main terminal ; and a commercial area of 7,000 m ( 75,347 sq ft ) which includes cafés , duty - free shops , and a small museum . In 2014 , the airport handled 15,196,369 passengers , an increase of 21.2 % over the previous year of 2013 . Of those 15,196,369 passengers , 5,267,593 passed through the airport for domestic flights , and 9,970,006 passengers travelled through for international flights . Beyond the dimensions of its passenger capacity , ATH handled 205,294 total flights in 2007 , or approximately 562 flights per day . Railways and ferry connections ( edit ) Athens is the hub of the country 's national railway system ( OSE ) , connecting the capital with major cities across Greece and abroad ( Istanbul , Sofia and Bucharest ). The Port of Piraeus connects Athens to the numerous Greek islands of the Aegean Sea , with ferries departing , while also serving the cruise ships that arrive . Motorways ( edit ) Further information : Highways in Greece Interchange at the Attiki Odos airport entrance View of Hymettus tangent ( Periferiaki Imittou ) from Kalogeros Hill Two main motorways of Greece begin in Athens , namely the A1 / E75 , which crosses through Athens 's Urban Area from Piraeus , heading north towards Greece 's second largest city , Thessaloniki ; and the A8 / E94 heading west , towards Patras , which incorporated the GR - 8A . Before their completion much of the road traffic used the GR - 1 and the GR - 8 . Athens ' Metropolitan Area is served by the motorway network of the Attiki Odos toll - motorway ( code : A6 ) . Its main section extends from the western industrial suburb of Elefsina to Athens International Airport ; while two beltways , namely the Aigaleo Beltway ( A65 ) and the Hymettus Beltway ( A64 ) serve parts of western and eastern Athens respectively . The span of the Attiki Odos in all its length is 65 km ( 40 mi ) , making it the largest metropolitan motorway network in all of Greece . Motorways : A1 / E75 N ( Lamia , Larissa , Thessaloniki ) A8 ( GR - 8A ) / E94 W ( Elefsina , Corinth , Patras ) A6 W ( Elefsina ) E ( Airport ) National roads : GR - 1 Ν ( Lamia , Larissa , Thessaloniki ) GR - 8 W ( Corinth , Patras ) GR - 3 N ( Elefsina , Lamia , Larissa ) Education ( edit ) The Propylaea , part of the `` Trilogy '' of Theofil Hansen , serves as the ceremony hall and rectory of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Facade of the Academy of Athens Located on Panepistimiou Street , the old campus of the University of Athens , the National Library , and the Athens Academy form the `` Athens Trilogy '' built in the mid-19th century . Most of the university 's workings have been moved to a much larger , modern campus located in the eastern suburb of Zografou . The second higher education institution in the city is the Athens Polytechnic School , found in Patission Street . This was the location where on 17 November 1973 , more than 13 students were killed and hundreds injured inside the university during the Athens Polytechnic uprising , against the military junta that ruled the nation from 21 April 1967 until 23 July 1974 . Other universities that lie within Athens are the Athens University of Economics and Business , the Panteion University , the Agricultural University of Athens and the University of Piraeus . There are overall eleven state - supported Institutions of Higher ( or Tertiary ) education located in the Metropolitan Area of Athens , these are by chronological order : Athens School of Fine Arts ( 1837 ) , National Technical University of Athens ( 1837 ) , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens ( 1837 ) , Agricultural University of Athens ( 1920 ) , Athens University of Economics and Business ( 1920 ) , Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences ( 1927 ) , University of Piraeus ( 1938 ) , Technological Educational Institute of Piraeus ( 1976 ) , Technological Educational Institute of Athens ( 1983 ) , Harokopio University ( 1990 ) , School of Pedagogical and Technological Education ( 2002 ) . There are also several other private colleges , as they called formally in Greece , as the establishment of private universities is prohibited by the constitution . Many of them are accredited by a foreign state or university such as the American College of Greece and the Athens Campus of the University of Indianapolis . See also ( edit ) Outline of Athens References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Eurostat - Data Explorer '' . appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu . ^ Jump up to : `` Απογραφή Πληθυσμού -- Κατοικιών 2011 . ΜΟΝΙΜΟΣ Πληθυσμός '' ( in Greek ) . Hellenic Statistical Authority . Jump up ^ Wells , John C. ( 1990 ) . `` Athens '' . Longman pronunciation dictionary . Harlow , England : Longman . p. 48 . ISBN 0 - 582 - 05383 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Ancient Tablet Found : Oldest Readable Writing in Europe '' . 1 April 2011 . Retrieved 18 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` v4.ethnos.gr -- Οι πρώτοι ... Αθηναίοι '' . Ethnos.gr . Retrieved 2 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Contents and Principles of the Programme of Unification of the Archaeological Sites of Athens '' . Hellenic Ministry of Culture . www.yppo.gr . Retrieved 31 December 2009 . Jump up ^ CNN & Associated Press ( 16 January 1997 ) . `` Greece uncovers ' holy grail ' of Greek archeology '' . CNN . Archived from the original on 6 December 2007 . Retrieved 28 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Athens '' . Retrieved 31 December 2008 . Ancient Greek Athenai , historic city and capital of Greece . Many of classical civilization 's intellectual and artistic ideas originated there , and the city is generally considered to be the birthplace of Western civilization Jump up ^ BBC History on Greek Democracy -- Accessed on 26 January 2007 Jump up ^ Encarta Ancient Greece from the Internet Archive -- Retrieved on 28 February 2012 . Archived 31 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` City Mayors : World 's richest cities by purchasing power '' . City Mayors. 2008 . Archived from the original on 6 May 2008 . Retrieved 12 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` City Mayors : Cost of living -- The world 's most expensive cities '' . City Mayors. 2008 . Archived from the original on 24 December 2008 . Retrieved 26 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Port of the month : Piraeus Port Authority '' . European Sea Ports Organisation V.Z.W. / A.S.B.L. ( ESPO ) . 30 April 2014 . The Port of Piraeus is a port of large sizes . It is the largest passenger port and one of the largest commercial ports in Europe . Jump up ^ Qihao Weng ( 23 May 2014 ) . Global Urban Monitoring and Assessment through Earth Observation . CRC Press . p. 259 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4665 - 6450 - 3 . Piraeus port , the chief port in Greece and the largest passenger port in Europe . Jump up ^ SPIEGEL ONLINE , Hamburg , Germany ( 9 April 2015 ) . `` China Seeks Gateway to Europe with Greek Port '' . SPIEGEL ONLINE . Jump up ^ `` Piraeus by Maritime Database '' . www.maritime-database.com . Retrieved 27 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ANEK Lines -- Piraeus '' . www.anek.gr . Archived from the original on 3 December 2008 . Retrieved 27 December 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population & housing census 2001 ( incl . area and average elevation ) '' ( PDF ) ( in Greek ) . National Statistical Service of Greece . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Characteristics '' . Hellenic Interior Ministry . www.ypes.gr . Archived from the original on 4 January 2007 . Retrieved 6 January 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` ΕΛΣΤΑΤ Απογραφη 2011 '' ( PDF ) . www.statistics.gr . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 11 October 2011 . Retrieved 22 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=urb_lpop1&lang=en ^ Jump up to : CNN & Sports Illustrated ( 5 September 1997 ) . `` Sentiment a factor as Athens gets 2004 Olympics '' . sportsillustrated.cnn.com . Archived from the original on 19 May 2008 . Retrieved 28 March 2007 . Jump up ^ As for example in Od. 7.80 . ^ Jump up to : Beekes , Robert S.P. ( 2009 ) , Etymological Dictionary of Greek , Leiden and Boston : Brill ^ Jump up to : Burkert , Walter ( 1985 ) , Greek Religion , Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press , p. 139 , ISBN 0 - 674 - 36281 - 0 ^ Jump up to : Kerényi , Karl ( 1951 ) , The Gods of the Greeks , London , England : Thames and Hudson , p. 124 , ISBN 0 - 500 - 27048 - 1 ^ Jump up to : Garland , Robert ( 2008 ) . Ancient Greece : Everyday Life in the Birthplace of Western Civilization . New York City , New York : Sterling . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4549 - 0908 - 8 . Jump up ^ Great Greek Encyclopedia , vol. II , Athens 1927 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Bourne , Edward G. ( 1887 ) . `` The Derivation of Stamboul '' . American Journal of Philology . The Johns Hopkins University Press . 8 ( 1 ) : 78 -- 82 . doi : 10.2307 / 287478 . JSTOR 287478 . Jump up ^ `` Focus on Athens '' ( PDF ) . UHI Quarterly Newsletter , Issue 1 , May 2009 , page 2 . www.urbanheatisland.info . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 22 July 2013 . Retrieved 18 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome ! ! ! '' . Parnitha-np.gr . Retrieved 10 June 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Tung , Anthony ( 2001 ) . `` The City the Gods Besieged '' . Preserving the World 's Great Cities : The Destruction and Renewal of the Historic Metropolis . New York : Three Rivers Press . p. 266 . ISBN 0 - 609 - 80815 - X . Jump up ^ `` Acropolis : Threat of Destruction '' . Time Magazine . Time.com. 31 January 1977 . Retrieved 3 April 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Kitsantonis , Niki ( 16 July 2007 ) . `` As forest fires burn , suffocated Athens is outraged '' . International Herald Tribune . Archived from the original on 18 September 2007 . Retrieved 3 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Συνέντευξη Τύπου Γ . Σουφλιά για την Πάρνηθα ( Press release ) ( in Greek ) . Hellenic Ministry for the Environment , Physical Planning , & Public Works . 18 July 2007 . Archived from the original (. doc ) on 16 February 2008 . Retrieved 15 January 2008 . Συνολική καμένη έκταση πυρήνα Εθνικού Δρυμού Πάρνηθας : 15.723 ( Σύνολο 38.000 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Rot sets in as Athens 's trash problem mounts '' . 30 January 2007 . Archived from the original on 14 January 2009 . Retrieved 10 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Founda D. ( 2011 ) . `` Evolution of the air temperature in Athens and evidence of climatic change : A review '' . Advances in Building Energy Research , 5 , 1 , 7 -- 41 , http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/earthscan/aber/2011/00000005/00000001/art00001 . ^ Jump up to : Το αρχείο του Θησείου ( in Greek ) . Meteoclub . Retrieved 6 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Κωνσταντίνος Μαυρογιάννης , Αθήναι ( 1981 ). Παρατηρήσεις επί του κλίματος των Αθηνών και της ενεργείας αυτού επί της ζωϊκής οικονομίας σελ 29 . Jump up ^ hpanitsidis ( 22 June 2007 ) . `` ΕΡΓΟ ΑΝΑΒΑΘΜΙΣΗΣ ΔΙΥΛΙΣΤΗΡΙΟΥ ΕΛΕΥΣΙΝΑΣ '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 3 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Giannopoulou K. , Livada I. , Santamouris M. , Saliari M. , Assimakopoulos M. , Caouris Y.G. ( 2011 ) . `` On the characteristics of the summer urban heat island in Athens , Greece '' . Sustainable Cities and Society , 1 , pp. 16 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Giannakopoulos C. , Hatzai M. , Kostopoulou E. , McCarty M. , Goodess C. ( 2010 ) . `` The impact of climate change and urban heat islands on the occurrence of extreme events in cities . The Athens case '' . Proc. of the 10th International Conference on Meteorology , Climatology and Atmospheric Physics , Patras , Greece , 25 -- 28 May 2010 , pp. 745 -- 752 . ^ Jump up to : `` European Space Agency ESA helps make summer in the city more bearable '' . Archived from the original on 22 November 2010 . Retrieved 7 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Katsoulis B.D. , Theoharatos G.A. ( 1985 ) . `` Indications of the Urban Heat Island in Athens , Greece '' . Journal of Applied Meteorology , vol. 24 , Issue 12 , pp. 1296 -- 1302 Jump up ^ Stathopoulou M. , Cartalis C. , Andritsos A. ( 2005 ). `` Assessing the thermal environment of major cities in Greece '' . International Conference `` Passive and Low Energy Cooling for the Built Environment '' , May 2005 , Santorini , Greece , pp. 108 -- 112 . Jump up ^ Kassomenos P.A. and Katsoulis B.D. ( 2006 ) . `` Mesoscale and macroscale aspects of the morning Urban Heat Island around Athens , Greese '' , Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics , 94 , pp. 209 -- 218 . Jump up ^ Santamouris M. , Papanikolaou N. , Livada I. , Koronakis I. , Georgakis A. , Assimakopoulos D.N. ( 2001 ) . `` On the impact of urban climate on the energy consumption of buildings '' . Solar Energy , 70 ( 3 ) : pp. 201 -- 216 . Jump up ^ Santamouris M. ( 1997 ) . `` Passive Cooling and Urban Layout '' . Interim Report , POLIS Research Project , European Commission , Directorate General for Science , Research and Development and human wellbeing and health . Jump up ^ Santamouris M. , Papanikolaou I. , Livada I. , Koronakis C. , Georgakis C , Assimakopoulos D.N. ( 2001 ) . `` On the impact of Urban Climate to the Energy Consumption of Buildings '' . Solar Energy , 70 , 3 , pp. 201 -- 216 . Jump up ^ Katsoulis , B. ( 1987 ) . `` Indications of change of climate from the Analysis of air temperature time series in Athens , Greece '' . Climatic Change . 10 ( 1 ) : 67 -- 79 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00140557 . Jump up ^ Repapis , C.C. ; Metaxas , D.A. ( 1985 ) . `` The Possible influence of the urbanization in Athens city on the air temperature climatic fluctuations at the National Observatory '' . Proc. of the 3rd Hellenic - British Climatological Congress , Athens , Greece 17 -- 21 April 1985 : 188 -- 195 . Jump up ^ Philandras , C.M. ; Metaxas , D.A. ; Nastos , P.T. ( 1999 ) . `` Climate variability and Urbanization in Athens '' . Theoretical and Applied Climatology. 63 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 65 -- 72 . doi : 10.1007 / s007040050092 . Jump up ^ Philandras , C.M. ; Nastos , P.T. ( 2002 ) . `` The Athens urban effect on the air temperature time series of the National Observatory of Athens and New Philadelphia stations '' . Proc. of the 6th Hellenic Conference on Meteorology , Climatology and Atmospheric Physics , Ioannina Greece , 25 -- 28 September 2002 : 501 -- 506 . Jump up ^ Repapis , C.C. ; Philandras , C.M. ; Kalabokas , P.D. ; Zerefos , C.S. ( 2007 ) . `` Is the last years abrupt warming in the National Observatory of Athens records a Climate Change Manifestation ? '' . Global NEST Journal . 9 ( 2 ) : 107 -- 116 . Jump up ^ Livada , I. ; Santamouris , M. ; Niachou , K. ; Papanikolaou , N. ; Mihalakakou , G. ( 2002 ) . `` Determination of places in the great Athens area where the heat island effect is observed '' . Theoretical and Applied Climatology. 71 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 219 -- 230 . Bibcode : 2002ThApC ... 71 ... 219L . doi : 10.1007 / s007040200006 . Jump up ^ `` World Meteorological Organization 's World Weather & Climate Extremes Archive '' . Arizona State University website . World Meteorological Organization . Jump up ^ Афины , Греция # 16716 ( in Russian ) . Climatebase . Retrieved 14 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Weather Information for Athens '' . Jump up ^ `` Athens , Greece - Climate data '' . Weather Atlas . Retrieved 25 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cushman & Wakefield -- Global real estate solutions -- News & Events '' . Cushwake.com. 25 October 2006 . Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 21 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Olympic Games 2004 : five major projects for Athens '' . European Union Regional Policy . ec.europa.eu . Archived from the original on 20 May 2007 . Retrieved 5 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Eaxa : : Ενοποιηση Αρχαιολογικων Χωρων Αθηνασ Α. Ε '' . Astynet.gr . Archived from the original on 28 February 2009 . Retrieved 21 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Distance between Athens , Greece and Piraeus , Greece '' . distances-from.com. 9 December 2007 . Retrieved 8 Feb 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Distance between Piraeus ( Attiki ) and Varkiza ( Piraios Nomos ) ( Greece ) '' . Distancecalculator.globefeed.com. 9 December 2007 . Retrieved 9 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Hellenikon Metropolitan Park Competition '' . Hellenic Ministry of the Environment and Public Works . www.minenv.gr . Archived from the original on 8 April 2004 . Retrieved 3 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Europe Greek forest fire close to Athens '' . BBC News . 29 June 2007 . Retrieved 9 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Kallikratis reform law text '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ MASTER PLAN FOR ATHENS AND ATTICA 2021 , pg 13 , 24 , 27 , 33 , 36 , 89 Archived 21 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` PAGE - themes '' . statistics.gr . Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 . Retrieved 3 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Thomas , C.G. ; Conant , C. ( 2009 ) . Citadel to City - State : The Transformation of Greece , 1200 - 700 B.C.E . Indiana University Press . p. 65 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 00325 - 6 . Jump up ^ Ian Morris ( 12 December 2005 ) . `` The growth of Greek cities in the first millennium BC '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 3 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Storey , G. ( 2006 ) . Urbanism in the Preindustrial World : Cross-Cultural Approaches . University of Alabama Press . p. 37 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8173 - 5246 - 2 . Jump up ^ Beer , J. ( 2004 ) . Sophocles and the Tragedy of Athenian Democracy . Praeger . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 28946 - 0 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , G.M. ; Nichols , J.J. ( 2010 ) . After Collapse : The Regeneration of Complex Societies . University of Arizona Press . p. 80 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8165 - 2936 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Urban History of Athens '' ( PDF ) . 9 December 2008 . Retrieved 3 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Kellogg , D.L. ( 2013 ) . Marathon Fighters and Men of Maple : Ancient Acharnai . OUP Oxford . p. 36 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 166386 - 4 . Jump up ^ Hansen , M.H. ( 1988 ) . Three Studies in Athenian Demography . Commissioner , Munksgaard . p. 7 . ISBN 9788773041895 . Jump up ^ Wilson , N. ( 2013 ) . Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece . Taylor & Francis . p. 214 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 78800 - 0 . Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , L. ( 2009 ) . The Regime of Demetrius of Phalerum in Athens , 317 -- 307 BCE : A Philosopher in Politics . Brill . p. 110 . ISBN 9789004178885 . Jump up ^ Greek Tourist Organizer -- Retrieved on 6 January 2007 ^ Jump up to : Tung , Anthony ( 2001 ) . `` The City of the Gods Besieged '' . Preserving the World 's Great Cities : The Destruction and Renewal of the Historic Metropolis . New York : Three Rivers Press . pp. 260 , 263 , 265 . ISBN 0 - 609 - 80815 - X . Jump up ^ `` World Gazetter City Pop : Athens '' . www.world-gazetter.com . Archived from the original on 22 June 2011 . Retrieved 16 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` World Gazetter Metro Pop : Athens '' . www.world-gazetter.com . Archived from the original on 22 June 2011 . Retrieved 16 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population of Greece '' . General Secretariat of National Statistical Service of Greece . www.statistics.gr. 2001 . Archived from the original on 1 July 2007 . Retrieved 2 August 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Twinnings '' ( PDF ) . Athens : Central Union of Municipalities & Communities of Greece . Retrieved 16 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Beijing Sister Cities '' . City of Beijing . www.ebeijing.gov.cn . Retrieved 3 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Sister Cities '' . City of Los Angeles . www.lacity.org . Archived from the original on 4 January 2007 . Retrieved 3 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Nicosia : Twin Cities '' . Nicosia Municipality . www.nicosia.org.cy . Archived from the original on 24 May 2011 . Retrieved 25 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` International Cooperation '' . Grad Beograd . www.beograd.rs . Retrieved 26 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` International : Special partners '' . Mairie de Paris . www.paris.fr . Archived from the original on 8 February 2007 . Retrieved 26 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Medmestno in mednarodno sodelovanje '' . Mestna občina Ljubljana ( Ljubljana City ) ( in Slovenian ) . Archived from the original on 26 June 2013 . Retrieved 27 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Vacca , Maria Luisa . `` Comune di Napoli - Gemellaggi '' ( Naples -- Twin Towns ) . Comune di Napoli ( in Italian ) . Archived from the original on 22 July 2013 . Retrieved 8 August 2013 . Jump up ^ The population of the unincorporated communities below is not mentioned here Jump up ^ `` Where is Atenas De San Cristobal in Atlantida , Honduras Located ? '' . Jump up ^ `` v4.ethnos.gr -- Οι πρώτοι ... Αθηναίοι -- τεχνες , πολιτισμος '' . Ethnos.gr . Retrieved 25 January 2010 . Jump up ^ S. Immerwahr , The Athenian Agora XIII : the Neolithic and Bronze Ages , Princeton 1971 Jump up ^ Iakovides , S. 1962 . ' E mykenaïke akropolis ton Athenon ' . Athens . Jump up ^ Osborne , R. 1996 , 2009 . Greece in the Making 1200 -- 479 BC . Jump up ^ `` Nothing Less than Victory : Decisive Wars and the Lessons of History '' . Retrieved 24 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Fessas - Emmanouil , Helen . Ελληνική Αρχιτεκτονική Εταιρεία : Αρχιτέκτονες του 20ού αιώνα : Μέλη της Εταιρείας , Ποταμός , Athens , 2009 , p . XXV and p . XXI , ISBN 960 - 6691 - 38 - 1 Jump up ^ Fessas - Emmanouil , Helen . Ελληνική Αρχιτεκτονική Εταιρεία : Αρχιτέκτονες του 20ού αιώνα : Μέλη της Εταιρείας , Ποταμός , Athens , 2009 , p . XXXI , ISBN 960 - 6691 - 38 - 1 Jump up ^ `` AIA : Finance '' ( PDF ) . Athens International Airport , S.A . www.AIA.gr . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 February 2009 . Retrieved 5 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Home Page '' . Urban Audit . Archived from the original on 6 February 2009 . Retrieved 21 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Athens -- Epidaurus Festival 2008 '' . Greekfestival.gr . Archived from the original on 22 February 2009 . Retrieved 21 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Megaron Events Chart '' . Megaron.gr. 26 October 1997 . Archived from the original on 1 February 2009 . Retrieved 21 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Ίδρυμα Ευγενίδου . Εκπαιδευτικό Κοινωφελές Ίδρυμα ( in Greek ) . Eugenfound.edu.gr . Archived from the original on 8 June 2008 . Retrieved 21 March 2009 . Jump up ^ ΙΔΡΥΜΑ ΕΥΓΕΝΙΔΟΥ 1954 / Ιστορικό ( in Greek ) . Eugenfound.edu.gr . Retrieved 25 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Athens Eugenides Planetarium '' . Barco . Archived from the original on 7 July 2011 . Retrieved 16 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Vision '' . SNFCC . Retrieved 16 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Athens -- The Truth : Searching for Mános , Just Before the Bubble Burst . Tales of Orpheus. 1 September 2013 . ISBN 9780955209031 . Retrieved 24 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Athens 21st Century -- Athens Olympic Stadium '' . Athens-today.com . Retrieved 26 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Athens 21st Century -- The Olympic Coastal Complex '' . Athens-today.com . Retrieved 26 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ιστορικό '' . oaa.gr . Retrieved 13 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Athens bids farewell to the Games '' . CNN . CNN.com. 30 August 2004 . Retrieved 29 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Athens News Agency ( 27 August 2004 ) . `` Olympic ticket sales officially top 3.5 - million mark '' . Embassy of Greece . Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 30 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Martin . `` Beijing trumps Athens ... and then some '' . Sports.yahoo.com . Archived from the original on 28 September 2009 . Retrieved 21 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Itano , Nicole ( 21 July 2008 ) . `` As Olympic Glow Fades , Athens Questions $15 Billion Cost '' . Csmonitor.com . Archived from the original on 9 March 2009 . Retrieved 21 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` After The Party : What happens when the Olympics leave town '' . London : Independent.co.uk. 19 August 2008 . Archived from the original on 6 September 2008 . Retrieved 21 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Four years after Athens Greeks have Olympics blues '' . Afp.google.com. 30 July 2008 . Archived from the original on 6 August 2008 . Retrieved 21 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Προαστιακός '' . Proastiakos.gr . Archived from the original on 24 March 2009 . Retrieved 21 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tram Sa '' . Tramsa.gr . Archived from the original on 14 January 2009 . Retrieved 5 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Athens Urban Transport Network in Facts and Figures ( pdf ) page 5 '' ( PDF ) . OASA . www.oasa.gr . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 June 2006 . Retrieved 28 January 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Athens Urban Transport Network in Facts and Figures ( pdf ) page 6 '' ( PDF ) . OASA . www.oasa.gr . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 June 2006 . Retrieved 28 January 2007 . Jump up ^ Ilias Tatsiopoulos & Georgios Tziralis . `` New , Post-Olympics Athens '' ( PDF ) . www.minpress.gr . Secretariat General of Communication -- Secretariat General of Information . p. 79 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 September 2008 . Retrieved 23 August 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Athens Urban Transport Network in Facts and Figures ( pdf ) page 11 '' ( PDF ) . OASA . www.oasa.gr . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 June 2006 . Retrieved 28 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Athens Metro '' . Hellenic Ministry of Culture . www.culture.gr . Archived from the original on 7 December 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Athens Urban Transport Network in Facts and Figures ( pdf ) page 15 '' ( PDF ) . OASA . www.oasa.gr . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 June 2006 . Retrieved 4 February 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Athens Urban Transport Network in Facts and Figures ( pdf ) page 9 '' ( PDF ) . OASA . www.oasa.gr . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 June 2006 . Retrieved 4 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` ISAP -- Athens Piraeus Electric Railways '' . Isap.gr . Archived from the original on 20 June 2009 . Retrieved 9 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ΗΣΑΠ '' . Isap.gr . Archived from the original on 21 March 2009 . Retrieved 21 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Proastiakos '' . www.proastiakos.gr . Archived from the original on 3 February 2009 . Retrieved 9 June 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tram Sa '' . Tramsa.gr . Archived from the original on 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 25 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Athens Urban Transport Network in Facts and Figures ( pdf ) page 13 '' ( PDF ) . OASA . www.oasa.gr . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 June 2006 . Retrieved 28 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Tram Sa '' . Tramsa.gr . Archived from the original on 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 25 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Athens International Airport : Facts and Figures '' . Athens International Airport . www.aia.gr . Retrieved 11 February 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Athens International Airport : Airport Profile '' . Athens International Airport . www.aia.gr . Retrieved 11 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` ATHENS INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT `` EL. VENIZELOS '' `` . aia.gr . Retrieved 7 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Athens International Airport : Passenger Traffic Development 2007 '' ( PDF ) . Athens International Airport . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 10 October 2008 . Retrieved 6 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Athens International Airport : Air Traffic Movements Development 2007 '' ( PDF ) . Athens International Airport . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 February 2009 . Retrieved 6 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Aodos.gr Jump up ^ `` 1973 : Army deposes ' hated ' Greek president '' . BBC News . 25 November 1973 . Retrieved 22 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ΙδιωτικάΠανεπιστήμιαστην Ελλάδα -- PrivateUniversities in Greece '' . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutAthensat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Official Official website Historical EIE.gr -- Page on Archaeology of the City of Athens in the National Hellenic Research Foundation website Rg.ancients.info/owls -- Athenian owl coins Kronoskaf.com -- Simulation of Athens in 421 BC Athens Museums Information -- Guide with pictures , visitor comments and reviews Travel Athens - The Greek National Tourism Organization This is Athens - The official City of Athens guide Athens Urban Transport Organisation Visual Timelapse video of Athens Timelapse showing Athens in the Attica region Athens 1973 Athens In Pictures Athens Photo Guide Places adjacent to Athens Peristeri Nea Filadelfeia , Nea Ionia and Galatsi Psychiko , Neo Psychiko and Papagou Aigaleo and Tavros Athens Zografou and Kaisariani Kallithea Nea Smyrni Vyronas , Ymittos and Dafni Government Neighbourhoods of Athens Aerides Agios Eleftherios Agios Panteleimonas Akadimia Akadimia Platonos Acropolis Ampelokipi Anafiotika Ano Petralona Asyrmatos Asteroskopeio Attiki Eleonas Ellinoroson Erythros Stavros Exarcheia Gazi Girokomeio Gyzi Goudi Gouva Ilisia Kallimarmaro Kato Petralona Keramikos Kolokynthou Kolonaki Kolonos Koukaki Kountouriotika Kypriadou Kypseli Kynosargous Lykavittos Makrygianni Metaxourgeio Mets Monastiraki Nea Filothei Neapoli Neos Kosmos Omonoia Pangrati Patisia Pedion tou Areos Petralona Philopappou Plaka Polygono Probonas Profitis Daniil Profitis Ilias Psyri Rizoupoli Rouf Sepolia Syntagma Thiseio Thymarakia Treis Gefyres Votanikos Prefectural capitals of Greece Agios Nikolaos Alexandroupoli Amfissa Argostoli Arta Athens Chalcis Chania Chios Corfu Corinth Drama Edessa Ermoupoli Florina Grevena Heraklion Igoumenitsa Ioannina Kalamata Karditsa Karpenisi Kastoria Katerini Kavala Kilkis Komotini Kozani Lamia Larissa Lefkada Livadeia Missolonghi Mytilene Nafplion Pallini Patras Piraeus Polygyros Preveza Pyrgos Rethymno Rhodes Serres Sparta Thessaloniki Trikala Tripoli Vathy Veria Volos Xanthi Zakynthos Capitals of regions of Greece Athens ( Attica ) Corfu ( Ionian Islands ) Heraklion ( Crete ) Ioannina ( Epirus ) Komotini ( East Macedonia and Thrace ) Kozani ( West Macedonia ) Lamia ( Central Greece ) Larissa ( Thessaly ) Mytilene ( North Aegean ) Patras ( West Greece ) Ermoupoli ( South Aegean ) Thessaloniki ( Central Macedonia ) Tripoli ( Peloponnese ) Administrative division of the Attica Region Area 3,808 km ( 1,470 sq mi ) Population 3,827,624 ( as of 2011 ) Municipalities 66 ( since 2011 ) Capital Athens Regional unit of Central Athens Athens Dafni - Ymittos Filadelfeia - Chalkidona Galatsi Ilioupoli Kaisariani Vyronas Zografou Regional unit of North Athens Agia Paraskevi Chalandri Filothei - Psychiko Irakleio Kifissia Lykovrysi - Pefki Marousi Metamorfosi Nea Ionia Papagou - Cholargos Penteli Vrilissia Regional unit of West Athens Agia Varvara Agioi Anargyroi - Kamatero Aigaleo Chaidari Ilion Peristeri Petroupoli Regional unit of South Athens Agios Dimitrios Alimos Elliniko - Argyroupoli Glyfada Kallithea Moschato - Tavros Nea Smyrni Palaio Faliro Regional unit of Piraeus Keratsini - Drapetsona Korydallos Nikaia - Agios Ioannis Rentis Perama Piraeus Regional unit of East Attica Acharnes Dionysos Kropia Lavreotiki Marathon Markopoulo Oropos Paiania Pallini Rafina - Pikermi Saronikos Spata - Artemida Vari - Voula - Vouliagmeni Regional unit of West Attica Aspropyrgos Eleusis Fyli Mandra - Eidyllia Megara Regional unit of Islands Aegina Agistri Hydra Kythira Poros Salamis Spetses Troizinia - Methana Regional governor Rena Dourou ( since 2014 ) Decentralized Administration Attica Capital cities of the member states of the European Union Netherlands : Amsterdam Greece : Athens Germany : Berlin Slovakia : Bratislava Belgium : Brussels Romania : Bucharest Hungary : Budapest Denmark : Copenhagen Ireland : Dublin Finland : Helsinki Portugal : Lisbon Slovenia : Ljubljana United Kingdom : London Luxembourg : Luxembourg Spain : Madrid Cyprus : Nicosia France : Paris Czech Republic : Prague Latvia : Riga Italy : Rome Bulgaria : Sofia Sweden : Stockholm Estonia : Tallinn Malta : Valletta Austria : Vienna Lithuania : Vilnius Poland : Warsaw Croatia : Zagreb Culture and history Major landmarks of Athens Ancient Acropolis Ancient Agora Arch of Hadrian Areopagus Aristotle 's Lyceum Hadrian 's Library Kerameikos Monument of Lysicrates Odeon of Herodes Atticus Panathenaic Stadium Philopappos Hill / Monument Platonic Academy Pnyx Remains of the Acharnian Road , Acharnian Gate and Cemetery Site Remains of the Long Walls Roman Agora Stoa of Attalos Temple of Hephaestus Temple of Olympian Zeus Theatre of Dionysus Tower of the Winds Byzantine Agios Eleftherios / Mikri Mitropoli / Panagia Gorgoepikoos Daphni Monastery Holy Apostles Church Kapnikarea Church Pantanassa Church Ottoman Fethiye Mosque House of Saint Philothei / Manor house of Benizelos - Palaiologos family Tzistarakis Mosque Modern Hansen 's `` Trilogy '' Academy Kapodistrian University of Athens National Library of Greece Museums Acropolis Museum Benaki Museum Byzantine and Christian Museum Museum of Cycladic Art Kerameikos Museum National Archaeological Museum National Gallery National Historical Museum Numismatic Museum Churches Metropolitan Cathedral of Athens Cathedral Basilica of St. Dionysius the Areopagite Gardens / Parks National Gardens Pedion tou Areos Squares and Neighbourhoods Anafiotika Kolonaki Square Kotzia Square Monastiraki Omonoia Square Plaka Syntagma Thiseio Tomb of the Unknown Soldier Athens Concert Hall Gennadius Library National Observatory of Athens National Theatre Old Parliament House Old Royal Palace Olympic Sports Complex Presidential Mansion Stavros Niarchos Foundation Cultural Center Zappeion Marinas Agios Kosmas Marina Alimos Marina Athens Marina ( formerly Faliro Marina ) Marinas of Glyfada Olympic Marine Floisvos Marina Marina of Vouliagmeni Marina of Zea Marina Tzitzifies Others Dionysiou Areopagitou Street Lycabettus Hill Museums in Athens Archaeological Acropolis Museum Epigraphical Museum Goulandris Museum of Cycladic Art Kerameikos Kanellopoulou Museum National Archaeological Museum Stoa of Attalos Old Acropolis Museum Syntagma Metro Station Archaeological Collection Museum of the Center for the Acropolis Studies Athens International Airport Archaeological Collection Byzantine and ecclesiastic Byzantine and Christian Museum Ethnological / historical Athens War Museum Drossinis Museum Eleftherios Venizelos Historical Museum Goulandris Natural History Museum Jewish Museum of Greece Museum of the City of Athens National Historical Museum Folklore Museum of Greek Folk Art Museum of Greek Folk Musical Instruments Centre for the Study of Traditional Pottery Museum of the History of the Greek Costume Art museums / galleries Benaki Museum Emfietzoglou Gallery Museum Frissiras Museum Ilias Lalaounis Jewelry Museum Municipal Gallery of Athens National Gallery ( Athens ) National Glyptotheque National Museum of Contemporary Art Industry / technology Evgenidio Foundation Hellenic Air Force Museum Hellenic Motor Museum Railway Museum of Athens Electric Railways Museum Technopolis ( Gazi ) Education / sports / Special Interests Athens University Museum Hellenic Children 's Museum Hellenic Cosmos Numismatic Museum of Athens Theatrical Museum of Greece Postal & Philatelic Museum of Greece Museum ships Georgios Averof Velos D16 SS Hellas Liberty Olympias Streets in Athens Major streets 3 Septemvriou Street Agiou Konstantinou Street Aiolou Street Akadimias Street Alexandras Avenue Amalias Avenue Andrea Syngrou Avenue Athanasiou Diakou Street Athinas Street Athinon Avenue Acharnon Street Benaki Street Ermou Street Ioanninon Avenue Iera Odos Kallirois Avenue Katechaki Avenue Kifisias Avenue Kifissou Avenue Konstantinoupoleos Avenue Lenorman Street Makri Street Mavromichali Street Mesogeion Avenue Michalopoulou Street Mitropoleos Street Pangratiou Street Panepistimiou Street Patission Street Patsi Street Peiraios Street Petrou Ralli Avenue Rizari Street Sofokleous Street Stadiou Street Vasileos Konstantinou Avenue Vasilissis Sofias Avenue Vouliagmenis Avenue Secondary and local streets Antigonis Street Dionysiou Areopagitou Street Fokionos Negri Herodou Attikou Street Kallirois Street Lykourgou Street Pandrossou Street Petmeza Street Santa Rosa Street Veikou Street Voukourestiou Street Main squares Kolonaki Square Kotzia Square Monastiraki Square Omonoia Square Syntagma Square Suburban roads Alimou Street Athinas Avenue Ulof Palme Street Doukissis Plakentias Avenue Poseidonos Avenue Thisseos Street Highways Attiki Odos ( Aigaleo Beltway Hymettus Beltway ) List of streets in Athens List of streets in Attica List of streets in Greece Capitals of European states and territories Capitals of dependent territories and states whose sovereignty is disputed shown in italics . Western Amsterdam , Netherlands Andorra la Vella , Andorra Bern , Switzerland Brussels , Belgium Douglas , Isle of Man ( UK ) Dublin , Ireland London , United Kingdom Luxembourg , Luxembourg Paris , France Saint Helier , Jersey ( UK ) Saint Peter Port , Guernsey ( UK ) Northern Copenhagen , Denmark Helsinki , Finland Longyearbyen , Svalbard ( Norway ) Mariehamn , Åland Islands ( Finland ) Nuuk , Greenland ( Denmark ) Olonkinbyen , Jan Mayen ( Norway ) Oslo , Norway Reykjavík , Iceland Stockholm , Sweden Tórshavn , Faroe Islands ( Denmark ) Central Berlin , Germany Bratislava , Slovakia Budapest , Hungary Ljubljana , Slovenia Prague , Czech Republic Vaduz , Liechtenstein Vienna , Austria Warsaw , Poland Southern Ankara , Turkey Athens , Greece Belgrade , Serbia Bucharest , Romania Gibraltar , Gibraltar ( UK ) Lisbon , Portugal Madrid , Spain Monaco , Monaco Nicosia , Cyprus North Nicosia , Northern Cyprus Podgorica , Montenegro Pristina , Kosovo Rome , Italy San Marino , San Marino Sarajevo , Bosnia and Herzegovina Skopje , Macedonia Sofia , Bulgaria Tirana , Albania Valletta , Malta Vatican City , Vatican City Zagreb , Croatia Eastern Astana , Kazakhstan Baku , Azerbaijan Chișinău , Moldova Kiev , Ukraine Minsk , Belarus Moscow , Russia Riga , Latvia Stepanakert , Artsakh Sukhumi , Abkhazia Tallinn , Estonia Tbilisi , Georgia Tiraspol , Transnistria Tskhinvali , South Ossetia Vilnius , Lithuania Yerevan , Armenia Also the capital of the Kingdom of the Netherlands Also the seat of the European Union , see Institutional seats of the European Union and Brussels and the European Union Transcontinental country Entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio - political connections with Europe Partially recognised country European Capitals of Culture 1985 Athens 1986 Florence Amsterdam 1988 West Berlin 1989 Paris 1990 Glasgow 1991 Dublin 1992 Madrid 1993 Antwerp 1994 Lisbon 1995 Luxembourg City Copenhagen 1997 Thessaloniki 1998 Stockholm 1999 Weimar 2000 Reykjavík Bergen Helsinki Brussels Prague Kraków Santiago de Compostela Avignon Bologna 2001 Rotterdam Porto 2002 Bruges Salamanca 2003 Graz Plovdiv Genoa Lille 2005 Cork 2006 Patras 2007 Luxembourg City and Greater Region Sibiu 2008 Liverpool Stavanger 2009 Linz Vilnius Ruhr Istanbul Pécs 2011 Turku Tallinn 2012 Maribor Guimarães 2013 Košice Marseille 2014 Umeå Riga 2015 Mons Plzeň 2016 San Sebastián Wrocław 2017 Aarhus Paphos 2018 Valletta Leeuwarden 2019 Plovdiv Matera 2020 Rijeka Galway 2021 Timișoara Elefsina Novi Sad 2022 Kaunas Esch - sur - Alzette World Book Capitals 2001 : Madrid 2002 : Alexandria 2003 : New Delhi 2004 : Antwerp 2005 : Montreal 2006 : Turin 2007 : Bogotá 2008 : Amsterdam 2009 : Beirut 2010 : Ljubljana 2011 : Buenos Aires 2012 : Yerevan 2013 : Bangkok 2014 : Port Harcourt 2015 : Incheon 2016 : Wrocław 2017 : Conakry 2018 : Athens 2019 : Sharjah Summer Olympic Games host cities 1896 : Athens 1900 : Paris 1904 : St. Louis 1908 : London 1912 : Stockholm 1916 : None 1920 : Antwerp 1924 : Paris 1928 : Amsterdam 1932 : Los Angeles 1936 : Berlin 1940 : None 1944 : None 1948 : London 1952 : Helsinki 1956 : Melbourne 1960 : Rome 1964 : Tokyo 1968 : Mexico City 1972 : Munich 1976 : Montreal 1980 : Moscow 1984 : Los Angeles 1988 : Seoul 1992 : Barcelona 1996 : Atlanta 2000 : Sydney 2004 : Athens 2008 : Beijing 2012 : London 2016 : Rio de Janeiro 2020 : Tokyo 2024 : Paris 2028 : Los Angeles Cancelled due to World War I ; Cancelled due to World War II Summer Paralympic Games host cities 1960 : Rome 1964 : Tokyo 1968 : Tel Aviv 1972 : Heidelberg 1976 : Toronto 1980 : Arnhem 1984 : New York City / Stoke Mandeville 1988 : Seoul 1992 : Barcelona / Madrid 1996 : Atlanta 2000 : Sydney 2004 : Athens 2008 : Beijing 2012 : London 2016 : Rio de Janeiro 2020 : Tokyo 2024 : Paris 2028 : Los Angeles Host cities of the IAAF World Championships in Athletics 1983 : Helsinki 1987 : Rome 1991 : Tokyo 1993 : Stuttgart 1995 : Gothenburg 1997 : Athens 1999 : Seville 2001 : Edmonton 2003 : Saint - Denis 2005 : Helsinki 2007 : Osaka 2009 : Berlin 2011 : Daegu 2013 : Moscow 2015 : Beijing 2017 : London 2019 : Doha 2021 : Eugene Eurovision Song Contest History Host cities Languages Presenters Rules Voting Winners Winners discography Contests 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Countries Active Albania Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Latvia Lithuania Macedonia Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom Inactive Andorra Bosnia and Herzegovina Luxembourg Monaco Morocco Slovakia Turkey Former Lebanon Serbia and Montenegro Yugoslavia Relations Armenia -- Azerbaijan Russia -- Ukraine National selections Current Albania Armenia Belarus Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Latvia Lithuania Malta Moldova Montenegro Norway Poland Portugal Romania Serbia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom Former Austria Azerbaijan Belgium Bosnia & Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Estonia Finland Greece Ellinikós Telikós Eurosong - A MAD Show Ireland The Late Late Show You 're a Star Israel Latvia Eirodziesma Dziesma Lithuania Macedonia Malta Montenegro Netherlands Serbia and Montenegro Spain Switzerland United Kingdom Yugoslavia Other awards Marcel Bezençon Awards OGAE OGAE Video Contest OGAE Second Chance Contest Television and concerts Eurovision Song Contest Previews Songs of Europe Kvalifikacija za Millstreet Congratulations : 50 Years of the Eurovision Song Contest Best of Eurovision Eurovision Song Contest 's Greatest Hits Category Portal Ancient Greece Outline Timeline History Geography Periods Cycladic civilization Minoan civilization Mycenaean civilization Greek Dark Ages Archaic period Classical Greece Hellenistic Greece Roman Greece Geography Aegean Sea Aeolis Alexandria Antioch Cappadocia Crete Cyprus Doris Ephesus Epirus Hellespont Ionia Ionian Sea Macedonia Magna Graecia Miletus Peloponnesus Pergamon Pontus Taurica Ancient Greek colonies City states Politics Military City states Argos Athens Byzantion Chalcis Corinth Eretria Kerkyra Larissa Megalopolis Megara Rhodes Samos Sparta Syracuse Thebes Politics Boeotarch Boule Koinon Proxeny Strategos Tagus Tyrant Amphictyonic League Athenian Agora Areopagus Ecclesia Graphē paranómōn Heliaia Ostracism Spartan Apella Ephor Gerousia Harmost Macedon Synedrion Koinon Military Wars Athenian military Antigonid Macedonian army Army of Macedon Ballista Cretan archers Hellenistic armies Hippeis Hoplite Hetairoi Macedonian phalanx Phalanx Peltast Pezhetairos Sarissa Sacred Band of Thebes Sciritae Seleucid army Spartan army Toxotai Xiphos Xyston People List of ancient Greeks Rulers Kings of Argos Archons of Athens Kings of Athens Kings of Commagene Diadochi Kings of Lydia Kings of Macedonia Kings of Paionia Attalid kings of Pergamon Kings of Pontus Kings of Sparta Tyrants of Syracuse Philosophers Anaxagoras Anaximander Anaximenes Antisthenes Aristotle Democritus Diogenes of Sinope Empedocles Epicurus Gorgias Heraclitus Hypatia Leucippus Parmenides Plato Protagoras Pythagoras Socrates Thales Zeno Authors Aeschylus Aesop Alcaeus Archilochus Aristophanes Bacchylides Euripides Herodotus Hesiod Hipponax Homer Ibycus Lucian Menander Mimnermus Panyassis Philocles Pindar Plutarch Polybius Sappho Simonides Sophocles Stesichorus Theognis Thucydides Timocreon Tyrtaeus Xenophon Others Agesilaus II Agis II Alcibiades Alexander the Great Aratus Archimedes Aspasia Demosthenes Epaminondas Euclid Hipparchus Hippocrates Leonidas Lycurgus Lysander Milo of Croton Miltiades Pausanias Pericles Philip of Macedon Philopoemen Praxiteles Ptolemy Pyrrhus Solon Themistocles Groups Philosophers Playwrights Poets Tyrants By culture Ancient Greek tribes Thracian Greeks Ancient Macedonians Society Culture Society Agriculture Calendar Clothing Coinage Cuisine Economy Education Festivals Funeral and burial practices Homosexuality Law Olympic Games Pederasty Philosophy Prostitution Religion Slavery Warfare Wedding customs Wine Arts and science Architecture Greek Revival architecture Astronomy Literature Mathematics Medicine Music Musical system Pottery Sculpture Technology Theatre Religion Funeral and burial practices Mythology mythological figures Temple Twelve Olympians Underworld Sacred places Eleusis Delphi Delos Dodona Mount Olympus Olympia Structures Athenian Treasury Lion Gate Long Walls Philippeion Theatre of Dionysus Tunnel of Eupalinos Temples Aphaea Artemis Athena Nike Erechtheion Hephaestus Hera , Olympia Parthenon Samothrace Zeus , Olympia Language Proto - Greek Mycenaean Homeric Dialects Aeolic Arcadocypriot Attic Doric Ionic Locrian Macedonian Pamphylian Koine Writing Linear A Linear B Cypriot syllabary Greek alphabet Greek numerals Attic numerals Lists Cities in Epirus People Place names Stoae Temples Theatres Category Portal Second Journey of Paul the Apostle 1 . Cilicia 2 . Derbe 3 . Lystra 4 . Phrygia 5 . Galatia 6 . Mysia ( Alexandria Troas ) 7 . Samothrace 8 . Neapolis 9 . Philippi 9 . Amphipolis 10 . Apollonia 11 . Thessalonica 12 . Beroea 13 . Athens 14 . Corinth 15 . Cenchreae 16 . Ephesus 17 . Syria 18 . Caesarea 19 . Jerusalem 20 . Antioch Mediterranean Games Alexandria 1951 Barcelona 1955 Beirut 1959 Naples 1963 Tunis 1967 İzmir 1971 Algiers 1975 Split 1979 Casablanca 1983 Latakia 1987 Athens 1991 Languedoc - Roussillon 1993 Bari 1997 Tunis 2001 Almeria 2005 Pescara 2009 Mersin 2013 Tarragona 2018 Oran 2021 VIAF : 131280462 LCCN : n79018143 GND : 4003366 - 1 BNF : cb11936474k ( data ) NDL : 00628091 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Athens&oldid=825678910 '' Categories : Athens Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Greece Archaeological sites in Attica Capitals in Europe City - states Greek prefectural capitals Greek regional capitals Populated coastal places in Greece Populated places established in the 5th century BC Populated places in Ancient Greece Populated places in Central Athens ( regional unit ) Roman sites in Greece Tourism in Greece Hidden categories : CS1 Greek - language sources ( el ) CS1 uses Greek - language script ( el ) CS1 uses Russian - language script ( ru ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Slovenian - language sources ( sl ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use dmy dates from January 2018 Articles containing Greek - language text Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2009 Articles to be expanded from January 2012 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Requests for audio pronunciation ( Greek ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikiquote Wikivoyage Languages Адыгэбзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Armãneashti Arpetan Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bamanankan বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Bikol Central Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga Chi - Chewa ChiShona Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Эрзянь Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gagauz Gàidhlig Galego 贛 語 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî Хальмг 한국어 Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Ирон IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Коми Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Ladino Лезги لۊری شومالی Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lingála Livvinkarjala La . lojban . Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti Māori मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Mirandés Мокшень Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Dorerin Naoero Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Napulitano Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norfuk / Pitkern Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Papiamentu Patois Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Ποντιακά Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Română Rumantsch Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Gagana Samoa Sardu Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Ślůnski کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Twi Удмурт Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Walon 文言 West - Vlams Winaray Wolof 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 डोटेली Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 14 February 2018 , at 19 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens
| 580 |
what happens at the end of all the bright places
|
A month after he has disappeared , Finch sends an email to every single person he knows , saying goodbye . Violet , in a panic , figures out that he has drowned himself at the Blue Hole . She goes there and discovers she is right , and she becomes distraught . Later , she manages to decode the texts Finch had sent her , and at the last location they were supposed to visit together , Finch wrote a song for her . This helps the healing process , and convinces Violet that Finch 's suicide was not her fault . The book closes with Violet going swimming by herself in the Blue Hole , where she went swimming with Finch , bringing her a sense of peace .
|
Violet going swimming by herself in the Blue Hole , where she went swimming with Finch , bringing her a sense of peace
|
All the Bright Places
|
all the bright places
|
All the Bright Places is a 2015 young adult novel by Jennifer Niven . The work was first published on January 6 , 2015 through Knopf Publishing Group and is Niven 's first young adult work . A film adaptation starring Elle Fanning is currently in pre-production and will release in 2018 or 2019 .
|
Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot Summary 2 Reception 3 References 4 External links Plot summary ( edit ) Theodore Finch and Violet Markey are two teenagers who want to escape from their small Indiana town . Violet is a popular girl while Finch is the not so popular but a hot boy . The only thing that would have ever brought the two together is that they both climbed the bell tower at school at the same time , planning to jump off the ledge . Finch is surprised that Violet is up there , because she 's a popular school cheerleader . But Violet has been dealing with the death of her sister , Eleanor , for which she feels responsible . Eleanor died in a car accident , and Violet has n't been in a car since . She quit the student council , then cheerleading , and now cares about absolutely nothing . On the ledge , Finch talks Violet down , and Violet returns the favor . As for Finch , he is depressed and experiences near - constant thoughts of suicide . Morbidly , he writes out fun facts about other people 's suicides in his journal . He initiates a partnership between himself and Violet for a school project in which they will explore their home state of Indiana together . Later at home , Finch thinks about Violet , looking her up on Facebook , reading about her sister 's accident ( which he had forgotten ) and chatting online with her . Finch 's family does not understand his depression , so he feels isolated . For their project , Finch and Violet travel around their state to see important or unusual sites . They see homemade roller coasters , the highest hill in Indiana , and more . The important thing does n't seem to be the sites themselves , but what the wandering begins to mean for both of them -- especially Violet . The two begin a romantic relationship and fall in love . Eventually , Finch becomes a kind of mentor and counselor for Violet . He helps her begin to talk about her sister 's death , which her parents have not managed to do . He inspires her to travel in a car again and begin writing again , things she had avoided for nine months . As a result , Violet begins to heal . Finch , however , is getting worse . He suffers from an undiagnosed bipolar disorder and therefore deals with very high highs and very low lows . His behavior demonstrates the characteristic manic periods of impulsive excitability as well as the lethargic , pointless mindset during the depressive periods . He is also beaten by his father and bullied at school . The one shining spot in his life is his blossoming relationship with Violet . One afternoon , they have sex at the Blue Hole , a large lake on private property , during another `` wandering '' moment . They accidentally stay out until the next morning . Violet 's parents are angry , forbidding their daughter from seeing Finch again . This begins a downward spiral for Finch , who ends up getting expelled from school . Although he still sees Violet on occasion , Finch is easily able to hide his worsening depression from her . Violet does n't realize the seriousness of the situation and wonders if Finch is losing interest in her . One particularly bad night , Finch decides to end his life . He takes a handful of sleeping pills , but almost immediately regrets it . He goes to the emergency room and gets his stomach pumped . After that , he tries to get help through a suicide support group in a nearby town . There , he runs into Amanda , another girl he knows from school . She is concerned about Finch 's suicide attempt and tells Violet about it . Violet is obviously worried and tries to help . Finch explodes , and the two get in a big fight . Finch runs away from home , and only Violet seems to be looking for him . He sends her mysterious texts while he visits the remainder of the locations for their unfinished project , but Violet does n't understand them until much later . A month after he has disappeared , Finch sends an email to every single person he knows , saying goodbye . Violet , in a panic , figures out that he has drowned himself at the Blue Hole . She goes there and discovers she is right , and she becomes distraught . Later , she manages to decode the texts Finch had sent her , and at the last location they were supposed to visit together , Finch wrote a song for her . This helps the healing process , and convinces Violet that Finch 's suicide was not her fault . The book closes with Violet going swimming by herself in the Blue Hole , where she went swimming with Finch , bringing her a sense of peace . Reception ( edit ) The New York Times favorably compared All the Bright Places to Rainbow Rowell 's Eleanor & Park and John Green 's The Fault in Our Stars in that `` Violet and Finch are the archetypal offering in contemporary young adult fiction : a pair of damaged , heart - tugging teenagers who are at once outcasts and isolated , trapped by the dissonant alchemy of their combined fates . '' Entertainment Weekly and The Guardian both gave ultimately favorable reviews for the work , with The Guardian writing `` Niven 's first foray into Young Adult fiction lacks narrative tension but has plenty of emotional heft '' . The novel won the 2015 Goodreads Choice Award for Young Adult fiction . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bradman , Tony . `` All the Bright Places by Jennifer Niven review -- an intense portrayal of teenage angst '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 24 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin . `` Elle Fanning to Star in Adaptation of YA Novel ' All the Bright Places ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved 24 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , Andrew . `` Jennifer Niven 's ' All the Bright Places ' '' . New York Times . Retrieved 24 August 2015 . Jump up ^ VILKOMERSON , SARA . `` All The Bright Places ( review ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 24 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 2015 Goodreads Choice Awards '' . goodreads.com . External links ( edit ) Official website All the Bright Places on IMDb Children and Young Adult Literature portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=All_the_Bright_Places&oldid=827022051 '' Categories : 2015 American novels Mental illness in fiction Novels set in Indiana American young adult novels Hidden categories : Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français हिन्दी Edit links This page was last edited on 22 February 2018 , at 09 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All%20the%20Bright%20Places
| 2,124 |
where did get the hell outta dodge come from
|
Get Outta Dodge is the third studio album by Huevos Rancheros , a Canadian indie rock band . It was released on September 30 , 1996 , on Mint Records . It was licensed out to Konkurrent Records in the Netherlands . The title refers to the expression `` Get out of Dodge '' , an exhortation that was given in the drama series , Gunsmoke , to villains whom the heroes wanted out of Dodge City , Kansas .
|
the drama series , Gunsmoke
|
Get Outta Dodge
|
get outta dodge
|
Get Outta Dodge is the third studio album by Huevos Rancheros , a Canadian indie rock band . It was released on September 30 , 1996 , on Mint Records . It was licensed out to Konkurrent Records in the Netherlands . The title refers to the expression `` Get out of Dodge '' , an exhortation that was given in the drama series , Gunsmoke , to villains whom the heroes wanted out of Dodge City , Kansas .
|
Get Outta Dodge was the first album with new bassist Tom Kennedy , who replaced Graham Evans . The album was a Juno Award nominee for Best Alternative Album at the Juno Awards of 1998 . Track listing ( edit ) All songs written by Brent J. Cooper , Tom Kennedy and Richie Lazarowich , except where noted . `` What a Way to Run a Railroad '' `` Interstate Death Toll '' `` Shadow of the Apache '' `` Smartbomb '' ( Cooper / Evans / Lazarowich ) `` Get Outta Dodge '' ( Cooper / Evans / Lazarowich ) `` Night of the Iguana '' `` The Lonely Bull '' ( Sol Lake ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Top Canadian talent up for Juno awards '' . Vancouver Province , February 12 , 1998 . This 1990s indie rock album - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Get_Outta_Dodge&oldid=864094762 '' Categories : 1996 albums Huevos Rancheros ( band ) albums Mint Records albums 1990s indie rock album stubs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 October 2018 , at 02 : 11 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get%20Outta%20Dodge
| 2,125 |
a battle fought between amalgamated association of iron and steel union workers and guards
|
The Homestead strike , also known as the Homestead Steel strike , Pinkerton rebellion , or Homestead massacre , was an industrial lockout and strike which began on June 30 , 1892 , culminating in a battle between strikers and private security agents on July 6 , 1892 . The battle was one of the most serious disputes in U.S. labor history , third behind the Ludlow Massacre and the Battle of Blair Mountain . The dispute occurred at the Homestead Steel Works in the Pittsburgh area town of Homestead , Pennsylvania , between the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers ( the AA ) and the Carnegie Steel Company . The final result was a major defeat for the union and a setback for their efforts to unionize steelworkers .
|
The Homestead strike , also known as the Homestead Steel strike , Pinkerton rebellion , or Homestead massacre
|
Homestead strike
|
homestead strike
|
The Homestead strike , also known as the Homestead Steel strike , Pinkerton rebellion , or Homestead massacre , was an industrial lockout and strike which began on June 30 , 1892 , culminating in a battle between strikers and private security agents on July 6 , 1892 . The battle was one of the most serious disputes in U.S. labor history , third behind the Ludlow Massacre and the Battle of Blair Mountain . The dispute occurred at the Homestead Steel Works in the Pittsburgh area town of Homestead , Pennsylvania , between the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers ( the AA ) and the Carnegie Steel Company . The final result was a major defeat for the union and a setback for their efforts to unionize steelworkers .
|
Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Union 3 Nature of the 1892 strike 4 Plans of Carnegie and Frick 5 Lockout 6 Battle on July 6 6.1 Pinkertons attempt to land 6.2 Calls for state intervention 6.3 Pinkerton surrender 7 Arrival of the state militia 8 Attempted assassination and collapse of the strike 8.1 Legal battles 9 The strike 's conclusion 10 Aftermath 11 Modern site 12 See also 13 References 14 Bibliography 15 External links Background ( edit ) Carnegie Steel made major technological innovations in the 1880s , especially the installation of the open - hearth system at Homestead in 1886 . It now became possible to make steel suitable for structural beams and for armor plate for the United States Navy , which paid far higher prices for the premium product . In addition , the plant moved increasingly toward the continuous system of production . Carnegie installed vastly improved systems of material - handling , like overhead cranes , hoists , charging machines , and buggies . All of this greatly sped up the process of steelmaking , and allowed the production of vastly larger quantities of the product . As the mills expanded , the labor force grew rapidly , especially with less skilled workers . In response , the more - skilled union members reacted with a strike designed to protect their historic position . The bitterness grew between workers . Union ( edit ) Pro-Union pamphlet with lyrics to a song in support of workers The Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers ( AA ) was an American labor union formed in 1876 . It was a craft union representing skilled iron and steel workers . The AA 's membership was concentrated in ironworks west of the Allegheny Mountains . The union negotiated national uniform wage scales on an annual basis ; helped regulate working hours , workload levels and work speeds ; and helped improve working conditions . It also acted as a hiring hall , helping employers find scarce puddlers and rollers . The AA organized the independently - owned Pittsburgh Bessemer Steel Works in Homestead in 1881 . The AA engaged in a bitter strike at the Homestead works on January 1 , 1882 in an effort to prevent management from including a non-union clause in the workers ' contracts , known as a `` yellow - dog contract '' . Violence occurred on both sides , and the plant brought in numerous strikebreakers . The strike ended on March 20 in a complete victory for the union . The AA struck the steel plant again on July 1 , 1889 , when negotiations for a new three - year collective bargaining agreement failed . The strikers seized the town and once again made common cause with various immigrant groups . Backed by 2,000 townspeople , the strikers drove off a trainload of strikebreakers on July 10 . When the sheriff returned with 125 newly deputized agents two days later , the strikers rallied 5,000 townspeople to their cause . Although victorious , the union agreed to significant wage cuts that left tonnage rates less than half those at the nearby Jones and Laughlin works , where technological improvements had not been made . Carnegie officials conceded that the AA essentially ran the Homestead plant after the 1889 strike . The union contract contained 58 pages of footnotes defining work - rules at the plant and strictly limited management 's ability to maximize output . For its part , the AA saw substantial gains after the 1889 strike . Membership doubled , and the local union treasury had a balance of $146,000 . The Homestead union grew belligerent , and relationships between workers and managers grew tense . Nature of the 1892 strike ( edit ) The Homestead strike was organized and purposeful , a harbinger of the type of strike which marked the modern age of labor relations in the United States . The AA strike at the Homestead steel mill in 1892 was different from previous large - scale strikes in American history such as the Great railroad strike of 1877 or the Great Southwest Railroad Strike of 1886 . Earlier strikes had been largely leaderless and disorganized mass uprisings of workers . Plans of Carnegie and Frick ( edit ) Andrew Carnegie Andrew Carnegie placed industrialist Henry Clay Frick in charge of his company 's operations in 1881 . Frick resolved to break the union at Homestead . `` The mills have never been able to turn out the product they should , owing to being held back by the Amalgamated men , '' he complained in a letter to Carnegie . Carnegie was publicly in favor of labor unions . He condemned the use of strikebreakers and told associates that no steel mill was worth a single drop of blood . But Carnegie agreed with Frick 's desire to break the union and `` reorganize the whole affair , and ... exact good reasons for employing every man . Far too many men required by Amalgamated rules . '' Carnegie ordered the Homestead plant to manufacture large amounts of inventory so the plant could weather a strike . He also drafted a notice ( which Frick never released ) withdrawing recognition of the union . Portion of the typed and signed copy of the letter sent to Andrew Carnegie describing the plans and munitions that will be on the barges when the Pinkertons arrive to confront the strikers in Homestead . With the collective bargaining agreement due to expire on June 30 , 1892 , Frick and the leaders of the local AA union entered into negotiations in February . With the steel industry doing well and prices higher , the AA asked for a wage increase ; the AA represented about 800 of the 3,800 workers at the plant . Frick immediately countered with a 22 % wage decrease that would affect nearly half the union 's membership and remove a number of positions from the bargaining unit . Carnegie encouraged Frick to use the negotiations to break the union : `` ... the Firm has decided that the minority must give way to the majority . These works , therefore , will be necessarily non-union after the expiration of the present agreement . '' Carnegie believed that the Amalgamated was a hindrance to efficiency ; furthermore it was not representative of the workers . It admitted only a small group of skilled workers . It was in its own way an elitist , discriminatory organization that was not worthy of the Republic , Carnegie felt . Frick announced on April 30 , 1892 that he would bargain for 29 more days . If no contract was reached , Carnegie Steel would cease to recognize the union . Carnegie formally approved Frick 's tactics on May 4 . Then Frick offered a slightly better wage scale and advised the Superintendent to tell the workers , `` We do not care whether a man belongs to a union or not , nor do we wish to interfere . He may belong to as many unions or organizations as he chooses , but we think our employees at Homestead Steel Works would fare much better working under the system in vogue at Edgar Thomson and Duquesne . '' Lockout ( edit ) Henry Clay Frick Frick locked workers out of the plate mill and one of the open hearth furnaces on the evening of June 28 . When no collective bargaining agreement was reached on June 29 , Frick locked the union out of the rest of the plant . A high fence topped with barbed wire , begun in January , was completed and the plant sealed to the workers . Sniper towers with searchlights were constructed near each mill building , and high - pressure water cannons ( some capable of spraying boiling - hot liquid ) were placed at each entrance . Various aspects of the plant were protected , reinforced , or shielded . At a mass meeting on June 30 , local AA leaders reviewed the final negotiating sessions and announced that the company had broken the contract by locking out workers a day before the contract expired . The Knights of Labor , which had organized the mechanics and transportation workers at Homestead , agreed to walk out alongside the skilled workers of the AA . Workers at Carnegie plants in Pittsburgh , Duquesne , Union Mills and Beaver Falls struck in sympathy the same day . The Declaration of the Strike Committee , dated July 20 , 1892 reads in part , The employees in the mill of Messrs. Carnegie , Phipps & Co. , at Homestead , Pa. , have built there a town with its homes , its schools and its churches ; have for many years been faithful co-workers with the company in the business of the mill ; have invested thousands of dollars of their savings in said mill in the expectation of spending their lives in Homestead and of working in the mill during the period of their efficiency ... `` Therefore , the committee desires to express to the public as its firm belief that both the public and the employees aforesaid have equitable rights and interests in the said mill which can not be modified or diverted without due process of law ; that the employees have the right to continuous employment in the said mill during efficiency and good behavior without regard to religious , political or economic opinions or associations ; that it is against public policy and subversive of the fundamental principles of American liberty that a whole community of workers should be denied employment or suffer any other social detriment on account of membership in a church , a political party or a trade union ; that it is our duty as American citizens to resist by every legal and ordinary means the unconstitutional , anarchic and revolutionary policy of the Carnegie Company , which seems to evince a contempt ( for ) public and private interests and a disdain ( for ) the public conscience ... The strikers were determined to keep the plant closed . They secured a steam - powered river launch and several rowboats to patrol the Monongahela River , which ran alongside the plant . Men also divided themselves into units along military lines . Picket lines were thrown up around the plant and the town , and 24 - hour shifts established . Ferries and trains were watched . Strangers were challenged to give explanations for their presence in town ; if one was not forthcoming , they were escorted outside the city limits . Telegraph communications with AA locals in other cities were established to keep tabs on the company 's attempts to hire replacement workers . Reporters were issued special badges which gave them safe passage through the town , but the badges were withdrawn if it was felt misleading or false information made it into the news . Tavern owners were even asked to prevent excessive drinking . Frick was also busy . The company placed ads for replacement workers in newspapers as far away as Boston , St. Louis and even Europe . But unprotected strikebreakers would be driven off . On July 4 , Frick formally requested that Sheriff William H. McCleary intervene to allow supervisors access to the plant . Carnegie corporation attorney Philander Knox gave the go - ahead to the sheriff on July 5 , and McCleary dispatched 11 deputies to the town to post handbills ordering the strikers to stop interfering with the plant 's operation . The strikers tore down the handbills and told the deputies that they would not turn over the plant to nonunion workers . Then they herded the deputies onto a boat and sent them downriver to Pittsburgh . Frick had ordered the construction of a solid board fence topped with barbed wire around mill property . The workers dubbed the newly fortified mill `` Fort Frick . '' With the mill ringed by striking workers , agents from the Pinkerton National Detective Agency , which Frick had contracted to provide security at the plant in April 1892 , planned to access the plant grounds from the river . Three hundred Pinkerton detectives assembled on the Davis Island Dam on the Ohio River about five miles ( 8 km ) below Pittsburgh at 10 : 30 p.m. on the night of July 5 , 1892 . They were given Winchester rifles , placed on two specially - equipped barges and towed upriver with the object of removing the workers by force . Upon their landing , a large mêlée between workers and Pinkerton detectives ensued . Several men were killed , nine workers among them , and the riot was ultimately quelled only by the intervention of 8,000 armed state militia . Among working - class Americans , Frick 's actions against the strikers were condemned as excessive , and he soon became a target of even more union organizers . Battle on July 6 ( edit ) Hughey O'Donnell , Chairman of the Advisory Committee of the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers . Frick 's intent was to open the works with nonunion men on July 6 . Knox devised a plan to get the Pinkertons onto the mill property . With the mill ringed by striking workers , the agents would access the plant grounds from the river . Three hundred Pinkerton agents assembled on the Davis Island Dam on the Ohio River about five miles below Pittsburgh at 10 : 30 p.m. on the night of July 5 , 1892 . They were given Winchester rifles , placed on two specially - equipped barges and towed upriver . The strikers were prepared for them ; the AA had learned of the Pinkertons as soon as they had left Boston for the embarkation point . The small flotilla of union boats went downriver to meet the barges . Strikers on the steam launch fired a few random shots at the barges , then withdrew -- blowing the launch whistle to alert the plant . The strikers blew the plant whistle at 2 : 30 a.m. , drawing thousands of men , women and children to the plant . Pinkertons attempt to land ( edit ) The Pinkertons attempted to land under cover of darkness about 4 a.m. A large crowd of families had kept pace with the boats as they were towed by a tug into the town . A few shots were fired at the tug and barges , but no one was injured . The crowd tore down the barbed - wire fence and strikers and their families surged onto the Homestead plant grounds . Some in the crowd threw stones at the barges , but strike leaders shouted for restraint . The Pinkerton agents attempted to disembark , and shots were fired . Conflicting testimony exists as to which side fired the first shot . John T. McCurry , a boatman on the steamboat Little Bill ( which had been hired by the Pinkerton Detective Agency to ferry its agents to the steel mill ) and one of the men wounded by the strikers , said : `` The armed Pinkerton men commenced to climb up the banks . Then the workmen opened fire on the detectives . The men shot first , and not until three of the Pinkerton men had fallen did they respond to the fire . I am willing to take an oath that the workmen fired first , and that the Pinkerton men did not shoot until some of their number had been wounded . '' But according to The New York Times , the Pinkertons shot first . The newspaper reported that the Pinkertons opened fire and wounded William Foy , a worker . Regardless of which side opened fire first , the first two individuals wounded were Frederick Heinde , captain of the Pinkertons , and Foy . The Pinkerton agents aboard the barges then fired into the crowd , killing two and wounding 11 . The crowd responded in kind , killing two and wounding 12 . The firefight continued for about 10 minutes . The strikers then huddled behind the pig and scrap iron in the mill yard , while the Pinkertons cut holes in the side of the barges so they could fire on any who approached . The Pinkerton tug departed with the wounded agents , leaving the barges stranded . The strikers soon set to work building a rampart of steel beams further up the riverbank from which they could fire down on the barges . Hundreds of women continued to crowd on the riverbank between the strikers and the agents , calling on the strikers to ' kill the Pinkertons ' . Artist 's impression of a striker hiding behind a large shield and watching the Pinkerton men . The strikers continued to sporadically fire on the barges . Union members took potshots at the ships from their rowboats and the steam - powered launch . The burgess of Homestead , John McLuckie , issued a proclamation at 6 : 00 a.m. asking for townspeople to help defend the peace ; more than 5,000 people congregated on the hills overlooking the steelworks . A 20 - pounder brass cannon was set up on the shore opposite the steel mill , and an attempt was made to sink the barges . Six miles away in Pittsburgh , thousands of steelworkers gathered in the streets , listening to accounts of the attacks at Homestead ; hundreds , many of them armed , began to move toward the town to assist the strikers . The Pinkertons attempted to disembark again at 8 : 00 a.m. A striker high up the riverbank fired a shot . The Pinkertons returned fire , and four more strikers were killed ( one by shrapnel sent flying when cannon fire hit one of the barges ) . Many of the Pinkerton agents refused to participate in the firefight any longer ; the agents crowded onto the barge farthest from the shore . More experienced agents were barely able to stop the new recruits from abandoning the ships and swimming away . Intermittent gunfire from both sides continued throughout the morning . When the tug attempted to retrieve the barges at 10 : 50 a.m. , gunfire drove it off . More than 300 riflemen positioned themselves on the high ground and kept a steady stream of fire on the barges . Just before noon , a sniper shot and killed another Pinkerton agent . After a few more hours , the strikers attempted to burn the barges . They seized a raft , loaded it with oil - soaked timber and floated it toward the barges . The Pinkertons nearly panicked , and a Pinkerton captain had to threaten to shoot anyone who fled . But the fire burned itself out before it reached the barges . The strikers then loaded a railroad flatcar with drums of oil and set it afire . The flatcar hurtled down the rails toward the mill 's wharf where the barges were docked . But the car stopped at the water 's edge and burned itself out . Dynamite was thrown at the barges , but it only hit the mark once ( causing a little damage to one barge ) . At 2 : 00 p.m. , the workers poured oil onto the river , hoping the oil slick would burn the barges ; attempts to light the slick failed . Calls for state intervention ( edit ) The AA worked behind the scenes to avoid further bloodshed and defuse the tense situation . At 9 : 00 a.m. , outgoing AA international president William Weihe rushed to the sheriff 's office and asked McCleary to convey a request to Frick to meet . McCleary did so , but Frick refused . He knew that the more chaotic the situation became , the more likely it was that Governor Robert E. Pattison would call out the state militia . Sheriff McCleary resisted attempts to call for state intervention until 10 a.m. on July 7 . In a telegram to Gov. Pattison , he described how his deputies and the Carnegie men had been driven off , and noted that the workers and their supporters actively resisting the landing numbered nearly 5,000 . Pattison responded by requiring McCleary to exhaust every effort to restore the peace . McCleary asked again for help at noon , and Pattison responded by asking how many deputies the sheriff had . A third telegram , sent at 3 : 00 p.m. , again elicited a response from the governor exhorting McCleary to raise his own troops . Pinkerton surrender ( edit ) Pinkerton men leave the barges after their surrender during the Homestead strike Burning of barges At 4 : 00 p.m. , events at the mill quickly began to wind down . More than 5,000 men -- most of them armed mill hands from the nearby South Side , Braddock and Duquesne works -- arrived at the Homestead plant . Weihe wanted to prevent further trouble at Homestead , so he pleaded with Frick to confer with representatives of the Amalgamated to return to Homestead and stop the riot . Weihe urged the strikers to let the Pinkertons surrender , but he was shouted down . Weihe tried to speak again , but this time his pleas were drowned out as the strikers bombarded the barges with fireworks left over from the recent Independence Day celebration . Hugh O'Donnell , a heater in the plant and head of the union 's strike committee , then spoke to the crowd . He demanded that each Pinkerton be charged with murder , forced to turn over his arms and then be removed from the town . The crowd shouted their approval . The Pinkertons , too , wished to surrender . At 5 : 00 p.m. , they raised a white flag and two agents asked to speak with the strikers . O'Donnell guaranteed them safe passage out of town . Upon arrival , their arms were stripped from them . With heads uncovered , to distinguish them from the mill hands , they passed along between two rows of guards armed with Winchesters . As the Pinkertons crossed the grounds of the mill , the crowd formed a gauntlet through which the agents passed . Men and women threw sand and stones at the Pinkerton agents , spat on them and beat them . Several Pinkertons were clubbed into unconsciousness . Members of the crowd ransacked the barges , then burned them to the waterline . As the Pinkertons were marched through town to the Opera House ( which served as a temporary jail ) , the townspeople continued to assault the agents . Two agents were beaten as horrified town officials looked on . The press expressed shock at the treatment of the Pinkerton agents , and the torrent of abuse helped turn media sympathies away from the strikers . The strike committee met with the town council to discuss the handover of the agents to McCleary . But the real talks were taking place between McCleary and Weihe in McCleary 's office . At 10 : 15 p.m. , the two sides agreed to a transfer process . A special train arrived at 12 : 30 a.m. on July 7 . McCleary , the international AA 's lawyer and several town officials accompanied the Pinkerton agents to Pittsburgh . But when the Pinkerton agents arrived at their final destination in Pittsburgh , state officials declared that they would not be charged with murder ( per the agreement with the strikers ) but rather simply released . The announcement was made with the full concurrence of the AA attorney . A special train whisked the Pinkerton agents out of the city at 10 : 00 a.m. on July 7 . Arrival of the state militia ( edit ) On July 7 , the strike committee sent a telegram to Gov. Pattison to attempt to persuade him that law and order had been restored in the town . Pattison replied that he had heard differently . Union officials traveled to Harrisburg and met with Pattison on July 9 . Their discussions revolved not around law and order , but the safety of the Carnegie plant . Pattison , however , remained unconvinced by the strikers ' arguments . Although Pattison had ordered the Pennsylvania militia to muster on July 6 , he had not formally charged it with doing anything . Pattison 's refusal to act rested largely on his concern that the union controlled the entire city of Homestead and commanded the allegiance of its citizens . Pattison refused to order the town taken by force , for fear a massacre would occur . But once emotions had died down , Pattison felt the need to act . He had been elected with the backing of a Carnegie - supported political machine , and he could no longer refuse to protect Carnegie interests . The steelworkers resolved to meet the militia with open arms , hoping to establish good relations with the troops . But the militia managed to keep its arrival in the town a secret almost to the last moment . At 9 : 00 a.m. on July 12 , the Pennsylvania state militia arrived at the small Munhall train station near the Homestead mill ( rather than the downtown train station as expected ) . Their commander , Major General George R. Snowden , made it clear to local officials that he sided with the owners . When Hugh O'Donnell , the head of the union 's strike committee attempted to welcome Snowden and pledge the cooperation of the strikers , Snowden told him that the strikers had not been law abiding , and that `` I want you to distinctly understand that I am the master of this situation . '' More than 4,000 soldiers surrounded the plant . Within 20 minutes they had displaced the picketers ; by 10 : 00 a.m. , company officials were back in their offices . Another 2,000 troops camped on the high ground overlooking the city . The company quickly brought in strikebreakers and restarted production under the protection of the militia . Despite the presence of AFL pickets in front of several recruitment offices across the nation , Frick easily found employees to work the mill . The company quickly built bunk houses , dining halls and kitchens on the mill grounds to accommodate the strikebreakers . New employees , many of them black , arrived on July 13 , and the mill furnaces relit on July 15 . When a few workers attempted to storm into the plant to stop the relighting of the furnaces , militiamen fought them off and wounded six with bayonets . But all was not well inside the plant . A race war between nonunion black and white workers in the Homestead plant broke out on July 22 , 1892 . Desperate to find a way to continue the strike , the AA appealed to Whitelaw Reid , the Republican candidate for vice president , on July 16 . The AA offered to make no demands or set any preconditions ; the union merely asked that Carnegie Steel reopen the negotiations . Reid wrote to Frick , warning him that the strike was hurting the Republican ticket and pleading with him to reopen talks . Frick refused . Attempted assassination and collapse of the strike ( edit ) Frick , too , needed a way out of the strike . The company could not operate for long with strikebreakers living on the mill grounds , and permanent replacements had to be found . On July 18 , the town was placed under martial law , further disheartening many of the strikers . National attention became riveted on Homestead when , on July 23 , Alexander Berkman , a New York anarchist with no connection to steel or to organized labor , plotted with his lover Emma Goldman to assassinate Frick . He came in from New York , gained entrance to Frick 's office , then shot and stabbed the executive . Frick survived and continued his role ; Berkman was sentenced to 22 years in prison . The Berkman assassination attempt undermined public support for the union and prompted the final collapse of the strike . Hugh O'Donnell was removed as chair of the strike committee when he proposed to return to work at the lower wage scale if the unionists could get their jobs back . On August 12 , the company announced that 1,700 men were working at the mill and production had resumed at full capacity . The national AFL refused to intervene , the East European workers ignored the union and it had no strategy left . The union voted to go back to work on Carnegie 's terms ; the strike had failed and the union had collapsed . Legal battles ( edit ) The parking lot at The Waterfront open - air mall , the site of the Homestead strike The company had waged a second front in state court , and was winning . On July 18 , 16 of the strike leaders were charged with conspiracy , riot and murder . Each man was jailed for one night and forced to post a $10,000 bond . The union retaliated by charging company executives with murder as well . The company men , too , had to post a $10,000 bond , but they were not forced to spend any time in jail . One judge issued treason charges against the Advisory Committee on August 30 for making itself the law . Most of the men could not raise the bail bond , and went to jail or into hiding . A compromise was reached whereby both sides dropped their charges . The strike 's conclusion ( edit ) Support for the strikers evaporated . The AFL refused to call for a boycott of Carnegie products in September 1892 . Wholesale crossing of the picket line occurred , first among Eastern European immigrants and then among all workers . The strike had collapsed so much that the state militia pulled out on October 13 , ending the 95 - day occupation . The AA was nearly bankrupted by the job action . Weekly Union relief for a member averaged $6.25 but totalled a staggering $10,000 per week when including 1,600 strikers . With only 192 out of more than 3,800 strikers in attendance , the Homestead chapter of the AA voted , 101 to 91 , to return to work on November 20 , 1892 . In the end , only four workers were ever tried on the actual charges filed on July 18 . Three AA members were found innocent of all charges . Hugh Dempsey , the leader of the local Knights of Labor District Assembly , was found guilty of conspiring to poison nonunion workers at the plant -- despite the state 's star witness recanting his testimony on the stand . Dempsey served a seven - year prison term . In February 1893 , Knox and the union agreed to drop the charges filed against one another , and no further prosecutions emerged from the events at Homestead . The striking AA affiliate in Beaver Falls gave in the same day as the Homestead lodge . The AA affiliate at Union Mills held out until August 14 , 1893 . But by then the union had only 53 members . The union had been broken ; the company had been operating the plant at full capacity for almost a year , since September 1892 . Aftermath ( edit ) The Homestead strike broke the AA as a force in the American labor movement . Many employers refused to sign contracts with their AA unions while the strike lasted . A deepening in 1889 of the Long Depression led most steel companies to seek wage decreases similar to those imposed at Homestead . An organizing drive at the Homestead plant in 1896 was crushed by Frick . In May 1899 , 300 Homestead workers actually formed an AA lodge , but Frick ordered the Homestead works shut down and the unionization effort collapsed . De-unionization efforts throughout the Midwest began against the AA in 1897 when Jones and Laughlin Steel refused to sign a contract . By 1900 , not a single steel plant in Pennsylvania remained unionized . The AA presence in Ohio and Illinois continued for a few more years , but the union continued to collapse . Many lodges disbanded , their members disillusioned . Others were easily broken in short battles . Carnegie Steel 's Mingo Junction , Ohio , plant was the last major unionized steel mill in the country . But it , too , successfully withdrew recognition without a fight in 1903 . AA membership sagged to 10,000 in 1894 from its high of over 24,000 in 1891 . A year later , it was down to 8,000 . A 1901 strike against Carnegie 's successor company , U.S. Steel collapsed . By 1909 , membership in the AA had sunk to 6,300 . A nationwide steel strike of 1919 also was unsuccessful . The AA maintained a rump membership in the steel industry until its takeover by the Steel Workers Organizing Committee in 1936 . The two organizations officially disbanded and formed the United Steelworkers May 22 , 1942 . The Bost Building , AA headquarters during the strike and today a National Historic Landmark In 1999 the Bost Building in downtown Homestead , AA headquarters throughout the strike , was designated a National Historic Landmark . It is used as a museum devoted not only to the strike , but also the steel industry in the Pittsburgh area . A railroad bridge over the Monongahela River near the site of the battle is named Pinkerton 's Landing Bridge in honor of the dead . Two sites were each designated with a Pennsylvania state historical marker : the site where Pinkerton attempted to land , and the two adjoining cemeteries of St. Mary 's and Homestead where are buried the remains of six of the seven Carnegie Steel Company workers that were killed . The Pinkerton landing site was also named a Pittsburgh History and Landmarks Foundation Historic Landmark . Modern site ( edit ) The pumphouse where the gunfight occurred remains as a museum and meeting hall . There are several historical markers as well as a metal commemorative sign with the US Steel logo that reads `` In Honor Of The Workers . '' See also ( edit ) Pittsburgh portal Organized labour portal Battle of Blair Mountain Battle of Matewan Ludlow Massacre Pittsburgh Railway Riots Pullman Strike List of worker deaths in United States labor disputes References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` PHMC Historical Markers Search '' ( Searchable database ) . Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission . Commonwealth of Pennsylvania . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Historic Landmark Plaques 1968 -- 2009 ( PDF ) . Pittsburgh , PA : Pittsburgh History & Landmarks Foundation . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` American Experience : Strike at Homestead Mill '' . Public Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2000 . Jump up ^ Warren ( 2000 ) ; Krass ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Brody , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Krause , p. 174 - 192 ; Body , p. 50 - 51 . Jump up ^ Brody , p. 52 ; Krause , p. 42 , 174 , 246 -- 249 . Jump up ^ Brody , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Brody , p. 54 - 55 . Jump up ^ Technically , the Homestead job action began as a lockout , not a strike . Foner , p. 208 . Jump up ^ Quoted in George Harvey , Henry Clay Frick : The Man ( New York : Beard Books , 1928 ; reprinted 2002 ) , p. 177 . ISBN 1 - 58798 - 127 - 0 Jump up ^ Standiford , Les ( 10 May 2005 ) . Meet You in Hell : Andrew Carnegie , Henry Clay Frick , and the Bitter Partnership That Transformed America . Crown Publishing Group . p. 161 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 23837 - 5 . Retrieved 26 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Quoted in James H. Bridge , The Inside History of the Carnegie Steel Company ( New York : University of Pittsburgh Press , 1903 ; rev . ed. 1992 ) , p. 206 . ISBN 0 - 405 - 04112 - 8 Jump up ^ Carnegie , a pacifist , purposefully avoided the moral dilemmas raised by the Homestead strike by beginning a European vacation before the strike began . When questioned in Scotland about Frick 's actions , Carnegie washed his hands of any responsibility and declared that Frick was in charge . Brody argues that Carnegie felt Frick was doing the right thing by bringing in strikebreakers and busting the union , but Frick was doing a poor job of it . See Brody , p. 59 fn. 18 Jump up ^ Letter from Carnegie to Frick dated April 4 , 1892 , quoted in Foner , p. 207 . Jump up ^ Krass p 277 Jump up ^ Quoted in Krass p. 278 ; Krause , p. 284 - 310 , contains the best discussion of the bargaining timeline and exchange of proposals . Jump up ^ Foner , footnote p. 207 ; Foner , p. 208 ; Krause , p. 302 , 310 . Jump up ^ Foner , footnote , p. 207 , and p. 208 , 210 -- 11 . Jump up ^ `` Bronze marker of the 1892 Edwin Rowe depiction '' ( PDF ) . battleofhomestead.org . January 2005 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Foner , p. 208 - 09 ; Krause , p. 311 ; Brody , p. 59 ; Jump up ^ Foner , p. 209 . Jump up ^ Krause , p. 26 . claims these were plant guards specially deputized , but Krause is more authoritative in this regard . Jump up ^ Foner , p. 209 ; Krause , p. 15 , 271 . The barges , bought specifically for the Homestead lockout , contained sleeping quarters and kitchens and were intended to house the agents for the duration of the strike . Jump up ^ Foner , p. 209 ; Krause , p. 16 . Krause indicates that at least a thousand people turned out . Jump up ^ Krause , p. 16 - 18 . Brody cites Andrew Carnegie , who claimed that Frick had not extended the barbed - wire fence to the riverbank , thus allowing the strikers access to the plant grounds . Brody , p. 59 . But Foner says that the strikers tore down the fence near the water 's edge . Foner , p. 209 . Supporting Foner , see Krause , p. 17 . Jump up ^ `` What a Boatman Saw . '' New York Times . July 7 , 1892 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mob Law at Homestead . '' New York Times . July 7 , 1892 . Jump up ^ Heinde , sometimes spelled Hynd , makes the claim he was the first one wounded on the Pinkerton side . See : `` The Wounded at Pittsburg . '' New York Times . July 7 , 1892 . Jump up ^ Krause is the most accurate source on the number of dead , including the names of the killed and wounded . Krause , p. 19 - 20 . Jump up ^ Krause , p. 20 - 21 . Jump up ^ Krause , p. 21 - 22 ; Brody , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Krause , p. 22 - 25 , 30 ; Brody , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Krause , p. 24 ; Foner , p. 210 . Jump up ^ Krause , p. 25 - 26 . Frick had sought several times to have the Pinkerton agents deputized . He guessed correctly that the strikers would attack the Pinkertons , and attacking duly deputized county law enforcement officers would provide grounds for claiming insurrection . McCleary , sympathizing with the workers , refused Frick 's demands . See Krause , p. 26 - 28 . Jump up ^ Krause , p. 29 - 30 . Jump up ^ Bemis , Edward W . `` The Homestead Strike . '' Journal of Political Economy . June 1894 . Jump up ^ Krause , p. 32 - 34 . Jump up ^ `` The Incident of the 6th of July . '' The Illustrated American . July 16 , 1892 , p. 4 Accessed 2012 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Dubofsky and Dulles , p. 154 ; Krause , p. 34 - 36 . Krause documents two more incidents which occurred during the surrender . A striker seized a Pinkerton agent 's rifle and attempted to break it in two . He succeeded in shooting himself in the stomach , and died . Later , as the agents passed through the gauntlet , a woman poked out an agent 's eye with her umbrella . Jump up ^ Krause , p. 36 - 38 . Krause points out that much of the press ' lurid reporting played heavily on misogynistic ideals of women as respectable and docile . The press also often described the women of the town as ' Hungarians , ' playing on nativist hatreds . Jump up ^ Krause , p. 38 - 39 . Jump up ^ Krause , p. 40 - 41 . Jump up ^ Krause , p. 332 - 34 . Jump up ^ Krause , p. 32 , 333 -- 34 ; Foner , p. 212 ; Jump up ^ Paul Kahan , The Homestead Strike : Labor , Violence , and American Industry , 2014 , page 90 Jump up ^ Krause , p. 337 - 38 . Jump up ^ Foner , p. 211 , 212 ; Krause , p. 337 - 39 Jump up ^ Krause , p. 346 . Jump up ^ Brody , p. 55 - 56 ; Krause , 343 - 44 . Jump up ^ Foner , p. 213 - 14 ; Krause , p. 345 . Jump up ^ Warren , p. 89 ; Krause , p. 354 - 55 Jump up ^ Krause , p. 355 - 57 . Jump up ^ Krause , p. 348 - 50 . Jump up ^ Krause , p. 356 - 57 ; Foner , p. 215 - 17 . Jump up ^ The official charge was conspiracy to poison . `` In mid-January 1893 , Hugh Dempsey , a leading K. of L. official in the Pittsburgh area , and three others were found guilty of having conspired to poison , during September and October , a number of non-union men ... '' Aaron and Miller , p. 170 . See also : Montgomery , p. 39 ; `` The Homestead Poisoners ; Trial of Hugh Dempsey for Conspiracy Continued . '' New York Times . January 14 , 1893 ; `` Hugh Dempsey to be Pardoned . '' New York Times . January 30 , 1896 . Jump up ^ Krause , p. 348 . Jump up ^ Foner , p. 217 . Jump up ^ Brody , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Brody , p. 57 - 58 . Jump up ^ Foner , p. 218 . Bibliography ( edit ) Bemis , Edward W . `` The Homestead Strike , '' The Journal of Political Economy , Vol. 2 , No. 3 ( Jun. , 1894 ) , pp. 369 -- 396 in JSTOR Brody , David . Steelworkers in America : The Nonunion Era . New York : Harper Torchbooks , 1969 . Cohen , Steven R. `` Steelworkers Rethink the Homestead Strike of 1892 , '' Pennsylvania History , 48 ( April 1981 ) , 155 -- 77 David P. Demarest , Jr. ( ed . ) , `` The River Ran Red '' : Homestead , 1892 . Pittsburgh : University of Pittsburgh Press , 1992 . Foner , Philip . History of the Labor Movement in the United States . Vol. 2 : From the Founding of the A.F. of L. to the Emergence of American Imperialism . New York : International Publishers , 1955 . House Judiciary Committee , Investigation of the Employment of Pinkerton Detectives in Connection with the Labor Troubles at Homestead , PA . Washington , DC : US Government Printing Office , 1892 . Krass , Peter . Carnegie . ( 2002 ) . online edition Krause , Paul . The Battle for Homestead , 1890 -- 1892 : Politics , Culture , and Steel . Pittsburgh , PA : University of Pittsburgh Press , 1992 . Krause , Paul . `` Labor Republicanism and ' Za Clebom ' : Anglo - American and Slavic Solidarity in Homestead , '' in Struggle a Hard Battle `` : Essays on Working - Class Immigrants , edited by Dirk Hoerder ( 1986 ) , 143 -- 69 Marcus , Irwin . Jeanne Bullard , and Rob Moore , `` Change and Continuity : Steel Workers in Homestead , Pennsylvania , 1880 -- 1895 , '' Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography , 111 ( January 1987 ) , 62 -- 75 Miner , Curtis . Homestead : The Story of a Steel Town ( Pittsburgh 1989 ) Montgomery , David . The Fall of the House of Labor : The Workplace , the State , and American Labor Activism , 1865 -- 1925 . New York : Cambridge University Press , 1987 . Oates , William C. , George Ticknor Curtis , and Terence V. Powderly , `` The Homestead Strike , '' North American Review , vol. 155 , whole no . 430 ( Sept. 1892 ) , pp. 355 -- 375 . Slavishak , Edward S. , `` Working - Class Muscle : Homestead and Bodily Disorder in the Gilded Age , '' The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 3 ( October 2004 ) : 339 -- 68 . online via Oxford University Press Warren , Kenenth . Triumphant Capitalism : Henry Clay Frick and the Industrial Transformation of America ( 2000 ) Wright , Carroll D . `` The Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steelworkers , '' Quarterly Journal of Economics , 7 ( July 1893 ) , 400 -- 32 . in JSTOR External links ( edit ) Media related to Homestead Strike at Wikimedia Commons Battle of Homestead Foundation United Steelworkers Homestead : A Complete History of the Struggle of July , 1892 at Project Gutenberg ( Contemporary book by Pittsburgh journalist Arthur Gordon Burgoyne . ) Pittsburgh History Timeline Culture Dialect Media Neighborhoods Notable people Skyscrapers Government Airport Conventions City Hall Courthouse Mayor Council Events InterGov Police D.A. Sheriff Fire Libraries Transit Education Port Regional Economy Allegheny Conference Duquesne Club Chamber of Commerce Economic Club HYP Club Stock Exchange Fortune 500 headquarters U.S. Steel PNC Financial Services PPG Industries Kraft Heinz Mylan WESCO International Consol Energy Dick 's Sporting Goods Allegheny Technologies Forbes largest private companies headquarters 84 Lumber Giant Eagle Other corporation headquarters American Bridge American Eagle Outfitters Ampco Pittsburgh ANSYS Armstrong Communications Atlas America Black Box Bruster 's Ice Cream Calgon Carbon Compunetix Dollar Bank DQE Energy Eat'n Park EDMC EQT Energy Federated Investors GNC Guru.com Highmark H. Laughlin China iGate Iron City Brewing Company Kennametal Koppers MARC USA Millcraft Industries Mine Safety Appliances Niche.com Oxford Development Pitt Ohio Express PTC Alliance Renda Broadcasting rue21 University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Vocelli Pizza Wabtec Companies with split headquarters Alcoa ModCloth NOVA Chemicals Subsidiary company headquarters Allegheny Energy Bayer Corporation FedEx Ground GlaxoSmithKline USA LANXESS Respironics Vivisimo Westinghouse Electric Company Outside companies with strong Pittsburgh relations BNY Mellon ( formerly Mellon Financial ) Dreyfus Corporation Eaton Corporation Spreadshirt Macy 's Historic Fisher 's Big Wheel Clark Bar Dravo Fisher Scientific Integra Bank Mesta Machinery G.C. Murphy Gulf Oil J&L Steel Ketchum Rockwell Sunbeam Westinghouse List of corporations in Pittsburgh Sports Dapper Dan Grand Prix Great Race Head of the Ohio Lore Marathon Mylan Classic Regatta WPHL Baseball Pirates Wild Things Panthers Dukes Chronicle - Telegraph Cup Allegheny Burghers Champions Crawfords Filipinos Grays Hardhats Keystones Stogies Rebels Basketball Yellow Jackets Panthers ( m ) Panthers ( w ) Dukes ( m ) Dukes ( w ) Colonials ( m ) Colonials ( w ) Roundball Classic Condors Ironmen Loendi Monticello Phantoms Pipers Piranhas Pirates Rens Xplosion Football Steelers Panthers Steeler Nation heritage Colts Force Passion Renegades 1898 All - Stars Allegheny Americans A 's Duquesne Gladiators Homestead Lyceum Maulers Power Odds Olympics Quakers JP Stars Early Pro Football Circuit Hockey Penguins Colonials ( m ) Colonials ( w ) Three Rivers Classic A 's Bankers Cougars Duquesne Ft . Pitt Hornets Keystones Lyceum Panthers Phantoms Pirates Pirates ( WPHL ) Pros Shamrocks Victorias Winter Garden Yellow Jackets Soccer Riverhounds SC Beadling Cannons Hurricanes Phantoms Spirit Other Sledgehammers Bulls Harlequins PCC Triangles Wallabies Studio Wrestling Dirty Dozen Venues PPG Paints Arena Heinz Field PNC Park 84 Lumber Arena Fitzgerald Field House Highmark Stadium Palumbo Center Petersen Events Center Petersen Sports Complex Rooney Field Trees Hall Central Park Civic Arena Duquesne Gardens Exposition Park Forbes Field Josh Gibson Field Greenlee Field Motor Square Garden Pitt Stadium Recreation Park Schenley Gardens Sewall Center Three Rivers Winter Garden Parks Allegheny Arsenal Allegheny Commons Allegheny Riverfront ArtGardens Buhl Community Chatham University Arboretum Frank Curto Frick Emerald View Highland Market Square Mellon Mellon Green Mellon Square North Shore Riverfront Phillips Point of View Point State PPG Place Riverview Roberto Clemente Memorial Rodef Shalom Biblical Botanical Garden Schenley Schenley Plaza South Shore Riverfront South Side Three Rivers West End Overlook Westinghouse Transportation Inclines Steps Port Authority of Allegheny County Light rail ( List of stations ) Blue Line -- Library Blue Line -- South Hills Village Red Line -- Castle Shannon Red Line -- South Hills Village Inclines ( Historical list ) Duquesne Incline Monongahela Incline Buses and busways ( List of routes ) Martin Luther King Jr . East Busway South Busway West Busway Former lines 47 Drake Brown Line PATrain Skybus Other North Shore Connector Port Authority 4000 Series PCC Wabash Tunnel Public transportation in Greater Pittsburgh Bus services Port Authority of Allegheny County list of bus routes Beaver Butler Fayette IndiGO Mid Mon Valley Mountain Line New Castle Town & Country University of Pittsburgh Washington Westmoreland Bus rapid transit MLK Jr . East Busway South Busway West Busway Light rail Red Line Blue Line Library South Hills Village Inclines Duquesne Monongahela Amtrak Capitol Limited Pennsylvanian Airports Pittsburgh International Arnold Palmer Allegheny County Beaver Butler Eddie Dew Greensburg Jeannette Herron Jefferson Jimmy Stewart Joe Hardy Lakehill Monroeville New Castle Rock Rostraver Washington Wheeling Zelienople Discontinued Broadway Limited Brown Line List of streetcar routes in Pittsburgh Parkway Limited PATrain Skybus Tunnels and bridges in Pittsburgh Tunnels Armstrong Tunnel Cork Run Tunnel Corliss Tunnel Fort Pitt Tunnel J&L Tunnel Liberty Tunnel Mount Washington Transit Tunnel North Shore Connector tunnel Pittsburgh and Castle Shannon Tunnel Pittsburgh & Steubenville Extension Railroad Tunnel Schenley Tunnel Squirrel Hill Tunnel Wabash Tunnel Bridges 30th Street Bridge 31st Street Bridge 33rd Street Railroad Bridge 40th Street Bridge Bloomfield Bridge Birmingham Bridge David McCullough Bridge Fort Duquesne Bridge Fort Pitt Bridge Fort Wayne Railroad Bridge Glenwood Bridge Glenwood B&O Railroad Bridge Highland Park Bridge Homestead Grays Bridge Hot Metal Bridge Liberty Bridge McKees Rocks Bridge Panhandle Bridge Panther Hollow Bridge Schenley Bridge Senator Robert D. Fleming Bridge Smithfield Street Bridge South Tenth Street Bridge Three Sisters Roberto Clemente Bridge Andy Warhol Bridge Rachel Carson Bridge Veterans Bridge West End Bridge Attractions Aviary Baywood Cathedral of Learning Chinatown Conservatory Dippy Immaculate Heart Duquesne Incline Heinz Chapel Little Italy Mellon Institute Mon Incline Observatory Pamela 's Penn Station Point of View sculpture Primanti 's Science Center Steps USS Requin Zoo Kennywood Luna Park Westinghouse Sign Landmarks National ( City ) National ( County ) State City PHLF Cultural Museums Art Arts Arts Festival Bible Fort Pitt and Blockhouse Clayton Clemente Children 's Frick Glass Center History Jazz Jewish Mattress Factory Dental Miller Miss Pittsburgh Nationality Rooms National Map Natural History Soldiers and Sailors Warhol Wilson WSG Venues Heinz Hall Benedum Byham Harris Kelly - Strayhorn New Hazlett O'Reilly Foster Playhouse Trib Hunt Stage AE Syria Mosque Nixon Theater Festivals Anthrocon Arts Blues Comicon Fashion Film Folk Handmade New Works Tekko Whiskey & Fine Spirits Wine Shopping and entertainment Casino Gateway Clipper Fleet Station Square Strip Downtown Oakland South Side Macy 's Market Square Southside Works Waterworks Mount Washington East Liberty Squirrel Hill Shadyside Walnut Street Opera Ballet Symphony Brass Classical Theatre Dance Ensemble Caravan Theatre Folk Light Opera Opera Theater Jewish Theatre Public Theater Playwrights Musical Theater Stage Right Youth Ballet Youth Symphony Bricolage NNOC ( hide ) Shopping malls in Pittsburgh Enclosed Beaver Valley Mall The Block Northway Century III Mall The Galleria of Mt . Lebanon The Mall at Robinson Monroeville Mall Pittsburgh Mills Ross Park Mall South Hills Village Station Square Uniontown Mall Warner Centre Washington Crown Center Westmoreland Mall Lifestyle / Outdoor Bakery Square Edgewood Towne Centre Ellsworth Avenue McCandless Crossing Northern Lights Robinson Town Centre Settlers Ridge SouthSide Works Walnut Street The Waterfront Waterworks Mall Outlet Grove City Premium Outlets Tanger Outlets Pittsburgh Defunct Allegheny Center Mall East Hills Shopping Center ( Eastgate Commerce Center ) Eastland Mall Greengate Mall Parkway Center Mall Village Square Mall Washington Mall Colleges and universities Pitt Carnegie Mellon Duquesne Robert Morris Chatham Point Park Carlow Art Institute Byzantine Catholic Seminary Pittsburgh Theological Seminary Saint Paul Seminary CCAC Culture of Pittsburgh Cookie table Jewish history Iron City Brewing Company Jagoff Joe Magarac Mister Rogers ' Neighborhood Mr. Yuk Parking chairs Pittsburgh left Pittsburgh toilet Robot Hall of Fame Steeler Nation Book Portal Armed conflicts involving the United States Armed Forces listed chronologically Domestic Shays ' Rebellion Whiskey Rebellion Fries 's Rebellion Mormon War Dorr Rebellion Bleeding Kansas Utah War Civil War Indian Wars Brooks -- Baxter War Range War Lincoln County War Johnson County War Coal Creek War Homestead strike Battle of Blair Mountain Bonus Army Battle of Athens Foreign Revolutionary War Quasi-War First Barbary War War of 1812 Second Barbary War First Sumatran expedition Second Sumatran expedition Ivory Coast Expedition Mexican -- American War First Fiji Expedition Second Opium War Second Fiji Expedition Formosa Expedition Korean Expedition Spanish -- American War Philippine -- American War Boxer Rebellion Banana Wars Border War World War I Russian Civil War World War II Korean War Vietnam War U.S. invasion of the Dominican Republic Invasion of Grenada Lebanese Civil War Invasion of Panama Gulf War Somali Civil War Bosnian War Kosovo War Afghanistan War Iraq War War in North - West Pakistan Libyan Civil War Intervention against ISIL Iraq Syria Cameroon Libya Related articles List of conflicts in the U.S. List of wars involving the U.S. Timeline of U.S. military operations Length of U.S. participation in major wars Overseas expansion Military history Covert regime - change actions Casualties of war Peace movement List of anti-war organizations Conscientious objector War on Terror Major armed conflicts in American labor union history 19th century Great Railroad Strike of 1877 Rock Springs massacre , 1885 Bay View massacre , 1886 Haymarket affair , 1886 Thibodaux massacre , 1887 Morewood massacre , 1891 Homestead Strike , 1892 Coeur d'Alene , Idaho labor strike of 1892 Pullman Strike , 1894 Streetcar strikes in the United States , 1895 -- 1929 Lattimer massacre , 1897 Illinois coal wars , 1898 -- 1899 20th century Streetcar strikes in the United States , 1895 -- 1929 Colorado Labor Wars , 1903 -- 04 1905 Chicago teamsters ' strike Pressed Steel Car strike of 1909 Westmoreland County coal strike of 1910 -- 11 Paint Creek -- Cabin Creek strike of 1912 Colorado Coalfield War , including the Ludlow Massacre , 1913 -- 14 Copper Country strike of 1913 -- 14 1920 Alabama coal strike Battle of Matewan , 1920 Battle of Blair Mountain , 1921 Herrin massacre , 1922 Hanapepe massacre , 1924 Harlan County War , 1931 -- 32 Gulf Coast longshoremen 's strike , 1935 Memorial Day massacre of 1937 Hilo Massacre , 1938 Portal : Organized Labour Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Homestead_strike&oldid=834485726 '' Categories : 1892 labor disputes and strikes 1892 in Pennsylvania Andrew Carnegie Labor disputes in the United States History of the United States ( 1865 -- 1918 ) United Steelworkers History of labor relations in the United States Riots and civil disorder in Pittsburgh Protest - related deaths Homestead , Pennsylvania Labor - related riots in the United States Labor disputes in Pennsylvania June 1892 events July 1892 events Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from March 2012 Articles with Project Gutenberg links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Français Italiano Português Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 00 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homestead%20strike
| 2,126 |
what is a 5 wire 2 phase system
|
Two - phase electric power
|
two - phase electric power
|
Two - phase electrical power was an early 20th - century polyphase alternating current electric power distribution system . Two circuits were used , with voltage phases differing by one - quarter of a cycle , 90 ° . Usually circuits used four wires , two for each phase . Less frequently , three wires were used , with a common wire with a larger - diameter conductor . Some early two - phase generators had two complete rotor and field assemblies , with windings physically offset to provide two - phase power . The generators at Niagara Falls installed in 1895 were the largest generators in the world at that time and were two - phase machines . Three - phase systems eventually replaced the original two - phase power systems for power transmission and utilization . There remain few two - phase distribution systems , with examples in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ; many buildings in Center City are permanently wired for two - phase and Hartford , Connecticut .
|
Contents 1 Comparison with single - phase power 2 Comparison with three - phase power 3 See also 4 References Comparison with single - phase power ( edit ) The advantage of two - phase electrical power over single - phase was that it allowed for simple , self - starting electric motors . In the early days of electrical engineering , it was easier to analyze and design two - phase systems where the phases were completely separated . It was not until the invention of the method of symmetrical components in 1918 that polyphase power systems had a convenient mathematical tool for describing unbalanced load cases . The revolving magnetic field produced with a two - phase system allowed electric motors to provide torque from zero motor speed , which was not possible with a single - phase induction motor ( without an additional starting means . ) Induction motors designed for two - phase operation use a similar winding configuration as capacitor start single - phase motors ( however , in a two - phase induction motor , the impedances of the two windings are identical , whereas in a single - phase induction motor , the impedances can be , and usually are , quite different , to reduce cost without sacrificing starting performance ; indeed , some single - phase capacitor start / capacitor run induction motors have superior starting characteristics when compared to two - or three - phase induction motors . ) Comparison with three - phase power ( edit ) Three - phase electric power requires less conductor mass for the same voltage and overall amount of power , compared with a two - phase four - wire circuit of the same carrying capacity . It has replaced two - phase power for commercial distribution of electrical energy , but two - phase circuits are still found in certain control systems . These power pulsations tend to cause increased mechanical noise in transformer and motor laminations due to magnetostriction and torsional vibration in generator and motor drive shafts . Two - phase circuits typically use two separate pairs of current - carrying conductors . Alternatively , three wires may be used , but the common conductor carries the vector sum of the phase currents , which requires a larger conductor . Three - phase can share conductors so that the three phases can be carried on three conductors of the same size . In electrical power distribution , a requirement of only three conductors , rather than four , represented a considerable distribution - wire cost savings due to the expense of conductors and installation . Two - phase power can be derived from a three - phase source using two transformers in a Scott connection : One transformer primary is connected across two phases of the supply . The second transformer is connected to a center - tap of the first transformer , and is wound for 86.6 % of the phase - to - phase voltage on the three - phase system . The secondaries of the transformers will have two phases 90 degrees apart in time , and a balanced two - phase load will be evenly balanced over the three supply phases . See also ( edit ) Polyphase system Rotary converter Single - phase electric power Split - phase electric power Three - phase electric power References ( edit ) Notes Specific references Jump up ^ Figure 1253 from the 1917 Hawkins Electrical Guide Jump up ^ Company advertising services for two - phase : http://www.phillyfacility.com/two_phase.htm Jump up ^ Al Williams A Tale of Two Phases and Tech Inertia : https://hackaday.com/2018/03/15/a-tale-of-two-phases-and-tech-inertia/ Jump up ^ Thomas J. Blalock `` The first polyphase system : a look back at two - phase power for AC distribution '' , in IEEE Power and Energy Magazine , March -- April 2004 , ISSN 1540 - 7977 p. 63 Jump up ^ Terrell Croft and Wilford Summers ( ed ) , American Electricans ' Handbook , Eleventh Edition , McGraw Hill , New York ( 1987 ) ISBN 0 - 07 - 013932 - 6 page 3 -- 10 , figure 3 -- 23 General references Donald G. Fink and H. Wayne Beaty , Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers , Eleventh Edition , McGraw - Hill , New York , 1978 , ISBN 0 - 07 - 020974 - X Edwin J. Houston and Arthur Kennelly , Recent Types of Dynamo - Electric Machinery , copyright American Technical Book Company 1897 , published by P.F. Collier and Sons New York , 1902 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Two-phase_electric_power&oldid=848099766 '' Categories : Electric power AC power Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Čeština Deutsch Español Français हिन्दी Italiano 日本 語 Русский Suomi 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 June 2018 , at 19 : 45 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-phase%20electric%20power
| 2,127 |
||
old and new names of districts in kerala
|
List of districts in Kerala
|
list of districts in kerala
|
The Indian state of Kerala borders with the states of Tamil Nadu on the south and east , Karnataka on the north and the Lakshadweep Sea coastline on the west . The Western Ghats , bordering the eastern boundary of the State , form an almost continuous mountain wall , except near Palakkad where there is a natural mountain pass known as the Palakkad Gap . When the independent India amalgamated small states together Travancore and Cochin states were integrated to form Travancore - Cochin state on 1 July 1949 . However , Malabar remained under the Madras province . The States Reorganisation Act of 1 November 1956 elevated Kerala to statehood .
|
The state of Kerala is divided into 14 revenue districts . On the basis of geography the state 's districts are generally grouped into three parts : - The North Kerala districts of Kasaragod , Kannur , Wayanad , Kozhikode ; the Central Kerala districts of Palakkad , Thrissur , Ernakulam , Idukki , Malappuram , Kottayam and the South Kerala districts of Thiruvananthapuram , Kollam , Alappuzha , Pathanamthitta . Such a regional division occurred being part of historical Kingdoms of Kochi , Travancore and British Province of Malabar . The Travancore region is again divided into three zones as Northern Travancore ( Hill Range ) ( Idukki and parts of Ernakulam ) , Central Travancore ( Central Range ) ( Pathanamthitta , Alappuzha and Kottayam ) and Southern Travancore ( South Range ) ( Thiruvananthapuram and Kollam ) . Almost all of the districts in Kerala have the same name as the important town or city in the district , the exception being Idukki district , Wayanad district & Ernakulam district . The 14 districts are further divided into 75 taluks , and 941 Gram panchayats . Some of the districts and their towns were renamed in 1990 like Thiruvananthapuram ( formerly known as Trivandrum ) , Kollam ( Quilon or Venad ) , Alappuzha ( Alleppey ) , As per GO ( P ) No. 133 / 90 / RD dated 7.2. 90 , Government of Kerala Thrissur ( Trichur or Thirushivaperur ) , Palakkad ( Palghat ) , Kozhikode ( Calicut ) and Kannur ( Cannanore ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Administrative structure 2 Histories 3 Alphabetical listing 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Administrative structure ( edit ) Kerala State has been divided into 14 districts , 75 taluks , 152 community development blocks , 978 Gram panchayats , 6 corporations and 87 municipalities . A district is governed by a District Collector , who is an officer from Indian Administrative Service ( IAS ) of Kerala cadre and is appointed by the State Government of Kerala . Functionally the district administration is carried on through the various Departments of the State Government each of which has an office of its own the district level . The District Collector is the executive leader of the district administration and the District Officers of the various Departments in the district render technical advice to him in the discharge of his duties . The District Collector is a key functionary of Government having large powers and responsibilities . He has a dual role to both as the agent of the Government of the state and also as the representative of the people in the district . He is also responsible for the maintenance of the law and order of the district . Other than urban units such as town municipalities and rural units called Gram panchayats , other government administrative subdivisions includes taluks and ' community development blocks ' ( also known as CD blocks or blocks ) . A taluk consists of urban units such as census towns and rural units called gram panchayats . The Tahsildar in charge of each taluk is primarily the Revenue Official responsible for the collection of revenue of the taluk , but he is also expected to be in direct contact with the people at all levels and to have first hand knowledge of the conditions of every village under his jurisdiction . The Tahsildar is assisted in each village by village officers and village assistants. A block also consists of such as census towns and Gram panchayats . A block is administered by a Block Development Officer ( BDO ) , who is appointed by the Government of Kerala . A gram panchayat , which consists of a group of villages , is administered by a village council headed by a Gram Panchayat President . A District Superintendent of Police , better known as a Superintendent of Police , heads the District Police organization of Kerala Police . This is as per the Police Act of 1861 , which is applicable to the whole of India . The Superintendents of Police are officers of the Indian Police Service . For every subdivision , there is a Subdivision Police , headed by a Police officer of the rank of Assistant Superintendent of Police or Deputy Superintendent of Police . Under subdivisions , there are Police Circles , each headed by an Inspector of Police . A Police Circle consists of Police Stations , each headed by an Inspector of Police , or in case of rural areas , by a Sub-Inspector of Police . The Kerala High Court has the jurisdiction of the state of Kerala . Each of the districts has a District Court . Histories ( edit ) At the time of formation , Kerala had only five districts : Malabar ( part of the erstwhile Madras State ) , Thiruvananthapuram , Kollam , Kottayam and Thrissur ( together constituting the erstwhile Travancore - Cochin ) . On 1 January 1957 , the Malabar district was divided into the districts of Kozhikode , Palakkad , and Kannur . Alappuzha district was carved out of erstwhile Kottayam and Kollam districts on 17 August 1957 . Ernakulam district was formed on 1 April 1958 , carving out of parts of erstwhile Thrissur and Kottayam districts . Malappuram district was formed on 6 June 1969 with Ernad and Tirur taluks of the erstwhile Kozhikode district and Perinthalmanna and Ponnani taluks of Palakkad district . Idukki district was formed on 26 January 1972 with Devikulam , Udumbanchola and Peermedu taluks of the erstwhile Kottayam district and Thodupuzha taluk of the erstwhile Ernakulam district . Wayanad district was formed on 1 November 1980 as the 12th district in Kerala by carving out areas from Kozhikode and Kannur districts . Pathanamthitta district was formed on 1 November 1982 carving out the entire Pathanamthitta taluk and nine villages of Kunnathur taluk from Kollam district , entire Thiruvalla taluk and part of Chenganur and Mavelikkara taluks from Alapphuzha district and parts of Idukki district . Kasaragod district was formed on 24 May 1984 as the 14th revenue district by carving out a major portion of the erstwhile Kannur district . Alphabetical listing ( edit ) Code District Headquarters Established Subdivisions Population ( 2011 ) Area Population Density ( 2011 ) AL Alappuzha Alappuzha 000000001957 - 08 - 17 - 0000 17 Aug 1957 6 Taluks Ambalapuzha ( Alappuzha ) Chengannur Cherthala Karthikappally ( Haripad ) Kuttanad ( Mankombu ) Mavelikkara 2,121,943 1,414 km ( 546 sq mi ) 1,501 / km ( 3,890 / sq mi ) ER Ernakulam Kakkanad 000000001958 - 04 - 01 - 0000 1 Apr 1958 7 Taluks Aluva Kanayannur ( Ernakulam ) Kochi ( Fort Kochi ) Kothamangalam Kunnathunad ( Perumbavoor ) Muvattupuzha North Paravur 3,279,860 3,068 km ( 1,185 sq mi ) 1,069 / km ( 2,770 / sq mi ) ID Idukki Painavu 000000001972 - 01 - 26 - 0000 26 Jan 1972 5 Taluks Devikulam Peermade Udumbanchola ( Nedumkandam ) Idukki ( Painavu ) Thodupuzha 1,107,453 4,358 km ( 1,683 sq mi ) 254 / km ( 660 / sq mi ) KN Kannur Kannur 000000001957 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 Jan 1957 4 Taluks Thalassery Iritty Kannur Thalipparamba 2,525,637 2,966 km ( 1,145 sq mi ) 852 / km ( 2,210 / sq mi ) KS Kasaragod Kasaragod 000000001984 - 05 - 24 - 0000 24 May 1984 4 Taluks Manjeshwaram ( Uppala ) Kasaragod Vellarikundu Hosdurg 1,302,600 1,992 km ( 769 sq mi ) 654 / km ( 1,690 / sq mi ) KL Kollam Kollam 000000001956 - 11 - 01 - 0000 1 Nov 1956 ( 1 July 1949 ) 6 Taluks Kollam ( Paravur , Chathannoor ) Karunagappally Kunnathur ( Sasthamkotta ) Kottarakkara Punalur Pathanapuram 2,629,703 2,491 km ( 962 sq mi ) 1,056 / km ( 2,740 / sq mi ) KT Kottayam Kottayam 000000001956 - 11 - 01 - 0000 1 Nov 1956 ( ) 5 Taluks Changanasserry Kanjirappally Kottayam Vaikom Meenachil ( Palai ) 1,979,384 2,208 km ( 853 sq mi ) 896 / km ( 2,320 / sq mi ) KZ Kozhikode Kozhikode 000000001957 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 Jan 1957 4 Taluks Kozhikode Thamarassery Koyilandy Vatakara 3,089,543 2,344 km ( 905 sq mi ) 1,318 / km ( 3,410 / sq mi ) MA Malappuram Malappuram 000000001969 - 06 - 16 - 0000 16 Jun 1969 7 Taluks Nilambur Manjeri ( Eranad ) Kondotty Perinthalmanna Ponnani Tirur Tirurangadi 4,110,956 3,550 km ( 1,370 sq mi ) 1,158 / km ( 3,000 / sq mi ) PL Palakkad Palakkad 000000001957 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 Jan 1957 6 Taluks Alathur Chittur Palakkad Pattambi Ottappalam Mannarkkad 2,810,892 4,480 km ( 1,730 sq mi ) 627 / km ( 1,620 / sq mi ) PT Pathanamthitta Pathanamthitta 000000001982 - 11 - 01 - 0000 1 Nov 1982 6 Taluks Adoor Konni Kozhencherry ( Pathanamthitta ) Ranni Mallappally Thiruvalla 1,195,537 2,637 km ( 1,018 sq mi ) 453 / km ( 1,170 / sq mi ) TV Thiruvananthapuram Thiruvananthapuram 000000001956 - 11 - 01 - 0000 1 Nov 1956 6 Taluks Neyyattinkara Kattakada Nedumangad Thiruvananthapuram Chirayinkeezhu ( Attingal ) Varkala 3,307,284 2,192 km ( 846 sq mi ) 1,509 / km ( 3,910 / sq mi ) TS Thrissur Thrissur 000000001956 - 11 - 01 - 0000 1 Nov 1956 ( 1 Jul 1949 ) 6 Taluks Kodungallur Mukundapuram ( Irinjalakuda ) Chalakudy Chavakkad Thalapilly ( Wadakkancheri ) Thrissur 3,110,327 3,032 km ( 1,171 sq mi ) 1,026 / km ( 2,660 / sq mi ) WA Wayanad Kalpetta 000000001980 - 11 - 01 - 0000 1 Nov 1980 3 Taluks Mananthavady Sultan Battery Vythiri ( Kalpetta ) 816,558 2,131 km ( 823 sq mi ) 383 / km ( 990 / sq mi ) Total -- -- -- -- 33,387,677 38,863 km ( 15,005 sq mi ) 859.11 / km ( 2,225.1 / sq mi ) See also ( edit ) Kerala state Government of Kerala Corporations , Municipalities and Taluks of Kerala List of districts of India Revenue Divisions of Kerala References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` NIC Policy on format of e-mail Address : Appendix ( 2 ) : Districts Abbreviations as per ISO 3166 -- 2 '' ( PDF ) . Ministry Of Communications and Information Technology , Government of India . 2004 - 08 - 10 . pp. 5 -- 10 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Districts : Kerala '' . Government of India portal . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Here ' Established ' means the year of establishment as a district of Kerala . If the district was formed earlier than the formation of the state of Kerala , 1 Nov 1956 will be considered as the day of establishment of the district . Jump up ^ `` Part I : state '' ( PDF ) . Government of India Census portal . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alappuzha : History '' . alappuzha.nic.in . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` History of Ernakulam '' . ernakulam.nic.in ( Ministry of Communication & Information Technology , Govt. of India ) . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Taluks -- Ernakulam District '' . ernakulam.nic.in . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` IDUKKI : History '' . idukki.nic.in ( Ministry of Communication & Information Technology , Govt. of India ) . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ as per Government notification No 54131 / C2 / 71 / RD dated 24 January 1972 , Government of Kerala ^ Jump up to : `` Kannur district : Administration '' . knr.kerala.gov.in ( Govt. of Kerala ) . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` DISTRICT CAME INTO EXISTENCE ... '' kasargod.nic.in . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ As per GO. ( MS ) No. 520 / 84 / RD dated 19.05. 1984 , Government of Kerala Jump up ^ `` Kasaragod District > taluks '' . kasargod.nic.in . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Short History of Kollam '' . kollam.nic.in . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Note : This date means the day when the district was initially formed , even before the formation of the state of Kerala . Hence 1 Nov 1956 will be considered as the day of formation of district in the state of Kerala Jump up ^ Paravur , Kollam Jump up ^ `` Taluks and Villages '' . Kollam.nic.in . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` District Handbooks of Kerala KOTTAYAM '' ( PDF ) . kerala.gov.in . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 03 - 19 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` KOTTAYAM : Short History '' . Kerala.gov.in . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Kozhikode : History '' . kozhikode.nic.in . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Kozhikode : Administration '' . kozhikode.nic.in . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Malappuram : HISTORY '' . malappuram.nic.in . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Palghat '' . palghat.net . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` BASIC STATISTICS of PALAKKAD '' . palakkad.nic.in . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Pathanamthitta : History '' . pathanamthitta.nic.in . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ As per GO ( MS ) No. 1026 / 82 / ( RD ) dated 29.10. 1982 , Government of Kerala Jump up ^ `` Pathanamthitta : Administration '' . pathanamthitta.nic.in . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 10 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` THIRUVANANTHAPURAM '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 07 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Thrissur At A Glance '' . thrissur.nic.in . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wayanad : profile '' . wayanad.nic.in . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 12 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Districts of Kerala . Official website of Government of Kerala Districts of Kerala , India Districts Alappuzha Ernakulam Idukki Kannur Kasargod Kollam Kottayam Kozhikode Malappuram Palakkad Pathanamthitta Thiruvananthapuram Thrissur Wayanad Districts of States of India States Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Telangana Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal Union Territories Andaman and Nicobar Islands Chandigarh Dadra and Nagar Haveli National Capital Territory of Delhi Daman and Diu Lakshadweep Puducherry Related topics List of states and territories of India District collector Sub-divisional magistrate Block Gram panchayat Kerala topics History Sangam period Edakkal Caves Ariyannur Umbrellas Kudakkallu Parambu Chovvanur burial cave Chera Venad Swaroopam Kerala school Battle of Kulachal Anglo - Mysore Wars Battle of Quilon Vaikom Satyagraham Perumpadapu Swaroopam Malabar Migration Government Politics Agencies Chief Ministers Governors Legislative Assembly Panchayat elections Left Democratic Front United Democratic Front Politicians Geography Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve Ashtamudi Lake Backwaters Districts Eravikulam National Park Flora and fauna Malabar Coast Marayoor Nelliampathi Mountains Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve Nilgiri Hills Palakkad Gap Protected areas Vembanad Lake Demographics Economy Religion Malayalis Namboothiris Ambalavasis Samanthas Nairs Saint Thomas Christians Kerala Iyers Ezhavas Cochin Jews Jainism in Kerala Pulayar Dravidians Mappilas Adivasis Scheduled Tribes Kerala model Tourism Education colleges and universities Culture Arts Architecture Cuisine Kalarippayattu Literature Sarpam Thullal Triumvirate poets Vallamkali Dance / Drama / Cinema Kathakali Kolkali Koodiyattam Mohiniyattam Margamkali Ottamthullal Theyyam Cinema of Kerala Festivals Vishu Onam Pooram Languages Malayalam Malayalam calendar Mappila dialect Suriyani Malayalam Judeo - Malayalam Irula language Music Chenda ( Thayambaka ) Kolkali Panchari melam Panchavadyam Sopanam Organisations / Agencies NSS SNDP Tourism Alappuzha Athirappilly Falls Beaches in Kerala Bekal Kerala Backwaters Kollam Islands of Kollam Kovalam Munnar Estuaries of Paravur Visitor attractions in Thrissur Tourism in Thiruvananthapuram Vallamkali Wayanad Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_districts_in_Kerala&oldid=815032436 '' Categories : Districts of Kerala Lists of districts in India Kerala geography - related lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Français മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu नेपाली नेपाल भाषा Norsk Русский Simple English Suomi தமிழ் اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 December 2017 , at 10 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20districts%20in%20Kerala
| 2,128 |
||
what year did treat her like a lady come out
|
`` Treat Her Like a Lady '' is a 1984 single by American vocal group The Temptations . Released on May 3 , 1984 , This is the first single where Ali - Ollie Woodson was lead singer . The song appears on Temptations ' album Truly for You , also released in 1984 . The song was co-written by Woodson himself and Otis Williams , and was co-produced by Woodson and former Earth , Wind & Fire members Al McKay and Ralph Johnson .
|
May 3 , 1984
|
Treat Her Like a Lady ( the Temptations song )
|
treat her like a lady ( the temptations song )
|
`` Treat Her Like a Lady '' is a 1984 single by American vocal group The Temptations . Released on May 3 , 1984 , This is the first single where Ali - Ollie Woodson was lead singer . The song appears on Temptations ' album Truly for You , also released in 1984 . The song was co-written by Woodson himself and Otis Williams , and was co-produced by Woodson and former Earth , Wind & Fire members Al McKay and Ralph Johnson .
|
Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Chart positions 3 Song in Popular Culture 4 References Background ( edit ) The single was The Temptations ' biggest success on R&B radio since 1975 , reaching # 2 on the R&B Charts , and just missing the Pop Top 40 at # 48 . It also reached # 12 on the UK Singles Chart . Chart positions ( edit ) Chart ( 1984 - 85 ) Peak position U.S. Billboard Hot 100 48 U.S. Billboard Hot Dance Club Play 13 U.S. Billboard Hot Black Singles UK Singles 12 Song in popular culture ( edit ) `` Treat Her Like A Lady '' was heard in the 1985 film The Last Dragon during the Sum Dum Goy Fortune Cookie Company scene . However , the song was not included in the film 's soundtrack . The song appeared on the episode of The Jamie Foxx Show in which Woodson guest stars playing the piano where Jamie ( Jamie Foxx ) is mistakenly committed to the psychiatric ward which originally aired in 1997 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 572 . Jump up ^ http://www.britishchartsingles.com/index.php/2014/11/19/treat-her-like-a-lady-temptations Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Hot Dance / Disco : 1974 - 2003 . Record Research . p. 256 . The Temptations Otis Williams Ron Tyson Terry Weeks Larry Braggs Willie Green Melvin Franklin Eddie Kendricks Paul Williams Elbridge Bryant David Ruffin Dennis Edwards Ricky Owens Richard Street Damon Harris Glenn Leonard Louis Price Ali - Ollie Woodson Theo Peoples Harry McGilberry Barrington `` Bo '' Henderson Ray Davis G.C. Cameron Joe Herndon Bruce Williamson Studio albums Meet the Temptations The Temptations Sing Smokey The Temptin ' Temptations Gettin ' Ready The Temptations with a Lot o ' Soul The Temptations Wish It Would Rain Cloud Nine Puzzle People Psychedelic Shack Sky 's the Limit Solid Rock All Directions Masterpiece A Song for You House Party Wings of Love The Temptations Do the Temptations Bare Back Hear to Tempt You Power The Temptations Reunion Surface Thrills Back to Basics Truly for You Touch Me To Be Continued ... Together Again Special Milestone Phoenix Rising Ear - Resistible Awesome Legacy Still Here Cover albums The Temptations in a Mellow Mood For Lovers Only Reflections Back to Front Live albums Temptations Live ! Live at the Copa Live at London 's Talk of the Town The Temptations in Japan Other albums Diana Ross & the Supremes Join The Temptations TCB The Temptations Show Together On Broadway The Temptations Christmas Card Give Love at Christmas Lost and Found : You 've Got to Earn It ( 1962 -- 1968 ) Compilations Greatest Hits Greatest Hits II Anthology Emperors of Soul The Ultimate Collection My Girl : The Very Best of the Temptations Psychedelic Soul Singles ( US / UK Top 10 ) `` My Girl '' `` Get Ready '' `` Ai n't Too Proud to Beg '' `` Beauty Is Only Skin Deep '' `` ( I Know ) I 'm Losing You '' `` All I Need '' `` You 're My Everything '' `` I Wish It Would Rain '' `` I Could Never Love Another ( After Loving You ) '' `` Cloud Nine '' `` I 'm Gonna Make You Love Me '' `` Run Away Child , Running Wild '' `` I Ca n't Get Next to You '' `` Psychedelic Shack '' `` Ball of Confusion ( That 's What the World Is Today ) '' `` Just My Imagination ( Running Away with Me ) '' `` Papa Was a Rollin ' Stone '' `` Masterpiece '' `` Let Your Hair Down '' `` Happy People '' `` Shakey Ground '' `` Treat Her Like a Lady '' `` The Motown Song '' `` My Girl '' ( reissue ) Related The Temptations ( miniseries ) Discography The Supremes The Undisputed Truth Norman Whitfield Barrett Strong Sly Stone George Clinton Book The Temptations singles discography 1960s `` Oh Mother of Mine '' ( 1961 ) `` Check Yourself '' ( 1961 ) `` ( You 're My ) Dream Come True '' ( 1962 ) `` Mind Over Matter ( I 'm Gonna Make You Mine ) '' ( 1962 ) `` Paradise '' ( 1962 ) `` I Want a Love I Can See '' ( 1963 ) `` Farewell My Love '' ( 1963 ) `` The Way You Do the Things You Do '' ( 1964 ) `` I 'll Be in Trouble '' ( 1964 ) / `` The Girl 's Alright with Me '' ( 1964 ) `` Girl ( Why You Wanna Make Me Blue ) '' ( 1964 ) `` My Girl '' ( 1964 ) `` It 's Growing '' ( 1965 ) `` Since I Lost My Baby '' ( 1965 ) / `` You 've Got to Earn It '' ( 1965 ) `` My Baby '' ( 1965 ) / `` Do n't Look Back '' ( 1965 ) `` Get Ready '' ( 1966 ) `` Ai n't Too Proud to Beg '' ( 1966 ) `` Beauty Is Only Skin Deep '' ( 1966 ) `` ( I Know ) I 'm Losing You '' ( 1966 ) `` All I Need '' ( 1967 ) `` You 're My Everything '' ( 1967 ) / `` I 've Been Good To You '' ( 1967 ) `` ( Loneliness Made Me Realize ) It 's You That I Need '' ( 1967 ) `` I Wish It Would Rain '' ( 1968 ) / `` I Truly , Truly Believe '' ( 1968 ) `` I Could Never Love Another ( After Loving You ) '' ( 1968 ) `` Please Return Your Love to Me '' ( 1968 ) `` Cloud Nine '' ( 1968 ) `` Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer '' ( 1968 ) / `` Silent Night '' ( 1968 ) `` I 'm Gonna Make You Love Me '' ( 1969 ) `` Runaway Child , Running Wild '' ( 1969 ) `` I 'll Try Something New '' ( 1969 ) `` Do n't Let the Joneses Get You Down '' ( 1969 ) `` I Second That Emotion '' ( 1969 ) `` I Ca n't Get Next to You '' ( 1969 ) `` The Weight '' ( 1969 ) 1970s `` Psychedelic Shack '' ( 1970 ) `` Why ( Must We Fall in Love ) '' ( 1970 ) `` Ball of Confusion ( That 's What the World Is Today ) '' ( 1970 ) `` Ungena Za Ulimwengu ( Unite the World ) '' ( 1970 ) / `` Hum Along and Dance '' ( 1970 ) `` Just My Imagination ( Running Away with Me ) '' ( 1971 ) `` It 's Summer '' ( 1971 ) `` Superstar ( Remember How You Got Where You Are ) '' ( 1971 ) `` Take a Look Around '' ( 1972 ) `` Mother Nature '' ( 1972 ) / `` Funky Music Sho Nuff Turns Me On '' ( 1972 ) `` Papa Was a Rollin ' Stone '' ( 1972 ) `` Masterpiece '' ( 1973 ) `` Plastic Man '' ( 1973 ) `` Hey Girl ( I Like Your Style ) '' ( 1973 ) `` Law of the Land '' ( 1973 ) `` Let Your Hair Down '' ( 1973 ) `` Heavenly '' ( 1974 ) `` You 've Got My Soul on Fire '' ( 1974 ) `` Happy People '' ( 1974 ) `` Shakey Ground '' ( 1975 ) `` Glasshouse '' ( 1975 ) `` Keep Holdin ' On '' ( 1976 ) `` Up the Creek ( Without a Paddle ) '' ( 1976 ) `` Who are You ( and What are You Doing the Rest of Your Life ) '' ( 1976 ) `` In a Lifetime '' ( 1977 ) `` Think for Yourself '' ( 1977 ) `` Bare Back '' ( 1978 ) `` Ever Ready Love '' ( 1978 ) 1980s `` Power '' ( 1980 ) `` Struck By Lightning Twice '' ( 1980 ) `` Aiming At Your Heart '' ( 1981 ) `` Oh What A Night '' ( 1981 ) `` Standing On The Top - Pt. 1 '' ( 1982 ) `` More On The Inside '' ( 1982 ) `` Money 's Hard To Get '' ( 1982 ) `` Love On My Mind Tonight '' ( 1983 ) `` Surface Thrills '' ( 1983 ) `` Miss Busy Body ( Get Your Body Busy ) '' ( 1983 ) `` Sail Away '' ( 1984 ) `` Treat Her Like a Lady '' ( 1984 ) `` My Love Is True ( Truly For You ) '' ( 1985 ) `` How Can You Say That It 's Over '' ( 1985 ) `` Do You Really Love Your Baby '' ( 1985 ) `` Deeper Than Love '' ( 1985 ) `` Touch Me '' ( 1986 ) `` I 'm Fascinated '' ( 1986 ) `` A Fine Mess '' ( 1986 ) `` My Girl '' ( re-issue ) ( 1986 ) `` Lady Soul '' ( 1986 ) `` To Be Continued ... '' ( 1986 ) `` Someone '' ( 1987 ) `` I Wonder Who She 's Seeing Now '' ( 1987 ) `` Papa Was a Rollin ' Stone '' ( re-issue ) ( 1987 ) `` Look What You Started '' ( 1987 ) `` Do You Wanna Go With Me '' ( 1988 ) `` All I Want From You '' ( 1989 ) `` Special '' ( 1989 ) `` Loveline '' ( 1989 ) 1990s `` Soul to Soul '' ( 1990 ) `` One Step At A Time ( Remix ) '' ( 1990 ) `` The Motown Song '' ( 1991 ) `` The Jones '' ( 1991 ) `` My Girl '' ( re-issue ) ( 1992 ) `` Hoops of Fire '' ( 1992 ) `` Error of Our Ways '' ( 1994 ) `` Silent Night '' ( 1995 ) `` Stay '' ( 1998 ) `` This is My Promise '' ( 1998 ) `` How Could He Hurt You '' ( 1999 ) 2000s `` I 'm Here '' ( 2000 ) This 1980s R&B / soul music song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treat_Her_Like_a_Lady_(The_Temptations_song)&oldid=769294978 '' Categories : 1984 singles Songs written by Otis Williams The Temptations songs Motown singles 1984 songs 1980s R&B song stubs Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from April 2012 All articles lacking sources Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 8 March 2017 , at 17 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treat%20Her%20Like%20a%20Lady%20%28The%20Temptations%20song%29
| 2,129 |
what is hess's law state its implications
|
Hess 's law
|
hess's law
|
Hess 's law of constant heat summation , also known as Hess 's law ( or Hess ' law ) , is a relationship in physical chemistry named after Germain Hess , a Swiss - born Russian chemist and physician who published it in 1840 . The law states that the total enthalpy change during the complete course of a chemical reaction is the same whether the reaction is made in one step or in several steps .
|
Hess 's law is now understood as an expression of the principle of conservation of energy , also expressed in the first law of thermodynamics , and the fact that the enthalpy of a chemical process is independent of the path taken from the initial to the final state ( i.e. enthalpy is a state function ) . Reaction enthalpy changes can be determined by calorimetry for many reactions . The values are usually stated for processes with the same initial and final temperatures and pressures , although the conditions can vary during the reaction . Hess 's law can be used to determine the overall energy required for a chemical reaction , when it can be divided into synthetic steps that are individually easier to characterize . This affords the compilation of standard enthalpies of formation , that may be used as a basis to design complex syntheses . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition 2 Examples 3 Extension to free energy and entropy 4 Applications 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Definition ( edit ) Hess 's law states that the change of enthalpy in a chemical reaction ( i.e. the heat of reaction at constant pressure ) is independent of the pathway between the initial and final states . In other words , if a chemical change takes place by several different routes , the overall enthalpy change is the same , regardless of the route by which the chemical change occurs ( provided the initial and final condition are the same ) . Hess 's law allows the enthalpy change ( ΔH ) for a reaction to be calculated even when it can not be measured directly . This is accomplished by performing basic algebraic operations based on the chemical equations of reactions using previously determined values for the enthalpies of formation . Addition of chemical equations leads to a net or overall equation . If enthalpy change is known for each equation , the result will be the enthalpy change for the net equation . If the net enthalpy change is negative ( ΔH < 0 ) , the reaction is exothermic and is more likely to be spontaneous ; positive ΔH values correspond to endothermic reactions . Entropy also plays an important role in determining spontaneity , as some reactions with a positive enthalpy change are nevertheless spontaneous . Hess 's law states that enthalpy changes are additive . Thus the ΔH for a single reaction Δ H r e a c t i o n ⊖ = ∑ Δ H f ( p r o d u c t s ) ⊖ − ∑ Δ H f ( r e a c t a n t s ) ⊖ ( \ displaystyle \ Delta H_ ( reaction ) ^ ( \ ominus ) = \ sum \ Delta H_ ( \ mathrm ( f ) \ , ( products ) ) ^ ( \ ominus ) - \ sum \ Delta H_ ( \ mathrm ( f ) \ , ( reactants ) ) ^ ( \ ominus ) ) where Δ H f ( \ displaystyle \ Delta H_ ( f ) ) is an enthalpy of formation , and the superscript indicates standard state values . This may be considered as the sum of two ( real or fictitious ) reactions : Reactants → Elements Δ H ⊖ = − ∑ Δ H f ( r e a c t a n t s ) ⊖ ( \ displaystyle \ Delta H ^ ( \ ominus ) = - \ sum \ Delta H_ ( \ mathrm ( f ) \ , ( reactants ) ) ^ ( \ ominus ) ) and Elements → Products Δ H ⊖ = ∑ Δ H f ( p r o d u c t s ) ⊖ ( \ displaystyle \ Delta H ^ ( \ ominus ) = \ sum \ Delta H_ ( \ mathrm ( f ) \ , ( products ) ) ^ ( \ ominus ) ) Examples ( edit ) 1 ) Given : B O ( s ) + 3H O ( g ) → 3O ( g ) + B H ( g ) ( ΔH = 2035 kJ / mol ) H O ( l ) → H O ( g ) ( ΔH = 44 kJ / mol ) H ( g ) + ( 1 / 2 ) O ( g ) → H O ( l ) ( ΔH = - 286 kJ / mol ) 2B ( s ) + 3H ( g ) → B H ( g ) ( ΔH = 36 kJ / mol ) Find the ΔH of : 2B ( s ) + ( 3 / 2 ) O ( g ) → B O ( s ) After the multiplication and reversing of the equations ( and their enthalpy changes ) , the result is : B H ( g ) + 3O ( g ) → B O ( s ) + 3H O ( g ) ( ΔH = - 2035 kJ / mol ) 3H O ( g ) → 3H O ( l ) ( ΔH = - 132 kJ / mol ) 3H O ( l ) → 3H ( g ) + ( 3 / 2 ) O ( g ) ( ΔH = 858 kJ / mol ) 2B ( s ) + 3H ( g ) → B H ( g ) ( ΔH = 36 kJ / mol ) Adding these equations and canceling out the common terms on both sides , we get 2B ( s ) + ( 3 / 2 ) O ( g ) → B O ( s ) ( ΔH = - 1273 kJ / mol ) 2 ) a ) C + O → CO ( g ) ; ( ΔH = - 393.5 kJ / mol ) ( direct step ) b ) C + 1 / 2 O → CO ( g ) ; ( ΔH = - 110.5 kJ / mol ) c ) CO ( g ) + 1 / 2 O → CO ( g ) ; ( ΔH = - 283.02 kJ / mol ) → In the reactions b ) and c ) , the total ΔH = - 393.5 kJ / mol which is equal to ΔH in a ) The difference in the value of ΔH is 0.02 kJ / mol which is due to measurement errors . Extension to free energy and entropy ( edit ) The concepts of Hess 's law can be expanded to include changes in entropy and in Gibbs free energy , which are also state functions . The Bordwell thermodynamic cycle is an example of such an extension which takes advantage of easily measured equilibria and redox potentials to determine experimentally inaccessible Gibbs free energy values . Combining ΔG values from Bordwell thermodynamic cycles and ΔH values found with Hess 's law can be helpful in determining entropy values which are not measured directly , and therefore must be calculated through alternative paths . For the free energy : Δ G r e a c t i o n ⊖ = ∑ Δ G f ( p r o d u c t s ) ⊖ − ∑ Δ G f ( r e a c t a n t s ) ⊖ . ( \ displaystyle \ Delta G_ ( reaction ) ^ ( \ ominus ) = \ sum \ Delta G_ ( \ mathrm ( f ) \ , ( products ) ) ^ ( \ ominus ) - \ sum \ Delta G_ ( \ mathrm ( f ) \ , ( reactants ) ) ^ ( \ ominus ) . ) For entropy , the situation is a little different . Because entropy can be measured as an absolute value , not relative to those of the elements in their reference states ( as with ΔH and ΔG ) , there is no need to use the entropy of formation ; one simply uses the absolute entropies for products and reactants : Δ S r e a c t i o n ⊖ = ∑ S ( p r o d u c t s ) ⊖ − ∑ S ( r e a c t a n t s ) ⊖ . ( \ displaystyle \ Delta S_ ( reaction ) ^ ( \ ominus ) = \ sum S_ ( ( products ) ) ^ ( \ ominus ) - \ sum S_ ( ( reactants ) ) ^ ( \ ominus ) . ) Applications ( edit ) Hess 's Law of Constant Heat Summation is useful in the determination of enthalpies of the following : Heats of very slow reactions Heats of formation of unstable intermediates like CO and NO . Heat changes in phase transitions and allotropic transitions . Lattice energies of ionic substances by constructing Born - Haber cycles if the electron affinity to form the anion is known , or Electron affinities using a Born - Haber cycle with a theoretical lattice energy See also ( edit ) Thermochemistry Thermodynamics References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Mannam Krishnamurthy ; Subba Rao Naidu ( 2012 ) . `` 7 '' . In Lokeswara Gupta . Chemistry for ISEET - Volume 1 , Part A ( 2012 ed . ) . Hyderabad , India : Varsity Education Management Limited . p. 244 . Jump up ^ `` Hess 's Law - Conservation of Energy '' . University of Waterloo . Retrieved 12 January 2014 . Chakrabarty , D.K. ( 2001 ) . An Introduction to Physical Chemistry . Mumbai : Alpha Science . pp. 34 -- 37 . ISBN 1 - 84265 - 059 - 9 . Further reading ( edit ) Leicester , Henry M. ( 1951 ) . `` Germain Henri Hess and the Foundations of Thermochemistry '' . The Journal of Chemical Education . 28 ( 11 ) : 581 -- 583 . Bibcode : 1951JChEd ... 28 ... 581L . doi : 10.1021 / ed028p581 . External links ( edit ) Hess ' paper ( 1840 ) on which his law is based ( at ChemTeam site ) a Hess ' Law experiment Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hess%27s_law&oldid=793289766 '' Categories : Chemical thermodynamics Physical chemistry Thermochemistry Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Кыргызча Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Sicilianu Slovenščina کوردی Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 July 2017 , at 20 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hess%2527s%20law
| 2,130 |
||
who is in the finals of so you think you can dance
|
On January 30 , 2017 , Fox renewed the series for a fourteenth season , which returned to its former contestant age range of 18 - 30 but keeps the All - Star partnerships . The season premiered on June 12 , 2017 . Contemporary dancer Lex Ishimoto was the winner of the season with contemporary dance Koine Iwasaki finishing as the runner - up and female winner , becoming the first Asian - Americans to take the top two positions of So You Think You Can Dance .
|
Lex Ishimoto|Koine Iwasaki
|
So You Think You Can Dance ( U.S. TV series )
|
so you think you can dance ( u. s. tv series )
|
So You Think You Can Dance is an American televised dance competition show that airs on Fox in the United States and is the flagship series of the international So You Think You Can Dance television franchise . It was created by American Idol producers Simon Fuller and Nigel Lythgoe and is produced by 19 Entertainment , Dick Clark Productions , and Conrad Sewell Productions . The series premiered on July 20 , 2005 with over ten million viewers and ended the summer season as the top - rated show on television . The first season was hosted by American news personality Lauren Sánchez . Since the second season , it has been hosted by former British children 's television personality and game show emcee Cat Deeley . During its second season , the program remained the No. 1 rated summer show ( adults aged 18 -- 49 ) , but it has declined in ratings since .
|
The show features a tiered format wherein dancers trained in a variety of dance genres enter open auditions held in a number of major U.S. cities to showcase their talents and may move forward through successive additional rounds of auditions to test their ability to adapt to different styles . At the end of this process , a small number of dancers are chosen as finalists . These dancers move on to the competition 's main phase , where they perform solo , duet , and group dance numbers on live television , attempting to master a diverse selection of dance styles , including classical , contemporary , ballroom , hip - hop , street , club , jazz , and musical theatre styles , among others . They compete for the votes of the broadcast viewing audience which , combined with the input of a panel of judges , determines which dancers advance to the next stage from week to week . So You Think You Can Dance has won seven Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Choreography and a total of nine Emmy Awards altogether . Licensed variations of the show , produced for broadcast markets in other nations , began airing in August 2005 , and dozens of localized adaptations of the show have been produced since , airing in 37 countries to date . On January 30 , 2017 , Fox renewed the series for a fourteenth season , which premiered on June 12 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Show format 1.1 Open auditions 1.2 Callbacks 1.3 Finalist selection and showcase episode 1.4 Finalist Stage 1.5 Judges 1.6 Overview of format and presentation by season 2 Dance styles and choreographers 2.1 Classical styles 2.2 Street and club styles 2.3 Ballroom styles 2.4 Jazz , Broadway , and musical theater styles 2.5 American social styles 2.6 Regional / traditional styles 3 Seasons 3.1 Grand Finalists 3.2 Season 1 3.3 Season 2 3.4 Season 3 3.5 Season 4 3.6 Season 5 3.7 Season 6 3.8 Season 7 3.9 Season 8 3.10 Season 9 3.11 Season 10 3.12 Season 11 3.13 Season 12 3.14 Season 13 3.15 Season 14 4 Special shows 5 Ratings 6 Influence and international franchise 7 Awards and nominations 7.1 Emmy Awards 7.2 Teen Choice Awards 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Show format ( edit ) A typical season of So You Think You Can Dance is divided between a selection process , during which expert judges select competitors from a wide pool of applicant dancers , and a competition phase , during which these ' finalists ' ( more typically referred to as the ' Top 20 ' ) compete for votes from home viewers . Though it is produced over the course of months , the selection phase is highly edited and usually constitutes only the first 2 -- 4 weeks of aired episodes , with the competition episodes forming the remaining 8 -- 9 weeks of the season . Open auditions ( edit ) Nigel Lythgoe is co-creator of the So You Think You Can Dance franchise , and has been executive producer and permanent member of the judge 's panel of the U.S. and U.K. productions for their entire runs . The open auditions , the first stage in determining a seasons finalists , take place in 5 -- 6 major U.S. cities each season and are typically open to anyone aged 18 -- 30 at the time of their audition . The cities where auditions are held change from season to season but some , such as Los Angeles and New York , have featured in most seasons . During this stage , dancers perform a brief routine ( typically a solo , but duet and group routines are allowed as well ) before a panel of dance experts , usually headed by series creator and executive producer Nigel Lythgoe . This panel then decides on - the - spot whether the dancer demonstrated enough ability and performance value to proceed further . If the dancer exhibited exceptional ability in their performance , judges award `` a ticket to Vegas '' ( or in more recent seasons `` a ticket to the Academy '' ) , moving them instantly one step forward in the competition . Alternatively , if judges are on the fence about the dancer , they may ask the contestant to wait until the end of that day 's auditions to participate in a short test of their ability to pick up professional choreography . Callbacks ( edit ) The second stage of the selection process is referred to as `` the callbacks '' ( the round has often been held in the city of Las Vegas and also been known as `` Vegas Week '' for much of the show 's run , but has been called Academy Week since season 13 ) . The callbacks consist of a several - day - long process in which the remaining hopefuls are tested for overall well - rounded dance ability , stamina , creativity and their ability to perform under pressure . The dancers are put through a battery of rounds that test their ability to pick up various dance styles ; these are typically some of the more well - represented genres that are later prominent in the competition phase , such as hip - hop , jazz , ballroom , and contemporary . Additionally the dancers may be asked to perform further solos in styles of their choosing and participate in a group choreography round in which small teams of contestants must display their musicality and ability to communicate professionally by choreographing a performance to a randomly selected piece of music -- this challenge is notable as being the only time competitors are asked to choreograph themselves , aside from solos . The Callbacks are often collectively portrayed as one of the most exhausting and stressful stages of the competition ; each successive round sees cuts in which a significant portion of the remaining dancers are eliminated from competition and dancers are given a limited amount of time to adapt to styles they are sometimes wholly unfamiliar with while being physically taxed by the rapid progression of rounds and a limited amount of rest . At the end of this process , usually less than 40 competitors remain in a pool that final contestants are chosen from . Most seasons have featured 20 top finalists for the competition portion of the show , but Season One was represented by a Top 16 , Season Seven saw a Top 11 , and Season Thirteen employed a Top 10 . Finalist selection and showcase episode ( edit ) Following Vegas Week -- - which has , through video vignettes , made many of the dancers increasingly familiar to the audience as it observes their attempts to cope with the challenges of the week - -- the judge 's panel selects their finalists from the remaining dancers , breaking the good or bad news to each dancer . Since Season six , the series has also featured a showcase episode that takes place immediately before the main competition . In this episode , dancers compete for the first time on the main SYTYCD stage in Los Angeles before a live audience , dancing duet or group routines , but only in their own styles . In seasons eight through ten , the finalist announcement episode and the dancer 's showcase were combined into one episode , with groups of dancers taking to the stage for the first time immediately after they are revealed . In seasons six through nine , no dancers were in danger of elimination at this point and the first round of viewer voting and judge eliminations occurred the following week . In the slightly more compact format of the more recent seasons , the dancer showcase is often the first episode to be accompanied by viewer voting and a resulting elimination . Finalist stage ( edit ) Following the finalist selection process , the show transitions into its regular competition phase , which lasts the rest of the season . The competition stage is typically divided into 8 weeks , generally with two contestants eliminated per week . Dancers are paired - up into male - female couples that will sometimes stay paired for half of the remaining competition if neither is eliminated . These couples perform 1 -- 2 duets per week in randomly selected styles . These duets , as with all non-solo performances at this stage in the competition , are choreographed by professional choreographers . Prior to most duet performances , a video packet of clips of the couple preparing to perform the routine is shown ; these packets are intended not only to demonstrate the couple 's efforts to master the routine , but also to give glimpses of the personalities of the dancers as well as to allow the choreographer to give insight as to the thematic , narrative , and artistic intentions of the piece . Following each duet performance , the week 's panel of judges gives critical feedback , often emphasizing the two key areas of technique and performance value . Duets and their accompanying video packets and critiques typically take up the majority of a competition show but may also be supplemented by solos or group numbers . Each competition show ends with a quick recap of the night 's routines accompanied by voting prompts -- traditionally by phone , but increasingly through online voting processes . Performance shows typically last around two hours , commercials included . In seasons 2 - 8 the show 's weekly format was split between two episodes , a performance episode , as described above , and a results show which reveals the outcome of the at - home - viewer voting . Results shows typically aired on the night immediately following that of the performance show of the same week and usually opened with a group routine from the remaining contestants . The main purpose of this show was to determine which of the dancers are eliminated that week , but these episodes generally also featured guest dance performances or guest musical acts , and sometimes further video packets that provide insight on the dancers and their journey on the show . More recent seasons have moved to a one - show - per - week format , combining elements that used to be found in both varieties of show . Regardless of how many shows air per week , a `` bottom three '' couples ( those that garnered the fewest votes from viewers -- in some seasons it is a bottom three of individual dancers rather than couples ) are typically revealed weekly at this stage in the competition . Each of these dancers are then in danger of elimination and must perform a solo for the judges as their last effort to impress and stay in the competition . The judges then retire briefly ( typically during the night 's headlining musical guest performance ) to determine which man and woman ( which are not necessarily from the same couple ) will leave the competition . The eliminated dancers are then announced and given a brief send - off via a video montage . On very rare occasions , the judges have been unwilling to send any of the bottom dancers home on the merits of their performances that week amd have abstained from making an elimination and instead allowed all competitors to proceed to the next week ( often to be followed by a double elimination the following week ) . Since Season 7 , dancers have also been routinely paired with `` All Stars '' , returning dancers from previous seasons who partner with the contestant dancers , but are not themselves competing . The total number of hours shown in a given week during the performance phase of the competition has varied from two to four hours . In season one there was no results show and the dancers ' eliminations were pre-recorded the week they occurred and then broadcast at the beginning of the next week 's episode . Seasons 9 - 14 have also utilized one show per week , but with votes from the previous week being revealed later in the show . Voting has varied by season ( and often within seasons ) with regard to whether the voter selected individuals or couples . There has also been variability in how long couples are kept together and how the at - home - viewer votes are balanced against judge decisions , though ultimately at some point in every season , the judges give up their power to save dancers at this point , and eliminations are determined exclusively by viewer votes , with judges serving in only an advisory capacity . Each season undergoes one final format shake - up in its last week , which typically takes place when the show reaches a Top 4 . In the final performance show , the remaining dancers typically each dance duets with all of their remaining fellow finalists as well as perform solos and participate in group numbers . The following night 's season finale episode is often the most elaborately produced show of a season and features the last performances of the competitors , encore performances of many of the season 's most acclaimed routines , guest dancers ( including returning past season competitors and cast - members from other international versions of the franchise ) , musical performances and multiple video packets chronicling the course of the season 's events , all culminating in the announcement of the winner of the competition , as decided by the previous night 's vote . Some seasons have featured a singular winner , while others have allowed for a male and female winner . Following the closure of the season , the Top Ten dancers often go on tour for several months , performing hit routines from the season amongst other performances . Judges ( edit ) The judging panel has also varied considerably in size and composition over the run of the series . Typically a season has 2 -- 3 permanent judges with an additional 1 -- 2 guest judges for most episodes , with the panel ballooning up to six to nine members for Vegas Week and the finale . Executive producer Nigel Lythgoe is the only permanent judge on the panel for all of the seasons . Other permanent judges have included ballroom specialist Mary Murphy , film director and choreographer Adam Shankman and contemporary choreographer Mia Michaels . Guest judge positions are typically filled by choreographers who work regularly on the show -- though choreographers will never develop routines for an episode on which they judge -- who in rare cases may also be former contestants themselves , and by iconic names from the entertainment industry . Guest judges for the show have included : Debbie Allen , Christina Applegate , Robin Antin , Toni Basil , Cicely Bradley , Kristin Chenoweth , Alex Da Silva , Ellen DeGeneres , Tyce Diorio , Joey Dowling , Napoleon and Tabitha D'umo , Carmen Electra , Brian Friedman , Jean - Marc Généreux , Jason Gilkison , Neil Patrick Harris , Hi - Hat , Katie Holmes , Dan Karaty , Lady Gaga , Carly Rae Jepsen , Lil ' C , Rob Marshall , Mandy Moore , Megan Mullally , Kenny Ortega , Toni Redpath , Debbie Reynolds , Wade Robson , Doriana Sanchez , Shane Sparks , Sonya Tayeh , Olisa Thompson , Stacey Tookey , Jesse Tyler Ferguson , and Travis Wall . In earlier seasons , the judges decided on eliminations until around week five of the competitive phase of the show , but in seasons seven through nine the judges decided the eliminations until week seven . Beginning with the twelfth season , Paula Abdul and Jason Derulo joined Lythgoe as permanent judges . For the thirteenth season , 13 - year - old dancer Maddie Ziegler joined the panel as a fourth judge . Season Fourteen has seen the departure of Abdul , Derulo , and Ziegler from their season - long positions of the judges panel , but introduction of Vanessa Hudgens and the return of Mary Murphy to her seat . Overview of format and presentation by season ( edit ) Season Dates Host Permanent judges Separate results show ? Dancer showcase episode ? † Number of finalists in first live show Number of contestants eliminated per week Number of contestants remaining in finale No. of winners All - Stars included in format ? Point at which judge eliminations end Voting for individual dancers starting with Summer 2005 ( July -- October ) Lauren Sánchez Nigel Lythgoe No No 16 No Top 8 Top 8 Summer 2006 ( May -- August ) Cat Deeley Yes No 20 No Top 10 Top 10 Summer 2007 ( May -- August ) Nigel Lythgoe Mary Murphy Yes No 20 No Top 10 Top 10 Summer 2008 ( May -- August ) Yes No 20 No Top 10 Top 10 5 Summer 2009 ( May -- August ) Yes No 20 No Top 10 Top 10 6 Fall 2009 ( September -- December ) Nigel Lythgoe Mary Murphy Adam Shankman Yes Yes 20 6 No Top 10 Top 10 7 Summer 2010 ( May -- August ) Nigel Lythgoe Adam Shankman Mia Michaels Yes Yes 11 1 * Yes Top 4 Top 11 8 Summer 2011 ( May -- August ) Nigel Lythgoe Mary Murphy Yes Yes ‡ 20 2 * Yes Top 6 Top 10 9 Summer 2012 ( May -- September ) No Yes ‡ 20 2 * Yes Top 6 Top 20 10 Summer 2013 ( May -- September ) No Yes ‡ 20 Yes Top 6 Top 20 11 Summer 2014 ( May -- September ) No Yes 20 Yes Top 10 Top 20 12 Summer 2015 ( June -- September ) Nigel Lythgoe Paula Abdul Jason Derulo No Yes 20 2 ⁂ Yes Top 14 Top 20 13 ° Summer 2016 ( May -- September ) Nigel Lythgoe Paula Abdul Jason Derulo Maddie Ziegler No Yes 10 1 * * Yes Top 8 Top 10 14 Summer 2017 ( June -- September ) Nigel Lythgoe Mary Murphy Vanessa Hudgens No No 10 Yes Top 6 Top 10 † From its inception in season 6 and through season 10 , the dancer showcase episode represented a non-competitive round with no viewer voting or subsequent eliminations , followed the next week by the first competitive round . In season 11 it was the first episode of the season upon which viewers voted . ‡ For seasons 8 - 10 , the dancer showcase episode was combined with the Top 20 reveal episode , with groups of the dancers performing immediately after being revealed as finalists . * In both seasons 7 and 8 , the judges decided not to eliminate any dancers on the occasion of one results show ; in both cases this event was followed by the elimination of double the normal amount of contestants the following week . Similarly , for format reasons , season 9 featured two shows with double eliminations , with four dancers eliminated instead of two for each of these shows . ⁂ Unlike all previous seasons , season 12 featured the elimination of one `` street '' dancer and one `` stage '' dancer each week , as opposed to one female and one male contestant ( as in all previous seasons which eliminated two dancers per week ) . ° Season 13 ( during which the show was subtitled ' The Next Generation ' ) featured competitors between the ages of 9 ( or as young as 8 at time of application ) and 14 . * * In season 13 , the judges held the audition rounds , but the all - stars , rather than the judges , made the eliminations during Academy week to choose the top 10 . After this , in episodes 7 and 8 , from the two contestants with the lowest viewer votes , the judges made the elimination . In episode 9 , the two contestants with the lowest viewer votes were both eliminated , and in episodes 10 and 11 , the contestant with the lowest viewer votes was eliminated . Dance styles and choreographers ( edit ) Over the course of its eleven seasons , So You Think You Can Dance has featured dozens of distinct dance styles in its choreographed routines . Most of these styles fall into four categories that are regularly showcased and can be found in almost every performance episode : western contemporary / classical styles , ballroom styles , hip - hop / street styles , and Jazz and its related styles . Various other forms of dance that do not especially fall into these broad categories are seen as well , but not as regularly . The following styles have all been seen in a choreographed duet or group routine ; styles featured only in auditions or solos are not listed . Classical styles ( edit ) Routines from the classically derived style of contemporary dance are the most common dances seen on the show , being seen in every performance episode of the series ( and typically at least twice per episode ) . While contemporary , lyrical , and modern dance are typically considered three separate ( if overlapping ) styles , the practice on So You Think You Can Dance has been to refer to all routines in this area as `` contemporary '' , except in the first season where the label `` lyrical '' was used for the same purpose . Ballet routines occur much more rarely , at a rate of one or two per season since their introduction in the fourth season . Genre Styles Western Classical styles Contemporary , Lyrical , Modern , Ballet / Pas de Deux Choreographers Dee Caspary , Tessandra Chavez , Tyce Diorio , Joey Dowling , Justin Giles , Mandy Moore , Mia Michaels , Dwight Rhoden , Desmond Richardson , Garry Stewart , Sonya Tayeh , Stacey Tookey , Travis Wall , Tovaris Wilson , Keith Young , Lindsay Nelko Street and club styles ( edit ) Hip - hop routines are also present in every performance episode . While these routines frequently feature elements from many different subgenres of hip - hop ( locking and popping , for example ) and various `` street '' styles ( such as breaking ) , they are typically all labelled under the umbrella term of hip - hop . An exception is the now frequently featured lyrical hip - hop , which is unique amongst all the styles on SYTYCD in that it is the only one that is held to have become a known distinct style at least in - part as a result of the show ; the style is widely attributed to regular show choreographers Tabitha and Napoleon D'umo and the term itself to judge Adam Shankman . These two broad categories are occasionally supplemented by krump routines , which have been featured a few times a season since their introduction in season 2 . Additionally the styles of breakdancing ( in the sense of a full breaking routine as opposed to a hip - hop routine with a few breaking tricks ) , waacking , and stepping have all been featured in exactly one routine . In Season 12 , there are more street style dances because of the season 's new format where there are 10 street dancers which do only street styles . Genre Styles Street and Contemporary Club Styles Hip - hop ( umbrella term for all Popping , Locking , and New Style / Commercial Hip - Hop styles ) , Lyrical Hip - hop , Breaking / B - boying , Krump , Stepping , Waacking Choreographers Cicely Bradley , Luther Brown , Tessandra Chavez , Tabitha and Napoleon D'umo , Dan Karaty , Marty Kudelka , Lil ' C , Chuck Maldonado , Todd Sams , Christopher Scott , Dave Scott , Shane Sparks , Jamal Sims , Olisa Thompson , Dana Wilson , Pharside and Phoenix , Luam . Ballroom styles ( edit ) Ballroom styles are also seen regularly in every performance episode ; these dances may be traditional European - derived styles or Latin - American styles or a mix of the two . Genre Styles Standard or Smooth Ballroom styles Foxtrot , Tango , Argentine Tango , Quickstep , Waltz ( including Smooth Waltz , Slow Waltz , American Slow Waltz , and Viennese Waltz variants ) Latin / Rhythm Ballroom styles Cha - Cha - Cha , Jive , American Jive , Mambo , Paso Doble , Rumba , Salsa , Street Salsa , Samba , African Samba Choreographers Mark Ballas , Leonardo Barrionuevo , Dmitry Chaplin , Valentin Chmerkovskiy , Alex Da Silva , Sasha Farber , Anya Garnis , Jean - Marc Généreux , Jason Gilkison , Hunter Johnson , Pasha Kovalev , Melanie LaPatin , Miriam Larici , Liz Lira , Michael Mead , Tony Meredith , Tomas Mielnicki , Ron Montez , France Mousseau , Mary Murphy , Jonathan Platero , Oksana Platero , Toni Redpath , Jonathan Roberts , Fabian Sanchez , Edward Simon , Emma Slater , Heather Smith , J.T. Thomas , Louis Van Amstel , Gustavo Vargas , Glenn Weiss Jazz , Broadway , and musical Theater styles ( edit ) Jazz is featured in nearly all performance episodes . While these routines are typically labelled simply `` Jazz '' , the genre is notable as being one of the most fusional featured on the show and various style combinations and sub-categories have been referenced . Descended from Jazz but treated as a separate genre on SYTYCD , `` Broadway '' is analogous to the label `` Musical Theater '' outside the U.S. Genre Styles Jazz Styles Jazz , Contemporary Jazz , Modern Jazz , Lyrical Jazz , African Jazz , Jazz - Funk , Latin Jazz , Pop - Jazz / Pop Broadway / Musical Theatre Styles Broadway , Burlesque , Can - Can , Tap Choreographers Andy Blankenbuehler , Sean Cheesman , Tyce Diorio , Brian Friedman , Laurie Ann Gibson , Derick K. Grant , Charles Klapow , Ray Leeper , Spencer Liff , Mandy Moore , Anthony Morigerato , Amanda Robson , Wade Robson , Sonya Tayeh , Savion Glover American social styles ( edit ) These dance styles are featured less frequently than their ballroom relatives , but have been seen intermittently since the first season . Genre Styles American Social / Traditional Club Styles Charleston , Country - Western Two - Step , Disco , Go - Go , Hustle , Lindy Hop , Rock n ' Roll , Swing , West Coast Swing Choreographers Ronnie DeBenedetta , Carla Heiney , Brandi Tobais , Travis Payne , Doriana Sanchez , Benji Schwimmer , Kristen Sorci , Maria Torres , Nick Williams Regional / traditional styles ( edit ) In addition to the broad categories above , many more styles that are less common in the U.S. are sometimes featured . Most of these are seen only once , but the Bollywood style has been featured several times per season since the fourth season . Genre Styles Regional / Traditional Styles Bollywood , African , Capoeira , Kalinka , Malevos , Tahitian , Tropak Choreographers Lilia Babenko , Leonardo Barrionuevo , Nakul Dev Mahajan , Miriam Larici , Tiana Liufau , Youri Nelzine . Seasons ( edit ) Main article : List of So You Think You Can Dance finalists Grand Finalists ( edit ) Season Winner Runner - up Third place Fourth place Fifth place Sixth place Nick Lazzarini ( Contemporary Jazz ) Melody Lacayanga ( Contemporary ) Jamile McGee ( Popping ) Ashlé Dawson ( Jazz ) Benji Schwimmer ( Swing / Latin ) Travis Wall ( Contemporary ) Donyelle Jones ( Jazz / Hip - Hop ) Heidi Groskreutz ( Ballroom ) Sabra Johnson ( Contemporary ) Danny Tidwell ( Contemporary ) Neil Haskell ( Contemporary ) Lacey Schwimmer ( Swing / Latin ) Joshua Allen ( Hip - Hop ) Stephen `` Twitch '' Boss ( Hip - Hop ) Katee Shean ( Contemporary ) Courtney Galiano ( Contemporary ) 5 Jeanine Mason ( Contemporary ) Brandon Bryant ( Contemporary ) Evan Kasprzak ( Broadway ) Kayla Radomski ( Contemporary ) 6 Russell Ferguson ( Krump ) Jakob Karr ( Contemporary ) Kathryn McCormick ( Contemporary ) Ellenore Scott ( Jazz ) Ashleigh Di Lello ( Ballroom ) Ryan Di Lello ( Ballroom ) 7 Lauren Froderman ( Contemporary ) Kent Boyd ( Contemporary Jazz ) Robert Roldan ( Contemporary Jazz ) 8 Melanie Moore ( Contemporary ) Sasha Mallory ( African Jazz ) Marko Germar ( Contemporary Jazz ) Tadd Gadduang ( Breakdance ) Female winner Male winner Female runner - up Male runner - up 9 Eliana Girard ( Ballet ) Chehon Wespi - Tschopp ( Ballet ) Tiffany Maher ( Jazz ) Cyrus `` Glitch '' Spencer ( Popping / Animation ) 10 Amy Yakima ( Jazz ) Du - Shaunt `` Fik - Shun '' Stegall ( Hip - Hop ) Jasmine Harper ( Contemporary ) Aaron Turner ( Tap ) Winner Runner - up Third place Fourth place 11 Ricky Ubeda ( Contemporary ) Valerie Rockey ( Tap ) Jessica Richens ( Jazz ) Zack Everhart , Jr . ( Tap ) 12 Gaby Diaz ( Tap ) Jaja Vaňková ( Animation / Krump ) Virgil Gadson ( Hip - Hop ) Hailee Payne ( Jazz ) 13 Leon `` Kida '' Burns ( Hip - Hop ) J.T. Church ( Jazz ) Tate McRae ( Contemporary / Ballet ) Emma Hellenkamp ( Tap ) 14 Lex Ishimoto ( Contemporary Hip - Hop ) Koine Iwasaki ( Contemporary ) Taylor Sieve ( Contemporary ) Kiki Nyemchek ( Latin Ballroom ) Season 1 ( edit ) Main article : So You Think You Can Dance ( U.S. season 1 ) Season 2 ( edit ) Main article : So You Think You Can Dance ( U.S. season 2 ) The second season premiered on May 12 , 2006 . The top 20 finalists were revealed on June 8 , and the winner , Benjamin Schwimmer , was named `` America 's Favorite Dancer '' on August 16 , 2006 after 16 million votes were collected for the season finale . Travis Wall was the first runner - up , and Donyelle Jones was named second runner - up . There were several changes to the show 's format in the second season . This season was the first to feature two episodes per week , splitting the bulk of the performances and the voting results segments between two nights . New styles of dance were also introduced , and the winning prize was increased from US $100,000 to $250,000 and also included a new car and a one - year contract to perform in a Céline Dion show then performing Las Vegas . The season was also the first followed by a live tour for the top ten dancers . Season 3 ( edit ) Main article : So You Think You Can Dance ( U.S. season 3 ) Open auditions for season 3 began early October 2006 , held in New York City , Chicago , Los Angeles , and Atlanta . Like the previous season , those that made the cuts moved on to Las Vegas . The taped auditions premiered on the Fox on May 24 , 2007 , and the subsequent shows were taped and broadcast live for a 12 - week season . Cat Deeley returned as host , and Nigel Lythgoe returned as permanent judge . Joining Lythgoe permanently at the judging table was Mary Murphy ; her promotion was reported by TV Guide on March 8 , 2007 . The prize for the winner remained at $250,000 cash . On the performance finale show ( August 16 , 2007 ) , Sabra Johnson was named `` America 's Favorite Dancer , '' while Danny Tidwell ( brother of season 2 runner - up Travis Wall ) was runner - up . Season 4 ( edit ) Main article : So You Think You Can Dance ( U.S. season 4 ) Auditions for Season 4 began in Texas on January 17 and took place in six locations through March 2008 . The show kicked off its two - hour season premiere on May 22 , 2008 . Cat Deeley returned as host and Nigel Lythgoe and Mary Murphy as permanent judges . This season saw the introduction of new dance styles , including Bollywood , and new choreographers , including hip - hop duo Tabitha and Napoleon D'umo . The prize for the winner was again $250,000 cash and the title of `` America 's Favorite Dancer '' and additionally included an offer for a role in the dance film Step Up 3D . In the finale , viewers voted Joshua Allen as the overall winner , while Katee Shean was voted the top female dancer and was given a previously unannounced award of $50,000 . Season 5 ( edit ) Main article : So You Think You Can Dance ( U.S. season 5 ) Auditions for Season 5 kicked off in New York City on November 13 , 2008 and continued on to Miami , Los Angeles , Denver , Memphis , and Seattle . The premiere aired on May 21 , 2009 . Louis van Amstel joined the show 's cast of choreographers and Shane Sparks returned to choreograph while on break from America 's Best Dance Crew . The prize for the winner was once again $250,000 cash , the chance to be on the November 2009 issue cover of Dance Spirit Magazine , and the title of `` America 's Favorite Dancer . '' On August 6 , 2009 ( the finale ) , Jeanine Mason was given the title . Season 6 ( edit ) Main article : So You Think You Can Dance ( U.S. season 6 ) After a low - rated special episode of Dance featuring Lythgoe presenting his and viewer 's favorite dance routines from seasons 1 -- 5 , the sixth season of Dance , premiered on Wednesday , September 9 , 2009 . Auditions were held in Boston , Atlanta , Los Angeles , New Orleans , Phoenix , and Salt Lake City . Adam Shankman joined as the permanent judge for the first time this season . The winner was Russell Ferguson and the runner - up was Jakob Karr . Season 7 ( edit ) Main article : So You Think You Can Dance ( U.S. season 7 ) Auditions began in Miami , Florida , on January 18 , 2010 , continuing through New York , Dallas , Nashville , and Chicago , ending in Los Angeles on March 26 . The season premiered on May 27 , 2010 . This season introduced significant format changes to the show , with a Top 11 dancers instead of the traditional Top 20 and `` All - Stars '' , contestants from previous seasons who returned to partner with the Top 11 for a portion of their routines . Lauren Froderman won this season with Kent Boyd as runner - up . Season 8 ( edit ) Main article : So You Think You Can Dance ( U.S. season 8 ) Auditions started October 13 , 2010 in Oakland , California and continued through November 15 in Brooklyn , New York . The premiere aired on May 26 , 2011 . This season began a new version of the `` All - Star '' format in which the All - Stars did n't come in until the top 10 . The show returned to a top 20 with couples . This season also marks the first time that the public can cast votes online , in addition to calling in , with a limit of 50 votes per viewer . On August 11 , 2011 , Melanie Moore won season 8 , and Sasha Mallory was named the runner - up . Together they received 79 % of the 11.5 million votes . Season 9 ( edit ) Main article : So You Think You Can Dance ( U.S. season 9 ) The ninth season premiered on May 24 , 2012 . Fox discontinued the results show . The two winners selected on September 18 , 2012 were Eliana Girard and Chehon Wespi - Tschopp . Season 10 ( edit ) Main article : So You Think You Can Dance ( U.S. season 10 ) Season 10 premiered on May 14 , 2013 , in its new Tuesdays at 8 p.m. time slot . The two - part premiere concluded on May 15 , 2013 at 9 p.m. , after the finale of American Idol season 12 . On September 10 , 2013 , Amy Yakima and Du - Shaunt ' Fik - Shun ' Stegall were named the season 10 winners , becoming the first contestants to take the top two positions who had been a couple at the beginning of the live show competition . No music artists or special dance performers appeared on this season except for All - Stars who were former contestants . Season 11 ( edit ) Main article : So You Think You Can Dance ( U.S. season 11 ) The eleventh season premiered on Wednesday , May 28 , 2014 . The season finale aired on Wednesday , September 3 , 2014 . Contemporary dancer Ricky Ubeda was the winner of the season with Tap dancer Valerie Rockey finishing as the runner - up . Season 12 ( edit ) Main article : So You Think You Can Dance ( U.S. season 12 ) The twelfth season of the show divided contestants into two equally sized teams , one representing `` stage '' dancers and the other `` street '' styles , with one contestant eliminated from each team weekly until the finale . Auditions began on January 24 , 2015 and took place in five major American cities . Season 12 premiered on Monday , June 1 . Tap dancer Gaby Diaz was the winner of the season , becoming the first tap dancer to win So You Think You Can Dance . Animation dancer Jaja Vankova finished as the runner - up . Season 13 ( edit ) Main article : So You Think You Can Dance : The Next Generation ( U.S. TV series ) The thirteenth season of the series premiered on May 30 , 2016 , titled So You Think You Can Dance : The Next Generation . The season features young dancers between the ages of 8 and 13 ( at their date of application ) . After auditions , during Dance Academy episodes , 10 All - Stars eliminated competitors until each selected one contestant to mentor and partner with in performances during the live episodes . One or more finalists were eliminated each week beginning July 18 , 2016 . 13 - year - old dancer Maddie Ziegler observed the Academy episodes and joined the judging panel for the live shows ( also observing and commenting on rehearsals ) , together with continuing judges Abdul , Derulo and Lythgoe , the three of whom conducted the auditions . Leon `` Kida '' Burns won the top prize of $250,000 . J.T. Church was the runner - up . Season 14 ( edit ) Main article : So You Think You Can Dance ( U.S. season 14 ) On January 30 , 2017 , Fox renewed the series for a fourteenth season , which returned to its former contestant age range of 18 - 30 but keeps the All - Star partnerships . The season premiered on June 12 , 2017 . Contemporary dancer Lex Ishimoto was the winner of the season with contemporary dance Koine Iwasaki finishing as the runner - up and female winner , becoming the first Asian - Americans to take the top two positions of So You Think You Can Dance . Special shows ( edit ) On September 2 , 2009 , as prelude to season 6 , a special show aired featuring judge picks for the top 15 routines from the first five seasons . At the end of the show , show creator and judge Nigel Lythgoe presented his favorite performance , a contemporary piece choreographed by Tyce Diorio and performed by Melissa Sandvig and Ade Obayomi . In March 2014 , Chinese television station CCTV broadcast a promotional episode in which notable all - star dancers from the U.S. and Chinese versions of So You Think You Can Dance competed directly against one - another as teams . Titled Zhōngměi Wǔ Lín Guànjūn Duìkàngsài - Super Dancer Born Tonight , the show was shot in Las Vegas but never aired on U.S. television . Ratings ( edit ) So You Think You Can Dance premiered with over 10 million viewers in 2005 . For Season 1 , it was the No. 1 summer show on television . However , when NBC 's America 's Got Talent premiered in the summer of 2006 , it took the title of `` # 1 summer show '' and , over the following few years , broadened its lead . In summer 2009 , SYTYCD premiered strong with a 3.4 rating in its target demographic , although with the start of America 's Got Talent roughly a month later in the same timeslot , Dance fell to No. 4 on the ratings board . It continued to lose viewers throughout the summer of 2009 and ended up with an average of approximately 8 million viewers . Fox then moved SYTYCD to its fall 2009 schedule where its ratings continued to decline ; hitting an all - time series low of 4.6 million viewers for a `` special '' episode hosted by Nigel Lythgoe on September 2 , 2009 . The move to the fall was short - lived . After dropping to an average of 6 million viewers , Fox moved SYTYCD back to the summer in 2010 . With Mia Michaels replacing Mary Murphy and former contestants termed as `` All - Stars '' being used as partners , the ratings for Dance continued to slide to all - time series lows ; dropping to just 5.6 million viewers on July 15 , 2010 . For Season 7 , So You Think You Can Dance averaged just over 5 million viewers . After season 7 , Mia Michaels was replaced on the judge 's panel by returning personality Mary Murphy . The change appeared to have little effect on the ratings , and the show continued to average just over five million viewers per episode in 2011 's season 8 . Season 9 saw a slight uptick in ratings early on , with each of the season 's first five episodes garnering between six and seven million viewers , but the rise was short - lived and the show 's ratings hit a new low of 4.16 million viewers on August 29 , 2012 . Season 10 maintained similar numbers , averaging about 4 million viewers per episode in 2013 , with a 4.3 million viewership for the last episode of the season , an all - time series low for a finale . In April 2014 , Nigel Lythgoe appealed on Twitter to fans to share information about the show ahead of the 11th season 's May premiere in an attempt to augment the show 's ratings for the upcoming season and bolster its chances of renewal thereafter . The show was renewed for a 12th season , but ratings continued to decline , with an average of around 3.5 million viewers per show . FOX renewed the show for a 13th season , but with a drastically re-worked format focused on child dancers . Ratings declined further for the new version , with only five episodes breaking the 3 million viewer mark ; the finale saw a series low viewership of just 2.27 million viewers . In 2016 , a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that `` in general '' , Dance `` is more popular in cities , though it hits peak popularity in Utah '' . Influence and international franchise ( edit ) Dance competition had been a part of American television for decades before the premiere of So You Think You Can Dance , but usually in the form of all - around talent searches , ( such as Star Search , Soul Train , or Showtime at the Apollo ) . However , a season - long American Idol - like talent - search show with a sole focus on dance had never been broadcast on American network television . Producers and judges associated with the show have stated on numerous occasions , both within the context of the show and in interviews , that the series was meant to rejuvenate the visibility and appreciation of dance as an art form in the U.S. and to give exposure to struggling dancers . Series judge Mary Murphy says , for example , `` Of course you hope you can make a living at it , because you do n't want to give up on something that you do , but the honest truth is most dancers have to carry one or two jobs and dance as much as they can on the side -- it 's a very lucky dancer who gets a full scholarship . '' A number of dance - themed competition shows have been produced for American television since the premiere of So You Think You Can Dance , including America 's Best Dance Crew , Superstars of Dance , and Live to Dance . Since the premiere of the U.S. version in Summer 2005 , localized adaptations of So You Think You Can Dance have been produced for 37 other countries . In 2009 , Lythgoe came together with fellow SYTYCD judge Adam Shankman as well as Katie Holmes , Carrie Ann Inaba , and others in the dance entertainment industry , in an effort to launch The Dizzyfeet Foundation , with the aim of providing scholarships and training to young dancers of limited means . The foundation has been referenced sporadically on the show since . In 2010 , Lythgoe , with the assistance of other SYTYCD personalities and long - time healthy lifestyles proponent Congresswoman Eleanor Holmes Norton , was successful in getting another of his dance - oriented concepts realized -- an official National Dance Day , held now annually on the last Saturday of July , to promote fitness through movement . This national dance day has been celebrated annually by the show since . Before the end of 2005 , the year the series first premiered , its format had already been licensed for the first of a number foreign adaptations . To date , the resulting So You Think You Can Dance franchise has produced 26 shows representing 37 different countries and comprising more than 80 individual seasons . These adaptations have aired in Armenia , Australia , Belgium , Canada , China , Denmark , Egypt , Finland , France , Germany , Greece , Iraq , India , Israel , Jordan , Kuwait , Lebanon , Lithuania , Malaysia , Morocco , the Netherlands , New Zealand , Norway , Palestinian Territories , Poland , Portugal , Qatar , South Africa , Sudan , Sweden , Syria , Tunisia , Turkey , Ukraine , United Arab Emirates , the United Kingdom and Vietnam . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Emmy Awards ( edit ) ( hide ) Emmy Awards and nominations Year Result Category Recipient ( s ) / Choreographer ( s ) Style Music 2007 Won Outstanding Choreography Wade Robson Pop - Jazz `` Ramalama ( Bang Bang ) '' -- Róisín Murphy Mia Michaels Contemporary `` Calling You '' -- Celine Dion 2008 Won Outstanding Choreography Wade Robson Jazz Hummingbird and Flower / `` The Chairman 's Waltz '' from Memoirs of a Geisha Nominated Mandy Moore Jazz Table / `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' -- Eurythmics Nominated Shane Sparks Hip - hop Transformers / `` Fuego '' -- Pitbull Nominated Outstanding Makeup For A Multi-Camera Series Or Special ( Non-Prosthetic ) 2009 Won Outstanding Choreography Tyce Diorio Contemporary Adam and Eve / `` Silence '' from Unfaithful Nominated Tabitha and Napoleon D'umo Hip - hop `` Bleeding Love '' -- Leona Lewis Nominated Mia Michaels Contemporary `` Mercy '' -- Duffy Nominated Dmitry Chaplin Argentine tango `` A Los Amigos '' from Forever Tango Nominated Outstanding Makeup For A Multi-Camera Series Or Special ( Non-Prosthetic ) Won Outstanding Costumes For A Variety / Music Program Or A Special Soyon An Won Outstanding Choreography Mia Michaels Contemporary `` Koop Island Blues '' -- Koop feat Ane Brun Contemporary Addiction / `` Gravity '' -- Sara Bareilles Contemporary `` One '' from A Chorus Line Nominated Stacey Tookey Contemporary Fear / `` Two Steps Away '' -- Patti LaBelle Nominated Outstanding Makeup For A Multi-Camera Series Or Special ( Non-Prosthetic ) Won Outstanding Costumes For A Variety / Music Program Or A Special Soyon An Graine O'Sullivan 2011 Won Outstanding Choreography Tabitha and Napoleon D'umo Hip - Hop `` Scars '' -- Basement Jaxx ft . Kelis , Meleka , and Chipmunk Lyrical Hip - Hop `` Fallin ' '' -- Alicia Keys Hip - Hop `` Outta Your Mind '' ( District 78 Mix ) -- Lil Jon and LMFAO Won Mia Michaels Contemporary Alice in Mia - Land / `` Every Little Thing She Does Is Magic '' -- Sting Contemporary `` When We Dance '' -- Sting Contemporary `` This Bitter Earth / On the Nature of Twilight '' -- Max Richter and Dinah Washington Nominated Mandy Moore Pop - Jazz `` Oh Yeah '' -- Yello Jazz `` Boogie Shoes '' -- KC & the Sunshine Band Contemporary `` I Surrender '' -- Celine Dion Nominated Stacey Tookey Contemporary `` Mad World '' ( Alternate Version ) -- Michael Andrews ft . Gary Jules Contemporary `` Sundrenched World '' ( Live Session ) -- Joshua Radin Contemporary `` Heaven is a Place on Earth '' -- Katie Thompson Nominated Travis Wall Contemporary `` Collide '' ( Acoustic Version ) -- Howie Day Contemporary `` How It Ends '' -- DeVotchKa Contemporary `` Fix You '' -- Coldplay Nominated Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Cat Deeley Won Outstanding Lighting Design / Lighting Direction for a Variety , Music , or Comedy Series Robert Barnhart Pete Radice Patrick Boozer Matt Firestone Nominated Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Producers 2012 Nominated Outstanding Choreography Stacey Tookey Contemporary `` In This Shirt '' -- The Irrepressibles Contemporary `` Turning Tables '' -- Adele Contemporary `` Heart Asks Pleasure First '' -- Ahn Trio Nominated Christopher Scott Hip - hop `` Misty Blue '' -- Dorothy Moore Hip - hop / Contemporary `` Velocity '' -- Nathan Lanier Nominated Spencer Liff Broadway `` Whatever Lola Wants '' -- Ella Fitzgerald Broadway `` Please Mr. Jailer '' -- Rachel Sweet Broadway `` ( Where Do I Begin ) Love Story ( Away Team Remix ) '' -- Shirley Bassey Nominated Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Cat Deeley Won Outstanding Lighting Design / Lighting Direction for a Variety Series Robert Barnhart Matt Firestone Pete Radice Patrick Boozer Nominated Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Producers 2013 Nominated Outstanding Choreography Sonya Tayeh Contemporary `` Possibly Maybe '' -- Björk Contemporary `` Turning Page '' -- Sleeping At Last Jazz `` Sail '' -- Awolnation Nominated Mandy Moore Contemporary `` The Power of Love '' -- Celine Dion Contemporary `` Wild Horses '' -- Charlotte Martin Nominated Tabitha and Napoleon D'umo Jazz / Hip - hop `` The Circle of Life / Nants Ingonyama ( District 78 Remix ) from The Lion King '' -- Ella Fitzgerald Jazz `` The Lovecats '' -- The Cure Jazz The Beautiful People ( District 78 remix ) `` -- Marilyn Manson Nominated Travis Wall Contemporary `` Where the Light Gets In '' -- Sennen Contemporary `` Without You '' -- Harry Nilsson Contemporary `` Unchained Melody '' -- The Righteous Brothers Nominated Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Cat Deeley Nominated Outstanding Lighting Design / Lighting Direction for a Variety Series Robert Barnhart Matt Firestone Pete Radice Patrick Boozer Nominated Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Producers 2014 Nominated Outstanding Choreography Christopher Scott Hip - hop `` Trigger ( Original Mix ) '' -- Kezwik ft . Mel Presson Jazz `` Sand '' -- Nathan Lanier ft . Karen Whipple Contemporary `` The Gravel Road '' from The Village ( Score from the Motion Picture ) Nominated Mandy Moore Contemporary `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' -- Mark Masri Jazz `` Feeling Good '' -- Jennifer Hudson Contemporary `` Edge of Glory ( Live from a Very Gaga Thanksgiving ) '' -- Lady Gaga Won Tabitha and Napoleon D'umo Hip - hop `` Gold Rush '' -- Clinton Sparks ft. 2 Chainz , Macklemore , & D.A. Hip - Hop `` Run the World ( Girls ) ( Nappytabs Remix ) '' -- Beyoncé Hip - Hop `` Puttin ' On the Ritz '' -- Herb Alpert ft . Lani Hall Nominated Travis Wall Contemporary `` Hangin ' By a Thread '' -- Jann Arden Contemporary `` Medicine '' -- Daughter Contemporary `` Wicked Game ( Live at Kilkenny Arts Festival , Ireland 2011 ) '' -- James Vincent McMorrow Nominated Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Cat Deeley Nominated Outstanding Makeup For A Multi-Camera Series Or Special ( Non-Prosthetic ) Nominated Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Producers 2015 Won Outstanding Choreography Travis Wall Contemporary `` Wave '' -- Beck Contemporary `` When I Go '' -- Over the Rhine Contemporary `` Wind Beneath My Wings '' -- RyanDan Nominated Sonya Tayeh Contemporary `` Vow '' -- Meredith Monk Contemporary `` So Broken ( Live ) '' -- Björk Contemporary `` Europe , After The Rain '' -- Max Richter Nominated Spencer Liff Broadway `` Hernando 's Hideaway '' -- Ella Fitzgerald Broadway `` I 've Got the World on a String '' -- Frank Sinatra Broadway `` Maybe This Time '' -- Liza Minnelli Nominated Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Cat Deeley Nominated Outstanding Lighting Design / Lighting Direction for a Variety Series Robert Barnhart Matt Firestone Patrick Boozer Pete Radice Nominated Outstanding Hairstyling for a Multi-Camera Series Or Special Sallie Nicole Sean Smith Dean Banowetz Ralph Abalos Shawn Finch Melissa Jaqua Nominated Outstanding Makeup for a Multi-Camera Series or Special Heather Cummings Marie DelPrete Amy Harmon Tyson Fountaine Adam Christopher Nominated Outstanding Reality Competiton Program Producers 2016 Nominated Outstanding Choreography Travis Wall Contemporary `` Beautiful Friends '' -- Helen Money Contemporary `` November '' -- Max Richter Contemporary `` Gimme All Your Love '' -- Alabama Shakes Nominated Anthony Morigerato Tap `` Dibidy Dop ( Swing Mix ) '' -- Club Des Belugas feat . Brenda Boykin Nominated Outstanding Lighting Design / Lighting Direction for a Variety Series Robert Barnhart Matt Firestone Patrick Boozer Pete Radice 2017 Won Outstanding Choreography Travis Wall Contemporary `` The Mirror '' -- Alexandre Desplat Contemporary `` Send in the Clowns '' -- Sarah Vaughan and the Count Basie Orchestra Contemporary `` She Used to be Mine '' -- Sara Bareilles Nominated Mandy Moore Contemporary `` Unsteady ( Erich Lee Gravity Remix ) '' -- X Ambassadors Contemporary `` This is Not the End '' -- Clare Maguire Nominated Outstanding Lighting Design / Lighting Direction for a Variety Series Robert Barnhart Matt Firestone Patrick Boozer Pete Radice As of 2017 , nine former SYTYCD contestants have been nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Choreography . Five were nominated for their work on Dancing with the Stars : Chelsie Hightower in 2010 , Travis Wall and Nick Lazzarini in 2012 ( with Teddy Forance ) , Alison Holker in 2013 ( with Derek Hough ) , and Witney Carson in 2015 . Hokuto `` Hok '' Konishi , Ryan `` Ryanimay '' Conferido , and Dominic `` D - Trix '' Sandoval were nominated in 2016 as part of the B - boy troupe Quest Crew for their work on America 's Best Dance Crew . Dmitry Chaplin in 2009 and Travis Wall in 2011 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , and 2017 were nominated for their work on SYTYCD , itself . The only former contestants to have won the Choreography Emmy are Konishi , Conferido , and Sandoval in 2016 and Wall in 2015 and 2017 . ^ a : Wade Robson and Mia Michaels were joint - winners along with Rob Marshall and John Deluca from Tony Bennett : An American Classic . Teen Choice Awards ( edit ) Year Result Category 2006 Won Choice TV : Breakout Show Choice Summer Series 2007 Nominated Choice Summer TV Show 2008 Nominated Choice Summer TV Show Choice TV : Reality Dance Nominated Choice Personality : Cat Deeley Choice Summer TV Show See also ( edit ) Dance portal So You Think You Can Dance franchise index and overview List of So You Think You Can Dance Finalists Dance on television Similar shows : The Ultimate Dance Battle Live to Dance / Got to Dance America 's Best Dance Crew Superstars of Dance Dance India Dance Se Ela Dança , Eu Danço References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' So You Think You Can Dance ' stays alive with Season 14 pickup from FOX '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gennis , Sadie ( January 22 , 2015 ) . `` So You Think You Can Dance Replacing Mary Murphy with Paula Abdul , Jason Derulo '' . TV Guide . United States : tvguide.com . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Gallagher , Caitlin . `` Maddie Finally Judges So You Think You Can Dance & Offers Relatable Feedback to ' The Next Generation ' '' , Bustle.com , July 11 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` FOX Announces Summer Schedule , ' SYTYCD ' to Premiere in May '' . Buddytv.com . Retrieved February 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived November 21 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( July 28 , 2009 ) . `` Fox Moves Up Two Fall Premieres ; Plus a Glee Video Preview '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved July 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Auditions : Get a 2nd Chance as Dance Doubles Down with Summer & Fall Shows ! Details Here '' . FOX.com . May 20 , 2009 . Retrieved June 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Barrett , Annie ( 2012 - 01 - 02 ) . `` Lythgoe : Fox axes ' So You Think You Can Dance ' results show '' . Insidetv.ew.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Kondology , Amanda ( February 28 , 2013 ) . `` FOX Announces Finale Dates for ' Bones ' , ' The Following ' , ' New Girl ' & More + Summer Premiere Dates Including ' So You Think You Can Dance ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondology , Amanda ( April 8 , 2013 ) . `` ' So You Think You Can Dance ' & ' Toxic Office : Does Someone Have to Go ? ' Get Summer Premiere Dates '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' FOX Announces Additional 2014 Spring and Summer Premiere Dates ' '' . Jump up ^ `` So You Think You Can Dance Renewed for Season 12 -- With a Twist ! '' . Jump up ^ `` So You Think You Can Dance Season 12 Hits the Road ! '' . Jump up ^ `` ' So You Think You Can Dance ' Kids Edition Confirmed '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 1 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Petralia , Christine . `` So You Think You Can Dance Recap : Which Two Dancers are Eliminated ? '' , BuddyTV.com , August 1 , 2016 Jump up ^ Connolly , Kelly . `` So You Think You Can Dance : The Next Generation : Get your exclusive look at the first promo '' , Entertainment Weekly , April 7 , 2016 Jump up ^ Petralia , Christine . `` So You Think You Can Dance Season 13 Finale Recap : And the Winner Is ... '' , BuddyTV.com , September 12 , 2016 Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' So You Think You Can Dance ' stays alive with Season 14 pickup from FOX '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Yeo , Debra ( April 29 , 2014 ) . `` Nigel Lythgoe asks Twitter followers to save So You Think You Can Dance '' . The Toronto Star . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brown , Laurel ( April 29 , 2014 ) . `` Is ' So You Think You Can Dance ' in trouble ? Nigel Lythgoe tweets for support '' . Zap2it . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Katz , Josh ( 2016 - 12 - 27 ) . `` ' Duck Dynasty ' vs. ' Modern Family ' : 50 Maps of the U.S. Cultural Divide '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` L.A. Music Examiner - ' ' Catching Up With Mary Murphy at the So You Think You Can Dance L.A. Auditions '' . Youtube.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Andrew ( July 2 , 2009 ) . `` Holmes , Lythgoe team for Dizzy Feet '' . Variety . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Norton Introduces Resolution to Launch Annual National Dance Day ( 7 / 13 / 2010 ) '' . Norton.house.gov . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived June 27 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Camus , Renee ( September 20 , 2013 ) . `` Choreographing Couple Tabitha and Napoleon Dumo : Not Just Hip - Hop Anymore '' . Los Angeles Magazine . Retrieved September 22 , 2013 . ' That first piece we did was not hip - hop at all , ' Napoleon says about Love Cats . ' Cat ( Deeley , the host ) introduced it as hip - hop . During dress rehearsal , we made it very clear that it 's jazz - fusion . ' Jump up ^ http://www.emmys.com ; https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/22/arts/television/2013-emmy-award-nominees.html ; https://www.yahoo.com/music/quest-crew-discuss-emotional-emmy-winning-americas-best-dance-crew-routine-075116614.html External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : So You Think You Can Dance ( United States ) Official website So You Think You Can Dance episode list at TVGuide.com So You Think You Can Dance on IMDb So You Think You Can Dance at TV.com So You Think You Can Dance Arabia Armenia Australia Benelux Canada China Denmark Finland France Germany Greece India Israel Lithuania Malaysia New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Scandinavia South Africa Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom United States Vietnam So You Think You Can Dance ( United States ) Seasons 1 ( 2005 ) 2 ( 2006 ) 3 ( 2007 ) 4 ( 2008 ) 5 ( summer 2009 ) 6 ( fall 2009 ) 7 ( 2010 ) 8 ( 2011 ) 9 ( 2012 ) 10 ( 2013 ) 11 ( 2014 ) 12 ( 2015 ) 13 ( The Next Generation ) ( 2016 ) 14 ( 2017 ) Winners Nick Lazzarini Benji Schwimmer Sabra Johnson Joshua Allen Jeanine Mason Russell Ferguson Lauren Froderman Melanie Moore Eliana Girard & Chehon Wespi - Tschopp Du - Shaunt `` Fik - Shun '' Stegall & Amy Yakima Ricky Ubeda Gaby Diaz Leon `` Kida '' Burns Lex Ishimoto Other finalists Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Season 8 Season 9 Season 10 Season 11 Season 12 Season 13 Season 14 Fox programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime American Grit ( since 2016 ) Bob 's Burgers ( since 2011 ) Beat Shazam ( since 2017 ) Brooklyn Nine - Nine ( since 2013 ) Empire ( since 2015 ) The Exorcist ( since 2016 ) The F Word ( since 2017 ) Family Guy ( 1999 -- 2002 ; since 2005 ) Ghosted ( since 2017 ) The Gifted ( since 2017 ) Gotham ( since 2014 ) Hell 's Kitchen ( since 2005 ) Home Free ( since 2015 ) Hotel Hell ( since 2012 ) The Last Man on Earth ( since 2015 ) Lethal Weapon ( since 2016 ) Love Connection ( since 2017 ) Lucifer ( since 2016 ) MasterChef ( since 2010 ) MasterChef Junior ( since 2013 ) The Mick ( since 2017 ) Miss Universe ( since 2015 ) Miss USA ( since 2016 ) New Girl ( since 2011 ) The Orville ( since 2017 ) The Simpsons ( since 1989 ) So You Think You Can Dance ( since 2005 ) Star ( since 2016 ) Wayward Pines ( since 2015 ) The X-Files ( 1993 -- 2002 ; since 2016 ) News Fox News Sunday ( since 1996 ) Sports Fox College Football ( since 1999 ) MLB on Fox ( since 1996 ) Fox NASCAR ( since 2001 ) Fox NFL / Fox NFL Sunday ( since 1994 ) The OT ( since 2005 ) Fox USGA ( since 2014 ) Fox UFC ( since 2011 ) Upcoming 9 - 1 - 1 ( 2018 ) Famous ( TBA ) The Four ( 2018 ) LA to Vegas ( 2018 ) The Resident ( 2018 ) See also 4Kids TV Fox Kids Speed on Fox Weekend Marketplace TCA Award for Outstanding Achievement in Reality Programming The Amazing Race ( 2011 ) So You Think You Can Dance ( 2012 ) Shark Tank ( 2013 ) RuPaul 's Drag Race ( 2014 ) The Chair ( 2015 ) Making a Murderer ( 2016 ) Leah Remini : Scientology and the Aftermath ( 2017 ) Teen Choice Award for Choice Breakout Series Popular ( 2000 ) The Bernie Mac Show ( 2002 ) 8 Simple Rules ( 2003 ) The O.C. ( 2004 ) Desperate Housewives ( 2005 ) So You Think You Can Dance ( 2006 ) Heroes ( 2007 ) Gossip Girl ( 2008 ) Jonas ( 2009 ) The Vampire Diaries ( 2010 ) The Voice ( 2011 ) The X Factor ( 2012 ) The Fosters ( 2013 ) Faking It ( 2014 ) Empire ( 2015 ) Shadowhunters ( 2016 ) Riverdale ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=So_You_Think_You_Can_Dance_(U.S._TV_series)&oldid=809981136 '' Categories : 2005 American television series debuts 2000s American television series 2010s American television series English - language television programs Television series by Dick Clark Productions So You Think You Can Dance ( United States ) Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from November 2011 Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Dansk Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Lietuvių 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 November 2017 , at 18 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So%20You%20Think%20You%20Can%20Dance%20%28U.S.%20TV%20series%29
| 2,131 |
a big part of the history of central america involves the us protecting its economic interests
|
Salvadoran Civil War
|
salvadoran civil war
|
Chapultepec Peace Accords of 1992 ;
|
Restructuring of Salvadoran Armed Forces National Guard , National Police and Treasury Police are dissolved ( new civilian - overseen police created ) FMLN guerrilla are dissolved FMLN becomes a political party , its combatants are exonerated Belligerents Salvadoran military government Paramilitary death squads Foreign mercenaries ( unknown number , possibly hundreds ) Supported by United States Chile Argentina ( 1979 -- 1982 ) Israel Taiwan FMLN ( CRM ) FDR FPL RN ( FAPU ) PRTC ( MLP ) PCS Supported by Cuba Nicaragua ( 1979 -- 1990 ) Commanders and leaders Roberto D'Aubuisson Álvaro Magaña José Guillermo García José Napoleón Duarte Carlos Eugenio Vides Casanova Alfredo Cristiani Schafik Handal Joaquín Villalobos Cayetano Carpio Salvador Sánchez Cerén Strength 9,850 ( 1980 ) 39,000 -- 51,150 ( 1985 ) 63,000 -- 70,000 Some 55,000 Regulars and 15,000 paramilitary ( 1992 ) 12,000 -- 15,000 ( 1984 ) 6,000 -- 15,000 ( 1985 ) ( probably 10,000 ) 8,000 -- 10,000 ( 1992 ) Casualties and losses 7,000 dead 20,000 dead 70,000 -- 80,000 ( total dead ) ; 8,000 disappeared ; 550,000 internally displaced and 500,000 refugees in other countries Salvadoran Civil War 1979 coup d'état Assassination of Óscar Romero El Mozote massacre El Calabozo massacre 1985 Zona Rosa attacks 1989 murders of Jesuits 1980 murders of U.S. missionaries Chapultepec Peace Accords Truth Commission for El Salvador The Salvadoran Civil War was a conflict between the military - led government of El Salvador and the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front ( FMLN ) , a coalition or `` umbrella organization '' of several left - wing groups . A coup on October 15 , 1979 , led to the killings of anti-coup protesters by the government as well as anti-disorder protesters by the guerrillas , and is widely seen as the tipping point toward civil war . The full - fledged civil war lasted for more than 12 years and saw extreme violence from both sides . It also included the deliberate terrorizing and targeting of civilians by death squads , recruitment of child soldiers and other violations of human rights , mostly by the military . An unknown number of people disappeared during the conflict , and the UN reports that more than 75,000 were killed . The United States contributed to the conflict by providing large amounts of military aid to the government of El Salvador during the Carter and Reagan administrations . The Salvadoran government was considered `` friendly '' by the U.S. in the context of the Cold War . The United Nations has estimated that the FMLN guerrillas were responsible for 5 % of the murders of civilians during the civil war , while approximately 85 % of all killings of civilians were committed by the Salvadoran armed forces and death squads . In 1990 the UN began peace negotiations and on January 16 , 1992 , a final agreement , The Chapultepec Peace Accords , was signed by the combatants in Mexico City , formally ending the conflict . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Coup d'état , repression and insurrection : 1979 -- 81 3 `` Draining the Sea '' 4 Interim government and continued violence : 1982 -- 1984 5 Duarte presidency : 1984 -- 1989 6 Death squads and peace accords : 1990 -- 1992 7 Aftermath 7.1 Truth Commission 7.2 Military reform 7.3 National Civilian Police 8 Human Rights Commission of El Salvador 9 Post-war international litigation 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 12.1 Books 12.2 Journals / academic studies 13 External links Background ( edit ) Gen. Carlos Humberto Romero , military president of El Salvador ( 1977 -- 1979 ) . His presidency was characterized by increased civil unrest and government repression . El Salvador has historically been characterized by marked socioeconomic inequality . In the late 19th century coffee became a major cash crop for El Salvador , bringing in approximately 95 % of the country 's income . However , this income was restricted to only 2 % of the population , exacerbating a divide between a small but powerful land owning elite and an impoverished majority . This divide grew through the 1920s and was compounded by a drop in coffee prices following the stock - market crash of 1929 . In 1932 the Central American Socialist Party was formed and led an uprising of peasants and indigenous people against the government . The rebellion was brutally suppressed in the 1932 Salvadoran peasant massacre . `` La Matanza '' as it came to be known , allowed a military led government to maintain power and reinforced the animosity of many Salvadorans towards the government , military , and landed elite . That tension grew throughout the 20th century . The Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front ( FMLN , ) a leftist group that formed in the 1970s , took their name from one of the rebellion 's communist leaders . On July 14 , 1969 , an armed conflict erupted between El Salvador and Honduras over immigration disputes caused by Honduran land reform laws . The conflict ( known as the Football War ) lasted only four days , but had major long - term effects for Salvadoran society . Trade was disrupted between El Salvador and Honduras , causing tremendous economic damage to both nations . An estimated 300,000 Salvadorans were displaced due to battle , many of whom were exiled from Honduras ; in many cases , the Salvadoran government could not meet their needs . The Football War also strengthened the power of the military in El Salvador , leading to heightened corruption . In the years following the war , the government increased military spending and expanded purchases of weaponry from sources such as Israel , Brazil , West Germany and the United States in an attempt to modernize the Salvadoran army . The 1973 oil crisis led to rising food prices and decreased agricultural output . This worsened the existent socioeconomic inequality in the country , leading to increased unrest . In response , President Arturo Armando Molina enacted a series of land reform measures , calling for large landholdings to be redistributed among the peasant population . The reforms failed , thanks to opposition from the landed elite , reinforcing the widespread discontent with the government . On 20 February 1977 Gen. Carlos Humberto Romero , representing the National Conciliation Party ( PCN ) , defeated the National Opposing Union in elections marred by blatant fraud and voter intimidation by government - sponsored paramilitary forces such as the feared ORDEN , which intimidated voters with machetes . The period between the election and the formal inauguration of President Romero on 1 July 1977 was characterized by massive protests from the popular movement , which were met by state repression . On 28 February 1977 a crowd of political demonstrators gathered in downtown San Salvador to protest the electoral fraud . Security forces arrived on the scene and opened fire , resulting in a massacre as they indiscriminately killed demonstrators and bystanders alike . Estimates of the number of civilians killed range between 200 and 1,500 . President Molina blamed the protests on `` foreign Communists '' and immediately exiled a number of top UNO party members from the country . Repression continued after the inauguration of President Romero , with his new government declaring a state - of - siege and suspending civil liberties . In the countryside the agrarian elite organized and funded paramilitary death squads , such as the infamous Regalado 's Armed Forces ( FAR ) led by Hector Regalado . While the death squads were initially autonomous from the Salvadoran military and composed of civilians ( the FAR , for example , had developed out of a Boy Scout troop ) , they were soon taken over by El Salvador 's military intelligence service , ANSESAL , led by Maj . Roberto D'Aubuisson , and became a crucial part of the state 's repressive apparatus , murdering thousands of union leaders , activists , students and teachers suspected of sympathizing with the left . The Socorro Jurídico Cristiano ( Christian Legal Assistance , a legal aid office within the archbishop 's office and El Salvador 's leading human rights group at the time ) documented the killings of 687 civilians by government forces in 1978 . In 1979 the number of documented killings increased to 1,796 . The repression prompted many in the Catholic Church to denounce the government , which responded by repressing the clergy . Historian M.A. Serpas posits the displacement and dispossession rates as a major factor . El Salvador is an agrarian society , with coffee fueling its economy , where `` 77 % of the arable land belonged to . 01 % of the population . Nearly 35 % of the civilians in El Salvador were disfranchised from land ownership either through historical injustices , war or economic downturns in the commodities market . During this time frame , the country also experienced a growing population amidst major disruption in agrarian commerce and trade . '' A threat to land change meant a challenge to a state where `` marriages intertwined , making the wealthiest coffee processors and exporters ( more so than the growers ) also those with the highest ties in the military . '' -- M.A. Serpas Coup d'état , repression and insurrection : 1979 -- 81 ( edit ) Part of a series on the History of El Salvador Spanish conquest ( 1524 - 1539 ) 1811 Independence Movement 1931 - 1979 Salvadoran Civil War ( 1979 - 1992 ) With tensions mounting and the country on the verge of an insurrection , the civil - military Revolutionary Government Junta ( JRG ) deposed President Gen. Carlos Humberto Romero in a coup on October 15 , 1979 . The U.S. feared that El Salvador , like Nicaragua and Cuba before it , could fall to communist revolution . Thus , Jimmy Carter 's administration supported the new military government with vigor hoping to promote stability in the country . While Carter provided some support to the government , the subsequent administration significantly increased U.S. spending in El Salvador . By 1984 Reagan would spend nearly $1 billion on economic aid for Salvadoran government . Under pressure from the military , all three civilian members of the junta resigned on January 3 , 1980 , along with 10 of the 11 cabinet ministers . On January 22 , 1980 , the Salvadoran National Guard attacked a massive peaceful demonstration , killing up to 50 people and wounding hundreds more . On February 6 US ambassador Frank Devine informed the State Department that the extreme right was arming itself and preparing for a confrontation in which it clearly expected to ally itself with the military . Wishing to project a populist image , the JRG enacted a land reform program , which restricted landholdings to a 100 - hectare maximum , nationalised the banking , coffee and sugar industries , scheduled elections for February 1982 and disbanded the paramilitary private death squad ORDEN on November 6 , 1979 . However , the land reform program was received with hostility from El Salvador 's military and economic elites , which sought to sabotage the process as soon as it began . Upon learning of the government 's intent to distribute land to the peasants and organize cooperatives , wealthy Salvadoran landowners began killing their own livestock and moving valuable farming equipment across the border into Guatemala , where many Salvadoran elites owned additional land . In addition , most co-op leaders in the countryside were assassinated or `` disappeared '' soon after being elected and becoming visible to the authorities . The Socorro Jurídico documented a jump in documented government killings from 234 in February 1980 to 487 the following month . `` In one case that has received little attention , '' Human Rights Watch noted , `` US Embassy officials apparently collaborated with the death squad abduction of two law students in January 1980 . National Guard troops arrested two youths , Francisco Ventura and José Humberto Mejía , following an anti-government demonstration . The National Guard received permission to bring the youths onto Embassy grounds . Shortly thereafter , a private car drove into the Embassy parking lot . Men in civilian dress put the students in the trunk of their car and drove away . Ventura and Mejía were never seen again . '' In February 1980 Archbishop Óscar Romero published an open letter to US President Jimmy Carter in which he pleaded with him to suspend the United States ' ongoing program of military aid to the Salvadoran regime . He advised Carter that `` Political power is in the hands of the armed forces . They know only how to repress the people and defend the interests of the Salvadoran oligarchy . '' Romero warned that US support would only `` sharpen the injustice and repression against the organizations of the people which repeatedly have been struggling to gain respect for their fundamental human rights . '' On 24 March 1980 , the Archbishop was assassinated while celebrating mass , the day after he called upon Salvadoran soldiers and security force members to not follow their orders to kill Salvadoran civilians . President Jimmy Carter stated this was a `` shocking and unconscionable act '' . At his funeral a week later , government - sponsored snipers in the National Palace and on the periphery of the Gerardo Barrios Plaza were responsible for the shooting of 42 mourners . On 7 May 1980 , former Army Major Roberto D'Aubuisson was arrested with a group of civilians and soldiers at a farm . The raiders found documents connecting him and the civilians as organizers and financiers of the death squad who killed Archbishop Romero , and of plotting a coup d'état against the JRG . Their arrest provoked right - wing terrorist threats and institutional pressures forcing the JRG to release D'Aubuisson . In 1993 , a U.N. investigation confirmed that D'Aubuisson ordered the assassination . A week after the arrest of Roberto D'Aubuisson , the National Guard and the newly reorganized paramilitary Organización Democrática Nacionalista ( ORDEN ) , with the cooperation of the Military of Honduras , carried out a large massacre at the Sumpul River on May 14 , 1980 , in which an estimated 600 civilians were killed , mostly women and children . Escaping villagers were prevented from crossing the river by the Honduran armed forces , `` and then killed by Salvadoran troops who fired on them in cold blood . '' Over the course of 1980 , the Salvadoran Army and three main security forces ( National Guard , National Police and Treasury Police ) were estimated to have killed 11,895 people , mostly peasants , trade unionists , teachers , students , journalists , human rights advocates , priests , and other prominent demographics among the popular movement . Human rights organizations judged the Salvadoran government to have among the worst human rights records in the hemisphere . `` The immediate goal of the Salvadoran army and security forces -- and of the United States in 1980 , was to prevent a takeover by the leftist - led guerrillas and their allied political organizations . At this point in the Salvadoran conflict the latter were much more important than the former . The military resources of the rebels were extremely limited and their greatest strength , by far , lay not in force of arms but in their `` mass organizations '' made up of labor unions , student and peasant organizations that could be mobilized by the thousands in El Salvador 's major cities and could shut down the country through strikes . '' Critics of US military aid charged that `` it would legitimate what has become dictatorial violence and that political power in El Salvador lay with old - line military leaders in government positions who practice a policy of ' reform with repression . ' '' A prominent Catholic spokesman insisted that `` any military aid you send to El Salvador ends up in the hands of the military and paramilitary rightist groups who are themselves at the root of the problems of the country . '' As the government began to expand its violence towards its citizens , not only through death squads but also through the military , any group of citizens that attempted to provide any form of support whether physically or verbally ran the risk of death . Even so , many still chose to participate . But the violence was not limited to just activists but also to anyone who promoted ideas that `` questioned official policy '' were tacitly assumed to be subversive against the government . A marginalized group that metamorphosed into a guerilla force that would end up confronting these government forces manifested itself in campesinos or peasants . Many of these insurgents joined collective action campaigns for material gain ; however , in the Salvadoran Civil War , many peasants cited reasons other than material benefits in their decision to join the fight . Piety was a popular reason for joining the insurrection because they saw their participation as a way of not only advancing a personal cause but a communal sentiment of divine justice . Even prior to the Civil War , numerous insurgents took part in other campaigns that tackled social changes much more directly , not only the lack of political representation but also the lack of economic and social opportunities not afforded to their communities . In addition , the insurgents in the Civil War viewed their support of the insurrection as a demonstration of their opposition to the powerful elite 's unfair treatment of peasant communities that they experienced on an everyday basis , so there was a class element associated with these insurgencies . They reveled in their fight against injustice and in their belief that they were writing their own story , an emotion that Elisabeth Wood titled `` pleasure of agency . '' The peasants ' organization thus centered on using their struggle to unite against their oppressors , not only towards the government but the elites as well . A struggle that would soon evolve itself into a political machine that came to be associated with the FMLN . In the early months of 1980 , Salvadoran guerilla groups , workers , communists , and socialists , unified to form the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front ( FMLN . ) The FMLN immediately announced plans for an insurrection against the government , which began on 10 January 1981 with the FMLN 's first major attack . The attack established FMLN control of most of Morazán and Chalatenango departments for the war 's duration . Attacks were launched on military targets throughout the country , leaving hundreds of people dead . On December 2 , 1980 , members of the Salvadoran National Guard were suspected to have raped and murdered four American nuns and a laywoman . Maryknoll missionary nuns Maura Clarke , Ita Ford , and Ursuline nun Dorothy Kazel , and laywoman Jean Donovan were on a Catholic relief mission providing food , shelter , transport , medical care , and burial to death squad victims . U.S. military aid was briefly cut off in response to the murders but would be renewed within six weeks . The outgoing Carter administration increased military aid to the Salvadoran armed forces to $10 million which included $5 million in rifles , ammunition , grenades and helicopters . In justifying these arms shipments , the administration claimed that the regime had taken `` positive steps '' to investigate the murder of four American nuns , but this was disputed by US Ambassador , Robert E. White , who said that he could find no evidence the junta was `` conducting a serious investigation . '' Other countries allied with the United States also intervened in El Salvador . The military government in Chile provided substantial training and tactical advice to the Salvadoran Armed Forces , such that the Salvadoran high command bestowed upon General Augusto Pinochet the prestigious Order of José Matías Delgado in May 1981 for his government 's avid support . During the same month , the JRG strengthened the state of siege , imposed by President Carlos Humberto Romero in May 1979 , by declaring martial law and adopting a new set of curfew regulations . Between January 12 and February 19 , 1981 , 168 persons were killed by the security forces for violating curfew . `` Draining the sea '' ( edit ) In its effort to defeat the insurgency , the Salvadoran Armed Forces carried out a `` scorched earth '' strategy , adopting tactics similar to those being employed by the counterinsurgency in neighboring Guatemala . These tactics were primarily derived and adapted from U.S. strategy during the Vietnam War and taught by American military advisors . An integral part of the Salvadoran Army 's counterinsurgency strategy entailed `` draining the sea '' or `` drying up the ocean , '' that is , eliminating the insurgency by eradicating its support base in the countryside . The primary target was the civilian population -- displacing or killing them in order to remove any possible base of support for the rebels . The concept of `` draining the sea '' had its basis in a doctrine by Mao Zedong which emphasized that `` The guerrilla must move amongst the people as a fish swims in the sea . '' Aryeh Neier , the executive director of Americas Watch wrote in a review of 1984 : `` This may be an effective strategy for winning the war . It is , however , a strategy that involves the use of terror tactics -- bombings , strafings , shellings and , occasionally , massacres of civilians . '' Beginning in 1983 , guerrilla strongholds were found by U.S. reconnaissance planes that relayed intelligence to the Salvadoran military . In its report covering 1981 , Amnesty International identified `` regular security and military units as responsible for widespread torture , mutilation and killings of noncombatant civilians from all sectors of Salvadoran society . '' The report also stated that the killing of civilians by state security forces became increasingly systematic with the implementation of more methodical killing strategies , which allegedly included use of a meat packing plant to dispose of human remains . Between August 20 and August 25 , 1981 , eighty - three decapitations were reported . The murders were later revealed to have been carried out by a death squad using a guillotine . On 15 March 1981 , the Salvadoran Army began a `` sweep '' operation in the department of Cabanas in northern El Salvador near the Honduran border . The sweep was accompanied by the use of scorched earth tactics by the Salvadoran Army and indiscriminate killings of anyone captured by the army . Those displaced by the `` sweep '' who were not killed outright fled the advance of the Salvadoran Army ; hiding in caves and under trees to evade capture and probable summary execution . On 18 March , three days after the sweep in Cabanas began , 4 - 8,000 survivors of the sweep ( mostly women and children ) attempted to cross the Rio Lempa into Honduras to flee violence . There , they were caught between Salvadoran and Honduran troops . The Salvadoran Air Force , subsequently bombed and strafed the fleeing civilians with machine gun fire , killing hundreds . Among the dead were at least 189 persons who were unaccounted for and registered as `` disappeared '' during the operation . A second offensive was launched in the department of Cabanas on 11 November 1981 in which 1,200 troops were mobilized including members of the Atlacatl Battalion ; organized in 1980 at the US Army School of the Americas in Panama . The operation was commanded by Lt. Col. Sigifredo Ochoa , a former Treasury Police chief with a reputation for brutality . Ochoa was close associate of Major Roberto D'Aubuisson and was alleged to have been involved in the assassination of Archbishop Oscar Romero . D'Aubuisson and Ochoa were both members of La Tandona , the class of 1966 at the Escuela Militar . From the start , the invasion of Cabanas was described as a `` cleansing '' operation by official sources . Hundreds of civilians were massacred by the army as Col. Ochoa 's troops moved through the villages . Col. Ochoa claimed that hundreds of guerrillas had been killed but was able to show journalists only fifteen captured weapons , half of them virtual antiques , suggesting that most of those killed in the sweep were unarmed . This operation was followed by additional `` sweeps '' through Morazán Department , spearheaded by the Atlacatl Battalion . On December 11 , 1981 , one month after the `` sweep '' through Cabanas , the Battalion occupied the village of El Mozote and massacred at least 733 and possibly up to 1,000 unarmed civilians in what became known as the El Mozote Massacre . The Atlacatl soldiers accused the adults of collaborating with the guerrillas . The field commander said they were under orders to kill everyone , including the children , who he asserted would just grow up to become guerrillas if they let them live . `` We were going to make an example of these people , '' he said . As details became more widely known , the event became recognized as one of the worst atrocities of the conflict . The repression in rural areas resulted in the displacement of large portions of the rural populace , and many peasants fled . Of those who fled or were displaced , some 20,000 resided in makeshift refugee centers on the Honduran border in conditions of poverty , starvation and disease . The army and death squads forced many of them to flee to the United States , but most were denied asylum . On January 17 -- 18 , 1981 , a US congressional delegation visited the refugee camps in El Salvador on a fact finding mission and submitted a report to Congress . The delegation concluded that `` the Salvadoran method of ' drying up the ocean ' is to eliminate entire villages from the map , to isolate the guerrillas , and deny them any rural base off which they can feed . '' In total , Socorro Jurídico registered 13,353 individual cases of summary execution by government forces over the course of 1981 . However , the true figure for the number of persons killed by the Army and security services could be substantially higher , due to the fact that extrajudicial killings generally went unreported in the countryside and many of the victims ' families remained silent in fear of reprisal . An America 's Watch report described that the Socorro Jurídico figures `` tended to be conservative because its standards of confirmation are strict '' ; killings of persons were registered individually and required proof of being `` not combat related '' . Socorro Jurídico later revised its count of government killings for 1981 up to 16,000 with the induction of new cases . Interim government and continued violence : 1982 -- 1984 ( edit ) Jose Napoleon Duarte at a Christian Democratic Party press conference during the Salvadoran war ( 1982 ) In 1982 , the FMLN began calling for a peace settlement that would establish a `` government of broad participation '' . The Reagan administration said the FMLN wanted to create a Communist dictatorship . Elections were interrupted with right - wing paramilitary attacks and FMLN - suggested boycotts . El Salvador 's National Federation of Lawyers , which represented all of the country 's bar associations , refused to participate in drafting the 1982 electoral law . The lawyers said that the elections could n't possibly be free and fair during a state of siege that suspended all basic rights and freedoms . Attacks against military and economic targets by the FMLN began to escalate . The FMLN attacked the Ilopango Air Force Base , destroying six of the Air Force 's 14 Bell UH - 1 Iroquois helicopters , five of its 18 Dassault Ouragan aircraft and three C - 47s . Between February and April , a total of 439 acts of sabotage were reported . The number of acts of sabotage involving explosives or arson rose to 782 between January and September . The United States Embassy estimated the damage to the economic infrastructure at US $98 million . FMLN also carried out large - scale operations in the capital city and temporarily occupied urban centres in the country 's interior . According to some reports , the number of rebels ranged between 4,000 and 5,000 ; other sources put the number at between 6,000 and 9,000 . Pursuant with measures put in place by the JRG on October 18 , 1979 , elections for an interim government were held on April 29 , 1982 . The Legislative Assembly voted on three candidates nominated by the armed forces ; Álvaro Alfredo Magaña Borja , leader of the moderate Democratic Action and thus effectively politically independent , was elected by 36 votes to 17 , ahead of the Nationalist Republican Alliance ( ARENA ) and Party of National Conciliation candidates . Roberto D'Aubuisson accused Jaime Abdul Gutiérrez Avendaño of imposing on the Assembly `` his personal decision to put Álvaro Alfredo Magaña Borja in the presidency '' in spite of a `` categorical no '' from the ARENA deputies . Magana was sworn into office on 2 May . Decree No. 6 of the National Assembly suspended phase III of the implementation of the agrarian reform , and was itself later amended . The Apaneca Pact was signed on 3 August 1982 , establishing a Government of National Unity , whose objectives were peace , democratization , human rights , economic recovery , security and a strengthened international position . An attempt was made to form a transitional government which would establish a democratic system . Lack of agreement among the forces that made up the government and the pressures of the armed conflict prevented any substantive changes from being made during Magaña 's presidency . The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights reported that on May 24 , 1982 , a clandestine cemetery containing the corpses of 150 disappeared persons was discovered near Puerta del Diablo , Panchimalco , approximately twelve kilometers from San Salvador . On June 10 , 1982 , almost 4,000 Salvadoran troops carried out a `` cleanup '' operation in the rebel - controlled Chalatenango province . Over 600 civilians were reportedly massacred during the Army sweep . The Salvadoran field commander acknowledged that an unknown number of civilian rebel sympathizers or `` masas '' were killed , while declaring the operation a success . Nineteen days later , the Army massacred 27 unarmed civilians during house raids in a San Salvador neighborhood . The women were raped and murdered . Everyone was dragged from their homes into the street and then executed . `` The operation was a success , '' said the Salvadoran Defense Ministry communique . `` This action was a result of training and professionalization of our officers and soldiers . '' During 1982 and 1983 , government forces killed approximately 8,000 civilians a year . Although the figure is substantially less than the figures reported by human rights groups in 1980 and 1981 , targeted executions as well as indiscriminate killings nonetheless remained an integral policy of the army and internal security forces , part of what Professor William Stanley of the University of New Mexico has described as a `` strategy of mass murder '' designed to terrorize the civilian population as well as opponents of the government . General Adolfo Blandón , the Salvadoran armed forces chief of staff during much of the 1980s , has stated , `` Before 1983 , we never took prisoners of war . '' In March 1983 , Marianella Garcia Villas , president of the Non-Governmental Human Rights Commission of El Salvador , was captured by army troops on the Guazapa volcano , and later tortured to death . Garcia Villas had been on Guazapa collecting evidence about the possible army use of white phosphorus munitions . In April 1983 , Melida Anaya Montes , a leader of the Popular Forces for Liberation ( FPL ) `` Farabundo Marti '' , was murdered in Managua , Nicaragua . Salvador Cayetano Carpio , her superior in the FPL was allegedly implicated in her murder . He committed suicide in Managua shortly after Anaya Montes ' murder . Their deaths influenced the course within the FMLN of the FPL 's Prolonged Popular War strategy . On February 7 , 1984 , nine labor leaders , including all seven top officials of one major federation , were arrested by the Salvadoran National Police and sent to a military court . The arrests were part of Duarte 's moves to crack down on labor unions after more than 80 trade unionists were detained in a raid by the National Police . The police confiscated the union 's files and took videotape mugshots of each union member . During a 15 - day interrogation , the nine labor leaders were beaten during late - night questioning and were told to confess to being guerrillas . They were then forced to sign a written confession while blindfolded . They were never charged with being guerrillas but the official police statement said they were accused of planning to `` present demands to management for higher wages and benefits and promoting strikes , which destabilize the economy . '' A U.S. official said the embassy had `` followed the arrests closely and was satisfied that the correct procedures were followed . '' Duarte presidency : 1984 -- 1989 ( edit ) Mesa Grande refugee camp in Honduras 1987 In 1984 elections , Christian Democrat José Napoleón Duarte won the presidency ( with 54 % of the votes ) against Army Major Roberto d'Aubuisson , of the Nationalist Republican Alliance ( ARENA ) . The elections were held under military rule amidst high levels of repression and violence , however , and candidates to the left of Duarte 's brand of Christian Democrats were excluded from participating . Fearful of a d'Aubuisson presidency for public relations purposes , the CIA financed Duarte 's campaign with some two million dollars . After Duarte 's victory , human rights abuses at the hands of the army and security forces continued , but declined due to modifications made to the security structures . The policies of the Duarte government attempted to make the country 's three security forces more accountable to the government by placing them under the direct supervision of a Vice Minister of Defense , but all three forces continued to be commanded individually by regular army officers , which , given the command structure within the government , served to effectively nullify any of the accountability provisions . The Duarte government also failed to decommission personnel within the security structures that had been involved in gross human rights abuses , instead simply dispersing them to posts in other regions of the country . While reforms were being made to the security forces , the army continued to massacre unarmed civilians in the country side . An Americas Watch report noted that the Atlacatl Battalion killed 80 unarmed civilians in Cabanas in July , 1984 and carried out another massacre one month later , killing 50 displaced people in the Chalatenango province . The women were raped and then everyone was systematically executed . ERP combatant Perquín 1990 Through 1984 and 1985 , the Salvadoran Armed Forces enacted a series of `` civic - action '' programs in Chalatenango province . This consisted of the establishment of `` citizen defense committees '' to guard plantations and businesses against attacks by insurgents and the establishment of a number of free - fire zones . These measures were implemented under former Cabanas commander , Lieutenant Colonel Sigifredo Ochoa Perez , who had previously been exiled to the US Army War College for mutiny . By January 1985 Ochoa 's forces had established 12 free - fire zones in Chalatenango in which any inhabitants unidentified by the army were deemed to be insurgents . Ochoa stated in an interview that areas within the free fire zone were susceptible to indiscriminate bombings by the Salvadoran Air Force . Ochoa 's forces were implicated in a massacre of about 40 civilians in an Army sweep through one of the free fire zones in August 1985 . Ochoa refused to permit the Red Cross to enter these areas to deliver humanitarian aid to the victims . Ochoa 's forces reportedly uprooted some 1,400 civilian rebel supporters with mortar fire between September and November 1984 . In San Salvador ( 06 / 16 / 85 ) , Shirley Christian reports in the New York Times that the National Federation of Trade Unions was `` making tough wage demands , '' and that Christian Democrats said they were `` haunted by the memory of 1979 , when the same groups were prominent in the near - anarchy that swept El Salvador . '' But `` by mid-1980 , the agitation dried up as many street activists joined the guerrillas and others disengaged out of fear for their lives , while the Government imposed the wage freeze and state of siege '' amidst `` accusations '' of human rights abuses . The fear they said was that these subversive groups , who admitted their former affiliation with the political arm of the guerrillas , may try to reestablish the `` mass organizations '' that were destroyed by the violent repression of strikes and demonstrations in the early 1980s . In its annual review of 1987 , Amnesty International reported that `` some of the most serious violations of human rights are found in Central America , '' particularly Guatemala and El Salvador , where `` kidnappings and assassinations serve as systematic mechanisms of the government against opposition from the left '' . On 10 / 26 / 87 , unknown gunmen shot and killed Herbert Ernesto Anaya , Director of El Salvador 's nongovernmental Human Rights Commission . Anaya was in his car in his driveway with his wife and children at the time . Some human rights groups linked the increase of death squad - style killings and disappearances to the reactivation of the popular organizations , which had been decimated by mass state terror in the early 80s . The U.S. Trade Representative told Human Rights Watch that the government 's repression of trade unionists was justified on the grounds that they were guerrilla supporters . Col. Renee Emilio Ponce , the Army operations chief , asserted that the guerrillas were `` returning to their first phase of clandestine organization '' in the city , `` and mobilization of the masses '' . During the Central American Peace Accords in 1987 , the FMLN demanded that all death squads be disbanded and the members be held accountable . In October 1987 , the Salvadoran Assembly approved an amnesty for civil - war - related crimes . The Amnesty law required the release of all prisoners suspected of being guerrillas and guerrilla sympathizers . Pursuant with these laws , 400 political prisoners were released . Insurgents were given a period of fifteen days to turn themselves over to the security forces in exchange for amnesty . Despite amnesty being granted to guerillas and political prisoners , amnesty was also granted to members of the army , security forces and paramilitary who were involved in human rights abuses . In October 1988 , Amnesty International reported that death squads had abducted , tortured , and killed , hundreds of suspected dissidents in the proceeding eighteen months . The squads were made up of members of the intelligence sections of the Armed Forces and the security services . They customarily wore plain clothes and made use of trucks or vans with tinted windows and without license plates . They were `` chillingly efficient '' , said the report . Victims were sometimes shot from passing cars , in the daytime and in front of eyewitnesses . At other times , victims were kidnapped from their homes or on the streets and their bodies found dumped far from the scene . Some joined `` the long list '' of the `` disappeared '' and were never heard from again . Victims were `` customarily found mutilated , decapitated , dismembered , strangled or showing marks of torture or rape . '' The death squad style was `` to operate in secret but to leave mutilated bodies of victims as a means of terrifying the population . '' Most of the victims were trade unionists and members of cooperatives , human rights workers , members of the judiciary involved in efforts to establish criminal responsibility for human rights violations , returned refugees and displaced persons , and released political prisoners . Angered by the results of the 1988 elections and the military 's use of terror tactics and voter intimidation , the FMLN launched a major offensive with the aim of unseating the Christiani government on November 11 , 1989 . This offensive brought the epicenter of fighting into the wealthy suburbs of San Salvador for essentially the first time in the history of the conflict , as the FMLN began a campaign of selective assassinations against political and military officials , civil officials , and upper - class private citizens . The government retaliated with a renewed campaign of repression , primarily against activists in the democratic sector . The non-governmental Salvadoran Human Rights Commission ( CDHES ) counted 2,868 killings by the armed forces between May 1989 and May 1990 . In addition , the CDHES stated that government paramilitary organizations illegally detained 1,916 persons and disappeared 250 during the same period . On February 13 , the Atlacatl Battalion attacked a guerrilla field hospital and killed at least 10 people , including five patients , a doctor and a nurse . Two of the female victims showed signs that they had been raped before they were executed . Nearly 2 weeks earlier , Vice President Dan Quayle , on a visit to San Salvador , had told army leaders that human rights abuses committed by the military had to stop . Sources associated with the military said afterword that Quayle 's warning was dismissed as propaganda aimed at the Congress and the U.S. public . Meanwhile , U.S. advisers were apparently sending a different message to the Salvadoran military - `` do what you need to do to stop the commies , just do n't get caught '' . A former U.S. intelligence officer suggested the death squads needed to leave less visual evidence , that they should stop dumping bodies on the side of the road because `` they have an ocean and they ought to use it '' . In San Salvador on October 1 , eight people were killed and 35 others were injured when a death squad bombed the headquarters of the leftist labor confederation , the National Trade Union Federation of Salvadoran Workers ( UNTS ) . Earlier the same day , another bomb exploded outside the headquarters of a victims ' advocacy group , the Committee of Mothers and Family Members of Political Prisoners , Disappeared and Assassinated of El Salvador , injuring four others . As in the early 1980s , the University of Central America fell under attack from the army and death squads . On 16 November 1989 , five days after the beginning of the FMLN offensive , uniformed soldiers of the Atlacatl Battalion entered the campus of the University of Central America in the middle of the night and executed six Jesuit priests -- Ignacio Ellacuria , Segundo Montes , Ignacio Martin - Baro , Joaquín López y López , Juan Ramón Moreno , and Amando López -- and their housekeepers ( a mother and daughter , Elba Ramos and Celia Marisela Ramos ) . The priests were dragged from their beds on the campus , machine gunned to death and their corpses mutilated . The mother and daughter were found shot to death in the bed they shared . The Atlacatl Battalion was reportedly under the tutelage of U.S. special forces just 48 hours before the killings . One day later , six men and one youth were slaughtered by government soldiers in San Salvador . According to relatives and neighbors who witnessed the killings , the six men were lined up against a masonry wall and shot to death . The seventh youth who happened to be walking by at the time was also executed . The Salvadoran government then began a campaign to dismantle a liberal church network that the army said were `` front organizations '' supporting the guerrillas . Church offices were raided and workers were arrested and expelled . Targets included priests , lay workers and foreign employees of humanitarian agencies , providing social services to the poor - food programs , health care , relief for the displaced . One church volunteer , who was a U.S. citizen , said she was blindfolded , tortured and interrogated in Treasury Police headquarters in San Salvador while a U.S. vice consul `` having coffee with the colonel in charge '' did nothing to intervene . In a November 29 press conference , Secretary of State James A. Baker III said he believed President Cristiani was in control of the army and defended the government 's crackdown on opponents as `` absolutely appropriate . '' The murder of the six Jesuit priests and the November 1989 ' final offensive ' by the FMLN in San Salvador , however , were key turning points that increased international pressure and domestic pressure from war - weary constituents that alternatives to the military stalemate needed to be found . International support for the FMLN was declining with the end of the Cold War just as international support for the Salvadoran armed forces was weakening as the Reagan administration gave way to the less ideological Bush administration , and the end of the Cold War lessened the anti-Communist concerns about a potential domino effect in Central America . By the late 1980s , 75 % of the population lived in poverty . The living standards of most Salvadorans declined by 30 % since 1983 . Unemployment or underemployment increased to 50 % . Most people , moreover , still did n't have access to clean water or healthcare . The armed forces were feared , inflation rose almost 40 % , capital flight reached an estimated $1 billion , and the economic elite avoided paying taxes . Despite nearly $3 billion in American economic assistance , per capita income declined by one third . American aid was distributed to urban businesses although the impoverished majority received almost none of it . The concentration of wealth was even higher than before the U.S. - administered land reform program . The agrarian law generated windfall profits for the economic elite and buried the cooperatives in debts that left them incapable of competing in the capital markets . The oligarchs often took back the land from bankrupt peasants who could n't obtain the credit necessary to pay for seeds and fertilizer . Although , `` few of the poor would dream of seeking legal redress against a landlord because virtually no judge would favor a poor man . '' By 1989 , 1 % of the landowners owned 41 % of the tillable land , while 60 % of the rural population owned 0 % . Death squads and peace Accords : 1990 -- 1992 ( edit ) President Alfredo Cristiani , Sept 1989 ERP combatants Perquín 1990 After 10 years of war , more than one million people had been displaced out of a population of 5,389,000. 40 % of the homes of newly displaced people were completely destroyed and another 25 % were in need of major repairs . Death squad activities further escalated in 1990 , despite a U.N. Agreement on Human Rights signed July 26 by the Cristiani government and the FMLN . In June 1990 , U.S. President George Bush announced an `` Enterprise for the Americas Initiative '' to improve the investment climate by creating `` a hemisphere - wide free trade zone . '' President Bush authorized the release of $42.5 million in military aid to the Salvadoran armed forces on January 16 , 1991 . In late January , the Usulután offices of the Democratic Convergence , a coalition of left - of - center parties , were attacked with grenades . On February 21 , a candidate for the Democratic National Unity ( UDN ) party and his pregnant wife were assassinated after ignoring death squad threats to leave the country or die . On the last day of the campaign , another UDN candidate was shot in her eye when Arena party gunmen opened fire on campaign activists putting up posters . Despite fraudulent elections orchestrated by Arena through voter intimidation , sabotage of polling stations by the Arena - dominated Central Elections Council and the disappearing of tens of thousands of names from the voting lists , the official U.S. observation team declared them `` free and fair . '' Death squad killings and disappearances remained steady throughout 1991 as well as torture , false imprisonment , and attacks on civilians by the Army and security forces . Opposition politicians and members of church and grassroots organizations representing peasants , women and repatriated refugees suffered constant death threats , arrests , surveillance and break - ins all year . The FMLN killed two wounded U.S. military advisers and carried out indiscriminate attacks , kidnappings and assassinations of civilians . The war intensified in mid-1991 , as both the army and the FMLN attempted to gain the advantage in the United Nations - brokered peace talks prior to a cease - fire . Indiscriminate attacks and executions by the armed forces increased as a result . Eventually , by April 1991 , negotiations resumed , resulting in a truce that successfully concluded in January 1992 , bringing about the war 's end . On 16 January 1992 , the Chapultepec Peace Accords were signed in Chapultepec Castle , Mexico City , to bring peace to El Salvador . The Armed Forces were regulated , a civilian police force was established , the FMLN metamorphosed from a guerrilla army to a political party , and an amnesty law was legislated in 1993 . Aftermath ( edit ) The peace process set up under the Chapultepec Accords was monitored by the United Nations from 1991 until June 1997 when it closed its special monitoring mission in El Salvador . During the 2004 elections , White House Special Assistant Otto Reich gave a phone - in press conference at ARENA party headquarters . He reportedly said he was worried about the impact an FMLN win could have on the country 's `` economic , commercial , and migratory relations with the United States . '' In February 2004 , Assistant Secretary of State Roger Noriega told voters to `` consider what kind of a relationship they want a new administration to have with us . '' He met with all the candidates except Schafik Handal , the FMLN candidate . This prompted 28 US Congress members to send a letter to Secretary of State Colin Powell saying Mr. Noriega `` crossed a boundary '' and that his remarks were perceived as `` interference in Salvadoran electoral affairs . '' A week later , two US congressmen blasted Reich 's comments as inflammatory . Truth Commission ( edit ) Main article : Truth Commission for El Salvador At war 's end , the Commission on the Truth for El Salvador registered more than 22,000 complaints of political violence in El Salvador , between January 1980 and July 1991 , 60 percent about summary killing , 25 percent about kidnapping , and 20 percent about torture . These complaints attributed almost 85 percent of the violence to the Salvadoran Army and security forces alone . The Salvadoran Armed Forces , which were massively supported by the United States ( 4.6 billion euros ) , were accused in 60 percent of the complaints , the security forces ( i.e. the National Guard , Treasury Police and the National Police ) in 25 percent , military escorts and civil defense units in 20 percent of complaints , the death squads in approximately 10 percent , and the FMLN in 5 percent . The Truth Commission could collect only a significant sample of the full number of potential complaints , having had only three months to collect it . The report concluded that more than 70,000 people were killed , many in the course of gross violation of their human rights . More than 25 per cent of the populace was displaced as refugees before the U.N. peace treaty in 1992 . The statistics presented in the Truth Commission 's report are consistent with both previous and retrospective assessments by the international community and human rights monitors , which documented that the majority of the violence and repression in El Salvador was attributable to government agencies , primarily the National Guard and the Salvadoran Army . A 1984 Amnesty International report stated that many of the 40,000 people killed in the preceding five years had been murdered by government forces , who openly dumped their mutilated corpses in an apparent effort to terrorize the population . Despite mostly killing peasants , the Government readily killed any opponent they suspected of sympathy with the guerrillas -- clergy ( men and women ) , church lay workers , political activists , journalists , labor unionists ( leaders , rank - and - file ) , medical workers , liberal students and teachers , and human - rights monitors . The State 's terrorism was affected by the security forces , the Army , the National Guard , and the Treasury Police ; yet it was the paramilitary death squads who gave the Government plausible deniability of , and accountability for , the political killings . Typically , a death squad dressed in civilian clothes and traveled in anonymous vehicles ( dark windows , blank license plates ) . Their terrorism consisted of publishing future - victim death lists , delivering coffins to said future victims , and sending the target - person an invitation to his / her own funeral . Cynthia Arnson , a Latin American - affairs writer for Human Rights Watch , says : the objective of death - squad - terror seemed not only to eliminate opponents , but also , through torture and the gruesome disfigurement of bodies , to terrorize the population . In the mid-1980s , state terror against Salvadorans became open -- indiscriminate bombing from military airplanes , planted mines , and the harassment of national and international medical personnel ; all indicate that , although death rates attributable to the death squads have declined in El Salvador since 1983 , non-combatant victims of the civil war have increased dramatically . Though the violations of the FMLN accounted for five percent or less of those documented by the Truth Commission , the FMLN continuously violated the human rights of many Salvadorans and other individuals identified as right - wing supporters , military targets , pro-government politicians , intellectuals , public officials , and judges . These violations included kidnapping , bombings , rape , and killing . Military reform ( edit ) In accordance with the peace agreements , the constitution was amended to prohibit the military from playing an internal security role except under extraordinary circumstances . During the period of fulfilling of the peace agreements , the Minister of Defense was General Humberto Corado Figueroa . Demobilization of Salvadoran military forces generally proceeded on schedule throughout the process . The Treasury Police and National Guard were abolished , and military intelligence functions were transferred to civilian control . By 1993 -- nine months ahead of schedule -- the military had cut personnel from a wartime high of 63,000 to the level of 32,000 required by the peace accords . By 1999 , ESAF strength stood at less than 15,000 , including uniformed and non-uniformed personnel , consisting of personnel in the army , navy , and air force . A purge of military officers accused of human rights abuses and corruption was completed in 1993 in compliance with the Ad Hoc Committee 's recommendations . National civilian Police ( edit ) The new civilian police force , created to replace the discredited public security forces , deployed its first officers in March 1993 , and was present throughout the country by the end of 1994 . In 1999 , the PNC had over 18,000 officers . The PNC faced many challenges in building a completely new police force . With common crime rising dramatically since the end of the war , over 500 PNC officers had been killed in the line of duty by late 1998 . PNC officers also have arrested a number of their own in connection with various high - profile crimes , and a `` purification '' process to weed out unfit personnel from throughout the force was undertaken in late 2000 . Human rights Commission of El Salvador ( edit ) On 26 October 1987 , Herbert Ernesto Anaya , head of the CDHES , was assassinated . His killing provoked four days ' of political protest -- during which his cadaver was displayed before the U.S. embassy and then before the Salvadoran armed forces headquarters . The National Union of Salvadoran Workers said : `` Those who bear sole responsibility for this crime are José Napoleón Duarte , the U.S. embassy ... and the high command of the armed forces '' . In its report the Commission on the Truth for El Salvador , established as part of the El Salvador peace agreement , stated that it could not establish for sure whether the death squads , the Salvadoran Army or the FMLN was responsible for Anaya 's death . Moreover , the FMLN and the Revolutionary Democratic Front ( FDR ) also protested Mr. Anaya 's assassination by suspending negotiations with the Duarte government on 29 October 1987 . The same day , Reni Roldán resigned from the Commission of National Reconciliation , saying : `` The murder of Anaya , the disappearance of university labor leader Salvador Ubau , and other events do not seem to be isolated incidents . They are all part of an institutionalized pattern of conduct '' . Mr. Anaya 's assassination evoked international indignation : the West German government , the West German Social Democratic Party , and the French government asked President Duarte to clarify the circumstances of the crime . United Nations Secretary General Javier Pérez de Cuéllar , Americas Watch , Amnesty International , and other organizations protested against the assassination of the leader of the Human Rights Commission of El Salvador . Post-war International litigation ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Groups seeking investigation or retribution for actions during the war have sought the involvement of other foreign courts . In 2008 the Spanish Association for Human Rights and a California organization called the Center for Justice and Accountability jointly filed a lawsuit in Spain against former President Cristiani and former defense minister Larios in the matter of the 1989 slaying of several Jesuit priests , their housekeeper , and her daughter . The lawsuit accused Cristiani of a cover - up of the killings and Larios of participating in the meeting where the order to kill them was given ; the groups asked the Spanish court to intervene on the principle of universal jurisdiction for crimes against humanity . Long after the war , in a U.S. federal court , in the case of Ford vs. García the families of the murdered Maryknoll nuns sued the two Salvadoran generals believed responsible for the killings , but lost ; the jury found Gen. Carlos Eugenio Vides Casanova , ex-National Guard Leader and Duarte 's defense minister , and Gen. José Guillermo Garcia -- defense minister from 1979 to 1984 , not responsible for the killings ; the families appealed and lost , and , in 2003 , the U.S. Supreme Court refused to hear their final appeal . A second case , against the same generals , succeeded in the same Federal Court ; the three plaintiffs in Romagoza vs. García won a judgment exceeding US $54 million compensation for having been tortured by the military during El Salvador 's Civil War . The day after losing a court appeal in October 2009 , the two generals were put into deportation proceedings by the Immigration and Customs Enforcement ( ICE ) , at the urging of U.S. Senators Richard Durbin ( Democrat ) and Tom Coburn ( Republican ) , according to the Center for Justice and Accountability ( CJA ) . Those deportation proceedings had been stalled by May 2010 . However ; one of the plaintiffs in the case believes the U.S. CIA / DOD -- protecting its `` assets '' -- has stymied the Obama Justice Department , for now . The Spanish judge who issued indictments and arrest warrants for 20 former members of the Salvadoran military , charged with murder , Crimes Against Humanity and Terrorism requested that U.S. agencies declassify documents related to the killings of the Jesuits , their housekeeper and her daughter but were denied access . In his report , Judge Velasco writes : `` The agencies in charge of making the information public have identified 3,000 other documents that remain secret and are not available ; the reasoning given is that privacy is needed to protect sources and methods . Many of the documents , from the CIA and the Defense Department , are not available ... '' See also ( edit ) Chapultepec Peace Accords Children of Memory , a documentary film Command responsibility El Mozote massacre History of El Salvador Human rights abuse International law MS - 13 Romero ( film ) Salvador ( film ) Voces inocentes ( film ) Weapons of the Salvadoran Civil War References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Michael McClintock . The American connection : state terror and popular resistance in El Salvador . London : Zed Books . p. 388 . ISBN 0862322405 . Jump up ^ El Salvador , In Depth , Negotiating a settlement to the conflict , Uppsala Conflict Data Program Conflict Encyclopedia , Uppsala , Sweden : Uppsala University , US government increased the security support to prevent a similar thing to happen in El Salvador . This was , not least , demonstrated in the delivery of security aid to El Salvador access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Peter Kornbluh ( September 11 , 2003 ) . The Pinochet File : A Declassified Dossier on Atrocity and Accountability . New York : The New Press . p. 587 . ISBN 1 - 56584 - 586 - 2 . See The Pinochet File Jump up ^ Armony , Ariel C. ( 1997 ) . Argentina , the United States , and the Anti-communist Crusade in Central America , 1977 - 1984 . Ohio University Center for International Studies . pp. 84 -- 88 . ISBN 0 - 89680 - 196 - 9 . Jump up ^ Hunter , Jane ( 1987 ) . Israeli foreign policy : South Africa and Central America . Part II : Israel and Central America - Guatemala . pp. 111 -- 137 . Jump up ^ Schirmer , 1996 ; pg 172 ^ Jump up to : `` Inevitable Revolutions : The United States in Central America '' By Walter Lafeber , 1993 Jump up ^ The Giant 's Rival : The USSR and Latin America , Revised Edition , 1988 . Page 143 . Jump up ^ The Kashmir Question : Retrospect and Prospect , 2013 . Page 121 . ^ Jump up to : Michael W. Doyle , Ian Johnstone & Robert Cameron Orr ( 1997 ) . Keeping the Peace : Multidimensional UN Operations in Cambodia and El Salvador . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , pp. 222 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 58837 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : María Eugenia Gallardo & José Roberto López ( 1986 ) . Centroamérica . San José : IICA - FLACSO , pp. 249 . ISBN 978 - 92 - 9039 - 110 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Dirección de Asuntos del Hemisferio Occidental : Información general -- El Salvador '' . U.S. State Department . 18 November 2004 . Jump up ^ Armed with M16 , IMI Galil and G3 assault rifles . Uzi submachine guns . Heavy weapons including artillery and missiles of North American manufacturing and helicopters and fighter jets ^ Jump up to : Andrews Bounds ( 2001 ) , South America , Central America and The Caribbean 2002 , El Salvador : History ( 10a ed . ) , London : Routledge , p. 384 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 85743 - 121 - 6 Jump up ^ Charles Hobday ( 1986 ) . Communist and Marxist parties of the world . New York : Longman , pp. 323 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 90264 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` El Salvador 30 años del FMLN '' . El Economista. 13 de octubre de 2010 . Jump up ^ 2006 - Manuel Guedán - Carta del Director . Un Salvador violento celebra quince años de paz , article in Quorum . Journal of Latin American Thought , winter , number 016 , University of Alcala , Madrid , Spain , pp. 6 -- 11 Jump up ^ Armed with : Assault rifle AK - 47 and M16 , Machine guns RPK and PKM and handmade explosives . Jump up ^ Irvine , Reed and Joseph C. Goulden . `` U.S. left 's ' big lie ' about El Salvador deaths . '' HUMAN EVENTs ( 9 / 15 / 90 ) : 787 . Jump up ^ Dictionary of Wars , by George Childs Kohn ( Facts on File , 1999 ) Jump up ^ Britannica , 15th edition , 1992 printing Jump up ^ Wood , Elizabeth ( 2003 ) . Insurgent Collective Action and Civil War in El Salvador . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Larsen , Neil ( 2010 ) . `` Thoughts on Violence and Modernity in Latin America '' . In Grandin & Joseph , Greg & Gilbert . A Century of Revolution . Durham & London : Duke University Press . pp. 381 -- 393 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Report of the UN Truth Commission on El Salvador ( Report ) . United Nations . April 1 , 1993 . Jump up ^ El Salvador , In Depth : Negotiating a settlement to the conflict , Uppsala Conflict Data Program Conflict Encyclopedia , Uppsala , Sweden : Uppsala University , retrieved May 24 , 2013 , While nothing of the aid delivered from the US in 1979 was earmarked for security purposes , the 1980 aid for security only summed US $6 , 2 million , close to two - thirds of the total aid in 1979 . Jump up ^ Danner , Mark ( 1993 ) . The Massacre at El Mozote . Vintage Books . p. 9 . ISBN 0 - 679 - 75525 - X . ^ Jump up to : Maurice Lemoine ( March 19 , 2009 ) , El Salvador : des guérilleros au pouvoir , Le Monde Diplomatique , retrieved January 22 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Chapultepec Peace Agreement '' ( PDF ) . UCDP . Retrieved 19 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Haggerty , Richard A. ( 1990 ) . El Salvador : A Country Study . Headquarters , Department of The Army . p. 306 . Jump up ^ `` El Salvador en los años 1920 -- 1932 '' ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on 15 September 2008 . Retrieved September 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Armed Forces of El Salvador . `` Revolución 1932 '' ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2008 . Retrieved September 14 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Taylor , Robert ; Vanden , Harry ( September 1982 ) . `` Defining Terrorism in El Salvador : La Matanza '' . The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science . 463 : 106 -- 118 . ^ Jump up to : Little , Michael ( 1994 ) . A war of information : the conflict between public and private U.S. foreign policy on El Salvador , 1979 - 1992 . University Press of America . ISBN 9780819193117 . Jump up ^ Haggerty , Richard A. ( November 1988 ) . El Salvador : A Country Study . FOREIGN MILITARY INFLUENCE AND ASSISTANCE : Federal Research Division Library of Congress . Jump up ^ Walter , Williams ( 1997 ) . Militarization and Demilitarization in El Salvador 's Transition to Democracy . p. 90 . Jump up ^ Armstrong , Robert / Shenk , Janet . El Salvador : The Face of Revolution ( Boston : South End Press , 1982 ) , 163 . Jump up ^ Whitfield , Teresa ( 1995 ) . Paying the Price : Ignacio Ellacuría and the Murdered Jesuits of El Salvador . Philadelphia , PA : Temple University Press . ^ Jump up to : Stanley , William ( 1996 ) . The Protection Racket State : Elite Politics , Military Extortion , and Civil War in El Salvador . Philadelphia : Temple University Press . ISBN 1566393922 . Stanley William , Professor at the University of New Mexico Jump up ^ Dunkerley , James ( 1982 ) . The Long War : Dictatorship and Revolution in El Salvador . pp. 106 -- 107 . Jump up ^ Stanley , 2012 , p. 120 ^ Jump up to : Socorro Jurídico Cristiano Jump up ^ Library of Congress . Country Studies . El Salvador . Background to the Insurgency. ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Gettleman , Marvin ( 1987 ) . El Salvador : Central America in the new Cold War . New York : Grove Press . ISBN 0394555570 . Jump up ^ Rabe , Stephen ( 2016 ) . The killing zone : the United States wages Cold War in Latin America . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780190216252 . Jump up ^ Pastor , Robert ( Winter 1984 ) . `` Continuity and Change in U.S. Foreign Policy : Carter and Reagan on El Salvador '' . Journal of Policy Analysis and Management . 3 ( 2 ) : 175 -- 190 -- via JSTOR . Jump up ^ McMahan , Jeff ( 1985 ) . Reagan and the world : imperial policy in the new Cold War . New York : Monthly Review Press . ISBN 085345678X . ^ Jump up to : Report of the UN Truth Commission on El Salvador . April 1 , 1993 . p. 27 . Jump up ^ United States Embassy in San Salvador , cable 02296 , 31 March 1980 . The Washington Post , 31 March 1980 . Jump up ^ National Security Archives , El Salvador : The Making of US Policy , 1977 - 1984 , p. 34 . Jump up ^ NACLA , Revolution Brews cited in McClintock 1985 , p. 270 Jump up ^ `` El Salvador Accountability and Human Rights : the Report of the United Nations Commission on the Truth for El Salvador '' Human Rights Watch , August 10 , 1993 Jump up ^ `` Learn from History '' , 31st Anniversary of the Assassination of Archbishop Oscar Romero '' The National Security Archive , March 23 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Jimmy Carter : Archbishop Oscar Arnulfo Romero Statement on the Death of the Archbishop of San Salvador '' . ucsb.edu . Jump up ^ Brunn , Stanley D. , ed. ( 2015 ) . The Changing World Religion Map : Sacred Places , Identities , Practices and Politics . Springer . p. 1962 . ISBN 9401793751 . Jump up ^ Report of the UN Truth Commission on El Salvador , April 1 , 1993 , from the Equipo Nizkor / Derechos site . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Sumpul River ( 1980 ) 121 '' Report of the UN Truth Commission on El Salvador , 1 April 1993 Jump up ^ `` Guatemala and El Salvador : Latin America 's worst human rights violators in 1980 '' The Council on Hemispheric Affairs Jump up ^ United States . Dept. of State . Bureau of Public Affairs ( 1985 ) . Central America , US policy . Bureau of Public Affairs , Dept. of State . Jump up ^ Arneson , Cynthia ( 1993 ) . Crossroads : Congress , the President , and Central America , 1976 - 1993 . Penn State Press . p. 42 . ISBN 9780271041285 . Jump up ^ Wood , Elisabeth J. ( 2003 ) . Insurgent Collective Action and Civil War in El Salvador . Cambridge University Press . p. 5 . ISBN 978 - 0521010504 . Jump up ^ Wood , Elisabeth J. ( 2003 ) . Insurgent Collective Action and Civil War in El Salvador . Cambridge University Press . p. 9 . ISBN 978 - 0521010504 . Jump up ^ Wood , Elisabeth J. ( 2003 ) . Insurgent Collective Action and Civil War in El Salvador . Cambridge University Press . pp. 18 , 19 . ISBN 978 - 0521010504 . Jump up ^ Wood , Elisabeth J. ( 2003 ) . Insurgent Collective Action and Civil War in El Salvador . Cambridge University Press . p. 18 . ISBN 978 - 0521010504 . Jump up ^ Wood , Elisabeth J. ( 2003 ) . Insurgent Collective Action and Civil War in El Salvador . Cambridge University Press . pp. 18 , 24 . ISBN 978 - 0521010504 . Jump up ^ Wood , Elisabeth J. ( 2003 ) . Insurgent Collective Action and Civil War in El Salvador . Cambridge University Press . pp. 11 , 13 . ISBN 978 - 0521010504 . Jump up ^ Wood , Elisabeth J. ( 2003 ) . Insurgent Collective Action and Civil War in El Salvador . Cambridge University Press . pp. 18 -- 19 . ISBN 978 - 0521010504 . Jump up ^ `` Guerillas regroup as Carter switches on Salvador arms '' . The New York Times . 25 January 1981 . Jump up ^ National Security Archive 1989 , p. 25 - 72 Jump up ^ Amnesty International . Amnesty International Report 1982 ( London : AI , 1981 ) Jump up ^ Michael McClintock ( 1992 ) , Instruments of Statecraft : U.S. Guerilla Warfare , Counterinsurgency , and Counterterrorism , 1940 - 1990 Web project by Michael McClintock based on his 1992 book by the same name published by Pantheon Books , a division of Random House , Inc . Jump up ^ Weinberg 1991 : 62 - 3 Jump up ^ Draining the sea . Americas Watch Committee . 1985 . Jump up ^ `` El Salvador Intensifies Its Air War Against Guerrillas '' Los Angeles Times , July 17 , 1985 Jump up ^ `` Salvadoran air force taking bigger role in war '' Associated Press , May 19 , 1984 Jump up ^ Amnesty International . Amnesty International Report 1982 ( London : AI , 1981 ) , p. 133 . Jump up ^ National Security Archive 1989 , p. 43 Jump up ^ UN Truth Commission for El Salvador , From Madness to Hope , 1993 , p. 23 Jump up ^ Ochoa & Romero Assassination , CIA Document dated 9 Oct. 1980 Jump up ^ `` Limpieza total de la guerrilla en Cabañas , '' Diario Latino , November 20 , 1981 , p. 2 Jump up ^ United Press International 22 December 1981 Jump up ^ Raymond Bonner ( January 27 , 1982 ) . `` Massacre of Hundreds Reported In Salvador Village '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` The Truth of El Mozote '' Mark Danner , New Yorker , 1993 Jump up ^ `` El Salvador ; Intimidation , Strong Army Blamed as Revolt Fizzles '' The Boston Globe , Jan 27 , 1981 Jump up ^ `` Central Americans Feel Sting Of New U.S. Immigration Law '' The New York Times , April 19 , 1997 Jump up ^ `` Central America , 1981 : report to the Committee on Foreign Affairs , U.S. House of Representatives '' Gerry E. Studds , William Woodward , United States . Congress . House . Committee on Foreign Affairs , 1981 Jump up ^ Americas Watch , US Reporting on Human Rights in El Salvador : Methodology At Odds With Knowledge , New York , June 1982 , p. 33 Jump up ^ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees . `` Refworld - El Salvador : Human Rights Violations by the National Police during the Initial Years of the Civil War '' . Refworld . Jump up ^ Amnesty International . Amnesty International Report 1984 Jump up ^ `` Salvador rebels adapt to long war with new strategy . They focus on getting civilian support and exploiting Duarte 's problems for political gains '' Christian Science Monitor , November 26 , 1986 Jump up ^ The New York Times , 7 February 1982 . Jump up ^ Centro Universitario de Documentación e Información , Proceso , Año 3 , No. 98 , February -- April 1982 . Jump up ^ United Nations , Report of the Special Representative of the Commission on Human Rights , 1982 , p. 33 Jump up ^ United States Embassy in San Salvador ( cable 02165 ) , 3 March 1983 . Jump up ^ United States Embassy in San Salvador ( cable 00437 ) , 3 December 1982 . Jump up ^ Report of the UN Truth Commission on El Salvador . 1993 . p. 30 . Jump up ^ OAS - IACHR , Annual Report , 1981 - 1982 , pp. 115 -- 116 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Tactics Fail to Prevent Salvadoran Civilian Deaths '' Washington Post , June 10 , 1982 Jump up ^ `` Salvadoran Troops Massacre Civilians '' The Associated Press , January 29 , 1982 Jump up ^ Danner , Mark . The Massacre at El Mozote ( New York : Vintage Books , 1994 ) . Jump up ^ 9 Salvador Unionists Face Trial on Charges of Being Guerrillas , Boston Globe , February 7 , 1984 Jump up ^ `` Observing El Salvador : The 1984 Elections '' By PC Chitnis Jump up ^ `` Salvador 's Duarte backs down on peace talks , further weakening his influence '' Christian Science Monitor , January 25 , 1985 Jump up ^ Amnesty International . Amnesty International Report 1985 ( London : AI , 1985 ) , p. 143 . Jump up ^ New York Times . LeMoyne , James . `` A Salvador Police Chief Vows an End to Abuses '' ( San Salvador : 1 July 1984 ) . Jump up ^ Amnesty International . Amnesty International 's Current Concerns in El Salvador ( London : AMR 29 / 09 / 85 , June 1985 ) , p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` A Year of Reckoning : El Salvador a Decade After the Assassination of Archbishop Romero '' Americas Watch , 1990 Jump up ^ `` Salvadoran Army Accused of Massacres '' Associated Press , Mar. 28 , 1985 Jump up ^ `` Salvador colonel who mutinied is back in war '' Christian Science Monitor , September 26 , 1984 Jump up ^ `` U.S. - backed strategy creates militias , free - fire zones '' Dallas Morning News , January 21 , 1985 Jump up ^ `` Salvador colonel runs province as a warlord '' Christian Science Monitor , March 21 , 1985 Jump up ^ `` NEWLY ACTIVE UNIONS A CHALLENGE FOR EL SALVADOR '' New York Times , 07 / 16 / 85 Jump up ^ `` Central America Report '' , Inforpress Centroamericana , 1988 Jump up ^ `` Salvador rights leader 's murder seen tied to rise of death squads '' Christian Science Monitor , 10 / 27 / 87 Jump up ^ `` Labor Rights in El Salvador '' Human Rights Watch , 01 / 01 / 88 , pp. 98 - 100 Jump up ^ `` As discontent in El Salvador mounts , students spearhead militant opposition '' Christian Science Monitor , 07 / 15 / 87 Jump up ^ Manuel , Anne ( September 1988 ) . Nightmare Revisited , 1987 - 1988 : Tenth Supplement to the Report on Human Rights in El Salvador . Background to the Deterioration : Human Rights Watch . pp. 5 -- 7 . Jump up ^ `` Salvadoreans attack amnesty law . They criticize new bill for absolving death squads '' Christian Science Monitor , October 29 , 1987 Jump up ^ `` El Salvador : Death Squads , a Government Strategy '' Amnesty International , 1988 Jump up ^ Anne - Marie Hilsdon , M. Macintyre , V. Mackie , and M. Stivens , eds. ( 2000 ) . The Contemplacion fiasco : The hanging of a Filipino domestic worker in Singapore . Human Rights and Gender Politics : Asia - Pacific perspectives . London and New York : Routledge . p. 193 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Central America Report 14 Sept. 1990 , 277 Jump up ^ Central America Report 31 Aug. 1990 Jump up ^ `` Salvador Raid on Rebel Hospital Charged : Rights Group Says 5 Patients Among 10 Dead ; Atrocities Cited '' L.A. Times , 02 / 25 / 89 Jump up ^ `` U.S. Salvador Policy '' In These Times , 02 / 22 / 89 Jump up ^ `` The Most Interesting Gubernatorial Candidate in the World '' Mother Jones , 03 / 27 / 12 Jump up ^ `` Bombing at Salvadoran Leftists ' Office Kills Eight '' New York Times , 11 / 01 / 89 Jump up ^ `` 6 PRIESTS KILLED IN A CAMPUS RAID IN SAN SALVADOR '' New York Times , November 17 , 1989 Jump up ^ `` Salvadoran Justice Wears Out Patience '' The New York Times , May 13 , 1990 Jump up ^ `` Second Salvador Massacre , But of Common Folk '' Associated Press , 11 / 28 / 89 Jump up ^ `` Salvador Seeks to Quell Liberal Church Network '' L.A. Times , 12 / 13 / 89 Jump up ^ Church Worker says Salvadoran Police Tortured Her , Washington Post , November 30 , 1989 Jump up ^ U.S. staffers in El Salvador urged to leave homes , Chicago Tribune , November 30 , 1989 Jump up ^ Pugh , Jeffrey ( January 2009 ) . `` The Structure of Negotiation : Lessons from El Salvador for Contemporary Conflict Resolution '' . Negotiation Journal . 25 ( 1 ) : 83 -- 105 . Jump up ^ `` Rightists Deal U.S. - backed Duarte A Crushing Defeat '' March 27 , 1988 ^ Jump up to : After Parades and Promises , Duarte Flounders in Salvador , New York Times , February 16 , 1987 , retrieved January 22 , 2017 Jump up ^ Lindsey Gruson ( September 28 , 1987 ) . `` Land for Salvador 's Poor : To Many , Bitter Victory '' . New York Times , . Special to the New York Times . Rosario de Mora , El Salvador . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2016 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Central America 's Health Plight '' Christian Science Monitor , March 22 , 1990 Jump up ^ `` Amnesty Reports Increase In Death Squad Killings '' The Orlando Sentinel , October 24 , 1990 Jump up ^ `` Bush Asks Hemisphere - wide Free Trade '' Chicago Tribune , June 28 , 1990 Jump up ^ `` Bush to Free El Salvador Military Aid '' Associated Press , January 16 , 1991 Jump up ^ `` Rightist intimidation wins in El Salvador '' In In These Times , April 3 , 1991 Jump up ^ `` Human Rights Watch World Report 1992 - El Salvador '' Human Rights Watch , 1 January 1992 Jump up ^ `` PEACE in Action - Peacemaking and Conflict Resolution '' . promotingpeace.org . Jump up ^ Amnesty Law Biggest Obstacle to Human Rights , Say Activists by Raúl Gutiérrez , Inter Press Service News Agency , May 19 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` El Salvador vote recalls cold - war power play '' The Christian Science Monitor , March 19 , 2004 ^ Jump up to : Belisario Betancur , ed . ( January 26 , 2001 ) . From madness to hope : the 12 - year war in El Salvador Part IV . Cases and patterns of violence ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Reports : El Salvador , United States Institute of Peace . Truth Commissions Digital Collection . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ El Salvador 's Decade of Terror , 107 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. role in Salvador 's brutal war , '' BBC News , March 24 , 2002 . Jump up ^ El Salvador 's decade of terror , Americas Watch , Human Rights Watch Books , Yale University Press , 1991 . Jump up ^ El Salvador : ' Death Squads ' -- A Government Strategy . New York : Amnesty International , 1988 . Jump up ^ From Madness to Hope : the 12 - year war in El Salvador : Report of the Commission on the Truth for El Salvador . Jump up ^ Extrajudicial Executions in El Salvador : Report of an Amnesty International Mission to Examine Post-Mortem and Investigative Procedures in Political Killings , 1 - 6 July , 1983 . Amnesty International Publications . May 1984 . Jump up ^ Amnesty International Report . Amnesty International Publications . 1985 . p. 145 . Jump up ^ El Salvador 's decade of terror , vii . Jump up ^ El Salvador 's decade of terror , 47 . Jump up ^ Martin , Gus . Understanding terrorism : challenges , perspectives and issues , Sage Publications , 2003 , 110 . Jump up ^ El Salvador 's decade of terror , 21 . Jump up ^ Arnson , Cynthia J. `` Window on the past : a declassified history of death squads in El Salvador , '' in Death squads in global perspective : murder with deniability , Campbell and Brenner , eds. , 86 . Jump up ^ Lopez , George A. `` Terrorism in Latin America , '' in The politics of terrorism , Michael Stohl , ed . Jump up ^ `` El Salvador '' . U.S. Department of State . Jump up ^ Jose Gutierrez : `` The Killing of Herbert Anaya Sanabria '' Green Left Online , 7 April 1993 Jump up ^ Daniel Woolls , Associated Press . `` El Salvador massacre case filed in Spanish court , '' November 13 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Right to Information is the Right to Justice : Declassified Documents and the Assassination of the Jesuits in El Salvador '' The National Security Archive , November 16 , 2009 Further reading ( edit ) Books ( edit ) Americas Watch ( 1993 ) . El Salvador 's Decade of Terror : Human Rights Since the Assassination of Archbishop Romero . New Haven , London : Yale University Press . Bonner , Raymond ( 1984 ) . Weakness and Deceit : U.S. Policy and El Salvador . New York , NY : Times Books . Commission on the Truth for El Salvador ( 1993 ) . From Madness to Hope : The 12 - Year War in El Salvador ( PDF ) . UN Security Council . Federal Research Division ( 1988 ) . A Country Study : El Salvador . Washington , DC : US Library of Congress . Guzman , John ( 2011 ) . Reflections behind the retina . United States : Xlibris . ISBN 9781465309440 . LeoGrande , William M. ( 1998 ) . Our Own Backyard : The United States in Central America , 1977 - 1992 . Chapel Hill , NC : University of North Carolina Press . Montgomery , Tommie Sue ( 1995 ) . Revolution in El Salvador : From Civil Strife to Civil Peace . Boulder , CO : Westview Press . Whitfield , Teresa ( 1995 ) . Paying the Price : Ignacio Ellacuría and the Murdered Jesuits of El Salvador . Philadelphia , PA : Temple University Press . Binford , Leigh ( 1996 ) . The El Mozote Massacre . University of Arizona Press . Wright , Barbara . White Hands ( Novel Excerpt ) . Stony Brook , NY : Southampton Review , Vol. IV , No. 1 , Spring 2010 . Lafeber , Walter ( 1993 ) . Inevitable Revolutions : The United States in Central America . New York City , NY : W.W. Norton & Company . Fish , Joe ( 1988 ) . El Salvador : testament of terror . London : Zed Books . Carothers , Thomas ( 1993 ) . In the Name of Democracy : U.S. Policy Toward Latin America in the Reagan Years . University of California Press . Lowenthal , Abraham ( 1991 ) . Exporting democracy : the United States and Latin America : themes and issues . Johns Hopkins University Press . Anderson , Scott ( 1986 ) . Inside the League : the shocking exposé of how terrorists , Nazis , and Latin American death squads have infiltrated the world Anti-Communist League . Dodd Mead . Grandin , Greg ( 2007 ) . Empire 's Workshop : Latin America , the United States , and the Rise of the New Imperialism . Holt Paperbacks . McClintock , Michael ( 1985 ) . The American Connection : State Terror and Popular Resistance in El Salvador . Zed Books . McClintock , Michael ( 1992 ) . Instruments of statecraft : U.S. guerrilla warfare , counterinsurgency , and counter-terrorism , 1940 - 1990 . Pantheon Books . Journals / academic studies ( edit ) UNHCR Refworld search for FMLN Report of the Commission on the Truth for El Salvador ( 1993 ) CIA World Factbook on El Salvador UN General Assembly Resolution on the `` Situation of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in El Salvador '' CIA Threat Assessment of El Salvador in 1979 External links ( edit ) Unrest in El Salvador from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives El Salvador at the Uppsala Conflict Data Program El Salvador articles History Pre-Columbian history Spanish conquest New Spain Captaincy General ( Guatemalan ) 1811 Independence Movement Federal Republic of Central America World War II History of El Salvador ( 1931 -- 79 ) Salvadoran Civil War ( 1979 -- 1992 ) Geography Biota Cities Earthquakes Islands National parks Rivers Volcanism Water resources Politics Administrative divisions Constitution Court system Elections Foreign relations Human rights Law enforcement Legislative Assembly Military Political parties Presidents Economy Central bank Coffee production Currency Energy Telecommunications Tourism Transport Society Abortion Crime Demographics Regions by HDI Education Gender Inequality Languages Religion Water supply and sanitation Culture Anthem Coat of arms Cuisine Flag Literature Music Public holidays Sport Television Outline Index Category Portal Years in El Salvador ( 1821 - present ) 19th century 1821 ... 1880 ... 1890 ... 20th century 1900 ... 1910 ... 1920 ... 1930 ... 1940 ... 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 21st century 2017 2018 2019 Cold War USA USSR ANZUS NATO Non-Aligned Movement SEATO Warsaw Pact 1940s Morgenthau Plan Hukbalahap Rebellion Dekemvriana Percentages Agreement Yalta Conference Guerrilla war in the Baltic states Forest Brothers Operation Priboi Operation Jungle Occupation of the Baltic states Cursed soldiers Operation Unthinkable Potsdam Conference Gouzenko Affair Division of Korea Operation Masterdom Operation Beleaguer Operation Blacklist Forty Iran crisis of 1946 Greek Civil War Baruch Plan Corfu Channel incident Turkish Straits crisis Restatement of Policy on Germany First Indochina War Truman Doctrine Asian Relations Conference May 1947 Crises Marshall Plan 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état Tito -- Stalin Split Berlin Blockade Western betrayal Iron Curtain Eastern Bloc Western Bloc Chinese Civil War ( Second round ) Malayan Emergency Albanian Subversion 1950s Bamboo Curtain Korean War McCarthyism 1953 Iranian coup d'état Uprising of 1953 in East Germany Dirty War ( Mexico ) Bricker Amendment 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état Partition of Vietnam First Taiwan Strait Crisis Geneva Summit ( 1955 ) Bandung Conference Poznań 1956 protests Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Suez Crisis `` We will bury you '' Operation Gladio Arab Cold War Syrian Crisis of 1957 1958 Lebanon crisis Iraqi 14 July Revolution Sputnik crisis Second Taiwan Strait Crisis Cuban Revolution Kitchen Debate Sino - Soviet split 1960s Congo Crisis 1960 U-2 incident Bay of Pigs Invasion 1960 Turkish coup d'état Soviet -- Albanian split Berlin Wall Portuguese Colonial War Angolan War of Independence Guinea - Bissau War of Independence Mozambican War of Independence Cuban Missile Crisis Sino - Indian War Communist insurgency in Sarawak Iraqi Ramadan Revolution Sand War 1963 Syrian coup d'état Vietnam War 1964 Brazilian coup d'état United States occupation of the Dominican Republic ( 1965 -- 66 ) South African Border War Transition to the New Order Domino theory ASEAN Declaration Laotian Civil War 1966 Syrian coup d'état Argentine Revolution Korean DMZ Conflict Greek military junta of 1967 -- 74 USS Pueblo incident Six - Day War War of Attrition Dhofar Rebellion Protests of 1968 French May Cultural Revolution Prague Spring Communist insurgency in Malaysia Invasion of Czechoslovakia Iraqi Ba'athist Revolution Goulash Communism Sino - Soviet border conflict CPP -- NPA -- NDF rebellion Corrective Move 1970s Détente Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Black September in Jordan Corrective Movement ( Syria ) Cambodian Civil War Realpolitik Ping - pong diplomacy 1971 Turkish military memorandum Corrective Revolution ( Egypt ) Four Power Agreement on Berlin Bangladesh Liberation War 1972 Nixon visit to China North Yemen - South Yemen Border Conflict 1973 Chilean coup d'état Yom Kippur War Carnation Revolution Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Rhodesian Bush War Angolan Civil War Mozambican Civil War Ogaden War Ethiopian Civil War Lebanese Civil War Sino - Albanian split Cambodian -- Vietnamese War Sino - Vietnamese War Iranian Revolution Operation Condor Dirty War Korean Air Lines Flight 902 Saur Revolution New Jewel Movement 1979 Herat uprising Seven Days to the River Rhine Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union 1980s Soviet -- Afghan War 1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 1980 Turkish coup d'état Invasion of Grenada 1986 Black Sea incident 1988 Black Sea bumping incident Solidarity Soviet reaction Contras Central American crisis RYAN Korean Air Lines Flight 007 Able Archer 83 Star Wars People Power Revolution Glasnost Perestroika Nagorno - Karabakh War Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 Revolutions of 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall 1990s Mongolian Revolution of 1990 German reunification Yemeni unification Fall of communism in Albania Breakup of Yugoslavia Dissolution of the Soviet Union Dissolution of Czechoslovakia Frozen conflicts Abkhazia China - Taiwan Korea Nagorno - Karabakh South Ossetia Transnistria Sino - Indian border dispute North Borneo dispute Foreign policy Truman Doctrine Containment Eisenhower Doctrine Domino theory Hallstein Doctrine Kennedy Doctrine Peaceful coexistence Ostpolitik Johnson Doctrine Brezhnev Doctrine Nixon Doctrine Ulbricht Doctrine Carter Doctrine Reagan Doctrine Rollback Sovereignty of Puerto Rico during the Cold War Ideologies Capitalism Chicago school Keynesianism Monetarism Neoclassical economics Reaganomics Supply - side economics Thatcherism Communism Marxism -- Leninism Castroism Eurocommunism Guevarism Hoxhaism Juche Maoism Naxalism Stalinism Titoism Other Islamism Liberal democracy Social democracy Third - Worldism White supremacy Organizations ASEAN CIA Comecon EEC KGB MI6 Non-Aligned Movement SAARC Safari Club Stasi Propaganda Active measures Crusade for Freedom Izvestia Pravda Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty Red Scare TASS Voice of America Voice of Russia Races Arms race Nuclear arms race Space Race See also Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War Soviet espionage in the United States Soviet Union -- United States relations Soviet -- US summits Russian espionage in the United States American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation NATO -- Russia relations Brinkmanship CIA and the Cultural Cold War Cold War II Category Commons Portal Timeline List of conflicts Armed conflicts involving Cuba External & international Ten Years ' War Cuban War of Independence Spanish -- American War World War I World War II 1952 Cuban Coup Cuban Revolution Escambray Rebellion Congo Crisis Bay of Pigs Invasion Sand War Cuban Missile Crisis Vietnam War Ñancahuazú Guerrilla Eritrean War of Independence South African Border War Yom Kippur War Ethiopian Civil War Angolan Civil War Ogaden War Nicaraguan Revolution Salvadoran Civil War Invasion of Grenada Related articles Military history Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces Cold War Sphere of influence Intervention in Angola Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salvadoran_Civil_War&oldid=814293018 '' Categories : Salvadoran Civil War History of El Salvador Guerrilla wars Communism in El Salvador Civil wars involving the states and peoples of North America Civil wars post-1945 MS - 13 Revolution - based civil wars 20th century in El Salvador Communism - based civil wars Cold War Conflicts in 1986 Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012 Articles needing additional references from January 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Català Čeština Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara Français Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 7 December 2017 , at 23 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvadoran%20Civil%20War
| 2,132 |
||
crisis intervention in the united states started at about the time of the revolutionary war
|
Military history of the United States
|
military history of the united states
|
The military history of the United States spans a period of over two centuries . During those years , the United States evolved from a new nation fighting Great Britain for independence ( 1775 -- 83 ) , through the monumental American Civil War ( 1861 -- 65 ) and , after collaborating in triumph during World War II ( 1941 -- 45 ) , to the world 's sole remaining superpower from the late 20th century to present .
|
The Continental Congress in 1775 established the Continental Army , Continental Navy , and Continental Marines and named General George Washington its commander . This newly formed military , along with state militia forces , the French Army and Navy , and the Spanish Navy defeated the British in 1781 . The new Constitution in 1789 made the president the commander in chief , with authority for the Congress to levy taxes , make the laws , and declare war . As of 2017 , the U.S. Armed Forces consists of the Army , Marine Corps , Navy and Air Force , all under the command of the United States Department of Defense . There also is the United States Coast Guard , which is controlled by the Department of Homeland Security . The President of the United States is the commander - in - chief , and exercises the authority through the Secretary of Defense and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , which supervises combat operations . Governors have control of each state 's Army and Air National Guard units for limited purposes . The president has the ability to federalize National Guard units , bringing them under the sole control of the Department of Defense . Contents ( hide ) 1 Colonial wars ( 1620 -- 1774 ) 2 War of Independence ( 1775 -- 83 ) 2.1 George Washington 3 Early national period ( 1783 -- 1812 ) 3.1 Barbary Wars 4 War of 1812 5 War with Mexico ( 1846 -- 48 ) 6 American Civil War ( 1861 -- 65 ) 7 Post-Civil War era ( 1865 -- 1917 ) 7.1 Indian Wars ( 1865 -- 91 ) 7.2 Spanish -- American War ( 1898 ) 7.3 Philippine -- American War ( 1899 -- 1902 ) 8 Modernization 9 Banana Wars ( 1898 -- 1935 ) 10 Moro Rebellion ( 1899 -- 1913 ) 11 Mexico ( 1910 -- 19 ) 12 World War I ( 1917 -- 18 ) 13 Russian Revolution ( 1918 -- 19 ) 14 1920s : Naval disarmament 15 1930s : Neutrality Acts 16 World War II ( 1941 -- 45 ) 17 Cold War era ( 1945 -- 91 ) 17.1 Postwar military reorganization ( 1947 ) 17.2 Korean War ( 1950 -- 53 ) 17.3 Lebanon crisis of 1958 17.4 Dominican Intervention 17.5 Vietnam War ( 1964 -- 75 ) 17.6 Grenada 17.7 Beirut 17.8 Libya 17.9 Panama 18 Post -- Cold War era ( 1991 -- 2001 ) 18.1 Persian Gulf War ( 1990 -- 91 ) 18.2 Somalia 18.3 Haiti 18.4 Yugoslavia 19 War on Terrorism ( 2001 -- present ) 19.1 Afghanistan 19.2 Philippines 19.3 Iraq 19.4 Syrian and Iraqi intervention 20 Libyan intervention 21 See also 22 References 23 Further reading 23.1 Historiography 24 External links Colonial wars ( 1620 -- 1774 ) ( edit ) Main article : Colonial American military history The beginning of the United States military lies in civilian frontier settlers , armed for hunting and basic survival in the wilderness . These were organized into local militias for small military operations , mostly against Native American tribes but also to resist possible raids by the small military forces of neighboring European colonies . They relied on the British regular Army and Navy for any serious military operation . In major operations outside the locality involved , the militia was not employed as a fighting force . Instead the colony asked for ( and paid ) volunteers , many of whom were also militia members . Siege of Louisbourg ( 1758 ) In the early years of the British colonization of North America , military action in the thirteen colonies that would become the United States were the result of conflicts with Native Americans , such as in the Pequot War of 1637 , King Philip 's War in 1675 , the Yamasee War in 1715 and Father Rale 's War in 1722 . Beginning in 1689 , the colonies became involved in a series of wars between Great Britain and France for control of North America , the most important of which were Queen Anne 's War , in which the British conquered French colony Acadia , and the final French and Indian War ( 1754 -- 63 ) when Britain was victorious over all the French colonies in North America . This final war was to give thousands of colonists , including Virginia colonel George Washington , military experience which they put to use during the American Revolutionary War . War of independence ( 1775 -- 83 ) ( edit ) Main article : American Revolutionary War Detail from Washington and his Generals at Yorktown ( c. 1781 ) by Charles Willson Peale . Lafayette ( far left ) is at Washington 's right , the Comte de Rochambeau to his immediate left . Ongoing political tensions between Great Britain and the thirteen colonies reached a crisis in 1774 when the British placed the province of Massachusetts under martial law after the Patriots protested taxes they regarded as a violation of their constitutional rights as Englishmen . When shooting began at Lexington and Concord in April 1775 , militia units from across New England rushed to Boston and bottled up the British in the city . The Continental Congress appointed George Washington as commander - in - chief of the newly created Continental Army , which was augmented throughout the war by colonial militia . In addition to the Army , Congress also created the Continental Navy and Continental Marines He drove the British out of Boston but in late summer 1776 they returned to New York and nearly captured Washington 's army . Meanwhile , the revolutionaries expelled British officials from the 13 states , and declared themselves an independent nation on July 4 , 1776 . Washington 's surprise crossing of the Delaware River in December 1776 was a major comeback after the loss of New York City ; his army defeated the British in two battles and recaptured New Jersey . The British , for their part , lacked both a unified command and a clear strategy for winning . With the use of the Royal Navy , the British were able to capture coastal cities , but control of the countryside eluded them . A British sortie from Canada in 1777 ended with the disastrous surrender of a British army at Saratoga . With the coming in 1777 of General von Steuben , the training and discipline along Prussian lines began , and the Continental Army began to evolve into a modern force . France and Spain then entered the war against Great Britain as Allies of the US , ending its naval advantage and escalating the conflict into a world war . The Netherlands later joined France , and the British were outnumbered on land and sea in a world war , as they had no major allies apart from Indian tribes . A shift in focus to the southern American states in 1779 resulted in a string of victories for the British , but General Nathanael Greene engaged in guerrilla warfare and prevented them from making strategic headway . The main British army was surrounded by Washington 's American and French forces at Yorktown in 1781 , as the French fleet blocked a rescue by the Royal Navy . The British then sued for peace . George Washington ( edit ) General George Washington ( 1732 -- 99 ) proved an excellent organizer and administrator , who worked successfully with Congress and the state governors , selecting and mentoring his senior officers , supporting and training his troops , and maintaining an idealistic Republican Army . His biggest challenge was logistics , since neither Congress nor the states had the funding to provide adequately for the equipment , munitions , clothing , paychecks , or even the food supply of the soldiers . As a battlefield tactician Washington was often outmaneuvered by his British counterparts . As a strategist , however , he had a better idea of how to win the war than they did . The British sent four invasion armies . Washington 's strategy forced the first army out of Boston in 1776 , and was responsible for the surrender of the second and third armies at Saratoga ( 1777 ) and Yorktown ( 1781 ) . He limited the British control to New York and a few places while keeping Patriot control of the great majority of the population . The Loyalists , on whom the British had relied too heavily , comprised about 20 % of the population but were never well organized . As the war ended , Washington watched proudly as the final British army quietly sailed out of New York City in November 1783 , taking the Loyalist leadership with them . Washington astonished the world when , instead of seizing power , he retired quietly to his farm in Virginia . Patriots had a strong distrust of a permanent `` standing army '' , so the Continental Army was quickly demobilized , with land grants to veterans . General Washington , who throughout the war deferred to elected officials , averted a potential coup d'état and resigned as commander - in - chief after the war , establishing a tradition of civil control of the U.S. military . Early National period ( 1783 -- 1812 ) ( edit ) Main articles : Northwest Indian War , Quasi-War , Barbary Wars , Tecumseh 's War , and Creek War Following the American Revolutionary War , the United States faced potential military conflict on the high seas as well as on the western frontier . The United States was a minor military power during this time , having only a modest army , marine corps , and navy . A traditional distrust of standing armies , combined with faith in the abilities of local militia , precluded the development of well - trained units and a professional officer corps . Jeffersonian leaders preferred a small army and navy , fearing that a large military establishment would involve the United States in excessive foreign wars , and potentially allow a domestic tyrant to seize power . Stephen Decatur boarding the Tripolitan gunboat , 3 August 1804 , the First Barbary War In the Treaty of Paris after the Revolution , the British had ceded the lands between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River to the United States , without consulting the Shawnee , Cherokee , Choctaw and other smaller tribes who lived there . Because many of the tribes had fought as allies of the British , the United States compelled tribal leaders to sign away lands in postwar treaties , and began dividing these lands for settlement . This provoked a war in the Northwest Territory in which the U.S. forces performed poorly ; the Battle of the Wabash in 1791 was the most severe defeat ever suffered by the United States at the hands of American Indians . President Washington dispatched a newly trained army to the region led by General Anthony Wayne , which decisively defeated the Indian confederacy at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794 . When revolutionary France declared war on Great Britain in 1793 , the United States sought to remain neutral , but the Jay Treaty , which was favorable to Great Britain , angered the French government , which viewed it as a violation of the 1778 Treaty of Alliance . French privateers began to seize U.S. vessels , which led to an undeclared `` Quasi-War '' between the two nations . Fought at sea from 1798 to 1800 , the United States won a string of victories in the Caribbean . George Washington was called out of retirement to head a `` provisional army '' in case of invasion by France , but President John Adams managed to negotiate a truce , in which France agreed to terminate the prior alliance and cease its attacks . Barbary wars ( edit ) Main articles : Barbary Wars , First Barbary War , and Second Barbary War The Berbers along the Barbary Coast ( modern day Libya ) sent pirates to capture merchant ships and hold the crews for ransom . The U.S. paid protection money until 1801 , when President Thomas Jefferson refused to pay and sent in the Navy to challenge the Barbary States , the First Barbary War followed . After the U.S.S. Philadelphia was captured in 1803 , Lieutenant Stephen Decatur led a raid which successfully burned the captured ship , preventing Tripoli from using or selling it . In 1805 , after William Eaton captured the city of Derna , Tripoli agreed to a peace treaty . The other Barbary states continued to raid U.S. shipping , until the Second Barbary War in 1815 ended the practice . War of 1812 ( edit ) `` We have met the enemy and they are ours . '' Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry 's victory on Lake Erie in 1813 was an important turning point in the War of 1812 . ( Painting by William H. Powell , 1865 ) Main article : War of 1812 By far the largest military action in which the United States engaged during this era was the War of 1812 . With Britain locked in a major war with Napoleon 's France , its policy was to block American shipments to France . The United States sought to remain neutral while pursuing overseas trade . Britain cut the trade and impressed seamen on American ships into the Royal Navy , despite intense protests . Britain supported an Indian insurrection in the American Midwest , with the goal of creating an Indian state there that would block American expansion . The United States finally declared war on the United Kingdom in 1812 , the first time the U.S. had officially declared war . Not hopeful of defeating the Royal Navy , the U.S. attacked the British Empire by invading British Canada , hoping to use captured territory as a bargaining chip . The invasion of Canada was a debacle , though concurrent wars with Native Americans on the western front ( Tecumseh 's War and the Creek War ) were more successful . After defeating Napoleon in 1814 , Britain sent large veteran armies to invade New York , raid Washington and capture the key control of the Mississippi River at New Orleans . The New York invasion was a fiasco after the much larger British army retreated to Canada . The raiders succeeded in the burning of Washington on 25 August 1814 , but were repulsed in their Chesapeake Bay Campaign at the Battle of Baltimore and the British commander killed . The major invasion in Louisiana was stopped by a one - sided military battle that killed the top three British generals and thousands of soldiers . The winners were the commanding general of the Battle of New Orleans , Major General Andrew Jackson , who became president and the Americans who basked in a victory over a much more powerful nation . The peace treaty proved successful , and the U.S. and Britain never again went to war . The losers were the Indians , who never gained the independent territory in the Midwest promised by Britain . War with Mexico ( 1846 -- 48 ) ( edit ) Main article : Mexican -- American War American forces storming the `` Halls of Montezuma '' With the rapid expansion of the farming population , Democrats looked to the west for new lands , an idea which became known as `` Manifest Destiny . '' In the Texas Revolution ( 1835 -- 36 ) , the settlers declared independence and defeated the Mexican army , but Mexico was determined to reconquer the lost province and threatened war with the U.S. if it annexed Texas . The U.S. , much larger and more powerful , did annex Texas in 1845 and war broke out in 1846 over boundary issues . In the Mexican -- American War 1846 -- 48 , the U.S. Army under Generals Zachary Taylor and Winfield Scott and others , invaded and after a series of victorious battles ( and no major defeats ) seized New Mexico and California , and also blockaded the coast , invaded northern Mexico , and invaded central Mexico , capturing the national capital . The peace terms involved American purchase of the area from California to New Mexico for $10 million . American civil war ( 1861 -- 65 ) ( edit ) Main article : American Civil War Dead soldiers lie where they fell at Antietam , the bloodiest day in American history . Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation after this battle . Long - building tensions between the Northern and Southern States over slavery suddenly reached a climax after the 1860 election of Abraham Lincoln of the new anti-slavery Republican Party as U.S. President . Southern states seceded from the U.S. and formed a separate Confederacy . Within the Confederate states , many U.S. forts with garrisons still loyal to the Union were cut off . Fighting started in 1861 when Fort Sumter was fired upon . The American Civil War caught both sides unprepared . Neither the North 's small standing army nor the South 's scattered state militias were capable of winning a civil war . Both sides raced to raise armies -- larger than any U.S. forces before -- first with repeated calls for volunteers , but eventually resorting to unpopular large - scale conscription for the first time in U.S. history . The North initially sought a quick victory by trying to capture the Confederate capital at Richmond , Virginia , not far from the U.S. capital at Washington , D.C. The South hoped to win by getting Britain and France to intervene , or else by exhausting the North 's willingness to fight . The Confederates under General Robert E. Lee skillfully and tenaciously defended their capital until the very end , while the North struggled to find any general to match . As the fighting between the two capitals stalled , the North found more success in campaigns elsewhere , using rivers , railroads , and the seas to help move and supply their larger forces , putting a stranglehold on the South -- the Anaconda Plan . The war spilled across the continent , and even to the high seas . After four years of appallingly bloody conflict , with more casualties than all other U.S. wars combined , the North 's larger population and industrial might slowly ground the South down . The resources and economy of the South were ruined , while the North 's factories and economy prospered filling government wartime contracts . The American Civil War is sometimes called the `` first modern war '' due to the mobilization and destruction of the civilian base -- total war -- and due to by many technical military innovations involving railroads , telegraphs , rifles , trench warfare , and ironclad warships with turret guns . Post-civil war era ( 1865 -- 1917 ) ( edit ) Indian wars ( 1865 -- 91 ) ( edit ) Main article : Indian Wars After the Civil War , population expansion , railroad construction , and the disappearance of the buffalo herds heightened military tensions on the Great Plains . Several tribes , especially the Sioux and Comanche , fiercely resisted confinement to reservations . The main role of the Army was to keep indigenous peoples on reservations and to end their wars against settlers and each other , William Tecumseh Sherman and Philip Sheridan were in charge . A famous victory for the Plains Nations was the Battle of the Little Big Horn in 1876 , when Col. George Armstrong Custer and two hundred plus members of the 7th Cavalry were killed by a force consisting of Native Americans from the Lakota , Northern Cheyenne , and Arapaho nations . The last significant conflict came in 1891 . Spanish -- American war ( 1898 ) ( edit ) Main article : Spanish -- American War Charge by the Rough Riders The Spanish -- American War was a short decisive war marked by quick , overwhelming American victories at sea and on land against Spain . The Navy was well - prepared and won laurels , even as politicians tried ( and failed ) to have it redeployed to defend East Coast cities against potential threats from the feeble Spanish fleet . The Army performed well in combat in Cuba . However , it was too oriented to small posts in the West and not as well - prepared for an overseas conflict . It relied on volunteers and state militia units , which faced logistical , training and food problems in the staging areas in Florida . The United States freed Cuba ( after an occupation by the U.S. Army ) . By the peace treaty Spain ceded to the United States its colonies of Puerto Rico , Guam , and the Philippines . The Navy set up coaling stations there and in Hawaii ( which voluntarily joined the U.S. in 1898 ) . The U.S. Navy now had a major forward presence across the Pacific and ( with the lease of Guantánamo Bay Naval Base in Cuba ) a major base in the Caribbean guarding the approaches to the Gulf Coast and the Panama Canal . Philippine -- American war ( 1899 -- 1902 ) ( edit ) Main article : Philippine -- American War The Philippine -- American War ( 1899 -- 1902 ) was an armed conflict between a group of Filipino revolutionaries and the American forces following the ceding of the Philippines to the United States after the defeat of Spanish forces in the Battle of Manila . The Army sent in 100,000 soldiers ( mostly from the National Guard ) under General Elwell Otis . Defeated in the field and losing its capital in March 1899 , the poorly armed and poorly led rebels broke into armed bands . The insurgency collapsed in March 1901 when the leader Emilio Aguinaldo was captured by General Frederick Funston and his Macabebe allies . Casualties included 1,037 Americans killed in action and 3,340 who died from disease ; 20,000 rebels were killed . Modernization ( edit ) The Navy was modernized in the 1880s , and by the 1890s had adopted the naval power strategy of Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan -- as indeed did every major navy . The old sailing ships were replaced by modern steel battleships , bringing them in line with the navies of Britain and Germany . In 1907 , most of the Navy 's battleships , with several support vessels , dubbed the Great White Fleet , were featured in a 14 - month circumnavigation of the world . Ordered by President Theodore Roosevelt , it was a mission designed to demonstrate the Navy 's capability to extend to the global theater . Secretary of War Elihu Root ( 1899 -- 1904 ) led the modernization of the Army . His goal of a uniformed chief of staff as general manager and a European - type general staff for planning was stymied by General Nelson A. Miles but did succeed in enlarging West Point and establishing the U.S. Army War College as well as the General Staff . Root changed the procedures for promotions and organized schools for the special branches of the service . He also devised the principle of rotating officers from staff to line . Root was concerned about the Army 's role in governing the new territories acquired in 1898 and worked out the procedures for turning Cuba over to the Cubans , and wrote the charter of government for the Philippines . Rear Admiral Bradley A. Fiske was at the vanguard of new technology in naval guns and gunnery , thanks to his innovations in fire control 1890 -- 1910 . He immediately grasped the potential for air power , and called for the development of a torpedo plane . Fiske , as aide for operations in 1913 -- 15 to Assistant Secretary Franklin D. Roosevelt , proposed a radical reorganization of the Navy to make it a war - fighting instrument . Fiske wanted to centralize authority in a chief of naval operations and an expert staff that would develop new strategies , oversee the construction of a larger fleet , coordinate war planning including force structure , mobilization plans , and industrial base , and ensure that the US Navy possessed the best possible war machines . Eventually , the Navy adopted his reforms and by 1915 started to reorganize for possible involvement in the World War then underway . Banana wars ( 1898 -- 1935 ) ( edit ) Main article : Banana Wars `` Banana Wars '' is an informal term for the minor intervention in Latin America from 1898 until 1934 . These include military presence in Cuba , Panama with the Panama Canal Zone , Haiti ( 1915 -- 1935 ) , Dominican Republic ( 1916 -- 1924 ) and Nicaragua ( 1912 -- 1925 ) & ( 1926 -- 1933 ) . The U.S. Marine Corps began to specialize in long - term military occupation of these countries , primarily to safeguard customs revenues which were the cause of local civil wars . Moro Rebellion ( 1899 -- 1913 ) ( edit ) Main article : Moro Rebellion The Moro Rebellion was an armed insurgency between Muslim Filipino tribes in the southern Philippines between 1899 and 1913 . Pacification was never complete as sporadic antigovernment insurgency continues into the 21st century , with American advisors helping the Philippine government forces . Mexico ( 1910 -- 19 ) ( edit ) Main article : Border War ( 1910 -- 19 ) U.S. enters Mexico in 1916 to punish Pancho Villa The Mexican Revolution involved a civil war with hundreds of thousands of deaths and large numbers fleeing combat zones . Tens of thousands fled to the U.S. President Wilson sent U.S. forces to occupy the Mexican city of Veracruz for six months in 1914 . It was designed to show the U.S. was keenly interested in the civil war and would not tolerate attacks on Americans , especially the April 9 , 1914 , `` Tampico Affair '' , which involved the arrest of American sailors by soldiers of the regime of Mexican President Victoriano Huerta . In early 1916 Pancho Villa a Mexican general ordered 500 soldiers on a murderous raid on the American city of Columbus New Mexico , with the goal of robbing banks to fund his army . The German Secret Service encouraged Pancho Villa in his attacks to involve the United States in an intervention in Mexico which would distract the United States from its growing involvement in the war and divert aid from Europe to support the intervention . Wilson called up the state militias ( National Guard ) and sent them and the U.S. Army under General John J. Pershing to punish Villa in the Pancho Villa Expedition . Villa fled , with the Americans in pursuit deep into Mexico , thereby arousing Mexican nationalism . By early 1917 President Venustiano Carranza had contained Villa and secured the border , so Wilson ordered Pershing to withdraw . World war I ( 1917 -- 18 ) ( edit ) Main articles : American entry into World War I and American Expeditionary Forces Men of the 69th Infantry Regiment parading upon returning to New York City . The United States originally wished to remain neutral when World War I broke out in August 1914 . However , it insisted on its right as a neutral party to immunity from German submarine attack , even though its ships carried food and raw materials to Britain . In 1917 the Germans resumed submarine attacks , knowing that it would lead to American entry . When the United States declared war in early April 1917 , the United States Army was still small by European standards ( most of which had conscription ) and mobilization would take at least a year . Meanwhile , the United States continued to provide supplies and money to Britain and France , and initiated the first peacetime draft . Industrial mobilization took longer than expected , so divisions were sent to Europe without equipment , relying instead on the British and French to supply them . By summer 1918 , a million American soldiers , or `` doughboys '' as they were often called , of the American Expeditionary Force ( AEF ) were in Europe , serving on the Western Front under the command of General John Pershing , with 25,000 more arriving every week . The failure of the German Army 's Spring Offensive exhausted its manpower reserves and they were unable to launch new offensives . The Imperial German Navy and home front then revolted and a new German government signed a conditional surrender , the Armistice , ending the war on the Western Front on November 11 , 1918 . Russian Revolution ( 1918 -- 19 ) ( edit ) The so - called Polar Bear Expedition was the involvement of 5,000 U.S. troops , during the Russian Revolution , in blocking the Bolsheviks in Arkhangelsk , Russia as part of the greater Allied military expedition in the Russian Civil War . 1920s : naval disarmament ( edit ) Main article : Washington Naval Conference The U.S. sponsored a major world conference to limit the naval armaments of world powers , including the U.S. , Britain , Japan , and France , plus smaller nations . Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes made the key proposal of each country to reduce its number of warships by a formula that was accepted . The conference enabled the great powers to reduce their navies and avoid conflict in the Pacific . The treaties remained in effect for ten years , but were not renewed as tensions escalated . 1930s : Neutrality Acts ( edit ) After the costly U.S. involvement in World War I , isolationism grew within the nation . Congress refused membership in the League of Nations , and in response to the growing turmoil in Europe and Asia , the gradually more restrictive Neutrality Acts were passed , which were intended to prevent the U.S. from supporting either side in a war . President Franklin D. Roosevelt sought to support Britain , however , and in 1940 signed the Lend - Lease Act , which permitted an expansion of the `` cash and carry '' arms trade to develop with Britain , which controlled the Atlantic sea lanes . Roosevelt favored the Navy ( he was in effective charge in World War I ) , and used relief programs such as the PWA to support Navy yards and build warships . For example , in 1933 he authorized $238 million in PWA funds for thirty - two new ships . The Army Air Corps received only $11 million , which barely covered replacements and allowed no expansion . World war II ( 1941 -- 45 ) ( edit ) Main articles : Military history of the United States during World War II , United States Army Air Forces during World War II , and Special relationship Starting in 1940 ( 18 months before Pearl Harbor ) , the nation mobilized , giving high priority to air power . American involvement in World War II in 1940 -- 41 was limited to providing war material and financial support to Britain , the Soviet Union , and the Republic of China . The U.S. entered officially on 8 December 1941 following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor , Hawaii . Japanese forces soon seized American , Dutch , and British possessions across the Pacific and Southeast Asia , except for Australia , which became a main American forward base along with Hawaii . The explosion aboard the USS Arizona during the attack on Pearl Harbor The loss of eight battleships and 2,403 Americans at Pearl Harbor forced the U.S. to rely on its remaining aircraft carriers , which won a major victory over Japan at Midway just six months into the war , and on its growing submarine fleet . The Navy and Marine Corps followed this up with an island hopping campaign across the central and south Pacific in 1943 -- 45 , reaching the outskirts of Japan in the Battle of Okinawa . During 1942 and 1943 , the U.S. deployed millions of men and thousands of planes and tanks to the UK , beginning with the strategic bombing of Nazi Germany and occupied Europe and leading up to the Allied invasions of occupied North Africa in November 1942 , Sicily and Italy in 1943 , France in 1944 , and the invasion of Germany in 1945 , parallel with the Soviet invasion from the east . That led to the surrender of Nazi Germany in May 1945 . In the Pacific , the U.S. experienced much success in naval campaigns during 1944 , but bloody battles at Iwo Jima and Okinawa in 1945 led the U.S. to look for a way to end the war with minimal loss of American lives . The U.S. used atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki to destroy the Japanese war effort and to shock the Japanese leadership , which quickly caused the surrender of Japan . The United States was able to mobilize quickly , eventually becoming the dominant military power in most theaters of the war ( excepting only eastern Europe ) , and the industrial might of the U.S. economy became a major factor in the Allies ' mobilization of resources . Strategic and tactical lessons learned by the U.S. , such as the importance of air superiority and the dominance of the aircraft carrier in naval actions , continue to guide U.S. military doctrine into the 21st century . General of the Army MacArthur signs on behalf of the Allies World War II holds a special place in the American psyche as the country 's greatest triumph , and the U.S. military personnel of World War II are frequently referred to as `` the Greatest Generation . '' Over 16 million served ( about 11 % of the population ) , and over 400,000 died during the war . The U.S. emerged as one of the two undisputed superpowers along with the Soviet Union , and unlike the Soviet Union , the U.S. homeland was virtually untouched by the ravages of war . During and following World War II , the United States and Britain developed an increasingly strong defense and intelligence relationship . Manifestations of this include extensive basing of U.S. forces in the UK , shared intelligence , shared military technology ( e.g. nuclear technology ) , and shared procurement . Further information : List of United States Army divisions during World War II Cold war era ( 1945 -- 91 ) ( edit ) Main article : Cold War Following World War II , the United States emerged as a global superpower vis - a-vis the Soviet Union in the Cold War . In this period of some forty years , the United States provided foreign military aid and direct involvement in proxy wars against the Soviet Union . It was the principal foreign actor in the Korean War and Vietnam War during this era . Nuclear weapons were held in ready by the United States under a concept of mutually assured destruction with the Soviet Union . Postwar military reorganization ( 1947 ) ( edit ) The National Security Act of 1947 , meeting the need for a military reorganization to complement the U.S. superpower role , combined and replaced the former Department of the Navy and War Department with a single cabinet - level Department of Defense . The act also created the National Security Council , the Central Intelligence Agency , and the Air Force . Korean war ( 1950 -- 53 ) ( edit ) Main article : Korean War Beachhead at Inchon The Korean War was a conflict between the United States and its United Nations allies and the communist powers under influence of the Soviet Union ( also a UN member nation ) and the People 's Republic of China ( which later also gained UN membership ) . The principal combatants were North and South Korea . Principal allies of South Korea included the United States , Canada , Australia , the United Kingdom , although many other nations sent troops under the aegis of the United Nations . Allies of North Korea included the People 's Republic of China , which supplied military forces , and the Soviet Union , which supplied combat advisors and aircraft pilots , as well as arms , for the Chinese and North Korean troops . The war started badly for the US and UN . North Korean forces struck massively in the summer of 1950 and nearly drove the outnumbered US and ROK defenders into the sea . However the United Nations intervened , naming Douglas MacArthur commander of its forces , and UN-US - ROK forces held a perimeter around Pusan , gaining time for reinforcement . MacArthur , in a bold but risky move , ordered an amphibious invasion well behind the front lines at Inchon , cutting off and routing the North Koreans and quickly crossing the 38th Parallel into North Korea . As UN forces continued to advance toward the Yalu River on the border with Communist China , the Chinese crossed the Yalu River in October and launched a series of surprise attacks that sent the UN forces reeling back across the 38th Parallel . Truman originally wanted a Rollback strategy to unify Korea ; after the Chinese successes he settled for a Containment policy to split the country . MacArthur argued for rollback but was fired by President Harry Truman after disputes over the conduct of the war . Peace negotiations dragged on for two years until President Dwight D. Eisenhower threatened China with nuclear weapons ; an armistice was quickly reached with the two Koreas remaining divided at the 38th parallel . North and South Korea are still today in a state of war , having never signed a peace treaty , and American forces remain stationed in South Korea as part of American foreign policy . Lebanon crisis of 1958 ( edit ) In the Lebanon crisis of 1958 that threatened civil war , Operation Blue Bat deployed several hundred Marines to bolster the pro-Western Lebanese government from July 15 to October 25 , 1958 . Dominican intervention ( edit ) Main article : Operation Power Pack On April 28 , 1965 , 400 Marines were landed in Santo Domingo to evacuate the American Embassy and foreign nationals after dissident Dominican armed forces attempted to overthrow the ruling civilian junta . By mid-May , peak strength of 23,850 U.S. soldiers , Marines , and Airmen were in the Dominican Republic and some 38 naval ships were positioned offshore . They evacuated nearly 6,500 men , women , and children of 46 nations , and distributed more than 8 million tons of food . Vietnam war ( 1964 -- 75 ) ( edit ) Main article : Vietnam War See also : United States Air Force in Thailand and Secret War Formation of Iroquois ca . 1966 The Vietnam War was a war fought between 1955 and 1975 on the ground in South Vietnam and bordering areas of Cambodia and Laos ( see Secret War ) and in the strategic bombing ( see Operation Rolling Thunder ) of North Vietnam . American advisors came in the late 1950s to help the RVN ( Republic of Vietnam ) combat Communist insurgents known as `` Viet Cong . '' Major American military involvement began in 1964 , after Congress provided President Lyndon B. Johnson with blanket approval for presidential use of force in the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution . Fighting on one side was a coalition of forces including the Republic of Vietnam ( South Vietnam or the `` RVN '' ) , the United States , supplemented by South Korea , Thailand , Australia , New Zealand , and the Philippines . The allies fought against the North Vietnamese Army ( NVA ) as well as the National Liberation Front ( NLF , also known as Viet communists Viet Cong ) , or `` VC '' , a guerrilla force within South Vietnam . The NVA received substantial military and economic aid from the Soviet Union and China , turning Vietnam into a proxy war . The military history of the American side of the war involved different strategies over the years . The bombing campaigns of the Air Force were tightly controlled by the White House for political reasons , and until 1972 avoided the main Northern cities of Hanoi and Haiphong and concentrated on bombing jungle supply trails , especially the Ho Chi Minh Trail . The most controversial Army commander was William Westmoreland whose strategy involved systematic defeat of all enemy forces in the field , despite heavy American casualties that alienated public opinion back home . United States Embassy following the Tet Offensive The U.S. framed the war as part of its policy of containment of Communism in south Asia , but American forces were frustrated by an inability to engage the enemy in decisive battles , corruption and incompetence in the Army of the Republic of Vietnam , and ever increasing protests at home . The Tet Offensive in 1968 , although a major military defeat for the NLF with half their forces eliminated , marked the psychological turning point in the war . With President Richard M. Nixon opposed to containment and more interested in achieving détente with both the Soviet Union and China , American policy shifted to `` Vietnamization , '' -- providing very large supplies of arms and letting the Vietnamese fight it out themselves . After more than 57,000 dead and many more wounded , American forces withdrew in 1973 with no clear victory , and in 1975 South Vietnam was finally conquered by communist North Vietnam and unified . Memories and lessons from the war are still a major factor in American politics . One side views the war as a necessary part of the Containment policy , which allowed the enemy to choose the time and place of warfare . Others note the U.S. made major strategic gains as the Communists were defeated in Indonesia , and by 1972 both Moscow and Beijing were competing for American support , at the expense of their allies in Hanoi . Critics see the conflict as a `` quagmire '' -- an endless waste of American blood and treasure in a conflict that did not concern US interests . Fears of another quagmire have been major factors in foreign policy debates ever since . The draft became extremely unpopular , and President Nixon ended it in 1973 , forcing the military ( the Army especially ) to rely entirely upon volunteers . That raised the issue of how well the professional military reflected overall American society and values ; the soldiers typically took the position that their service represented the highest and best American values . Grenada ( edit ) In October , 1983 , a power struggle in Grenada , which had installed a communist - leaning government , led to increased tensions in the region . Neighboring nations asked the U.S. to intervene . The invasion was a hurriedly devised grouping of paratroopers , Marines , Rangers , and special operations forces in Operation Urgent Fury . Over a thousand Americans quickly seized the entire island , taking hundreds of military and civilian prisoners , especially Cubans , who were building a large military airstrip . Beirut ( edit ) In 1983 fighting between Palestinian refugees and Lebanese factions reignited that nation 's long - running civil war . A UN agreement brought an international force of peacekeepers to occupy Beirut and guarantee security . US Marines landed in August 1982 along with Italian and French forces . On October 23 , 1983 , a suicide bomber driving a truck filled with 6 tons of TNT crashed through a fence and destroyed the Marine barracks , killing 241 Marines ; seconds later , a second bomber leveled a French barracks , killing 58 . Subsequently , the US Navy engaged in bombing of militia positions inside Lebanon . While US President Ronald Reagan was initially defiant , political pressure at home eventually forced the withdrawal of the Marines in February 1984 . Libya ( edit ) Main article : Bombing of Libya ( 1986 ) Code - named `` Operation El Dorado Canyon '' , comprised the joint United States Air Force , Navy , and Marine Corps air - strikes against Libya on April 15 , 1986 . The attack was carried out in response to the 1986 Berlin discotheque bombing , and resulted in the killing of 45 officers and 15 civilians . Panama ( edit ) On December 20 , 1989 the United States invaded Panama , mainly from U.S. bases within the then - Canal Zone , to oust dictator and international drug trafficker Manuel Noriega . American forces quickly overwhelmed the Panamanian Defense Forces , Noriega was captured on January 3 , 1990 and imprisoned in the U.S. and a new government was installed . Post -- Cold war era ( 1991 -- 2001 ) ( edit ) US military engagements 1990 -- 2002 Persian Gulf war ( 1990 -- 91 ) ( edit ) The Persian Gulf War was a conflict between Iraq and a coalition force of 34 nations led by the United States . The lead up to the war began with the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in August 1990 which was met with immediate economic sanctions by the United Nations against Iraq . The coalition commenced hostilities in January 1991 , resulting in a decisive victory for the U.S. led coalition forces , which drove Iraqi forces out of Kuwait with minimal coalition deaths . Despite the low death toll , over 180,000 US veterans would later be classified as `` permanently disabled '' according to the US Department of Veterans Affairs ( see Gulf War Syndrome ) . The main battles were aerial and ground combat within Iraq , Kuwait and bordering areas of Saudi Arabia . Land combat did not expand outside of the immediate Iraq / Kuwait / Saudi border region , although the coalition bombed cities and strategic targets across Iraq , and Iraq fired missiles on Israeli and Saudi cities . USS Wisconsin fires on Iraqi positions in Kuwait Before the war , many observers believed the US and its allies could win but might suffer substantial casualties ( certainly more than any conflict since Vietnam ) , and that the tank battles across the harsh desert might rival those of North Africa during World War II . After nearly 50 years of proxy wars , and constant fears of another war in Europe between NATO and the Warsaw Pact , some thought the Persian Gulf War might finally answer the question of which military philosophy would have reigned supreme . Iraqi forces were battle - hardened after 8 years of war with Iran , and they were well equipped with late model Soviet tanks and jet fighters , but the antiaircraft weapons were crippled ; in comparison , the US had no large - scale combat experience since its withdrawal from Vietnam nearly 20 years earlier , and major changes in US doctrine , equipment and technology since then had never been tested under fire . However , the battle was one - sided almost from the beginning . The reasons for this are the subject of continuing study by military strategists and academics . There is general agreement that US technological superiority was a crucial factor but the speed and scale of the Iraqi collapse has also been attributed to poor strategic and tactical leadership and low morale among Iraqi troops , which resulted from a history of incompetent leadership . After devastating initial strikes against Iraqi air defenses and command and control facilities on 17 January 1991 , coalition forces achieved total air superiority almost immediately . The Iraqi air force was destroyed within a few days , with some planes fleeing to Iran , where they were interned for the duration of the conflict . The overwhelming technological advantages of the US , such as stealth aircraft and infrared sights , quickly turned the air war into a `` turkey shoot '' . The heat signature of any tank which started its engine made an easy target . Air defense radars were quickly destroyed by radar - seeking missiles fired from wild weasel aircraft . Grainy video clips , shot from the nose cameras of missiles as they aimed at impossibly small targets , were a staple of US news coverage and revealed to the world a new kind of war , compared by some to a video game . Over 6 weeks of relentless pounding by planes and helicopters , the Iraqi army was almost completely beaten but did not retreat , under orders from Iraqi President Saddam Hussein , and by the time the ground forces invaded on 24 February , many Iraqi troops quickly surrendered to forces much smaller than their own ; in one instance , Iraqi forces attempted to surrender to a television camera crew that was advancing with coalition forces . After just 100 hours of ground combat , and with all of Kuwait and much of southern Iraq under coalition control , US President George H.W. Bush ordered a cease - fire and negotiations began resulting in an agreement for cessation of hostilities . Some US politicians were disappointed by this move , believing Bush should have pressed on to Baghdad and removed Hussein from power ; there is little doubt that coalition forces could have accomplished this if they had desired . Still , the political ramifications of removing Hussein would have broadened the scope of the conflict greatly , and many coalition nations refused to participate in such an action , believing it would create a power vacuum and destabilize the region . Following the Persian Gulf War , to protect minority populations , the US , Britain , and France declared and maintained no - fly zones in northern and southern Iraq , which the Iraqi military frequently tested . The no - fly zones persisted until the 2003 invasion of Iraq , although France withdrew from participation in patrolling the no - fly zones in 1996 , citing a lack of humanitarian purpose for the operation . Somalia ( edit ) Main articles : Operation Restore Hope and UNOSOM II US troops participated in a UN peacekeeping mission in Somalia beginning in 1992 . By 1993 the US troops were augmented with Rangers and special forces with the aim of capturing warlord Mohamed Farrah Aidid , whose forces had massacred peacekeepers from Pakistan . During a raid in downtown Mogadishu , US troops became trapped overnight by a general uprising in the Battle of Mogadishu . Eighteen American soldiers were killed , and a US television crew filmed graphic images of the body of one soldier being dragged through the streets by an angry mob . Somali guerrillas paid a staggering toll at an estimated 1,000 -- 5,000 total casualties during the conflict . After much public disapproval , American forces were quickly withdrawn by President Bill Clinton . The incident profoundly affected US thinking about peacekeeping and intervention . The book Black Hawk Down was written about the battle , and was the basis for the later movie of the same name . Haiti ( edit ) Main article : Operation Uphold Democracy Operation Uphold Democracy ( September 19 , 1994 -- March 31 , 1995 ) was an intervention designed to reinstate the elected President Jean - Bertrand Aristide , who was reported to have died in office during the bombing of the presidential palace . The operation was effectively authorized by the 31 July 1994 United Nations Security Council Resolution 940 . Yugoslavia ( edit ) During the war in Yugoslavia in the early 1990s , the US operated in Bosnia and Herzegovina as part of the NATO - led multinational implementation force ( IFOR ) in Operation Joint Endeavour . The USA was one of the NATO member countries who bombed Yugoslavia between March 24 and June 9 , 1999 during the Kosovo War and later contributed to the multinational force KFOR . War on Terrorism ( 2001 -- present ) ( edit ) The War on Terrorism is a global effort by the governments of several countries ( primarily the United States and its principal allies ) to neutralize international terrorist groups ( primarily Islamic Extremist terrorist groups , including al - Qaeda ) and ensure that countries considered by the US and some of its allies to be Rogue Nations no longer support terrorist activities . It has been adopted primarily as a response to the September 11 , 2001 attacks on the United States . Since 2001 , terrorist motivated attacks upon service members have occurred in Arkansas and Texas . Afghanistan ( edit ) U.S. Army Special Forces and U.S. Air Force Combat Controllers on horseback in November 2001 The intervention in Afghanistan ( Operation Enduring Freedom -- Afghanistan ) to depose that country 's Taliban government and destroy training camps associated with al - Qaeda is understood to have been the opening , and in many ways defining , campaign of the broader War on Terrorism . The emphasis on Special Operations Forces ( SOF ) , political negotiation with autonomous military units , and the use of proxy militaries marked a significant change from prior U.S. military approaches . Philippines ( edit ) In January 2002 , the U.S. sent more than 1,200 troops ( later raised to 2,000 ) to assist the Armed Forces of the Philippines in combating terrorist groups linked to al - Qaida , such as Abu Sayyaf , under Operation Enduring Freedom -- Philippines . Operations have taken place mostly in the Sulu Archipelago , where terrorists and other groups are active . The majority of troops provide logistics . However , there are special forces troops that are training and assisting in combat operations against the terrorist groups . Iraq ( edit ) A Marine Corps M1 Abrams tank patrols a Baghdad street in April 2003 Main article : History of Iraq ( 2003 -- 11 ) After the lengthy Iraq disarmament crisis culminated with an American demand that Iraqi President Saddam Hussein leave Iraq , which was refused , a coalition led by the United States and the United Kingdom fought the Iraqi army in the 2003 invasion of Iraq . Approximately 250,000 United States troops , with support from 45,000 British , 2,000 Australian and 200 Polish combat forces , entered Iraq primarily through their staging area in Kuwait . ( Turkey had refused to permit its territory to be used for an invasion from the north . ) Coalition forces also supported Iraqi Kurdish militia , estimated to number upwards of 50,000 . After approximately three weeks of fighting , Hussein and the Ba'ath Party were forcibly removed , followed by 9 years of military presence by the United States and the coalition fighting alongside the newly elected Iraqi government against various insurgent groups . Syrian and Iraqi intervention ( edit ) Main articles : 2014 American - led intervention in Iraq and 2014 US - Coalition intervention in Syria With the emergence of ISIL and its capture of large areas of Iraq and Syria , a number of crises resulted that sparked international attention . ISIL had perpetrated sectarian killings and war crimes in both Iraq and Syria . Gains made in the Iraq war were rolled back as Iraqi army units abandoned their posts . Cities were taken over by the terrorist group which enforced its brand of Sharia law . The kidnapping and decapitation of numerous Western journalists and aid - workers also garnered interest and outrage among Western powers . The US intervened with airstrikes in Iraq over ISIL held territories and assets in August , and in September a coalition of US and Middle Eastern powers initiated a bombing campaign in Syria aimed at degrading and destroying ISIL and Al - Nusra - held territory . Libyan intervention ( edit ) Main article : Operation Odyssey Dawn As a result of the Libyan Civil War , the United Nations enacted United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 , which imposed a no - fly zone over Libya , and the protection of civilians from the forces of Muammar Gaddafi . The United States , along with Britain , France and several other nations , committed a coalition force against Gaddafi 's forces . On 19 March 2011 , the first U.S. action was taken when 114 Tomahawk missiles launched by US and UK warships destroyed shoreline air defenses of the Gaddafi regime . The U.S. continued to play a major role in Operation Unified Protector , the NATO - directed mission that eventually incorporated all of the military coalition 's actions in the theater . Throughout the conflict however , the U.S. maintained it was playing a supporting role only and was following the UN mandate to protect civilians , while the real conflict was between Gaddafi 's loyalists and Libyan rebels fighting to depose him . During the conflict , American drones were also deployed . See also ( edit ) Military budget of the United States United States Armed Forces History of the United States Army National Museum of the United States Army History of the United States Marine Corps National Museum of the Marine Corps History of the United States Navy U.S. Navy Museum History of the United States Air Force National Museum of the United States Air Force History of the United States Coast Guard History of civil affairs in the United States armed forces United States and weapons of mass destruction United States Department of Defense Awards and decorations of the United States military United States casualties of war Military of the United States portal History of minorities in the United States Armed Forces United States Armed Forces racial desegregation Military history of African Americans Military history of Asian Americans Military history of Hispanic and Latino Americans Military history of Jewish Americans Military history of Sikh Americans Native Americans in the American Civil War Native Americans and World War II Related lists Timeline of United States military operations United States military deployments List of conflicts in the United States List of military operations List of United States military leaders by rank List of wars involving the United States Military history of Canada Military history of Mexico Military history of the Philippines , American period References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jim Newton ( 2011 ) . Eisenhower : The White House Years . Random House . p. 129 . Jump up ^ John Whiteclay Chambers , ed. , The Oxford Guide to American Military History ( 1999 ) Jump up ^ Jeremy Black , America as a Military Power : From the American Revolution to the Civil War ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Fred Anderson , ed . The Oxford Companion to American Military History ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ Spencer C. Tucker , James Arnold , and Roberta Wiener eds . The Encyclopedia of North American Colonial Conflicts to 1775 : A Political , Social , and Military History ( 2008 ) excerpt and text search Jump up ^ James Titus , The Old Dominion at War : Society , Politics and Warfare in Late Colonial Virginia ( 1991 ) Jump up ^ Fred Anderson , The War That Made America : A Short History of the French and Indian War ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ Don Higginbotham , The war of American independence : military attitudes , policies , and practice , 1763 -- 1789 ( 1983 ) Jump up ^ Lesson Plan on `` What Made George Washington a Good Military Leader ? '' NEH EDSITEMENT Jump up ^ Edward G. Lengel , General George Washington : A Military Life ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Edward G. Lengel ( 2012 ) . A Companion to George Washington . Wiley . p. 300 . Jump up ^ Richard H. Kohn , Eagle and Sword : The Federalists and the Creation of the Military Establishment in America , 1783 -- 1802 ( 1975 ) Jump up ^ William B. Kessel and Robert Wooster , eds . Encyclopedia of Native American wars and warfare ( 2005 ) pp 50 , 123 , 186 , 280 Jump up ^ Michael A. Palmer , Stoddert 's war : naval operations during the quasi-war with France ( 1999 ) Jump up ^ Frank Lambert , The Barbary Wars : American Independence in the Atlantic World ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ J.C.A. Stagg , The War of 1812 : Conflict for a Continent ( 2012 ) Jump up ^ Walter R. Borneman , 1812 : The War That Forged a Nation ( 2005 ) is an American perspective ; Mark Zuehlke , For Honour 's Sake : The War of 1812 and the Brokering of an Uneasy Peace ( 2006 ) provides a Canadian perspective . Jump up ^ Robert W. Merry , A Country of Vast Designs : James K. Polk , the Mexican War and the Conquest of the American Continent ( 2009 ) excerpt and text search Jump up ^ Justin Harvey Smith , The War with Mexico , Vol 1 . ( 2 vol 1919 ) , full text online ; Smith , The War with Mexico , Vol 2 . ( 1919 ) . full text online of Pulitzer prize winning history . Jump up ^ K. Jack Bauer , The Mexican War , 1846 -- 1848 ( 1974 ) ; David S. Heidler , and Jeanne T. Heidler , The Mexican War . ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Louis P. Masur , The Civil War : A Concise History ( 2011 ) Jump up ^ Benjamin Bacon , Sinews of War : How Technology , Industry , and Transportation Won the Civil War ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ Utley , ( 1984 ) Jump up ^ Jim Leeke , Manila And Santiago : The New Steel Navy in the Spanish -- American War ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Graham A. Cosmas , An Army for Empire : The United States Army in the Spanish -- American War ( 1998 ) Jump up ^ Richard W. Stewart , `` Emergence to World Power 1898 -- 1902 '' Ch. 15 , in `` American Military History , Volume I : The United States Army and the Forging of a Nation , 1775 -- 1917 '' , ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ `` The Philippines '' . Digital History . University of Houston . 22 May 2011 . Retrieved 22 May 2011 . In December , Spain ceded the Philippines to the United States for $20 million . Jump up ^ William Braisted , United States Navy in the Pacific , 1897 -- 1909 ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Brian McAllister Linn , The Philippine War 1899 -- 1902 ( University Press of Kansas , 2000 ) . ISBN 0 - 7006 - 0990 - 3 Jump up ^ Henry J. Hendrix , Theodore Roosevelt 's Naval Diplomacy : The U.S. Navy and the Birth of the American Century ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ James E. Hewes , Jr . From Root to McNamara : Army Organization and Administration , 1900 -- 1963 ( 1975 ) Jump up ^ Paolo Coletta , Admiral Bradley A. Fiske and the American Navy ( 1979 ) Jump up ^ Lester D. Langley , The Banana Wars : United States Intervention in the Caribbean , 1898 -- 1934 ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ Charles Byler , `` Pacifying the Moros : American Military Government in the Southern Philippines , 1899 -- 1913 '' Military Review ( May -- June 2005 ) pp 41 -- 45 . online Jump up ^ John S.D. Eisenhower , Intervention ! : The United States and the Mexican Revolution , 1913 -- 1917 ( 1995 ) Jump up ^ E. Bruce White and Francisco Villa , `` The Muddied Waters of Columbus , New Mexico , '' The Americas 32 # 1 ( July 1975 ) , pp. 72 -- 98 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Friedrich Katz , The Secret War in Mexico : Europe , the United States , and the Mexican Revolution ( 1984 ) Jump up ^ James W. Hurst , Pancho Villa and Black Jack Pershing : The Punitive Expedition in Mexico ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Friedrich Katz , `` Pancho Villa and the Attack on Columbus , New Mexico , '' American Historical Review 83 # 1 ( 1978 ) , pp. 101 -- 130 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Kendrick A. Clements , `` Woodrow Wilson and World War I , '' Presidential Studies Quarterly 34 : 1 ( 2004 ) . pp 62 +. online edition Jump up ^ Anne Venzon , ed. , The United States in the First World War : An Encyclopedia ( 1995 ) Jump up ^ Edward M. Coffman , The War to End All Wars : The American Military Experience in World War I ( 1998 ) Jump up ^ Robert L. Willett , `` Russian Sideshow '' ( Washington , D.C. , Brassey 's Inc. , 2003 ) , page 267 Jump up ^ Germany and the Soviet Union were not invited . Jump up ^ Emily O. Goldman , Sunken Treaties ( 1994 ) Jump up ^ Divine , Robert ( 1969 ) . Roosevelt and World War II . Baltimore , MD , USA : Johns Hopkins University Press . pp. 5 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Jeffery S. Underwood , The Wings of Democracy : The Influence of Air Power on the Roosevelt Administration , 1933 -- 1941 ( 1991 ) pp 34 -- 35 Jump up ^ `` All in -- ' over-sexed , over-paid and over here ' '' . Australia 's War 1939 -- 1945 . Retrieved 2 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Fact Sheet : Pearl Harbor '' . Naval History & Heritage Command . United States Navy . Retrieved 13 September 2014 . `` Remembering Pearl Harbor '' ( PDF ) ... nationalww2museum.org . The National WWII Museum . Retrieved 13 September 2014 . Shaw , Daron R. ( 15 September 2008 ) . The Race to 270 : The Electoral College and the Campaign Strategies of 2000 and 2004 . University of Chicago Press . p. 162 . ISBN 9780226751368 . Retrieved 13 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Parrington , Alan ( 1997 ) . `` Mutually Assured Destruction Revisited '' . Airpower Journal . Retrieved January 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Allan R. Millett , `` A Reader 's Guide To The Korean War , '' Journal of Military History ( 1997 ) Vol. 61 No. 3 ; p. 583 + online version Jump up ^ James I. Matray , `` Truman 's Plan for Victory : National Self - Determination and the Thirty - Eighth Parallel Decision in Korea , '' Journal of American History , Sept. 1979 , Vol. 66 Issue 2 , pp 314 -- 333 , in JSTOR Jump up ^ Stanley Sandler , ed. , The Korean War : An Encyclopedia ( Garland , 1995 ) Jump up ^ John Prados , Vietnam : The History of an Unwinnable War , 1945 -- 1975 ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Mark Atwood Lawrence , The Vietnam War : A Concise International History ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ Spencer Tucker , Vietnam ( 2000 ) ; for coverage of wach major operation see Stanley I. Kutler , ed. , Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War ( 1996 ) and Spencer C. Tucker , ed . Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War : A Political , Social , and Military History ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ Mark Clodfelter , The Limits of Air Power : The American Bombing of North Vietnam ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ Lewis Sorley , Westmoreland : The General Who Lost Vietnam ( 2011 ) Jump up ^ Robert D. Schulzinger , Time for War : The United States and Vietnam , 1941 -- 1975 . ( 1997 ) online edition Jump up ^ Patrick Hagopian , The Vietnam War in American Memory : Veterans , Memorials , and the Politics of Healing ( 2009 ) excerpt and text search Jump up ^ George Q. Flynn , The draft , 1940 -- 1973 ( 1993 ) Jump up ^ Bernard Rostker , I want you ! : the evolution of the All - Volunteer Force ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ Vijay Tiwathia , The Grenada war : anatomy of a low - intensity conflict ( 1987 ) Jump up ^ Mark Adkin , Urgent Fury : The Battle for Grenada : The Truth Behind the Largest U.S. Military Operation Since Vietnam ( 1989 ) Jump up ^ Col. Timothy J. Geraghty , USMC ( Ret . ) ( 2009 ) . Peacekeepers at War : Beirut 1983 -- The Marine Commander Tells His Story . Potomac Books , Inc. ch 8 Jump up ^ Thomas Donnelly , Margaret Roth and Caleb Baker , Operation Just Cause : The Storming of Panama ( 1991 ) Jump up ^ Rick Atkinson , Crusade : The Untold Story of the Persian Gulf War ( 1994 ) Jump up ^ Marc J. O'Reilly , Unexceptional : America 's Empire in the Persian Gulf , 1941 -- 2007 ( 2008 ) p 173 Jump up ^ John L. Hirsch and Robert B. Oakley , Somalia and Operation Restore Hope : Reflections on Peacemaking and Peacekeeping ( 1995 ) Jump up ^ John R. Ballard , Upholding democracy : the United States military campaign in Haiti , 1994 -- 1997 ( 1998 ) Jump up ^ Richard C. Holbrooke , To End a War ( 1999 ) excerpt and text search Jump up ^ Christopher N. Koontz , Enduring Voices : Oral Histories of the U.S. Army Experience in Afghanistan , 2003 -- 2005 ( 2008 ) online Jump up ^ `` More than 1,700 bombs dropped in war on ISIL '' . Al Jazeera . October 24 , 2014 . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Steps Up Assault on Libya , Firing Four More Tomahawk Missiles at Air Defense Systems '' . Fox News . 20 March 2011 . Retrieved 21 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Julianna ; Johnston , Nicholas ( 21 March 2011 ) . `` Obama Says No Conflict in U.S. Policy , UN Libya Mandate '' . Bloomberg L.P . Retrieved 21 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Hopkins , Nick ( 21 April 2011 ) . `` Drones can be used by Nato forces in Libya , says Obama '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 21 October 2011 . Further reading ( edit ) Main article : Bibliography of United States military history Allison , William T. , Jeffrey G. Grey , Janet G. Valentine . American Military History : A Survey from Colonial Times to the Present ( 2nd ed. 2012 ) 416pp Boyne , Walter J. Beyond the Wild Blue : A History of the U.S. Air Force , 1947 -- 2007 ( 2nd ed. 2007 ) 576 pp excerpt Bradford , James C. ( 2003 ) . Atlas of American military history . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 521661 - 5 . Brown , Jerold E. ( 2001 ) . Historical Dictionary of the U.S. Army . Greenwood Publishing Group . Chambers , John Whiteclay ; Fred Anderson ( 1999 ) . The Oxford companion to American military history . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 507198 - 6 . Chambers , John Whiteclay and G. Kurt Piehler , eds . Major Problems in American Military History : Documents and Essays ( 1988 ) 408pp excerpts from primary and secondary sources table of contents Crocker , III , H.W. ( 2007 ) . Do n't Tread on Me : A 400 - Year History of America at War . Random House Digital , Inc . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 5364 - 3 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Hacker , Barton C. ; Margaret Vining ( 2007 ) . American Military Technology : The Life Story of a Technology . JHU Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 8772 - 7 . Hagan , Kenneth J. and Michael T. McMaster , eds . In Peace and War : Interpretations of American Naval History ( 2008 ) , essays by scholars Howarth , Stephen ( 1999 ) . To Shining Sea : a History of the United States Navy , 1775 -- 1998 . Norman , OK : U of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 3026 - 1 . Hearn , Chester G. Air Force : An Illustrated History : The U.S. Air Force from 1910 to the 21st Century ( 2008 ) excerpt and text search Isenberg , Michael T. Shield of the Republic : The United States Navy in an Era of Cold War and Violent Peace 1945 -- 1962 ( 1993 ) Lookingbill , Brad D. ( 2010 ) . American Military History . John Wiley and Sons . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 9052 - 7 . Love , Robert W. , Jr. ( 1992 ) . History of the U.S. Navy 2 vol . Matloff , Maurice ( 1996 ) . American Military History : 1775 -- 1902 . Da Capo Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 938289 - 70 - 8 . ; numerous editions ; Matloff ( 1996 ) . American Military History : 1902 -- 1996 . Da Capo Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 938289 - 71 - 5 . ; numerous editions Millett , Allan R. Semper Fidelis : History of the United States Marine Corps ( 1980 ) excerpt and text search Millett , Allan R. , Peter Maslowski and William B. Feis . For the Common Defense : A Military History of the United States from 1607 to 2012 ( 3rd ed. 2013 ) excerpt and text search Morris , James M. , ed . Readings in American Military History ( 2003 ) 401pp articles by experts Moten , Matthew ( 2014 ) . Presidents and Their Generals : An American History of Command in War . Harvard UP . Muehlbauer , Matthew S. , and David J. Ulbrich . Ways of War : American Military History from the Colonial Era to the Twenty - First Century ( Routledge , 2013 ) , 536pp ; university textbook ; online review Stewart , Richard W. American military history ( 2 vol 2010 ) ; The current ROTC textbook Sweeney , Jerry K. ; Kevin B. Byrne ( 2006 ) . A handbook of American military history . U of Nebraska Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 9337 - 3 . Urwin , Gregory J.W. ( 1983 ) . The United States Cavalry : an illustrated history , 1776 -- 1944 . University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 3475 - 8 . Utley , Robert M. ( 1984 ) Frontier Regulars : The United States Army and the Indian , 1866 -- 1891 Utley , Robert M. ( 2002 ) Indian Wars Williams , T. Harry ( 1960 ) . Americans at War : The Development of the American Military System . LSU Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8071 - 2474 - 1 . U.S. Department of the Army ( 2001 ) . The Writing of American Military History : A Guide . The Minerva Group , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89875 - 350 - 9 . Woodward , David R . The American Army and the First World War ( Cambridge University Press , 2014 ) . 484 pp. online review Historiography ( edit ) Grimsley , Mark . `` The American military history master narrative : Three textbooks on the American military experience , '' Journal of Military History ( 2015 ) 79 # 3 pp 782 -- 802 ; review of Allison , Millett , and Muehlbauer textbooks External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Military history of the United States . Website for Ways of War : American Military History from the Colonial Era to the Twenty - First Century By Muehlbauer and Ulbrich , with additional text , bibliographies and student aids United States Military Campaigns , Conflicts , Expeditions and Wars Compiled by Larry Van Horn , U.S. Navy Retired Military History wiki A Continent Divided : The U.S. -- Mexico War , Center for Greater Southwestern Studies , the University of Texas at Arlington National Indian Wars Association Instances of Use of United States Forces Abroad , 1798 -- 1993 by U.S. Navy History of the United States Timeline Prehistory Pre-Columbian Colonial 1776 -- 89 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 65 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 45 1945 -- 64 1964 -- 80 1980 -- 91 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present Topics American Century Cities Constitution Demographic Diplomatic Economic Education Immigration Medical Merchant Marine Military Musical Religious Slavery Southern By state Technological and industrial Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Voting rights Women Category Portal Armed conflicts involving the United States Armed Forces listed chronologically Domestic Shays ' Rebellion Whiskey Rebellion Fries 's Rebellion Mormon War Dorr Rebellion Bleeding Kansas Utah War Civil War Indian Wars Brooks -- Baxter War Range War Lincoln County War Johnson County War Coal Creek War Homestead Strike Battle of Blair Mountain Bonus Army Battle of Athens Foreign Revolutionary War Quasi-War First Barbary War War of 1812 Second Barbary War First Sumatran expedition Second Sumatran expedition Ivory Coast Expedition Mexican -- American War First Fiji Expedition Second Opium War Second Fiji Expedition Formosa Expedition Korean Expedition Spanish -- American War Philippine -- American War Boxer Rebellion Banana Wars Border War World War I Russian Civil War World War II Korean War Vietnam War Invasion of the Dominican Republic Invasion of Grenada Lebanese Civil War Invasion of Panama Gulf War Somali Civil War Bosnian War Kosovo War Afghanistan War Iraq War War in North - West Pakistan Libyan Civil War Intervention against ISIL Iraq Syria Cameroon Libya Related articles List of conflicts in the U.S. List of wars involving the U.S. Timeline of U.S. military operations Length of U.S. participation in major wars Overseas expansion Military history Covert regime - change actions Casualties of war Peace movement List of anti-war organizations Conscientious objector United States Armed Forces Book Portal MC AF CG Category MC AF CG PHS NOAA Navbox MC AF CG Leadership Commander - in - chief : President of the United States Secretary of Defense Deputy Secretary of Defense Secretary of Homeland Security Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security Joint Chiefs of Staff : Chairman Vice Chairman United States Congress : Committees on Armed Services : Senate House Active duty four - star officers Highest ranking officers in history National Security Act of 1947 Goldwater -- Nichols Act Organization Service departments Department of Defense ( Secretary ) : Army ( Secretary ) Navy ( Secretary ) Air Force ( Secretary ) Department of Homeland Security ( Secretary ) : Coast Guard Branches Army ( Chief of Staff ) Marine Corps ( Commandant ) Navy ( Chief of Naval Operations ) Air Force ( Chief of Staff ) Coast Guard ( Commandant ) Reserve components Reserves : A MC N AF CG National Guard : A AF Civilian auxiliaries Military Auxiliary Radio System Merchant Marine Civil Air Patrol Coast Guard Auxiliary Unified Combatant Command Northern Central European Pacific Southern Africa Special Operations Strategic Transportation Structure United States Code Title 10 Title 14 Title 32 Title 50 The Pentagon Installations Units : A MC N AF CG Logistics Media Unit mottoes Operations and history Current deployments Conflicts Wars Timeline History : A MC N AF CG Colonial World War II Civil affairs African Americans Asian Americans Buddhist Americans Jewish Americans Muslim Americans Pakistani Americans Sikh Americans Historiography : A : 1 / 2 MC N AF Art : A AF Personnel Training MEPS ASVAB Recruit training : A MC N AF CG Officer candidate school : A MC N AF Warrant : A MC Service academies : A ( prep ) N ( prep ) AF ( prep ) CG Merchant Marine ROTC A : ECP MC / N AF Medical Other education Uniforms Uniforms : A MC N AF CG Awards & decorations : Inter-service A MC / N AF CG PHS NOAA Foreign International Devices Badges : Identification A MC N AF CG Ranks Enlisted : A MC N AF CG Warrant officers Officer : A MC N AF CG PHS NOAA Other Oath : Enlistment Office Creeds & Codes : Code of Conduct NCO A MC N AF CG Service numbers : A MC N AF CG Military Occupational Specialty / Rating / Air Force Specialty Code Pay Uniform Code of Military Justice Judge Advocate General 's Corps Military Health System / TRICARE Separation Veterans Affairs Conscription Chiefs of Chaplains : A MC N AF CG Equipment MC : vehicles weapons other AF CG Land Individual weapons Crew - served weapons Vehicles ( active ) Sea All watercraft Ships : A N ( active ) AF CG MSC NOAA Weapons : N CG Aircraft : N CG NOAA Reactors Air Aircraft World War I active Aircraft designation Missiles Helicopter arms Other Nuclear football Electronics ( designations ) Flags : A MC N AF CG Ensign Jack Guidons Food WMDs : Nuclear Biological Chemical Legend A = Army MC = Marine Corps N = Navy AF = Air Force CG = Coast Guard PHS = Public Health Service NOAA = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration United States articles History By event Timeline of U.S. history Pre-Columbian era Colonial era Thirteen Colonies military history Continental Congress American Revolution War American frontier Drafting and ratification of Constitution Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Mexican -- American War Civil War Reconstruction Era Indian Wars Gilded Age Progressive Era African - American Civil Rights Movement 1865 -- 1895 / 1896 -- 1954 Spanish -- American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front Nazism in the United States American Century Cold War Korean War Space Race Civil Rights Movement Feminist Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War ( 1991 -- 2008 ) Collapse of the Soviet Union War on Terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War Recent events ( 2008 -- present ) By topic Outline of U.S. history Demographic Discoveries Economic debt ceiling Inventions before 1890 1890 -- 1945 1946 -- 91 after 1991 Military Postal Technological and industrial Geography Territory states territories counties cities , towns , and villages Earthquakes Extreme points Islands Mountains peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky National Park Service National Parks Regions East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western Rivers Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Ohio Rio Grande Time Water supply and sanitation Politics Federal Executive President Executive Office Cabinet / Executive departments Civil service Independent agencies Law enforcement Public policy Legislature Congress Senate Vice President President pro tempore House of Representatives Speaker Judiciary Federal judiciary Supreme Court Courts of appeals District courts Law Constitution federalism preemption separation of powers Bill of Rights civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Federal Reporter United States Code United States Reports Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency Defense Intelligence Agency Federal Bureau of Investigation National Geospatial - Intelligence Agency National Reconnaissance Office National Security Agency Office of the Director of National Intelligence Uniformed Armed Forces Army Marine Corps Navy Air Force Coast Guard National Guard NOAA Corps Public Health Service Corps Political divisions List of states and territories of the United States States Territories Federal district Native American autonomous administrative divisions United States Minor Outlying Islands Associated states Local government in the United States Federal enclave Elections Electoral College Foreign relations Foreign policy Vetos in the UN Security Council Ideologies Anti-Americanism Exceptionalism Nationalism Parties Democratic Republican Third parties 51st state political status of Puerto Rico District of Columbia statehood movement Red states and blue states Purple America Scandals State governments governor state legislature state court Uncle Sam Economy By sector Agriculture Banking Wall Street Communications Energy Insurance Manufacturing in the United States Mining Tourism Trade Transportation Companies by state Dollar ( currency ) Exports Federal budget Federal Reserve System Financial position Labor unions Public debt Social welfare programs Taxation Unemployment Society Culture Americana Architecture Cinema Cuisine Dance Demography Education Family structure Fashion Flag Folklore Languages American English Indigenous languages ASL Black American Sign Language HSL Plains Sign Talk Arabic Chinese French German Italian Russian Spanish Literature Media Journalism Newspapers Radio Television Music Names People Philosophy Public holidays Religion Sexuality Sports Theater Visual art Social class Affluence American Dream Educational attainment Homelessness Home - ownership Household income Income inequality Middle class Personal income Poverty Professional and working class conflict Standard of living Wealth Issues Ages of consent Capital punishment Crime Incarceration Criticism of government Discrimination Affirmative action Intersex rights Islamophobia LGBT rights Racism Same - sex marriage Drug policy Energy policy Environmental movement Gun politics Health care Health insurance Health care reform Abortion Hunger Obesity Smoking Human rights Immigration illegal International rankings National security Mass surveillance Terrorism Separation of church and state Outline Index Book Category Portal Military history of North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_United_States&oldid=801179756 '' Categories : Military history of the United States Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from May 2013 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Deutsch Español Français עברית Suomi Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 04 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military%20history%20of%20the%20United%20States
| 2,133 |
||
the nuclear symbol of a species that is an isotope of 19f9 is
|
Isotopes of fluorine
|
isotopes of fluorine
|
Although fluorine ( F ) has 18 known isotopes from F to F and two isomers ( F and F ) , only one of these isotopes is stable , that is , fluorine - 19 ; as such , it is a monoisotopic element . The longest - lived radioisotope is F with a half - life of 109.771 minutes . All other isotopes have half - lives under a minute , the majority under a second , making fluorine a mononuclidic element as well . The least stable known isotope is F , whose half - life is 500 ( 60 ) × 10 seconds , corresponding to a spectral linewidth of about 1 MeV .
|
Contents 1 Fluorine - 18 2 Fluorine - 19 3 Fluorine - 20 4 Fluorine - 21 5 Isomers 6 List of isotopes 6.1 Notes 7 References 8 External links Fluorine - 18 ( edit ) The nuclide F is the radionuclide of fluorine with the longest half - life , 109.771 minutes , allowing it to serve commercially as an important source of positrons . Its major use is for the production of the radiopharmaceutical fludeoxyglucose for positron emission tomography scanning in medicine . Like all positron - emitting radioisotopes , F also has a probability to decay by electron capture . In this case , F decays into O , 96.86 ( 19 ) % of the time by beta plus ( positron ) emission and 3.14 ( 19 ) % by electron capture . It is the lightest unstable nuclide with equal odd numbers of protons and neutrons , 9 of each . ( See also the `` magic numbers '' discussion of nuclide stability . ) Fluorine - 19 ( edit ) Fluorine - 19 is the only stable isotope of fluorine . Its abundance is 100 % ; no other isotopes of fluorine exist in significant quantities . Its binding energy is 147801 keV . Fluorine - 19 is NMR - active with spin of 1 / 2 , so it is used in fluorine - 19 NMR spectroscopy . Fluorine - 20 ( edit ) Fluorine - 20 is one of the more unstable isotopes of fluorine . It has a half - life of 11.07 seconds and undergoes beta decay , transforming into its daughter nuclide Ne . Its specific radioactivity is 1.885 × 10 TBq / g and has a lifetime of 15.87 seconds . Fluorine - 21 ( edit ) Fluorine - 21 , as with fluorine - 20 , is also one of unstable isotopes of this element . It has a half - life of 4.158 seconds . It undergoes beta decay as well , which leaves behind a daughter nuclei of Ne . Its specific radioactivity is 4.78 × 10 TBq / g . Isomers ( edit ) Only two nuclear isomers ( long - lived excited nuclear states ) , fluorine - 18m and fluorine - 26m , have been characterized . The half - life of F before gamma ray emission is 162 ( 7 ) nanoseconds . This is less than the decay half - life of any of the fluorine radioisotope nuclear ground states except for mass numbers 14 -- 16 , 28 , and 31 . The half - life of F is 2.2 ( 1 ) milliseconds ; it decays mainly to the ground state of F or ( rarely , via beta - minus decay ) to one of high excited states of Ne with delayed neutron emission . List of isotopes ( edit ) nuclide symbol Z ( p ) N ( n ) isotopic mass ( u ) half - life decay mode ( s ) daughter isotope ( s ) nuclear spin and parity representative isotopic composition ( mole fraction ) range of natural variation ( mole fraction ) excitation energy 9 5 14.03506 ( 43 ) # 5 × 10 s ( 910 keV ) p O 2 - # 9 6 15.01801 ( 14 ) 410 ( 60 ) × 10 s ( 1.0 ( 2 ) MeV ) p O ( 1 / 2 + ) 9 7 16.011466 ( 9 ) 11 ( 6 ) × 10 s ( 40 ( 20 ) keV ) p O 0 − 9 8 17.00209524 ( 27 ) 64.49 ( 16 ) s β O 5 / 2 + 9 9 18.0009380 ( 6 ) 109.771 ( 20 ) min β O 1 + 1121.36 ( 15 ) keV 162 ( 7 ) ns IT 5 + 9 10 18.99840322 ( 7 ) Stable 1 / 2 + 1.0000 9 11 19.99998132 ( 8 ) 11.163 ( 8 ) s β Ne 2 + 9 12 20.9999490 ( 19 ) 4.158 ( 20 ) s β Ne 5 / 2 + 9 13 22.002999 ( 13 ) 4.23 ( 4 ) s β ( 89.0 % ) Ne 4 + , ( 3 + ) β n ( 11.0 % ) Ne 9 14 23.00357 ( 9 ) 2.23 ( 14 ) s β ( 86.0 % ) Ne 5 / 2 + β n ( 14.0 % ) Ne 9 15 24.00812 ( 8 ) 400 ( 50 ) ms β ( 94.1 % ) Ne ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) + β n ( 5.9 % ) Ne 9 16 25.01210 ( 11 ) 50 ( 6 ) ms β ( 76.0 % ) Ne ( 5 / 2 + ) # β n ( 24.0 % ) Ne 9 17 26.01962 ( 18 ) 9.6 ( 8 ) ms β ( 68.0 % ) Ne 1 + β n ( 32.0 % ) Ne 643.4 ( 1 ) keV 2.2 ( 1 ) ms IT ( 82 ± 11 % ) ( 4 + ) β n ( 12 ± 8 % ) Ne 9 18 27.02676 ( 40 ) 4.9 ( 2 ) ms β Ne 5 / 2 + # 9 19 28.03567 ( 55 ) # < 40 ns n 9 20 29.04326 ( 62 ) # 2.6 ( 3 ) ms β Ne 5 / 2 + # 9 21 30.05250 ( 64 ) # < 260 ns 9 22 31.06043 ( 64 ) # 1 # ms ( > 260 ns ) 5 / 2 + # Jump up ^ Bold for stable isotopes Jump up ^ Has medicinal uses Notes ( edit ) Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data , but at least partly from systematic trends . Spins with weak assignment arguments are enclosed in parentheses . Uncertainties are given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits . Uncertainty values denote one standard deviation , except isotopic composition and standard atomic mass from IUPAC , which use expanded uncertainties . References ( edit ) Isotope masses from : G. Audi ; A.H. Wapstra ; C. Thibault ; J. Blachot ; O. Bersillon ( 2003 ) . `` The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties '' ( PDF ) . Nuclear Physics A. 729 : 3 -- 128 . Bibcode : 2003NuPhA. 729 ... 3A . doi : 10.1016 / j. nuclphysa. 2003.11. 001 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 09 - 23 . Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from : J.R. de Laeter ; J.K. Böhlke ; P. De Bièvre ; H. Hidaka ; H.S. Peiser ; K.J.R. Rosman ; P.D.P. Taylor ( 2003 ) . `` Atomic weights of the elements . Review 2000 ( IUPAC Technical Report ) '' . Pure and Applied Chemistry . 75 ( 6 ) : 683 -- 800 . doi : 10.1351 / pac200375060683 . M.E. Wieser ( 2006 ) . `` Atomic weights of the elements 2005 ( IUPAC Technical Report ) '' . Pure and Applied Chemistry . 78 ( 11 ) : 2051 -- 2066 . doi : 10.1351 / pac200678112051 . Lay summary . Half - life , spin , and isomer data selected from the following sources . See editing notes on this article 's talk page . G. Audi ; A.H. Wapstra ; C. Thibault ; J. Blachot ; O. Bersillon ( 2003 ) . `` The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties '' ( PDF ) . Nuclear Physics A. 729 : 3 -- 128 . Bibcode : 2003NuPhA. 729 ... 3A . doi : 10.1016 / j. nuclphysa. 2003.11. 001 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 09 - 23 . National Nuclear Data Center . `` NuDat 2.1 database '' . Brookhaven National Laboratory . Retrieved September 2005 . Check date values in : accessdate = ( help ) N.E. Holden ( 2004 ) . `` Table of the Isotopes '' . In D.R. Lide . CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics ( 85th ed . ) . CRC Press . Section 11 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8493 - 0485 - 9 . Jump up ^ Meija , J. ; et al. ( 2016 ) . `` Atomic weights of the elements 2013 ( IUPAC Technical Report ) '' . Pure and Applied Chemistry . 88 ( 3 ) : 265 -- 91 . doi : 10.1515 / pac - 2015 - 0305 . ^ Jump up to : Audi , G. ; Kondev , F.G. ; Wang , M. ; Huang , W.J. ; Naimi , S. ( 2017 ) , `` The NUBASE2016 evaluation of nuclear properties '' ( PDF ) , Chinese Physics C , 41 ( 3 ) : 030001 -- 1 -- 030001 -- 138 , Bibcode : 2017ChPhC ... 41c0001A , doi : 10.1088 / 1674 - 1137 / 41 / 3 / 030001 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) F - 18 branching ratio for positron emission vs. EC Jump up ^ National Nuclear Data Center . `` NuDat 2.1 database -- Fluorine - 18 '' . Brookhaven National Laboratory . Retrieved 19 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Universal Nuclide Chart '' . nucleonica . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Isotopes of the chemical elements He Li Be 5 6 7 8 O 9 10 Ne 11 Na 12 Mg 13 Al 14 Si 15 16 17 Cl 18 Ar 19 20 Ca 21 Sc 22 Ti 23 V 24 Cr 25 Mn 26 Fe 27 Co 28 Ni 29 Cu 30 Zn 31 Ga 32 Ge 33 As 34 Se 35 Br 36 Kr 37 Rb 38 Sr 39 Y 40 Zr 41 Nb 42 Mo 43 Tc 44 Ru 45 Rh 46 Pd 47 Ag 48 Cd 49 In 50 Sn 51 Sb 52 Te 53 54 Xe 55 Cs 56 Ba 57 La 72 Hf 73 Ta 74 75 Re 76 Os 77 Ir 78 Pt 79 Au 80 Hg 81 Tl 82 Pb 83 Bi 84 Po 85 At 86 Rn 87 Fr 88 Ra 89 Ac 104 Rf 105 Db 106 Sg 107 Bh 108 Hs 109 Mt 110 Ds 111 Rg 112 Cn 113 Nh 114 Fl 115 Mc 116 Lv 117 Ts 118 Og 58 Ce 59 Pr 60 Nd 61 Pm 62 Sm 63 Eu 64 Gd 65 Tb 66 Dy 67 Ho 68 Er 69 Tm 70 Yb 71 Lu 90 Th 91 Pa 92 U 93 Np 94 Pu 95 Am 96 Cm 97 Bk 98 Cf 99 Es 100 Fm 101 Md 102 No 103 Lr Table of nuclides Categories : Isotopes Tables of nuclides Metastable isotopes Isotopes by element External links ( edit ) Information on Fluorine - 21 from Wolframalpha.com Information on Fluorine - 20 from Wolframalpha.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isotopes_of_fluorine&oldid=865901980 '' Categories : Fluorine Isotopes of fluorine Lists of isotopes by element Hidden categories : Pages with login required references or sources CS1 errors : dates Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Чӑвашла Čeština Español فارسی Français 한국어 עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Русский Svenska தமிழ் 粵語 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2018 , at 22 : 51 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes%20of%20fluorine
| 2,134 |
||
what is a minority whip in the senate
|
The Assistant Majority and Minority Leaders of the United States Senate ( commonly called Senate Majority and Minority Whips ) are the second - ranking members of each party 's leadership . The main function of the Majority and Minority Whips is to gather votes on major issues . Because they are the second ranking members of the Senate , if there is no floor leader present , the whip may become acting floor leader . Before 1969 , the official titles were Majority Whip and Minority Whip .
|
Party leaders of the United States Senate
|
party leaders of the united states senate
|
The Senate Majority and Minority Leaders are two United States Senators and members of the party leadership of the United States Senate . These leaders serve as the chief Senate spokespeople for the political parties respectively holding the majority and the minority in the United States Senate , and manage and schedule the legislative and executive business of the Senate . They are elected to their positions in the Senate by their respective party caucuses , the Senate Democratic Caucus and the Senate Republican Conference .
|
By rule , the Presiding Officer gives the Majority Leader priority in obtaining recognition to speak on the floor of the Senate . The Majority Leader customarily serves as the chief representative of their party in the Senate , and sometimes even in all of Congress if the House of Representatives and thus the office of Speaker of the House is controlled by the opposition party . The Assistant Majority and Minority Leaders of the United States Senate ( commonly called Senate Majority and Minority Whips ) are the second - ranking members of each party 's leadership . The main function of the Majority and Minority Whips is to gather votes on major issues . Because they are the second ranking members of the Senate , if there is no floor leader present , the whip may become acting floor leader . Before 1969 , the official titles were Majority Whip and Minority Whip . Contents ( hide ) 1 Current floor leaders 2 History 3 List of party leaders 4 See also 5 Notes 6 External links Current floor leaders ( edit ) The Senate is currently composed of 51 Republicans , 47 Democrats , and 2 independents , both of whom caucus with the Democrats . The current leaders are long - time Senators Mitch McConnell ( R ) from Kentucky and Chuck Schumer ( D ) from New York . The current Assistant Leaders / Whips are long - time Senators John Cornyn ( R ) from Texas and Dick Durbin ( D ) from Illinois . History ( edit ) The Democrats began the practice of electing floor leaders in 1920 while they were in the minority . John W. Kern was a Democratic Senator from Indiana . While the title was not official , he is considered to be the first Senate party leader from 1913 through 1917 ( and in turn , the first Senate Democratic Leader ) , while serving concurrently as Chairman of the Senate Democratic Caucus . In 1925 the majority ( at the time ) Republicans also adopted this language when Charles Curtis became the first ( official ) Majority Leader , although his immediate predecessor Henry Cabot Lodge is considered the first ( unofficial ) Senate Majority Leader . The Constitution designates the Vice President of the United States as President of the United States Senate . The Constitution also calls for a President pro tempore to serve as the leader of the body when the President of the Senate ( the Vice President ) is absent . In practice , neither the Vice President nor the President pro tempore -- customarily the most senior ( longest - serving ) Senator in the majority party -- actually presides over the Senate on a daily basis ; that task is given to junior Senators of the majority party . Since the Vice President may be of a different party than the majority and is not a member subject to discipline , the rules of procedure of the Senate give the presiding officer very little power and none beyond the presiding role . For these reasons , it is the Majority Leader who , in practice , manages the Senate . This is in contrast to the House of Representatives where the elected Speaker of the House has a great deal of discretionary power and generally presides over votes on bills . List of party leaders ( edit ) The Democratic Party first selected a leader in 1920 . The Republican Party first formally designated a leader in 1925 . Cong - ress Dates Democratic Whip Democratic Leader Majority Republican Leader Republican Whip 63rd May 28 , 1913 -- March 4 , 1915 J. Hamilton Lewis None Democratic ← Majority None None 64th March 4 , 1915 -- December 6 , 1915 December 6 , 1915 -- December 13 , 1915 James Wadsworth December 13 , 1915 -- March 4 , 1917 Charles Curtis 65th March 4 , 1917 -- March 4 , 1919 66th March 4 , 1919 -- April 27 , 1920 Peter Gerry Republican Majority → Henry Cabot Lodge Unofficial April 27 , 1920 -- March 4 , 1921 Oscar Underwood 67th March 4 , 1921 -- March 4 , 1923 68th March 4 , 1923 -- December 3 , 1923 December 3 , 1923 -- November 9 , 1924 Joseph Taylor Robinson November 9 , 1924 -- March 4 , 1925 Charles Curtis Acting Wesley Jones Acting 69th March 4 , 1925 -- March 4 , 1927 Charles Curtis Wesley Jones 70th March 4 , 1927 -- March 4 , 1929 71st March 4 , 1929 -- March 4 , 1931 Morris Sheppard James E. Watson Simeon Fess 72nd March 4 , 1931 -- March 4 , 1933 73rd March 4 , 1933 -- January 3 , 1935 J. Hamilton Lewis Democratic ← Majority Charles L. McNary Felix Hebert 74th January 3 , 1935 -- January 3 , 1937 None 75th January 3 , 1937 -- July 14 , 1937 July 22 , 1937 -- January 3 , 1939 Alben W. Barkley 76th January 3 , 1939 -- April 9 , 1939 April 9 , 1939 -- January 3 , 1940 Sherman Minton January 3 , 1940 -- January 3 , 1941 Warren Austin Acting 77th January 3 , 1941 -- January 3 , 1943 J. Lister Hill Charles L. McNary 78th January 3 , 1943 -- February 25 , 1944 Kenneth Wherry February 25 , 1944 -- January 3 , 1945 Wallace H. White Jr . Acting 79th January 3 , 1945 -- January 3 , 1947 Wallace H. White Jr . 80th January 3 , 1947 -- January 3 , 1949 Scott W. Lucas Republican Majority → 81st January 3 , 1949 -- January 3 , 1951 Francis Myers Scott W. Lucas Democratic ← Majority Kenneth S. Wherry Leverett Saltonstall 82nd January 3 , 1951 -- January 3 , 1952 Lyndon B. Johnson Ernest McFarland January 3 , 1952 -- January 3 , 1953 Styles Bridges 83rd January 3 , 1953 -- July 31 , 1953 Earle Clements Lyndon B. Johnson Republican Majority → Robert A. Taft August 3 , 1953 -- January 3 , 1955 William F. Knowland 84th January 3 , 1955 -- January 3 , 1957 Democratic ← Majority 85th January 3 , 1957 -- January 3 , 1959 Mike Mansfield Everett Dirksen 86th January 3 , 1959 -- January 3 , 1961 Everett Dirksen Thomas Kuchel 87th January 3 , 1961 -- January 3 , 1963 Hubert Humphrey Mike Mansfield 88th January 3 , 1963 -- January 3 , 1965 89th January 3 , 1965 -- January 3 , 1967 Russell B. Long 90th January 3 , 1967 -- January 3 , 1969 91st January 3 , 1969 -- September 7 , 1969 Ted Kennedy Hugh Scott September 24 , 1969 -- January 3 , 1971 Hugh Scott Robert Griffin 92nd January 3 , 1971 -- January 3 , 1973 Robert Byrd 93rd January 3 , 1973 -- January 3 , 1975 94th January 3 , 1975 -- January 3 , 1977 95th January 3 , 1977 -- January 3 , 1979 Alan Cranston Robert Byrd Howard Baker Ted Stevens 96th January 3 , 1979 -- November 1 , 1979 November 1 , 1979 -- March 5 , 1980 Ted Stevens Acting March 5 , 1980 -- January 3 , 1981 Howard Baker 97th January 3 , 1981 -- January 3 , 1983 Republican Majority → 98th January 3 , 1983 -- January 3 , 1985 99th January 3 , 1985 -- January 3 , 1987 Bob Dole Alan Simpson 100th January 3 , 1987 -- January 3 , 1989 Democratic ← Majority 101st January 3 , 1989 -- January 3 , 1991 George Mitchell 102nd January 3 , 1991 -- January 3 , 1993 Wendell H. Ford 103rd January 3 , 1993 -- January 3 , 1995 104th January 3 , 1995 -- June 12 , 1996 Tom Daschle Republican Majority → Trent Lott June 12 , 1996 -- January 3 , 1997 Trent Lott Don Nickles 105th January 3 , 1997 -- January 3 , 1999 106th January 3 , 1999 -- January 3 , 2001 Harry Reid 107th January 3 , 2001 -- January 20 , 2001 Democratic ← Majority January 20 , 2001 -- June 6 , 2001 Republican Majority → June 6 , 2001 -- January 3 , 2003 Democratic ← Majority 108th January 3 , 2003 -- January 3 , 2005 Republican Majority → Bill Frist Mitch McConnell 109th January 3 , 2005 -- January 3 , 2007 Dick Durbin Harry Reid 110th January 3 , 2007 -- December 18 , 2007 Democratic ← Majority Mitch McConnell Trent Lott December 19 , 2007 -- January 3 , 2009 Jon Kyl 111th January 3 , 2009 -- January 3 , 2011 112th January 3 , 2011 -- January 3 , 2013 113th January 3 , 2013 -- January 3 , 2015 John Cornyn 114th January 3 , 2015 -- January 3 , 2017 Republican Majority → 115th January 3 , 2017 -- January 3 , 2019 Chuck Schumer Cong - ress Dates Democratic Whip Democratic Leader Majority Republican Leader Republican Whip See also ( edit ) This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts United States Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Kennedy Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government Other countries Atlas Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives President pro tempore of the United States Senate Vice President of the United States ( President of the United States Senate ) Party divisions of United States Congresses List of political parties in the United States Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ No Republican whips were appointed from 1935 to 1944 since only 17 Republicans were in the Senate following the landslide reelection of President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1936 . Accordingly , the minutes of the Republican Conference for the period state : `` On motion of Senator Hastings , duly seconded and carried , it was agreed that no Assistant Leader or Whip be elected but that the chairman be authorized to appoint Senators from time to time to assist him in taking charge of the interests of the minority . '' A note attached to the conference minutes added : `` The chairman of the conference , Senator McNary , apparently appointed Senator Austin of Vermont as assistant leader in 1943 and 1944 , until the conference adopted Rules of Organization . '' Source : Party Whips Archived 2010 - 03 - 09 at the Wayback Machine. , via Senate.gov Jump up ^ Democrats remained in control after November 25 , 2002 , despite a Republican majority resulting from Jim Talent 's special election victory in Missouri . There was no reorganization as the Senate was no longer in session . Party Division in the Senate , 1789 -- present , via Senate.gov External links ( edit ) Majority and Minority Leaders and Party Whips , via Senate.gov Republican Majority Democratic Minority Current leadership of the United States Senate President : Mike Pence ( R ) President pro tempore : Orrin Hatch ( R ) Majority ( Republican ) Minority ( Democratic ) Mitch McConnell ( Leader ) John Cornyn ( Whip ) John Thune ( Conference Chair ) John Barrasso ( Policy Committee Chair ) Roy Blunt ( Conference Vice Chair ) Cory Gardner ( Campaign Committee Chair ) Mike Lee ( Steering Committee Chair ) Mike Crapo ( Chief Deputy Whip ) Chuck Schumer ( Leader and Caucus Chair ) Dick Durbin ( Whip ) Patty Murray ( Assistant Leader ) Debbie Stabenow ( Policy Committee Chair ) Mark Warner and Elizabeth Warren ( Caucus Vice Chair ) Amy Klobuchar ( Steering Committee Chair ) Bernie Sanders ( Outreach Committee Chair ) Joe Manchin ( Policy Committee Vice Chair ) Tammy Baldwin ( Caucus Secretary ) Chris Van Hollen ( Campaign Committee Chair ) Jeff Merkley ( Chief Deputy Whip ) Patrick Leahy ( Senate President pro tempore emeritus ) United States Congress House of Representatives Senate ( 114th ← 115th → 116th ) Lists of congressional lists Members and leaders Members Current By length of service Freshmen Youngest members Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico Delegates Senate Current by seniority Dean of the Senate Former U.S. Senators living Earliest serving Earliest living Expelled or censured Classes Born outside the U.S. House Current by seniority Dean of the House Former U.S. Representatives living Oldest living Earliest serving Expelled , censured , and reprimanded Leaders Senate President ( list ) President pro tempore ( list ) Majority and minority leaders Assistant party leaders Democratic Caucus ( Chair Secretary Policy Committee Chair ) Republican Conference ( Chair Vice-Chair Policy Committee Chair ) House Speaker Leaders Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group Democratic Caucus Republican Conference Districts List Apportionment Caucuses , women and minorities Congressional caucus African Americans in the House Congressional Black Caucus African Americans in the Senate Arab and Middle - Eastern members Asian Pacific American members Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus Hispanic and Latino members Congressional Hispanic Caucus Congressional Hispanic Conference Jewish members LGBT members LGBT Equality Caucus Native American members Women in the House Congressional Caucus for Women 's Issues Women in the Senate Related By length of service historically Powers , privileges , procedure , committees , history , and media Powers Article I Copyright Commerce ( Dormant ) Contempt of Congress Declaration of war Impeachment Naturalization `` Necessary and Proper '' Power of enforcement Taxing / spending Privileges and benefits Salaries Franking Immunity Procedure Act of Congress ( list ) Appropriation bill Blue slip Budget resolution Censure Closed sessions House Senate Cloture Concurrent resolution Continuing resolution Dear colleague letter Discharge petition Engrossed bill Enrolled bill Expulsion Joint resolution Joint session ( list ) Lame - duck session Majority of the majority ( Hastert Rule ) Multiple referral Procedures ( House ) Quorum call Reconciliation Rider Saxbe fix Sponsorship Suspension of the rules Unanimous consent Veto Line - item veto Pocket veto Veto override Senate - specific Advice and consent Classes Executive communication Executive session Filibuster Jefferson 's Manual Senate Journal Morning business Nuclear option Presiding Officer Recess appointment Reconciliation Riddick 's Senate Procedure Senate hold Senatorial courtesy Seniority Standing Rules Tie - breaking votes Traditions Treaty Clause Committees Chairman and ranking member Of the Whole Conference Discharge petition Hearings Markup Oversight List ( Joint ) List ( House ) List ( Senate ) Select and special Standing Subcommittees Items Gavels Mace of the House Seal of the Senate History Biographical Directory Congressional apportionment Divided government House Gerrymandering Party control Senate Senate election disputes Senatorial memoirs Representative memoirs Media C - SPAN Congressional Quarterly The Hill Politico Roll Call Offices , employees , services , and the Capitol Complex Legislative offices Congressional staff Government Accountability Office ( Comptroller General ) Architect of the Capitol Capitol Police ( Capitol Police Board ) Capitol Guide Service ( Capitol Guide Board ) Congressional Budget Office ( CBO ) Compliance Library of Congress Government Publishing Office ( GPO ) Technology Assessment Offices Senate Curator Historical Library House Congressional Ethics Emergency Planning , Preparedness , and Operations Interparliamentary Affairs Legislative Counsel Law Revision Counsel Library Employees Senate Secretary Chaplain Curator Inspector General Historian Librarian Pages Parliamentarian Sergeant at Arms and Doorkeeper House Chaplain Chief Administrative Officer Clerk Doorkeeper Floor Operations Floor Services Chief Historian Pages ( Page Board ) Parliamentarian Postmaster Reading Clerk Sergeant at Arms Library of Congress Congressional Research Service ( reports ) Copyright Office ( Register of Copyrights ) Law Library Poet Laureate THOMAS Adams Building Jefferson Building Madison Building Government Publishing Office Public Printer Congressional Pictorial Directory Congressional Record Official Congressional Directory United States Government Manual Serial Set Statutes at Large United States Code Capitol Brumidi Corridors Congressional Prayer Room Crypt Dome Statue of Freedom Rotunda Hall of Columns Statuary Hall Visitor Center The Apotheosis of Washington Statue of Freedom Declaration of Independence painting Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States Apotheosis of Democracy First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln Surrender of General Burgoyne Surrender of Lord Cornwallis Revolutionary War Door Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way Vice President 's Room Vice Presidential Bust Collection Office buildings Senate Dirksen Hart Mountains and Clouds Russell House Building Commission Cannon Ford Longworth O'Neill Rayburn Other facilities Botanic Garden Health and Fitness Facility House Recording Studio Senate chamber Old Senate Chamber Old Supreme Court Chamber Power Plant Webster Page Residence Subway ` Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate&oldid=832195445 '' Categories : Leaders of the United States Senate Lists of United States Senators Political whips Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles lacking sources from February 2016 All articles lacking sources Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from July 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano 日本 語 Polski Português Simple English Svenska Tiếng Việt 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 March 2018 , at 12 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party%20leaders%20of%20the%20United%20States%20Senate
| 2,135 |
|
will there be another tinkerbell movie after neverbeast
|
In addition to Tinker Bell and the Legend of the NeverBeast , Disney also had plans for a seventh film . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter stated that the seventh film was canceled due to story problems .
|
Tinker Bell ( film series )
|
tinker bell ( film series )
|
Tinker Bell is a computer animated fantasy film series produced by DisneyToon Studios as part of the Disney Fairies franchise . Voices of Mae Whitman , Raven - Symoné , Lucy Liu , America Ferrera , Kristin Chenoweth and Pamela Adlon are featured in the films . Each of the first four films is set around one of the four seasons : Tinker Bell around Spring , Tinker Bell and the Lost Treasure around Autumn , Tinker Bell and the Great Fairy Rescue around Summer , and Secret of the Wings around Winter . A fifth title , Pixie Hollow Games , was supposed to be based on all four seasons , but it was released before Secret of the Wings and scaled down . A fifth film , titled The Pirate Fairy , was released April 1 , 2014 , followed by the release of a sixth film Tinker Bell and the Legend of the NeverBeast on March 3 , 2015 . The series is a spin - off of and prequel to Peter Pan and its sequel , Return to Never Land .
|
Contents ( hide ) 1 Films 1.1 Tinker Bell ( 2008 ) 1.2 Tinker Bell and the Lost Treasure ( 2009 ) 1.3 Tinker Bell and the Great Fairy Rescue ( 2010 ) 1.4 Secret of the Wings ( 2012 ) 1.5 The Pirate Fairy ( 2014 ) 1.6 Tinker Bell and the Legend of the NeverBeast ( 2015 ) 1.7 Canceled sequel 2 Short films 2.1 Pixie Hollow Games ( 2011 ) 2.2 Pixie Hollow Bake Off ( 2013 ) 3 Theme songs 4 Reception 4.1 Critical reception 4.2 Box office performance 5 Recurring characters 6 Crew 7 References 8 External links Films ( edit ) Tinker Bell ( 2008 ) ( edit ) Main article : Tinker Bell ( film ) Tinker Bell ( Mae Whitman ) is born from the first laugh of a baby , and is brought by the winds to Pixie Hollow ( which is part of the island of Never Land ) . She learns that her talent is to be one of the tinkers , the fairies who make and fix things . Two other tinker fairies , Bobble ( Rob Paulsen ) and Clank ( Jeff Bennett ) , teach her their craft , and tell her about the fairies who visit the mainland to bring each season . Tink is thrilled and ca n't wait to go to the mainland for spring . While out working , she meets Silvermist ( Lucy Liu ) , a water fairy ; Rosetta ( Kristin Chenoweth ) , a garden fairy ; Iridessa ( Raven - Symoné ) , a light fairy ; and Fawn ( America Ferrera ) , an animal fairy . After meeting them , she notices Vidia ( Pamela Adlon ) , a fast - flying fairy who immediately dislikes her because of her unusually strong talent . Vidia challenges her to prove she 'll be able to go to the mainland , and Tink creates several inventions , which she shows to the Minister of Spring ( Steve Valentine ) . But Tinker Bell soon learns from Queen Clarion ( Anjelica Huston ) that only nature - talent fairies visit the mainland . She tries her hand at nature skills -- making dewdrops with Silvermist , lighting fireflies with Iridessa , and trying with Fawn to teach baby birds to fly but she fails miserably at all of these . Meanwhile , Bobble and Clank cover for Tink when questioned by Fairy Mary ( Jane Horrocks ) , the tinker fairy overseer . When Tinker Bell returns , she tries to explain , but Mary simply responds that she knows , and expresses her disappointment with Tink 's actions . On the beach , Tinker Bell finds parts of a music box and figures out how to put them together . Iridessa , Fawn , Silvermist , and Rosetta witness her doing this , then tell her that she was tinkering and that she should be proud of her talent -- if this is what she 's good at , the mainland should n't matter . But Tinker Bell still wants to go to the mainland . She asks Rosetta if she 'll still teach her to be a garden fairy , but Rosetta says that tinkering is Tinker Bell 's talent . As a last resort , Tinker Bell asks Vidia for help in becoming a garden fairy . Vidia craftily tells her that capturing the sprinting thistles would prove her worth . However , once she sees Tink making progress , she lets the captured thistles loose , and in attempting to recapture them , Tink destroys all the preparations for spring . Tink decides to leave , but after talking with the dust - keeper Terence ( Jesse McCartney ) about how important his job is , she realizes the importance of a tinker . Tinker Bell redeems herself by inventing machines that quicken the process of decorating flowers , ladybugs , etc . This allows the other fairies to get back on schedule , thus saving the arrival of spring . Vidia is punished for prompting her to cause the chaos , and Queen Clarion allows Tink to join the nature - talent fairies when they bring spring to the mainland . Tinker Bell is given the task of delivering the music box to its original owner ( shown to be Wendy Darling ) . The narrator ends by saying that when lost toys are found or a broken clock starts to work , `` it all means that one very special fairy might be near . '' Tinker Bell and the Lost Treasure ( 2009 ) ( edit ) Main article : Tinker Bell and the Lost Treasure The fairies ( Mae Whitman , Kristin Chenoweth , Lucy Liu , Raven - Symoné , Angela Bartys ) are getting ready for the season of leaves , Halloween , Thanksgiving , and pumpkins : autumn . Every eight years they create a new fall scepter to hold a precious moonstone . This moonstone will create blue pixie dust that will restore the Pixie Dust Tree . It is the tinker fairies ' turn to create the new scepter and they choose Tinker Bell as the maker . Tinker Bell gets her friend Terrence to help with the scepter project , but she has trouble coping with Terence because he tries too hard to be helpful . Tinker Bell finds him annoying and noisy . An accident occurs , causing the precious moonstone to break . She goes on a quest to find the magic mirror that grants three wishes . However , pirates had already used up two of the wishes before they sank their ship . This means that Tinker Bell only has one chance to make a wish with it . She finds the ship and the lost mirror , but Tinker Bell ends up messing up her wish on her new friend Blaze and can not use it to restore the moonstone . Terence finds Tinker Bell and they work together on the broken moonstone to make a new scepter . After returning to Pixie Hollow , Tinker Bell is ready to present the scepter to Queen Clarion . As the scepter is revealed , all the fairies see the moonstone in pieces and are alarmed but , as the moon rays fall , the moonstone shards create increased surface area through which the blue moon rays can pass , thus creating the biggest amount of blue fairy dust in history . Then Tinker Bell leads the fairies to the Pixie Dust Tree where they strengthen it with the fallen blue pixie dust . The movie ends with the song `` Take to the Sky '' . Tinker Bell and the Great fairy Rescue ( 2010 ) ( edit ) Main article : Tinker Bell and the Great Fairy Rescue Years before meeting Wendy and the Lost Boys , Tinker Bell ( Mae Whitman ) met Lizzy ( Lauren Mote ) , a little girl with a steadfast belief in the power of pixie dust and the magic land of fairies . During the fairies ' summer visit to the flowering meadows of England , two very different worlds unite for the first time and Tink develops a special bond with a curious child in need of a friend . As her fellow fairies ( Raven - Symoné , Lucy Liu , Kristin Chenoweth , Angela Bartys , Pamela Adlon ) launch a daring rescue , Tinker Bell takes a huge risk , putting her own safety and the future of all fairykind in jeopardy . Secret of the Wings ( 2012 ) ( edit ) Main article : Secret of the Wings Tinker Bell ( Mae Whitman ) crosses over to the forbidden area in Winter Woods , where it is always winter . While there her wings begin to sparkle so she sets off on a quest to discover why . She is overjoyed to learn that her wings sparkled because she was close to her sister , Periwinkle ( Lucy Hale ) . They were born when a baby 's laugh split in two . They visit for a few hours before Tinker Bell is told she has to leave . Determined to help her sister visit Pixie Hollow , she crafts a contraption that grates snow to keep Peri cold during her visit . The device malfunctions badly , causing a freeze to slowly envelope Pixie Hollow . Tinker Bell flies to Winter Woods to get Periwinkle and her friends to help save Pixie Hollow . They realize that frost protects the trees in Winter Woods from the cold , so the winter fairies all work together to frost the trees of Pixie Hollow to save from the accelerating freeze . They learn , however , that when Tink crashed in Winter Woods she tore her wing , and broken wings ca n't be repaired . But when Tink and Peri come together their wings again sparkle , and they learn that identical wings can heal each other , so they restore Tink 's broken wing . They also discover that winter fairies can frost the wings of warm - weather fairies , keeping them from breaking in the cold , thus allowing them to visit their friends in Winter Woods . The Pirate fairy ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Pirate Fairy Another feature - length film , titled The Pirate Fairy , ( originally titled Quest for the Queen ) was released on April 1 , 2014 . The film was originally scheduled for Fall 2013 , but another DisneyToon Studios film , Planes , took its place . A trailer for the film was released on the Secret of the Wings Blu - ray and DVD on October 23 , 2012 . It was directed by the Secret of the Wings director , Peggy Holmes . The film introduced new characters , Zarina , voiced by Christina Hendricks , and James aka Captain Hook , voiced by Tom Hiddleston . Carlos Ponce also voiced one of the characters in the film . When a misunderstood dust - keeper fairy named Zarina steals Pixie Hollow ' 's all - important Blue Pixie Dust and flies away to join forces with the pirates of Skull Rock , Tinker Bell and her fairy friends must embark on the adventure of a lifetime to return it to its rightful place . However , in the midst of their pursuit of Zarina , Tink 's world is turned upside down . She and her friends find that their respective talents have been switched and they have to race against time to retrieve the Blue Pixie Dust and return home to save Pixie Hollow . Tinker Bell and the Legend of the NeverBeast ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : Tinker Bell and the Legend of the NeverBeast Tinker Bell and the Legend of the NeverBeast was released in cinemas in selected markets from December 2014 , and was released direct - to - video in the United States on March 3 , 2015 . It was directed by Steve Loter and produced by Makul Wigert . Composer Joel McNeely returned to the film . Mae Whitman , Lucy Liu , Raven - Symoné , Megan Hilty , Pamela Adlon and Anjelica Huston reprise their roles of Tinker Bell , Silvermist , Iridessa , Rosetta , Vidia and Queen Clarion . Ginnifer Goodwin replaces Angela Bartys as the voice of Fawn in this film . Rosario Dawson and Olivia Holt join the cast as new characters Nyx and Morgan , respectively . When Fawn meets a legendary creature , the Neverbeast , she befriends the creature in no time . But when she learns that the creature could be part of a terrible event , she will have to trust her instincts in order to save her new friend , and all of Pixie Hollow . Canceled sequel ( edit ) In addition to Tinker Bell and the Legend of the NeverBeast , Disney also had plans for a seventh film . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter stated that the seventh film was canceled due to story problems . Short films ( edit ) Pixie Hollow games ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : Pixie Hollow Games Originally planned to feature the entire ensemble cast of the earlier films in Olympic - style games spanning the four seasons , presumably due to the original plot vetoed by the producers , the story was scaled back into a shorter scenario focusing primarily on Rosetta ( Megan Hilty , replacing Kristin Chenoweth ) and a new fairy character , Chloe ( Brenda Song ) . They are teamed up against Rosetta 's will representing the `` garden fairies '' in a competition in which they hope to unseat the undefeated `` storm fairies '' . They overcome their differences and Rosetta 's fear of getting dirty , to emerge victorious at the end of the games . Pixie Hollow Bake Off ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : Pixie Hollow Bake Off A six - minute short film , titled Pixie Hollow Bake Off , aired in the United Kingdom on October 20 , 2013 , on Disney Channel . Lisa Faulkner provided a voice for a baking fairy named Gelata . The short was released in the United States as a bonus DVD in a Walmart - exclusive edition of The Pirate Fairy on Blu - ray Disc , but with Giada De Laurentiis as the voice of Gelata . In July 2014 the short was made available on the digital movie service Disney Movies Anywhere . Theme songs ( edit ) Tinker Bell : `` Fly to Your Heart '' -- Selena Gomez ( from Wizards of Waverly Place ) Tinker Bell and the Lost Treasure : `` Gift of a Friend '' -- Demi Lovato ( from Sonny with a Chance ) Tinker Bell and the Great Fairy Rescue : `` How to Believe '' -- Bridgit Mendler ( from Good Luck Charlie ) Pixie Hollow Games : `` Dig Down Deeper '' -- Zendaya ( from Shake It Up ) Secret of the Wings : `` The Great Divide '' -- McClain Sisters , ( featuring China Anne McClain from A.N.T. Farm ) The Pirate Fairy : `` Who I Am '' - Natasha Bedingfield Tinker Bell and the Legend of the NeverBeast : `` Float '' - KT Tunstall Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) Film Rotten Tomatoes Tinker Bell 89 % ( 9 reviews ) Tinker Bell and the Lost Treasure 100 % ( 4 reviews ) Tinker Bell and the Great Fairy Rescue 71 % ( 6 reviews ) Secret of the Wings 58 % ( 19 reviews ) The Pirate Fairy 79 % ( 17 reviews ) Tinker Bell and the Legend of the NeverBeast 75 % ( 16 reviews ) Box Office performance ( edit ) According to The Hollywood Reporter , the first four full - length films ( Tinker Bell , Tinker Bell and the Lost Treasure , Tinker Bell and the Great Fairy Rescue and Secret of the Wings ) were made for $30 million to $35 million . Film Release date Revenue Budget Reference Media sales in North America Box office outside North America Worldwide Tinker Bell September 18 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 18 ) $66 million $9 million $75 million $30 -- $35 million Tinker Bell and the Lost Treasure October 27 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 27 ) $64 million $9 million $73 million $30 -- $35 million Tinker Bell and the Great Fairy Rescue September 21 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 21 ) $55 million $10 million $65 million $30 -- $35 million Secret of the Wings October 23 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 23 ) $67 million $67 million $134 million $30 -- $35 million The Pirate Fairy April 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 01 ) $32 million $64 million $96 million N / A Tinker Bell and the Legend of the NeverBeast March 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 03 ) $18 million $32 million $50 million N / A Total $302 million $191 million $493 million $120 -- $140 million N / A Recurring characters ( edit ) See also : Disney Fairies and List of Tinker Bell cast members Crew ( edit ) Film Director Producer Executive producer Writer Composer Tinker Bell Bradley Raymond Jeannine Roussel John Lasseter screenplay : Jeffrey M. Howard story : Bradley Raymond Joel McNeely Tinker Bell and the Lost Treasure Klay Hall Sean Lurie screenplay : Evan Spiliotopoulos story : Klay Hall Tinker Bell and the Great Fairy Rescue Bradley Raymond Helen Kafatic Margot Pipkin screenplay : Joe Ansolabehere & Paul Germain Rob Muir & Bob Hilgenberg story : Bradley Raymond Jeffrey M. Howard Secret of the Wings Bobs Gannaway Peggy Holmes Makul Wigert Bobs Gannaway & Peggy Holmes Ryan Rowe Tom Rogers The Pirate Fairy Peggy Holmes Jenni Magee - Cook screenplay : Jeffrey M. Howard & Kate Kondell story : John Lasseter & Peggy Holmes & Bobs Gannaway & Lorna Cook & Craig Gerber Tinker Bell and the Legend of the NeverBeast Steve Loter Makul Wigert screenplay : Tom Rodgers & Robert Schooley Mark McCorkle Kate Kondell story : Steve Loter Tom Rodgers References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Leydon , Joe ( October 27 , 2008 ) . `` Review : ' Tinker Bell ' '' . Variety . Retrieved August 13 , 2015 . A Buena Vista Home Video release of a Walt Disney Pictures presentation of a DisneyToons Studios production . Jump up ^ Schager , Nick ( January 29 , 2015 ) . `` Film Review : ' Tinker Bell and the Legend of the Neverbeast ' '' . Variety . Retrieved August 13 , 2015 . A Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures release of a DisneyToon Studios production . ^ Jump up to : `` D23 Expo : New Art From the Upcoming Disney , Pixar and Disneytoon Movies '' . ComingSoon.net . August 9 , 2013 . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Liu , Ed ( June 13 , 2012 ) . `` Disney Delays `` Planes '' to Fall 2013 , `` Quest for the Queen '' to Spring 2014 `` . Toon Zone . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2012 . Retrieved June 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Beck , Jerry ( December 5 , 2013 ) . `` FIRST LOOK : Disneytoon Studios ' `` The Pirate Fairy '' `` . Animation Scoop . Retrieved December 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ KageNoAku ( October 25 , 2012 ) . `` Tinker Bell -- Quest for the Queen Sneak Peak 1080p '' . YouTube . Retrieved October 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Actor , Singer , Composer , TV Personality Carlos Ponce Named Recipient of Hispanicize 2013 Latinovator Award '' . PR Newswire . March 26 , 2013 . Retrieved March 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Legend of the NeverBeast ' '' . Disney . 2014 . Retrieved December 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Alexander , Bryan ( October 21 , 2014 ) . `` Ta - da ! Ginnifer Goodwin turns into Tinker Bell 's best friend ( fairy exclusive ) '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Labrecque , Jeff ( November 10 , 2014 ) . `` See which Hollywood star is coming to Pixie Hollow in the trailer for the Tinker Bell movie '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Joel McNeely to Score Disney 's ' Legend of the NeverBeast ' '' . Film Music Reporter . June 14 , 2014 . Retrieved June 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McClintock , Pamela ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` How Tinker Bell Became Disney 's Stealthy $300 Million Franchise '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 ... each were made for $30 million to $35 million and together have grossed $225 million in U.S. DVD sales , ... Jump up ^ Falconer , Daniel ( October 16 , 2013 ) . `` Lisa Faulkner Exclusive Interview - ' The Pixie Hollow Bake Off ' '' . Female First . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Pirate Fairy ' Short ' Pixie Hollow Bake Off ' with Giada De Laurentiis a Walmart Exclusive '' . Stitch Kingdom . Retrieved April 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Milligan , Mercedes ( July 1 , 2014 ) . `` Disney Fairies Flit to DMA '' . Animation Magazine . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` WATCH : Tinker Bell ' The Pirate Fairy ' Clip with ' Who I Am ' by Natasha Bedingfield '' . Stitch Kingdom . Retrieved January 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tinker Bell ( 2008 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tinker Bell and the Lost Treasure ( 2009 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Secret of the Wings ( 2012 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Pirate Fairy ( 2014 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` TinkerBell and the Legend of the NeverBeast '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tinker Bell '' . The Numbers . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tinker Bell '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tinker Bell and the Lost Treasure '' . The Numbers . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tinker Bell and the Lost Treasure '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tinker Bell and the Great Fairy Rescue '' . The Numbers . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tinker Bell and the Great Fairy Rescue '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Secret of the Wings '' . The Numbers . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Pirate Fairy '' . The Numbers . Retrieved September 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Pirate Fairy '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tinker Bell and the Legend of the Neverbeast '' . The Numbers . Retrieved December 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tinker Bell and the Legend of the Neverbeast '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 11 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official website ( hide ) J.M. Barrie 's Peter Pan Characters and setting Main Peter Pan Wendy Darling Captain Hook Mr. Smee Tinker Bell Tiger Lily Other Neverland Lost Boys Pixie Hollow Cast members Literary adaptations Official books / plays The Little White Bird Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens Peter and Wendy ( play , book ) Peter Pan in Scarlet Starcatchers books Peter and the Starcatchers Peter and the Shadow Thieves Peter and the Secret of Rundoon Peter and the Sword of Mercy The Bridge to Never Land Never Land Books Film adaptations Peter Pan films Peter Pan ( 1924 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Peter Pan ( 1988 ) Hook Return to Never Land Neverland Peter Pan ( 2003 ) Pan Tinker Bell films Tinker Bell Tinker Bell and the Lost Treasure Tinker Bell and the Great Fairy Rescue Pixie Hollow Games Secret of the Wings Pixie Hollow Bake Off The Pirate Fairy Tinker Bell and the Legend of the NeverBeast Adaptations Television 1976 musical The Adventures of Peter Pan Peter Pan & the Pirates Jake and the Never Land Pirates Once Upon a Time Neverland Peter Pan Live ! Peter and Wendy Stage 1950 musical 1954 musical Peter Pan : A Musical Adventure Peter and the Starcatcher Peter Pan 360 Peter and Alice Finding Neverland ( musical ) Wendy & Peter Pan Peter Pan Goes Wrong Disney 's Peter Pan Jr . Video games Peter Pan and the Pirates Peter Pan : Adventures in Never Land Kingdom Hearts Hook Prose The Child Thief Graphic novels Peter Pank Lost Girls Marvel Fairy Tales Music Albums The Wendy Trilogy Faith , Trust , and Pixie Dust `` Lost Boy '' ( Ruth B song ) Somewhere in Neverland `` Peter Pan '' ( Kelsea Ballerini song ) Attractions Disney on Ice Fantasmic ! Peter Pan 's Flight ( ride ) Pixie Hollow Allusions Never Never Land Biographies The Lost Boys Finding Neverland Related Llewelyn Davies boys Peter Pan syndrome / Wendy dilemma Peter Pan copyright Disney franchise Peter Pan statue Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tinker_Bell_(film_series)&oldid=803534277 '' Categories : English - language films Tinker Bell films Disney direct - to - video animated films DisneyToon Studios animated films Computer - animated films Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Disney 's Peter Pan Hidden categories : Film articles using image size parameter Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Magyar 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 October 2017 , at 02 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinker%20Bell%20%28film%20series%29
| 2,136 |
|
south park season 14 episode 5 not on hulu
|
200 ( South Park )
|
200 ( south park )
|
`` 200 '' is the fifth episode of the fourteenth season of the American animated television series South Park , and the 200th overall episode of the series . It originally aired on Comedy Central in the United States on April 14 , 2010 . In the episode , Tom Cruise and all other celebrities who have been mocked by residents of South Park in the past plan to file a class action lawsuit against the town , but Cruise promises to end the lawsuit if the town can get the Muslim prophet Muhammad to meet him .
|
The episode was written and directed by series co-creator Trey Parker . To celebrate their landmark episode , Parker and fellow series co-creator Matt Stone combined many of South Park 's past storylines and controversies . The Muhammad subplot , similar to the one previously featured in the season 10 episode `` Cartoon Wars '' , refers to Comedy Central 's past refusal to allow images of Muhammad to be shown on the network in response to the riots and threats generated from controversial cartoons in 2005 and 2007 of Muhammad in European newspapers . `` 200 '' includes many celebrities that have been mocked in previous episodes , including Cruise , Rob Reiner , Steven Spielberg , Kanye West , Paris Hilton , George Lucas , Mel Gibson and Barbra Streisand . An additional subplot includes Cartman learning he may not know the true identity of his father . The 1998 season 2 episode `` Cartman 's Mom Is Still a Dirty Slut '' claimed that Cartman 's hermaphrodite mother is his father , but the events of `` 200 '' and the subsequent episode reveal that this is not the case . `` 200 '' received mostly positive reviews . According to Nielsen Media Research , the episode was seen by 3.33 million viewers , making it the most watched cable television program of the night . Both `` 200 '' and the sequel episode `` 201 '' were nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program in 2010 . Within a week of the episode 's original broadcast date , the website for the radical Muslim organization Revolution Muslim posted an entry warning Parker and Stone that they risked being murdered for airing the episode , which several media outlets and observers interpreted as a threat . As a result , Comedy Central heavily censored portions of `` 201 '' by removing references to Muhammad and the episode 's closing speech . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Production 3 Theme 3.1 Muhammad subplot 3.2 Celebrities 3.3 Cartman 's father 4 Cultural references 5 Reception 5.1 Ratings 5.2 Reviews 5.3 Revolution Muslim entry 5.4 Possible link to Times Square car bomb attempt 5.5 Sri Lanka ban 6 Digital censorship 7 Home release 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) While on a school field trip to a candy factory , Butters spots actor Tom Cruise working there , packing fudge into boxes . Stan , who previously told Cruise that his acting is not as good as others ' in `` Trapped in the Closet '' , accidentally insults him again by calling him a `` fudge packer '' , as Cruise claims to be fly fishing . Cruise then recruits 200 other celebrities who have been ridiculed by the town of South Park to bring a class action lawsuit against the town . Stan returns to the factory with his father Randy to try to apologize and convince Cruise to drop the suit , but also finds it difficult not to call him a fudge packer as well since he was literally packing fudge while they spoke . An angry Cruise agrees to do so , but only if they can help Cruise meet Muhammad . This causes an uproar because depictions of Muhammad are forbidden , and the townsfolk fear that forcing Muhammad to appear in public will drive Muslim radicals to bomb the town . Stan and Kyle go to the Super Best Friends , a squad of superhero - like religious figures ( Jesus Christ , Gautama Buddha , Moses , Krishna , Laozi , Joseph Smith ) of which Muhammad is a member , to request he return with them to South Park . Meanwhile , it is revealed that Cruise and the other celebrities only want Muhammad for his `` goo '' , as Rob Reiner , previously shown to be filled with `` goo '' in `` Butt Out '' , has invented a machine to transfer Muhammad 's `` goo '' to the celebrities , which they believe will make them immune to ridicule , just like Muhammad . By this time , Cartman arrives with `` Mitch Conner '' , a face painted on his hand as one - half of a ventriloquist act . Previously , Connor had successfully impersonated actress Jennifer Lopez in `` Fat Butt and Pancake Head '' , and now Cartman and Connor return to the Lopez imitation in order to get involved in the lawsuit along with the other celebrities . Connor soon secretly convinces Cartman that they should steal Muhammad 's goo for themselves to sell on the black market for more than the lawsuit could offer . Meanwhile , Kyle and Stan convince the Super Best Friends to let Muhammad come to town , but only if he stays in the back of a U-Haul truck and is not seen . When the townspeople realize they must bring Muhammad to Cruise 's limo , they allegedly put him inside a bear mascot outfit . South Park is about to give Muhammad to the celebrities when the exchange is interrupted by a bomb planted by the Ginger Kids , a group of fair - skinned , red - haired children who are tired of being made fun of for their physical appearance . The Gingers want Muhammad for themselves , hoping to use his goo for their own means . They threaten to blow up the town if Muhammad is not turned over to them . The people of South Park decide to turn Muhammad over to the Gingers , fearing the violence that will befall their town if they do not . The celebrities are angered by this change in events , but refuse to resort to violence for fear of ruining their careers . Instead , the celebrities decide to awaken the rebuilt Mecha - Streisand , a giant mechanical monster form of Barbra Streisand , who previously terrorized the town of South Park before being destroyed . The celebrities hope to use Mecha - Streisand to force South Park to accept their demands . Meanwhile , due to the chain of events , Cartman decides Connor 's scheme has become too complicated and tries to quit , but Connor convinces him to stay involved by revealing that the townspeople of South Park have lied to Cartman about his true father . Although they previously claimed his hermaphroditic mother was also his father , Connor insists this is a lie . Cartman confronts his school teacher Mr. Garrison and Garrison 's old hand puppet Mr. Hat , who admits to Cartman there was indeed a cover - up . Mecha - Streisand roars threateningly and continues her reign of destruction as the episode ends . Production ( edit ) We kind of came up with the idea of , like , let 's take our sort of most popular moments in the show and then put them all together and write them into a new show . So basically , revisit a bunch of stuff but give the show all its own plot . Which at first sounded like quite a head - fucker . `` '' Trey Parker South Park co-creator Written and directed by series co-founder Trey Parker , `` 200 '' was rated TV - MA L in the United States . It originally aired on Comedy Central in the United States on April 14 , 2010 . It was the 200th episode of the series . Parker and fellow co-creator Matt Stone conceive , write and produce most South Park episodes within a week of their broadcast date in order to maintain a sense of energy and timeliness . The idea for `` 200 '' , however , was conceived before the fourteenth season began in March 2010 , and before any of the season fourteen episodes that preceded it were conceived . While trying to decide how to celebrate the 200th episode , Parker and Stone started reviewing the plots and controversies of previous episodes , many of which had a common thread of mocking a particular celebrity . This led to the idea of the having all the celebrities band together in a class action lawsuit against the town . Parker said their reactions mirrored the real - life reactions some of the celebrities had to their portrayals , adding , `` If they could join forces , they probably would . '' Stone said in writing the episode , they were determined not to produce a clip show , but to merge all of the old ideas into a new , original script . The process proved challenging for the duo because it involved incorporating many ideas , subplots and characters into a single episode . Parker and Stone included a joke about this process at the start of the episode , when Cartman and Kyle are fighting with each other , and Stan accuses them of just `` rehashing a bunch of old stuff '' . In honor of the 200th episode , the website SouthPark200.com was launched , offering a forum to fans to post their congratulations to South Park and view those posted by others . Various people have contributed to the site , including the creators of the animated series The Simpsons ( who used the opportunity to revisit another previous South Park theme , the episode `` Simpsons Already Did It '' , saying `` We already ( produced 200 episodes ) . Twice . '' ) , members of the rock band Rush and Denver Nuggets basketball player Chauncey Billups . The site also includes congratulations from All in the Family creator Norman Lear , who guest - starred in the 100th episode `` I 'm a Little Bit Country '' , and figure skater Brian Boitano , who was featured in the song `` What Would Brian Boitano Do ? '' in the 1999 film South Park : Bigger , Longer & Uncut . Theme ( edit ) Muhammad subplot ( edit ) See also : South Park controversies § Censorship of the depiction of Muhammad An image of the Muslim prophet Muhammad was shown in the 2001 episode `` Super Best Friends '' , but was later banned from the 2006 episode `` Cartoon Wars '' due to controversies regarding Muhammad cartoons in European newspapers . This contradiction is mocked in `` 200 '' . In 2010 , the episode which relates to this picture was removed by South Park Studios and is no longer available for viewing . `` 200 '' features jokes and references to past South Park episodes , storylines , characters and controversies . The episode revolves heavily around efforts to bring Muhammad into public view . This is based on two past controversies in 2005 ( Jyllands - Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy ) and 2007 ( Lars Vilks Muhammad drawings controversy ) , when European newspapers published cartoons of Muhammad , which was responded to with reactions of violent riots , global protests and death threats toward the artists . As a result of those incidents , many publications and television studios have refused to broadcast images of Muhammad whatsoever , which was the inspiration behind Tom Cruise 's efforts to harvest Muhammad 's apparent immunity to satire and ridicule . Parker and Stone addressed the Muhammad issue in their two - part tenth season episode `` Cartoon Wars '' , during which they attempt to show an image of the prophet , only to reveal that Comedy Central has forbidden any such image from being broadcast on their network . However , Muhammad had already been featured on - screen in the fifth season episode `` Super Best Friends '' , in which he is among a band of religious figures modeled after the superheroes in the Super Friends cartoons from the 1970s and 1980s . ( The Super Best Friends are featured once again in `` 200 '' . ) The episode `` Super Best Friends '' aired in 2001 , before the Jyllands - Posten and Vilks controversies . Stan makes reference to that past use of Muhammad 's image in `` 200 '' by saying of Muhammad , `` I saw him once ... a while ago ... '' This reference was purposely included to reflect the irony that an image that was previously not a problem had suddenly become an issue due to new circumstances . Stone said , `` Something that was OK is now not OK , and that 's just fucked up . '' The `` Super Best Friends '' episode continues to be run uncensored by Comedy Central in repeats , even though new images of Muhammad remained prohibited . Additionally , Muhammad has long been featured as one of the many characters shown in an image of dozens of South Park residents during the show 's opening credits . That image , however , has gone largely unnoticed , and thus has not drawn much controversy . When asked whether they feared retribution for mocking Muhammad , Parker said , `` We 'd be so hypocritical against our own thoughts , if we said , ' Okay , well let 's not make fun of them because they might hurt us . Okay , we 'll rip on the Catholics because they wo n't hurt us , but we wo n't rip on ( Muslims ) because they might hurt us . ' '' The Muhammad subplot in `` 200 '' , like the `` Cartoon Wars '' episodes , advocates for free speech and speaks out against censorship , both of Muhammad 's image and any subject considered taboo . `` 200 '' also demonstrates the double standard in the handling of offensive images of Muhammad and other religious figures , particularly in the scene in which Muhammad is censored altogether , but Buddhism founder Gautama Buddha is shown snorting cocaine in front of the South Park children . The extreme measures the South Park boys go to in order to conceal Muhammad , like hiding him in a window-less truck and dressing him as a mascot , demonstrate the absurdity of the fear in showing the prophet , as does the fear of retaliation that the South Park residents show after Randy draws a stick figure - like drawing of him , which is not censored . Celebrities ( edit ) Actor Tom Cruise ( pictured ) , who was previously parodied in the South Park episode `` Trapped in the Closet '' , is mocked more than most of the other celebrities in `` 200 '' . `` 200 '' includes many celebrities that have been mocked in previous episodes . One of the most prominently parodied is Tom Cruise , who was the center of the ninth season episode `` Trapped in the Closet '' . Cruise spent much of that episode hiding in a closet , a reference to rumors about his sexuality . In `` 200 '' , he is found working in a fudge factory as a `` fudge packer '' , a reference to alleged homosexuality . The episode also reveals Cruise 's house consists mostly of closets , a reference to both homosexuality and the original episode in which Cruise was mocked . Since Saddam Hussein is a dangerous celebrity , he does not appear in this episode . Other celebrities mocked in `` 200 '' include : Actor Ben Affleck ( `` How to Eat with Your Butt '' , `` Fat Butt and Pancake Head '' ) Film director Michael Bay ( `` Imaginationland Episode I '' , Cartmanland ) Pope Benedict XVI ( `` Bloody Mary '' , `` Fantastic Easter Special '' ) al - Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden ( `` Osama bin Laden Has Farty Pants '' ) Magician David Blaine ( `` Super Best Friends '' ) U2 vocalist Bono ( `` More Crap '' ) Singer / songwriter Jimmy Buffett ( `` Tonsil Trouble '' ) Politician Hillary Clinton ( `` The Snuke '' ) Lawyer Johnnie Cochran ( `` Chef Aid '' ) Singer / songwriter Phil Collins ( `` Timmy 2000 '' ) Politician Gary Condit ( `` Butters ' Very Own Episode '' ) Comedian Bill Cosby ( `` Trapper Keeper '' , `` Here Comes the Neighborhood '' , `` Clubhouses '' ) Actor Russell Crowe ( `` The New Terrance and Phillip Movie Trailer '' ) Actor Michael Douglas ( `` Sexual Healing '' ) Actor David Duchovny ( `` Sexual Healing '' ) Subway spokesman Jared Fogle ( `` Jared Has Aides '' , `` Stunning and Brave '' ) Film character Indiana Jones ( `` The China Probrem '' ) Actor Mel Gibson ( `` The Passion of the Jew , Imaginationland '' ) Television host Kathie Lee Gifford ( `` Weight Gain 4000 '' ) Socialite Paris Hilton ( `` Stupid Spoiled Whore Video Playset '' ) Wildlife expert Steve Irwin ( `` Hell on Earth 2006 '' , `` Prehistoric Ice Man '' ) Politician Jesse Jackson ( `` With Apologies to Jesse Jackson '' ) Singer Michael Jackson ( `` Dead Celebrities , The Jeffersons '' ) Actress Angelina Jolie ( `` Lice Capades '' ) Talk show host David Letterman ( `` Sexual Healing '' ) Film director George Lucas ( `` Free Hat '' , `` The China Probrem '' ) Actress Liza Minnelli ( `` Freak Strike '' ) Disney mascot Mickey Mouse ( `` The Ring '' ) Actress and television host Rosie O'Donnell ( `` Trapper Keeper '' ) Singer and activist Yoko Ono ( `` World Wide Recorder Concert '' ) Actress Sarah Jessica Parker ( `` The Tale of Scrotie McBoogerballs '' ) Actor and film director Robert Redford ( `` Chef 's Chocolate Salty Balls '' ) Film director Rob Reiner ( `` Butt Out '' ) Actor Michael Richards ( `` With Apologies to Jesse Jackson '' ) Actress Winona Ryder ( South Park : Bigger , Longer & Uncut ) Actor and television host Bob Saget ( `` Cartman 's Mom Is a Dirty Slut '' ) Actor Fred Savage ( `` Chef 's Chocolate Salty Balls '' ) Actor Charlie Sheen ( `` Sexual Healing '' ) Actress Brooke Shields ( South Park : Bigger , Longer , & Uncut ) Film director M. Night Shyamalan ( `` Imaginationland Episode I '' ) Actor and retired football player O.J. Simpson ( `` Butters ' Very Own Episode '' ) Actor and rapper Will Smith ( `` Here Comes the Neighborhood '' ) Film director Steven Spielberg ( `` Cripple Fight '' , `` Free Hat '' , `` The China Probrem '' ) Singer Britney Spears ( `` Britney 's New Look '' ) Television host Martha Stewart ( `` Eat , Pray , Queef '' , `` Red Hot Catholic Love '' ) Actress Sally Struthers ( `` Starvin ' Marvin , '' `` Mecha - Streisand , '' `` Starvin ' Marvin in Space , '' `` The Death of Eric Cartman '' ) Actor Billy Bob Thornton ( `` Sexual Healing '' ) Actor John Travolta ( `` The Entity '' , `` Trapped in the Closet '' ) Animal rights / Environmental activist Paul Watson ( `` Whale Whores '' ) Rapper Kanye West ( `` Fishsticks '' ) Talk show host Oprah Winfrey ( `` Here Comes the Neighborhood '' , `` A Million Little Fibers '' ) Golf pro Tiger Woods ( `` Sexual Healing '' ) Near the end of `` 200 '' , the celebrities seek assistance from singer and actress Barbra Streisand , who resembles a giant two - legged mechanical monster . This is a reference to Streisand 's appearance in the first - season episode `` Mecha - Streisand '' , in which she transforms into a monster in the style of Mechagodzilla from the Godzilla franchise . The Mecha - Streisand featured in `` 200 '' is designed with more sophisticated computer imagery than the original , which was a simple cut - out style cartoon like the rest of South Park . Although Parker and Stone have maintained that most of the celebrities they mock in South Park are chosen at random , with no personal animosity behind it , Barbra Streisand is one of the few they actively and vehemently dislike . Streisand , in turn , has been critical of South Park and her portrayal in it , and has accused the show of adding `` to the cynicism and negativity in our culture , especially in children '' . Cartman 's father ( edit ) The episode ends with a cliffhanger involving Cartman 's father . The identity of Cartman 's father made up a major plot point at the end of the first season , culminating in the second season episode `` Cartman 's Mom Is Still a Dirty Slut '' , in which it is revealed Cartman 's mother , Liane Cartman , is a hermaphrodite and , in fact , is Cartman 's father . `` 200 '' is the first episode to return to the matter and suggest this was not the actual truth . Throughout the episode , Cartman uses a hand - puppet con - artist named Mitch Conner , who had , presumably , just been made up by Cartman in trying to fool Kyle in the seventh - season episode `` Fat Butt and Pancake Head '' , resuming his role in pretending to be Jennifer Lopez and utilizing many offensive Hispanic stereotypes in his portrayal of her . The hand puppet portrayal is very similar to the work of Spanish ventriloquist Señor Wences . Several other references to previous South Park episodes are featured throughout `` 200 '' . It marks the reappearance of Mr. Hat , a hand puppet that had been frequently used by Mr. Garrison during the early South Park seasons , but had long been abandoned in later episodes . During the second half of `` 200 '' , an army of red - haired `` ginger kids '' attempt to capture Muhammad themselves . Several South Park episodes , most prominently the ninth - season episode `` Ginger Kids '' , have featured the ginger kids , which are children with fair skin , freckles and red hair . In most cases , they have been made the subject of ridicule by Cartman , who views them in an offensively stereotypical way . Cultural references ( edit ) During one scene , a frustrated Tom Cruise angrily jumps up and down on a couch while Oprah Winfrey sits next to him . This is a reference to an incident on The Oprah Winfrey Show in 2005 , in which Cruise repeatedly jumped on the couch next to Oprah , fell to one knee and loudly professed his love for actress Katie Holmes . Cruise has been repeatedly mocked for his behavior . In another scene , George Lucas and Steven Spielberg are shown to have actor Harrison Ford leashed , chained and ball - gagged , as the actor wears the fedora he wore in the Indiana Jones films . This is a reference to the twelfth season episode `` The China Probrem '' , in which Lucas and Spielberg literally rape Indiana Jones repeatedly , which served as a commentary by Parker and Stone for the poor quality of the 2008 Spielberg / Lucas film , Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull . A cartoon image of film director Tim Burton is featured in the episode , despite having not been previously ridiculed by the show . In the episode , Burton is mocked for not having an original idea since the 1988 comedy horror film Beetlejuice , and for his tendency to feature film actor Johnny Depp in so many of his films that he should `` just have sex with him ( Johnny Depp ) already '' . Cartman 's Jennifer Lopez hand - puppet repeatedly demands food from the American restaurant chain Taco Bell , particularly enchiritos , which is one of the many Hispanic stereotypes utilized by the character . Also , when the celebrities are discussing who to bring in to help capture Mohammed , Barbra Streisand is referenced as `` her , '' to which the discussion goes `` her who ? '' `` her '' `` oh ... her . '' This is slightly reminiscent of the movie Little Shop of Horrors when Rick Moranis and Steve Martin are talking about Audrey , who the dentist had physically abused , where Steve asks `` what did I ever do to you '' and Rick answers `` it was n't what you did to me , it was what you did to her '' Steve : `` her ? oh ... her '' Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) In its original American broadcast on April 14 , 2010 , `` 200 '' was watched by 3.33 million viewers , according to Nielsen Media Research , making it the most watched cable television show of the night . It outperformed the previous week 's episode , `` You Have 0 Friends '' , which was seen by 3.07 million viewers , and it was seen by roughly 177,000 more viewers than its closest competitor on April 14 , USA Network 's In Plain Sight . The episode received an overall 2.0 rating / 3 share , meaning that it was seen by 2 % of the population , and 3 % of people watching television at the time of the broadcast . Among viewers between ages 18 and 49 , it received a 1.9 rating / 5 share , and among male viewers between 18 and 34 , it received a 3.7 rating / 13 share . Reviews ( edit ) This was South Park distilled to its essence : Cartman and his friends caught up in the stupidity all around them , created by absurd , neurotic , fearful , repressed adults . Parker and Stone set themselves apart from all this by insisting on remaining juvenile -- something like genius juveniles . `` '' Ken Tucker Entertainment Weekly The episode received mostly positive reviews . Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly said he was surprised by the complexity of `` 200 '' and the amount of South Park references and subplots it encompassed , especially the questions over Cartman 's father . Tucker praised the episode , and said , `` With jokes raining down like hell - fire , the 200th episode spared no one except the South Park kids themselves . '' Ramsey Isler of IGN said it was fun to identify all the references to past South Park moments , but felt `` 200 '' itself did n't stand out as a great episode . Isler said the new material was n't very funny , and that the rehashed material was not as funny as the first time they were shown , which was disappointing due to the hype surrounding the episode . The A.V. Club writer Sean O'Neal said the episode was funny , but that the original material was far outnumbered by rehashed jokes . O'Neal said the use of all the celebrities demonstrated how South Park had been more original in early episodes , but now had `` morph ( ed ) into something whose default mode is mocking famous people in the news '' . Douglas Murray of The Daily Telegraph said of the episode , `` I ca n't recommend it enough '' , and particularly complimented the episode scenes with Buddha snorting cocaine and the South Park townspeople hiding Muhammad . Murray said , `` They make the point about the absurd self - censorship and thuggish intimidation surrounding the Islamic faith better than anything else I 've seen . '' Amy Duncan of Metro said it `` certainly was an episode to remember '' . Duncan praised the story , which she said `` develops with ( South Park 's ) usual rude inferences and below - the - belt remarks '' . Ryan Broderick of The Hofstra Chronicle said the episode `` came together so simply , so smoothly , and so hilariously that it forgives the last couple lame duck episodes of the season '' . Broderick said it avoided the pitfalls of most landmark episodes by providing an original story in addition to the throwback references . Nick Zaino of TV Squad said the episode did not offer much new , but also offer good throwbacks and celebrity spoofs , and did n't `` pull any punches '' . Zaino said the episode has `` a wonderful sense of the absurd '' , particularly through the use of Mecha - Streisand and Cartman 's hand - puppet . The Council on American - Islamic Relations , a Washington , D.C. - based civil rights and advocacy group , said they were aware of the depiction of Muhammad in `` 200 '' , but declined to put out a formal statement about it because they did not want to draw any more attention to the show . The group 's spokesman , Ibrahim Hooper , said , `` People are pretty tired of this whole ' Let 's insult the prophet Muhammad thing . ' '' Revolution Muslim entry ( edit ) We have to warn Matt and Trey that what they are doing is stupid and they will probably wind up like Theo van Gogh for airing this show . This is not a threat , but a warning of the reality of what will likely happen to them . `` '' Abu Talhah al Amrikee The website for the organization Revolution Muslim , a New York - based organization , posted an entry that included a warning to creators Parker and Stone that they risk retribution for their depictions of Muhammad . It said that they `` will probably wind up like Theo van Gogh for airing this show . '' Filmmaker Theo van Gogh was murdered by an Islamist in 2004 for making a short documentary on the violence against women in some Islamic societies . The posting provided the addresses to Comedy Central in New York and the production company in Los Angeles . The author of the post , Zachary Adam Chesser ( who prefers to be called Abu Talhah al Amrikee ) , said it was meant to serve as a warning to Parker and Stone , not a threat , and that providing the addresses was meant to give people the opportunity to protest . The entry included audio clips of a sermon by al - Qaeda imam Anwar al - Awlaki , calling for the assassination of anyone who has defamed Muhammad , saying , `` Harming Allah and his messenger is a reason to encourage Muslims to kill whoever does that . '' It also included a link to a 2009 Huffington Post article that gave details of Stone and Parker 's mansion in Colorado , and images of Ayaan Hirsi Ali , an activist writer and critic of Islam , who lives in permanent security protection because of threats . Comedy Central declined to comment on the post . Before writing the Revolution Muslim post , Chesser wrote an April 15 entry on his Twitter page : `` May Allah kill Matt Stone and Trey Parker and burn them in Hell for all eternity . They insult our prophets Muhammad , Jesus , and Moses . '' Chesser was subsequently sentenced to 25 years of imprisonment for this and other offenses . Despite Chesser 's statements that the website entry was a warning , several media outlets and observers interpreted it as a threat . Ayaan Hirsi Ali dismissed claims that the website entry was just a warning , calling it `` an assault on the freedom of expression '' that should not be marginalized or overlooked . She said of the episode , `` The ' South Park ' episode of last weekend was not just funny , and it was n't just witty . ( It ) addressed an essential piece in the times that we are living . There is one group of people , one religion ( , ) that is claiming to be above criticism . '' New York City Police Commissioner Raymond Kelly said he was aware of the website posting , but said , `` We do n't think that this threat , as ( it ) is currently assessed , rises to a crime right now . '' CNN journalist Anderson Cooper said of the episode , `` You might not like South Park the cartoon . You might think it 's offensive . ( But ) the notion that some radical Islamic group in America would make a threat , even a veiled one , against two men 's lives because of it is chilling . '' Fox News commentator Bill O'Reilly said he would have advised Parker and Stone not to do the episode out of fear of retaliation : `` On the one hand you do have to admire their courage . But I do n't know whether the risk -- reward ( ratio ) is worth it . '' The Daily Telegraph writer Douglas Murray said the entry only gave `` 200 '' more legitimacy , writing , `` ( It ) of course just confirms the point that the South Park boys were making . ( ... ) I 'd have said that was point proved . South Park 1 : Islamists 0 . '' On the April 22 , 2010 , episode of Comedy Central 's The Daily Show , host Jon Stewart went into a ten - minute tirade about the alleged death threats , expressing disgust at the alleged hypocrisy of Revolution Muslim 's speech while its members enjoy the American lifestyle and freedom of speech . In response to the Revolution Muslim post , the South Park episode `` 201 '' , which aired the following week and concluded the unresolved storylines from `` 200 '' , was heavily censored by Comedy Central . The channel inserted audio bleeps over all references to Muhammad 's name and other portions of dialogue , including the entirety of the ending speech by the show 's main characters . The Dutch version of Comedy Central began airing commercials for `` 200 '' during the week of April 26 , with the show scheduled to air on April 30 . However , `` The Tale of Scrotie McBoogerballs '' was shown instead . When asked about this , a spokesperson for Comedy Central Netherlands said they had reluctantly decided the episode to be pulled , along with the episode `` 201 '' . Neither episode is available on the Dutch South Park Studios website ; the same applies to the German website as of May 9 , 2010 . The Swedish affiliate of Comedy Central also refused to broadcast `` 200 '' and `` 201 '' in Sweden : Comedy Central has decided not to air these two episodes of South Park . It is a decision we 've made with great reluctance . Comedy Central believes strongly in creative freedom of expression ; when unique and deeply insightful creative talents like those behind South Park are able to express themselves freely , we all benefit . However , the safety of our employees is our unquestioned number ( - ) one priority , and therefore we have decided to take these precautionary measures . Possible link to Times Square car bomb attempt ( edit ) See also : 2010 Times Square car bomb attempt On May 1 , 18 days after the episode 's original airdate , a failed car bomb attempt was discovered by the New York City Police Department near the eastern corner of 1 Astor Plaza in New York City , on West 45 Street , on a side street near the location of the world headquarters of Viacom , Comedy Central 's parent company . Some news outlets reported that police are looking into a possible link between the attempted bombing and the warnings of violence against Trey Parker and Matt Stone , although no such link has yet been established . Such speculation was also fueled by statements from U.S. Congressman Peter T. King , who described as one possible motive `` the whole issue with ' South Park , ' which Islamic terrorists were threatening to have retribution for . '' However , King stressed the theory was `` one possibility out of a hundred '' . Revolution Muslim has denied any involvement with the incident . Younus Abdullah Muhammed , who runs the group 's website , was in Times Square at the time speaking out against President Barack Obama with a loudspeaker . But he said of the failed car bomb , `` What do you think , I commanded somebody to blow up a building in the middle of Times Square ? ( ... ) It had nothing to do with the ' South Park ' controversy . It was not an attack targeting Viacom . '' NYPD Commissioner Raymond Kelly said of the theory , `` We certainly would n't rule that out . '' However , media reports indicated Faisal Shahzad , the suspect arrested in connection with the attempted bombing , had trained for months prior to the first broadcast of `` 200 . '' Sri Lanka ban ( edit ) The depiction of Buddha snorting cocaine in `` 200 '' and `` 201 '' , prompted the government of Sri Lanka to ban the entire series outright . Digital censorship ( edit ) The day after the episode aired , the episode was available for streaming on the site . After a week , like the other Muhammad episodes , it was taken off due to copyright reasons . However , the message presented to the user for this episode is `` We apologize that South Park Studios can not stream this episode . '' The sequel episode , `` 201 '' , also has not been made available for streaming , but a different message describes an intent to potentially post that episode . Similarly the episode and its sequel are not available to stream or buy on services Netflix , iTunes , Hulu , or Amazon on Demand . Furthermore , digital copies of these episodes that were purchased prior to their ban from digital distribution are no longer available for streaming or download . Home release ( edit ) Although `` 200 '' was not currently available on the internet legally , and had not re-aired since April 2010 , it was confirmed on February 11 , 2011 that `` 200 '' will be released on DVD . `` 200 '' along with the thirteen other episodes from South Park 's fourteenth season , was released on a three - disc DVD set and two - disc Blu - ray set in the United States on April 26 , 2011 . The version presented on the DVD and Blu - ray is the uncensored version , with Muhammad 's name unbleeped , unlike the episode that follows , `` 201 '' , which is presented on disc in its original network censored version . During the commentary in both `` 200 '' and `` 201 '' Parker and Stone never mention Muhammad directly , referring to him only as `` the prophet of the Muslim faith '' . Despite the package claiming otherwise , both `` 200 '' and `` 201 '' were completely omitted from the Region 4 and Region 2 releases . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Emmy Awards . `` Complete Emmy listings '' ( PDF ) . Emmy Award . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 21 , 2012 . Retrieved November 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Jardin , Xeni ( April 13 , 2010 ) . `` South Park 's 200th , litigious celebs and Mohammed : Matt Stone and Trey Parker '' . Boing Boing . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2010 . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gross , Terry ( March 24 , 2010 ) . `` South Park Celebrates 14 Years Of Fart Jokes '' . National Public Radio . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2010 . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Morrow , Terry ( March 12 , 2009 ) . `` Morrow TV : Looking at ' South Park ' ... Other shows of note '' . Scripps Howard News Services . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2010 . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Itzkoff , Dave ( March 10 , 2010 ) . `` ' South Park ' at 200 : Trey Parker and Matt Stone Apologize to No One '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 06 . Retrieved April 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : O'Neal , Sean ( April 14 , 2010 ) . `` South Park : `` 200 '' `` . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2010 . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Zaino , Nick ( April 15 , 2010 ) . `` ' South Park ' -- ' 200 ' Recap '' . TV Squad . Archived from the original on 2010 - 09 - 18 . Retrieved April 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Strachan , Alex ( April 16 , 2010 ) . `` South Park celebrates 200th episode '' . Canwest News Service . Retrieved April 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Bockelman , Andy ( April 14 , 2010 ) . `` '' South Park '' To Premiere 200th Episode `` . All Headline News . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Isler , Ramsey ( April 15 , 2010 ) . `` South Park : `` 200 '' Review `` . IGN . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2010 . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` South Park creators court fury after including Prophet Muhammad in no - holds - barred 200th episode '' . Daily Mail . April 15 , 2010 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2010 . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Tucker , Ken ( April 15 , 2010 ) . `` ' South Park ' 200th episode review : Muhammad , Tom Cruise , and Cartman 's daddy issues '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2010 . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Edwards , Tim ( April 21 , 2010 ) . `` Muslims warn South Park after Mohammed joke '' . The First Post . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2010 . Retrieved April 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Bierly , Mandi ( April 14 , 2010 ) . `` ' South Park ' gears up for 200th episode : Will we see Muhammad ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2010 . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Murray , Douglas ( April 19 , 2010 ) . `` South Park celebrates 200th episode with another attempt to show us ... Mohammed ! '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2010 . Retrieved April 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Cara ( April 15 , 2010 ) . `` South Park 's gay jibe at Tom Cruise '' . The Sun . Retrieved April 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Hester , Jere ( April 14 , 2010 ) . `` South Park and the Cult of Celebrity '' . WCAU . Archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 22 . Retrieved April 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` FAQ -- April 2010 '' . South Park Studios.com. April 19 , 2010 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 09 - 15 . Retrieved April 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Surette , Tim ( April 15 , 2010 ) . `` South Park 's Starry 200th Bash '' . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2010 . Retrieved April 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Stall , Sam ( 2009 ) . The South Park Episode Guide : Volume 1 , Seasons 1 -- 5 . New York City , New York : Running Press . p. 167 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7624 - 3561 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Cusson , Jerome ( October 18 , 2007 ) . `` Goin ' Down to South Park 10.17. 07 : Imaginationland '' . 411mania.com . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2008 . Retrieved April 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Isler , Ramsey ( April 1 , 2010 ) . `` South Park : `` Medicinal Fried Chicken '' Review `` . IGN . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2010 . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fickett , Travis ( July 29 , 2009 ) . `` South Park Flashback : `` Osama Bin Laden Has Farty Pants '' Review `` . IGN . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 19 . Retrieved April 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Nurwisah , Ron ( April 20 , 2010 ) . `` South Park draws anger of radical Muslim website '' . National Post , Inc . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2010 . Retrieved April 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Trechak , Brad ( October 10 , 2007 ) . `` South Park : More Crap '' . TV Squad . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 08 . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` South Park cures AIDS with cash '' . Fashion.ie . March 16 , 2008 . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hillary Clinton debuts in South Park '' . The New Zealand Herald . March 29 , 2007 . Retrieved April 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Arp , Robert ( December 2006 ) . `` The Chewbacca Defense : A South Park Logic Lesson '' . In Arp , Robert . South Park and Philosophy : You Know , I Learned Something Today . Blackwell Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 6160 - 2 . Jump up ^ Shannon , Jeff ( November 13 , 2005 ) . `` Who 's our favorite crippled boy ? Timmy ! '' : South Park 's learning - disabled , wheelchair - using fourth - grader is so politically incorrect that disabled people adore him `` . Chicago Sun - Times . p . B03 . Retrieved April 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Clubhouses ( Season 2 , Episode 12 ) -- Full Episode Player -- South Park Studios Archived January 22 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Crowe 's on Menu on ' South Park ' '' . Los Angeles Times . April 2 , 2002 . p . F1 . Retrieved June 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` South Park Spoofs Sexaholics , Wins Big Ratings '' . contactmusic.com . constactmusic.com LTD . March 19 , 2010 . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2010 . Retrieved April 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Cara ( March 18 , 2010 ) . `` South Park 's swing for Gier '' . The Sun . Retrieved April 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Phil ( March 6 , 2002 ) . `` ' South Park ' vs. Subway '' . Chicago Sun - Times . p. 51 . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Worst Cable Content of the Week South Park on Comedy Central '' . Parents Television Council . October 17 , 2009 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 08 . Retrieved April 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gross , Max ( April 9 , 2004 ) . `` ' The Passion of the Christ ' Fuels Antisemitism -- on ' South Park ' '' . The Forward . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 06 . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Skanks a Lot '' . New York Post . November 24 , 2004 . p. 14 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Steve Irwin on South Park '' . The Sun . October 27 , 2006 . Retrieved April 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Correll , Jacob ( March 9 , 2007 ) . `` ' South Park ' offers no ' Apologies ' for its political incorrectness '' . The Tufts Daily . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved April 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' South Park '' Re-Skewers Celebs For 200th Episode `` . All Headline News . April 13 , 2010 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2010 . Retrieved April 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Head lice outbreak on ' South Park ' '' . The State Hornet . March 31 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Boone , Christian ( March 18 , 2010 ) . `` Roethlisberger gets animated ; interview still unscheduled '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2010 . Retrieved March 18 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Syzmanski , Mike ( July 11 , 2002 ) . `` ' South Park ' Takes on Lucas and Spielberg '' . Zap2it . Archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Elsworth , Catherine ( October 11 , 2008 ) . `` South Park episode angers viewers with scenes of Hollywood titans raping Indiana Jones '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 10 . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Caro , Mark ( June 30 , 1999 ) . `` South Park tasteless , scatological and very funny '' . Chicago Tribune . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Morrow , Terry ( March 12 , 2009 ) . `` Morrow TV : Looking at ' South Park ' ... Other shows of note '' . Scripps Howard News Services . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2010 . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Brian C. ( April 17 , 2005 ) . `` South Park Republicans '' . The Dallas Morning News . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved April 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` South Park calls Sarah Jessica Parker a ' transvestite donkey witch ' '' . Metro . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2010 . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cox , Ted ( December 26 , 2003 ) . `` War and remembrance : Coverage of the invasion of Iraq -- from all angles -- made for the year 's top TV moments '' . Daily Herald . Jump up ^ Fickett , Travis ( March 8 , 2007 ) . `` South Park : `` With Apologies to Jesse Jackson '' Review `` . IGN . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 26 . Retrieved April 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Dungan , Joe ( January 1 , 2001 ) . `` Career , Superannuated : Why Winona Ryder is America 's Least Castable Actress '' . The Simon Magazine . The Simon LLC . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2010 . Retrieved April 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Anderson , John ( June 30 , 1999 ) . `` South Park : Bigger , Longer & Uncut Movie Review '' . The Times . Hollywood.com , LLC . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 13 . Retrieved April 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Britney Spars headed for ill end on `` South Park '' `` . The Denver Post . March 21 , 2008 . p . B03 . Retrieved June 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Modell , Josh ( April 2 , 2009 ) . `` Eat , Pray , Queef '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2010 . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Duffy , Mike ( December 16 , 1997 ) . `` Rudeness rules ! Comedy Central hit `` South Park '' is smarter than it looks `` . Detroit Free Press . p. 1D . Jump up ^ Adickman , Erika ( April 15 , 2010 ) . `` 7 Pop Stars Who Wo n't Be Attending Opening Night Of The ' South Park ' Broadway Musical '' . Idolator . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2010 . Retrieved April 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , James ( April 9 , 2009 ) . `` Kanye West Responds -- Humbly ! -- To ' South Park ' ' Fish Sticks ' Slam '' . MTV . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2010 . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Devin ( October 27 , 2006 ) . `` ' South Park ' creators have n't lost their edge '' . CNNMoney.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 07 . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Parker , Trey ( 2003 ) . South Park : The Complete First Season : `` Mecha - Streisand '' ( Audio commentary CD ) . Comedy Central . Jump up ^ Dreifus , Claudia ( May 1998 ) . `` The Way She Is '' . Hachette Filipacchi Médias . Jump up ^ `` Celebrating South Park 's 200 episode : Five of the best '' . Metro. April 15 , 2010 . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2010 . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Little Shop Of Horrors Script -- transcript from the screenplay and / or Rick Moranis and Steve Martin musical movie based on the play '' . Script-o-rama.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 10 . Retrieved June 11 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( April 15 , 2010 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : `` In Plain Sight '' Slips ; `` South Park '' Up `` . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2010 . Retrieved April 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( April 8 , 2010 ) . `` Wednesday Finals : `` CSI : NY '' Dips Further + `` South Park , '' `` In Plain Sight '' and More `` . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2010 . Retrieved April 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Duncan , Amy ( April 15 , 2010 ) . `` Tom Cruise called a ' fudge - packer ' by South Park '' . Metro . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2010 . Retrieved April 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Broderick , Ryan ( April 14 , 2010 ) . `` TV RECAP : South Park 's 200th '' . The Hofstra Chronicle . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2010 . Retrieved April 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Collins , Scott ; Gold , Matea ( April 23 , 2010 ) . `` Threat against ' South Park creators highlights dilemma for media companies '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2010 . Retrieved April 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Miller , Joshua Rhett ( April 23 , 2010 ) . `` Road to Radicalism : The Man Behind the ' South Park ' Threats '' . Fox News . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2010 . Retrieved April 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lister , Tim ( April 19 , 2010 ) . `` Security Brief : Radical Islamic Web site takes on ' South Park ' '' . CNN . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2010 . Retrieved April 19 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Joshua Rhett ( April 20 , 2010 ) . `` ' South Park ' Creators Could Face Retribution for Depicting Muhammad , Website Warns '' . Fox News . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2010 . Retrieved April 20 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Murray , Douglas ( April 20 , 2010 ) . `` The death threats come in for South Park : ' They will probably end up like Theo van Gogh ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2010 . Retrieved April 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Cooper , Anderson ( April 20 , 2010 ) . `` Radical Islamists Threaten ' South Park ' Creators ; More Volcano Eruptions Ahead '' . Anderson Cooper 360 °. ( transcript ) . New York City . CNN . Archived February 3 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : O'Reilly , Bill ( April 20 , 2010 ) . `` ' South Park ' Episode Prompts Death Threats '' . The O'Reilly Factor . New York City . Fox News Channel . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cavna , Michael ( April 20 , 2010 ) . `` Comic Riffs -- ' South Park ' : Is pro-jihad website threatening cartoonists over Muhammad satire ? '' . Washington Post . Retrieved April 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Itzkoff , Dave ( April 22 , 2010 ) . `` ' South Park ' Episode Altered after Muslim Group 's Warning '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2010 . Retrieved April 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Patrick ( April 23 , 2010 ) . `` Muslim threats to ' South Park ' : Did Comedy Central cave in to knucklehead extremists ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2010 . Retrieved April 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cavna , Michael ( April 23 , 2010 ) . `` Comic Riffs : JON STEWART satirizes own network 's censorship of ' South Park ' Muhammad episode '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Itzkoff , Dave ( April 22 , 2010 ) . `` ' South Park ' Episode Is Altered After Muslim Group 's Warning '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2010 . Retrieved April 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( April 22 , 2010 ) . `` South Park Censored '' . IGN . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2010 . Retrieved April 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Verver , Jody ( April 30 , 2010 ) . `` CC International heeft er met grote tegenzinvoor gekozen om de 2 afl. van South Park niet uit te zenden '' ( in Dutch ) . Jump up ^ Verver , Jody ( April 30 , 2010 ) . `` de veiligheid van onze medewerkers is prioriteit nummer 1 en is er uit voorzorg besloten de 2 afleveringen niet uit te zenden '' ( in Dutch ) . Jump up ^ `` South Park Episode Player -- 200 '' ( in Dutch ) . South Park Studios Netherlands . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 06 . Retrieved May 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Verver , Jody ( April 30 , 2010 ) . `` Dit geldt helaas ook voor online.De US heeft deze voorzorgsmaatregel genomen om de veiligheid van haar medewerkers te garanderen '' ( in Dutch ) . Jump up ^ `` South Park Muhammad joke wo n't air in Sweden '' . The Local . April 29 , 2010 . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2010 . Retrieved May 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gendar , Alison ; Parascandola , Rocco ; Kennedy , Helen ( May 2 , 2010 ) . `` Police eyeing link to South Park in Times Square car bomb '' . New York Daily News . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2010 . Retrieved May 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Allen , Nick ; Rayner , Gordon ( May 2 , 2010 ) . `` Times Square car bomb : police investigate South Park link '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2010 . Retrieved May 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cavna , Michael ( May 2 , 2010 ) . `` Times Square bomb : a ' South Park ' link ? '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hutchinson , Bill ( May 2 , 2010 ) . `` Islamic group that warned creators of ' South Park ' denies involvement in Times Square bomb plot '' . New York Daily News . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2010 . Retrieved May 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Crawford , Carly ( May 2 , 2010 ) . `` T - shirt vendor saves New York from car bomb threat as NY police commissioner says there nothing to link Taliban to bomb attempt '' . Herald Sun . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 14 . Retrieved May 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Perez , Evan ; Johnson , Keith ; Gardiner , Sean ( May 6 , 2010 ) . `` No - Fly List Gap Is Closed as Shahzad Keeps Talking '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2010 . Retrieved May 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ American Television Depicts Buddha Snorting Cocaine The Sunday Leader Jump up ^ 200 South Park Studios Full Episode Player , Season 14 Episode 5 . Archived January 22 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Now that you 've given us a date for Season 14 's DVD release , here 's something I 'm betting a lot of people are itching to know : WILL EVERY EPISODE be included on the DVD / Bluray ? -- FAQ '' . South Park Studios . Archived from the original on 2012 - 08 - 29 . Retrieved June 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` South Park -- ' The Complete 14th Season ' Formally Announced ; Seems it Really IS Complete ! '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . July 2 , 2011 . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2012 . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Latchem , John . `` ' South Park ' Set Includes Controversial Episodes '' . Home Media Magazine . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 28 . Retrieved April 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Parker , Trey ( April 2011 ) . South Park : The Complete Fourteenth Season : `` 201 '' ( Audio commentary DVD ) . Paramount Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/tv-and-radio/censored-box-set-gets-south-park-fans-animated-20110817-1iycc.html Jump up ^ `` South Park -- Season 14 ( DVD ) : Amazon.co.uk : Trey Parker , Matt Stone : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved June 11 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) `` 200 '' Episode Guide at South Park Studios `` 200 '' on IMDb `` 200 '' at TV.com Depictions of Muhammad History Muhammad in Islam Aniconism in Islam Hadith List of hadith collections Ibn Ishaq Ibn Hisham Muhammad ibn Jarir al - Tabari Hilya Controversy Criticism of Muhammad Criticism of Hadith Reactions to Innocence of Muslims Chennai Protest of Innocence of Muslims Lars Vilks Muhammad drawings controversy Everybody Draw Mohammed Day Jyllands - Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy ( Category ) Descriptions of the cartoons Economic and social consequences International reactions List of newspapers that reprinted the cartoons Opinions Timeline Asmaa Abdol - Hamid Ahmed Akkari Geert Wilders Akkari - Laban dossier Charlie Hebdo 2015 shooting Je suis Charlie Amir Abdur Rehman Cheema Danish embassy bombing in Islamabad El Fagr The Islamic Society in Denmark Islamist demonstration outside Danish Embassy in London in 2006 Israeli antisemitic cartoons contest Umran Javed Naser Khader Omar Khayam Ahmad Abu Laban Manifesto : Together Facing the New Totalitarianism Flemming Rose Mohamad Al - Khaled Samha The Satanic Verses Andrea Santoro Vebjørn Selbekk Trial of Ghazi Beji and Jabeur Mejri Kurt Westergaard Curtis Culwell Center attack Books List of biographies of Muhammad ( Category ) Sirah Rasul Allah Shama'il Muhammadiyah Sirat - un-Nabi Al - Sira Al - Nabawiyya ( Ibn Kathir ) Al - Khasais - ul - Kubra Siyer - i Nebi Marzubannama Ar - Raheeq Al - Makhtum Paighambar e Azam O Aakhir Muhammad : A Biography of the Prophet Muhammad : A Prophet for Our Time Muhammad : His Life Based on the Earliest Sources The Life and Religion of Mohammed Muhammad ( book ) Muhammad at Mecca Muhammad at Medina ( book ) Novel and controversial Mahomet ( play ) Inferno ( Dante ) Captain Stormfield 's Visit to Heaven The 100 : A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History Vita Mahumeti The Jewel of Medina Muhammad : The `` Banned '' Images The Quest for the Historical Muhammad The Truth About Muhammad The Cartoons that Shook the World Films ( Category ) Muhammad : Legacy of a Prophet Muhammad : The Last Prophet The Message Islam : Empire of Faith Innocence of Muslims Islam : What the West Needs to Know Fetih 1453 Muhammad : The Messenger of God Bilal Television Drama serials and documentaries Muhammad : The Final Legacy The Life of Muhammad Islam : The Untold Story Omar South Park `` Super Best Friends '' `` Cartoon Wars Part I '' `` Cartoon Wars Part II '' `` 200 '' `` 201 '' Video games Quraish Muslim Massacre Faith Fighter Category Commons Portal South Park episodes Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Season 14 `` Sexual Healing '' `` The Tale of Scrotie McBoogerballs '' `` Medicinal Fried Chicken '' `` You Have 0 Friends '' `` 200 '' `` 201 '' `` Crippled Summer '' `` Poor and Stupid '' `` It 's a Jersey Thing '' `` Insheeption '' `` Coon 2 : Hindsight '' `` Mysterion Rises '' `` Coon vs. Coon and Friends '' `` Crème Fraîche '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=200_(South_Park)&oldid=806121941 '' Categories : Cartoon controversies Islam - related television episodes Jyllands - Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy Obscenity controversies in television South Park episodes in multiple parts South Park ( season 14 ) episodes Television episodes pulled from general rotation Terrorism in television Works about censorship Works about freedom of expression Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2012 Articles with dead external links from May 2014 Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Use mdy dates from August 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012 Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Français Magyar Nederlands Русский Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 19 October 2017 , at 21 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/200%20%28South%20Park%29
| 2,137 |
||
who holds the record for most weight lifted
|
The Guinness Book of World Records ( 1985 edition ) lists his feat of lifting 6,270 pounds ( 2,850 kg ) in a back lift as `` the greatest weight ever raised by a human being '' . Anderson turned professional after the 1956 Summer Olympics , and so many of his feats of strength , while generally credible , were not done under rigorous enough conditions to be official . Nevertheless , Guinness Book of World Records did cite him in its 1985 edition for a backlift of 6,270 pounds . This became the basis for his reputation as the `` World 's Strongest Man '' .
|
Paul Anderson ( weightlifter )
|
paul anderson ( weightlifter )
|
Paul Edward Anderson ( October 17 , 1932 -- August 15 , 1994 ) was an American weightlifter , strongman and powerlifter . He was an Olympic gold medalist and a World Champion and two - time National Champion in Olympic weightlifting . Anderson played a big part in the manifestation of powerlifting as a competitive sport . He is considered to be one of the strongest men in recorded history for his mostly unbeaten feats of strength .
|
Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Death 5 Legacy 6 Personal records 6.1 Official records 6.2 Unofficial lifts 7 Quotes about Anderson 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Early life ( edit ) Anderson was born in Toccoa , Georgia , the only son of Ethel Bennett and Robert Anderson . As a teenager , he began his early weight training on his own in his family 's backyard to increase his size and strength so that he would be able to play on the Toccoa High School football team , where he earned a position as first - team blocking back . He used special homemade weights that his father created out of concrete poured into a wooden form . Anderson later attended Furman University for one year on a football scholarship before moving to Elizabethton , Tennessee with his parents . There he met weightlifter Bob Peoples , who would greatly influence him in squat training and introduce him into weightlifting circles . Career ( edit ) In 1955 , at the height of the Cold War , Anderson , as winner of the USA National Amateur Athletic Union Weightlifting Championship , traveled to the Soviet Union , where weightlifting was a popular sport , for an international weightlifting competition . In a newsreel of the event shown in the United States the narrator , Bud Palmer , commented as follows : `` Then , up to the bar stepped a great ball of a man , Paul Anderson . '' Palmer said , `` The Russians snickered as Anderson gripped the bar which was set at 402.5 pounds , an unheard - of lift . But their snickers quickly changed to awe and all - out cheers as up went the bar and Anderson lifted the heaviest weight overhead of any human in history . '' `` We rarely have such weights lifted , '' said the solemn Russian announcer as Anderson hoisted 402.41 lb ( 182.53 kg ) . in the two - hand press . Prior to Anderson 's lift , the Soviet champion , Alexey Medvedev , had matched the Olympic record of the time with a 330.5 lb ( 149.9 kg ) press . Anderson then did a 402.5 lb ( 182.6 kg ) press . At a time when Americans were engaged in symbolic Cold War battle with the Soviet Union , Anderson 's strength -- and his singular , tank - like appearance became a rallying cry to all . During the 1955 World Championships in Munich , Germany that October , Anderson went on to establish two other world records ( for the press - 407.7 lb or 184.9 kg - and total weight cleared - 1,129.5 lb or 512.3 kg ) as he easily won the competition in his weight class to become world champion . Upon his return to the United States , Anderson was received by then Vice-President Richard Nixon , who thanked him for being such a wonderful goodwill ambassador . In 1956 , Anderson won a gold medal in a long , tough duel in the Melbourne , Australia Olympic Games as a weightlifter in the super-heavyweight class ( while suffering from a 104 ° F or 40 ° C fever ) with Argentine Humberto Selvetti in the amount of weight lifted , but because Anderson weighed in at 137.9 kilograms ( 304 lbs ) , was lighter than Selvetti , who weighed 143.5 kilograms ( 316 lbs ) , Anderson was awarded the gold medal . Anderson could not compete in the 1960 Olympics because he had been ruled a professional for accepting money for some of his weight lifting and strength exhibitions . Thus at the 1960 Olympics the Soviet heavyweight Yury Vlasov bested records set at the 1956 Olympics , with Anderson not competing in the contest . A short time later however , not to be outdone by the Russian and to verify his position as the World 's Strongest Man , Anderson lifted the same weight as the Russian three times in quick succession demonstrating unbelievable strength . The extraordinary American athlete that Anderson was solidified his position as the most dominant lifter in the world and cemented his legacy as the strongest of the strong . In 1961 , Anderson and his wife Glenda founded the Paul Anderson Youth Home , a home for troubled youth in Vidalia , Georgia . They both helped to build and support the Home with an average of 500 speaking engagements and strength exhibitions per year -- notwithstanding the chronic congenital kidney disease that eventually killed him at age 61 . He would perform stunts such as hammering a nail with his bare fist and raising a table loaded with eight men onto his back . The Guinness Book of World Records ( 1985 edition ) lists his feat of lifting 6,270 pounds ( 2,850 kg ) in a back lift as `` the greatest weight ever raised by a human being '' . Anderson turned professional after the 1956 Summer Olympics , and so many of his feats of strength , while generally credible , were not done under rigorous enough conditions to be official . Nevertheless , Guinness Book of World Records did cite him in its 1985 edition for a backlift of 6,270 pounds . This became the basis for his reputation as the `` World 's Strongest Man '' . Personal life ( edit ) In 1960 , Anderson married Glenda Garland . The couple were devout Christians . They had a daughter named Paula ( born 1966 ) . Death ( edit ) As a child , Anderson suffered from Bright 's Disease ( now known as chronic nephritis ) , a kidney disorder , and he eventually died from kidney disease . While competing , he weighed between 275 -- 370 lb ( 125 -- 168 kg ) and was 5 feet 9.5 inches ( 1.765 m ) tall . Legacy ( edit ) Anderson 's true life testimony can be heard as a dramatization through the Unshackled ! radio ministries on program number 2521 . Unshackled ! has also produced a comic booklet telling the story of Anderson . Big A Road in Toccoa , Georgia is named for Anderson . Paul Anderson Memorial Park , which features a large statue of him performing an overhead barbell lift , located at the corner of Tugalo Street and Big A Road in Toccoa , is also named for him . Personal Records ( edit ) Official records ( edit ) Olympic weightlifiting Done in official competition Clean and press : 185.5 kg ( 408.5 lbs ) on 1955 - 10 - 16 , in Munich at the 1955 World Championships Snatch : 150.25 kg ( 335 lbs ) on 1956 - 06 - 02 in Philadelphia at the 1956 Senior Nationals Clean and jerk : 199.5 kg ( 440 lbs ) on 1956 - 06 - 02 in Philadelphia at the 1956 Senior Nationals Total : 533.5 kg ( 181.5 / 152.5 / 199.5 ) / ( 1175 lbs ( 400 / 335 / 440 ) ( clean and press + snatch + clean and jerk ) on 1956 - 06 - 02 in Philadelphia at the 1956 Senior Nationals Unofficial lifts ( edit ) Lift included in the Guinness Book of World Records This record has been expunged due to no official witness being present , and no evidence of the weight 's measurement . ( Source : `` Guinness Book of World Records '' . ) Backlift : 6,270 lb ( 2,840 kg ) ( weight raised slightly off trestles ; done June 12 , 1957 , in Toccoa , Georgia ) → listed as the greatest weight ever lifted by a human being Powerlifting Guinness also listed Anderson 's best powerlifts Done in small exhibitions or training ( according to Anderson himself ) Squat : 1,200 lb ( 540 kg ) raw Bench press : 628 lb ( 285 kg ) raw Deadlift : 820 lb ( 370 kg ) raw Olympic weightlifting Best gym lifts ( according to Anderson himself ) Clean and press : 485 lb ( 220 kg ) Snatch : 375 lb ( 170 kg ) Clean and jerk : 485 lb ( 220 kg ) Other lifts Done in small exhibitions or training Best `` authenticated '' full squat : 930 lb ( 420 kg ) -- as a professional at Silver Springs , Maryland in 1965 Full squat : 1,206 lb ( 547 kg ) Assisted deadlift : 1,000 lb ( 450 kg ) ( using metal hooks attached to his wrists ) Push press : 560 lb ( 250 kg ) ( off the rack ) Military press : 435 lb ( 197 kg ) One - arm side press : 380 lb ( 170 kg ) Quotes about Anderson ( edit ) Chuck Ahrens ( Muscle Beach strongman of the 1950s ) `` I could do 310 in a standing one arm side press with a dumbbell , Paul could do it for reps with ease . '' Ed Coan ( powerlifting record breaker ) `` Though I never met him personally until the Strength Symposium in Florida , I saw films of him lifting in his heyday , with such absolute ease it was astonishing . Using his strength to benefit others is something that should make all powerlifters proud . What a great benefactor to mankind . '' Jon Cole ( powerlifter of the early 1970s ) `` My love and respect for Paul runs deep . His ability to lift enormous weights in limited movements surpasses all . Those who attempt to discredit him shame our sport . '' Bill Kazmaier ( 3 - time World 's Strongest Man ) `` He 's the king of strength . His backlift was unbelievable . But more amazing was his total commitment as a Christian . '' Don Reinhoudt ( one of the strongest powerlifters of all time ) `` Paul was an inspiration to me . Some of his feats may never be surpassed . '' Oliver Sacks ( neurologist and Muscle Beach powerlifter ) `` A lot of lifters gathered at Sydney 's on Santa Monica Beach near the base of the Pier . Here , as they got pissed ( drunk ) , their stories became more and more fantastic . One heard of deltoids like watermelons and squats of a thousand pounds . This last turned out to be a solid fact for the incredible Paul Anderson . He was squatting with almost twice as much as anyone else 's maximum . '' Bruce Wilhelm ( 2 - time World 's Strongest Man ) `` Absolutely no question , Paul was the strongest of the strong . His physical deterioration and prolonged illness for the last 16 years of his life was a fate unbefitting such a great strongman and humanitarian . Paul was really a powerlifter and did the overhead lifts only because powerlifting as a sport did not exist 40 years ago . He excelled and was world and Olympic champ because he was far stronger than anyone else . When I hear people talk that a powerlifter will never win an Olympic gold medal , I tell them that Paul Anderson already did it , almost forty years ago . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` U.S. Weightlifting Champions - Men ( all weightclasses ) '' . Hickok Sports.com . Archived from the original on 2004 - 03 - 27 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Olympic Weightlifting On the Web ! '' . LiftTilyaDie.Com . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ http://www.paulandersonpark.com/short_walk.php Jump up ^ http://www.newyorker.com/books/double-take/paul-anderson-worlds-strongest-man Jump up ^ http://www.cbass.com/ANDERSON.HTM ^ Jump up to : American Strength Legends . Paul Anderson . posted at samson-power.com Jump up ^ Bisher , Furman ( October 8 , 1955 ) . `` The Strongest Man on Earth '' . Saturday Evening Post . 228 ( 15 ) : 96 . Retrieved 4 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Poliquin , Charles ( April 2012 ) . `` Squat or Deadlift ? '' . Flex. 30 ( 4 ) . Retrieved 4 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Moscow Marvel '' . Time . 65 ( 26 ) . 27 June 1955 . Retrieved 8 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Morais , Dominic G. ( 2013 ) . `` '' Lifting the Iron Curtain : Paul Anderson and the Cold War 's First Sport Exchange `` . Iron Game History . 12 ( 2 ) : 33 . Retrieved 4 June 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.bodybuildingdungeon.com/forums/bodybuilding-discussion/29873-insane-lifts-paul-aderson.html Jump up ^ http://www.chidlovski.net/liftup/l_galleryResult.asp?a_id=6 Jump up ^ http://www.samson-power.com/ASL/anderson.html Jump up ^ http://thealphaproject.org/2012/07/02/squat-freak/ Jump up ^ http://www.samson-power.com/ASL/anderson.html Jump up ^ http://www.newyorker.com/books/double-take/paul-anderson-worlds-strongest-man Jump up ^ Thomas , Robert McG. ( 16 Aug 1994 ) . `` Paul Anderson Is Dead at 61 ; Was ' World 's Strongest Man ' '' . New York Times : B 10 . Retrieved 4 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : The Strength Legacy of Strongman Douglas Silva by Charles Poliquin ^ Jump up to : Paul Anderson : Superman from the South by Jim Murray Jump up ^ http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM992A_Paul_Anderson_Toccoa_GA Jump up ^ `` Paul Anderson Memorial Park '' . Retrieved 4 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Anderson attempting to lift a train car '' . Floyd Jillson Photographs , Atlanta History Center . Digital Library of Georgia . Retrieved 4 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Perine , Shawn ( 2015 ) . `` The 10 Strongest Humans Ever to Walk the Earth '' . Muscle & Fitness . 76 ( 3 ) . Retrieved 4 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Simmons , Louie ( December 2013 ) . `` Do n't Deadlift '' . Flex . Retrieved 4 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Paul Anderson - The Strongest Man in Recorded History ! by Bill Hinbern Jump up ^ Sacks , Oliver ( October 2015 ) . `` Mind Over Muscle '' . Muscle & Fitness . 116 . Retrieved 4 June 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Anderson , Paul ( with Jerry B. Jenkins ) . The World 's Strongest Man . Victor Books , Wheaton , IL. 1975 ISBN 0 - 88207 - 651 - 5 . Barnett , Bob ( 1968 ) . `` The Uplifting Story of Paul Anderson '' . Saturday Evening Post . 260 ( 8 ) : 58 . Retrieved 4 June 2016 . Fair , John D. `` Paul Anderson ( 1932 - 1994 ) . '' New Georgia Encyclopedia . 20 April 2016 . Web . 01 June 2016 . Ryan , Thomas P. `` Paul Anderson : The Story of the `` World 's Strongest Man '' `` . GeorgiaInfo : an Online Georgia Almanac . Retrieved 4 June 2016 . Strossen , Randal J. Paul Anderson : The Mightiest Minister . Ironmind Enterprises , Inc. , Nevada City , CA 1999 ISBN 0 - 926888 - 08 - 0 . External links ( edit ) The Paul Anderson Youth Home Paul Anderson Memorial Park Article on Anderson by Clarence Bass Paul Anderson , Hall of Fame at Lift Up Article on Anderson at the Univ. of Georgia website Unshackled ! Paul Anderson at Weightlifting Exchange You Bet Your Life - The Secret Word Is ... Money - Paul Anderson as contestant . Hulu.com . NBC Films . Airdate October 19 , 1956 Dear Paul . Wish you were here / Baldy . Dear Paul . Wish you were here , 1958 , editorial cartoon by Clifford H. Baldowski , Clifford H. Baldowski Editorial Cartoon Collection , Richard B. Russell Library for Political Research and Studies , University of Georgia Libraries , Athens , presented in the Digital Library of Georgia . ( hide ) Olympic Champions in Weightlifting -- Men 's Heavyweight 1920 Filippo Bottino ( ITA ) 1924 Giuseppe Tonani ( ITA ) 1928 Josef Straßberger ( GER ) 1932 Jaroslav Skobla ( TCH ) 1936 Josef Manger ( GER ) 1948 John Davis ( USA ) 1952 John Davis ( USA ) 1956 Paul Anderson ( USA ) 1960 Yury Vlasov ( URS ) 1964 Leonid Zhabotinsky ( URS ) 1968 Leonid Zhabotinsky ( URS ) 1972 Jaan Talts ( URS ) 1976 Yury Zaitsev ( URS ) 1980 Leonid Taranenko ( URS ) 1984 Norberto Oberburger ( ITA ) 1988 Yury Zakharevich ( URS ) 1992 Ronny Weller ( GER ) 1996 Timur Taymazov ( UKR ) 2000 Hossein Tavakkoli ( IRI ) 2004 Dmitry Berestov ( RUS ) 2008 Andrei Aramnau ( BLR ) 2012 Oleksiy Torokhtiy ( UKR ) 2016 Ruslan Nurudinov ( UZB ) + 82.5 kg ( 1920 -- 1948 ) + 90 kg ( 1952 -- 1968 ) 110 kg ( 1972 -- 1992 ) 108 kg ( 1996 ) 105 kg ( 2000 -- ) VIAF : 111358568 LCCN : n90625187 SNAC : w6fr4cqx Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Anderson_(weightlifter)&oldid=818551905 '' Categories : 1932 births 1994 deaths People from Toccoa , Georgia American powerlifters American strength athletes American male weightlifters Olympic weightlifters of the United States Weightlifters at the 1956 Summer Olympics Olympic gold medalists for the United States in weightlifting Deaths from nephritis Sportspeople from Georgia ( U.S. state ) Olympic medalists in weightlifting People from Vidalia , Georgia Medalists at the 1956 Summer Olympics Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Italiano Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 4 January 2018 , at 05 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Anderson%20%28weightlifter%29
| 2,138 |
|
who is buried at the black hills national cemetery
|
The area around the Black Hills Cemetery was originally inhabited by the Lakota Indians . French explorers went through the region in the 1740s , and Spain laid claim to the area in 1762 until it was acquired by the United States in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 . Fort Randall was established in 1856 , and the 1861 establishment of Dakota Territory brought more settlers to the region , but it was n't until gold was discovered in the Black Hills that the area was truly populated . Under the Treaty of Fort Laramie , the United States granted the land of the Black Hills to the Lakota , but there was no stopping the settlers from entering the region , which led to several conflicts . Most of the original interments in the cemetery were soldiers who fell in battles of the Indian Wars , but it has since been used to inter veterans from every major campaign the United States has been involved in . The cemetery was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016 .
|
Black Hills National Cemetery
|
black hills national cemetery
|
Black Hills National Cemetery is a United States National Cemetery in South Dakota , located three miles ( 5 km ) southeast of Sturgis in Meade County . It encompasses 105.9 acres ( 42.9 ha ) , and as of the end of 2005 , had 19,147 interments . Located at exit 34 of Interstate 90 , it is administered by the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs , which also administers the nearby Fort Meade National Cemetery . It is one of three national cemeteries in South Dakota ( the other two being Fort Meade and Hot Springs ) .
|
Contents 1 History 2 Expansion 3 Notable interments 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) The area around the Black Hills Cemetery was originally inhabited by the Lakota Indians . French explorers went through the region in the 1740s , and Spain laid claim to the area in 1762 until it was acquired by the United States in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 . Fort Randall was established in 1856 , and the 1861 establishment of Dakota Territory brought more settlers to the region , but it was n't until gold was discovered in the Black Hills that the area was truly populated . Under the Treaty of Fort Laramie , the United States granted the land of the Black Hills to the Lakota , but there was no stopping the settlers from entering the region , which led to several conflicts . Most of the original interments in the cemetery were soldiers who fell in battles of the Indian Wars , but it has since been used to inter veterans from every major campaign the United States has been involved in . The cemetery was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016 . Expansion ( edit ) In 2018 , Kristi Noem sponsored the Black Hills Cemetery Act in Congress that approved of an expansion of the Black Hills cemetery . Notable interments ( edit ) U.S. Sergeant Charles Windolph , Medal of Honor recipient for action at the Battle of Little Bighorn during the Indian Wars . U.S. Senator Francis Higbee Case , World War I veteran , U.S. Representative for the 75th -- 81st congresses , United States Senate from 1951 until his death in 1962 . U.S. Brigadier General Richard E. Ellsworth U.S. Lieutenant Commander John Charles Waldron , Distinguished Flying Cross U.S. Representative and South Dakota Governor William J. Janklow See also ( edit ) National Register of Historic Places listings in Meade County , South Dakota References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Huber , Chris . `` Bill to expand Black Hills National Cemetery is headed to the President '' . rapidcityjournal.com . Rapid City Journal . External links ( edit ) National Cemetery Administration Black Hills National Cemetery Historic American Landscapes Survey ( HALS ) No . SD - 2 , `` Black Hills National Cemetery , 20901 Pleasant Valley Drive , Sturgis , Meade , SD '' Black Hills National Cemetery at Find a Grave U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System : Black Hills National Cemetery Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Hills_National_Cemetery&oldid=841703734 '' Categories : Cemeteries in South Dakota Protected areas of Meade County , South Dakota United States national cemeteries Historic American Landscapes Survey in South Dakota Sturgis , South Dakota Black Hills Cemeteries on the National Register of Historic Places in South Dakota National Register of Historic Places in Meade County , South Dakota Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 17 May 2018 , at 14 : 20 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%20Hills%20National%20Cemetery
| 2,139 |
|
where was i still know what you did last summer filmed
|
Callaway 's script was published in an edited `` young adult '' format , leaving in all descriptions of violence but omitting the harsher language . Filming took place in Mexico and California . I Still Know What You Did Last Summer was released to negative reviews , but was a box office success , grossing $84 million worldwide . On August 22 , 2006 , Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released I 'll Always Know What You Did Last Summer as a straight - to - video sequel to the film which features no returning cast members . The film was released on Blu - ray on July 14 , 2009 .
|
Mexico|California
|
I Still Know What You Did Last Summer
|
i still know what you did last summer
|
I Still Know What You Did Last Summer is a 1998 American slasher film and a sequel to the 1997 film I Know What You Did Last Summer . Directed by Danny Cannon , the film was written by Trey Callaway , and features characters originally created in Lois Duncan 's 1973 novel I Know What You Did Last Summer . Jennifer Love Hewitt , Freddie Prinze , Jr. and Muse Watson reprise their roles , with Brandy , Mekhi Phifer , Jennifer Esposito , and Matthew Settle joining the cast . I Still Know What You Did Last Summer continues after the events of the first film .
|
Callaway 's script was published in an edited `` young adult '' format , leaving in all descriptions of violence but omitting the harsher language . Filming took place in Mexico and California . I Still Know What You Did Last Summer was released to negative reviews , but was a box office success , grossing $84 million worldwide . On August 22 , 2006 , Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released I 'll Always Know What You Did Last Summer as a straight - to - video sequel to the film which features no returning cast members . The film was released on Blu - ray on July 14 , 2009 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 4.1 Box Office 4.2 Critical reception 5 Soundtrack 6 Stand - alone sequel 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) One year after the events of the first film , Julie James is attending summer classes in Boston , in avoidance of returning to her hometown of Southport . She suffers from memories and nightmares of the accident and brutal murders of her friends by the vengeful fisherman , Ben Willis , the summer before . Julie 's friend Karla Wilson receives a phone call from a local radio station , asking her to participate in a contest to win an all - expenses - paid vacation to the Bahamas for the Fourth of July weekend . Karla must guess the capital of Brazil . Her answer is `` Rio de Janeiro '' . The radio host tells her she is right ( despite the fact that the correct answer is Brasília ) and she is given four tickets for the trip . Julie invites her boyfriend , Ray Bronson , but he declines . He is hurt by her earlier refusal to visit him in Southport . Ray , intending to propose to Julie , changes his mind about the trip , planning to show up as a surprise . That evening , Ray and his co-worker Dave drive to Boston to meet Julie . They stop due to a BMW and body in the middle of the road . Ray gets out to inspect the scene , only to find the body to be a mannequin dressed in fisherman 's clothing . Suddenly , Ben Willis appears and kills Dave with his hook . Ben takes Ray 's truck and chases him down the road . Ray gets away , but he is injured from falling down a hill . The next morning , Julie and Karla depart on the trip with Karla 's boyfriend Tyrell and their friend , Will Benson . Knowing that Will has a crush on Julie , Karla invited him as a replacement for Ray , much to Julie 's discomfort . The group arrives hotel in Tower Bay , only to find that other guests are leaving due to the imminent hurricane season . To her surprise , Julie is sharing a hotel room with Will . That evening at the hotel 's bar , Julie is talked into singing karaoke . She stops when the words `` I STILL KNOW WHAT YOU DID LAST SUMMER '' roll onto the screen . Terrified , she runs back to her room and is met by Will , who laid out for her flowers and a love note . Julie sidesteps Will 's affection for her , while Tyrell and Karla ( and later Will ) get into the hot tub . Julie notices her toothbrush is missing . Feeling something is wrong , she searches the room and finds Darick , the dockhand , hanging dead in the closet . She finds Tyrell , Karla , and Will , but when they return there is no sign of Darick 's body . The hotel manager refuses to believe her story and Julie tries to call the police , but the phone lines are dead due to an incoming hurricane . The group and the hotel staff prepare for the storm . Meanwhile , Ben arrives at the hotel and kills the employees . Olga , the maid , is stabbed in the back while the pool boy , Titus , is impaled with a pair of garden shears . The following day , the group finds that the hotel staff and the manager have been murdered , and the two - way radio , their only way of contact , has been destroyed . Isolated , Julie tells the others about the previous summer . Tyrell suspects that Estes , the boat hand porter , is the killer , since he is the only one who can not be found . The group goes to Estes ' apartment , searching for clues . They find Julie 's toothbrush and Karla 's hair tie , concluding Estes has been using voodoo to protect them . Estes appears and states the capital of Brazil is not Rio , meaning the trip was a set - up . He leads them to a graveyard in the forest with the graves of Ben 's wife and daughter , and an empty grave and tombstone with Julie 's name . Estes explains that Ben and his wife Sarah had two children : son Will and daughter Susie . Ben murdered Sarah in the hotel room that Julie is staying in when he found out about her affair and her plans to leave him with their children . In anger , Julie shouts that she will not be killed by Ben and that they will fight against him . Estes goes missing , and Will volunteers to find him . Julie , Karla , and Tyrell return to the hotel and gather supplies to defend themselves . They head to the hotel kitchen for something to eat , and find Nancy , the bartender , hiding in the freezer . Will finds Estes , but he attacks Will while Ray takes a boat to the island . Ben appears and stabs Tyrell in the throat with his hook , killing him . The girls retreat to the attic , where Karla is attacked by Ben . They both fall through to the hotel bedroom below . Karla runs from the room and jumps onto the greenhouse . Julie and Nancy rescue Karla and run to the storm cellar to take refuge . They find that the storm cellar stores Ben 's victims . Will bursts in and convinces the girls to head back to the hotel , stating that he saw Ben on the beach . Back at the hotel , Julie sees Will is bleeding from his stomach , so Nancy takes Karla to find a first aid kit . While retrieving the kit , Nancy and Karla find Estes has been impaled with a harpoon . Ben appears and kills Nancy . Back in the lobby , Julie is tending to Will , unable to find a wound . Will admits this is because it is not his blood . He asks Julie what her favorite radio station is , revealing he was the radio host and killed Estes . Will drags Julie to the graveyard , and tells her he is Ben 's son , explaining his actions . Ben appears and attacks Julie . Ray arrives , and a fight ensues between him and Will . When Ben tries to stab Ray , he accidentally kills Will instead . While Ben is distraught from killing his son , Julie takes a gun and shoots him in the chest . Ben falls dead into the grave made for Julie . Ray comforts Julie . Back at the hotel , Karla is found alive . The three are rescued by the coast guard . Sometime later , Ray and Julie have married and are in their new home . Ray is brushing his teeth before bed and Julie is in their bedroom . The bathroom door is quietly shut and locked while Ray is occupied . Julie sits down on her bed , looks in the mirror , and sees Ben under the bed . She screams as Ben grabs her feet with his hook and hand and pulls her under . Cast ( edit ) Jennifer Love Hewitt as Julie James Brandy as Karla Wilson Freddie Prinze , Jr. as Ray Bronson Mekhi Phifer as Tyrell Martin Matthew Settle as Will Benson Jennifer Esposito as Nancy Muse Watson as Ben Willis Bill Cobbs as Estes Jeffrey Combs as Mr. Brooks Benjamin Brown as Darick the Dockhand Ellerine Harding as Olga John Hawkes as Dave Jack Black as Titus Telesco ( uncredited ) Sarah Michelle Gellar as Helen Shivers ( uncredited / photo only ) Production ( edit ) While the film is set in The Bahamas , it was actually shot at El Tecuan Marina Resort Costalagree , in Jalisco , Mexico ; Los Angeles , California ; and Sony Pictures Studios in Culver City , California . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) The sequel made a gross $16.5 million at 2,443 theaters during its opening weekend . Unlike the original , the sequel opened at number two at the box office and dropped to number five only a week later . At the end of its fifteen - week run , the film grossed $40,020,622 in the United States . It grossed $44 million internationally , bringing the total worldwide gross to $84 million . Critical reception ( edit ) The film received highly negative reviews , with an overall rating of 7 % on Rotten Tomatoes with critics consensus being `` Boring ; predictable . '' It also has a 21 score on Metacritic compared to 52 for the original . The highest review score on Metacritic was 60 which came from Variety , who said `` Purists will find the pic 's obviousness disappointing , but there 's no question that the film delivers a sufficient shock quotient to satisfy its youthful target audience '' . The film , much like the original , has obtained a `` cult following '' . Soundtrack ( edit ) I Still Know What You Did Last Summer ( Music From The Motion Picture ) Soundtrack album ( Digital download ) / Audio CD by Various Released November 17 , 1998 Length 51 : 14 Label Warner Bros. Records `` Sugar Is Sweeter '' ( CJ Bolland ; Danny Saber remix featuring Justin Warfield ) -- 4 : 57 `` How Do I Deal '' ( Jennifer Love Hewitt ) -- 3 : 23 `` Relax '' ( Deetah ) -- 3 : 51 `` Hey Now Now '' ( Swirl 360 ) -- 4 : 37 `` Blue Monday '' ( Orgy ) -- 4 : 32 `` Polite '' ( Bijou Phillips ) -- 4 : 25 `` Try to Say Goodbye '' ( Jory Eve ) -- 3 : 35 `` Testimony '' ( Grant Lee Buffalo ) -- 3 : 59 `` ( Do You ) Wanna Ride '' ( Reel Tight ) -- 3 : 33 `` Getting Scared '' ( Imogen Heap ) -- 4 : 51 `` Górecki '' ( Lamb ) -- 6 : 22 `` Julie 's Theme '' ( John Frizzell ) -- 2 : 52 The soundtrack was released on November 17 , 1998 by Warner Bros. Records . On January 19 , 1999 , `` How Do I Deal '' was released a single , backed by Jory Eve 's `` Try to Say Goodbye '' . A music video for `` How Do I Deal '' was made available to music television networks . The song `` Eden '' , by Belgian rock / pop group Hooverphonic , was also featured in the film , but did not appear on the final soundtrack . The song appeared early in the film , when Julie looked at the picture of Helen beside her bed . Stand - alone sequel ( edit ) On August 22 , 2006 , a straight - to - DVD sequel titled I 'll Always Know What You Did Last Summer was released . The film is unrelated to the two previous films , and features no returning cast members . It was originally proposed to continue where I Still Know What You Did Last Summer left off . Instead , the film features an unrelated plot with a brief mention of the first two films . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.mbc.net/en/mbc2/articles/I-Still-Know-What-You-Did-Last-Summer.html ^ Jump up to : `` I Still Know What You Did Last Summer '' . imdb . Retrieved 7 August 2011 . External links ( edit ) Film portal Horror fiction portal United States portal 1990s portal I Still Know What You Did Last Summer on IMDb I Still Know What You Did Last Summer at AllMovie I Still Know What You Did Last Summer at Box Office Mojo I Still Know What You Did Last Summer at Rotten Tomatoes I Know What You Did Last Summer by Lois Duncan Films I Know What You Did Last Summer I Still Know What You Did Last Summer I 'll Always Know What You Did Last Summer Other `` How Do I Deal '' Characters Films directed by Danny Cannon The Young Americans ( 1993 ) Judge Dredd ( 1995 ) Phoenix ( 1998 ) I Still Know What You Did Last Summer ( 1998 ) Goal ! ( 2005 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Still_Know_What_You_Did_Last_Summer&oldid=800496502 '' Categories : 1998 films English - language films Films based on urban legends Films directed by Danny Cannon Films set in hotels American sequel films American horror films American thriller films American slasher films Columbia Pictures films 1998 horror films 1990s teen horror films Films about revenge I Know What You Did Last Summer Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 13 September 2017 , at 22 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20Still%20Know%20What%20You%20Did%20Last%20Summer
| 2,140 |
what is the first book of the 5th wave series
|
The 5th Wave is a trilogy of young adult post-apocalyptic sci - fi novels written by American author Rick Yancey . The series started in May 2013 with the first book , The 5th Wave . A sequel titled The Infinite Sea was published in 2014 . The trilogy concluded in 2016 with the final book , The Last Star .
|
The 5th Wave
|
The 5th Wave ( series )
|
the 5th wave ( series )
|
The 5th Wave is a trilogy of young adult post-apocalyptic sci - fi novels written by American author Rick Yancey . The series started in May 2013 with the first book , The 5th Wave . A sequel titled The Infinite Sea was published in 2014 . The trilogy concluded in 2016 with the final book , The Last Star .
|
Contents 1 Overview 2 Origins 3 Books 3.1 The 5th Wave 3.2 The Infinite Sea 3.3 The Last Star 4 Characters 4.1 Main Characters 4.2 Secondary Characters 5 Film adaptations 6 References Overview ( edit ) Earth is systematically attacked by a group of aliens known as `` the Others '' . They exist in unknown form , and attack through a series of waves . After the first four waves have decimated the human population , the remaining populace is terrifyingly awaiting the arrival a new Fifth Wave , one that will supposedly wipe the human race clean off the planet . The story follows a group of children as they try to find their way through a world that is slowly reverting to the Stone Age . Origins ( edit ) Yancey stated in an interview with Lightspeed Magazine that the basis for The 5th Wave came from a question he asked his wife about her worst fears . `` It was one of those three a.m. conversations where your mind starts going , and I asked her , on the spur of the moment , ' What is your greatest fear ? ' She said , without hesitation , ' Alien abduction . ' '' Yancey continued on how he developed the plot for the series . `` It was basically trying to think like an alien , and considering the fact that if they are out there , they probably would n't attack without getting to know us very , very well . They would learn how we think , they would learn about what do humans do in times of crisis , and they would turn that to their own advantage . So , when I was working through how the attacks might work , I realized first that it could n't just be one attack -- the world 's too big -- you 'd have to do it in stages , or waves . '' The first book was officially published on 8 May 2013 . Books ( edit ) The 5th Wave ( edit ) Main article : The 5th Wave ( novel ) The 5th Wave is the first book in the series and was released on May 7 , 2013 . The book opens in the midst of the Fourth Wave and follows Cassie 's quest to find her brother , Sammy , after he is taken by U.S. Army soldiers . Cassie is shot by an Other sniper , a `` silencer '' , from the woods on her trek , and is later rescued by Evan Walker , who nurses her back to health and agrees to help her find her brother . Meanwhile , Sammy arrives at Wright - Patterson AFB , and it is revealed over the course of the story that they are recruiting ( truly , abducting ) children into an army , telling them they are the last hope for fighting back against the Others . Sammy is placed in squad 53 befriends squadmate Ben Parish , who is coincidentally Cassie 's long - lost crush from high school . After the two set out , Cassie and Evan are attacked by a squad from Wright - Patterson , and , after seeing how easily Evan dispatches them , Cassie finds out that Evan is the silencer who shot her . He then helped her because he had fallen in love and could n't bring himself to kill her . The two , though uneasily , coordinate a plan to extract Sammy then begin executing it . While deployed , Ben and his squadmate Ringer start to piece together their true purposes and learn that Wright - Patterson is actually run by the Others . It is revealed that the Others are masquerading as a resistance force , abducting and training the children into a fighting force , which they will deploy as the Fifth Wave to end humanity . Ben and Ringer decide to bolt with the rest of squad 53 , but Ben insists on going back for Sammy , who was left on base due to his age . Ben and Cassie both enter the base . They eventually run into each other and join each other . They find Sammy , but are taunted and thwarted by the acting commander of the base , Colonel Alexander Vosch . Evan saves them and says his goodbyes to Cassie before he detonates bombs that level the base , though he is lost in the process . Cassie , Ben and Sam ride off with squad 53 as Wright - Patterson is destroyed . The book was adapted into a film by J Blakeson and Columbia Pictures , under the title The 5th Wave , and was released on January 22 , 2016 . The film was mildly successful , though news is still pending of the production of a sequel . The Infinite Sea ( edit ) Main article : The Infinite Sea The Infinite Sea is the second installment in the series , released on September 16 , 2014 . The book becomes much more involved with the members of squad 53 and the character Ringer . The group takes refuge in an old hotel near the ruins of Wright - Patterson , at Cassie 's insistence that Evan is still alive . Ringer sets out to find an alternate route , though it goes awry when she mistakes Teacup , a small girl of the squad , for a silencer , shoots her , and is taken by an approaching helicopter . Evan is revealed to have survived , having been rescued by another silencer named Grace . Evan attempts to kill Grace after he finds out she is hunting Cassie , and though he fails , he manages to flee during an attack by hidden assailants . Evan finds the hotel Cassie is stationed at , though he is shot and knocked out in a misunderstanding with squad 53 . Cassie tends to him , while Ben angrily awaits his awakening . Later , a helicopter quickly flies over the hotel , and then a small girl , whom Sammy identifies as one Megan , appears . Evan wakes up and warns them that she is rigged with a bomb that explodes when it comes into contact with human breath . Evan and Cassie extract the bomb from Megan 's throat . Grace appears and , after a violent confrontation , is killed when Private Poundcake detonates the bomb , killing himself too . The second part of the story follows Private Ringer . She is taken to a base somewhere , similar to Wright - Patterson , and meets the alive - and - well Colonel Vosch . Vosch constantly thwarts her with mind games and preaches to her a philosophy that `` rage is not the answer '' . She semi-befriends a recruit called Razor , who is aware that Vosch and the staff of the base are indeed the Others . Vosch installs Ringer with a piece of technology , the `` twelfth system '' , that enhances her strength . He also reveals to Ringer that silencers were never actually Others , just humans planted with fake memories and enhanced by the twelfth system with a link to the alien Mothership . It is concluded that there are only dozens of true Others in the world , and that the Mothership is the last remnant of their society programmed with the goal of eradicating humans . Ringer and Razor attempt to escape , though Razor secretly conspired with Vosch , and they were being monitored the entire time . Ringer learns , neutralizes Razor , and runs off , but not fast enough to evade Vosch , who incapacitates her . Razor is order to rejuvenate Ringer , though he does more and the two sleep together in a rough , hazy love . When they arrive back on base , Razor kills Teacup , whom Vosch used as a bargaining chip , in order to set Ringer free . Razor is shot dead , and Ringer escapes the base . As the novel closes , Cassie and squad 53 recover from the bomb that destroyed the hotel , when Evan , weak and exhausted , emerges from the woods . The book was noted for its dark appeal , and was released to the same good reception as its predecessor . The last Star ( edit ) Main article : The Last Star ( novel ) The Last Star , the third and final book in The 5th Wave series , was released on May 24 , 2016 . The closing chapter of the story of the series . The fifth wave is still commencing , or so the characters believe . Ringer and Evan know that once Vosch and the other few Others are withdrawn from the surface , the mothership will drop massive bombs on the surface to obliterate any trace of humanity left on Earth . Cassie and squad 53 settle in the dead silencer Grace 's former home . Ringer returns to Vosch knowing that he will kill Ben Parish and the rest of squad 53 if she does not kill the persistently rebellious Evan Walker for him . She takes a helicopter to the town that the squad stationed themselves in and is attacked by a silencer . She is met by Ben after the silencer is killed , and the two head to the house . Ringer immediately attempts to kill Evan , but they are interrupted by an incoming helicopter . Evan realizes why Ringer intended to kill him and he submits and is taken . The group devise a plan to not only save Evan but to end the Others permanently . Cassie and Ringer infiltrate the base via a hijacked helicopter . Ringer detonates several bombs to incite chaos on the base , and , after many complications , they reach the command center of the base . Ben , having stayed behind to protect Sam and Megan , is attacked by a patrol and the three are taken back to the base . Cassie and Ringer attempt to find Evan 's data on the CPU to locate him , though they do not know how to sift through each cell individually , and so Cassie downloads the data of every logged person to her own head to find it . She learns everything there is to know about anything who was ever downloaded in the CPU , and she learns the codes and layout of the base . Evan arrives , now completely devoid of humanity at the hands of the twelfth system . He fights Ringer disables her easily . However , he walks into a trap when Cassie drops a live electric cable on the wet surface beneath him ( as a result of the sprinkler system ) . Ringer wakes up to see Vosch , who has become attached to her and wishes to bring her with him in his extraction pod . The conversation is only a decoy from Ringer , allowing Cassie to shoot and kill him from behind . Cassie then uses the knowledge she gained to open Vosch 's escape pod and she ascends into the sky . Ringer gets ahold of a device from Vosch that will electrocute any soldier with a tracking implant in them . Without much else of a choice , she activates it . Ben , Sam , and Megan dive out of their helicopter as the soldiers and pilot die , and they realize Cassie and Ringer must still be alive . Cassie , now ascending to the mothership , has a chance to glimpse the memories that she now has from tens of thousands of people . She begins to truly think about what humanity is worth , when the pod nears the Mothership . She takes out an explosive pill from her pocket that Vosch originally gave to Ringer so she could kill herself rather than be destroyed in the bombs of the fifth wave . She bites down on the pill , and the Mothership explodes . Ben and the kids witness this to their sorrow and delight . They enter the base and find Ringer paralyzed on the floor . Some time later , the group has settled down in a house somewhere , with Ben and Ringer raising Sam and Megan like their own children , and Evan ( the twelfth system having kept him alive and the group having restored his memories and humanity with the CPU ) watches over them . Seeing no future for himself there , he sets off away from the four , on a mission to kill every single silencer and fifth waver there is left in the world . Characters ( edit ) Main characters ( edit ) Cassiopeia `` Cassie '' Marie Sullivan - the main protagonist of the series . Her namesake is the constellation Cassiopeia . Both of her parents died in the first four waves . Her brother Sammy is taken by The Others to a `` training camp '' called Camp Haven , formerly , Wright - Patterson AFB . She is seventeen years old and is described as a short , strawberry - blonde girl with average features . Evan Walker - a farm boy from rural Ohio . All of his family and girlfriend was killed in the third wave by the Red Death . Earlier in his life at a carnival , he meets Grace , who is the only person he finds to be like him , an Other . He saves Cassie after she is shot by an Other sniper , the `` Silencer '' . Cassie soon finds out that Evan is actually the Silencer who shot her and is not truly human . He is described as being a tall boy , at least eighteen or nineteen years old , being very muscular with chocolate - brown hair . Cassie also notes his soft hands . He develops strong feelings for Cassie , and so does she . Though , these feelings are strained when Cassie learns that Evan is an Other . Evan is rescued by Grace , who tries to seduce him , though , after they are attacked and Grace is wounded , he makes his way to Cassie. Grace , however follows him there . Poundcake blows up the hotel while Evan is still inside , and it is not clear if he survives . However , at the end of The Infinite Sea , he emerges from the woods to find Cassie . Benjamin `` Ben '' Thomas Parish or `` Zombie '' - the varsity quarterback of the football team at Cassie 's school . Cassie secretly had a crush on him . His family was killed during the first four waves by a group of psychotic looters . He is crushed by the fact that he ran while his baby sister was killed . He keeps a locket with a photo of her . He becomes a member of Camp Haven 's makeshift army , not knowing that they are The Others ( though he eventually finds out ) , taking the nickname `` Zombie '' . After one of his squadmates goes crazy , or `` Dorothy '' , Private Ringer replaces him . He obsesses with getting her to smile . Cassie describes him as overall gorgeous . Marika `` Ringer '' - a member of squad 53 . Her father was an Atheist and a chess player . He taught her how to play . Marika 's father was usually drunk . Her father is infected with the Red Death and dies of the disease . Marika wandered through the wilderness before forcefully being recruited into Camp Haven 's army , where she took the nickname `` Ringer '' . She is a replacement after Private Tank of Squad 53 went crazy , `` Dorothy '' , and pulled a gun on his squad . Zombie is obsessed with getting Ringer to smile . On their first patrol , she and Zombie find that Camp Haven 's officials are actually The Others . She is described as having glossy black hair and mild Asian features . In The Infinite Sea , she grows closer to Private Teacup , and , after being captured , grows feelings for a recruit named Razor . Sammy `` Nugget '' Sullivan - Cassie 's five - year - old brother . At his refugee camp , he boards a bus from Camp Haven and is recruited into its army , unbeknownst to his father 's death . He joins squad 53 and friends Zombie deeply . Sammy is not allowed to go on his squad 's patrol due to his age . ( We later find out the purpose of kids his age at Camp Haven in The Infinite Sea . ) Zombie , Cassie , Evan unite after Commander Vosch attempts to kill Sammy . Evan destroys the base , though it is not clear whether he survives or not , and Cassie , Zombie , and Evan escape . Secondary characters ( edit ) Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Vosch - the leading officer at Camp Haven . He is sadistic and cruel . He survives the destruction of Camp Haven and `` enhances '' Ringer with the twelfth system , a piece of Other technology designed to enhance the human anatomy in ways such as strength , agility , and speed . Vosch also tries to kill Sammy via electrocution while having Zombie and Cassie watch , though Evan managed to cut the power at Camp Haven just in time . Vosch also personally killed Cassie 's father at her refugee camp . Grace - a Silencer like Evan . They befriended each other before the waves began . Grace saves Evan after he destroys Camp Haven . One night after one of her hunts , she tries to seduce Evan , but he attacks her and renders her unconscious , though , believing her to be dead . Grace follows him to Cassie 's group where she attacks them . The group loses her as a helicopter flies in . Private Poundcake , having taken a bomb triggered to detonate on high concentrations of carbon dioxide from Megan , he commits suicide , supposedly killing Grace . Dumbo - the medic officer in squad 53 . One of his most prominent features is his extraordinarily large ears , like his namesake . Allison `` Teacup '' or `` Cup '' - a seven - year old member of squad 53 . She is described as `` the meanest seven - year - old you 've ever seen '' by Zombie . Teacup grows close to Ringer after the destruction of Camp Haven . She is shot by Ringer who mistakes her for an Other . Teacup is captured alongside Ringer and Vosch uses Teacup as leverage against Ringer . Teacup is killed by Razor so Vosch will have no more leverage against her . Poundcake - a chubby member of squad 53 . He does not talk . his mother was killed by the Red Death . While he was on a supply run , he returned to find his brother gone . On the supply run , he found only a sweet treat , his namesake , as his drill sergeant though he was `` so sweet '' . He sacrificed himself to save the others of his group by detonating a bomb rigged to detonate on high concentrations of carbon dioxide , such as human breathe . Megan - a seven - year - old girl rescued and taken to Camp Haven . She meets and befriends Sammy on the bus they ride . Megan is , along with many other kids her age , rigged with a carbon dioxide - bomb . She is dropped off near Cassie 's group 's hideout . Evan and Cassie manage to get the bomb out of her , for which they plan to use , though Poundcake detonates it to save the others . Flintstone `` Flint '' - a boy around Ben and Cassie 's age . He is the former leader of squad 53 , until his drill sergeant , Reznik , replaced him with Zombie . He accidentally kills himself after he messes with the piece of equipment Zombie and Ringer found on Reznik . He was skeptic of the conspiracy they told of . Tank - a young boy in squad 53 . He goes Dorothy and is replaced by Ringer . Zombie and Dumbo discover him dead in the P&D Hangar ( Processing and Disposal ) . Kenny `` Oompa '' - an eight - or - nine - year - old boy on squad 53 . He is killed by grenade shrapnel on the squad 's first patrol . Razor - a recruit at the base where Ringer was captured . He helped her escape , though Ringer finds out he was secretly working with Vosch . After a fight with Vosch injuring Ringer , Razor is assigned to watch her a hospital littered with dead bodies . Razor clears these out . He and Ringer attempt to reconcile and do so easily . They in turn sleep together . When they return to the base , he shoots Teacup so that Vosch will have no leverage over Ringer . He in turn is shot and killed himself . Film adaptations ( edit ) Main article : The 5th Wave ( film ) In March 2012 , Columbia Pictures picked up the film rights to the trilogy , with Graham King and Tobey Maguire attached as producers . A film adaption of the first novel in the series was released on January 22 , 2016 . It was directed by J Blakeson , with a screenplay by Susannah Grant , Akiva Goldsman , and Jeff Pinkner . The film was a critical failure , with review aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes giving the film a 17 % and Metacritic giving it a 33 out of 100 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The 5th Wave '' . the5thwaveiscoming.com . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Interview : Rick Yancey - Lightspeed Magazine '' . Lightspeed Magazine . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ Vilkomerson , Sara ( May 3 , 2013 ) . `` Book Review : The 5th Wave '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 5 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Dickey , Josh ( September 3 , 2013 ) . `` J Blakeson Set to Direct Sony Young - Adult Sci - Fi Movie `` The 5th Wave '' `` . The Wrap . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 5th Wave '' . www.rottentomatoes.com. 2016 - 01 - 22 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The 5th Wave '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 20 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_5th_Wave_(series)&oldid=841700112 '' Categories : American science fiction novels American young adult novels Novel series The 5th Wave Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2016 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia introduction cleanup from August 2016 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from August 2016 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Wikipedia articles needing reorganization from August 2016 Wikipedia articles needing context from August 2016 All Wikipedia articles needing context Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 May 2018 , at 13 : 48 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%205th%20Wave%20%28series%29
| 2,141 |
como se chama a planta espada de sao jorge em ingles
|
Sansevieria trifasciata
|
sansevieria trifasciata
|
Sansevieria laurentii
|
Sansevieria trifasciata is a species of flowering plant in the family Asparagaceae , native to tropical West Africa from Nigeria east to the Congo . It is most commonly known as the snake plant , mother - in - law 's tongue , and viper 's bowstring hemp , among other names . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 Common names 3 Cultivation and uses 4 Cultural significance 5 References 6 External links Description ( edit ) It is an evergreen perennial plant forming dense stands , spreading by way of its creeping rhizome , which is sometimes above ground , sometimes underground . Its stiff leaves grow vertically from a basal rosette . Mature leaves are dark green with light gray - green cross-banding and usually range between 70 -- 90 centimetres ( 28 -- 35 in ) long and 5 -- 6 centimetres ( 2.0 -- 2.4 in ) wide , though it can reach heights above 2 m ( 6 ft ) in optimal conditions . The specific epithet trifasciata means `` three bundles '' . Common names ( edit ) Sansevieria trifasciata is commonly called `` mother - in - law 's tongue '' or `` snake plant '' , because of the shape and sharp margins of its leaves . It is also known as the `` viper 's bowstring hemp '' , because it is one of the sources for plant fibers used to make bowstrings . In Eurasia , it is known as hǔwěilán ( 虎尾 兰 or 虎尾 蘭 , `` tiger 's tail orchid '' ) in China ; tora no o ( とら の お , `` tiger 's tail '' ) in Japan ; and paşa kılıcı ( `` pasha 's sword '' ) in Turkey . In South America , it is known as espada de São Jorge ( `` sword of Saint George '' ) in Brazil . In the Netherlands and Flanders ( Belgium ) , the plant is also known as `` vrouwentong '' ( women 's tongue ) . Cultivation and uses ( edit ) Like some other members of its genus , S. trifasciata yields bowstring hemp , a strong plant fiber once used to make bowstrings . In flower It is now used predominantly as an ornamental plant , outdoors in warmer climates , and indoors as a houseplant in cooler climates . It is popular as a houseplant because it is tolerant of low light levels and irregular watering ; during winter it needs only one watering every couple of months . It will rot easily if overwatered . Sansevieria trifasciata ' Hahnii ' , a dwarfed cultivar Sansevieria trifasciata In Guntur The NASA Clean Air Study found S. trifasciata has air purification qualities , removing 4 of the 5 main toxins . It exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide using the crassulacean acid metabolism process , unique because few plant species have adapted it . It allows them to withstand drought . The microscopic pores on the plant 's leaves , called the stomata and used to exchange gases , are only opened at night to prevent water from escaping via evaporation in the hot sun . As a result , oxygen is released at night , unlike most plants that only exchange gases during the day . Numerous cultivars have been selected , many of them for variegated foliage with yellow or silvery - white stripes on the leaf margins . Popular cultivars include ' Compacta ' , ' Goldiana ' , ' Hahnii ' , ' Laurentii ' , ' Silbersee ' , and ' Silver Hahnii ' . ' Hahnii ' was discovered in 1939 by William W. Smith , Jr. in the Crescent Nursery Company , New Orleans , Louisiana . The 1941 patent was assigned to Sylvan Frank Hahn , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . The variety S. trifasciata var . laurentii and the cultivar ' Bantel 's Sensation ' have both gained the Royal Horticultural Society 's Award of Garden Merit . It can be propagated by cuttings or by dividing the rhizome . The first method has the disadvantage that the variegation will be lost . S. trifasciata is considered by some authorities as a potential weed in Australia , although widely used as an ornamental , in both the tropics outdoors in both pots and garden beds and as an indoor plant in temperate areas . The plant contains saponins which are mildly toxic to dogs and cats and can lead to gastrointestinal upset if consumed . Cultural significance ( edit ) In its native range in Africa , a yellow - tipped cultivar is associated with Oya , the female orisha of storms . In Nigeria it is commonly linked with Ogun , the Orisha of war , and is used in rituals to remove the evil eye . In Brazil its common name espada de São Jorge links it to Saint George , whom by syncretism is also associated with Ogun . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sansevieria trifasciata '' . World Checklist of Selected Plant Families . Royal Botanic Gardens , Kew . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ Harrison , Lorraine ( 2012 ) . RHS Latin for gardeners . United Kingdom : Mitchell Beazley . p. 224 . ISBN 9781845337315 . Jump up ^ `` Sanseviera trifasciata '' . Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database . USDA . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mother - in - Law 's Tongue or Snake Plant '' . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ BC Wolverton ; WL Douglas ; K Bounds ( July 1989 ) . A study of interior landscape plants for indoor air pollution abatement ( PDF ) ( Report ) . NASA . NASA - TM - 108061 . Jump up ^ Smith , William Walter . `` Sansevieria '' . Plant Patent 470 . United States Patent Office . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sansevieria trifasciata var . laurentii ( v ) AGM '' . Royal Horticultural Society . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sansevieria trifasciata ' Bantel 's Sensation ' AGM '' . Royal Horticultural Society . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sansevieria Production Guide '' . Jump up ^ S. Csurhes and R. Edwards ( 1998 ) . `` Potential environmental weeds in Australia : Candidate species for preventative control '' ( PDF ) . Queensland Department of Natural Resources . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 10 , 2007 . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mother - in - Law 's Tongue '' . ASPCA . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sansevieria trifasciata . `` Sansevieria trifasciata '' . Germplasm Resources Information Network ( GRIN ) . Agricultural Research Service ( ARS ) , United States Department of Agriculture ( USDA ) . Taxon identifiers Wd : Q5859273 APDB : 168398 BioLib : 104922 EoL : 1082120 EPPO : SAHTR FloraBase : 44775 GBIF : 2770610 GRIN : 33072 iNaturalist : 67710 IPNI : 540541 - 1 ITIS : 43014 NCBI : 39534 Plant List : kew - 286984 PLANTS : SATR6 POWO : urn : lsid : ipni.org : names : 540541 - 1 Tropicos : 18403542 WCSP : 286984 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sansevieria_trifasciata&oldid=841030265 '' Categories : Sansevieria Flora of West Africa Garden plants of Africa House plants Hidden categories : Articles with ' species ' microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Afrikaans Català Cebuano Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Lëtzebuergesch Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Nouormand Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 May 2018 , at 16 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sansevieria%20trifasciata
| 2,142 |
||
where does the word tattoo come from and what does it mean
|
The word tattoo , or tattow in the 18th century , is a loanword from the Samoan word tatau , meaning `` to strike '' . The Oxford English Dictionary gives the etymology of tattoo as `` In 18th c. tattaow , tattow . From Polynesian ( Samoan , Tahitian , Tongan , etc . ) tatau . In Marquesan , tatu . '' Before the importation of the Polynesian word , the practice of tattooing had been described in the West as painting , scarring , or staining .
|
a loanword from the Samoan word tatau , meaning `` to strike ''
|
Tattoo
|
tattoo
|
A tattoo is a form of body modification where a design is made by inserting ink , dyes and pigments , either indelible or temporary , into the dermis layer of the skin to change the pigment . The art of making tattoos is tattooing .
|
Tattoos fall into three broad categories : purely decorative ( with no specific meaning ) ; symbolic ( with a specific meaning pertinent to the wearer ) ; pictorial ( a depiction of a specific person or item ) . Tattoos have historically been regarded in the West as ' uncivilised ' , and over the last 100 years the fashion has been associated mainly with sailors , working men and criminals . By the end of the 20th Century many Western stigmas of the tattoo culture had been dismissed and the practice has become more acceptable and accessible for people of all trades and levels of society . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Types 2.1 Traumatic tattoos 2.2 Subcultural Connotations 2.3 Identification 2.4 Cosmetic 2.5 Functional 2.6 Medical 3 History 3.1 United States 3.1. 1 Protection papers 3.1. 2 Freedom papers 4 Process 5 Associations 5.1 Historical associations 5.2 Modern associations 6 Advertising and marketing 7 Health risks 8 Removal 9 Temporary tattoos 9.1 Types of temporary tattoos 9.1. 1 Decal - style temporary tattoos 9.1. 2 Metallic jewelry tattoos 9.1. 3 Airbrush temporary tattoos 9.1. 4 Henna temporary tattoos 9.2 Temporary tattoo safety 9.2. 1 Decal - style temporary tattoo safety 9.2. 2 Airbrush tattoo safety 9.2. 3 Henna tattoo safety 10 Religious views 11 See also 11.1 Styles 11.2 Others 12 References 12.1 Bibliography 12.2 Notes 13 External links Etymology ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A Māori chief with tattoos ( moko ) seen by Cook and his crew The word tattoo , or tattow in the 18th century , is a loanword from the Samoan word tatau , meaning `` to strike '' . The Oxford English Dictionary gives the etymology of tattoo as `` In 18th c. tattaow , tattow . From Polynesian ( Samoan , Tahitian , Tongan , etc . ) tatau . In Marquesan , tatu . '' Before the importation of the Polynesian word , the practice of tattooing had been described in the West as painting , scarring , or staining . This is not to be confused with the origins of the word for the military drumbeat or performance -- see military tattoo . In this case , the English word tattoo is derived from the Dutch word taptoe . The first written reference to the word tattoo ( or tatau ) appears in the journal of Joseph Banks ( 24 February 1743 -- 19 June 1820 ) , the naturalist aboard explorer Captain Cook 's ship the HMS Endeavour : `` I shall now mention the way they mark themselves indelibly , each of them is so marked by their humour or disposition '' . The word tattoo was brought to Europe by Cook , when he returned in 1769 from his first voyage to Tahiti and New Zealand . In his narrative of the voyage , he refers to an operation called `` tattaw '' . Tattoo enthusiasts may refer to tattoos as `` ink '' , `` pieces '' , `` skin art '' , `` tattoo art '' , `` tats '' , or `` work '' ; to the creators as `` tattoo artists '' , `` tattooers '' , or `` tattooists '' ; and to places where they work as `` tattoo shops '' , `` tattoo studios '' , or `` tattoo parlors '' . A tattooed man 's back , Japan , c. 1875 Mainstream art galleries hold exhibitions of both conventional and custom tattoo designs such as Beyond Skin , at the Museum of Croydon . Copyrighted tattoo designs that are mass - produced and sent to tattoo artists are known as `` flash '' , a notable instance of industrial design . Flash sheets are prominently displayed in many tattoo parlors for the purpose of providing both inspiration and ready - made tattoo images to customers . The Japanese word irezumi means `` insertion of ink '' and can mean tattoos using tebori , the traditional Japanese hand method , a Western - style machine , or any method of tattooing using insertion of ink . The most common word used for traditional Japanese tattoo designs is horimono . Japanese may use the word tattoo to mean non-Japanese styles of tattooing . Anthropologist Ling Roth in 1900 described four methods of skin marking and suggested they be differentiated under the names `` tatu '' , `` moko '' , `` cicatrix '' , and `` keloid '' . Types ( edit ) The American Academy of Dermatology distinguishes five types of tattoos : traumatic tattoos , also called `` natural tattoos '' , that result from injuries , especially asphalt from road injuries or pencil lead ; amateur tattoos ; professional tattoos , both via traditional methods and modern tattoo machines ; cosmetic tattoos , also known as `` permanent makeup '' ; and medical tattoos . Traumatic tattoos ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . ( November 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) According to George Orwell , coal miners could develop characteristic tattoos owing to coal dust getting into wounds . This can also occur with substances like gunpowder . Similarly , a traumatic tattoo occurs when a substance such as asphalt is rubbed into a wound as the result of some kind of accident or trauma . These are particularly difficult to remove as they tend to be spread across several layers of skin , and scarring or permanent discoloration is almost unavoidable depending on the location . An amalgam tattoo is when amalgam particles are implanted in to the soft tissues of the mouth , usually the gums , during dental filling placement or removal . Another example of such accidental tattoos is the result of a deliberate or accidental stabbing with a pencil or pen , leaving graphite or ink beneath the skin . Subcultural connotations ( edit ) Tattooing among females of the Koita people of Papua New Guinea traditionally began at age five and was added to each year , with the V - shaped tattoo on the chest indicating that she had reached marriageable age . Photo taken in 1912 . Many tattoos serve as rites of passage , marks of status and rank , symbols of religious and spiritual devotion , decorations for bravery , sexual lures and marks of fertility , pledges of love , amulets and talismans , protection , and as punishment , like the marks of outcasts , slaves and convicts . The symbolism and impact of tattoos varies in different places and cultures . Tattoos may show how a person feels about a relative ( commonly mother / father or daughter / son ) or about an unrelated person . Today , people choose to be tattooed for artistic , cosmetic , sentimental / memorial , religious , and magical reasons , and to symbolize their belonging to or identification with particular groups , including criminal gangs ( see criminal tattoos ) or a particular ethnic group or law - abiding subculture . Although tattoos can represent solidarity with a particular group , they can also showcase the opposition of another group or concept . For example , women can challenge beauty ideals by getting a tattoo of traditional symbols of femininity but alter it into something that does not align into the expectations of femininity . Like getting a tattoo of `` ... a beautiful woman , such as Marilyn Monroe , or a traditional pinup , and turning her into a zombie '' . Some Māori still choose to wear intricate moko on their faces . In Cambodia , Laos , and Thailand , the yantra tattoo is used for protection against evil and to increase luck . Text - based tattoos including quotes , lyrics , personal mottos or scripture are popular in western culture . As an example some Christians might have a Psalm or verse from the Bible tattooed on their body . Popular verses include John 3 : 16 , Philippians 4 : 13 , and Psalms 23 . Extensive decorative tattooing is common among members of traditional freak shows and by performance artists who follow in their tradition . Identification ( edit ) An identification tattoo on a survivor of the Auschwitz concentration camp People have also been forcibly tattooed . A well - known example is the Nazi practice of forcibly tattooing Nazi concentration camp inmates with identification numbers during The Holocaust as part of the Nazis ' identification system , beginning in fall 1941 . The Nazis ' SS introduced the practice at Auschwitz concentration camp in order to identify the bodies of registered prisoners in the concentration camps . During registration , the Nazis would pierce the outlines of the serial - number digits onto the prisoners ' arms . Of the Nazi concentration camps , only Auschwitz put tattoos on inmates . The tattoo was the prisoner 's camp number , sometimes with a special symbol added : some Jews had a triangle , and Romani had the letter `` Z '' ( from German Zigeuner for `` Gypsy '' ) . In May 1944 , the Jewish men received the letters `` A '' or `` B '' to indicate particular series of numbers . For unknown reasons , this number series for women never began again with the `` B '' series after they had reached the number limit of 20,000 for the `` A '' series . The practice continued until the last days of Auschwitz . Tattoos have also been used for identification in other ways . As early as the Zhou , Chinese authorities would employ facial tattoos as a punishment for certain crimes or to mark prisoners or slaves . During the Roman Empire , Roman soldiers were required by law to have identifying tattoos on their hands in order to make desertion difficult . Gladiators and slaves were likewise tattooed : exported slaves were tattooed with the words `` tax paid '' , and it was a common practice to tattoo `` Stop me , I 'm a runaway '' on their foreheads . Owing to the Biblical strictures against the practice , Emperor Constantine I banned tattooing the face around AD 330 , and the Second Council of Nicaea banned all body markings as a pagan practice in AD 787 . In the period of early contact between the Māori and Europeans , the Maori people hunted and decapitated each other for their moko tattoos , which they traded for European items including axes and firearms . Moko tattoos were facial designs worn to indicate lineage , social position , and status within the tribe . The tattoo art was a sacred marker of identity among the Maori and also referred to as a vehicle for storing one 's tapu , or spiritual being , in the afterlife . Tattoo marking a deserter from the British Army ; skin removed post-mortem Tattoos are sometimes used by forensic pathologists to help them identify burned , putrefied , or mutilated bodies . As tattoo pigment lies encapsulated deep in the skin , tattoos are not easily destroyed even when the skin is burned . Tattoos are also placed on animals , though rarely for decorative reasons . Pets , show animals , thoroughbred horses , and livestock are sometimes tattooed with identification and other marks . Tattooing with a ' slap mark ' on the shoulder or on the ear is the standard identification method in commercial pig farming . Branding is used for similar reasons and is often performed without anesthesia , but is different from tattooing as no ink or dye is inserted during the process , the mark instead being caused by permanent scarring of the skin . Pet dogs and cats are sometimes tattooed with a serial number ( usually in the ear , or on the inner thigh ) via which their owners can be identified . However , the use of a microchip has become an increasingly popular choice and since 2016 is a legal requirement for all 8.5 million pet dogs in the UK . Tattooed lip makeup Cosmetic ( edit ) Main article : Permanent makeup The cosmetic surgery industry continues to see a trend of increased popularity for both surgical and noninvasive procedures . When used as a form of cosmetics , tattooing includes permanent makeup and hiding or neutralizing skin discolorations . Permanent makeup is the use of tattoos to enhance eyebrows , lips ( liner and / or lipstick ) , eyes ( liner ) , and even moles , usually with natural colors , as the designs are intended to resemble makeup . A growing trend in the US and UK is to place artistic titoos over the surgical scars of a mastectomy . `` More women are choosing not to reconstruct after a mastectomy and tattoo over the scar tissue instead ... The mastectomy tattoo will become just another option for post cancer patients and a truly personal way of regaining control over post cancer bodies and proving once and for all that breast cancer is not just a pink ribbon . '' The tattooing of nipples on reconstructed breasts remains in high demand , however . Functional ( edit ) Functional tattoos are used primarily for a purpose other than aesthetics . One such use is to tattoo Alzheimer patients with their name , so they may be easily identified if they go missing . Medical ( edit ) Main article : Medical tattoo Medical tattoo : blood type . Medical tattoos are used to ensure instruments are properly located for repeated application of radiotherapy and for the areola in some forms of breast reconstruction . Tattooing has also been used to convey medical information about the wearer ( e.g. , blood group , medical condition , etc . ) . Additionally , tattoos are used in skin tones to cover vitiligo , a skin pigmentation disorder . SS blood group tattoos ( German : Blutgruppentätowierung ) were worn by members of the Waffen - SS in Nazi Germany during World War II to identify the individual 's blood type . After the war , the tattoo was taken to be prima facie , if not perfect , evidence of being part of the Waffen - SS , leading to potential arrest and prosecution . This led a number of Ex-Waffen - SS to shoot themselves through the arm with a gun , removing the tattoo and leaving scars like the ones resulting from pox inoculation , making the removal less obvious . Tattoos were probably also used in ancient medicine as part of the treatment of the patient . In 1898 , Daniel Fouquet , a medical doctor , wrote an article on `` medical tattooing '' practices in Ancient Egypt , in which he describes the tattooed markings on the female mummies found at the Deir el - Bahari site . He speculated that the tattoos and other scarifications observed on the bodies may have served a medicinal or therapeutic purpose : `` The examination of these scars , some white , others blue , leaves in no doubt that they are not , in essence , ornament , but an established treatment for a condition of the pelvis , very probably chronic pelvic peritonitis . '' History ( edit ) Main article : History of tattooing A pe'a is a traditional male tattoo in Samoa . Samoan tattooing was practiced continuously despite attempts at suppression during the 1830s . Preserved tattoos on ancient mummified human remains reveal that tattooing has been practiced throughout the world for many centuries . The Ainu , an indigenous people of Japan , traditionally had facial tattoos , as did the Austroasians . Today , one can find Atayal , Seediq , Truku , and Saisiyat of Taiwan , Berbers of Tamazgha ( North Africa ) , Yoruba , Fulani and Hausa people of Nigeria , and Māori of New Zealand with facial tattoos . Tattooing was popular among certain ethnic groups in southern China , Polynesia , Africa , Borneo , Cambodia , Europe , Prehistoric Age Japan ( Ainu People ) , the Mentawai Islands , Mesoamerica , New Zealand , North America and South America , the Philippines , Iron Age Britain , and Taiwan . In 2015 , scientific re-assessment of the age of the two oldest known tattooed mummies , identified Ötzi as the oldest currently known example . This body , with 61 tattoos , was found embedded in glacial ice in the Alps , and was dated to 3,250 BC . In 2018 , the oldest figurative tattoos in the world were discovered on two mummies from Egypt which are dated between 3351 and 3017 BC . It is a myth that the modern revival of tattooing stems from Captain James Cook 's three voyages to the South Pacific in the late 18th century . Certainly , Cook 's voyages and the dissemination of the texts and images from them brought more awareness about tattooing ( and , as noted above , imported the word `` tattow '' into Western languages ) , but Europeans have been tattooed throughout history . On Cook 's first voyage in 1768 , his science officer and expedition botanist , Sir Joseph Banks , as well as artist Sydney Parkinson and many others of the crew , returned to England with tattoos , although many of these men would have had pre-existing tattoos . Banks was a highly regarded member of the English aristocracy that had acquired his position with Cook by co-financing the expedition with ten thousand pounds , a very large sum at the time . In turn , Cook brought back with him a tattooed Raiatean man , Omai , whom he presented to King George and the English Court . On subsequent voyages other crew members , from officers , such as American John Ledyard , to ordinary seamen , were tattooed . The first documented professional tattooist in Britain was established in the port of Liverpool in the 1870s . In Britain tattooing was still largely associated with sailors and the lower or even criminal class , but by the 1870s had become fashionable among some members of the upper classes , including royalty , and in its upmarket form it could be an expensive and sometimes painful process . A marked class division on the acceptability of the practice continued for some time in Britain . Recently a trend has arisen marketed as ' Stick and Poke ' tattooing ; primitive figures are permanently inscribed by the user himself after he obtains a ' DIY ' kit containing needles , ink and a collection of suggestions . United States ( edit ) Tattooed sailor aboard USS New Jersey in 1944 As most tattoos in the U.S. were done by Polynesian and Japanese amateurs , tattoo artists were in great demand in port cities all over the world , especially by European and American sailors . The first recorded professional tattoo artist in the United States was a German immigrant , Martin Hildebrandt . He opened a shop in New York City in 1846 and quickly became popular during the American Civil War among soldiers and sailors of both Union and Confederate militaries . Hildebrandt began traveling from camp to camp to tattoo soldiers , making his popularity increase , and also giving birth to the tradition of getting tattoos while being an American serviceman . Soon after the Civil War , tattoos became fashionable among upper - class young adults . This trend lasted until the beginning of World War I . The invention of the electric tattoo machine caused popularity of tattoos among the wealthy to drop off . The machine made the tattooing procedure both much easier and cheaper , thus , eliminating the status symbol tattoos previously held , as they were now affordable for all socioeconomic classes . The status symbol of a tattoo shifted from a representation of wealth , to a mark typically seen on rebels and criminals . Despite this change , tattoos remained popular among military servicemen , and the tradition continues today . Many studies have been done of the tattooed population and society 's view of tattoos . In June 2006 , the Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology published the results of a telephone survey of 2004 . It found that 36 % of Americans ages 18 -- 29 , 24 % of those 30 -- 40 , and 15 % of those 41 -- 51 had a tattoo . In September 2006 , the Pew Research Center conducted a telephone survey that found that 36 % of Americans ages 18 -- 25 , 40 % of those 26 -- 40 and 10 % of those 41 -- 64 had a tattoo . They concluded that Generation X and Generation Y are not afraid to express themselves through their appearance , and tattoos are the most popular form of self - expression . In January 2008 , a survey conducted online by Harris Interactive estimated that 14 % of all adults in the United States have a tattoo , slightly down from 2003 , when 16 % had a tattoo . Among age groups , 9 % of those ages 18 -- 24 , 32 % of those 25 -- 29 , 25 % of those 30 -- 39 and 12 % of those 40 -- 49 have tattoos , as do 8 % of those 50 -- 64 . Men are slightly more likely to have a tattoo than women . Richmond , Virginia , has been cited as one of the most tattooed cities in the United States . That distinction led the Valentine Richmond History Center to create an online exhibit titled `` History , Ink : The Tattoo Archive Project . '' The introduction to the exhibit notes , `` In the past , western culture associated tattoos with those individuals who lived on the edge of society ; however , today they are recognized as a legitimate art form and widely accepted in mainstream culture . '' Since the 1970s , tattoos have become a mainstream part of Western fashion , common among all genders , to all economic classes , and to age groups from the later teen years to middle age . For many young Americans , the tattoo has taken on a decidedly different meaning than for previous generations . The tattoo has `` undergone dramatic redefinition '' and has shifted from a form of deviance to an acceptable form of expression . Protection papers ( edit ) Protection papers were used by American sailors to prevent themselves from being taken off American ships and impressed into the Royal Navy . These were simple documents that described the sailor as being an American sailor . Many of the protection certificates were so general , and it was so easy to abuse the system , that many impressment officers of the Royal Navy paid no attention to them . `` In applying for a duplicate Seaman 's Protection Certificate in 1817 , James Francis stated that he ' had a protection granted him by the Collector of this Port on or about 12 March 1806 which was torn up and destroyed by a British Captain when at sea . ' '' One way of making them more specific was to describe a tattoo , which is highly personal , and thus use that description to identify the seaman . As a result , many of the later certificates carried information about tattoos and scars , as well as other specific information . This also perhaps led to an increase and proliferation of tattoos among American seamen . `` Frequently their ' protection papers ' made reference to tattoos , clear evidence that individual was a seafaring man ; rarely did members of the general public adorn themselves with tattoos . '' `` In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries , tattoos were as much about self - expression as they were about having a unique way to identify a sailor 's body should he be lost at sea or impressed by the British navy . The best source for early American tattoos is the protection papers issued following a 1796 congressional act to safeguard American seamen from impressment . These proto - passports catalogued tattoos alongside birthmarks , scars , race , and height . Using simple techniques and tools , tattoo artists in the early republic typically worked on board ships using anything available as pigments , even gunpowder and urine . Men marked their arms and hands with initials of themselves and loved ones , significant dates , symbols of the seafaring life , liberty poles , crucifixes , and other symbols . '' Freedom papers ( edit ) Because these protection papers were used to define freemen and citizenship , many black sailors and other men also used them to show that they were freemen if they were stopped by officials or slave catchers . They also called them `` free papers '' because they certified their non-slave status . Many of the freed blacks used descriptions of tattoos for identification purposes on their freedom papers . Process ( edit ) Main article : Process of tattooing Main article : Tattoo ink Play media Man getting a tattoo Tattooing involves the placement of pigment into the skin 's dermis , the layer of dermal tissue underlying the epidermis . After initial injection , pigment is dispersed throughout a homogenized damaged layer down through the epidermis and upper dermis , in both of which the presence of foreign material activates the immune system 's phagocytes to engulf the pigment particles . As healing proceeds , the damaged epidermis flakes away ( eliminating surface pigment ) while deeper in the skin granulation tissue forms , which is later converted to connective tissue by collagen growth . This mends the upper dermis , where pigment remains trapped within successive generations of macrophages , ultimately concentrating in a layer just below the dermis / epidermis boundary . Its presence there is stable , but in the long term ( decades ) the pigment tends to migrate deeper into the dermis , accounting for the degraded detail of old tattoos . A two coil tattoo machine Some tribal cultures traditionally created tattoos by cutting designs into the skin and rubbing the resulting wound with ink , ashes or other agents ; some cultures continue this practice , which may be an adjunct to scarification . Some cultures create tattooed marks by hand - tapping the ink into the skin using sharpened sticks or animal bones ( made like needles ) with clay formed disks or , in modern times , needles . The most common method of tattooing in modern times is the electric tattoo machine , which inserts ink into the skin via a single needle or a group of needles that are soldered onto a bar , which is attached to an oscillating unit . The unit rapidly and repeatedly drives the needles in and out of the skin , usually 80 to 150 times a second . The needles are single - use needles that come packaged individually . Tattooing is regulated in many countries because of the associated health risks to client and practitioner , specifically local infections and virus transmission . Disposable plastic aprons and eye protection can be worn depending on the risk of blood or other secretions splashing into the eyes or clothing of the tattooist . Hand hygiene , assessment of risks and appropriate disposal of all sharp objects and materials contaminated with blood are crucial areas . The tattoo artist must wash his or her hands and must also wash the area that will be tattooed . Gloves must be worn at all times and the wound must be wiped frequently with a wet disposable towel of some kind . All equipment must be sterilized in a certified autoclave before and after every use . It is good practice to provide clients with a printed consent form that outlines risks and complications as well as instructions for after care . Associations ( edit ) Historical associations ( edit ) See also : Religious perspectives on tattooing Mrs. M. Stevens Wagner with arms and chest covered in tattoos . An 1888 Japanese woodblock print of a prostitute biting her handkerchief in pain as her arm is tattooed . Based on historical practice , the tattoo is likely the name of her lover . The Government of Meiji Japan had outlawed tattoos in the 19th century , a prohibition that stood for 70 years before being repealed in 1948 . As of 6 June 2012 all new tattoos are forbidden for employees of the city of Osaka . Existing tattoos are required to be covered with proper clothing . The regulations were added to Osaka 's ethical codes , and employees with tattoos were encouraged to have them removed . This was done because of the strong connection of tattoos with the yakuza , or Japanese organized crime , after an Osaka official in February 2012 threatened a schoolchild by showing his tattoo . Tattoos had negative connotations in historical China , where criminals often had been marked by tattooing . The association of tattoos with criminals was transmitted from China to influence Japan . Today , tattoos have remained a taboo in Chinese society . The Romans tattooed criminals and slaves , and in the 19th century released US convicts , Australian convicts , and British army deserters were identified by tattoos . Prisoners in Nazi concentration camps were tattooed with an identification number . Today , many prison inmates still tattoo themselves as an indication of time spent in prison . Native Americans also used tattoos to represent their tribe . Catholic Croats of Bosnia used religious Christian tattooing , especially of children and women , for protection against conversion to Islam during the Ottoman rule in the Balkans . Modern associations ( edit ) Wilfrid Derome Tatto Collection , 1925 Latin Kings gang member showing his gang tattoo Tattoos are strongly empirically associated with deviance , personality disorders , and criminality . Although the general acceptance of tattoos is on the rise in Western society , they still carry a heavy stigma among certain social groups . Tattoos are generally considered an important part of the culture of the Russian mafia . Current cultural understandings of tattoos in Europe and North America have been greatly influenced by long - standing stereotypes based on deviant social groups in the 19th and 20th centuries . Particularly in North America tattoos have been associated with stereotypes , folklore , and racism . Not until the 1960s and 1970s did people associate tattoos with such societal outcasts as bikers and prisoners . Today , in the United States many prisoners and criminal gangs use distinctive tattoos to indicate facts about their criminal behavior , prison sentences , and organizational affiliation . A teardrop tattoo , for example , can be symbolic of murder , or each tear represents the death of a friend . At the same time , members of the U.S. military have an equally well - established and longstanding history of tattooing to indicate military units , battles , kills , etc. , an association that remains widespread among older Americans . In Japan tattoos are associated with yakuza criminal groups but there are non-yakuza groups such as Fukushi Masaichi 's tattoo association that sought to preserve the skins of dead Japanese who have extensive tattoos . Tattooing is also common in the British Armed Forces . Depending on vocation tattoos are accepted in a number of professions in America . Companies across many fields are increasingly focused on diversity and inclusion . In Britain , there is evidence of women with tattoos , concealed by their clothing , throughout the 20th century , and records of women tattooists such as Jessie Knight from the 1920s . A study of `` at - risk '' ( as defined by school absenteeism and truancy ) adolescent girls showed a positive correlation between body modification and negative feelings towards the body and low self - esteem ; however , the study also demonstrated that a strong motive for body modification is the search for `` self and attempts to attain mastery and control over the body in an age of increasing alienation '' . The prevalence of women in the tattoo industry in the 21st century , along with larger numbers of women bearing tattoos , appears to be changing negative perceptions . Advertising and marketing ( edit ) Retired wrestler CM Punk is well known for his tattoos . Former sailor Rowland Hussey Macy , who formed Macy 's department stores , used a red star tattoo that he had on his hand for the store 's logo . Tattoos have also been used in marketing and advertising with companies paying people to have logos of brands like HBO , Red Bull , ASOS.com , and Sailor Jerry 's rum tattooed in their bodies . This practice is known as `` skinvertising '' . B.T. 's Smokehouse , a barbecue restaurant located in Massachusetts , offered customers free meals for life if they had the logo of the establishment tattooed on a visible part of their bodies . Nine people took the business up on the offer . Health risks ( edit ) Main article : Tattoo medical issues Modern tattoo artist 's nitrile gloves and sterilized equipment Because it requires breaking the skin barrier , tattooing carries health risks including infection and allergic reactions . Tattooing can be uncomfortable to excruciating depending on the area and can result in the person fainting . Modern tattooists reduce risks by following universal precautions working with single - use items and sterilizing their equipment after each use . Many jurisdictions require that tattooists have blood - borne pathogen training such as that provided through the Red Cross and OSHA . As of 2009 ( in the United States ) there have been no reported cases of HIV contracted from tattoos . In amateur tattooing , such as that practiced in prisons , however , there is an elevated risk of infection . Infections that can theoretically be transmitted by the use of unsterilized tattoo equipment or contaminated ink include surface infections of the skin , fungal infections , some forms of hepatitis , herpes simplex virus , HIV , staph , tetanus , and tuberculosis . Tattoo inks have been described as `` remarkably nonreactive histologically '' . However , cases of allergic reactions to tattoo inks , particularly certain colors , have been medically documented . This is sometimes due to the presence of nickel in an ink pigment , which triggers a common metal allergy . Occasionally , when a blood vessel is punctured during the tattooing procedure , a bruise / hematoma may appear . Certain colours - red or similar colours such as purple , pink , and orange - tend to cause more problems and damage compared to other colours . Red ink has even caused skin and flesh damages so severe that the amputation of a leg or an arm has been necessary . If part of a tattoo ( especially if red ) begins to cause even minor troubles , like becoming itchy or worse , lumpy , then Danish experts strongly suggest to remove the red parts . In 2017 , researchers from the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility in France say the chemicals in tattoo ink can travel in the bloodstream and accumulate in the lymph nodes , obstructing their ability to fight infections . However , the authors noted in their paper that most tattooed individuals including the donors analyzed do not suffer from chronic inflammation . Removal ( edit ) Main article : Tattoo removal While tattoos are considered permanent , it is sometimes possible to remove them , fully or partially , with laser treatments . Typically , black and some colored inks can be removed more completely than inks of other colors . The expense and pain associated with removing tattoos are typically greater than the expense and pain associated with applying them . Pre-laser tattoo removal methods include dermabrasion , salabrasion ( scrubbing the skin with salt ) , cryosurgery , and excision -- which is sometimes still used along with skin grafts for larger tattoos . These older methods , however , have been nearly completely replaced by laser removal treatment options . Temporary tattoos ( edit ) A temporary tattoo being applied . See also : Mehndi and Ballpoint pen artwork A temporary tattoo is a non-permanent image on the skin resembling a permanent tattoo . Temporary tattoos can be drawn , painted , airbrushed or needled as a permanent tattoo with an ink which can be dissolved in blood within 6 months of art as a form of body painting . Types of temporary tattoos ( edit ) Decal - style temporary tattoos ( edit ) Decal ( press - on ) temporary tattoos are used to decorate any part of the body . They may last for a day or for more than a week . Metallic jewelry tattoos ( edit ) Foil temporary tattoos are a variation of decal - style temporary tattoos , printed using a foil stamping technique instead of using ink . The foil design is printed as a mirror image in order to be viewed in the right direction once it is applied to the skin . Each metallic tattoo is protected by a transparent protective film . Airbrush temporary tattoos ( edit ) Although they have become more popular and usually require a greater investment , airbrush temporary tattoos are less likely to achieve the look of a permanent tattoo , and may not last as long as press - on temporary tattoos . An artist sprays on airbrush tattoos using a stencil with alcohol - based , FDA - approved cosmetic inks . Like decal tattoos , airbrush temporary tattoos also are easily removed with rubbing alcohol or baby oil . Henna temporary tattoos ( edit ) Another tattoo alternative is henna - based tattoos , which generally contain no additives . Henna is a plant - derived substance which is painted on the skin , staining it a reddish - orange - to - brown color . Because of the semi-permanent nature of henna , they lack the realistic colors typical of decal temporary tattoos . Due to the time - consuming application process , it is a relatively poor option for children . If you do choose henna temporary tattoos , ensure that they are pure henna . Dermatological publications report that allergic reactions to natural henna are very rare and the product is generally considered safe for skin application . Serious problems can occur , however , from the use of henna with certain additives . The FDA and medical journals report that painted black henna temporary tattoos are especially dangerous . Black Henna or Pre-Mixed Henna Temporary Tattoos May Be Harmful - see below for safety information . Temporary tattoo safety ( edit ) Decal - style temporary tattoo safety ( edit ) Decal temporary tattoos , when legally sold in the United States , have had their color additives approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) as cosmetics -- - the FDA has determined these colorants are safe for `` direct dermal contact . '' While the FDA has received some accounts of minor skin irritation , including redness and swelling , from this type of temporary tattoo , the agency has found these symptoms to be `` child specific '' and not significant enough to support warnings to the public . Unapproved pigments , however , which are sometimes used by non-US manufacturers , can provoke allergic reactions in anyone . Understanding the types of temporary tattoos available to consumers , knowing where they are manufactured , and ensuring they come from a reliable source are keys to determining whether temporary tattoos are safe . Airbrush tattoo safety ( edit ) The types of airbrush paints manufactured for crafting , creating art or decorating clothing should never be used for tattooing . These paints are not approved for direct contact with skin , and can be allergenic or toxic . Always ask the airbrush tattoo artist what kind of ink he or she is using and whether it meets FDA approval . Henna tattoo safety ( edit ) Dermatitis due to a temporary tattoo ( dolphin ) made with black henna . The FDA regularly issues warnings to consumers about avoiding any temporary tattoos labeled as black henna or pre-mixed henna as these may contain potentially harmful ingredients including silver nitrate , carmine , pyrogallol , disperse orange dye and chromium . Black henna gets its color from paraphenylenediamine ( PPD ) , a textile dye approved by the FDA for human use only in hair coloring . In Canada , the use of PPD on the skin , including hair dye , is banned . Research has linked these and other ingredients to a range of health problems including allergic reactions , chronic inflammatory reactions , and late - onset allergic reactions to related clothing and hairdressing dyes . They can cause these reactions long after application . Neither black henna nor pre-mixed henna are approved for cosmetic use by the FDA . Religious views ( edit ) Main article : Religious perspectives on tattooing This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Judaism generally prohibits tattoos among its adherents based on the commandments in Leviticus 19 . Jews tend to believe this commandment only applies to Jews and not to gentiles . A Christian couple with matching cross symbol tattoos to associate with their faith There is no specific rule in the New Testament prohibiting tattoos and most Christian denominations believe the laws in Leviticus are outdated as well as believing the commandment only applied to the Israelites , not to the gentiles . While most Christian groups tolerate tattoos , some Evangelical and fundamentalist Protestant denominations do believe the commandment does apply today for Christians and believe it is a sin to get one . Many Coptic Christians in Egypt take a cross tattoo in their right wrist to differ from the Muslims . Tattoos are considered to be haram in Sunni Islam , based on rulings from scholars and passages in the Hadith . Shia Islam does not entirely prohibit tattooing , although it may be looked down upon in Shia communities . See also ( edit ) Fashion portal Styles ( edit ) Black - and - gray Body painting Body suit ( tattoo ) Borneo traditional tattooing Chinese calligraphy tattoos Christian tattooing in Bosnia and Herzegovina Criminal tattoo Finger moustache tattoo Genital tattooing Irezumi , traditional Japanese tattoo Lower back tattoo Marquesan tattoo Mehndi ( also called henna ) New school ( tattoo ) Old school ( tattoo ) Pe'a Prison tattooing Sailor tattoos Scarification Sleeve tattoo Soot tattoo SS blood group tattoo Swallow tattoo Watercolor Others ( edit ) Biomechanical art Body art Foreign body granuloma Fusen gum Legal status of tattooing in the United States List of cutaneous conditions List of tattoo artists Lucky Diamond Rich , world 's most tattooed person . Religious perspectives on tattooing Tattoo convention Tattooed Lady Scleral tattooing References ( edit ) Bibliography ( edit ) Anthropological Buckland , A.W. ( 1887 ) `` On Tattooing '' , in Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland , 1887 / 12 , p. 318 -- 328 Caplan , Jane ( ed . ) ( 2000 ) : Written on the Body : the Tattoo in European and American History , Princeton University Press DeMello , Margo ( 2000 ) Bodies of Inscription : a Cultural History of the Modern Tattoo Community , California . Durham NC : Duke University Press Fisher , Jill A ( 2002 ) . `` Tattooing the Body , Marking Culture '' . Body & Society . 8 ( 4 ) : 91 -- 107 . doi : 10.1177 / 1357034x02008004005 . Gell , Alfred ( 1993 ) Wrapping in Images : Tattooing in Polynesia , Oxford : Clarendon Press Gilbert , Stephen G. ( 2001 ) Tattoo History : a Source Book , New York : Juno Books Gustafson , Mark ( 1997 ) `` Inscripta in fronte : Penal Tattooing in Late Antiquity '' , in Classical Antiquity , April 1997 , Vol. 16 / No. 1 , p. 79 -- 105 Hambly , Wilfrid Dyson ( 1925 ) The History of Tattooing and Its Significance : With Some Account of Other Forms of Corporal Marking , London : H.F. & G. Witherby ( reissued : Detroit 1974 ) Hesselt van Dinter , Maarten ( 2005 ) The World of Tattoo ; An Illustrated History . Amsterdam , KIT Publishers Jones , C.P. ( 1987 ) `` Stigma : Tattooing and Branding in Graeco -- Roman Antiquity '' , in Journal of Roman Studies , 77 / 1987 , pp. 139 -- 155 Juno , Andrea . Modern Primitives . Re / Search # 12 ( October 1989 ) ISBN 0 - 9650469 - 3 - 1 Kächelen , Wolf - Peter ( 2004 ) : Tatau und Tattoo -- Eine Epigraphik der Identitätskonstruktion . Shaker Verlag , Aachen , ISBN 3 - 8322 - 2574 - 9 . Lombroso , Cesare ( 1896 ) `` The Savage Origin of Tattooing '' , in Popular Science Monthly , Vol. IV. , 1896 Pang , Joey ( 2008 ) `` Tattoo Art Expressions '' Raviv , Shaun ( 2006 ) `` Marked for Life : Jews and Tattoos '' ( Moment Magazine ; June 2006 ) `` Comparative study about Ötzi 's therapeutic tattoos '' ( L. Renaut , 2004 , French and English abstract ) Robley , Horatio ( 1896 ) Moko , or , Maori tattooing . London : Chapman and Hall Roth , H. Ling ( 1901 ) `` Maori tatu and moko '' . In : Journal of the Anthropological Institute vol. 31 , January -- June 1901 Rubin , Arnold ( ed . ) ( 1988 ) Marks of Civilization : Artistic Transformations of the Human Body , Los Angeles : UCLA Museum of Cultural History Sanders , Clinton R. ( 1989 ) Customizing the Body : the Art and Culture of Tattooing . Philadelphia : Temple University Press Sinclair , A.T. ( 1909 ) `` Tattooing of the North American Indians '' , in American Anthropologist 1909 / 11 , No. 3 , p. 362 -- 400 Thompson , Beverly Yuen ( 2015 ) Covered in Ink : Tattoos , Women and the Politics of the Body , New York University Press. ISBN 9780814789209 Wianecki , Shannon ( 2011 ) `` Marked '' Maui No Ka ' Oi Magazine . Popular and artistic Green , Terisa . Ink : The Not - Just - Skin - Deep Guide to Getting a Tattoo ISBN 0 - 451 - 21514 - 1 Green , Terisa . The Tattoo Encyclopedia : A Guide to Choosing Your Tattoo ISBN 0 - 7432 - 2329 - 2 Kraków , Amy . Total Tattoo Book ISBN 0 - 446 - 67001 - 4 Medical CDC 's Position on Tattooing and HCV Infection , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , retrieved 12 June 2006 Body Art ( workplace hazards ) , National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , retrieved 15 September 2008 `` Tattoos and Permanent Makeup '' , CFSAN / Office of Cosmetics and Colors ( 2000 ; updated 2004 , 2006 ) , United States Food and Drug Administration , retrieved 12 June 2006 Haley , R.W. ; Fischer , R.P. ( March 2000 ) . `` Commercial tattooing as a potential source of hepatitis C infection '' . Medicine . 80 : 134 -- 151 . doi : 10.1097 / 00005792 - 200103000 - 00006 . Paola Piccinini , Laura Contor , Ivana Bianchi , Chiara Senaldi , Sazan Pakalin : Safety of tattoos and permanent make - up , Joint Research Centre , 2016 , ISBN 978 - 92 - 79 - 58783 - 2 , doi : 10.2788 / 011817 . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : https://cpb-us-west-2-juc1ugur1qwqqqo4.stackpathdns.com/hawksites.newpaltz.edu/dist/1/2245/files/2018/01/Yuen-Thompson_Heavily-Tattooed-Women-1cyuu89.pdf Jump up ^ Meaning of Tatau 1 , Pasefika Design ^ Jump up to : `` tattoo '' . The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia with Atlas and Weather guide ( Credo Reference . Web . ed . ) . Helicon. 2010 . Jump up ^ OED Jump up ^ Roth , H. Ling ( 11 September 1900 ) . On Permanent Artificial Skin Marks : a definition of terms . Bradford : Anthropological Section of the British Association for the Advancement of Science . Jump up ^ `` Tattoos , Body Piercings , and Other Skin Adornments '' . Aad.org . Archived from the original on 23 December 2010 . Retrieved 5 April 2012 . Jump up ^ George Orwell ( 1940 ) . `` Down the Mine '' . Inside the Whale . Jump up ^ Johnson , Frankie J ( 2007 ) . `` Tattooing : Mind , Body And Spirit . The Inner Essence Of The Art '' . Sociological Viewpoints. 23 : 45 -- 61 . Jump up ^ `` 25 Nobel Bible Verses Tattoos '' . Jump up ^ `` Tattoos and Numbers : The System of Identifying Prisoners at Auschwitz '' . www.ushmm.org . Jump up ^ https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007056 Jump up ^ Piper , Franciszek ; Świebocka , Teresa , eds. ( 1996 ) . Auschwitz : Nazi Death Camp . Translated by Douglas Selvage . Oświęcim : The Auschwitz - Birkenau State Museum . pp. 60 -- 61 . ISBN 9788385047568 . OCLC 36524125 . Jump up ^ `` The Evolution of Tattooing in the Auschwitz Concentration Camp Complex '' . www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org . Jump up ^ `` Marking Slaves '' . www.archaeology.org . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Leviticus 19 : 28 Jump up ^ Adrienne Mayor ( March -- April 1999 ) . `` People Illustrated '' . Archaeological Institute of America . 52 ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ `` A Strange Trade -- Deals in Maori Heads -- Pioneer Artists '' . victoria.ac.nz . ^ Jump up to : Michael Atkinson . Tattooed : the sociogenesis of a body art . Retrieved 5 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Khunger , Niti ; Molpariya , Anupama ; Khunger , Arjun ( 2015 ) . `` Complications of Tattoos and Tattoo Removal : Stop and Think Before you ink '' . Journal of Cutaneous and Aesthetic Surgery . 8 ( 1 ) : 30 -- 36 . doi : 10.4103 / 0974 - 2077.155072 . ISSN 0974 - 2077 . PMC 4411590 . PMID 25949020 . Jump up ^ Small , Richard . `` REVIEW OF LIVESTOCK IDENTIFICATION AND TRACEABILITY IN THE UK '' . GOV.UK . DEFRA , Farm Animal Genetic Resources Committee . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Compulsory dog microchipping comes into effect '' . Government Digital Service . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Gimlin 2002 ; Sullivan 2001 Jump up ^ Locke , Katherine . 2013 . `` Women choose body art over reconstruction after cancer battle : Undergoing a mastectomy is a harrowing experience , but tattoos can celebrate the victory over cancer . '' The Guardian . 7 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nipple tattoos and their Michelangelo '' . BBC News . 21 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Hürriyet Daily News : Tattooist offers to tattoo names of Alzheimer patients in İzmir Jump up ^ Arndt , Kenneth A. ; Hsu , Jeffrey T.S. ( 2007 ) . Manual of Dermatologic Therapeutics ( illustrated ed . ) . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . p. 116 . ISBN 978 - 0781760584 . Retrieved 6 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Tattooing in Ancient Egypt Part 2 : The Mummy of Amunet by Gemma Angel , on 10 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Deter - Wolf , Aaron ; Robitaille , Benoît ; Krutak , Lars ; Galliot , Sébastien ( February 2016 ) . `` The World 's Oldest Tattoos '' . Journal of Archaeological Science : Reports . 5 : 19 -- 24 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jasrep. 2015.11. 007 . Jump up ^ `` Maori Tattoo '' . Maori.com . Maori Tourism Limited . Retrieved 17 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Scallan , Marilyn ( 9 December 2015 ) . `` Ancient Ink : Iceman Otzi Has World 's Oldest Tattoos '' . Smithsonian Science News . Retrieved 19 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Ghosh , Pallab ( 1 March 2018 ) . `` ' Oldest tattoo ' found on 5,000 - year - old Egyptian mummies '' . BBC . Retrieved 8 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Cook Myth : Common Tattoo History Debunked '' . tattoohistorian.com . Jump up ^ Some days after a shipwreck divers recovered the bodies . Most were unrecognisable , but that of a crew member was readily identified by his tattoos : `` The reason why sailors tattoo themselves has often been asked . '' The Times ( London ) , 30 January 1873 , p. 10 Jump up ^ The Times ( London ) , 3 April 1879 , p. 9 : `` Crime has a ragged regiment in its pay so far as the outward ... qualities are concerned ... they tattoo themselves indelibly ... asserting the man 's identity with the aid of needles and gunpowder . This may be the explanation of the Mermaids , the Cupid 's arrows , the name of MARY , the tragic inscription to the memory of parents , the unintended pathos of the appeal to liberty . '' Jump up ^ Broadwell , Albert H. ( 27 January 1900 ) . `` Sporting pictures on the human skin '' . Country Life . Article describing work of society tattooist Sutherland Macdonald Archived 3 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine . refers to his clientele including `` members of our Royal Family , among them H.R.H. the Duke of York , H.I.M. the Czarevitch , and Imperial and Royal members of Russian , German and Spanish courts ... '' Jump up ^ The Times ( London ) , 18 April 1889 , p. 12 : `` A Japanese Professional Tattooer '' . Article describes the activities of an unnamed Japanese tattooist based in Hong Kong . He charged £ 4 for a dragon , which would take 5 hours to do . The article ends `` The Hong - Kong operator tattooed the arm of an English Prince , and , in Kioto , was engaged for a whole month reproducing on the trunk and limbs of an English peer a series of scenes from Japanese history . For this he was paid about £ 100 . He has also tattooed ladies ... His income from tattooing in Hong Kong is about £ 1,200 per annum . '' Jump up ^ Broadwell , Albert H. ( 27 January 1900 ) . `` Sporting pictures on the human skin '' . Country Life . `` In especially sensitive cases a mild solution of cocaine is injected under the skin , ... and no sensation whatever is felt , while the soothing solution is so mild that it has no effect ... except locally . '' Jump up ^ In 1969 the House of Lords debated a bill to ban the tattooing of minors , on grounds it had become `` trendy '' with the young in recent years but was associated with crime , 40 per cent of young criminals having tattoos . Lord Teynham and the Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair however rose to object that they had been tattooed as youngsters , with no ill effects . The Times ( London ) , 29 April 1969 , p. 4 : `` Saving young from embarrassing tattoos '' . Jump up ^ Genis , Daniel . `` DIY Tattoos Make Irony Permanent '' . www.newsweek.com . Retrieved 3 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Kirby , David ( 2012 ) . Inked Well . Patterns for College Writing : A Rhetorical Reader and Guide : Bedford / St. Martins . pp. 685 -- 689 . ISBN 9780312676841 . Jump up ^ `` A Portrait of `` Generation Next '' `` . The Pew Research Center for the People and the Press . Retrieved 5 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Harris , Al ( 19 August 2010 ) . `` Richmond , third most tattooed in U.S. '' RichmondBizSense . Retrieved 24 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Roberts , D.J. ( 2012 ) . `` Secret Ink : Tattoo 's Place in Contemporary American Culture '' . Journal of American Culture . 35 ( 2 ) : 153 -- 65 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1542 - 734x. 2012.00804. x . Jump up ^ `` Genealogical Fallout from the War of 1812 . '' By Ruth Priest Dixon . Prologue Magazine . Spring 1992 . Volume 24 ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Smith , Gene Allan . 2013 . The Slave 's Gamble . MacMillan . Page 55 . Jump up ^ McNeur , Catherine ( 1 October 2011 ) . `` Review of The Ink of History '' . Common - Place . 12 ( 01 ) -- via Common - Place . Jump up ^ Law in American History : Volume 1 : From the Colonial Years Through the Civil War . Page 305 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tattoo Lasers : Overview , Histology , Tattoo Removal Techniques '' . 13 September 2017 -- via eMedicine . Jump up ^ `` Tattooing and body piercing guidance : Toolkit '' . Chartered Institute of Environmental Health . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Ito , Masami , `` Whether covered or brazen , tattoos make a statement '' , Japan Times , 8 June 2010 , p. 3 ^ Jump up to : DeMello , Margo ( 2007 ) . Encyclopedia of body adornment . Westport : Greenwood Press . p. 61 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33695 - 9 . Jump up ^ Dutton , Michael ( 1998 ) . Streetlife China . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 163 & 180 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 63141 - 6 . Jump up ^ Dutton , Michael ( 1998 ) . Streetlife China . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 180 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 63141 - 6 . Jump up ^ Truhelka , Ciro . Wissenschaftliche Mittheilungen Aus Bosnien und der Hercegovina : `` Die Tätowirung bei den Katholiken Bosniens und der Hercegovina . '' Sarajevo ; Bosnian National Museum , 1896 . Jump up ^ Wesley G. Jennings ; Bryanna Hahn Fox ; David P. Farrington ( 14 January 2014 ) , `` Inked into Crime ? An Examination of the Causal Relationship between Tattoos and Life - Course Offending among Males from the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development '' , Journal of Criminal Justice , 42 ( 1 , January -- February 2014 ) : 77 -- 84 , doi : 10.1016 / j. jcrimjus. 2013.12. 006 Jump up ^ Joshua Adams ( 2012 ) , `` The Relationship between Tattooing and Deviance in Contemporary Society '' , Deviance Today , pp. 137 -- 145 Jump up ^ Bodies of Inscription : A Cultural History of the Modern Tattoo Community . Margo DeMello . Durham , NC : Duke University Press , 2000 . vii + 222 pp. , photographs , notes , bibliography , index . Jump up ^ Andrew Lichtenstein , Texas Prison Tattoos , retrieved 8 December 2007 Jump up ^ Hennessey , Rachel ( 8 March 2013 ) . `` Tattoos No Longer A Kiss Of Death In The Workplace - Yahoo ! Small Business Advisor '' . Smallbusiness.yahoo.com . Retrieved 15 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Mifflin , Margot ( 2013 ) . Bodies of Subversion : A secret history of women and tattoo ( 3rd ed . ) . Powerhouse Books . p. 192 . ISBN 978 - 1576876138 . Jump up ^ Carroll , L. ; Anderson , R. ( 2002 ) , `` Body piercing , tattooing , self - esteem , and body investment in adolescent girls '' , Adolescence , 37 ( 147 ) : 627 -- 37 , PMID 12458698 Jump up ^ Binkley , Christina. 2016 . `` Departments of Commerce . '' Wall Street Journal Magazine . September 2016 . Page 168 . Jump up ^ Allen , Kevin ( 25 June 2013 ) . `` ' Your ad here ? ' Marketers turn to tattoos '' . PR Daily . Ragan Communications , Inc . Retrieved 18 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Hines , Alice ( 30 May 2013 ) . `` The Tattoo As Corporate Branding Tool '' . Details . Condé Nast . Retrieved 18 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Boynton , Donna ( 19 February 2013 ) . `` B.T. 's Smokehouse logo tattoo earns patrons free meals for life '' . Telegram.com . Worcester Telegram & Gazette Corp . Retrieved 18 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` HIV and Its Transmission '' . CDC . July 1999 . Archived from the original on 4 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tattoos : Risks and precautions to know first '' . MayoClinic.com. 20 March 2012 . Retrieved 5 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gode råd om tatoveringer : De her farver skal du undgå '' . 26 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Danish TV programme `` Min krop til andres forfærdelse '' or `` My body to the dismay of others '' aired on DR 3 1. July 9pm CEST . A man who at a younger age had competed with his older brother to obtain the largest tattoos , experienced an infection years later originating in the red portions of the tattoos , resulting in his left leg being amputated piece by piece . Also , a woman with incipient problems at her two formerly red roses was followed as her skin was removed . Jump up ^ `` Tattoo Ink Nanoparticles Persist in Lymph Nodes '' . The Scientist . Jump up ^ Images of Tattoo removal procedure , retrieved 12 January 2011 Jump up ^ `` Temporary Tattoos , Henna / Mehndi , and `` Black Henna '' `` . FDA . Retrieved 3 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FDA warns consumers about dangers of temporary tattoos '' . Fox News . 26 March 2013 . Retrieved 3 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Campo , Juan E. ; Iskander , John ( 26 October 2006 ) . `` The Coptic Community '' . doi : 10.1093 / oxfordhb / 9780195137989.001. 0001 / oxfordhb - 9780195137989 - e-30 . External links ( edit ) Library resources about Tattoo Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Wikiquote has quotations related to : Tattoo Wikisource has the text of The New Student 's Reference Work article Tattooing . Media related to Tattoos at Wikimedia Commons Tattoos , The Permanent Art Documentary produced by Off Book ( web series ) History , Ink produced by Meghan Glass Hughes for The Valentine Richmond History Center Tattoos and Tattooing Topics History Medical issues Religious perspectives Removal Categories Medical Permanent makeup Temporary Process Artist Ink Machine Art style Black - and - gray Burmese Flash Japanese ( Irezumi ) Maori ( Tā moko ) Marquesan Old school Samoan ( Malu / Pe'a ) Cambodian / Lao / Vietnamese ( Yantra ) Location on body Body suit Cornea Genital Lower - back Scalp Sclera Sleeve Legal status in ... the European Union the United States NDL : 00564218 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tattoo&oldid=835764766 '' Categories : Tattooing 1970s fashion 1980s fashion 1990s fashion 2000s fashion 2010s fashion Polynesian words and phrases Skin conditions resulting from physical factors Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from January 2018 Articles needing additional references from July 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles using small message boxes Articles needing additional references from November 2010 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Articles needing additional references from January 2017 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikiquote Afrikaans Aragonés Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bahasa Banjar Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български བོད ་ ཡིག Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Iñupiak Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lingála Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt 文言 ייִדיש 粵語 中文 75 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 16 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tattoo
| 2,143 |
what is the apes name in tarzan of the apes
|
Tarzan of the Apes
|
tarzan of the apes
|
Tarzan of the Apes is a novel by American writer Edgar Rice Burroughs , the first in a series of books about the title character Tarzan . It was first published in the pulp magazine The All - Story in October 1912 . The story follows Tarzan 's adventures , from his childhood being raised by apes in the jungle , to his eventual encounters with other humans and Western society . The character was so popular that Burroughs continued the series into the 1940s with two dozen sequels . For the novel 's centennial anniversary , Library of America published a hardcover edition based on the original book with an introduction by Thomas Mallon in April of 2012 ( ISBN 978 - 1 - 59853 - 164 - 0 ) . Scholars have noted several important themes in the novel : the impact of heredity on behavior ; racial superiority ; civilization , especially as Tarzan struggles with his identity as a human ; sexuality ; and escapism .
|
Contents 1 Plot summary 2 Characters in order of appearance 3 African animals 4 Background 5 Major themes 5.1 Heredity 5.2 Racism 5.3 Civilization 5.4 Sexuality 5.5 Escapism 6 Adaptations 6.1 Film adaptations 6.2 Comic adaptations 6.3 Radio adaptations 7 References 8 External links Plot summary ( edit ) John and Alice ( Rutherford ) Clayton , Earl and Countess of Greystoke from England , are marooned in the western coastal jungles of equatorial Africa in 1888 . Some time later , their son John Clayton II is born . When he is one year old his mother dies , and soon thereafter his father is killed by the savage king ape Kerchak . The infant is then adopted by the she - ape Kala . Clayton is named `` Tarzan '' ( `` White Skin '' in the ape language ) and raised in ignorance of his human heritage . As a boy , feeling alienated from his peers due to their physical differences , he discovers his true parents ' cabin , where he first learns of others like himself in their books . Using basic primers with pictures , over many years he teaches himself to read English , but having never heard it , can not speak it . Upon his return from one visit to the cabin , he is attacked by a huge gorilla which he manages to kill with his father 's knife , although he is terribly wounded in the struggle . As he grows up , Tarzan becomes a skilled hunter , exciting the jealousy of Kerchak , the ape leader , who finally attacks him . Tarzan kills Kerchak and takes his place as `` king '' of the apes . Later , a tribe of black Africans settle in the area , and Tarzan 's adopted mother , Kala , is killed by one of its hunters . Avenging himself on the killer , Tarzan begins an antagonistic relationship with the tribe , raiding its village for weapons and practicing cruel pranks on them . They , in turn , regard him as an evil spirit and attempt to placate him . A few years later when Tarzan is 21 years of age , a new party is marooned on the coast , including 19 year old Jane Porter , the first white woman Tarzan has ever seen . Tarzan 's cousin , William Cecil Clayton , unwitting usurper of the ape man 's ancestral English estate , is also among the party . Tarzan spies on the newcomers , aids them in secret , and saves Jane from the perils of the jungle . Among the party was French naval officer Paul D'Arnot . While rescuing D'Arnot from the natives , a rescue ship recovers the castaways . D'Arnot teaches Tarzan to speak French and offers to take Tarzan to the land of white men where he might connect with Jane again . On their journey , D'Arnot teaches him how to behave among white men . In the ensuing months , Tarzan eventually learns to speak English , as well . Ultimately , Tarzan travels to find Jane in Wisconsin , USA where he rescues her from a fire . Tarzan learns the bitter news that she has become engaged to William Clayton . Meanwhile , clues from his parents ' cabin have enabled D'Arnot to prove Tarzan 's true identity as John Clayton II , the Earl of Greystoke . Instead of reclaiming his inheritance from William , Tarzan chooses rather to conceal and renounce his heritage for the sake of Jane 's happiness . Characters in order of appearance ( edit ) John Clayton , Earl of Greystoke Alice Clayton ( Rutherford ) , Countess of Greystoke Black Michael Kerchak Kala Tarzan Tublat Sabor Bolgani Tantor Kulonga Mbonga Terkoz Professor Archimedes Q. Porter Jane Porter Samuel T. Philander William Cecil Clayton Esmeralda Numa Sheeta Lieutenant Paul D'Arnot Lieutenant Charpentier Captain Dufranne Father Constantine Robert Canler African animals ( edit ) African forest elephant ( Tantor ) Black panther ( Sheeta ) Western gorilla ( Bolgani ) Leopard ( Sheeta ) Lion ( Numa / Sabor ) Warthog ( Horta ) Bili ape ( Mangani ) Background ( edit ) Burroughs drifted across the United States until he was thirty - six , holding seventeen consecutive careers before he published stories . He worked as a U.S. cavalryman , a gold miner in Oregon , a cowboy in Idaho , a railroad policeman in Salt Lake City , and an owner of several failed businesses . He decided to write his own pulp fiction after being disappointed by the reading material others offered , and worked in that capacity for four years before his first novel , Tarzan of the Apes , was published . Tarzan first appeared in The All - Story in October of 1912 . The All - Story published it in its entirety in installments , and it was published in 1914 as a novel . Though The Jungle Book is sometimes cited as an influence on Burroughs ' Tarzan of the Apes , he claimed that his only inspiration was the Roman myth of Romulus and Remus . Major themes ( edit ) Recent literary criticism often focuses on the identity of the eponymous protagonist of Tarzan of the Apes . Literary scholars , such as Jeff Berglund , Mikko Tuhkanen , J. Michelle Coughlan , Bijana Oklopčić , and Catherine Jurca have examined the overlapping themes of Tarzan 's heredity , race , civilized behavior , sexuality , and escapist appeal . Writers in popular culture , such as Gore Vidal , often emphasize Tarzan 's escapist appeal . Heredity ( edit ) Burroughs himself acknowledged the centrality of the theme of heredity in the novel , and its conflict with the environment . According to his biographer , John Taliaferro , he claimed in a Writer 's Digest , `` I was mainly interested in playing with the idea of a contest between heredity and environment . For this purpose I selected an infant child of a race strongly marked by hereditary characteristics of the finer and nobler sort , and at an age at which he could not have been influenced by association with creatures of his own kind I threw him into an environment as diametrically opposite that to which he had been born as I might well conceive '' . The scholar Jeff Burglund notices that although Tarzan was brought up in the jungle far from other humans , he is inexplicably drawn back to his parents ' cabin and the objects which he finds there . He discovers a capacity for gentlemanly behavior around Jane despite no one teaching it to him . Although the African tribes which he fights practice cannibalism , and he himself eats ape corpses , he suddenly feels revulsion when he considers eating one of the African men he kills . When he refuses to eat the African , Burroughs portrays `` hereditary instinct '' as the reason . Tarzan 's genetic association with upper - class , Western civilization conditions his actions more than his violent environment , and Berglund claims that Tarzan could represent the stereotypical `` scion of English stock '' in colonialized countries . His racial superiority manifests itself through his behavior because it correlates with the ideals of Western civilization , whether he treats a woman politely or can not force himself to eat an African man . Racism ( edit ) Bijana Oklopčić emphasizes the portrayal of race in Tarzan of the Apes . He claims that Tarzan represents white , male opposition to the `` black rapist '' stereotype which was prevalent in the Southern U.S. at the time of its publication because the language which describes apes parallels propaganda against people of African descent . Catherine Jurca similarly analyzes Tarzan as opposed to tolerating the presence of people of other races and classes in favor of preserving his own culture . The way that Tarzan defends his corner of civilization , his parents ' home , from the `` savages '' who want to destroy it , reflects an early twentieth - century American attitude ; as darker - skinned immigrants flooded the country , especially urban areas , white Americans feared that their culture would be destroyed by newcomers who did not understand or care about it , and tried to protect the suburbs in the same way that Tarzan tries to protect his home . Though Burroughs ' admirers have tried to downplay claims of racism , or to explain that it was a common stereotype at the time the book was written , John Newsinger examines the extent to which Burroughs unfavorably described black characters . He wrote that Tarzan is the story of the `` whiteman 's conquest of African savagery '' , where the native Africans are portrayed as brutes whom Tarzan enjoys taunting and killing . Civilization ( edit ) Tarzan 's jungle upbringing and eventual exposure to Western civilization form another common theme in literary criticism of the novel . Berglund notes that Tarzan 's ability to read and write sets him apart from the apes , the African villagers , and the lower - class sailors in the novel , and culminates in Tarzan recognizing himself as a human for the first time ; moreover , he sees himself as a man who is superior to others unlike himself . Jeff Berglund argues that this realization exemplifies Burroughs ' portrayal of whiteness and literacy as fundamental to civilization through implying that Tarzan 's growth into a perfectly civilized person stems from his Western , white heritage and ability to read and write . However , Mikko Tuhkanen claims that the apparently civilized qualities of Tarzan , such as his interest in reading , threaten his survival as a human in the jungle . For Tuhkanen , Tarzan represents the fluidity with which humans should define themselves . He asserts , `` ( T ) he human and the nonhuman become grotesquely indistinguishable '' in the novel . Humans mistake apes for other humans , an ape tries to rape Jane , Tarzan finds a surrogate ape mother when he cries out like an ape , and he must act against his human instincts by jumping into a dangerous body of water in order to survive an attack from a lion . Because simian and human behavior blend , and because civilized habits seem to threaten human survival , Tuhkanen claims that humans must contradict the expectations of civilization regarding the characteristics of humans . For Tuhkanen , the novel exemplifies `` queer ethics , '' encouraging `` perverse sexuality '' along with other behaviors which Western civilization often discouraged . Sexuality ( edit ) J. Michelle Coughlan argues that Tarzan displays behavior which seems outside of the bounds of traditional manhood in her article `` ' Absolutely Punk : Queer Economies of Desire in Tarzan of the Apes . '' Coughlan analyzes Burroughs ' fans complaints regarding the `` punk ending '' in order to prove that contemporary readers understood Tarzan 's renunciation of Jane as unmanly . He rescues Paul D'Arnot from Africans , similarly to how he rescues Jane from rape : many of the same phrases and words describe both adventures D'Arnot later supports the reluctant Tarzan financially , similarly to the monetary motivation for marriage which Jane feels . Coughlan suggests that the novel bends traditional Western gender roles ; therefore , Tarzan unconsciously could feel homosexual desire for D'Arnot despite his apparent attraction for Jane , and D'Arnot could be treating Tarzan as a `` kept m ( a ) n , '' or paid sexual partner . Escapism ( edit ) Most of the stories that Burroughs wrote were stories that he told himself . According to Gore Vidal , when Burroughs was unsatisfied with reality , `` he consoled himself with an inner world where he was strong and handsome , adored by beautiful women and worshipped by exotic races '' . The story served for the most part as a form of masculine escape that inspired men and boys . The adventurous character of Tarzan also appealed to wider American audiences over decades as a powerful means of escaping the sense of boredom and frustration which accompanies a confining society , and to the twentieth - century American desire to reconquer a home that seemed lost . `` In the eyes of contemporary man , huddled in large cities and frustrated by a restrictive civilization , Tarzan was a joyous symbol of primitivism , an affirmation of life , endowing the reader with a Promethean sense of power '' . Adaptations ( edit ) Film adaptations ( edit ) Burroughs ' novel has been the basis of several films . The first two were the silent films Tarzan of the Apes ( 1918 ) and The Romance of Tarzan ( 1918 ) , both starring Elmo Lincoln as Tarzan , based on the first and second parts of the novel , respectively . The next and most famous adaptation was Tarzan the Ape Man ( 1932 ) , starring Johnny Weissmuller , who went on to star in 11 other Tarzan films . Lincoln was replaced by Weissmuller in real life as Clayton by Harry Holt in the films . It was remade twice , as Tarzan , the Ape Man ( 1959 ) , featuring Denny Miller , and Tarzan , the Ape Man ( 1981 ) , with Miles O'Keeffe as Tarzan and Bo Derek as Jane . Four more movie adaptations have been made to date : Greystoke : The Legend of Tarzan , Lord of the Apes ( 1984 ) , a film starring Christopher Lambert that is more faithful to the book ; Tarzan of the Apes ( 1999 ) , a direct - to - video animated film ; Tarzan ( 1999 ) , a Disney animated film with Tony Goldwyn as the voice of Tarzan ; and The Legend of Tarzan ( 2016 ) , a more historically contextualized update starring Alexander Skarsgård and Margot Robbie , as well as Christoph Waltz and Samuel L. Jackson , portraying actual figures in the Congo at that time , the brutal Belgian Captain Léon Rom and American Civil War soldier George Washington Williams , respectively . A number of Burroughs ' other Tarzan novels have also been adapted for the screen . Numerous Tarzan films have been made with no connection to his writings other than the character . Comic adaptations ( edit ) The book has been adapted into comic form on a number of occasions , both in the original Tarzan comic strip and comic books . The strip itself began with Hal Foster 's adaptation of the story . Notable adaptations into comic book form include those of Gold Key Comics in Tarzan no . 155 ( script by Gaylord DuBois , art by Russ Manning ) , dated September 1966 ( reprinted in no . 178 , dated October 1969 ) , DC Comics in Tarzan nos. 207 - 210 , dated April -- July 1972 , and Marvel in Tarzan Super Special no . 1 ( reprinted in Tarzan of the Apes nos. 1 - 2 , dated July -- August 1984 ) . Probably the most prestigious comic version , however , was illustrator and former Tarzan comic strip artist Burne Hogarth 's 1972 adaptation of the first half of the book into his showcase graphic novel Tarzan of the Apes . ( Hogarth subsequently followed up with another graphic novel Jungle Tales of Tarzan ( 1976 ) , which adapted four stories from Burroughs ' identically titled collection of Tarzan stories ) . Dynamite Entertainment adapted the story for the first six issues of Lord of the Jungle , albeit loosely ; for example , the cannibal tribe was replaced by a village of literal apemen . Radio adaptations ( edit ) See main article , Tarzan ( radio program ) . Three old - time radio series were based on the Tarzan character . Burroughs himself revised each script in the 1932 - 1934 series as needed for accuracy . That series had Burroughs ' daughter , Joan , in the role of Jane . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Taliaferro , John ( 1999 ) . Tarzan Forever . New York , NY : Scribner . pp. 75 , 78 . Jump up ^ Lupoff , Richard A. ( 2005 ) . Master of Adventure : The Worlds of Edgar Rice Burroughs . University of Nebraska Press . pp. 263 -- 265 . Jump up ^ Tarzan of the Apes , Chapter XXV , where the following line ( a diary entry by John Clayton , Tarzan 's father ) appears : `` Somehow , even against all reason , I seem to see him a grown man , taking his father 's place in the world -- the second John Clayton -- and bringing added honors to the house of Greystoke . '' Jump up ^ Lupoff , Richard A. ( 2015 - 08 - 27 ) . Edgar Rice Burroughs : Master of Adventure . Orion . ISBN 9781473208711 . Jump up ^ Fenton , Robert W. ( 1967 ) . The Big Swingers . Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice - Hall , Inc . pp. 43 -- 44 . ^ Jump up to : Vidal , Gore ( 2008 ) . The Selected Essays of Gore Vidal . New York : Doubleday . p. 18 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 52484 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Hart , James David ( 1950 ) . The Popular Book : A History of America 's Literary Taste . University of California Press . p. 219 . ISBN 9780520005389 . Jump up ^ Taliaferro , John ( 1999 ) . Tarzan Forever . New York , NY : Scribner . pp. 75 , 78 . Jump up ^ Taliaferro , John ( 1999 ) . Tarzan Forever : The Life of Edgar Rice Burroughs , Creator of Tarzan . New York : Scribner . p. 14 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 83359 - X . ^ Jump up to : Berglund , Jeff ( 1999 ) . `` Write , Right , White , Rite : Literacy , Imperialism , Race , and Cannibalism in Edgar Rice Burroughs Tarzan of the Apes '' . Studies in American Literature. 27 ( 1 ) : 63 -- via Project MUSE . Jump up ^ Burroughs , Edgar Rice ( 1914 ) . Tarzan of the Apes . p. 60 . Jump up ^ Berglund , Jeff ( 1999 ) . `` Write , Right , White , Rite : Literacy , Imperialism , Race , and Cannibalism in Edgar Rice Burroughs Tarzan of the Apes '' . Studies in American Literature. 27 ( 1 ) : 58 , 64 -- via Project MUSE . ^ Jump up to : Berglund , Jeff ( 1999 ) . `` Write , Right , White , Rite : Literacy , Imperialism , Race , and Cannibalism in Edgar Rice Burroughs Tarzan of the Apes '' . Studies in American Literature. 27 ( 1 ) : 75 -- via Project MUSE . Jump up ^ Oklopčić , Biljana . `` Adapting the Adapted : Adapting the Adapted : The Black Rapist Myth in E.R. Burroughs ' Tarzan of the Apes and Its Film Adaptations '' . Anafora. 4 : 318 , 321 . ^ Jump up to : Jurca , Catherine ( 1996 ) . `` Tarzan , Lord of the Suburbs '' . Modern Language Quarterly . 57 ( 3 ) : 483 . Jump up ^ Newsinger , John ( October 1 , 1986 ) . `` Lord Greystoke and Darkest Africa : the politics of the Tarzan stories '' . Race and Class . XXVIII : 61 -- 64 . doi : 10.1177 / 030639688602800204 -- via SAGE Journals . Jump up ^ Berglund , Jeff . `` Write , Right , White , Rite : Literacy , Imperialism , Race , and Cannibalism in Edgar Rice Burroughs ' Tarzan of the Apes '' . Studies in American Fiction. 27 ( 1 ) : 58 . Jump up ^ Tukhanen , Mikko . `` Grotesquely Becoming : Tarzan 's Queer Hominization '' . Diacritics. 44 : 32 . ^ Jump up to : Tuhkanen , Mikko . `` Grotesquely Becoming : Tarzan 's Queer Hominization '' . Diacritics. 44 : 35 . Jump up ^ Tuhkanen , Mikko . `` Grotesquely Becoming : Tarzan 's Queer Hominization '' . Diacritics. 44 : 37 . Jump up ^ Tuhkanen , Mikko . `` Grotesquely Becoming : Tarzan 's Queer Hominization '' . Diacritics. 44 : 38 . Jump up ^ Tuhkanen , Mikko . `` Grotesquely Becoming : Tarzan 's Queer Hominization '' . Diacritics. 44 : 43 . Jump up ^ Tuhkanen , Mikko . `` Grotesquely Becoming : Tarzan 's Queer Hominization '' . Diacritics. 44 : 48 , 33 . Jump up ^ Coughlan , J. Michelle ( 2012 ) . `` Absolutely Punk : Queer Economies of Desire in Tarzan of the Apes '' . In Churchwell , Sarah . Must Read : Rediscovering American Bestsellers : From Charlotte Temple to The DaVinci Code . London , England : Continuum . p. 187 . ISBN 978 - 1441162168 . Jump up ^ Coughlan , J. Michelle ( 2012 ) . `` Absolutely Punk : Queer Economies of Desire in Tarzan of the Apes '' . Must Read : Rediscovering American Bestsellers : From Charlotte Temple to The DaVinci Code . London , England : Continuum . pp. 185 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Coughlan , J. Michelle ( 2012 ) . `` Absolutely Punk : Queer Economies of Desire in Tarzan of the Apes '' . In Churchwell , Sarah . Must Read : Rediscovering American Bestsellers : From Charlotte Temple to The DaVinci Code . London , England : Continuum . pp. 188 -- 189 . ISBN 978 - 1441162168 . Jump up ^ Coughlan , J. Michelle ( 2012 ) . `` Absolutely Punk : Queer Economies of Desire in Tarzan of the Apes '' . In Churchwell , Sarah . Must Read : Rediscovering American Bestsellers : From Charlotte Temple to The DaVinci Code . London , England : Continuum . p. 186 . ISBN 978 - 1441162168 . Jump up ^ Vidal , Gore ( 2008 ) . The Selected Essays of Gore Vidal ( First ed . ) . New York : Doubleday . p. 22 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 52484 - 1 . Jump up ^ Stebbins , Barton A. ( January 15 , 1933 ) . `` '' Tarzan `` : A Modern Radio Success Story '' ( PDF ) . Broadcasting . p. 7 . Retrieved 9 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' Tarzan '' Series Tests Produce 93,000 Letters In First Eight Weeks '' ( PDF ) . Broadcasting . December 15 , 1932 . p. 13 . Retrieved 9 September 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Tarzan of the Apes Bleiler , Everett ( 1948 ) . The Checklist of Fantastic Literature . Chicago : Shasta Publishers . p. 67 . OCLC : 1113926 Burroughs , Edgar ( 2010 ) . Tarzan of the Apes . New York City : Oxford University Press . Tarzan of the Apes at Internet Archive and Google Books ( scanned books original editions ) Tarzan of the Apes at Project Gutenberg ( plain text and HTML ) Tarzan of the Apes public domain audiobook at LibriVox Tarzan of the Apes Publishing History Summary : Tarzan of the Apes , by David Bruce Bozarth . Preceded by none Tarzan series Tarzan of the Apes Succeeded by The Return of Tarzan Tarzan by Edgar Rice Burroughs Literature Edgar Rice Burroughs 's Official canon Tarzan of the Apes ( 1912 ) The Return of Tarzan ( 1913 ) The Beasts of Tarzan ( 1914 ) The Son of Tarzan ( 1915 ) Tarzan and the Jewels of Opar ( 1916 ) Jungle Tales of Tarzan ( 1919 ) Tarzan the Untamed ( 1920 ) Tarzan the Terrible ( 1921 ) Tarzan and the Golden Lion ( 1922 / 23 ) Tarzan and the Ant Men ( 1924 ) Tarzan , Lord of the Jungle ( 1927 / 28 ) Tarzan and the Lost Empire ( 1928 / 29 ) Tarzan at the Earth 's Core ( 1929 / 30 ) Tarzan the Invincible ( 1930 / 31 ) Tarzan Triumphant ( 1931 / 32 ) Tarzan and the City of Gold ( 1932 ) Tarzan and the Lion Man ( 1933 / 34 ) Tarzan and the Leopard Men ( 1932 / 33 ) Tarzan 's Quest ( 1935 / 36 ) Tarzan and the Forbidden City ( 1938 ) Tarzan the Magnificent ( 1939 ) Tarzan and the Foreign Legion ( 1947 ) Tarzan and the Madman ( 1964 ) Tarzan and the Castaways ( 1965 ) Related works The Eternal Lover ( 1925 ) The Mad King ( 1926 ) Tarzan and the Tarzan Twins ( 1963 ) Tarzan : The Lost Adventure ( 1995 ) Licensed works Tarzan and the Valley of Gold ( 1966 ) Hadon of Ancient Opar ( 1974 ) Bunduki ( 1975 ) Flight to Opar ( 1976 ) Tarzan : The Epic Adventures ( 1996 ) the Dark Heart of Time ( 1999 ) The Adventures of Tarzan ( 1921 / 2006 ) Tarzan : The Greystoke Legacy ( 2011 ) Tarzan : Return to Pal - ul - don ( 2015 ) Tarzan on the Precipice ( 2016 ) King Kong vs. Tarzan ( 2016 ) Tarzan Trilogy ( 2016 ) Tarzan : The Greystoke Legacy Under Siege ( 2017 ) Films Silent films Tarzan of the Apes ( 1918 ) The Romance of Tarzan ( 1918 ) The Revenge of Tarzan ( 1920 ) The Son of Tarzan ( 1920 ) The Adventures of Tarzan ( 1921 ) Tarzan and the Golden Lion ( 1927 ) Tarzan the Mighty ( 1928 ) Tarzan the Tiger ( 1929 ) Johnny Weissmuller Tarzan the Ape Man ( 1932 ) Tarzan and His Mate ( 1934 ) Tarzan Escapes ( 1936 ) Tarzan Finds a Son ! ( 1939 ) Tarzan 's Secret Treasure ( 1941 ) Tarzan 's New York Adventure ( 1942 ) Tarzan Triumphs ( 1943 ) Tarzan 's Desert Mystery ( 1943 ) Tarzan and the Amazons ( 1945 ) Tarzan and the Leopard Woman ( 1946 ) Tarzan and the Huntress ( 1947 ) Tarzan and the Mermaids ( 1948 ) Lex Barker Tarzan 's Magic Fountain ( 1949 ) Tarzan and the Slave Girl ( 1950 ) Tarzan 's Peril ( 1951 ) Tarzan 's Savage Fury ( 1952 ) Tarzan and the She - Devil ( 1953 ) Gordon Scott Tarzan 's Hidden Jungle ( 1955 ) Tarzan and the Lost Safari ( 1957 ) Tarzan and the Trappers ( 1958 ) Tarzan 's Fight for Life ( 1958 ) Tarzan 's Greatest Adventure ( 1959 ) Tarzan the Magnificent ( 1960 ) Jock Mahoney Tarzan Goes to India ( 1962 ) Tarzan 's Three Challenges ( 1963 ) Mike Henry Tarzan and the Valley of Gold ( 1966 ) Tarzan and the Great River ( 1967 ) Tarzan and the Jungle Boy ( 1968 ) Disney animated films Tarzan ( 1999 ) Tarzan & Jane ( 2002 ) Tarzan II ( 2005 ) Related documentaries Investigating Tarzan ( 1997 ) Tarzan : Silver Screen King of the Jungle ( 2004 ) Miscellaneous films Tarzan the Fearless ( 1933 ) The New Adventures of Tarzan ( 1935 ) Tarzan 's Revenge ( 1938 ) Vanaraja Karzan ( 1938 ) Tarzan , the Ape Man ( 1959 ) Tarzan 's Deadly Silence ( 1970 ) Tarzan and the Brown Prince ( 1972 ) Tarzan , the Ape Man ( 1981 ) Greystoke : The Legend of Tarzan ( 1984 ) Adventures of Tarzan ( 1985 ) Tarzan in Manhattan ( 1989 ) Tarzan and the Lost City ( 1998 ) Tarzan of the Apes ( 1999 ) Tarzan ( 2013 ) The Legend of Tarzan ( 2016 ) Television Series Tarzan ( 1966 - 1968 ) Tarzan , Lord of the Jungle ( 1976 - 1980 ) Tarzán ( 1991 - 1994 ) Tarzan : The Epic Adventures ( 1996 - 1997 ) The Legend of Tarzan ( 2001 - 2003 ) episodes `` Tarzan and the Caged Fury '' Tarzan ( 2003 ) Tarzan and Jane ( 2017 ) Adventure hours The Batman / Tarzan Adventure Hour The Tarzan / Lone Ranger Adventure Hour Tarzan and the Super 7 Characters Cheeta Jad - bal - ja Kala Kerchak Korak La Mangani Meriem Muviro Nkima Jane Porter Harry Holt Sabor Tantor Tarzan Tublat Waziri William Cecil Clayton Disney version Films Tarzan ( 1999 ) Tarzan & Jane ( 2002 ) Tarzan II ( 2005 ) Adaptations The Legend of Tarzan ( episodes ) Musical Tarzan 's Treehouse Video games Disney 's Tarzan Disney 's Tarzan : Untamed Disney 's Tarzan : Return to the Jungle Disney 's Tarzan Activity Center Music Music soundtrack `` You 'll Be in My Heart '' `` Strangers Like Me '' `` Son of Man '' `` Two Worlds '' Other articles Music `` Gitarzan '' ( 1969 ) `` Jungle Boogie '' ( 1973 ) `` Tarzan Boy '' ( 1985 ) `` Tarzan & Jane '' ( 1998 ) Speech Kreegah bundolo Tarzan yell Radio Tarzan ( radio program ) Games Tarzan : Lord of the Jungle Jungle Lord Comics Tarzan Akim Tarzan vs. Predator : At the Earth 's Core Batman / Tarzan : Claws of the Cat - woman Superman / Tarzan : Sons of the Jungle Tarzan on the Planet of the Apes General Edgar Rice Burroughs , Inc . Tarzanesque Tarzan Alive : A Definitive Biography of Lord Greystoke Pellucidar Brothers of the Spear Opar Zone ( play ) Tarzan and Jane ( musical ) Tarzana , Los Angeles Works by Edgar Rice Burroughs Tarzan novels Tarzan of the Apes ( 1912 ) The Return of Tarzan ( 1913 ) The Beasts of Tarzan ( 1914 ) The Son of Tarzan ( 1915 ) Tarzan and the Jewels of Opar ( 1916 ) Tarzan the Terrible ( 1921 ) Tarzan and the Golden Lion ( 1922 / 23 ) Tarzan and the Ant Men ( 1924 ) Tarzan , Lord of the Jungle ( 1927 / 28 ) Tarzan and the Lost Empire ( 1928 / 29 ) Tarzan at the Earth 's Core ( 1929 / 30 ) Tarzan the Invincible ( 1930 / 31 ) Tarzan Triumphant ( 1931 / 32 ) Tarzan and the City of Gold ( 1932 ) Tarzan and the Lion Man ( 1933 / 34 ) Tarzan and the Leopard Men ( 1932 / 33 ) Tarzan 's Quest ( 1935 / 36 ) Tarzan and the Forbidden City ( 1938 ) Tarzan and the Foreign Legion ( 1947 ) Tarzan and the Madman ( 1964 ) Tarzan : The Lost Adventure ( 1995 ) Tarzan collections Jungle Tales of Tarzan ( 1919 ) Tarzan the Untamed ( 1920 ) Tarzan the Magnificent ( 1939 ) Tarzan and the Tarzan Twins ( 1963 ) Tarzan and the Castaways ( 1965 ) Tarzan short stories Tarzan 's First Love ( 1916 ) The Capture of Tarzan ( 1916 ) The Fight for the Balu ( 1916 ) The God of Tarzan ( 1916 ) Tarzan and the Black Boy ( 1917 ) The Witch - Doctor Seeks Vengeance ( 1917 ) The End of Bukawai ( 1917 ) The Lion ( 1917 ) The Nightmare ( 1917 ) The Battle for Teeka ( 1917 ) A Jungle Joke ( 1917 ) Tarzan Rescues the Moon ( 1917 ) Tarzan the Untamed ( 1919 ) Tarzan and the Valley of Luna ( 1920 ) The Tarzan Twins ( 1927 ) Tarzan and the Tarzan Twins with Jad - Bal - Ja the Golden Lion ( 1936 ) Tarzan and the Magic Men ( 1936 ) Tarzan and the Elephant Men ( 1937 / 38 ) Tarzan and the Champion ( 1940 ) Tarzan and the Jungle Murders ( 1940 ) Tarzan and the Castaways ( 1941 ) Other jungle adventures The Man - Eater ( 1915 ) The Cave Girl ( 1925 ) The Eternal Lover ( 1925 ) Jungle Girl ( 1932 ) The Lad and the Lion ( 1938 ) Martian series A Princess of Mars ( 1917 ) The Gods of Mars ( 1918 ) The Warlord of Mars ( 1919 ) Thuvia , Maid of Mars ( 1920 ) The Chessmen of Mars ( 1922 ) The Master Mind of Mars ( 1928 ) A Fighting Man of Mars ( 1931 ) Swords of Mars ( 1936 ) Synthetic Men of Mars ( 1940 ) Llana of Gathol ( 1948 ) John Carter of Mars ( 1964 ) Pellucidar series At the Earth 's Core ( 1914 ) Pellucidar ( 1915 ) Tanar of Pellucidar ( 1929 ) Tarzan at the Earth 's Core ( 1929 ) Back to the Stone Age ( 1937 ) Land of Terror ( 1944 ) Savage Pellucidar ( 1963 ) Venus series Pirates of Venus ( 1934 ) Lost on Venus ( 1935 ) Carson of Venus ( 1939 ) Escape on Venus ( 1946 ) The Wizard of Venus ( 1964 ) Caspak series The Land That Time Forgot ( 1918 ) The People That Time Forgot ( 1918 ) Out of Time 's Abyss ( 1918 ) Other speculative fiction Beyond Thirty ( 1915 ) The Moon Maid ( 1926 ) The Monster Men ( 1929 ) `` The Resurrection of Jimber - Jaw '' ( 1937 ) Beyond the Farthest Star ( 1941 ) Tales of Three Planets ( 1964 ) Westerns The Bandit of Hell 's Bend ( 1926 ) The War Chief ( 1927 ) Apache Devil ( 1933 ) The Deputy Sheriff of Comanche County ( 1940 ) Historical novels The Outlaw of Torn ( 1914 / 1927 ) I Am a Barbarian ( 1967 ) Ruritanian romances The Mad King ( 1926 ) The Rider ( 1918 ) Contemporary novels The Mucker ( 1914 / 16 ) The Girl from Farris 's ( 1916 ) The Oakdale Affair ( 1918 ) The Efficiency Expert ( 1921 ) The Girl from Hollywood ( 1923 ) Pirate Blood ( 1970 ) Marcia of the Doorstep ( 1999 ) Other works The Oakdale Affair and The Rider ( 1937 ) Beyond Thirty and The Man - Eater ( 1957 ) Minidoka : 937th Earl of One Mile Series M ( 1998 ) You Lucky Girl ! ( 1999 ) Forgotten Tales of Love and Murder ( 2001 ) Brother Men ( 2005 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tarzan_of_the_Apes&oldid=857035530 '' Categories : American fantasy novels 1912 American novels Tarzan novels by Edgar Rice Burroughs 1912 fantasy novels Novels about orphans Novels set in Africa American fantasy novels adapted into films A.C. McClurg books Hidden categories : Articles with LibriVox links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Asturianu Eesti Español Français Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi اردو 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 04 : 12 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarzan%20of%20the%20Apes
| 2,144 |
||
deputy speaker of the house of representatives of the philippines
|
Eric Singson ( PDP - Laban ) of the Second District of Ilocos Sur Mercedes Alvarez ( NPC ) of the Sixth District of Negros Occidental Fredenil Castro ( NUP ) of the Second District of Capiz Raneo Abu ( NP ) of the Second District of Batangas Miro Quimbo ( Liberal ) of the Second District of Marikina Linabelle Villarica ( Liberal ) of 4th District of Bulacan Gwendolyn Garcia ( PDP - Laban ) of the Third District of Cebu Pia Cayetano ( Nacionalista ) of the Lone District of Taguig Sharon Garin of the AAMBIS - OWA Partylist Mylene Garcia - Albano ( PDP - Laban ) of the Second District of Davao City Bai Sandra A. Sema ( Liberal ) of 1st District of Maguindanao Ferdinand L. Hernandez ( NPC ) of 2nd District of South Cotabato Frederick Abueg ( Liberal ) of 2nd District of Palawan Rolando Andaya Jr . ( PDP - Laban ) of 1st District of Camarines Sur
|
Deputy Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines
|
deputy speaker of the house of representatives of the philippines
|
Senate Senate President Vicente Sotto III House of Representatives Speaker Gloria Macapagal Arroyo Districts Party - list representation Local legislatures ARMM Regional Legislative Assembly Provinces Cities Municipalities Barangays Executive ( show ) President of the Philippines Rodrigo Duterte Vice President of the Philippines Leni Robredo Cabinet Executive departments Local government Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court Acting Chief Justice Antonio Carpio Court of Appeals Court of Tax Appeals Sandiganbayan Ombudsman Regional Trial Courts Barangay justice Associate Justice Constitutional commissions ( show ) Civil Service Commission Commission on Elections Commission on Audit Commission on Human Rights Elections ( show ) Recent elections General : 2010 2013 2016 2019 Political parties ( show ) Lakas LDP Liberal Nacionalista NPC NUP PDP -- Laban PMP UNA Administrative divisions ( show ) Capital Regions Provinces Cities Municipalities Barangays Poblacions Sitios Puroks Related topics ( show ) Foreign relations Human rights Taxation Other countries Atlas The Deputy Speakers of the House of Representatives of the Philippines are the second highest - ranking officials of the Philippine House of Representatives . During the absence of the House Speaker , one of the House Deputy Speakers will preside over the House of Representatives . Usually the house just names 6 people as deputy speakers , but House Majority Leader Rodolfo Fariñas said in August that they will increase the numbers to cater to the supposed move to federalism . The current Deputy Speakers of the House of Representatives are the following : Eric Singson ( PDP - Laban ) of the Second District of Ilocos Sur Mercedes Alvarez ( NPC ) of the Sixth District of Negros Occidental Fredenil Castro ( NUP ) of the Second District of Capiz Raneo Abu ( NP ) of the Second District of Batangas Miro Quimbo ( Liberal ) of the Second District of Marikina Linabelle Villarica ( Liberal ) of 4th District of Bulacan Gwendolyn Garcia ( PDP - Laban ) of the Third District of Cebu Pia Cayetano ( Nacionalista ) of the Lone District of Taguig Sharon Garin of the AAMBIS - OWA Partylist Mylene Garcia - Albano ( PDP - Laban ) of the Second District of Davao City Bai Sandra A. Sema ( Liberal ) of 1st District of Maguindanao Ferdinand L. Hernandez ( NPC ) of 2nd District of South Cotabato Frederick Abueg ( Liberal ) of 2nd District of Palawan Rolando Andaya Jr . ( PDP - Laban ) of 1st District of Camarines Sur Contents 1 Duties and powers 2 List 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Duties and powers ( edit ) The duties and powers of the House Deputy Speakers , as contained in the House Rules , are the following : to assume the duties and powers of the Speaker when so chosen by a majority vote or by lot among themselves , as the case may be , when the Speaker is absent or temporarily incapacitated , until such time that the Speaker returns to the performance of his / her duties ; and , in case of resignation , removal , permanent incapacity or death of the Speaker , until such time that a new Speaker is elected and qualified ; to preside over the session when , even if present , the Speaker does not preside , or has not designated any other member as temporary presiding officer as provided in Section 14 ( h ) of Rule IV ; to monitor , coordinate and facilitate action on measures filed , requests , and other concerns of members representing constituencies in any of the island groups namely Luzon , Visayas and Mindanao , to which they may be assigned by the Speaker ; to recommend to the Speaker appropriate policies , strategies and programs of action to improve the pace and quality of legislation and to effectively address issues and concerns of members on matters affecting them , their constituencies , and the overall operations and integrity of the House ; to appoint personnel of the House when so authorized by the Speaker ; and to perform such other duties and functions as may be assigned and / or delegated by the Speaker . List ( edit ) Nacionalista Liberal KBL LDP Lakas / Lakas - Kampi NPC LAMP PDP -- Laban Party - list # Name Party District Legislature Start of service End of service Era Antonio de las Alas Nacionalista Batangas 6th Legislature 1922 1925 American Insular Government 7th Legislature Quintín Paredes Abra 8th Legislature 1928 1931 Antonio de las Alas ( 2nd time ) Batangas 9th Legislature 1931 1933 Quintín Paredes ( 2nd time ) Abra 9th Legislature 1933 1933 10th Legislature 1933 1955 5 José Zulueta Iloilo - 1st 1933 1935 1st Assembly 1935 1938 Commonwealth 2nd Assembly 1939 1941 6 Francisco Ortega Liberal La Union -- 1st 1st Congress 1946 1949 Third Republic 7 Domingo Velasco Leyte -- 2nd 2nd Congress 1949 1953 8 Daniel Romualdez Nacionalista Leyte -- 4th 3rd Congress 1954 1957 9 Constancio Castañeda Tarlac -- 2nd 4th Congress 1958 1961 10 Salipada Pendatun Liberal Cotabato 5th Congress 1962 1965 6th Congress 1966 1967 11 Jose Aldeguer Nacionalista Iloilo -- 5th 1967 1969 7th Congress 1970 1972 12 Blah Sinduat KBL Region XII Interim Batasang Pambansa 1978 1984 Fourth Republic 13 Salipada Pendatun ( 2nd Time ) Maguindanao Regular Batasang Pambansa 1984 1985 14 Macacuna Dimaporo Lanao del Sur 1985 1986 15 Antonio Cuenco LDP Cebu City -- 2nd 8th Congress June 30 , 1992 Fifth Republic 16 Raul Daza Liberal Northern Samar -- 1st 9th Congress 1992 June 30 , 1995 10th Congress 1995 June 30 , 1998 17 Simeon Datumanong Lakas Maguindanao -- 2nd 18 Hernando Perez Batangas -- 2nd 19 Alfredo Abueg LAMP Palawan -- 2nd 11th Congress 1998 2000 20 Eduardo Gullas Cebu -- 1st 21 Daisy Fuentes NPC South Cotabato -- 2nd June 30 , 2001 22 Agapito Aquino LDP Makati -- 2nd 2000 23 Erico Aumentado LAMP Bohol -- 1st 24 Nur Jaafar Tawi - Tawi 2001 25 Carlos M. Padilla Nueva Vizcaya 26 Raul Gonzalez Lakas Iloilo City 27 Raul del Mar Cebu City -- 1st 12th Congress 2001 June 30 , 2004 28 Gerry Salapuddin Basilan 29 Emilio Espinosa Jr . NPC Masbate -- 2nd 30 Benigno Aquino III Liberal Tarlac -- 2nd 13th Congress June 30 , 2007 ( 29 ) Emilio Espinosa Jr. ( continuation of 1st term ) NPC Masbate -- 2nd ( 28 ) Gerry Salapuddin ( continuation of 1st term ) Lakas Basilan ( 27 ) Raul del Mar ( continuation of 1st term ) Cebu City -- 1st 31 Eric Singson Liberal Ilocos Sur -- 2nd February 21 , 2006 14th Congress July 23 , 2007 June 30 , 2010 ( 27 ) Raul del Mar ( continuation of 1st term ) Cebu City -- 1st 32 Pablo P. Garcia Lakas Cebu -- 2nd 33 Simeon Datumanong Maguindanao -- 2nd 34 Ma . Amelita Villarosa Occidental Mindoro 35 Arnulfo Fuentebella NPC Camarines Sur -- 3rd 15th Congress July 26 , 2010 June 30 , 2013 ( 32 ) Pablo P. Garcia ( continuation of 1st term ) NUP Cebu -- 2nd 36 Jesus Crispin Remulla Nacionalista Cavite -- 7th 37 Lorenzo Tañada III Liberal Quezon -- 4th 38 Raul Daza ( 2nd time ) Northern Samar -- 1st 39 Maria Isabelle Climaco Salazar Zamboanga City -- 1st 40 Dina Abad Batanes 16th Congress July 22 , 2013 June 30 , 2016 41 Sergio Apostol Leyte -- 2nd 42 Pangalian Balindong Lanao del Sur -- 2nd 43 Carlos M. Padilla ( 2nd time ) Nacionalista Nueva Vizcaya 44 Giorgidi Aggabao NPC Isabela -- 4th 45 Roberto Puno NUP Antipolo -- 1st 46 Miro Quimbo Liberal Marikina -- 2nd 17th Congress July 25 , 2016 present 47 Eric Singson ( 2nd time ) PDP - Laban Ilocos Sur -- 2nd 48 Mercedes Alvarez NPC Negros Occidental -- 6th 49 Fredenil Castro NUP Capiz -- 2nd 50 Raneo Abu Nacionalista Batangas -- 2nd 51 Gloria Macapagal - Arroyo Lakas Pampanga -- 2nd August 15 , 2016 March 15 , 2017 52 Pia Cayetano Nacionalista Taguig -- 2nd present 53 Sharon Garin AAMBIS - OWA Party - list 54 Gwendolyn Garcia PDP - Laban Cebu -- 3rd 55 Mylene Garcia - Albano Davao City -- 2nd 56 Bai Sandra Sema Maguindanao - 1st 57 Rolando Andaya , Jr . Camarines Sur -- 1st August 16 , 2016 July 30 , 2018 58 Ferdinand Hernandez NPC South Cotabato - 2nd present 59 Frederick Abueg Liberal Palawan -- 2nd 60 Linabelle Villarica Bulacan -- 4th August 9 , 2017 Note : Deputy Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines was previously called Speaker Pro-Tempore of the House of Representatives of the Philippines . The title was used until 1995 . See also ( edit ) Majority Floor Leader of the House of Representatives of the Philippines Minority Floor Leader of the House of Representatives of the Philippines References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mara Cepeda ( 4 August 2016 ) . `` House to appoint more deputy speakers to prepare for federalism '' . Rappler . Retrieved 27 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` HOUSE LEADERS INFORMATION - DEPUTY SPEAKERS '' . House of Representatives of the Philippines . Retrieved 26 September 2016 . External links ( edit ) House of Representatives of the Philippines House of Representatives of the Philippines Officers Speaker Deputy Speakers Floor leaders Majority leader Minority leader Secretary - General Representatives Per legislative districts Malolos Congress 1st Legislature 2nd Legislature 3rd Legislature 4th Legislature 5th Legislature 6th Legislature 7th Legislature 8th Legislature Commonwealth National Assembly 2nd Republic National Assembly 1st Commonwealth Congress 2nd Commonwealth Congress / 1st Congress 2nd Congress 3rd Congress 4th Congress 5th Congress 6th Congress 7th Congress Interim Batasang Pambansa Regular Batasang Pambansa 8th Congress 9th Congress 10th Congress 11th Congress 12th Congress 13th Congress 14th Congress 15th Congress 16th Congress 17th Congress Elections 1907 Assemblymen 1909 Assemblymen 1912 Assemblymen 1916 Representatives 1919 Representatives 1922 Representatives 1925 Representatives 1928 Representatives 1931 Representatives 1934 Representatives 1935 Assemblymen 1941 Representatives 1943 Assemblymen 1946 Representatives 1949 Representatives 1953 Representatives 1957 Representatives 1961 Representatives 1965 Representatives 1969 Representatives 1978 MPs 1984 MPs Representatives 1992 Representatives 1995 Representatives 1998 Representatives 2001 Representatives Representatives 2007 Representatives Representatives 2013 Representatives 2016 Representatives 2019 Representatives Special Standing committees Accounts Agrarian Reform Agriculture and Food Appropriations Banks and Financial Intermediaries Civil Service and Professional Regulation Constitutional Amendments Cooperatives Development Dangerous Drugs Ecology Economic Affairs Energy Ethics and Privileges Foreign Affairs Games and Amusements Public Accountability Government Enterprises and Privatization Government Reorganization Health Higher and Technical Education Housing and Urban Development Human Rights Information and Communications Technology Interparliamentary Relations and Diplomacy Justice Labor and Employment Legislative Franchises Local Government Metro Manila Development MIndanao Affairs National Cultural Communities National Defense and Security Natural Resources Overseas Workers Affairs People 's Participation Population and Family Relations Poverty Alleviation Public Information Public Order and Safety Public Services Public Works and Highways Revisions of Laws Rules Rural Development Science and Technology Small Business and Entrepreneurship Development Social Services Tourism Trade and Industry Transportation Veterans Affairs and Welfare Ways and Means Welfare of Children Women and Gender Equality Youth and Sports Development Other bodies Commission on Appointments Electoral Tribunal Judicial and Bar Council See also Malolos Congress Philippine Assembly Commonwealth National Assemby Second Philippine Republic National Assembly Batasang Pambansa Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deputy_Speaker_of_the_House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines&oldid=854592107 '' Categories : Deputy Speakers of the House of Representatives of the Philippines Legislative deputy speakers Political office - holders in the Philippines Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 13 : 00 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy%20Speaker%20of%20the%20House%20of%20Representatives%20of%20the%20Philippines
| 2,145 |
||
what is added to steel to make it stainless
|
Stainless steel
|
stainless steel
|
In metallurgy , stainless steel , also known as inox steel or inox from French inoxydable ( inoxidizable ) , is a steel alloy with a minimum of 10.5 % chromium content by mass .
|
Stainless steels are notable for their corrosion resistance , which increases with increasing chromium content . Molybdenum additions increase corrosion resistance in reducing acids and against pitting attack in chloride solutions . Thus , there are numerous grades of stainless steel with varying chromium and molybdenum contents to suit the environment the alloy must endure . Thus stainless steels are used where both the strength of steel and corrosion resistance are required . Stainless steel 's resistance to corrosion and staining , low maintenance , and familiar lustre make it an ideal material for many applications . Stainless steels are rolled into sheets , plates , bars , wire , and tubing to be used in cookware , cutlery , surgical instruments , major appliances and as construction material in large buildings , such as the Chrysler Building . As well as , industrial equipment ( for example , in paper mills , chemical plants , water treatment ) , and storage tanks and tankers for chemicals and food products ( for example , chemical tankers and road tankers ) . Stainless steel 's corrosion resistance , the ease with which it can be steam cleaned and sterilized and no need for other surface coatings has also influenced its use in commercial kitchens and food processing plants . Contents ( hide ) 1 Corrosion resistance 1.1 Acids 1.2 Bases 1.3 Organics 1.4 Localized corrosion 1.5 High temperature corrosion ( scaling ) 2 Properties 2.1 Electricity and magnetism 2.2 Galling 3 History 4 Stainless steel families 4.1 Austenitic stainless steel 4.2 Ferritic stainless steels 4.3 Martensitic stainless steels 4.4 Duplex stainless steel 4.5 Grades 4.6 Comparison of standardized steels 5 Standard finishes 6 Applications 6.1 Architecture 6.2 Water 6.3 Pulp , Paper and Biomass conversion 6.4 Chemical Processing and Petrochemical 6.5 Food and Beverage 6.6 Locomotion 6.7 Medicine 6.8 Culinary use 6.9 Jewelry 6.10 Firearms 6.11 3D printing 7 Recycling and reusing 8 Nanoscale stainless steel 9 Health effects 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Corrosion resistance ( edit ) Stainless steel ( bottom row ) resists salt - water corrosion better than aluminium - bronze ( top row ) or copper - nickel alloys ( middle row ) Stainless steels do not suffer uniform corrosion , like carbon steel , when exposed to wet environments . Unprotected carbon steel rusts readily when exposed to the combination of air and moisture . The resulting iron oxide surface layer ( the rust ) is porous and fragile . Since iron oxide occupies a larger volume than the original steel this layer expands and tends to flake and fall away exposing the underlying steel to further attack . In comparison , stainless steels contain sufficient chromium to undergo passivation , spontaneously forming a microscopically thin inert surface film of chromium oxide by reaction with the oxygen in air and even the small amount of dissolved oxygen in water . This passive film prevents further corrosion by blocking oxygen diffusion to the steel surface and thus prevents corrosion from spreading into the bulk of the metal . This film is self - repairing if it is scratched or temporarily disturbed by an upset condition in the environment that exceeds the inherent corrosion resistance of that grade . However , stainless steels may suffer uniform corrosion when exposed to acidic or basic solutions . Whether a stainless steel corrodes depends on the kind and concentration of acid or base , and the solution temperature . Uniform corrosion is typically easy to avoid because of extensive published corrosion data or easy to perform laboratory testing . Unfortunately , stainless steels are susceptible to localized corrosion under certain conditions , which need to be recognized and avoided . Such localized corrosion is problematic for stainless steels because it is unexpected and more difficult to predict . Stainless steel is not completely immune to corrosion in this desalination equipment Acids ( edit ) Acidic solutions can be categorized into two general categories , reducing acids such as hydrochloric acid and dilute sulfuric acid , and oxidizing acids such as nitric acid and concentrated sulfuric acid . Increasing chromium and molybdenum contents provide increasing resistance to reducing acids , while increasing chromium and silicon contents provide increasing resistance to oxidizing acids . Sulfuric acid is the largest tonnage industrial chemical manufactured . At room temperature Type 304 is only resistant up to 3 % acid while Type 316 is resistant up to 50 C and up to 20 % acid at room temperature . Thus Type 304 is rarely used in contact with sulfuric acid . Type 904 and Alloy 20 are resistant to sulfuric acid at even higher concentrations above room temperature . Hydrochloric acid will damage any kind of stainless steel , and should be avoided . All types of stainless steel resist attack from phosphoric acid and nitric acid at room temperature . At high concentration and elevated temperature attack will occur and higher alloy stainless steels are required . Concentrated sulfuric acid possesses oxidizing characteristics like nitric acid and thus silicon bearing stainless steels also find application . In general , organic acids are less corrosive than mineral acids such as hydrochloric and sulfuric acid . As the molecular weight of organic acids increase their corrosivity decreases . Formic acid has the lowest molecular weight and is a strong acid . Type 304 can be used with formic acid though it will tend to discolor the solution . Acetic acid is probably the most commercially important of the organic acids and Type 316 is commonly used for storing and handling acetic acid . Bases ( edit ) Stainless steels Type 304 and 316 are unaffected by any of the weak bases such as ammonium hydroxide , even in high concentrations and at high temperatures . The same grades of stainless exposed to stronger bases such as sodium hydroxide at high concentrations and high temperatures will likely experience some etching and cracking . Increasing chromium and nickel contents provide increasing resistance . Organics ( edit ) All grades resist damage from aldehydes and amines , though in the latter case grade 316 is preferable to 304 ; cellulose acetate will damage 304 unless the temperature is kept low . Fats and fatty acids only affect grade 304 at temperatures above 150 ° C ( 302 ° F ) , and grade 316 above 260 ° C ( 500 ° F ) , while 317 is unaffected at all temperatures . Type 316L is required for processing of urea . Localized corrosion ( edit ) Localized corrosion can occur in a number of ways , e.g. pitting corrosion , crevice corrosion and stress corrosion cracking . Such localized attack is most common in the presence of chloride ions . Increasing chromium , molybdenum and nitrogen contents provide increasing resistance to localized corrosion and thus increasing chloride levels require more highly alloyed stainless steels . In general , higher chromium , molybdenum and nitrogen contents provide greater resistance to localized corrosion . Design and good fabrication techniques combined with correct alloy selection can prevent such corrosion . Localized corrosion can be difficult to predict because it is dependent on many factors including : Chloride ion concentration ( Unfortunately , even when the chloride solution concentration is known , it is still possible for chloride ions to concentrate , such as in crevices ( e.g. under gaskets ) or on surfaces in vapor spaces due to evaporation and condensation . ) Increasing temperature increases susceptibility Increasing acidity increases susceptibility Stagnant conditions increase susceptibility The presence of oxidizing species , such as ferric and cupric ions High temperature corrosion ( scaling ) ( edit ) At elevated temperatures all metals react with hot gases . The most common high temperature gaseous mixture is air , and oxygen is the most reactive component of air . Carbon steel is limited to ~ 900 F in air . Chromium in stainless steel reacts with oxygen to form a chromium oxide scale which reduces oxygen diffusion into the material . The minimum 10.5 % chromium in stainless steels provides resistance to ~ 1300 F , while 26 % chromium provides resistance up to ~ 2200 F. Type 304 , the most common grade of stainless steel with 18 % chromium is resistant to ~ 1600 F. Other gases such as sulfur dioxide , hydrogen sulfide , carbon monoxide , chlorine , etc. also attack stainless steel . Resistance to other gases is dependent on the type of gas , the temperature and the alloying content of the stainless steel . Properties ( edit ) Electricity and magnetism ( edit ) left nut is not in inox and is rusty Like steel , stainless steel is a relatively poor conductor of electricity , with significantly lower electrical conductivity than copper . Other metals in contact with stainless steel , particularly in a damp or acidic environment , may suffer galvanic corrosion even though the stainless metal may be unaffected . Ferritic and martensitic stainless steels are magnetic . Annealed austenitic stainless steels are non-magnetic . Work hardening can make austenitic stainless steels slightly magnetic . Galling ( edit ) When stainless steel parts such as nuts and bolts are forced together , the oxide layer can be scraped off , allowing the parts to weld together . When forcibly disassembled , the welded material may be torn and pitted , a destructive effect known as galling . Galling can be avoided by the use of dissimilar materials for the parts forced together , for example bronze and stainless steel , or even different types of stainless steels ( martensitic against austenitic ) . However , two different alloys electrically connected in a humid , even mildly acidic environment may act as a voltaic pile and corrode faster . Nitronic alloys , made by selective alloying with manganese and nitrogen , may have a reduced tendency to gall . Additionally , threaded joints may be lubricated to provide a film between the two parts and prevent galling . Low - temperature carburizing is another option that virtually eliminates galling and allows the use of similar materials without the risk of corrosion and the need for lubrication . History ( edit ) An announcement , as it appeared in the 1915 New York Times , of the development of stainless steel in Sheffield , England . The corrosion resistance of iron - chromium alloys was first recognized in 1821 by French metallurgist Pierre Berthier , who noted their resistance against attack by some acids and suggested their use in cutlery . Metallurgists of the 19th century were unable to produce the combination of low carbon and high chromium found in most modern stainless steels , and the high - chromium alloys they could produce were too brittle to be practical . In 1872 , the Englishmen Clark and Woods patented an alloy that would today be considered a stainless steel . In the late 1890s Hans Goldschmidt of Germany developed an aluminothermic ( thermite ) process for producing carbon - free chromium . Between 1904 and 1911 several researchers , particularly Leon Guillet of France , prepared alloys that would today be considered stainless steel . Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft built the 366 - ton sailing yacht Germania featuring a chrome - nickel steel hull in Germany in 1908 . In 1911 , Philip Monnartz reported on the relationship between chromium content and corrosion resistance . On 17 October 1912 , Krupp engineers Benno Strauss and Eduard Maurer patented austenitic stainless steel as Nirosta . Similar developments were taking place contemporaneously in the United States , where Christian Dantsizen and Frederick Becket were industrializing ferritic stainless steel . In 1912 , Elwood Haynes applied for a US patent on a martensitic stainless steel alloy , which was not granted until 1919 . Monument to Harry Brearley at the former Brown Firth Research Laboratory in Sheffield , England In 1912 , Harry Brearley of the Brown - Firth research laboratory in Sheffield , England , while seeking a corrosion - resistant alloy for gun barrels , discovered and subsequently industrialized a martensitic stainless steel alloy . The discovery was announced two years later in a January 1915 newspaper article in The New York Times . The metal was later marketed under the `` Staybrite '' brand by Firth Vickers in England and was used for the new entrance canopy for the Savoy Hotel in London in 1929 . Brearley applied for a US patent during 1915 only to find that Haynes had already registered a patent . Brearley and Haynes pooled their funding and with a group of investors formed the American Stainless Steel Corporation , with headquarters in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . In the beginning stainless steel was sold in the US under different brand names like `` Allegheny metal '' and `` Nirosta steel '' . Even within the metallurgy industry the eventual name remained unsettled ; in 1921 one trade journal was calling it `` unstainable steel '' . In 1929 , before the Great Depression hit , over 25,000 tons of stainless steel were manufactured and sold in the US . Stainless steel families ( edit ) Main article : SAE steel grades Within stainless steels , there are four families Austenitic stainless steel ( include the so - called super-austenitics ) When nickel is added , the austenite structure of iron is stabilized . This crystal structure makes such steels virtually non-magnetic and less brittle at low temperatures . Significant quantities of manganese have been used in many stainless steel compositions . Manganese preserves an austenitic structure in the steel , similar to nickel , but at a lower cost . Ferritic stainless steel Martensitic stainless steel For greater hardness and strength , more carbon is added . With proper heat treatment , these steels are used for such products as razor blades , cutlery , and tools . Duplex stainless steel ( also called austenitic - ferritic stainless steels ) Pipes and fittings made of stainless steel Stainless steels are also classified by their crystalline structure : Austenitic stainless steel ( edit ) Austenitic stainless steels Also called 200 and 300 series , stainless steels have an austenitic crystalline structure , which is a face - centered cubic crystal structure . Austenite steels make up over 70 % of total stainless steel production . They contain a maximum of 0.15 % carbon , a minimum of 16 % chromium , and sufficient nickel and / or manganese to retain an austenitic structure at all temperatures from the cryogenic region to the melting point of the alloy . 200 Series -- austenitic chromium - nickel - manganese alloys . Type 201 is hardenable through cold working ; Type 202 is a general purpose stainless steel . Decreasing nickel content and increasing manganese results in weak corrosion resistance . 300 Series . The most widely used austenite steel is the 304 , also known as 18 / 8 for its composition of 18 % chromium and 8 % nickel . 304 may be referred to as A2 stainless ( not to be confused with AISI grade A2 air hardening alloy tool steel containing about 5 % chromium ) . The second most common austenite steel is the 316 grade , also referred to as A4 stainless and called marine grade stainless , used primarily for its increased resistance to corrosion . A typical composition of 18 % chromium and 10 % nickel , commonly known as 18 / 10 stainless , is often used in cutlery and high - quality cookware. 18 / 0 is also available . Superaustenitic stainless steels , such as Allegheny Ludlum alloy AL - 6XN and 254SMO , exhibit great resistance to chloride pitting and crevice corrosion because of high molybdenum content ( > 6 % ) and nitrogen additions , and the higher nickel content ensures better resistance to stress - corrosion cracking versus the 300 series . The higher alloy content of superaustenitic steels makes them more expensive . Other steels can offer similar performance at lower cost and are preferred in certain applications . For example ASTM A387 is used in pressure vessels but is a low - alloy carbon steel with a chromium content of 0.5 % to 9 % . Low - carbon versions , for example 316L or 304L , are used to avoid corrosion problems caused by welding . Grade 316LVM is preferred where biocompatibility is required ( such as body implants and piercings ) . The `` L '' means that the carbon content of the alloy is below 0.03 % , which reduces the sensitization effect ( precipitation of chromium carbides at grain boundaries ) caused by the high temperatures involved in welding . Ferritic stainless steels ( edit ) Ferritic stainless steels generally have better engineering properties than austenitic grades , but have reduced corrosion resistance , because of the lower chromium and nickel content . They are also usually less expensive . Ferritic stainless steels have a body - centered cubic crystal system and contain between 10.5 % and 27 % chromium with very little nickel , if any , but some types can contain lead . Most compositions include molybdenum ; some , aluminium or titanium . Common ferritic grades include 18Cr - 2Mo , 26Cr - 1Mo , 29Cr - 4Mo , and 29Cr - 4Mo - 2Ni . These alloys can be degraded by the presence of sigma chromium , an intermetallic phase which can precipitate upon welding . Swiss Army knives are made of martensitic stainless steel . Martensitic stainless steels ( edit ) Martensitic stainless steels are usually not as corrosion - resistant as the other two classes but are extremely strong and tough , as well as highly machinable , and can be hardened by heat treatment . Martensitic stainless steel contains chromium ( 12 -- 14 % ) , molybdenum ( 0.2 -- 1 % ) , nickel ( less than 2 % ) , and carbon ( about 0.1 -- 1 % ) ( giving it more hardness but making the material a bit more brittle ) . It is quenched and magnetic . Duplex stainless steel ( edit ) Duplex stainless steels have a mixed microstructure of austenite and ferrite , the aim usually being to produce a 50 / 50 mix , although in commercial alloys the ratio may be 40 / 60 . Duplex stainless steels have roughly twice the strength compared to austenitic stainless steels and also improved resistance to localized corrosion , particularly pitting , crevice corrosion and stress corrosion cracking . They are characterized by high chromium ( 19 -- 32 % ) and molybdenum ( up to 5 % ) and lower nickel contents than austenitic stainless steels . The properties of duplex stainless steels are achieved with an overall lower alloy content than similar - performing super-austenitic grades , making their use cost - effective for many applications . Duplex grades are characterized into groups based on their alloy content and corrosion resistance . Lean duplex refers to grades such as UNS S32101 ( LDX 2101 ) , S32202 ( UR2202 ) , S32304 , and S32003 . Standard duplex refers to grades with 22 % chromium , such as UNS S31803 / S32205 , with 2205 being the most widely used . Super duplex is by definition a duplex stainless steel with a Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number ( PREN ) > 40 , where PREN = % Cr + 3.3 x ( % Mo + 0.5 x % W ) + 16x % N. Usually super duplex grades have 25 % or more chromium . Some common examples are S32760 ( Zeron 100 via Rolled Alloys ) , S32750 ( 2507 ) , and S32550 ( Ferralium 255 via Langley Alloys ) . Hyper duplex refers to duplex grades with a PRE > 48 . UNS S32707 and S33207 are the only grades currently available on the market . Precipitation - hardening martensitic stainless steels have corrosion resistance comparable to austenitic varieties , but can be precipitation hardened to even higher strengths than the other martensitic grades . The most common , 17 - 4PH , uses about 17 % chromium and 4 % nickel . The designation `` CRES '' is used in various industries to refer to corrosion - resistant steel . Most mentions of CRES refer to stainless steel , although the correspondence is not absolute , because there are other materials that are corrosion - resistant but not stainless steel . Grades ( edit ) See also : Steel grades and SAE steel grades There are over 150 grades of stainless steel , of which 15 are most commonly used . There are a number of systems for grading stainless and other steels , including US SAE steel grades . Comparison of standardized steels ( edit ) EN - standard Steel no. k.h.s DIN EN - standard Steel name SAE grade UNS 1.4512 X6CrTi12 409 S40900 410 S41000 1.4016 X6Cr17 430 S43000 1.4109 X65CrMo14 440A S44002 1.4112 440B S44003 1.4125 X105CrMo17 440C S44004 440F S44020 1.4310 X10CrNi18 - 8 301 S30100 1.4318 X2CrNiN18 - 7 301LN 1.4301 X5CrNi18 - 10 304 S30400 1.4307 X2CrNi18 - 9 304L S30403 1.4306 X2CrNi19 - 11 304L S30403 1.4311 X2CrNiN18 - 10 304LN S30453 1.4948 X6CrNi18 - 11 304H S30409 1.4303 X5CrNi18 - 12 305 S30500 X5CrNi30 - 9 312 1.4841 X22CrNi2520 310 S31000 1.4845 X 5 CrNi 2520 310S S31008 1.4401 X5CrNiMo17 - 12 - 2 316 S31600 1.4408 G-X 6 CrNiMo 18 - 10 316 S31600 1.4436 X3CrNiMo17 - 13 - 3 316 S31600 1.4406 X2CrNiMoN17 - 12 - 2 316LN S31653 1.4404 X2CrNiMo17 - 12 - 2 316L S31603 1.4432 X2CrNiMo17 - 12 - 3 316L S31603 1.4435 X2CrNiMo18 - 14 - 3 316L S31603 1.4571 X6CrNiMoTi17 - 12 - 2 316Ti S31635 1.4429 X2CrNiMoN17 - 13 - 3 316LN S31653 1.4438 X2CrNiMo18 - 15 - 4 317L S31703 1.4541 X6CrNiTi18 - 10 321 S32100 1.4878 X12CrNiTi18 - 9 321H S32109 1.4362 X2CrNi23 - 4 2304 S32304 1.4462 X2CrNiMoN22 - 5 - 3 2205 S31803 / S32205 1.4501 X2CrNiMoCuWN25 - 7 - 4 J405 S32760 1.4539 X1NiCrMoCu25 - 20 - 5 904L N08904 1.4529 X1NiCrMoCuN25 - 20 - 7 N08926 1.4547 X1CrNiMoCuN20 - 18 - 7 254SMO S31254 Standard finishes ( edit ) Main article : Brushed metal 316L stainless steel , with an unpolished , mill finish Standard mill finishes can be applied to flat rolled stainless steel directly by the rollers and by mechanical abrasives . Steel is first rolled to size and thickness and then annealed to change the properties of the final material . Any oxidation that forms on the surface ( mill scale ) is removed by pickling , and a passivation layer is created on the surface . A final finish can then be applied to achieve the desired aesthetic appearance . No. 0 : Hot rolled , annealed , thicker plates No. 1 : Hot rolled , annealed and passivated No. 2D : Cold rolled , annealed , pickled and passivated No. 2B : Same as above with additional pass through highly polished rollers No. 2BA : Bright annealed ( BA or 2R ) same as above then bright annealed under oxygen - free atmospheric condition No. 3 : Coarse abrasive finish applied mechanically No. 4 : Brushed finish No. 5 : Satin finish No. 6 : Matte finish ( brushed but smoother than # 4 ) No. 7 : Reflective finish No. 8 : Mirror finish No. 9 : Bead blast finish No. 10 : Heat colored finish -- offering a wide range of electropolished and heat colored surfaces Applications ( edit ) The 630 - foot - high ( 190 m ) , stainless - clad ( type 304 ) Gateway Arch defines St. Louis 's skyline The pinnacle of New York 's Chrysler Building is clad with Nirosta stainless steel , a form of Type 302 An art deco sculpture on the Niagara - Mohawk Power building in Syracuse , New York Stainless steel is used for industrial equipment when durability and cleanability are important Architecture ( edit ) Main article : Architectural steel Stainless steel is used for buildings for both practical and aesthetic reasons . Stainless steel was in vogue during the art deco period . The most famous example of this is the upper portion of the Chrysler Building ( pictured ) . Some diners and fast - food restaurants use large ornamental panels and stainless fixtures and furniture . Because of the durability of the material , many of these buildings still retain their original appearance . Stainless steel is used today in building construction because of its durability and because it is a weldable building metal that can be made into aesthetically pleasing shapes . An example of a building in which these properties are exploited is the Art Gallery of Alberta in Edmonton , which is wrapped in stainless steel . Type 316 stainless is used on the exterior of both the Petronas Twin Towers and the Jin Mao Building , two of the world 's tallest skyscrapers . The Parliament House of Australia in Canberra has a stainless steel flagpole weighing over 220 metric tons ( 240 short tons ) . The aeration building in the Edmonton Composting Facility , the size of 14 hockey rinks , is the largest stainless steel building in North America . Bridges The Helix Bridge is a pedestrian bridge linking Marina Centre with Marina South in the Marina Bay area in Singapore . Cala Galdana Bridge in Menorca ( Spain ) was the first stainless steel road bridge . Sant Fruitos Pedestrian Bridge ( Catalonia , Spain ) , arch pedestrian bridge . Padre Arrupe Bridge ( Bilbao , Spain ) links the Guggenheim museum to the University of Deusto . Monuments and sculptures Unisphere , constructed as the theme symbol of the 1964 New York World 's Fair , is constructed of Type 304L stainless steel as a spherical framework with a diameter of 120 feet ( 37 m ) ( New York City ) Gateway Arch ( pictured ) is clad entirely in stainless steel : 886 tons ( 804 metric tons ) of 0.25 in ( 6.4 mm ) plate , # 3 finish , type 304 stainless steel . ( St. Louis , Missouri ) United States Air Force Memorial has an austenitic stainless steel structural skin ( Arlington , Virginia ) Atomium was renovated with stainless - steel cladding in a renovation completed in 2006 ; previously the spheres and tubes of the structure were clad in aluminium ( Brussels , Belgium ) Cloud Gate sculpture by Anish Kapoor ( Chicago , Illinois ) Sibelius Monument is made entirely of stainless steel tubes ( Helsinki , Finland ) The Kelpies ( Falkirk , Scotland ) Man of Steel ( sculpture ) under construction ( Rotherham , England ) Juraj Jánošík monument ( Terchova , Slovakia ) Airports Stainless steel is a modern trend for roofing material for airports due to its low glare reflectance to keep pilots from being blinded , also for its properties that allow thermal reflectance in order to keep the surface of the roof close to ambient temperature . The Hamad International Airport in Qatar was built with all stainless steel roofing for these reasons , as well as the Sacramento International Airport in California . Water ( edit ) Stainless steels have a long history of application in contact with water due to their excellent corrosion resistance . Applications include a range of conditions from plumbing , potable and waste water treatment to desalination . Types 304 and 316 stainless steels are standard materials of construction in contact with water . However , with increasing chloride contents higher alloyed stainless steels such as Type 2205 and super austenitic and super duplex stainless steels are utilized . Important considerations to achieve optimum corrosion performance are : choose the correct grade for the chloride content of the water ; avoid crevices when possible by good design ; follow good fabrication practices , particularly removing weld heat tint ; drain promptly after hydrotesting . Pulp , paper and biomass conversion ( edit ) Stainless steels are used extensively in the Pulp and Paper industry for two primary reasons , to avoid iron contamination of the product and their corrosion resistance to the various chemicals used in the paper making process . A wide range stainless steels are used throughout the paper making process . For example , duplex stainless steels are being used in digesters to convert wood chips into wood pulp . 6 % Mo superaustenitics are used in the bleach plant and Type 316 is used extensively in the paper machine . Chemical processing and Petrochemical ( edit ) Stainless steels are used extensively in these industries for their corrosion resistance to both aqueous , gaseous and high temperature environments , their mechanical properties at all temperatures from cryogenic to the very high , and occasionally for other special physical properties . Food and Beverage ( edit ) Austenitic ( 300 series ) stainless steel , in particular Type 304 and 316 , is the material of choice for the Food & Beverage industry . Stainless steels do not affect the taste of the product , they are easily cleaned and sterilized to prevent bacterial contamination of the food , and they are durable . Stainless steels are used extensively in : Cookware Commercial food processing Commercial kitchens Brewing beer Wine making Meat processing Acidic foods with high salt additions , such as tomato sauce , and highly salted condiments , such as soya sauce may require higher alloyed stainless steels such as 6 % Mo superaustenitics to prevent pitting corrosion by chloride . Locomotion ( edit ) Automotive bodies The Allegheny Ludlum Corporation worked with Ford on various concept cars with stainless steel bodies from the 1930s through the 1970s to demonstrate the material 's potential . The 1957 and 1958 Cadillac Eldorado Brougham had a stainless steel roof . In 1981 and 1982 , the DeLorean DMC - 12 production automobile used Type - 304 stainless steel body panels over a glass - reinforced plastic monocoque . Intercity buses made by Motor Coach Industries are partially made of stainless steel . The aft body panel of the Porsche Cayman model ( 2 - door coupe hatchback ) is made of stainless steel . It was discovered during early body prototyping that conventional steel could not be formed without cracking ( due to the many curves and angles in that automobile ) . Thus , Porsche was forced to use stainless steel on the Cayman . Some automotive manufacturers use stainless steel as decorative highlights in their vehicles . Passenger rail cars Rail cars have commonly been manufactured using corrugated stainless steel panels ( for additional structural strength ) . This was particularly popular during the 1960s and 1970s , but has since declined . One notable example was the early Pioneer Zephyr . Notable former manufacturers of stainless steel rolling stock included the Budd Company ( USA ) , which has been licensed to Japan 's Tokyu Car Corporation , and the Portuguese company Sorefame . Many railcars in the United States are still manufactured with stainless steel , unlike other countries who have shifted away . Aircraft Budd also built two airplanes , the Budd BB - 1 Pioneer and the Budd RB - 1 Conestoga , of stainless steel tube and sheet . The first , which had fabric wing coverings , is on display at the Franklin Institute , being the longest continuous display of an aircraft ever , since 1934 . The RB - 2 Was almost all stainless steel , save for the control surfaces . One survives at the Pima Air & Space Museum , adjacent to Davis -- Monthan Air Force Base . The American Fleetwings Sea Bird amphibious aircraft of 1936 was also built using a spot - welded stainless steel hull . Due to its thermal stability , the Bristol Aeroplane Company built the all - stainless steel Bristol 188 high - speed research aircraft , which first flew in 1963 . However , the practical problems encountered meant that Concorde employed aluminium alloys . The use of stainless steel in mainstream aircraft is hindered by its excessive weight compared to other materials , such as aluminium . Medicine ( edit ) Surgical tools and medical equipment are usually made of stainless steel , because of its durability and ability to be sterilized in an autoclave . In addition , surgical implants such as bone reinforcements and replacements ( e.g. hip sockets and cranial plates ) are made with special alloys formulated to resist corrosion , mechanical wear , and biological reactions in vivo . Stainless steel is used in a variety of applications in dentistry . It is common to use stainless steel in many instruments that need to be sterilized , such as needles , endodontic files in root canal therapy , metal posts in root canal -- treated teeth , temporary crowns and crowns for deciduous teeth , and arch wires and brackets in orthodontics . The surgical stainless steel alloys ( e.g. , 316 low - carbon steel ) have also been used in some of the early dental implants . Culinary use ( edit ) Stainless steel is often preferred for kitchen sinks because of its ruggedness , durability , heat resistance , and ease of cleaning . In better models , acoustic noise is controlled by applying resilient undercoating to dampen vibrations . The material is also used for cladding of surfaces such as appliances and backsplashes . Cookware and bakeware may be clad in stainless steels , to enhance their cleanability and durability , and to permit their use in induction cooking ( this requires a magnetic grade of stainless steel , such as 432 ) . Because stainless steel is a poor conductor of heat , it is often used as a thin surface cladding over a core of copper or aluminium , which conduct heat more readily . Cutlery is normally stainless steel , for low corrosion , ease of cleaning , negligible toxicity , as well as not flavoring the food by electrolytic activity . Jewelry ( edit ) Stainless steel is used for jewelry and watches , with 316L being the type commonly used for such applications . It can be re-finished by any jeweler and will not oxidize or turn black . Valadium , a stainless steel and 12 % nickel alloy is used to make class and military rings . Valadium is usually silver - toned , but can be electro - plated to give it a gold tone . The gold tone variety is known as Sun - lite Valadium . Other `` Valadium '' types of alloy are trade - named differently , with such names as `` Siladium '' and `` White Lazon '' . Firearms ( edit ) Some firearms incorporate stainless steel components as an alternative to blued or parkerized steel . Some handgun models , such as the Smith & Wesson Model 60 and the Colt M1911 pistol , can be made entirely from stainless steel . This gives a high - luster finish similar in appearance to nickel plating . Unlike plating , the finish is not subject to flaking , peeling , wear - off from rubbing ( as when repeatedly removed from a holster ) , or rust when scratched . 3D printing ( edit ) Some 3D printing providers have developed proprietary stainless steel sintering blends for use in rapid prototyping . One of the more popular stainless steel grades used in 3D printing is 316L stainless steel . Due to the high temperature gradient and fast rate of solidification , stainless steel products manufactured via 3D printing tend to have a more refined microstructure ; this in turn results in better mechanical properties . However , stainless steel is not used as much as materials like Ti6Al4V in the 3D printing industry ; this is because manufacturing stainless steel products via traditional methods is currently much more economically competitive . Recycling and reusing ( edit ) Stainless steel is 100 % recyclable . An average stainless steel object is composed of about 60 % recycled material of which approximately 40 % originates from end - of - life products and about 60 % comes from manufacturing processes . According to the International Resource Panel 's Metal Stocks in Society report , the per capita stock of stainless steel in use in society is 80 -- 180 kg in more developed countries and 15 kg in less - developed countries . There is a secondary market that recycles usable scrap for many stainless steel markets . The product is mostly coil , sheet , and blanks . This material is purchased at a less - than - prime price and sold to commercial quality stampers and sheet metal houses . The material may have scratches , pits , and dents but is made to the current specifications . Nanoscale stainless steel ( edit ) Stainless steel nanoparticles have been produced in the laboratory . This synthesis uses oxidative Kirkendall diffusion to build a thin protective barrier which prevent further oxidation . These may have applications as additives for high performance applications . For examples , sulfurization , phosphorization and nitridation treatments to produce nanoscale stainless steel based catalysts could enhance the electrocatalytic performance of stainless steel for water splitting . Health effects ( edit ) Stainless steel is generally considered to be biologically inert , but some sensitive individuals develop a skin irritation due to a nickel allergy caused by certain alloys . Stainless steel leaches small amounts of nickel and chromium during cooking . See also ( edit ) Argon oxygen decarburization Crucible Industries List of blade materials List of steel producers Panel edge staining Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number Marine grade stainless Pilling -- Bedworth ratio Rouging Stainless steel fiber Stainless steel soap References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Stainless Steel Family '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 8 December 2012 . Jump up ^ acom 2 - 2006 Passive Films on Stainless Steel -- Recent Nano - Range Research , Claes - Olsson , Outokumpu , Avesta Research Center . Jump up ^ International Nickel Company ( 1983 ) . `` The Corrosion Resistance of Nickel - Containing Alloys in Sulphuric Acid and Related Compounds '' . Nickel Institute . Jump up ^ C.M. Schillmoller ( 1990 ) . `` Selection and Performance of Stainless Steel and other Nickel - Bearing Alloys in Sulphuric Acid '' . Nickel Institute . ^ Jump up to : Davis ( 1994 ) , Stainless Steels , Joseph R. , ASM International , p. 118 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 87170 - 503 - 7 Jump up ^ C.M. Schillmoller ( 1988 ) . `` Alloys to Resist Chlorine , Hydrogen Chloride and Hydrochloric Acid '' . Nickel Institute . Jump up ^ International Nickel Company . `` Corrosion Resistance of Nickel - Containing Alloys in Phosphoric Acid '' . Nickel Institute . Jump up ^ C.M. Schillmoller . `` Selection and Use of Stainless Steel and Ni Bearing Alloys in Nitric Acid '' . Nickel Institute . Jump up ^ C.M. Schillmoller ( 1992 ) . `` Selection and Use of Stainless Steel and Nickel - Bearing Alloys in Organic Acids '' . Nickel Institute . Jump up ^ C.M. Schillmoller ( 1988 ) . `` Alloy Selection for Caustic Soda Service '' . Nickel Institute . Jump up ^ `` Material Selection and Use in Water '' . Nickel Institute . Jump up ^ American Iron and Steel Institute ( April 1979 ) . `` High Temperature Characteristics of Stainless Steel '' . Nickel Institute . Jump up ^ Elliott , Peter ( August 1990 ) . `` Practical Guide to High Temperature Alloys '' . Nickel Institute . Jump up ^ British Stainless Steel Association ( 2001 ) . `` Galling and Galling Resistance of Stainless Steels '' . SSAS Information Sheet No. 5.60 . ^ Jump up to : `` A non-rusting steel '' . New York Times . 31 January 1915 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Complicated : The Discovery of Stainless Steel - Airedale Springs '' . Jump up ^ `` The Discovery of Stainless Steel '' . Jump up ^ `` A Proposal to Establish the Shipwreck Half Moon as a State Underwater Archaeological Preserve '' ( PDF ) . Bureau of Archaeological Research , Division of Historical Resources , Florida Department of State . May 2000 . Jump up ^ `` ThyssenKrupp Nirosta : History '' . Archived from the original on 2 September 2007 . Retrieved 13 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` DEPATISnet - Dokument DE000000304126A '' . Jump up ^ `` DEPATISnet - Dokument DE000000304159A '' . Jump up ^ Carlisle , Rodney P. ( 2004 ) Scientific American Inventions and Discoveries , p. 380 , John Wiley and Sons , ISBN 0 - 471 - 24410 - 4 Jump up ^ Howse , Geoffrey ( 2011 ) A Photographic History of Sheffield Steel , History Press , ISBN 0752459856 Jump up ^ Cobb , Harold M. ( 2010 ) . The History of Stainless Steel . ASM International . p. 360 . ISBN 1 - 61503 - 010 - 7 . Jump up ^ Moneypenny , J.H.G. ( 1921 ) . `` Unstainable Steel '' . Mining and Scientific Press . Retrieved 17 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Bonnier Corporation ( 1930 ) . Popular Science . Bonnier Corporation . pp. 31 -- . ISSN 0161 - 7370 . Jump up ^ Habara , Yasuhiro . Stainless Steel 200 Series : An Opportunity for Mn Archived 8 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine ... Technical Development Dept. , Nippon Metal Industry , Co. , Ltd . Jump up ^ Stainless Steel -- Grade 304 ( UNS S30400 ) . azom.com Jump up ^ ASTM A 387 / A387M -- 06a Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates , Alloy Steel , Chromium - Molybdenum Jump up ^ Material Properties Data : Marine Grade Stainless Steel . Makeitfrom.com . Retrieved on 29 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Specialty Steel Industry of North America ( SSINA ) , Frequently asked questions , retrieved 2017 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Start of production : First coil on new mill '' . Archived from the original on 30 May 2013 . Retrieved 14 September 2012 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) . thyssenkrupp-nirosta.de ^ Jump up to : `` What is Stainless Steel ? '' . Archived from the original on 24 September 2006 . Retrieved 31 December 2005 . nickelinstitute.org Jump up ^ `` Stainless Steel Bridge in Bilbao '' . Outokumpu . `` Stainless steel bridge '' . Archived from the original on 22 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Gateway Arch Fact Sheet . Nps.gov . Retrieved on 29 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Nickel Institute . `` Stainless Steel In The Water Industry '' . Nickel Institute . Jump up ^ NiDI ( 1997 ) . `` Stainless Steel Plumbing '' . Nickel Institute . Jump up ^ R.E. Avery , S. Lamb , C.A. Powell and A.H. Tuthill . `` Stainless steel for potable water treatment plants '' . Nickel Institute . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ A.H. Tuthill ans S. Lamb . `` Guidelines for the Use of Stainless Steel in Municipal Waste Water Treatment Plants '' . Nickel Institute . Jump up ^ Water Research Foundation ( 2015 ) . `` Guidelines for the Use of Stainless Steel in the Water and Desalination Industries '' . Nickel Institute . Jump up ^ Nickel Institute . `` Stainless steel in the Water Industry '' . Nickel Institute . Jump up ^ Nickel Institute . `` Guidelines for Alloy Selection for Waters and Waste Water Service '' . Nickel Institute . Jump up ^ Nickel Institute . `` Pulp and Paper '' . Nickel Institute . Jump up ^ A.H. Tuthill ( 2002 ) . `` Stainless Steels and Specialty Alloys for Modern Pulp and Paper Mills '' . Nickel Institute . Jump up ^ G. Kobrin ( Nov 1998 ) . `` Stainless Steels for Chemical Process Equipment '' . Nickel Institute . Jump up ^ `` The Role of Stainless Steel in Petroleum Refining '' . Nickel Institute . Jump up ^ G. Kobrin ( November 1978 ) . `` Stainless Steels in Ammonia Production '' . Nickel Institute . Jump up ^ Nickel Institute . `` Chemical Processing , Pharmceutical and Petrochemical Industries '' . Nickel Institute . Jump up ^ Nickel Institute . `` Food & Beverage Industry '' . Nickel Institute . Jump up ^ Malamed , Stanley ( 2004 ) . Handbook of Local Anesthesia , 5th Edition . Mosby . ISBN 0323024491 . p. 99 Jump up ^ Anusavice , Kenneth J. ( 2003 ) Phillips ' Science of Dental Materials , 11th Edition . W.B. Saunders Company . ISBN 0721693873 . p. 639 Jump up ^ Misch , Carl E. ( 2008 ) Contemporary Implant Dentistry . Mosby . ISBN 0323043739 . pp. 277 -- 278 Jump up ^ McGuire , Michael F. ( 2008 ) . Stainless Steels for Design Engineers . ASM International . ISBN 9781615030590 . Jump up ^ `` What is Valadium ? '' . Jump up ^ Johnson , J. , Reck , B.K. , Wang , T. , Graede , T.E. ( 2008 ) , `` The energy benefit of stainless steel recycling '' , Energy Policy , 36 : 181 -- 192 , doi : 10.1016 / j. enpol. 2007.08. 028 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` The Recycling of Stainless Steel ( '' Recycled Content '' and `` Input Composition '' slides ) `` . International Stainless Steel Forum. 2006 . Archived from the original ( Flash ) on 27 January 2011 . Retrieved 19 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Wu , Wenjie ; Maye , Mathew M. ( 2014 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Void Coalescence in Core / Alloy Nanoparticles with Stainless Interfaces '' . Small . 10 ( 2 ) : 271 -- 276 . doi : 10.1002 / smll. 201301420 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) , Maye , Mathew M. & Wenjie Wu , `` United States Patent Application : 0140272447 -- METHOD TO CONTROL VOID FORMATION IN NANOMATERIALS USING CORE / ALLOY NANOPARTICLES WITH STAINLESS INTERFACES '' Jump up ^ Liu , Xuan . `` Facile Surface Modification of Ubiquitous Stainless Steel Led to Competent Electrocatalysts for Overall Water Splitting '' . ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering . 5 : 4778 -- 4784 . doi : 10.1021 / acssuschemeng. 7b00182 . Jump up ^ Safe Cookware External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stainless steel . Look up stainless steel in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Metalworking Casting Processes Centrifugal Continuous Die Evaporative - pattern Full mold Lost foam Investment ( Lost wax ) Permanent mold Plaster mold Sand Semi-solid metal Shaw process Shell molding Spin Components Chill Cope and drag Core Flask Molding sand Pattern Riser Sprue Terminology Casting defects Draft Dross Ingot Semi-finished casting products Slag Forming , fabrication , and finishing General Fabrication Piece work Sheet metal Forming processes Coining Drawing Electrohydraulic forming Electromagnetic forming Explosive forming Forging Hydroforming Progressive stamping Punching Rolling Sinking Spinning Swaging Tube bending Joining processes Brazing Crimping Riveting Soldering Welding Finishing processes Anodizing Galvanizing Heat treating Mass finishing Patination Peening Plating Polishing Machining and computing Computer - aided engineering 2.5 D CAD CAM G - code Numerical control ( NC and CNC ) Stewart platform Drilling and threading Die head Drill Drill bit Drill bit shank Drill bit sizes Drilling List of drill and tap sizes Tap and die Tap wrench Threading Grinding and lapping Abrasive Angle grinder Bench grinder Coated abrasives Cylindrical grinder Diamond plate Flick grinder Grinding Grinding dresser Grinding machine Grinding wheel Jig grinder Lapping Sanding Sharpening stone Spark testing Surface grinder Tool and cutter grinder Machining Boring Broaching Electrical discharge machining Electrochemical machining Electron beam machining Endmill Engraving Facing Hobbing Jig borer Machine tool Machining Metal lathe Milling cutter Milling machine Pantograph Photochemical machining Planer Reamer Rotary transfer machine Shaper Turning Ultrasonic machining Machine tooling Angle plate Chuck Collet Fixture Indexing head Jig Lathe center Machine taper Magnetic base Mandrel Rotary table Wiggler Terminology Cutting fluid Machining vibrations Speeds and feeds Swarf Tolerance Tool and die making Tramp oil Tools Cutting machines Bandsaw Cold saw Laser Miter saw Plasma Water jet cutter Cutting tools Broach Burr Chisel Counterbore Countersink End mill File Hand scraper Milling cutter Nibbler Reamer Shears Tipped tool Tool bit Forming tools Brake Die English wheel Hydraulic press Machine press Punch press Screw press Stamping press Hand tools Clamp Combination square Drift pin Hacksaw Hammer Hand scraper Machinist square Needlegun scaler Piercing saw Pliers Punch Scriber Tap and die Tongs Vise Workbench Wrench Machine tooling Angle plate Chuck Collet Fixture Indexing head Jig Lathe center Machine taper Magnetic base Mandrel Rotary table Wiggler Measuring instruments Bore gauge Caliper Center gauge Dial indicator Engineer 's blue Engineer 's spirit level Feeler gauge Gauge Gauge block Go / no go gauge Height gauge Machinist square Marking blue Marking gauge Marking out Micrometer Optical comparator Radius gauge Ruler Sine bar Straightedge Surface plate Tape measure Thread pitch gauge Vernier scale Smithing tools Anvil Forge Fuller Hardy tools Pritchel Steam hammer Swage block Trip hammer Welding Arc welding Atomic hydrogen ( Athydo / AHW ) Electrogas ( EGW ) Flash Flux - cored ( FCAW ) Gas metal ( Microwire / MIG / GMAW ) Gas tungsten ( Heliarc / TIG / GTAW ) Plasma ( PAW ) Shielded metal ( Stick / MMA / SMAW ) Submerged ( SAW ) Other processes Electric resistance ( ERW ) Electron beam ( EBW ) Electroslag ( ESW ) Exothermic Forge Friction Friction stir ( FSW ) Friction stud Laser beam ( LBW ) Laser - hybrid Magnetic pulse Oxyacetylene ( OAW ) Spot ( RSW ) Ultrasonic Upset Equipment Electrode Filler metal Helmet Power supply Robot Shielding gas Related terms Heat - affected zone Photokeratitis Residual stress Weldability Casting Fabrication Forming Jewellery Machining Metallurgy Smithing Tools and terminology Welding Jewellery Forms Anklet Barrette Belt buckle Belly chain Bindi Bolo tie Bracelet Brooch Chatelaine Collar pin Crown Cufflink Earring Ferronnière Lapel pin Necklace Pectoral Pendant Ring Tiara Tie chain Tie clip Tie pin Toe ring Watch pocket strap Making People Bench jeweler Clockmaker Goldsmith Silversmith Jewelry designer Lapidary Watchmaker Processes Carving Casting centrifugal lost - wax vacuum Enameling Engraving Filigree Kazaziye Metal clay Plating Polishing Repoussé and chasing Soldering Stonesetting Wire sculpture Wire wrapped jewelry Tools Draw plate File Hammer Mandrel Pliers Materials Precious metals Gold Palladium Platinum Rhodium Silver Precious metal alloys Britannia silver Colored gold Crown gold Electrum Shakudō Shibuichi Sterling silver Tumbaga Base metals Brass Bronze Copper Mokume - gane Pewter Stainless steel Titanium Tungsten Mineral gemstones Aventurine Agate Amethyst Beryl Carnelian Chrysoberyl Chrysocolla Diamond Diopside Emerald Garnet Howlite Jade Jasper Lapis lazuli Larimar Malachite Marcasite Moonstone Obsidian Onyx Opal Pearl Peridot Prasiolite Quartz Ruby Sapphire Sodalite Spinel Sunstone Tanzanite Tiger 's eye Topaz Tourmaline Turquoise Variscite Zircon Organic gemstones Abalone Amber Ammolite Bog - wood Copal Coral Ivory Jet Nacre Operculum Other natural objects Bog - wood Hair Shell jewelry Toadstone Terms Carat ( mass ) Carat ( purity ) Finding Millesimal fineness Art jewelry Related topics Body piercing Fashion Gemology Phaleristics Metalworking Wearable art LCCN : sh85127793 GND : 4126143 - 4 NDL : 00571764 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stainless_steel&oldid=830816996 '' Categories : Building materials Chromium alloys English inventions 1916 introductions Roofing materials Stainless steel Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Articles prone to spam from November 2014 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Use dmy dates from March 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Tools Asturianu Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Magyar मराठी Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Українська Vèneto Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 51 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 March 2018 , at 03 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stainless%20steel
| 2,146 |
||
is copper (ii) sulphate ionic or covalent
|
Talk : copper ( II ) sulfate
|
talk : copper ( ii ) sulfate
|
Contents ( hide ) 1 Disappearing Mg ? 2 Random questions 3 Move 4 Americanisation 5 ( Copper ( I ) sulfate ) ? 6 Eating copper ( II ) sulfate or throwing it into the sea ? 7 The reason behind its blue and white colour 8 Toxic 9 Feeding Copper Sulphate to Pigs 10 Making Copper Sulphate 11 Poisonous ? 12 the change of the color . 13 Fire resistant ? 14 Ionic or Covalent 15 `` Sulfate '' vs. `` Sulphate '' 16 Effect on algae 17 Image rm 18 Copper Sulfate Solution 19 Action as an inhibitor to Catalase 20 Structural Formula 21 Baby Formula ? 22 add this please 23 Use in organic farming 24 Antidote 25 Available commercially 26 Not archaic terms ? 27 Solubility 28 Paramagnetism 29 History 30 Merge from copper ( II ) sulfate pentahydrate 31 Image 32 Citation needed 33 small typo in side bar 34 Solubility in Water 35 5300 Reports on copper sulfate ( pentahydrate ) and counting ... 36 Melting Point 37 Copper ( II ) or copper ( II ) ? 38 External links modified 39 Images of rare forms 40 Niche Uses : Antisepctic Concrete additive 41 External links modified 42 Copper sulphate powder Disappearing Mg ? ( edit ) `` It can also be prepared by electrolysis of magnesium sulfate ( Epsom salts ) solution at moderate voltage with a copper anode : this reaction produces hydrogen , copper sulfate solution , and copper hydroxide precipitate . '' what happens to the magnesium ? MgSO4 ( aq ) + Cu ( S ) -- dc -- > h2 ( g ) + Mg ( OH ) 2 ( s ) + CuSO4 ( aq ) would make more sense . Sounds reasonable ; added to the article . Materialscientist ( talk ) 23 : 40 , 3 April 2010 ( UTC ) Random questions ( edit ) The article states : `` In an illustration of a `` single metal replacement reaction , '' iron is submerged in a solution of copper sulfate . Upon standing , iron dissolves and copper precipitates . Fe + CuSO4 → FeSO4 + Cu '' Can anyone tell me if any similar reactions occur with stainless steel or other metals ( brass , copper , chrome , etc ... ) , pure or otherwise , in a natural state ( i.e. not through electrolysis or other method ) ? Many thanks - Yes , it is a process called transmetalation ( I think ) . It is essentially a battery , where initially there is no Iron salt , and no copper electrode . In a typical battery , as it looses energy , one electrode is degraded with the metal going into solution , and the other one is built up , with metal coming out of solution . This is essentially a short circuited version of that . Electrolysis would push this the other way , so you could get iron out and put copper in . With any 2 metals , one will go into the solution and precipitate the other out ( assuming there is some of the metal to go into solution and some metal to precipitate out ) . Electrolysis will reverse this . -- Preceding unsigned comment added by Black. jeff ( talk contribs ) 01 : 08 , 26 October 2011 ( UTC ) ________________ does copper ( II ) sulphate conduct electric current ? why ? Copper sulfate dissolved in water will dissociate into ions ( Cu and SO ) . These ions can conduct electric current . See ionization . Solid copper sulfate would be a poor conductor at best , . RJFJR 00 : 41 , Feb 12 , 2005 ( UTC ) How can you turn Copper ( II ) sulfate into copper ? Why would you want to ? It would be easier , cheaper , and safer to just buy copper in bulk . Darrien 07 : 06 , 2004 Oct 24 ( UTC ) Electrolysis will work . Also see the entry for copper which will point you to smelting for how to use a reducing agent to do it . RJFJR 00 : 41 , Feb 12 , 2005 ( UTC ) put a piece of aluminium in the copper sulfate , you should get aluminium sulfate and copper precipitate , filter off the copper , its very high mesh copper powder . Does someone have the balanced equation for that decomposition of Copper ( II ) sulfate into the oxides ? RJFJR 00 : 41 , Feb 12 , 2005 ( UTC ) Assuming this is n't a homework problem ... CuSO 5 H O + Heat ( ~ 100 ° C ) → CuSO + 5 H O 2 CuSO + Heat ( ~ 800 ° C ) → 2 CuO + 2 SO + O 4 CuO + Heat ( ~ 1200 ° C ) → 2 Cu O + O The temperatures required are from memory . I would n't trust them enough to include in the article . Darrien 12 : 36 , 2005 Feb 12 ( UTC ) Not homework . I 've been out of school too long to remember some of this . First equation easy . Second I got with some work . Did n't think of the third one . The article says the the products of decomposition are CuO and Cu O. I read that the first time thought : should n't that be CuO and SO ( and O ) ? Thank you for clearing that up for me . RJFJR 14 : 22 , Feb 12 , 2005 ( UTC ) I checked Handbook of Physics and Chemistry 34th edition , Chemical Rubber Company , 1952 ( was my dad 's ) RJFJR 14 : 38 , Feb 12 , 2005 ( UTC ) CuSO 5 H O loses 4 H O at 110 C , loses 5 H O at 150 C CuSO decomposes to CuO at 650 C CuO decomposes at 1026 C The above description is right . You get CuSO4 - > CuO + SO3 as it decomposes . First of all , I 've done this one before and can attest that you ca n't get copper . Second , the current equation has O2 and Cu metal as products . This is two reductions and nothing being oxidized . It violates the rules of redox chemistry and ca n't possibly be correct . If , for example , carbon was added to the reactants , it could feasibly steal an oxygen from the CuO and SO3 to make CO2 , and the reduction of the CuO to copper metal would balance with the oxidation of carbon to CO2 . I will change the equation . Dormroomchemist 05 : 20 , 10 April 2007 ( UTC ) Move ( edit ) Support standardization is benefit Tobias Conradi 05 : 34 , 29 Mar 2005 ( UTC ) Does anyone mind if I move this page to Copper ( II ) sulfate ( i.e. , the IUPAC name ) ? Currently this is a redirect . Thought I 'd better ask since this has been a busy page , although all of the text in this page conforms to the IUPAC name . Walkerma 20 : 36 , 21 Feb 2005 ( UTC ) You mean just remove the space in front of the left parenthesis ? So far no one seems to have raised an objection . RJFJR 00 : 11 , Feb 24 , 2005 ( UTC ) Yes I do - it may seem a minor thing , but I 'm trying to get all pages standardised on the IUPAC system - nearly all of them are now ( see List of inorganic compounds . That way if you type in the correct name , you find the compound . I have added a move request to the page since I was unable to do the move myself . Walkerma 23 : 01 , 28 Mar 2005 ( UTC ) This article has been renamed as the result of a move request . violet / riga ( t ) 18 : 00 , 2 Apr 2005 ( UTC ) Americanisation ( edit ) Can someone please change Sulfate to Sulphate , im not being anti-american but its internationally rcognised as sulphur / sulphate / sulphate etc. , my credential to prove my knowledge is that im studying chemistry to AS - Level ( hopefully beyond that too ) at college Sorry , it 's internationally recognized as sulfate , including in UK scientific publications . I ca n't believe the A-level boards have n't caught up with this : they have been incorrectly ramming `` ethanoic acid '' down everone 's throat for years . `` Sulphate '' is still an acceptable British use , but not in scientific contexts . Physchim62 , M.A. ( Cantab ) , Ph. D ( Essex ) 15 : 53 , 6 November 2005 ( UTC ) I 'm also studying AS Chemistry , and I know about sulfate being the IUPAC name , but am confused as to why ethanoic acid is incorrect , as it is ethane with a carboxylic acid group on the end , ' ethan ' + ' oic acid ' , no ? ( I know this is n't relevant to the page , but just confused ) . Acetic acid is simply the preferred name , as it is far more established . Walkerma 04 : 07 , 14 March 2006 ( UTC ) Also if you are really british , the title would have no z ! changing . i am currently studying chemistry at A2 level , my teacher mentioned that the name Sulphate is officially being changed to sulfate at some point soon here in britain , also Acetic acid is the ' given ' name for the chemical , Ethandioic acid is the name if you break it down for naming so to speak , both can be interchangeable . -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 131.111. 241.30 ( talk ) 23 : 58 , 9 December 2007 ( UTC ) ( Copper ( I ) sulfate ) ? ( edit ) What 's up with the ( Copper ( I ) sulfate ) under `` Related compounds '' ? It 's just a redirect to ( Copper ( II ) sulfate ) anyways ... Jamie 09 : 13 , 3 December 2005 ( UTC ) Copper ( I ) sulfate does exist , but we have n't got round to writing an article on it yet ... Physchim62 ( talk ) 11 : 30 , 3 December 2005 ( UTC ) What does the ( II ) stand for ? I imagine it 's some kind of secret chemistry handshake , but I found no explanation or link in this article . Pergelator . -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.43. 12.61 ( talk ) 03 : 53 , 8 August 2013 ( UTC ) It is common knowledge in the field of chemistry that it is used to refer to the oxidation state . In this case , it is that of copper in this compound . Plasmic Physics ( talk ) 08 : 04 , 8 August 2013 ( UTC ) Eating copper ( II ) sulfate or throwing it into the sea ? ( edit ) My Biology teacher once told me that copper ( II ) sulfate displaces iron in the haemoglobin of the blood , causing anaemia . Is this true , or just a misinterpretation of what 's already up on the Wiki about copper ( II ) sulfate being used in tests for anaemia ? Is this behind its ' harmful ' rating ? On a similar note , why is it harmful to the environment ? What regulations are there for its disposal ? Firefly99 10 : 27 , 2 April 2006 ( UTC ) I doubt this is true , as I have been informed that it is one of the most toxic compounds we use in A-Level chemistry . I think five grams is enough to kill you almost instantly . It may be possible that the copper ions ( its them that 's poisonous ) displace the iron ions in haemoglobin , but it would have to be very thermodynamically favourable , as there is a lot of iron in blood , and as far as I know anaemia is a big dent in the natural amount . Plus , it is locked quite securely in there . In any case , if it did displace the iron , I would think it very unlikely to cause anaemia , more likely asphyxiation . As for the disposal ; if its harmless to haemoglobin molecules , its a fair assumption it kills most animals , what with haemoglobin being a bit on the common side . Except in lobsters . I guess they 're immune . mastodon 20 : 41 , 16 April 2006 ( UTC ) The reason behind its blue and white colour ( edit ) What is the reason behind the change of colours when it has full water content ( blue ) and when it has been dehydrated , without water ( white ) ? Crystal field theory . -- Keenan Pepper 21 : 02 , 3 April 2006 ( UTC ) Toxic ( edit ) This chemical is toxic , when taken internally , right ? Should n't the article say so ? I 've just found a good article describing toxicological effect of copper sulfate on humans and animals . You should read it - Extension Toxicology Network -- Preceding unsigned comment added by Healthycare ( talk contribs ) 20 : 47 , 4 February 2010 ( UTC ) Feeding copper sulphate to pigs ( edit ) I do n't know if this contradicts the supposed toxic effects of this compound , but they feed this stuff to pigs http://www.cda.org.uk/megab2/general/cuFarm/sec12.htm . I remember when i was a boy my friends dad had a pig farm , and he had a big bag of blue copper sulphate to feed the pigs with . Surely this needs to be mentioned in the article ? I used to get jars of it to take home and grow crystals with . It could be used as a supplement mixed into the food , in trace quantities to prevent copper deficiency , much like ferrous sulfate is used to prevent iron deficiency . Dormroomchemist 07 : 13 , 25 September 2007 ( UTC ) Making copper sulphate ( edit ) Why do you add excess copper oxide to te sulpuhric acid in the production of copper sulphate ? -- The preceding unsigned comment was added by 222.152. 21.198 ( talk contribs ) . I 'm not going to do your homework for you , so just think about it . Why would extra copper oxide be easier to separate than extra sulfuric acid ? Hint : solubility . -- Keenan Pepper 21 : 52 , 13 June 2006 ( UTC ) Poisonous ? ( edit ) The article says that copper sulphate is poisonous . However , I am told that it is used against algues in a pond where people are supposed to swim in and where they actually do . Of course it is not completely contradictory to being poisonous , but it should be put in perspective : it seems not to be that poisonous that you can not swim in water with copper sulphate ( a hand full in 50 m3 ) , taking into account that most people swallow quite some water during swimming . Am I correct ? Ingel 07 : 50 , 8 July 2006 ( UTC ) ( discussion moved to bottom of page by Dirk Beetstra 08 : 25 , 8 July 2006 ( UTC ) ) Definition of poisonous is always difficult , it is all a matter of dose , even water is poisonous . And people in general do n't drink from the pond , and indeed , the concentration is very low . -- Dirk Beetstra 08 : 25 , 8 July 2006 ( UTC ) The NFPA rating is completly off . All MSDS I have on hand say it is 2 - 0 - 0 . I will change as soon as I find out how to do that . -- Preceding unsigned comment added by Xenofonos ( talk contribs ) 17 : 54 , 31 October 2007 ( UTC ) I am trying to ensure that it says that is to poisonous , but someone else keeps undoing it and I have no idea why . I am sure that there are plenty of children thinking of having a nice copper sulphate lick . We made a policy decision at WP : Chem that we would not give detailed safety information on any chemical , since this lies outside the scope of an encyclopedia . We do allow links to professional MSDS 's and safety information , and if you look in the external links , these are available . What this page really needs is an expansion of the structural information and the chemical properties , if you can find some suitable source material . Thanks , Walkerma ( talk ) 02 : 44 , 2 December 2008 ( UTC ) The change of the color ( edit ) why does this substance change color from blue to green when water is added ? It should n't . Copper ( II ) Sulfate forms a light blue solution . If the water has a lot of chloride ions in it , a complex ion may be formed that would make the solution green . -- 24.16. 154.50 00 : 05 , 12 January 2007 ( UTC ) Fire resistant ? ( edit ) I read that during the 1906 earthquake in San Francisco , soldiers who guarded the Federal Mint building , tore the tar roofing off the wooden rafters and dipped the rafters with `` blue vitriol '' . What for ? Is it fire resistant ? Kraxler 17 : 00 , 9 January 2007 ( UTC ) Probably because they had heard that it preserves wood . Copper ( II ) sulfate has long been used as a ( somewhat inefficient ) fungicide . Copper chromate stays longer in the wood , but has been banned for a long time because it is highly carcinogenic . Tearing the roof tarring off would obviously remove the water - resistance of the wood timbers , increasing their vunerability to fungal rot , but would also mke them more difficult to set fire to : in dipping them in `` blue vitriol '' , the soldiers were trying to avoid rot ( which was probably not the most urgent problem at that moment : ) , but also increased the water content of the timber ( reducing the risk of fire ) . Physchim62 ( talk ) 16 : 06 , 10 January 2007 ( UTC ) Ionic or covalent ( edit ) Is copper sulfate a ionic compound or a covalent / molecular compound ? -- The preceding unsigned comment was added by 71.100. 176.25 ( talk ) 22 : 43 , 10 February 2007 ( UTC ) . Ionic . Ben 23 : 02 , 10 February 2007 ( UTC ) Thanks , i was trying to find it . `` Sulfate '' vs. `` Sulphate '' ( edit ) The article uses both frequently . Is n't one form or the other standardized by IUPAC ? toll_booth 01 : 22 , 21 February 2007 ( UTC ) Sulfate is the correct IUPAC spelling. Lostandcold 01 : 43 , 13 May 2007 ( UTC ) Effect on algae ( edit ) I deleted this sentence from the paragraph on the use of CuSO4 in aquaria : `` The algae cell dries out due to copper ( II ) sulphate being a desiccant . '' This must be a prank , right ? -- Jorge Stolfi 143.106. 23.149 13 : 29 , 1 April 2007 ( UTC ) Image rm ( edit ) In one of my edits , I removed this image . It is left here is others think that it should be moved back . I just did not see the relevance of the image. -- Smokefoot 22 : 45 , 5 June 2007 ( UTC ) Copper ( II ) sulfate crystals at 100x magnification Copper sulfate solution ( edit ) Can we have a bit about Copper Sulfate in solution please , there is n't much about it on the page and i think there probably should be more , as it can be used as a micronutrient in low molarity , also my coursework is based on the effect of copper sulfate solution on the germination of mung beans , so it obviously has other applications than those listed . Action as an inhibitor to Catalase ( edit ) Can someone provide some information on whether Copper Sulphate is a ( non ) competitive and ( non ) permanent inhibitor to Catalase . Some websites say it is comptitive , but some say otherwise . Can someone give some clarification to this , and also add it to the article ? Matwilko ( talk ) 12 : 06 , 14 December 2007 ( UTC ) Structural formula ( edit ) Does anybody know the structural formula of copper sulfate ? I 've seen : O Cu - O-S-O O But it does n't seem to work : it fails in terms of fulfilling the Lewis structure NOTE : in that diagram above , the two floating Oxygens should be beneath and above the Sulfur atom I have another stupid question - is copper sulfate a polar molecule ? Noahdabomb3 ( talk ) 23 : 39 , 15 December 2007 ( UTC ) Copper sulfate is not a molecule , that 's your problem. -- Smokefoot ( talk ) 02 : 24 , 16 December 2007 ( UTC ) Baby Formula ? ( edit ) For real , or is this vandalism ? It seems unlikely they 'd put poisonous copper compounds in that is all . 88.106. 19.97 ( talk ) 21 : 26 , 2 March 2008 ( UTC ) add this please ( edit ) a pirahna solution of H2SO4 and H2O2 ( super acid be careful ) will oxidise copper into CuO and react with the H2SO4 to make CuSO4 . -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.101. 30.173 ( talk ) 18 : 54 , 14 May 2008 ( UTC ) Use in organic farming ( edit ) Is it true that this compound is allowed in most schemes of organic farming ? Badagnani ( talk ) 05 : 18 , 5 June 2008 ( UTC ) Antidote ( edit ) Why is there nothing on this page about use of CuSO4 as an antidote , considering that it is listed on the antidote template that also appears at the bottom ? Mr0t1633 ( talk ) 16 : 53 , 10 August 2008 ( UTC ) Available commercially ( edit ) This sentence seems a bit odd . `` Since it is available commercially , copper sulfate is usually purchased , not prepared in the laboratory . '' Surely many compounds are available commercially. ? ? Wanderer57 ( talk ) 18 : 08 , 8 October 2008 ( UTC ) I find that important . That something may be commercially available does not imply that the synthetic chemist will prefer to buy it . Examples include lithium diisopropylamide , tetrakis ( triphenylphosphine ) palladium . These compounds are either used on a small scale , are easily prepared , or do not keep well , among other things . On the other hand , some compounds are not available widely , or at all . While we use different headers , `` preparation '' usually refers to a semi-large scale - gram - < 1 kg scale . `` Synthesis '' refers to small quantities , perhaps less than 1 gram . `` Production '' refers to industrial scale - tons , perhaps . -- Rifleman 82 ( talk ) 18 : 34 , 8 October 2008 ( UTC ) Thank you . I 'm guessing here but would it be closer to the mark if the sentence was : `` Since it is available commercially at very low cost , copper sulfate is usually purchased , not prepared in the laboratory . '' Wanderer57 ( talk ) 18 : 54 , 8 October 2008 ( UTC ) Not archaic terms ? ( edit ) `` Archaic names for copper ( II ) sulfate are `` blue vitriol '' and `` bluestone '' . '' Except the source given only describes these other names as `` Synonyms '' . `` Bluestone '' is still very much in use - Google gives 127,000 hits for bluestone copper . SmithBlue ( talk ) 07 : 43 , 18 November 2008 ( UTC ) Solubility ( edit ) In Some Properties of Copper Sulfate they say that copper sulfate is pretty soluble and if the pH is kept less than 7 , the pH would have a small unpredictable effect . If a lot of sulfuric acid is used the solubility will be decreased by the addition of a common ion `` ( SO4 ) ^ - 2 '' but this would require a very low pH . On the other hand if the pH is significantly greater than 7 copper hydroxide Cu ( OH ) 2 would precipitate but under more or less neutral conditions , i.e. pH ~ 7 , pH has little effect on the solubility of copper sulfate . As per TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR COPPER , copper sulfate is soluble in methanol and slightly soluble in ethanol . If anyone finds this information worth for inclusion into the main article , please include it . J.D. ( talk ) 20 : 39 , 4 February 2010 ( UTC ) Paramagnetism ( edit ) The Ferrofluid article claims copper ( II ) sulfate is paramagnetic . If so , it should be mentioned in the article . JKeck ( talk ) 02 : 06 , 5 September 2010 ( UTC ) It says it about aqueous solution . Ionic solutions are paramagnetic in general . What is remarkable about it ? Also many inorganic solids are paramagnetic because of non-stoichiometry ( e.g. intrinsic fluctuations of vacancies and interstitials ) . Materialscientist ( talk ) 02 : 32 , 5 September 2010 ( UTC ) History ( edit ) Has anyone information on the use of the compound in agriculture in the past ? I found the history of the Bordeaux mixture and there is copper sulphate indicated already in use in 19th century . I think it would an interesting addition to the article. -- Dia ^ ( talk ) 12 : 13 , 9 April 2011 ( UTC ) Merge from copper ( II ) sulfate pentahydrate ( edit ) The following discussion is closed . Please do not modify it . Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page . No further edits should be made to this discussion . Closed as merge . -- John ( talk ) 20 : 23 , 20 October 2011 ( UTC ) We usually do not separate articles based on the degree of hydration . The present article on the copper ( II ) sulfate is mostly about the hydrate . Not sure how to handle the chem boxes , but we should lead with the pentahydrate since this appears to dominate usage . The anhydrous form is more of a curiosity . Just a thought . -- Smokefoot ( talk ) 13 : 17 , 3 October 2011 ( UTC ) I agree . Copper ( II ) sulfate almost always refers to the pentahydrate . There is no need for a separate article . I did n't see anything in the separate article that was n't already in the main article . Most chembox 's list all hydrates in order of lowest hydrate to most hydrated form ; this article should follow the same procedure to remain consistent with other articles . Explodo - nerd ( talk ) 15 : 59 , 3 October 2011 ( UTC ) Chemboxes should n't list information on the hydrates unless they are important . It 's time we seperate the two , have Copper ( II ) sulfate cover the topic in a general sense , and have Copper ( II ) sulfate pentahydrate cover the pentahydrate in more detail . It 's not a reason to get rid of the article , because we do n't usually write ones on hydrates . Plasmic Physics ( talk ) 22 : 00 , 3 October 2011 ( UTC ) Could you tell us how you intend to expand this article , and how it would be viable as a stand - alone ? I ca n't think of much to say about this compound which should not belong in copper ( II ) sulfate . Talk about color and dehydration ? That goes in the structure and properties section of copper ( II ) sulfate . Talk about this compound as a mineral ? Goes into the occurrence section of copper ( II ) sulfate . -- Rifleman 82 ( talk ) 23 : 17 , 3 October 2011 ( UTC ) Instead of copying all the details across , I was hoping to gradually move it over . Make Copper ( II ) sulfate about the anhydrous and aqeuous forms , only summarizing the hydrated forms . Make Copper ( II ) sulfate pentahydrate about the more systems , and behaviour of the hydrate . Plasmic Physics ( talk ) 00 : 03 , 4 October 2011 ( UTC ) The copper sulfate article is not excessively long . Why do we need to split it off ? -- Rifleman 82 ( talk ) 00 : 33 , 4 October 2011 ( UTC ) To clarify to the lay person that there is a difference , lest they should think it is one and the same . For instance , anhydrous copper ( II ) sulfate may cause skin burns due to it hydrating exothermically . It is supposed to clear confusion like that which exists between Hydrochloric acid and Hydrogen chloride . Plasmic Physics ( talk ) 01 : 21 , 4 October 2011 ( UTC ) In terms of process : Plasma , it might be a good idea to stop the editing these articles until we achieve some sort of consensus . Otherwise we have a moving target . There are thousands of other articles to work on , so if you are feeling in an editing mood , there 's lots of material . With respect to the discussion at hand , we do not separate the hydrates for other metal salts from their anhydrous forms . The precedents are probably in the hundreds ( most of the late metal halides , nitrates , sulfates , etc ) . In my opinion , such a separation would confuse most readers . We would not subdivide articles based on the exothermicity of their hydration reaction , so that comment is probably not relevant in my opinion . But let 's see if we can get some other input ? -- Smokefoot ( talk ) 02 : 34 , 5 October 2011 ( UTC ) With no disrespect to anyone , I consider most splits and merges as waste of time , unless the articles are too long or overlap too much . My wild guess is the split is simply driven by the efforts of Plasmic Physics to tidy the chemboxes . Materialscientist ( talk ) 02 : 41 , 5 October 2011 ( UTC ) I see no need for two articles . IMHO the article should focus on the pentahydrate , as the anhydrate is just a curiosity - people typing ' Copper sulfate ' into WP are looking for the pentahydrate . Chris ( talk ) 07 : 58 , 5 October 2011 ( UTC ) Nobody 's commented for about 2 weeks . I 've asked an uninvolved admin to close this discussion . -- Rifleman 82 ( talk ) 16 : 44 , 20 October 2011 ( UTC ) The discussion above is closed . Please do not modify it . Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page . No further edits should be made to this discussion . Image ( edit ) Is it correct to call the image a crystal or is it some crystals ? Rich Farmbrough , 19 : 11 , 7 February 2012 ( UTC ) . Citation needed ( edit ) I added a Citation Needed tag in the Chromated Copper Arsenate paragraph of the `` herbicide , fungicide and pesticide '' section . No citation was listed , and most MSDS that I could find for CCA treated wood list Copper Oxide as the copper source , and most Copper Quaternary and Copper Azole ( used now instead of CCA as CCA is being phased out ) MSDS list Copper Carbonate as the copper ingredient . All other MSDS that I could find simply listed `` proprietary copper compound '' or simply `` copper '' . I could n't find any MSDS listing Copper Sulfate Pentahydrate as an ingredient in Chromated Copper Arsenate , Copper Quaternary , or Copper Azole treated lumber . Harperska ( talk ) 04 : 50 , 3 March 2013 ( UTC ) Small typo in side bar ( edit ) in the side bar it says `` < 650 ° C decomp '' this should be be written with `` > 650 ° C decomp '' `` 650 ° C decomp '' means `` decomposes at temperatures above 650 C '' ; both are Ok logically , so please provide a reference for your correction . Materialscientist ( talk ) 02 : 11 , 11 July 2013 ( UTC ) Removed the ' < ' . VMS Mosaic ( talk ) 01 : 51 , 11 July 2013 ( UTC ) I found a reference for the decomposition of copper ( II ) sulfate at 560 deg. C. I am unsure how to properly cite it for the purposes of this page but I found the information via my institutions access to the online version of the CSC ( which the side bar references anyways ) . For others with access it can be found under `` Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds '' 4 - 62 and entry number 998 . Solubility in water ( edit ) On this Wikipedia page pentahydrate solubilities in water are 316 g / L ( 0 ° C ) , 2033 g / L ( 100 ° C ) and anhydrate solubilities in water are 243 g / L ( 0 ° C ) , 320 g / L ( 20 ° C ) , 618 g / L ( 60 ° C ) and 1140 g / L ( 100 ° C ) . I think these data should be changed and the reasons are as follows . First of all , the data are expressed in g / L but we are not sure if it is the weight of solute present in a given volume of solution or solvent and we also need to know the density . Besides , volume measures depend on temperature . Secondly , at 0 ° C and 100 ° C copper sulfate may not exist as pentahydrate . According to Mullin 's book , the transition CuSO 5H O ⇌ CuSO ∙ 3H O occurs at 95.9 ° C and above that temperature the solid phase consists of mixture of pentahydrate and trihydrate or only trihydrate . Finally , according to the solubility data from Detherm , the anhydrate solubilities on Wikipedia page are not correct . I downloaded all the solubility data of copper sulfate from Detherm and converted all the units to molal . To avoid confusion in the case of hydrated salts dissolved in water the solute concentration always refers to the anhydrous salt . The Figure 1 is the comparison of data from DETHERM and the data from Wikipedia and the average solubility at each temperature based on Detherm data were calculated to give the solubility curve in Figure 2 . Finally the solubility data I obtained based on data from DETHERM are 1.09 molal ( 10 ° C ) , 1.31 molal ( 20 ° C ) , 1.56 molal ( 30 ° C ) , 1.80 molal ( 40 ° C ) , 2.12 molal ( 50 ° C ) , 2.48 molal ( 60 ° C ) , 2.95 molal ( 70 ° C ) , 3.42 molal ( 80 ° C ) . -- Baihuiqian ( talk ) 17 : 22 , 18 February 2014 ( UTC ) Conventionally , solubility is expressed in g / mL which are units of molarity . Grams are always a unit of mass , never of weight ; thus , density seems to be irrelevant ( solubility is a measure of concentration anyway ) . Volume does vary by temperature ; thus the solubility at different temperatures is reported . The second point seems sound , but changing the units to molals will not change the properties of Copper ( II ) Sulfate . As for the inaccuracies , such things can be corrected . Pertaining to the first graph , the y - axis label states that the units are molals ( molality ) ; whereas , the legend states the units are g / L ( molarity ) . I know not which units the data are and must therefore discard the graphs as an irrelevant comparison . If I have erred in any part of this statement , please do not hesitate to tell me . 184.155. 150.103 ( talk ) 04 : 10 , 30 September 2015 ( UTC ) 5300 Reports on copper sulfate ( pentahydrate ) and counting ... ( edit ) As of today , according to Chemical Abstracts . -- Smokefoot ( talk ) 17 : 40 , 12 May 2015 ( UTC ) Melting point ( edit ) The melting point listed is not really accurate , or rather , is presented in an awkward way . The Chemical properties section does address this a bit , but not clearly . Google searches are spitting back `` cards '' with 230F listed as the melting point . This value is closely related to water loss ( dehydration ) , but not melting . Emphasis should be placed on anhydrous CuSO4 decomposing BEFORE it has a chance to melt . This should be fixed by someone with more time on their hands and experience editing wikipedia . Thanks ! -- ? ? The decomposition temperatures in the `` Chemical properties '' section are inconsistent with those in the chembox . Another source confirms 650 C as the decomposition temperature , but says that the products are CuO , SO2 and O2 rather than CuO and SO3 . Which is correct ? -- Jorge Stolfi ( talk ) 00 : 49 , 18 August 2016 ( UTC ) Copper ( II ) or copper ( II ) ? ( edit ) The article seems to be inconsistent in its usage of Copper ( II ) and Copper ( II ) to describe the charge of the copper ion in this compound . Should the space be present in all occurrences or be deleted from all occurrences ? -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 165.91. 12.78 ( talk ) 02 : 03 , 7 October 2016 ( UTC ) External links modified ( edit ) Hello fellow Wikipedians , I have just modified one external link on Copper ( II ) sulfate . Please take a moment to review my edit . If you have any questions , or need the bot to ignore the links , or the page altogether , please visit this simple FaQ for additional information . I made the following changes : Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080302034606/http://www.npi.gov.au:80/database/substance-info/profiles/27.html to http://www.npi.gov.au/database/substance-info/profiles/27.html When you have finished reviewing my changes , please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know ( documentation at ( ( Sourcecheck ) ) ) . You may set the checked = , on this template , to true or failed to let other editors know you reviewed the change . If you find any errors , please use the tools below to fix them or call an editor by setting needhelp = to your help request . If you have discovered URLs which were erroneously considered dead by the bot , you can report them with this tool . If you found an error with any archives or the URLs themselves , you can fix them with this tool . If you are unable to use these tools , you may set needhelp = on this template to request help from an experienced user . Please include details about your problem , to help other editors . Cheers. -- InternetArchiveBot ( Report bug ) 16 : 21 , 30 November 2016 ( UTC ) Images of rare forms ( edit ) Today I moved the pictures of anhydrous copper sulfate to a gallery at the bottom . The vast majority of readers will be seeking information on the pentahydrate . Also the mineral forms are more esoteric than anything seriously impacting the everyday world . But in case anyone objects , that 's what happened and all can be reversed or discussed . -- Smokefoot ( talk ) 21 : 43 , 4 December 2016 ( UTC ) Niche uses : antisepctic concrete additive ( edit ) `` in building it is an additive to concrete to provide water resistance and to make it antiseptic . '' The article on Antiseptics states that antiseptics are applied to the skin or other living tissue . Who in the world decided it would be a good idea to disinfect their wounds with concrete ? I 'm changing it to `` in building it is used as an additive to concrete to provide water resistance and disinfectant qualities . '' I do n't really like the wording , so hopefully one of you could figure out a better way to say it . -- Preceding unsigned comment added by Wertyu739 ( talk contribs ) 16 : 21 , 28 January 2017 ( UTC ) External links modified ( edit ) Hello fellow Wikipedians , I have just modified 2 external links on Copper ( II ) sulfate . Please take a moment to review my edit . If you have any questions , or need the bot to ignore the links , or the page altogether , please visit this simple FaQ for additional information . I made the following changes : Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20101221162804/http://www.skylighter.com/fireworks/how-to-make/blue-copper-fireworks-stars.asp to http://www.skylighter.com/fireworks/how-to-make/blue-copper-fireworks-stars.asp Corrected formatting / usage for http://www.npi.gov.au/database/substance-info/profiles/27.html When you have finished reviewing my changes , you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs . You may set the checked = , on this template , to true or failed to let other editors know you reviewed the change . If you find any errors , please use the tools below to fix them or call an editor by setting needhelp = to your help request . If you have discovered URLs which were erroneously considered dead by the bot , you can report them with this tool . If you found an error with any archives or the URLs themselves , you can fix them with this tool . If you are unable to use these tools , you may set needhelp = on this template to request help from an experienced user . Please include details about your problem , to help other editors . Cheers. -- InternetArchiveBot ( Report bug ) 18 : 46 , 4 June 2017 ( UTC ) Copper sulphate powder ( edit ) How can we get copper sulphate powder instead of crystal Vikas bafna ( talk ) 20 : 57 , 9 November 2017 ( UTC ) Jump up ^ Mullin , J.W. Crystallization , 1st . ed. ; Butterworths : London , 1961 . Jump up ^ http://detherm.cds.rsc.org/ Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Copper(II)_sulfate&oldid=809548637 '' Categories : Start - Class chemicals articles Mid-importance chemicals articles Start - Class WPChem worklist articles Unassessed Occupational Safety and Health articles Unknown - importance Occupational Safety and Health articles WikiProject Occupational Safety and Health articles Talk New section Contents About Wikipedia This page was last edited on 9 November 2017 , at 20 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk%3ACopper%28II%29%20sulfate
| 2,147 |
|||
where did the saying katie bar the door originate
|
Catherine Douglas
|
catherine douglas
|
Catherine Douglas , later Catherine `` Kate '' Barlass , was a historical figure who tried to prevent the assassination of King James I of Scotland on 20 February 1437 . She was a lady - in - waiting to Queen of Scotland , Joan Beaufort .
|
She was a member of the powerful Clan Douglas . Her mother was a daughter of David Lindsay , 1st Earl of Crawford and his wife Elizabeth Stewart daughter of Robert II , making her a first cousin once removed of the King . Legend has it that during the King 's stay at a Dominican chapter house in Perth , a group of men led by Sir Robert Graham came to the door searching for the King in order to kill him . The King 's Chamberlain , Robert Stewart , Master of Atholl , had removed the bolt from the door of the room in which James and his queen were staying . James fled into a sewer tunnel as the queen and her ladies quickly replaced the floorboards to hide his location . Catherine sprang to the door and placed her arm through the staples to bar the assassins ' entrance . However , they forced the door open anyway , breaking Catherine 's arm , and discovered and killed the King . From that point on , according to the story , Catherine took the surname of `` Barlass '' . The idiomatic phrase `` Katy , bar the door ! '' ( a warning of the approach of trouble ) may have its origins in the story of Catherine Douglas . Dante Gabriel Rossetti recounted the story of Catherine Douglas in verse in 1881 , under the title `` The King 's Tragedy '' . This poem contains the line `` Catherine , keep the door ! '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Campbell , Alastair ( 2010 ) . A history of Clan Campbell . Edinburgh University Press . p. 121 . ISBN 9781902930176 . Retrieved 24 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Marshall , p. 52 . Jump up ^ John Stewart Of Ardvorlich : The Grahams , W. & A.K. Johnston & G.W. Bacon , Ltd ( 1958 ) , Page 9 . Jump up ^ Wilkinson , Dick ( 2013 ) . Concise Thesaurus of Traditional English Metaphors . Hoboken : Taylor and Francis . p. 184 . ISBN 9781134085309 Notes ( edit ) Marshall , Rosalind ( 2003 ) Scottish Queens , 1034 - 1714 . Tuckwell Press . Rossetti , Dante Gabriel , The King 's Tragedy : James I of Scots -- 20 February , 1437 ( The `` Catherine , keep the door '' action begins at line 546 . ) . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catherine_Douglas&oldid=794987088 '' Categories : History of Scotland 15th - century women House of Douglas and Angus Women of medieval Scotland 15th - century Scottish people Hidden categories : Year of birth missing Year of death missing Talk About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2017 , at 08 : 18 . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine%20Douglas
| 2,148 |
||
when does juliet find out shawn isn't psychic
|
`` Deez Nups '' ( 7.07 ) During Lassiter 's wedding reception , Juliet confronts Shawn about inconsistencies that she found in his latest `` vision '' , leading her to deduce that he is a mentalist , not a psychic , which Shawn confirms . Heartbroken , Juliet splashes her drink in Shawn 's face , tearfully exiting the scene .
|
Deez Nups
|
Juliet O'Hara
|
juliet o'hara
|
Head Detective Juliet Lynn `` Jules '' O'Hara is a character on the American comedy Psych played by Maggie Lawson . She attended the University of Miami .
|
Fictional biography ( edit ) Juliet O'Hara first appears undercover in the show 's second episode , `` Spelling Bee '' , as a recently transferred junior detective from Miami Beach where she attended the University of Miami , replacing Lucinda Barry as Head Detective Carlton Lassiter 's partner . Born in 1981 , she was raised in a family of brothers and is shown to be close with both her parents and her siblings . Although she is initially frustrated by her coworkers not taking her seriously enough due to her relatively young age , as the series progresses she is given more responsibility , being left in charge in the absence of Lassiter and then Interim Chief Karen Vick . She has grown more assertive with her partner , and actors Maggie Lawson and Timothy Omundson ( who plays Lassiter ) both suggest that a strange mutual respect has developed between them . Juliet seems to present a gentle counterpoint to Lassiter 's gruff , rigid style . She reminds her partner repeatedly to `` be sensitive '' with the media , the victims , and the witnesses of their cases . Unlike Lassiter , she is friendly with Shawn Spencer and more willing to work with him and Burton Guster . Lawson says that , although Juliet is bemused by Shawn at first , she has slowly gained respect for him and by the second season , Juliet reveals a `` very friendly , comfortable relationship '' . The actress says she thinks that , despite some skepticism , Juliet does believe that Shawn is psychic . By the end of the fifth season , Shawn and Juliet are romantically involved . By the middle of the sixth season , Shawn is ready for marriage . Her older brother Ewan , played by John Cena , is an army soldier whom she had to arrest when he attempted to murder an actual killer to protect the army . Ewan was supposed to go to prison but his high level bosses made him vanish . Juliet claims Ewan was the reason she became a cop , that him joining the military gave her enough confidence to join the police force . Her estranged con artist father Frank O'Hara is played by William Shatner . She seems to be Irish - Scots Relationship with Shawn Spencer ( edit ) Season One `` Spellingg Bee '' ( 1.02 ) - Shawn and Juliet meet for the first time when Juliet unknowingly steals his seat in a diner . Shawn attempts to flirt with her , but Juliet 's reception is cool . Shawn eventually figures out that Juliet is a cop and that she is staking out the diner . `` Speak Now or Forever Hold Your Piece '' ( 1.03 ) - When Shawn `` reads '' Juliet 's palm , the two have a moment of mutual understanding . They agree to help each other out on the case , thus beginning their camaraderie . `` Weekend Warriors '' ( 1.06 ) - Shawn called Juliet `` Jules '' for the first time , when they are both watching a Civil War reenactment `` Shawn vs. the Red Phantom '' ( 1.08 ) - At the beginning of the episode , Shawn calls Juliet apparently from somewhere he can see her . She asks Shawn where he is , and he responds by asking if she really wants to know the answer . She says , `` I do n't ask questions I do n't want to know the answer to . '' Shawn then advises her not to ask `` your boyfriend if he thinks your sister 's hot . '' She informs him she does not have a sister , to which he asks , `` How about a boyfriend ? '' Shawn then takes on a missing person 's case as a `` favor '' to Juliet , informing Gus that he hopes for bigger favors in the future , ones that he ca n't share `` with nuns and men of the cloth . '' `` From the Earth to the Starbucks '' ( 1.10 ) - Shawn and Juliet team up to solve a case for Lassiter . Juliet admits that Shawn does makes her laugh ... occasionally . `` He Loves Me , He Loves Me Not , He Loves Me , Oops He 's Dead '' ( 1.11 ) - When Shawn and Juliet go undercover at a speed dating event , the hostess informs them that their personality questionnaires were a 100 % compatibility match , `` a speed dating first . '' Shawn later claims to have copied hers verbatim . Shawn is also clearly jealous when he runs into Juliet on a date at the bowling alley . Season Two `` Meat Is Murder , But Murder Is Also Murder '' ( 2.06 ) - Shawn goes undercover as a horoscope writer at the newspaper where the victim worked . He directs his horoscopes at specific people , like Detective Lassiter and his dad . In the one meant for Juliet , he writes , `` Your one true love will be wearing sneakers and an Apple Jacks T - shirt . '' Shawn then wears sneakers and an Apple Jacks T - shirt , and Jules seems to get the message , though she does n't say anything . `` Rob - a-Bye Baby '' ( 2.08 ) - While investigating a nanny agency , Shawn and Juliet go undercover as a married couple . `` Bounty Hunters ! '' ( 2.09 ) - When Juliet makes a mistake that results in a suspected murderer escaping custody , Shawn saves the day by re-apprehending the prisoner . When Juliet thanks Shawn , he assures her that it was a mistake and `` that 's what friends are for . '' Shawn leans in to kiss Juliet , but she refuses to kiss him , saying it would be `` a mistake . '' Shawn pulls away , respecting her wishes , but nevertheless walks away smiling . Once alone , Juliet disassembles and reassembles her gun , a stress - relieving exercise she learned in the police academy . `` Gus ' Dad May Have Killed An Old Guy '' ( 2.10 ) - Shawn and Gus are going around the station giving everyone Christmas presents , but after giving Juliet hers , Shawn states that it 's just from him . She then makes him think that she 's going to give him a hug and he opens his arms to hug her back and is visibly disappointed when she brushes past him . Season Three `` Murder ? ... Anyone ? ... Anyone ? ... Bueller ? '' ( 3.02 ) - While talking to his high school crush Abigail Lytar at their reunion , Shawn spots Juliet across the gymnasium and murmurs `` Pretty much perfect . '' `` The Greatest Adventure in the History of Basic Cable '' ( 3.04 ) - When Shawn wo n't stop cracking jokes in the interrogation room , Juliet leans across the table and demands that he share what he knows . To which Shawn marvels , `` My God that was so hot . '' When Shawn leaves the room with the supposed men of the Spanish government , he hands Jules a paper , telling her the truth about the `` Spanish . '' He also wrote `` You smell nice '' on the paper . Later , after Juliet leads the SBPD to Shawn 's and Gus ' rescue , Shawn and Juliet share a meaningful glance . `` Talk Derby to Me '' ( 3.07 ) - Shawn sets up a romantic dinner for himself and Juliet , complete with music , candles , and flowers . She can not stay , however , because she has to follow a lead . When that lead turns out to be a red herring , Shawn takes the blame for the mistake . After the case is closed , Shawn and Juliet go on a couples skate alone at the roller rink and brush hands several times and as the camera zooms out you can see their hands pressed together , though they 're not actually holding hands . `` Gus Walks into a Bank '' ( 3.08 ) - Shawn and Juliet have a minor squabble about her decision to date Cameron Luntz , the head of SWAT . Shawn eventually tells her it 's okay , he just wants her to be happy . When Juliet 's date with Luntz for that evening is canceled , she finds Shawn at the Psych office . The two take a stroll on the boardwalk with hot dogs . `` Christmas Joy '' ( 3.09 ) - Shawn , while discussing an old flame with Juliet , says `` Do n't worry , it was long before I knew you . '' Juliet insists that it 's irrelevant , meaning that from her point of view there is no relationship between them . Shawn , however , does not seem convinced . `` Six Feet Under the Sea '' ( 3.10 ) - Juliet befriends a woman named April who expresses an interest in Shawn and asks for Juliet 's opinion of him . Juliet 's reaction implies that she has feelings for Shawn . Later , Shawn asks April out , but she turns him down because she does n't want to `` get in the way . '' She wishes Shawn good luck , leaving him confused . `` Lassie Did a Bad , Bad Thing '' ( 3.11 ) - Officer Drimmer asks Shawn if he and Juliet are an item . He then proceeds to tell Shawn that Juliet talks about him a lot , calling him `` witty and urbane . '' `` Any Given Friday Night at 10PM , 9PM Central '' ( 3.13 ) - Juliet is checking out one of the football players as he runs out onto the field . When he turns around , Juliet is astonished to discover that it 's Shawn ! Later , Juliet smiles widely as she watches Shawn leading a football team out onto the field , but quickly hides it when Gus notices . `` Tuesday the 17th '' ( 3.15 ) - When Shawn is introducing Juliet , he calls her `` one of Santa Barbara 's finest , both literally and figuratively '' , and Juliet is flattered rather than annoyed . Also , after Juliet saves Shawn 's life by shooting his assailant in the hand , Shawn tells her , `` That level of markmanship is easily one of the sexiest things that I 've ever - '' Juliet cuts him off , but smiles softly nonetheless . `` An Evening with Mr. Yang '' ( 3.16 ) - Juliet finally asks out Shawn on a date , and owns up to the fact that she has been sending mixed signals . Unfortunately , Shawn tells her the timing is awful , as he 's on a date with his old high school flame , Abigail . When Shawn explains the situation , Juliet understands . She kisses him on the cheek and leaves . Shawn is obviously affected by the kiss , but rejoins Abigail . Season Four `` Extradition : British Columbia '' ( 4.01 ) - Shawn does n't know how to act around Juliet , now that he 's dating Abigail . He tells Juliet , `` I refuse to feel uncomfortable around you . It 's silly . You mean too much to me , and I am perfectly capable of keeping this ( their friendship ) platonic , as long as you are . '' Juliet replies , `` I am too ! Great ! '' As she walks away , Shawn questions , `` But how ? '' They also take what feels like a romantic stroll , as pointed out by Juliet , on a suspension bridge overlooking a river . `` High Noon - ish '' ( 4.03 ) - Shawn tips his cowboy hat at Juliet and winks at her . Juliet smiles but quickly looks down as if embarrassed . `` Bollywood Homicide '' ( 4.06 ) - When Shawn asks if Juliet believes in love curses , she says whenever someone is looking for their soulmate , it can feel like outsides forces are conspiring against them . Shawn moves closer to Juliet , and she leans back , probably thinking that Shawn is going to kiss her . She asks , `` Shawn , what are you doing ? '' Shawn does not answer the question , instead pointing out a clue that he had been looking at while they were moving toward each other . When Raj and Juliet go on their pretend date , Shawn , watching from a car , is clearly jealous when Raj starts to hold Juliet 's hand , as noted by Gus and Lassiter . Later , Shawn rescues Juliet from an unstable suspect threatening her with a knife . Abigail tells Shawn that she was very impressed that he would risk his life for a random co-worker . Shawn glances over at Juliet and says , `` She 's not random . '' So Abigail would n't get the wrong impression , Shawn quickly corrects himself , saying he would do that for anyone . `` Shawn Takes a Shot in the Dark '' ( 4.09 ) - After Shawn 's kidnapping , Juliet goes to his apartment with Gus to search for clues . When she sees Abigail 's toothbrush and some items , she becomes very curious if Abigail moved in . Gus replies that they 've reached the `` he has a drawer , she has a toothbrush '' stage to which Juliet seems affected . Shawn , who has been shot and kidnapped , tells one of his kidnappers that he has a girlfriend named Abigail and that he wants to call her to say goodbye before they kill him . Shawn then calls Juliet and proceeds to give her clues about his whereabouts . The kidnapper tells Shawn to tell `` Abigail '' that he loves her . Shawn does . Juliet , believing the profession of love to be real , responds by saying , `` Shawn , I think I ... '' Shawn interrupts her by saying , `` Goodbye , Abigail . '' He hangs up . Juliet is clearly confused , but is able to use his clues to track down his whereabouts and is saved . After the ordeal , Shawn discusses with Gus the possibility that Juliet was going to say `` I love you '' back . Although Gus states the possibility that she was just doing what she had to do , Shawn does not seem convinced . `` You Ca n't Handle This Episode '' ( 4.10 ) - Juliet 's brother , Ewan O'Hara , reveals that Juliet has said a lot of good things about Shawn . Later , Ewan says explicitly that Juliet `` likes ( Shawn ) a lot '' , and he puts his stamp of approval on Shawn as well . Meanwhile , Abigail leaves for Uganda . `` A Very Juliet Episode '' ( 4.12 ) - Juliet receives news that her college boyfriend Scott might be dead . After receiving the awful news , she and Shawn take a long walk together through the park , during which Shawn gives Juliet a friendly hug . Shawn then searches high and low for Scott , who turns out to be in witness protection . Once the couple is reunited , Shawn is clearly jealous . Shawn bargains with the criminal Scott put in jail to not have Scott harmed if Shawn will prove the criminal 's innocence . Shawn holds up his end of the bargain , and even though Scott was no longer in danger , he and Juliet parted ways , agreeing to meet again in a year . `` Death Is in the Air '' ( 4.13 ) - At the beginning of the episode , Shawn and Gus are talking about all the things Shawn can do since he 's single and does n't need to impress anyone -- but then Juliet walks up and he immediately throws away his stinky snack - obviously he wants to impress Juliet . More importantly , Juliet gets exposed to the Thornburg virus and Shawn rushes to find the antidote . Upon returning Shawn explains to Gus that the threat of Juliet 's mortality made him realize he does n't have as much time as he thought : he has to tell her how he feels . Gus informs them both that Juliet has not contracted the virus after all , but Shawn tries to go through with his admission anyway . He ultimately stumbles and fails to tell Juliet how he feels , which is immediately followed by Lassiter 's entry into the room , effectively killing the moment . `` Mr. Yin Presents '' ( 4.16 ) - A serial killer named Mr. Yin kidnaps both Juliet and Abigail , who just returned from Uganda . Yin forces Shawn to choose one of them to save but only has Juliet read him the clue to save her life . Juliet tries to tell Shawn he can save Abigail but Yin cuts her off . Shawn gets the clue to save Abigail from Yang 's book and sends Gus with Lassie to save Juliet saying the only way he would be able to not be there for Jules is if he knows that Gus is . Lassiter and Gus arrive and they are able to save Juliet in time while Shawn is able to save Abigail . At the end , Juliet breaks down sobbing as Lassiter hugs her . Abigail tells Shawn she ca n't handle the danger and breaks up with him . Season Five `` Romeo and Juliet and Juliet '' ( 5.01 ) - Juliet was temporarily reassigned to City Hall sometime shortly after her ordeal with Mr. Yin to deal with the stress from it . Shawn seeks her help on a case his father has barred him from involving a kidnapping within two rival Chinese gangs . Juliet gives him information but does not return to the SBPD . Shawn calls her for back up before confronting kidnapper Teno Tan . He is easily outmatched but Teno surrenders when Juliet arrives before Shawn is killed . They thank each other and agree to hug but Lassiter interrupts . Shawn calls for a rain check . `` Feet Do n't Kill Me Now '' ( 5.02 ) - Henry allows Shawn and Juliet to team up after Lassiter chooses Gus to help on the case . Their partnership does n't hold up as Shawn realizes he works best with Gus as does Juliet with Lassiter . Shawn and Juliet attend a tap recital together to support their respective partners . `` Shawn 2.0 '' ( 5.08 ) Shawn plans to invite Juliet to a friend 's wedding but `` criminal profiler '' Declan Rand beats him to the punch . Juliet offers to reschedule but Shawn plays it off not wanting her to be forced . Shawn becomes increasingly jealous of Declan whom Gus dubs `` Shawn 2.0 '' because of their similarities . Like Shawn , Declan is a fraud who acquired his profiling expertise from his father . Both threaten to expose each other if either one of them does n't come clean himself . Like he has the entire episode , Declan beats Shawn making his confession to Juliet first . She forgives Declan and they go for coffee leaving Shawn unable to say anything . `` One , Maybe Two , Ways Out '' ( 5.09 ) Juliet is now in a serious relationship with Declan , of which Shawn is very jealous . Declan is even planning a vacation for himself and Juliet . After Shawn and Gus cause Nadia 's capture , Juliet overhears Shawn telling Gus that he can not be happy without her , even though he knows he should be glad that she is happily in a relationship . Juliet is visibly affected by his words . After Nadia is freed and Fong is taken into custody , Shawn and Gus again arrive at Declan 's residence . Declan tells them to make their visit quick , as he is bidding thirty million euros on an item over the phone . Gus , intrigued by this , follows Declan upstairs . Shawn is left alone in the foyer , at which point Juliet enters the room , surprised to see him . She questions Shawn about how he solved such an intricate case and why there might be 3 creme brulé dishes at Declan 's computer , but he does not rat out Declan for helping . Shawn wishes her a great four days off but she corrects that it is two weeks , visibly upsetting him . He makes Juliet promise to enjoy her vacation , and tells her to take many mental photographs . As Shawn starts going off on a tangent , Juliet abruptly kisses him . She then pulls back and both she and Shawn are left speechless from the kiss . Declan and Gus return , and Shawn , too stunned to make any witty remarks , simply wishes them a good vacation . Declan goes to pack as Shawn and Gus leave , and Shawn takes one more look at Juliet before he closes the door . Juliet is left standing in the foyer , alone . `` Extradition II : The Actual Extradition Part '' ( 5.10 ) Shawn and Gus are invited to visit Despereaux in Canada . Before Shawn leaves his father advises him to speak with Juliet as he overheard Shawn talk about her via butt dialing . Shawn asks after her at the station but Buzz tells him she already has her passport . Juliet and Lassiter arrive to take Despereaux to the United States , to Shawn 's visible shock and he asks Juliet to talk . Later , Juliet comes to his hotel room and tells him that she had broken up with Declan , but Shawn can not talk with her as Gus and Despereaux are inside , resulting in Jules walking away upset . At the end of the episode , Shawn asks Lassiter where Juliet is with the answer `` Grabbin ' a muffin '' . He finds her at a platform overlooking the ocean but she is still upset claiming they missed their moment . Shawn does not give up and explains to Juliet that since they met he 's thought about replacing his motorcycle , a beloved symbol of freedom , with a car . They kiss passionately but are disrupted by the tourists at the overlook . Then they move to a gift shop where they are interrupted by a customer who calls Juliet a `` slut '' . They then go to a car and are once more interrupted by a cop . Shawn realizes that he has a room before the camera pans to the sky . `` In Plain Fright '' ( 5.11 ) It is revealed at the beginning of the episode that Shawn and Juliet are officially a couple . `` Dual Spires '' ( 5.12 ) Shawn and Gus are standing near the lake where their murder victim was found , and the only cell service zone in the town is . When Juliet shows up unexpectedly . Shawn distracts Gus by saying `` Dude , labradoodle ! '' and Juliet and Shawn share a quick kiss . `` Yang 3 in 2D '' ( 5.16 ) Juliet seems uneasy as Shawn ( now her boyfriend ) sides with a supposed Yin Kidnap victim . When Shawn and Gus are trapped inside Yin 's house , she is the first to get Yang out of confinement and when Yang tries to make a deal with the police , Jules agrees . ( 1 . Yang gets to take an updated picture with Shawn and 2 . Juliet is the only person to accompany her into the house . ) Juliet does not hesitate to agree to the conditions and the two enter the house . Shawn is saved and after Yang gets her picture she says to Shawn , `` Catch up with you later , Mr. Spencer . '' After finishing his statement on the Yin case , Shawn goes looking for Jules and finds her in the interrogation room . She says she can not finish her statement because it is like `` marking the time ' til the next crazy rolls in . '' To that Shawn replies that he is there for her and will `` always protect her '' and she responds the same and Shawn kisses her hand . He then tells her he will see her that night later on and kisses her on the lips . The camera pans to reveal that Lassiter has seen and heard their entire conversation and now knows about their secret romantic relationship . Season Six `` Shawn Rescues Darth Vader '' ( 6.01 ) Lassiter hooks Juliet to a lie detector and tries to trick her into admitting she is in a relationship with Shawn . She later confesses she is dating Shawn to Lassiter outright , but he feels their trust has been broken . Lassiter puts Shawn in the same lie detector when it seems the latter was at the crime scene . Shawn declares this has to do with his and Juliet 's romantic involvement and he blurts out that he loves her shocking everyone in the room and himself . He also admits while under the lie detector that he is a psychic , which further deepens Juliet 's trust in Shawn . Later , Lassiter warns Shawn if he hurts Juliet , he will discharge his weapon ... repeatedly . `` Last Night Gus '' ( 6.02 ) Thanks to some drugged drinks , Shawn forgets a conversation he had with Juliet when she tells him they need to talk about it and saying it was serious causing him to freak out . She reveals that he had asked her to move in and is surprised he does n't remember . They agree that it 's probably too soon . `` The Amazing Psych - Man & Tap Man , Issue # 2 '' ( 6.04 ) Shawn quickly becomes jealous as Juliet shows admiration for the Mantis , a vigilante who is competing with the SBPD to catch the Camino Drug Syndicate . When they are on a date , Shawn realizes that Juliet got a text from the SBPD that requires her to leave . Though reluctant , she departs . `` Shawn , Interrupted '' ( 6.06 ) Juliet shows concern for Shawn when he goes undercover at a mental institution , admitting that her deepest fear was that Shawn would n't be able to come out , after Shawn makes an off - hand comment about enjoying it there , `` Spoiler . I 'm making you a wallet . '' Shawn reassures her , but Juliet is still not at ease . `` In for a Penny ... '' ( 6.07 ) Shawn invites Juliet 's estranged con artist dad , Frank , to her birthday party then hires him to assist on a case . Juliet is furious with Shawn and has no intention of reconciling with her father . She changes her mind when Frank tells her he attended all her recitals and talent shows . At her birthday party , Juliet has made peace with her dad and forgiven Shawn since his heart was in the right place . `` Neil Simon 's Lover 's Retreat '' ( 6.09 ) Shawn and Juliet go away on a romantic vacation but they are robbed by their new ' friends ' , who call themselves , `` Barbie and Clive '' , possibly taken from the 1930s criminals , Bonnie and Clyde . While tracking down the thieves , they come across a murder effectively spoiling their plans . Shawn apologizes since Juliet had `` definite expectations '' for their vacation including the `` M word '' causing Juliet to explain that she had not been expecting a marriage proposal since it is too soon and that she was in no way ready to get married and Shawn agrees seemingly relieved . The clerk returns Shawn 's stolen Nintendo DS , which Shawn had been having a fit about it throughout the episode when discovering it had been stolen much to Juliet 's annoyance and confusion , to Gus who hears a rattle from inside it . He opens the battery case and finds an engagement ring ; revealing that Shawn had actually planned to propose to Juliet during their vacation . `` Indiana Shawn and the Temple of the Kinda Crappy , Rusty Old Dagger '' ( 6.10 ) The episode opens up to Gus confronting Shawn over the ring he found and Gus clearly upset with the fact that Shawn was going to propose to Juliet and he never told Gus about it . Shawn apologizes , telling Gus that he `` had to be ready for a Shamu moment . '' Shawn promises that when he pops the question to Juliet , Gus will be there and offers a fist - bump which Gus ignores , saying , `` That 's storybook right there . '' `` Heeeeere 's Lassie '' ( 6.11 ) Shawn keeps looking for a spot to stash the ring since he 's not ready to give it to Juliet . Gus suggests putting it back in Henry 's drawer if he is n't going to propose . Juliet 's dad Frank arrives from Tanzania stating he got Shawn 's voicemail saying he had something important to discuss . Shawn left the voicemail when he was considering proposing and wanted to ask Frank for his blessing . He asks for permission to marry Juliet in case he needs it in the future . Frank explains to Shawn he wants his daughter to marry someone honest and asks if Shawn has ever lied to Juliet which Shawn hesitates before answering . Gus answers in the affirmative and Frank leaves without offering or denying his blessing , leaving Shawn confused about whether or not he had Juliet 's father 's blessing to one day propose to Juliet . `` Shawn and the Real Girl '' ( 6.12 ) Juliet proves to be jealous as Shawn infiltrate into a reality show in which several men vie for the heart of a woman . Later , Shawn admits to considering himself lucky to have her in his life . `` Santabarbaratown '' ( 6.16 ) At the ending , Juliet and Shawn are walking by the Station , talking about Shawn moving in with Juliet . Season Seven `` Juliet Takes a Luvvah '' ( 7.02 ) Juliet and Shawn decide to live together . `` No Country for Two Old Men '' ( 7.04 ) After a homewarming party for Juliet and Shawn , her stepfather Lloyd runs into trouble with Mexican gangsters over his gambling debts . `` Deez Nups '' ( 7.07 ) During Lassiter 's wedding reception , Juliet confronts Shawn about inconsistencies that she found in his latest `` vision '' , leading her to deduce that he is a mentalist , not a psychic , which Shawn confirms . Heartbroken , Juliet splashes her drink in Shawn 's face , tearfully exiting the scene . `` Right Turn or Left for Dead '' ( 7.08 ) Juliet tells Shawn to move out . `` Juliet Wears the Pantsuit '' ( 7.09 ) Shawn moves out , reluctantly . At the end of the episode he helps Juliet repair a window and it is seen that they still have chemistry . However , Juliet is n't ready to forgive him for lying . `` Santa Barbarian Candidate '' ( 7.10 ) Juliet attends the Founders Gala as Shawn 's date . As they dance Juliet learns that Shawn went back to take dancing lessons that he had previously lied about going to when he learned what it meant to her . Juliet asks where `` this Shawn '' was when they were dating to which he says that he 's `` right here '' . After dancing with him , she admits to Shawn that she still has feelings for him , but tells him that he has to tell Chief Vick about his lie about being a psychic . He refuses to as he wo n't be able to do good or help people 's lives like he always has . Juliet tells him that what he does is n't good for everyone . At the end of the episode , Shawn decides to confess his lie to Chief Vick for the sake of smoothing things back over with Juliet . He almost tells Chief Vick that he is n't a psychic , but Juliet comes in claiming that Shawn led her to Mike 's house to get the photos . She tells Shawn later on that she could n't be selfish and have him reveal his lie . It seems like she is slowly beginning to trust him again . Shawn makes an attempt to kiss her , but she says that she is n't ready to get back together yet . Despite telling him this , the two agree to go out to eat together . `` Office Space '' ( 7.11 ) After going out to eat together from the previous episode , Juliet and Shawn are shown asleep next to each other in bed at her place . While sleeping , he wakes up to Gus tapping on the window and leaves to help him . Later , at the station , she and Shawn are talking and he remarks that they 're `` back in the saddle '' . However , Juliet says that nothing is back yet and that what they did was a `` one time thing '' and that since they were adults `` it happens '' . `` Nip and Suck It '' ( 7.13 ) At the end of the episode , Shawn tells Gus he and Juliet are officially back together . Shawn remarks that Juliet made him `` work '' for it , but that they are finally together again . `` No Trout About It '' ( 7.14 ) Shawn and Juliet make a romantically goofy phone call as revealed by Shawn when re-telling a case to a police consultant , much to Juliet 's embarrassment . She later voices her concerns about her position at the department due to intraoffice dating with Shawn which is usually against police regulations . Season Eight `` The Break Up '' ( 8.10 ) Shawn and Juliet get engaged to be married outside a crime scene in San Francisco , only to have the engagement ring get stolen by a mugger . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : episode `` In for a Penny ... '' Jump up ^ Psych , Episode 1.02 : `` Spellingg Bee . '' Original airdate : July 14 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Psych , Episode 1.03 : `` Speak Now or Forever Hold Your Piece '' . Original airdate : July 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Psych , Episode 1.15 : `` Scary Sherry : Bianca 's Toast '' . Original airdate : March 2 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Lawson , Maggie . Relationships . USA Network . Retrieved on January 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Psych , Episode 2.10 : `` Gus ' Dad May Have Killed an Old Guy '' . Original airdate : December 7 , 2007 . Psych Seasons 6 7 8 Episodes `` Pilot '' `` Spellingg Bee '' `` Speak Now or Forever Hold Your Piece '' `` Woman Seeking Dead Husband : Smokers Okay , No Pets '' `` Who Ya Gonna Call ? '' `` American Duos '' `` Mr. Yin Presents ... '' `` Dual Spires '' `` Yang 3 in 2D '' `` Psych : The Musical '' Television movie Psych : The Movie Characters Shawn Spencer Burton `` Gus '' Guster Carlton Lassiter Juliet O'Hara Henry Spencer Karen Vick Other Awards and nominations Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juliet_O%27Hara&oldid=781510296 '' Categories : Fictional Santa Barbara Police Department detectives Psych characters Fictional characters introduced in 2006 Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk About Wikipedia Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 21 May 2017 , at 17 : 41 . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juliet%20O%2527Hara
| 2,149 |
when did the term globalization come into use
|
Though many scholars place the origins of globalization in modern times , others trace its history long before the European Age of Discovery and voyages to the New World , some even to the third millennium BC . Large - scale globalization began in the 1820s . In the late 19th century and early 20th century , the connectivity of the world 's economies and cultures grew very quickly . The term globalization is recent , only establishing its current meaning in the 1970s .
|
1970s
|
Globalization
|
globalization
|
Globalization ( or globalisation ; see spelling differences ) is the increasing interaction of people through the growth of the international flow of money , ideas and culture . Globalization is primarily an economic process of integration which has social and cultural aspects as well . It involves goods and services , and the economic resources of capital , technology and data . Advances in the means of transport ( such as the steam locomotive , steamship , jet engine , and container ships ) and in telecommunications infrastructure ( including the rise of the telegraph and its modern offspring , the Internet and mobile phones ) have been major factors in globalization , generating further interdependence of economic and cultural activities .
|
Though many scholars place the origins of globalization in modern times , others trace its history long before the European Age of Discovery and voyages to the New World , some even to the third millennium BC . Large - scale globalization began in the 1820s . In the late 19th century and early 20th century , the connectivity of the world 's economies and cultures grew very quickly . The term globalization is recent , only establishing its current meaning in the 1970s . In 2000 , the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) identified four basic aspects of globalization : trade and transactions , capital and investment movements , migration and movement of people , and the dissemination of knowledge . Further , environmental challenges such as global warming , cross-boundary water and air pollution , and overfishing of the ocean are linked with globalization . Globalizing processes affect and are affected by business and work organization , economics , socio - cultural resources , and the natural environment . Academic literature commonly subdivides globalization into three major areas : economic globalization , cultural globalization , and political globalization . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology and usage 2 History 2.1 Archaic 2.2 Early modern 2.3 Modern 3 Economic globalization 4 Cultural globalization 5 Political globalization 6 Other dimensions 6.1 Movement of people 6.2 Movement of information 7 Measurement 8 Support and criticism 8.1 Public opinion on globalization 8.2 Economics 8.3 Global democracy 8.4 Global civics 8.5 International cooperation 8.6 Anti-globalization movement 8.7 Opposition to capital market integration 8.8 Anti-corporatism and anti-consumerism 8.9 Global justice and inequality 8.9. 1 Global justice 8.9. 2 Social inequality 8.10 Anti-global governance 8.11 Environmentalist opposition 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Etymology and usage ( edit ) The term globalization is derived from the word globalize , which refers to the emergence of an international network of economic systems . One of the earliest known usages of the term as a noun was in a 1930 publication entitled Towards New Education , where it denoted a holistic view of human experience in education . A related term , corporate giants , was coined by Charles Taze Russell ( of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society ) in 1897 to refer to the largely national trusts and other large enterprises of the time . However , the term ' globalization ' was in use well before this ( at least as early as 1944 ) and had been used by other scholars as early as 1981 . Levitt can be credited with popularizing the term and bringing it into the mainstream business audience in the later half of the 1980s . Since its inception , the concept of globalization has inspired competing definitions and interpretations , with antecedents dating back to the great movements of trade and empire across Asia and the Indian Ocean from the 15th century onwards . Due to the complexity of the concept , research projects , articles , and discussions often remain focused on a single aspect of globalization . Sociologists Martin Albrow and Elizabeth King define globalization as `` all those processes by which the people of the world are incorporated into a single world society . '' In The Consequences of Modernity , Anthony Giddens writes : `` Globalization can thus be defined as the intensification of worldwide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa . '' In 1992 , Roland Robertson , professor of sociology at the University of Aberdeen , an early writer in the field , defined globalization as `` the compression of the world and the intensification of the consciousness of the world as a whole . '' In Global Transformations , David Held and his co-writers state : Although in its simplistic sense globalization refers to the widening , deepening and speeding up of global interconnection , such a definition begs further elaboration ... Globalization can be located on a continuum with the local , national and regional . At one end of the continuum lie social and economic relations and networks which are organized on a local and / or national basis ; at the other end lie social and economic relations and networks which crystallize on the wider scale of regional and global interactions . Globalization can refer to those spatial - temporal processes of change which underpin a transformation in the organization of human affairs by linking together and expanding human activity across regions and continents . Without reference to such expansive spatial connections , there can be no clear or coherent formulation of this term ... A satisfactory definition of globalization must capture each of these elements : extensity ( stretching ) , intensity , velocity and impact . Held and his co-writers ' definition of globalization in that same book as `` transformation in the spatial organization of social relations and transactions -- assessed in terms of their extensity , intensity , velocity and impact -- generating transcontinental or interregional flows '' was called `` probably the most widely - cited definition '' in the 2014 DHL Global Connectiveness Index . Swedish journalist Thomas Larsson , in his book The Race to the Top : The Real Story of Globalization , states that globalization : is the process of world shrinkage , of distances getting shorter , things moving closer . It pertains to the increasing ease with which somebody on one side of the world can interact , to mutual benefit , with somebody on the other side of the world . Paul James defines globalization with a more direct and historically contextualized emphasis : Globalization is the extension of social relations across world - space , defining that world - space in terms of the historically variable ways that it has been practiced and socially understood through changing world - time . Manfred Steger , professor of global studies and research leader in the Global Cities Institute at RMIT University , identifies four main empirical dimensions of globalization : economic , political , cultural , and ecological , with a fifth dimension -- the ideological -- cutting across the other four . The ideological dimension , according to Steger , is filled with a range of norms , claims , beliefs , and narratives about the phenomenon itself . James and Steger assert that the concept of globalization `` emerged from the intersection of four interrelated sets of ' communities of practice ' ( Wenger , 1998 ) : academics , journalists , publishers / editors , and librarians . '' They note the term was used `` in education to describe the global life of the mind '' ; in international relations to describe the extension of the European Common Market ; and in journalism to describe how the `` American Negro and his problem are taking on a global significance '' . They have also argued that four different forms of globalization can be distinguished that complement and cut across the solely empirical dimensions . According to James , the oldest dominant form of globalization is embodied globalization , the movement of people . A second form is agency - extended globalization , the circulation of agents of different institutions , organizations , and polities , including imperial agents . Object - extended globalization , a third form , is the movement of commodities and other objects of exchange . He calls the transmission of ideas , images , knowledge , and information across world - space disembodied globalization , maintaining that it is currently the dominant form of globalization . James holds that this series of distinctions allows for an understanding of how , today , the most embodied forms of globalization such as the movement of refugees and migrants are increasingly restricted , while the most disembodied forms such as the circulation of financial instruments and codes are the most deregulated . The journalist Thomas L. Friedman popularized the term `` flat world '' , arguing that globalized trade , outsourcing , supply - chaining , and political forces had permanently changed the world , for better and worse . He asserted that the pace of globalization was quickening and that its impact on business organization and practice would continue to grow . Economist Takis Fotopoulos defined `` economic globalization '' as the opening and deregulation of commodity , capital , and labor markets that led toward present neoliberal globalization . He used `` political globalization '' to refer to the emergence of a transnational elite and a phasing out of the nation - state . Meanwhile , he used `` cultural globalization '' to reference the worldwide homogenization of culture . Other of his usages included `` ideological globalization '' , `` technological globalization '' , and `` social globalization '' . Lechner and Boli ( 2012 ) define globalization as more people across large distances becoming connected in more and different ways . Globophobia has been used to refer to the fear of globalization , though it can also mean the fear of balloons . History ( edit ) Main article : History of globalization See also : Timeline of international trade There are both distal and proximate causes which can be traced in the historical factors affecting globalization . Large - scale globalization began in the 19th century . Archaic ( edit ) The 13th century world - system , as described by Janet Abu - Lughod Main article : Archaic globalization Archaic globalization conventionally refers to a phase in the history of globalization including globalizing events and developments from the time of the earliest civilizations until roughly the 1600s . This term is used to describe the relationships between communities and states and how they were created by the geographical spread of ideas and social norms at both local and regional levels . In this schema , three main prerequisites are posited for globalization to occur . The first is the idea of Eastern Origins , which shows how Western states have adapted and implemented learned principles from the East . Without the traditional ideas from the East , Western globalization would not have emerged the way it did . The second is distance . The interactions amongst states were not on a global scale and most often were confined to Asia , North Africa , the Middle East , and certain parts of Europe . With early globalization , it was difficult for states to interact with others that were not within close proximity . Eventually , technological advances allowed states to learn of others ' existence and another phase of globalization was able to occur . The third has to do with interdependency , stability , and regularity . If a state is not dependent on another , then there is no way for either state to be mutually affected by the other . This is one of the driving forces behind global connections and trade ; without either , globalization would not have emerged the way it did and states would still be dependent on their own production and resources to function . This is one of the arguments surrounding the idea of early globalization . It is argued that archaic globalization did not function in a similar manner to modern globalization because states were not as interdependent on others as they are today . Also posited is a `` multi-polar '' nature to archaic globalization , which involved the active participation of non-Europeans . Because it predated the Great Divergence of the nineteenth century , in which Western Europe pulled ahead of the rest of the world in terms of industrial production and economic output , archaic globalization was a phenomenon that was driven not only by Europe but also by other economically developed Old World centers such as Gujarat , Bengal , coastal China , and Japan . Portuguese carrack in Nagasaki , 17th - century Japanese Nanban art The German historical economist and sociologist Andre Gunder Frank argues that a form of globalization began with the rise of trade links between Sumer and the Indus Valley Civilization in the third millennium B.C.E. This archaic globalization existed during the Hellenistic Age , when commercialized urban centers enveloped the axis of Greek culture that reached from India to Spain , including Alexandria and the other Alexandrine cities . Early on , the geographic position of Greece and the necessity of importing wheat forced the Greeks to engage in maritime trade . Trade in ancient Greece was largely unrestricted : the state controlled only the supply of grain . Native New World crops exchanged globally : Maize , tomato , potato , vanilla , rubber , cacao , tobacco Trade on the Silk Road was a significant factor in the development of the civilizations of China , the Indian subcontinent , Persia , Europe , and Arabia , opening long - distance political and economic interactions between the civilizations . Though silk was certainly the major trade item from China , many other goods were traded , and religions , syncretic philosophies , and various technologies , as well as diseases , also traveled along the Silk Routes . In addition to economic trade , the Silk Road served as a means of carrying out cultural trade among the civilizations along its network . The movement of people , such as refugees , artists , craftsmen , missionaries , robbers , and envoys , resulted in the exchange of religions , art , languages , and new technologies . Early modern ( edit ) Main article : Proto - globalization `` Early modern - '' or `` proto - globalization '' covers a period of the history of globalization roughly spanning the years between 1600 and 1800 . The concept of `` proto - globalization '' was first introduced by historians A.G. Hopkins and Christopher Bayly . The term describes the phase of increasing trade links and cultural exchange that characterized the period immediately preceding the advent of high `` modern globalization '' in the late 19th century . This phase of globalization was characterized by the rise of maritime European empires , in the 16th and 17th centuries , first the Portuguese and Spanish Empires , and later the Dutch and British Empires . In the 17th century , world trade developed further when chartered companies like the British East India Company ( founded in 1600 ) and the Dutch East India Company ( founded in 1602 , often described as the first multinational corporation in which stock was offered ) were established . Early modern globalization is distinguished from modern globalization on the basis of expansionism , the method of managing global trade , and the level of information exchange . The period is marked by such trade arrangements as the East India Company , the shift of hegemony to Western Europe , the rise of larger - scale conflicts between powerful nations such as the Thirty Years ' War , and a rise of new commodities -- most particularly slave trade . The Triangular Trade made it possible for Europe to take advantage of resources within the Western Hemisphere . The transfer of animal stocks , plant crops , and epidemic diseases associated with Alfred W. Crosby 's concept of the Columbian Exchange also played a central role in this process . Early modern trade and communications involved a vast group including European , Muslim , Indian , Southeast Asian , and Chinese merchants , particularly in the Indian Ocean region . During the early 19th century the United Kingdom was a global superpower . Modern ( edit ) During the 19th century , globalization approached its form as a direct result of the Industrial Revolution . Industrialization allowed standardized production of household items using economies of scale while rapid population growth created sustained demand for commodities . In the 19th century , steamships reduced the cost of international transport significantly and railroads made inland transport cheaper . The transport revolution occurred some time between 1820 and 1850 . More nations embraced international trade . Globalization in this period was decisively shaped by nineteenth - century imperialism such as in Africa and Asia . The invention of shipping containers in 1956 helped advance the globalization of commerce . After World War II , work by politicians led to the agreements of the Bretton Woods Conference , in which major governments laid down the framework for international monetary policy , commerce , and finance , and the founding of several international institutions intended to facilitate economic growth by lowering trade barriers . Initially , the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade ( GATT ) led to a series of agreements to remove trade restrictions . GATT 's successor was the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) , which provided a framework for negotiating and formalizing trade agreements and a dispute resolution process . Exports nearly doubled from 8.5 % of total gross world product in 1970 to 16.2 % in 2001 . The approach of using global agreements to advance trade stumbled with the failure of the Doha Development Round of trade negotiation . Many countries then shifted to bilateral or smaller multilateral agreements , such as the 2011 South Korea -- United States Free Trade Agreement . Since the 1970s , aviation has become increasingly affordable to middle classes in developed countries . Open skies policies and low - cost carriers have helped to bring competition to the market . In the 1990s , the growth of low - cost communication networks cut the cost of communicating between different countries . More work can be performed using a computer without regard to location . This included accounting , software development , and engineering design . Student exchange programs became popular after World War II , and are intended to increase the participants ' understanding and tolerance of other cultures , as well as improving their language skills and broadening their social horizons . Between 1963 and 2006 the number of students studying in a foreign country increased 9 times . In the late 19th and early 20th century , the connectedness of the world 's economies and cultures grew very quickly . This slowed down from the 1910s onward due to the World Wars and the Cold War , but picked up again in the 1980s and 1990s . The revolutions of 1989 and subsequent liberalization in many parts of the world resulted in a significant expansion of global interconnectedness . The migration and movement of people can also be highlighted as a prominent feature of the globalization process . In the period between 1965 and 1990 , the proportion of the labor force migrating approximately doubled . Most migration occurred between the developing countries and least developed countries ( LDCs ) . As economic integration intensified workers moved to areas with higher wages and most of the developing world oriented toward the international market economy . The collapse of the Soviet Union not only ended the Cold War 's division of the world - it also left the United States its sole policeman and an unfettered advocate of free market . It also resulted in the growing prominence of attention focused on the movement of diseases , the proliferation of popular culture and consumer values , the growing prominence of international institutions like the UN , and concerted international action on such issues as the environment and human rights . Other developments as dramatic were the Internet has become influential in connecting people across the world . As of June 2012 , more than 2.4 billion people -- over a third of the world 's human population -- have used the services of the Internet . Growth of globalization has never been smooth . One influential event was the late 2000s recession , which was associated with lower growth ( in areas such as cross-border phone calls and Skype usage ) or even temporarily negative growth ( in areas such as trade ) of global interconnectedness . The DHL Global Connectedness Index studies four main types of cross-border flow : trade ( in both goods and services ) , information , people ( including tourists , students , and migrants ) , and capital . It shows that the depth of global integration fell by about one - tenth after 2008 , but by 2013 had recovered well above its pre-crash peak . The report also found a shift of economic activity to emerging economies . Globalized society offers a complex web of forces and factors that bring people , cultures , markets , beliefs , and practices into increasingly greater proximity to one another . Economic globalization ( edit ) Main article : Economic globalization Singapore is the top country in the Enabling Trade Index as of 2016 . U.S. Trade Balance ( 1895 -- 2015 ) Number of countries having a banking crisis in each year since 1800 . This is based on This Time is Different : Eight Centuries of Financial Folly which covers only 70 countries . The general upward trend might be attributed to many factors . One of these is a gradual increase in the percent of people who receive money for their labor . The dramatic feature of this graph is the virtual absence of banking crises during the period of the Bretton Woods agreement , 1945 to 1971 . This analysis is similar to Figure 10.1 in Reinhart and Rogoff ( 2009 ) . For more details see the help file for `` bankingCrises '' in the Ecdat package available from the Comprehensive R Archive Network ( CRAN ) . Economic globalization is the increasing economic interdependence of national economies across the world through a rapid increase in cross-border movement of goods , services , technology , and capital . Whereas the globalization of business is centered around the diminution of international trade regulations as well as tariffs , taxes , and other impediments that suppresses global trade , economic globalization is the process of increasing economic integration between countries , leading to the emergence of a global marketplace or a single world market . Depending on the paradigm , economic globalization can be viewed as either a positive or a negative phenomenon . Economic globalization comprises : Globalization of production ; which refers to the obtention of goods and services from a particular source from different locations around the globe to benefit from difference in cost and quality. Likewise , it also comprises of globalization of markets ; which is defined as the union of different and separate markets into a massive global marketplace. Economic globalization also includes competition , technology , and corporations and industries . Current globalization trends can be largely accounted for by developed economies integrating with less developed economies by means of foreign direct investment , the reduction of trade barriers as well as other economic reforms , and , in many cases , immigration . International standards have made trade in goods and services more efficient . An example of such standard is the intermodal container . Containerization dramatically reduced transport of its costs , supported the post-war boom in international trade , and was a major element in globalization . International Organization for Standardization is an international standard - setting body composed of representatives from various national standards organizations . A multinational corporation or worldwide enterprise is an organization that owns or controls production of goods or services in one or more countries other than their home country . It can also be referred as an international corporation , a transnational corporation , or a stateless corporation . A free - trade area is the region encompassing a trade bloc whose member countries have signed a free - trade agreement ( FTA ) . Such agreements involve cooperation between at least two countries to reduce trade barriers -- import quotas and tariffs -- and to increase trade of goods and services with each other . If people are also free to move between the countries , in addition to a free - trade agreement , it would also be considered an open border . Arguably the most significant free - trade area in the world is the European Union , a politico - economic union of 28 member states that are located primarily in Europe . The EU has developed European Single Market through a standardised system of laws that apply in all member states . EU policies aim to ensure the free movement of people , goods , services , and capital within the internal market , Trade facilitation looks at how procedures and controls governing the movement of goods across national borders can be improved to reduce associated cost burdens and maximise efficiency while safeguarding legitimate regulatory objectives . Global trade in services is also significant . For example , in India , business process outsourcing has been described as the `` primary engine of the country 's development over the next few decades , contributing broadly to GDP growth , employment growth , and poverty alleviation '' . William I. Robinson 's theoretical approach to globalization is a critique of Wallerstein 's World Systems Theory . He believes that the global capital experienced today is due to a new and distinct form of globalization which began in the 1980s . Robinson argues not only are economic activities expanded across national boundaries but also there is a transnational fragmentation of these activities . One important aspect of Robinson 's globalization theory is that production of goods are increasingly global . This means that one pair of shoes can be produced by six different countries , each contributing to a part of the production process . Cultural globalization ( edit ) Shakira , a Colombian multilingual singer - songwriter , playing outside her home country . Main article : Cultural globalization Cultural globalization refers to the transmission of ideas , meanings , and values around the world in such a way as to extend and intensify social relations . This process is marked by the common consumption of cultures that have been diffused by the Internet , popular culture media , and international travel . This has added to processes of commodity exchange and colonization which have a longer history of carrying cultural meaning around the globe . The circulation of cultures enables individuals to partake in extended social relations that cross national and regional borders . The creation and expansion of such social relations is not merely observed on a material level . Cultural globalization involves the formation of shared norms and knowledge with which people associate their individual and collective cultural identities . It brings increasing interconnectedness among different populations and cultures . Cross-cultural communication is a field of study that looks at how people from differing cultural backgrounds communicate , in similar and different ways among themselves , and how they endeavour to communicate across cultures . Intercultural communication is a related field of study . Cultural diffusion is the spread of cultural items -- such as ideas , styles , religions , technologies , languages etc . Cultural globalization has increased cross-cultural contacts , but may be accompanied by a decrease in the uniqueness of once - isolated communities . For example , sushi is available in Germany as well as Japan , but Euro - Disney outdraws the city of Paris , potentially reducing demand for `` authentic '' French pastry . Globalization 's contribution to the alienation of individuals from their traditions may be modest compared to the impact of modernity itself , as alleged by existentialists such as Jean - Paul Sartre and Albert Camus . Globalization has expanded recreational opportunities by spreading pop culture , particularly via the Internet and satellite television . Religions were among the earliest cultural elements to globalize , being spread by force , migration , evangelists , imperialists , and traders . Christianity , Islam , Buddhism , and more recently sects such as Mormonism are among those religions which have taken root and influenced endemic cultures in places far from their origins . Globalization has strongly influenced sports . For example , the modern Olympic Games has athletes from more than 200 nations participating in a variety of competitions . The FIFA World Cup is the most widely viewed and followed sporting event in the world , exceeding even the Olympic Games ; a ninth of the entire population of the planet watched the 2006 FIFA World Cup Final . The term globalization implies transformation . Cultural practices including traditional music can be lost or turned into a fusion of traditions . Globalization can trigger a state of emergency for the preservation of musical heritage . Archivists may attempt to collect , record , or transcribe repertoires before melodies are assimilated or modified , while local musicians may struggle for authenticity and to preserve local musical traditions . Globalization can lead performers to discard traditional instruments . Fusion genres can become interesting fields of analysis . Music has an important role in economic and cultural development during globalization . Music genres such as jazz and reggae began locally and later became international phenomena . Globalization gave support to the world music phenomenon by allowing music from developing countries to reach broader audiences . Though the term `` World Music '' was originally intended for ethnic - specific music , globalization is now expanding its scope such that the term often includes hybrid subgenres such as `` world fusion '' , `` global fusion '' , `` ethnic fusion '' , and worldbeat . Use of chili pepper has spread from the Americas to cuisines around the world , including India , Thailand , Korea , Mexico , China , and Italy . Bourdieu claimed that the perception of consumption can be seen as self - identification and the formation of identity . Musically , this translates into each individual having their own musical identity based on likes and tastes . These likes and tastes are greatly influenced by culture , as this is the most basic cause for a person 's wants and behavior . The concept of one 's own culture is now in a period of change due to globalization . Also , globalization has increased the interdependency of political , personal , cultural , and economic factors . A 2005 UNESCO report showed that cultural exchange is becoming more frequent from Eastern Asia , but that Western countries are still the main exporters of cultural goods . In 2002 , China was the third largest exporter of cultural goods , after the UK and US . Between 1994 and 2002 , both North America 's and the European Union 's shares of cultural exports declined while Asia 's cultural exports grew to surpass North America . Related factors are the fact that Asia 's population and area are several times that of North America . Americanization is related to a period of high political American clout and of significant growth of America 's shops , markets and objects being brought into other countries . Some critics of globalization argue that it harms the diversity of cultures . As a dominating country 's culture is introduced into a receiving country through globalization , it can become a threat to the diversity of local culture . Some argue that globalization may ultimately lead to Westernization or Americanization of culture , where the dominating cultural concepts of economically and politically powerful Western countries spread and cause harm to local cultures . Globalization is a diverse phenomenon which relates to a multilateral political world and to the increase of cultural objects and markets between countries . The Indian experience particularly reveals the plurality of the impact of cultural globalization . Transculturalism is defined as `` seeing oneself in the other '' . Transcultural is in turn described as `` extending through all human cultures '' or `` involving , encompassing , or combining elements of more than one culture '' . Political globalization ( edit ) Main article : Political globalization The United Nations Headquarters in New York City . In general , globalization may ultimately reduce the importance of nation states . Supranational institutions such as the European Union , the WTO , the G8 or the International Criminal Court replace or extend national functions to facilitate international agreement . Intergovernmentalism is a term in political science with two meanings . The first refers to a theory of regional integration originally proposed by Stanley Hoffmann ; the second treats states and the national government as the primary factors for integration . Multi-level governance is an approach in political science and public administration theory that originated from studies on European integration . Multi-level governance gives expression to the idea that there are many interacting authority structures at work in the emergent global political economy . It illuminates the intimate entanglement between the domestic and international levels of authority . Some people are citizens of multiple nation - states . Multiple citizenship , also called dual citizenship or multiple nationality or dual nationality , is a person 's citizenship status , in which a person is concurrently regarded as a citizen of more than one state under the laws of those states . Increasingly , non-governmental organizations influence public policy across national boundaries , including humanitarian aid and developmental efforts . Philanthropic organizations with global missions are also coming to the forefront of humanitarian efforts ; charities such as the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation , Accion International , the Acumen Fund ( now Acumen ) and the Echoing Green have combined the business model with philanthropy , giving rise to business organizations such as the Global Philanthropy Group and new associations of philanthropists such as the Global Philanthropy Forum . The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation projects include a current multibillion - dollar commitment to funding immunizations in some of the world 's more impoverished but rapidly growing countries . The Hudson Institute estimates total private philanthropic flows to developing countries at US $ 59 billion in 2010 . As a response to globalization , some countries have embraced isolationist policies . For example , the North Korean government makes it very difficult for foreigners to enter the country and strictly monitors their activities when they do . Aid workers are subject to considerable scrutiny and excluded from places and regions the government does not wish them to enter . Citizens can not freely leave the country . Other dimensions ( edit ) Scholars also occasionally discuss other , less common dimensions of globalization , such as environmental globalization ( the internationally coordinated practices and regulations , often in the form of international treaties , regarding environmental protection ) or military globalization ( growth in global extent and scope of security relationships ) . Those dimensions , however , receive much less attention the three described above , as academic literature commonly subdivides globalization into three major areas : economic globalization , cultural globalization and political globalization . Movement of people ( edit ) Scheduled airline traffic in 2009 An essential aspect of globalization is movement of people . As transportation technology improved , travel time and costs decreased dramatically between the 18th and early 20th century . For example , travel across the Atlantic ocean used to take up to 5 weeks in the 18th century , but around the time of the 20th century it took a mere 8 days . Today , modern aviation has made long - distance transportation quick and affordable . Tourism is travel for pleasure . The developments in technology and transport infrastructure , such as jumbo jets , low - cost airlines , and more accessible airports have made many types of tourism more affordable . International tourist arrivals surpassed the milestone of 1 billion tourists globally for the first time in 2012 . A visa is a conditional authorization granted by a country to a foreigner , allowing them to enter and temporarily remain within , or to leave that country . Some countries -- such as those in the Schengen Area -- have agreements with other countries allowing each other 's citizens to travel between them without visas . The World Tourism Organization announced that the number of tourists who require a visa before traveling was at its lowest level ever in 2015 . Immigration is the international movement of people into a destination country of which they are not natives or where they do not possess citizenship in order to settle or reside there , especially as permanent residents or naturalized citizens , or to take - up employment as a migrant worker or temporarily as a foreign worker . According to the International Labour Organization , as of 2014 there were an estimated 232 million international migrants in the world ( defined as persons outside their country of origin for 12 months or more ) and approximately half of them were estimated to be economically active ( i.e. being employed or seeking employment ) . International movement of labor is often seen as important to economic development . For example , freedom of movement for workers in the European Union means that people can move freely between member states to live , work , study or retire in another country . Globalization is associated with a dramatic rise in international education . More and more students are seeking higher education in foreign countries and many international students now consider overseas study a stepping - stone to permanent residency within a country . The contributions that foreign students make to host nation economies , both culturally and financially has encouraged major players to implement further initiatives to facilitate the arrival and integration of overseas students , including substantial amendments to immigration and visa policies and procedures . A transnational marriage is a marriage between two people from different countries . A variety of special issues arise in marriages between people from different countries , including those related to citizenship and culture , which add complexity and challenges to these kinds of relationships . In an age of increasing globalization , where a growing number of people have ties to networks of people and places across the globe , rather than to a current geographic location , people are increasingly marrying across national boundaries . Transnational marriage is a by - product of the movement and migration of people . Movement of information ( edit ) See also : Internet Internet users by region 2005 2016 Africa 2 % 10 % 25 % Americas 36 % 49 % 65 % Arab States 8 % 26 % 42 % Asia and Pacific 9 % 23 % 42 % Commonwealth of Independent States 10 % 34 % 67 % Europe 46 % 67 % 79 % Estimate . Source : International Telecommunication Union . Before electronic communications , long - distance communications relied on mail . Speed of global communications was limited by the maximum speed of courier services ( especially horses and ships ) until the mid-19th century . The electric telegraph was the first method of instant long - distance communication . For example , before the first transatlantic cable , communications between Europe and the Americas took weeks because ships had to carry mail across the ocean . The first transatlantic cable reduced communication time considerably , allowing a message and a response in the same day . Lasting transatlantic telegraph connections were achieved in the 1865 - 1866 . The first wireless telegraphy transmitters were developed in 1895 . The Internet has been instrumental in connecting people across geographical boundaries . For example , Facebook is a social networking service which has more than 1.65 billion monthly active users as of 31 March 2016 . Globalization can be spread by Global journalism which provides massive information and relies on the internet to interact , `` makes it into an everyday routine to investigate how people and their actions , practices , problems , life conditions etc. in different parts of the world are interrelated . possible to assume that global threats such as climate change precipitate the further establishment of global journalism . '' Measurement ( edit ) See also : List of globalization - related indices One index of globalization is the KOF Index of Globalization , which measures three important dimensions of globalization : economic , social , and political . Another is the A.T. Kearney / Foreign Policy Magazine Globalization Index . 2014 KOF Index of Globalization Rank Country Ireland Belgium Netherlands Austria 5 Singapore 6 Denmark 7 Sweden 8 Portugal 9 Hungary 10 Finland 2006 A.T. Kearney / Foreign Policy Magazine Globalization Index Rank Country Singapore Switzerland United States Ireland 5 Denmark 6 Canada 7 Netherlands 8 Australia 9 Austria 10 Sweden Measurements of economic globalization typically focus on variables such as trade , Foreign Direct Investment ( FDI ) , Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) , portfolio investment , and income . However , newer indices attempt to measure globalization in more general terms , including variables related to political , social , cultural , and even environmental aspects of globalization . Support and criticism ( edit ) See also : Criticisms of globalization Reactions to processes contributing to globalization have varied widely with a history as long as extraterritorial contact and trade . Philosophical differences regarding the costs and benefits of such processes give rise to a broad - range of ideologies and social movements . Proponents of economic growth , expansion and development , in general , view globalizing processes as desirable or necessary to the well - being of human society . Antagonists view one or more globalizing processes as detrimental to social well - being on a global or local scale ; this includes those who social or natural sustainability of long - term and continuous economic expansion , the social structural inequality caused by these processes , and the colonial , imperialistic , or hegemonic ethnocentrism , cultural assimilation and cultural appropriation that underlie such processes . Globalization tends to bring people into contact with foreign people and cultures . Xenophobia is the fear of that which is perceived to be foreign or strange . Xenophobia can manifest itself in many ways involving the relations and perceptions of an ingroup towards an outgroup , including a fear of losing identity , suspicion of its activities , aggression , and desire to eliminate its presence to secure a presumed purity . Critiques of globalization generally stem from discussions surrounding the impact of such processes on the planet as well as the human costs . They challenge directly traditional metrics , such as GDP , and look to other measures , such as the Gini coefficient or the Happy Planet Index , and point to a `` multitude of interconnected fatal consequences -- social disintegration , a breakdown of democracy , more rapid and extensive deterioration of the environment , the spread of new diseases , increasing poverty and alienation '' which they claim are the unintended consequences of globalization . Others point out that , while the forces of globalization have led to the spread of western - style democracy , this has been accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic tension and violence as free market economic policies combine with democratic processes of universal suffrage as well as an escalation in militarization to impose democratic principles and as a means to conflict resolution . Public opinion on globalization ( edit ) A 2005 study by Peer Fiss and Paul Hirsch found a large increase in articles negative towards globalization in the years prior . In 1998 , negative articles outpaced positive articles by two to one . The number of newspaper articles showing negative framing rose from about 10 % of the total in 1991 to 55 % of the total in 1999 . This increase occurred during a period when the total number of articles concerning globalization nearly doubled . A number of international polls have shown that residents of Africa and Asia tend to view globalization more favorably than residents of Europe or North America . In Africa , a Gallup poll found that 70 % of the population views globalization favorably . The BBC found that 50 % of people believed that economic globalization was proceeding too rapidly , while 35 % believed it was proceeding too slowly . In 2004 , Philip Gordon stated that `` a clear majority of Europeans believe that globalization can enrich their lives , while believing the European Union can help them take advantage of globalization 's benefits while shielding them from its negative effects . '' The main opposition consisted of socialists , environmental groups , and nationalists . Residents of the EU did not appear to feel threatened by globalization in 2004 . The EU job market was more stable and workers were less likely to accept wage / benefit cuts . Social spending was much higher than in the US . In a Danish poll in 2007 , 76 % responded that globalization is a good thing . Fiss , et al. , surveyed US opinion in 1993 . Their survey showed that , in 1993 , more than 40 % of respondents were unfamiliar with the concept of globalization . When the survey was repeated in 1998 , 89 % of the respondents had a polarized view of globalization as being either good or bad . At the same time , discourse on globalization , which began in the financial community before shifting to a heated debate between proponents and disenchanted students and workers . Polarization increased dramatically after the establishment of the WTO in 1995 ; this event and subsequent protests led to a large - scale anti-globalization movement . Initially , college educated workers were likely to support globalization . Less educated workers , who were more likely to compete with immigrants and workers in developing countries , tended to be opponents . The situation changed after the financial crisis of 2007 . According to a 1997 poll 58 % of college graduates said globalization had been good for the US . By 2008 only 33 % thought it was good . Respondents with high school education also became more opposed . According to Takenaka Heizo and Chida Ryokichi , as of 1998 there was a perception in Japan that the economy was `` Small and Frail '' . However , Japan was resource - poor and used exports to pay for its raw materials . Anxiety over their position caused terms such as internationalization and globalization to enter everyday language . However , Japanese tradition was to be as self - sufficient as possible , particularly in agriculture . Many in developing countries see globalization as a positive force that lifts them out of poverty . Those opposing globalization typically combine environmental concerns with nationalism . Opponents consider governments as agents of neo-colonialism that are subservient to multinational corporations . Much of this criticism comes from the middle class ; the Brookings Institution suggested this was because the middle class perceived upwardly mobile low - income groups as threatening to their economic security . Economics ( edit ) The literature analysing the economics of free trade is extremely rich with extensive work having been done on the theoretical and empirical effects . Though it creates winners and losers , the broad consensus among economists is that free trade is a large and unambiguous net gain for society . In a 2006 survey of American economists ( 83 responders ) , `` 87.5 % agree that the U.S. should eliminate remaining tariffs and other barriers to trade '' and `` 90.1 % disagree with the suggestion that the U.S. should restrict employers from outsourcing work to foreign countries . '' Quoting Harvard economics professor N. Gregory Mankiw , `` Few propositions command as much consensus among professional economists as that open world trade increases economic growth and raises living standards . '' In a survey of leading economists , none disagreed with the notion that `` freer trade improves productive efficiency and offers consumers better choices , and in the long run these gains are much larger than any effects on employment . '' Most economists would agree that although increasing returns to scale might mean that certain industry could settle in a geographical area without any strong economic reason derived from comparative advantage , this is not a reason to argue against free trade because the absolute level of output enjoyed by both `` winner '' and `` loser '' will increase with the `` winner '' gaining more than the `` loser '' but both gaining more than before in an absolute level . In the book The End of Poverty , Jeffrey Sachs discusses how many factors can affect a country 's ability to enter the world market , including government corruption ; legal and social disparities based on gender , ethnicity , or caste ; diseases such as AIDS and malaria ; lack of infrastructure ( including transportation , communications , health , and trade ) ; unstable political landscapes ; protectionism ; and geographic barriers . Jagdish Bhagwati , a former adviser to the U.N. on globalization , holds that , although there are obvious problems with overly rapid development , globalization is a very positive force that lifts countries out of poverty by causing a virtuous economic cycle associated with faster economic growth . However , economic growth does not necessarily mean a reduction in poverty ; in fact , the two can coexist . Economic growth is conventionally measured using indicators such as GDP and GNI that do not accurately reflect the growing disparities in wealth . Additionally , Oxfam International argues that poor people are often excluded from globalization - induced opportunities `` by a lack of productive assets , weak infrastructure , poor education and ill - health ; '' effectively leaving these marginalized groups in a poverty trap . Economist Paul Krugman is another staunch supporter of globalization and free trade with a record of disagreeing with many critics of globalization . He argues that many of them lack a basic understanding of comparative advantage and its importance in today 's world . The flow of migrants to advanced economic countries has been claimed to provide a means through which global wages converge . An IMF study noted a potential for skills to be transferred back to developing countries as wages in those a countries rise . Lastly , the dissemination of knowledge has been an integral aspect of globalization . Technological innovations ( or technological transfer ) is conjectured to benefit most the developing and least developing countries ( LDCs ) , as for example in the adoption of mobile phones . There has been a rapid economic growth in Asia after embracing market orientation - based economic policies that encourage private property rights , free enterprise and competition . In particular , in East Asian developing countries , GDP per head rose at 5.9 % a year from 1975 to 2001 ( according to 2003 Human Development Report of UNDP ) . Like this , the British economic journalist Martin Wolf says that incomes of poor developing countries , with more than half the world 's population , grew substantially faster than those of the world 's richest countries that remained relatively stable in its growth , leading to reduced international inequality and the incidence of poverty . Certain demographic changes in the developing world after active economic liberalization and international integration resulted in rising general welfare and , hence , reduced inequality . According to Wolf , in the developing world as a whole , life expectancy rose by four months each year after 1970 and infant mortality rate declined from 107 per thousand in 1970 to 58 in 2000 due to improvements in standards of living and health conditions . Also , adult literacy in developing countries rose from 53 % in 1970 to 74 % in 1998 and much lower illiteracy rate among the young guarantees that rates will continue to fall as time passes . Furthermore , the reduction in fertility rate in the developing world as a whole from 4.1 births per woman in 1980 to 2.8 in 2000 indicates improved education level of women on fertility , and control of fewer children with more parental attention and investment . Consequently , more prosperous and educated parents with fewer children have chosen to withdraw their children from the labor force to give them opportunities to be educated at school improving the issue of child labor . Thus , despite seemingly unequal distribution of income within these developing countries , their economic growth and development have brought about improved standards of living and welfare for the population as a whole . Of the factors influencing the duration of economic growth in both developed and developing countries , income equality has a more beneficial impact than trade openness , sound political institutions , and foreign investment . Per capita gross domestic product ( GDP ) growth among post-1980 globalizing countries accelerated from 1.4 percent a year in the 1960s and 2.9 percent a year in the 1970s to 3.5 percent in the 1980s and 5.0 percent in the 1990s . This acceleration in growth seems even more remarkable given that the rich countries saw steady declines in growth from a high of 4.7 percent in the 1960s to 2.2 percent in the 1990s . Also , the non-globalizing developing countries seem to fare worse than the globalizers , with the former 's annual growth rates falling from highs of 3.3 percent during the 1970s to only 1.4 percent during the 1990s . This rapid growth among the globalizers is not simply due to the strong performances of China and India in the 1980s and 1990s -- 18 out of the 24 globalizers experienced increases in growth , many of them quite substantial . The globalization of the late 20th and early 21st centuries has led to the resurfacing of the idea that the growth of economic interdependence promotes peace . This idea had been very powerful during the globalization of the late 19th and early 20th centuries , and was a central doctrine of classical liberals of that era , such as the young John Maynard Keynes ( 1883 -- 1946 ) . Some opponents of globalization see the phenomenon as a promotion of corporatist interests . They also claim that the increasing autonomy and strength of corporate entities shapes the political policy of countries . They advocate global institutions and policies that they believe better address the moral claims of poor and working classes as well as environmental concerns . Economic arguments by fair trade theorists claim that unrestricted free trade benefits those with more financial leverage ( i.e. the rich ) at the expense of the poor . Globalization allows corporations to outsource manufacturing and service jobs from high cost locations , creating economic opportunities with the most competitive wages and worker benefits . Critics of globalization say that it disadvantages poorer countries . While it is true that free trade encourages globalization among countries , some countries try to protect their domestic suppliers . The main export of poorer countries is usually agricultural productions . Larger countries often subsidize their farmers ( e.g. , the EU 's Common Agricultural Policy ) , which lowers the market price for foreign crops . Global Democracy ( edit ) Main article : Democratic globalization Democratic globalization is a movement towards an institutional system of global democracy that would give world citizens a say in political organizations . This would , in their view , bypass nation - states , corporate oligopolies , ideological Non-governmental organizations ( NGO ) , political cults and mafias . One of its most prolific proponents is the British political thinker David Held . Advocates of democratic globalization argue that economic expansion and development should be the first phase of democratic globalization , which is to be followed by a phase of building global political institutions . Dr. Francesco Stipo , Director of the United States Association of the Club of Rome , advocates unifying nations under a world government , suggesting that it `` should reflect the political and economic balances of world nations . A world confederation would not supersede the authority of the State governments but rather complement it , as both the States and the world authority would have power within their sphere of competence '' . Former Canadian Senator Douglas Roche , O.C. , viewed globalization as inevitable and advocated creating institutions such as a directly elected United Nations Parliamentary Assembly to exercise oversight over unelected international bodies . Global civics ( edit ) Main articles : Global civics and Multiculturalism See also : Global citizenship Global civics suggests that civics can be understood , in a global sense , as a social contract between global citizens in the age of interdependence and interaction . The disseminators of the concept define it as the notion that we have certain rights and responsibilities towards each other by the mere fact of being human on Earth . World citizen has a variety of similar meanings , often referring to a person who disapproves of traditional geopolitical divisions derived from national citizenship . An early incarnation of this sentiment can be found in Socrates , whom Plutarch quoted as saying : `` I am not an Athenian , or a Greek , but a citizen of the world . '' In an increasingly interdependent world , world citizens need a compass to frame their mindsets and create a shared consciousness and sense of global responsibility in world issues such as environmental problems and nuclear proliferation . Baha'i - inspired author Gregory Paul Meyjes embraces the single world community and emergent global consciousness but warns of globalization as a cloak for an expeditious economic , social , and cultural Anglo - dominance that may be insufficiently fertile to sustain the emergence of a world civilization . He proposes a process of `` universalization '' as an alternative . Cosmopolitanism is the proposal that all human ethnic groups belong to a single community based on a shared morality . A person who adheres to the idea of cosmopolitanism in any of its forms is called a cosmopolitan or cosmopolite . A cosmopolitan community might be based on an inclusive morality , a shared economic relationship , or a political structure that encompasses different nations . The cosmopolitan community is one in which individuals from different places ( e.g. nation - states ) form relationships based on mutual respect . For instance , Kwame Anthony Appiah suggests the possibility of a cosmopolitan community in which individuals from varying locations ( physical , economic , etc . ) enter relationships of mutual respect despite their differing beliefs ( religious , political , etc . ) . Canadian philosopher Marshall McLuhan popularized the term Global Village beginning in 1962 . His view suggested that globalization would lead to a world where people from all countries will become more integrated and aware of common interests and shared humanity . International cooperation ( edit ) Military cooperation -- Past examples of international cooperation exist . One example is the security cooperation between the United States and the former Soviet Union after the end of the Cold War , which astonished international society . Arms control and disarmament agreements , including the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty ( see START I , START II , START III , and New START ) and the establishment of NATO 's Partnership for Peace , the Russia NATO Council , and the G8 Global Partnership against the Spread of Weapons and Materials of Mass Destruction , constitute concrete initiatives of arms control and de-nuclearization . The US -- Russian cooperation was further strengthened by anti-terrorism agreements enacted in the wake of 9 / 11 . Environmental cooperation -- One of the biggest successes of environmental cooperation has been the agreement to reduce chlorofluorocarbon ( CFC ) emissions , as specified in the Montreal Protocol , in order to stop ozone depletion . The most recent debate around nuclear energy and the non-alternative coal - burning power plants constitutes one more consensus on what not to do . Thirdly , significant achievements in IC can be observed through development studies . Anti-globalization movement ( edit ) Main article : Anti-globalization movement Anti-globalization , or counter-globalization , consists of a number of criticisms of globalization but , in general , is critical of the globalization of corporate capitalism . The movement is also commonly referred to as the alter - globalization movement , anti-globalist movement , anti-corporate globalization movement , or movement against neoliberal globalization . Opponents of globalization argue that there is unequal power and respect in terms of international trade between the developed and underdeveloped countries of the world . The diverse subgroups that make up this movement include some of the following : trade unionists , environmentalists , anarchists , land rights and indigenous rights activists , organizations promoting human rights and sustainable development , opponents of privatization , and anti-sweatshop campaigners . In The Revolt of the Elites and the Betrayal of Democracy , Christopher Lasch analyzes the widening gap between the top and bottom of the social composition in the United States . For him , our epoch is determined by a social phenomenon : the revolt of the elites , in reference to The revolt of the masses ( 1929 ) of the Spanish philosopher José Ortega y Gasset . According to Lasch , the new elites , i.e. those who are in the top 20 % in terms of income , through globalization which allows total mobility of capital , no longer live in the same world as their fellow - citizens . In this , they oppose the old bourgeoisie of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries , which was constrained by its spatial stability to a minimum of rooting and civic obligations . Globalization , according to the sociologist , has turned elites into tourists in their own countries . The de-nationalisation of business enterprise tends to produce a class who see themselves as `` world citizens , but without accepting ... any of the obligations that citizenship in a polity normally implies '' . Their ties to an international culture of work , leisure , information - make many of them deeply indifferent to the prospect of national decline . Instead of financing public services and the public treasury , new elites are investing their money in improving their voluntary ghettos : private schools in their residential neighborhoods , private police , garbage collection systems . They have `` withdrawn from common life '' . Composed of those who control the international flows of capital and information , who preside over philanthropic foundations and institutions of higher education , manage the instruments of cultural production and thus fix the terms of public debate . So , the political debate is limited mainly to the dominant classes and political ideologies lose all contact with the concerns of the ordinary citizen . The result of this is that no one has a likely solution to these problems and that there are furious ideological battles on related issues . However , they remain protected from the problems affecting the working classes : the decline of industrial activity , the resulting loss of employment , the decline of the middle class , increasing the number of the poor , the rising crime rate , growing drug trafficking , the urban crisis . D.A. Snow et al. contend that the anti-globalization movement is an example of a new social movement , which uses tactics that are unique and use different resources than previously used before in other social movements . One of the most infamous tactics of the movement is the Battle of Seattle in 1999 , where there were protests against the World Trade Organization 's Third Ministerial Meeting . All over the world , the movement has held protests outside meetings of institutions such as the WTO , the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) , the World Bank , the World Economic Forum , and the Group of Eight ( G8 ) . Within the Seattle demonstrations the protesters that participated used both creative and violent tactics to gain the attention towards the issue of globalization . Opposition to capital market integration ( edit ) Main article : Anti-capitalist movements World Bank Protester , Jakarta , Indonesia . Capital markets have to do with raising and investing money in various human enterprises . Increasing integration of these financial markets between countries leads to the emergence of a global capital marketplace or a single world market . In the long run , increased movement of capital between countries tends to favor owners of capital more than any other group ; in the short run , owners and workers in specific sectors in capital - exporting countries bear much of the burden of adjusting to increased movement of capital . Those opposed to capital market integration on the basis of human rights issues are especially disturbed by the various abuses which they think are perpetuated by global and international institutions that , they say , promote neoliberalism without regard to ethical standards . Common targets include the World Bank ( WB ) , International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) , the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) and the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) and free trade treaties like the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) , Free Trade Area of the Americas ( FTAA ) , the Multilateral Agreement on Investment ( MAI ) and the General Agreement on Trade in Services ( GATS ) . In light of the economic gap between rich and poor countries , movement adherents claim free trade without measures in place to protect the under - capitalized will contribute only to the strengthening the power of industrialized nations ( often termed the `` North '' in opposition to the developing world 's `` South '' ) . Anti-corporatism and anti-consumerism ( edit ) Main articles : Anti-corporatism and Anti-consumerism Corporatist ideology , which privileges the rights of corporations ( artificial or juridical persons ) over those of natural persons , is an underlying factor in the recent rapid expansion of global commerce . In recent years , there have been an increasing number of books ( Naomi Klein 's 2000 No Logo , for example ) and films ( e.g. The Corporation & Surplus ) popularizing an anti-corporate ideology to the public . A related contemporary ideology , consumerism , which encourages the personal acquisition of goods and services , also drives globalization . Anti-consumerism is a social movement against equating personal happiness with consumption and the purchase of material possessions . Concern over the treatment of consumers by large corporations has spawned substantial activism , and the incorporation of consumer education into school curricula . Social activists hold materialism is connected to global retail merchandizing and supplier convergence , war , greed , anomie , crime , environmental degradation , and general social malaise and discontent . One variation on this topic is activism by postconsumers , with the strategic emphasis on moving beyond addictive consumerism . Global Justice and inequality ( edit ) Global Justice ( edit ) Main article : Global justice movement Differences in national income equality around the world as measured by the national Gini coefficient , 2014 The global justice movement is the loose collection of individuals and groups -- often referred to as a `` movement of movements '' -- who advocate fair trade rules and perceive current institutions of global economic integration as problems . The movement is often labeled an anti-globalization movement by the mainstream media . Those involved , however , frequently deny that they are anti-globalization , insisting that they support the globalization of communication and people and oppose only the global expansion of corporate power . The movement is based in the idea of social justice , desiring the creation of a society or institution based on the principles of equality and solidarity , the values of human rights , and the dignity of every human being . Social inequality within and between nations , including a growing global digital divide , is a focal point of the movement . Many nongovernmental organizations have now arisen to fight these inequalities that many in Latin America , Africa and Asia face . A few very popular and well known non-governmental organizations ( NGOs ) include : War Child , Red Cross , Free The Children and CARE International . They often create partnerships where they work towards improving the lives of those who live in developing countries by building schools , fixing infrastructure , cleaning water supplies , purchasing equipment and supplies for hospitals , and other aid efforts . The global digital divide : Computers per 100 people . Social inequality ( edit ) Main articles : Social inequality and International inequality The economies of the world have developed unevenly , historically , such that entire geographical regions were left mired in poverty and disease while others began to reduce poverty and disease on a wholesale basis . From around 1980 through at least 2011 , the GDP gap , while still wide , appeared to be closing and , in some more rapidly developing countries , life expectancies began to rise . If we look at the Gini coefficient for world income , since the late 1980s , the gap between some regions has markedly narrowed -- between Asia and the advanced economies of the West , for example -- but huge gaps remain globally . Overall equality across humanity , considered as individuals , has improved very little . Within the decade between 2003 and 2013 , income inequality grew even in traditionally egalitarian countries like Germany , Sweden and Denmark . With a few exceptions -- France , Japan , Spain -- the top 10 percent of earners in most advanced economies raced ahead , while the bottom 10 percent fell further behind . By 2013 , a tiny elite of multibillionaires , 85 to be exact , had amassed wealth equivalent to all the wealth owned by the poorest half ( 3.5 billion ) of the world 's total population of 7 billion . Critics of globalization argue that globalization results in weak labor unions : the surplus in cheap labor coupled with an ever - growing number of companies in transition weakened labor unions in high - cost areas . Unions become less effective and workers their enthusiasm for unions when membership begins to decline . They also cite an increase in the exploitation of child labor : countries with weak protections for children are vulnerable to infestation by rogue companies and criminal gangs who exploit them . Examples include quarrying , salvage , and farm work as well as trafficking , bondage , forced labor , prostitution and pornography . Immigrant rights march for amnesty , Los Angeles , on May Day , 2006 Women often participate in the workforce in precarious work , including export - oriented employment . Evidence suggests that while globalization has expanded women 's access to employment , the long - term goal of transforming gender inequalities remains unmet and appears unattainable without regulation of capital and a reorientation and expansion of the state 's role in funding public goods and providing a social safety net . Anti-global governance ( edit ) Main article : Global governance Beginning in the 1930s , opposition arose to the idea of a world government , as advocated by organizations such as the World Federalist Movement ( WFM ) . Those who oppose global governance typically do so on objections that the idea is unfeasible , inevitably oppressive , or simply unnecessary . In general , these opponents are wary of the concentration of power or wealth that such governance might represent . Such reasoning dates back to the founding of the League of Nations and , later , the United Nations . Environmentalist opposition ( edit ) Deforestation of the Madagascar Highland Plateau has led to extensive siltation and unstable flows of western rivers . Main article : Environmentalism See also : Global warming , Climate change , and Deforestation Environmentalism is a broad philosophy , ideology and social movement regarding concerns for environmental conservation and improvement of the health of the environment . Environmentalist concerns with globalization include issues such as global warming , climate change , global water supply and water crises , inequity in energy consumption and energy conservation , transnational air pollution and pollution of the world ocean , overpopulation , world habitat sustainability , deforestation , biodiversity and species extinction . One critique of globalization is that natural resources of the poor have been systematically taken over by the rich and the pollution promulgated by the rich is systematically dumped on the poor . Some argue that Northern corporations are increasingly exploiting resources of less wealthy countries for their global activities while it is the South that is disproportionately bearing the environmental burden of the globalized economy . Globalization is thus leading to a type of '' environmental apartheid `` . Helena Norberg - Hodge , the director and founder of Local Futures / International Society for Ecology and Culture , criticizes globalization in many ways . In her book Ancient Futures , Norberg - Hodge claims that `` centuries of ecological balance and social harmony are under threat from the pressures of development and globalization . '' She also criticizes the standardization and rationalization of globalization , as it does not always yield the expected growth outcomes . Although globalization takes similar steps in most countries , scholars such as Hodge claim that it might not be effective to certain countries and that globalization has actually moved some countries backward instead of developing them . A related area of concern is the pollution haven hypothesis , which posits that , when large industrialized nations seek to set up factories or offices abroad , they will often look for the cheapest option in terms of resources and labor that offers the land and material access they require ( see Race to the bottom ) . This often comes at the cost of environmentally sound practices . Developing countries with cheap resources and labor tend to have less stringent environmental regulations , and conversely , nations with stricter environmental regulations become more expensive for companies as a result of the costs associated with meeting these standards . Thus , companies that choose to physically invest in foreign countries tend to ( re ) locate to the countries with the lowest environmental standards or weakest enforcement . See also ( edit ) Civilizing mission Deglobalization Environmental racism Franchising Free trade Global civics Global commons Global mobility Globalism Global public goods List of bilateral free - trade agreements List of globalization - related indices List of multilateral free - trade agreements Middle East and globalization Neorealism ( international relations ) North -- South divide Outline of globalization Postdevelopment theory Purple economy Technocapitalism Transnational cinema Transnational citizenship Triadization United Nations Millennium Declaration Vermeer 's Hat World Englishes References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Albrow , Martin and Elizabeth King ( eds . ) ( 1990 ) . Globalization , Knowledge and Society London : Sage . ISBN 9780803983236 Jump up ^ Albrow , Martin ; King , Elizabeth ( 1990 ) . ( Globalization at Google Books Globalization , knowledge , and society : readings from International sociology ) Check url = value ( help ) . Sage Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8039 - 8323 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Imagining the Internet '' . History of Information Technologies . Elon University School of Communications . Retrieved 17 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Stever , H. Guyford ( 1972 ) . `` Science , Systems , and Society '' . Journal of Cybernetics. 2 ( 3 ) : 1 -- 3 . doi : 10.1080 / 01969727208542909 . Jump up ^ Wolf , Martin ( 2014 ) . `` Shaping Globalization '' ( PDF ) . Finance & Development . 51 ( 3 ) : 22 -- 25 . ^ Jump up to : Frank , Andre Gunder. ( 1998 ) . ReOrient : Global economy in the Asian age . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0520214743 Jump up ^ `` Globalization and Global History '' ( PDF ) . p. 127 . Retrieved 3 July 2012 . Jump up ^ H. , O'Rourke , Kevin ; G. , Williamson , Jeffrey ( 1 April 2002 ) . From = fulltext `` When did globalisation begin ? '' Check url = value ( help ) . European Review of Economic History . 6 ( 1 ) : 23 -- 50 . doi : 10.1017 / S1361491602000023 . ISSN 1361 - 4916 . ^ Jump up to : James , Paul ; Steger , Manfred B. ( 2014 ) . `` A Genealogy of globalization : The career of a concept '' . Globalizations. 11 ( 4 ) : 417 -- 34 . doi : 10.1080 / 14747731.2014. 951186 . ^ Jump up to : International Monetary Fund . ( 2000 ) . `` Globalization : Threats or Opportunity . '' 12 April 2000 : IMF Publications . Jump up ^ Bridges , G. ( 2002 ) . `` Grounding Globalization : The Prospects and Perils of Linking Economic Processes of Globalization to Environmental Outcomes '' . Economic Geography. 78 ( 3 ) : 361 -- 86 . doi : 10.2307 / 4140814 . ^ Jump up to : Babones , Salvatore ( 15 April 2008 ) . `` Studying Globalization : Methodological Issues '' . In Ritzer , George . ( Globalization , p. 146 , at Google Books The Blackwell Companion to Globalization ) Check url = value ( help ) . John Wiley & Sons . p. 146 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 76642 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Globalization '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Retrieved 7 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Globalization '' . Oxford English Dictionary Online . September 2009 . Retrieved 5 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Battle of Armageddon , October 1897 pp. 365 -- 70 '' . Pastor-russell.com . Retrieved 31 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Feder , Barnaby J. ( 6 July 2006 ) . `` Theodore Levitt , 81 , Who Coined the Term ' Globalization ' , Is Dead '' . Retrieved 23 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Hopkins , A.G. ( ed . ) . ( 2004 ) . Globalization in World History . London : Norton , pp. 4 -- 8 . ISBN 978 - 0393979428 Jump up ^ Bakari , Mohamed El - Kamel . `` Globalization and Sustainable Development : False Twins ? '' . New Global Studies . 7 ( 3 ) : 23 -- 56 . doi : 10.1515 / ngs - 2013 - 021 . ISSN 1940 - 0004 . Jump up ^ Al - Rodhan , R.F. Nayef and Gérard Stoudmann. ( 2006 ) . Definitions of the Globalization : A Comprehensive Overview and a Proposed Definition . Archived 19 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Giddens , Anthony . ( 1991 ) . The Consequences of Modernity Cambridge : Polity Press . p. 64 . ISBN 9780745609232 Jump up ^ Robertson , Roland ( 1992 ) . Globalization : social theory and global culture ( Reprint . ed . ) . London : Sage . ISBN 0803981872 . Jump up ^ Held , David ; Goldblatt , David ; McGrew , Anthony ; Perraton , Jonathan ( 1999 ) . Global Transformations Cambridge : Polity Press . ISBN 9780745614984 ^ Jump up to : `` DHL Global Connectedness Index 2014 '' ( PDF ) . DHL. 11 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Larsson , Thomas . ( 2001 ) . The Race to the Top : The Real Story of Globalization Washington , D.C. : Cato Institute . p. 9 . ISBN 978 - 1930865150 ^ Jump up to : James , Paul ( 2005 ) . `` ' Arguing Globalizations : Propositions Towards an Investigation of Global Formation ' '' . Globalizations. 2 ( 2 ) : 193 -- 209 . doi : 10.1080 / 14747730500202206 . Jump up ^ Steger , Manfred ( 2009 ) . Globalization : A Very Short Introduction . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 11 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 955226 - 9 . Jump up ^ Manfred B. Steger ; Paul James ( 2013 ) . `` ' Levels of Subjective Globalization : Ideologies , Imaginaries , Ontologies ' '' . Perspectives on Global Development and Technology . 12 ( 1 -- 2 ) . Jump up ^ James , Paul ( 2014 ) . `` ' Faces of Globalization and the Borders of States : From Asylum Seekers to Citizens ' '' . Citizenship Studies . 18 ( 2 ) : 208 -- 23 . doi : 10.1080 / 13621025.2014. 886440 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Thomas L. `` The Dell Theory of Conflict Prevention '' . Emerging : A Reader . Ed . Barclay Barrios . Boston : Bedford , St. Martins , 2008 . 49 Jump up ^ Fotopoulos , Takis. ( 2001 ) . `` Globalization , the reformist Left and the Anti-Globalization ' Movement . ' '' Democracy & Nature : The International Journal of Inclusive Democracy , 7 : ( 2 ) ( July 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Lechner , Frank J. and John Boli ( eds . ) ( 2011 ) . The Globalization Reader . New Jersey : Wiley - Blackwell Publishers . Jump up ^ Henwood , Doug ( 1 December 2003 ) . `` Beyond Globophobia '' . The Nation . Jump up ^ Clark , Ross ( 20 March 2004 ) . `` Globophobia '' . The Spectator . Jump up ^ George Ritzer , ed. ( 15 April 2008 ) . The Blackwell Companion to Globalization . John Wiley & Sons . pp. 16 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 76642 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : O'Rourke , Kevin H. and Jeffrey G. Williamson. ( 2000 ) . `` When Did Globalization Begin ? '' NBER Working Paper No. 7632 . ^ Jump up to : Martell , Luke ( 2010 ) . The Sociology of Globalization . Policy Press . Jump up ^ Kochler , Hans ( 2000 ) . Globality versus Democracy : The Changing Nature of International Relations in the Era of Globalization . Vienna : International Progress Organization . p. 35 . Jump up ^ Jerry Bentley , Old World Encounters : Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times ( New York : Oxford University Press , 1993 ) , 32 . Jump up ^ Jerry Bentley , Old World Encounters : Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times ( New York : Oxford University Press , 1993 ) , 33 . Jump up ^ `` The Legacy of the Silk Road '' . Yale Global . 25 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Hopkins , A.G. , ed. , 2003 . Globalization in World History . New York City , NY : Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 97942 - 3 pp. 4 -- 5 , 7 Jump up ^ Chaudhuri , K.N. ( 1965 \ 1999 ) . The English East India Company : The Study of an Early Joint - stock Company 1600 -- 1640 ( Vol. 4 ) . London : Routledge / Thoemmes Press . ^ Jump up to : Levinson , Marc . `` Sample Chapter for Levinson , M. : The Box : How the Shipping Container Made the World Smaller and the World Economy Bigger '' . The Box : How the Shipping Container Made the World Smaller and the World Economy Bigger . Princeton University Press . Retrieved 17 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Gittins , Ross ( 12 June 2006 ) . `` How the invention of a box changed our world -- Business -- smh.com.au '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 17 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` World Exports as Percentage of Gross World Product '' . Global Policy Forum . Archived from the original on 12 July 2008 . Retrieved 11 November 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Varghese , N.V. 2008 , ' Globalization of higher education and cross-border student mobility ' , International Institute for Educational Planning , UNESCO Jump up ^ Wolf , Martin ( 2001 ) . `` Will the nation - state survive globalization ? '' . Foreign Affairs . 80 ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Ritzer , George ( 2011 ) . Globalization : The Essentials . NY : John Wiley & Sons . ^ Jump up to : Saggi , Kamal ( 2002 ) . `` Trade , Foreign Direct Investment , and International Technology Transfer : A Survey '' . World Bank Research Observer. 17 ( 2 ) : 191 -- 235 . doi : 10.1093 / wbro / 17.2. 191 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Michael H. ( 2004 ) . The World Transformed 1945 to present . p. 399 . Jump up ^ `` The Open Market Internet Index '' . Treese.org. 11 November 1995 . Archived from the original on 1 June 2013 . Retrieved 15 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` World Stats '' . Internet World Stats . Miniwatts Marketing Group . 30 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Signs of life '' . The Economist. 15 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Faiola , Anthony . ( 2009 ) . `` A Global Retreat As Economies Dry Up . '' The Washington Post , 5 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Sorrells , Kathryn. ( 2012 ) . Intercultural Communication Globalization and Social Justice . Thousand Oaks : Sage Pubs . ISBN 9781412927444 Jump up ^ Works , Anchor Media . `` This Time is Different - A Book by Carmen M. Reinhart and Kenneth S. Rogoff '' . reinhartandrogoff.com . ^ Jump up to : Joshi , Rakesh Mohan , ( 2009 ) International Business , Oxford University Press , New Delhi and New York ISBN 0 - 19 - 568909 - 7 . Jump up ^ Riley , T : `` Year 12 Economics '' , p. 9 . Tim Riley Publications , 2005 Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference sdefl0012017 was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Pitelis , Christos ; Roger Sugden ( 2000 ) . ( Globalization at Google Books The nature of the transnational firm ) Check url = value ( help ) . Routledge . p . H72 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 16787 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Multinational Corporations '' . Jump up ^ Roy D. Voorhees , Emerson L. Seim , and John I. Coppett , `` Global Logistics and Stateless Corporations , '' Transportation Practitioners Journal 59 , 2 ( Winter 1992 ) : 144 - 51 . Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , Arthur ; Sheffrin , Steven M. ( 2003 ) . Economics : Principles in Action . Upper Saddle River , New Jersey : Pearson Prentice Hall . p. 453 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 063085 - 3 . Jump up ^ European Commission . `` The EU Single Market : Fewer barriers , more opportunities '' . Europa web portal . Archived from the original on 1 October 2007 . Retrieved 27 September 2007 . `` Activities of the European Union : Internal Market '' . Europa web portal . Retrieved 29 June 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Kuruvilla , Sarosh ; Ranganathan , Aruna ( October 2008 ) . `` Economic Development Strategies And Macro - And Micro-Level Human Resource Policies : The Case Of India 's `` Outsourcing '' Industry '' ( PDF ) . Industrial & Labor Relations Review . 62 ( 1 ) : 39 -- 72 . doi : 10.1177 / 001979390806200103 . Jump up ^ `` Outsourcing to Africa : The world economy calls The Economist '' . 16 April 2011 . Retrieved 16 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Robinson , William I. `` Globalization and the sociology of Immanuel Wallerstein : A critical appraisal '' . International Sociology. 1 -- 23 . Jump up ^ James , Paul ( 2006 ) . Globalism , Nationalism , Tribalism . London : Sage Publications . Jump up ^ Manfred B. Steger and Paul James , ' Ideologies of Globalism ' , in Paul James and Manfred B. Steger , eds , Globalization and Culture : Vol. 4 , Ideologies of Globalism , Sage Publications , London , 2010 . Inda , Jonathan ; Rosaldo , Renato ( 2002 ) . `` Introduction : A World in Motion '' . The Anthropology of Globalization . Wiley - Blackwell . Jump up ^ Cowen , Tyler ; Barber , Benjamin ( May -- June 2003 ) . `` Globalization and Culture '' ( PDF ) . Cato Policy Report . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Nadeem , S ( 2009 ) Macaulay 's ( Cyber ) Children : The Cultural Politics of Outsourcing in India . Cultural Sociology Jump up ^ Hacker , Violaine ( 2011 ) , `` Building Medias Industry while promoting a community of values in the globalization : from quixotic choices to pragmatic boon for EU Citizens '' , Politické Védy - Journal of Political Science , Slovakia Jump up ^ McAlister , Elizabeth . 2005 . `` Globalization and the Religious Production of Space . '' Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion , Vol. 44 , No 3 , September 2005 , 249 -- 255 . Jump up ^ Globalization and Sport : A Review by Susan Froetschel Archived 23 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Overview of Olympic Games '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 4 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 FIFA World Cup broadcast wider , longer and farther than ever before '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 6 February 2007 . Retrieved 11 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Dunmore , Tom ( 16 September 2011 ) . ( Globalization , p. 235 , at Google Books Historical Dictionary of Soccer ) Check url = value ( help ) . Scarecrow Press . p. 235 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 7188 - 5 . The World Cup is now the most - watched sporting event in the world on television , above even the Olympic Games . Jump up ^ Dobson , Stephen ; Goddard , John ( 10 February 2011 ) . ( Globalization , p. 407 , at Google Books The Economics of Football ) Check url = value ( help ) . Cambridge University Press . pp. 407 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 49630 - 8 . The World Cup is the most widely viewed sporting event in the world : the estimated cumulative television audience for the 2006 World Cup in Germany was 26.2 billion , an average of 409 million viewers per match . Jump up ^ Wong , Glenn M. ( 8 March 2012 ) . ( Globalization , p. 144 , at Google Books The Comprehensive Guide to Careers in Sports ) Check url = value ( help ) . Jones & Bartlett Publishers . pp. 144 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4496 - 0203 - 1 . The World Cup is the most - watched sporting event in the world . In 2006 , more than 30 billion viewers in 214 countries watched the World Cup on television , and more than 3.3 million spectators attended the 64 matches of the tournament . Jump up ^ Clayton , Thomas . 2004 . `` Competing Conceptions of Globalization '' Revisited : Relocating the Tension between World - Systems Analysis and Globalization Analysis . In : Comparative Education Review , vol. 48 , no . 3 , pp. 274 -- 94 . Jump up ^ Throsby , David . ( 2002 . ) `` The music industry in the new millennium : Global and Local Perspectives . '' Paper prepared for The Global Alliance for Cultural Diversity Division of Arts and Cultural Enterprise UNESCO , Paris . Jump up ^ `` Ethnic fusion Music '' . Allmusic . Jump up ^ `` Worldbeat '' . Allmusic . Jump up ^ `` World Fusion Music '' . worldmusic.nationalgeographic.com . Archived from the original on 14 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chili : Small Fruit Sets Global Palettes on Fire '' Archived 31 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine. , History of Globalization , YaleGlobal Online . Jump up ^ Beard , David and Keneth Gloag. 2005 . Musicology : The Key Concepts . London and New York : Routledge . Jump up ^ `` International Flows of Selected Goods and Services '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 31 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Ghosh , Biswajit ( 2011 ) . `` Cultural Changes and Challenges in the Era of Globalisation . '' Journal of Developing Societies , SAGE Publications , 27 ( 2 ) : 153 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Cuccioletta , Donald . Multiculturalism or Transculturalism : Towards a Cosmopolitan Citizenship. , London Journal of Canadian Studies 2001 / 2002 Vol. 17 , Plattsburgh State University of New York , Interdisciplinary Research Group on the Americas ^ Jump up to : transcultural , thefreedictionary.com Jump up ^ transcultural , yourdictionary.com Jump up ^ Scholte , Jan - Aart ( 2005 ) . `` Chapter 6 : Globalization and Governance '' . Globalization : A Critical Introduction . Palgrave . Jump up ^ Teodor Lucian Moga ( 2009 ) . `` The Contribution of the Neofunctionalist and Intergovernmentalist Theories to the Evolution of the European Integration Process '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Alternative Perspectives in the Social Sciences . Retrieved 21 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Pawel Zaleski Global Non-governmental Administrative System : Geosociology of the Third Sector , ( in : ) Gawin , Dariusz & Glinski , Piotr ( ed . ) : `` Civil Society in the Making '' , IFiS Publishers , Warszawa 2006 Jump up ^ `` Vaccine Delivery '' . Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation . Jump up ^ The Index of Global Philanthropy and Remittances 2012 . Hudson Institute Center for Global Prosperity . Archived 30 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` North Korean Refugees NGO '' . Northkoreanrefugees.com. 20 October 2008 . Retrieved 23 August 2010 . Jump up ^ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ( 2 July 2008 ) . `` UNHCR Freedom in the World 2008 -- North Korea '' . Unhcr.org . Archived from the original on 18 October 2012 . Retrieved 23 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Zimmerer , Karl S. ( 2006 ) . ( Globalization , p. 1 , at Google Books Globalization & New Geographies of Conservation ) Check url = value ( help ) . University of Chicago Press . p. 1 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 98344 - 8 . Jump up ^ Krishnan , Armin ( 3 March 2016 ) . ( Globalization , p . PA157 , at Google Books War as Business : Technological Change and Military Service Contracting ) Check url = value ( help ) . Routledge . p. 157 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 00049 - 5 . Jump up ^ Boustan , Adain May . `` Fertility and Immigration . '' UCLA. 15 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` UNWTO World Tourism Barometer '' ( PDF ) . UNWTO World Tourism Barometer . World Tourism Organization . 11 ( 1 ) . January 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 February 2013 . Retrieved 9 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Visa requirements for tourism eased around the world , says UN agency Jump up ^ `` Visa Openness Report 2015 January 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` immigration '' . OxfordDictionaries.com . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 11 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` immigrate '' . Merriam-Webster.com . Merriam - Webster , In . Retrieved 27 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who 's who : Definitions '' . London , England : Refugee Council . 2016 . Retrieved 7 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mainstreaming of Migration in Development Policy and Integrating Migration in the Post-2015 UN Development Agenda '' ( PDF ) . www.ilo.org . Jump up ^ Gribble , C ( 2008 ) . `` Policy options for managing international student migration : the sending country 's perspective '' . Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management . 30 ( 1 ) : 25 -- 39 . doi : 10.1080 / 13600800701457830 . Jump up ^ `` ICT Facts and Figures 2005 , 2010 , 2016 '' . Telecommunication Development Bureau , International Telecommunication Union ( ITU ) . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Company Info -- Facebook Newsroom '' . Facebook . Jump up ^ Berglez , Peter ( 2008 ) . `` WHAT IS GLOBAL JOURNALISM ? '' . Journalism Studies . 9 ( 6 ) : 845 -- 858 . doi : 10.1080 / 14616700802337727 . Jump up ^ `` KOF Index of Globalization '' . ethz.ch . The KOF Swiss Economic Institute . 2014 . Jump up ^ 16 October 2006 Archived 6 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... Data for the year 2006 . No longer published . Jump up ^ Vujakovic , Petra ( 2010 ) . `` How to Measure Globalization ? A New Globalization Index ( NGI ) '' . Atlantic Economic Journal . 38 ( 2 ) : 237 . doi : 10.1007 / s11293 - 010 - 9217 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Sen , Amartya K. ( 1970 ) . Collective choice and social welfare . San Francisco , CA : Holden - Day . Jump up ^ `` Definition of xenophobia in English from the Oxford dictionary '' . oxforddictionaries.com . Jump up ^ `` Define Xenophobia at Dictionary.com '' . Dictionary.com . Jump up ^ Guido Bolaffi . Dictionary of race , ethnicity and culture . SAGE Publications Ltd. , 2003 . p. 332 . Jump up ^ `` Poverty Analysis -- Measuring Inequality '' . worldbank.org . Jump up ^ `` The Happy Planet Index '' . Neweconomics.org . Retrieved 2 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Capra , Fritjof ( 2002 ) . The Hidden Connections . New York , New York : Random House . ISBN 0 - 385 - 49471 - 8 . Jump up ^ Sorrells , Kathryn . Intercultural Communication : Globalization and Social Justice . Thousand Oaks , CA : SAGE , 2013 . Print . ^ Jump up to : Fiss , Peer and Hirsch , Pal : `` The Discourse of Globalization : Framing and Sensemaking of an Emerging Concept . American Sociological Review , February 2005 . vol. 70 no 1 : 29 -- 52 . Jump up ^ `` Africans and Asians Tend to View Globalization Favorably . Europeans and Americans are More Skeptical '' . World Public Opinion.org. 7 November 2006 . Jump up ^ BBC World Service ( 2008 ) . `` Widespread Unease about Economy and Globalization -- Global poll '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 3 September 2014 . Retrieved 24 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Gordon , Philip . 2004 . `` Globalization : Europe 's Wary Embrace '' Archived 29 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine ... Yale Global , 1 November 2004 . Jump up ^ Time Magazine : Why Denmark Loves Globalisation Jump up ^ Greg Ip : `` The Declining Value Of Your College Degree '' , Wall Street Journal . 17 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Takenaka Heizo and Chida Ryokichi. 1998 . `` Japan , '' Domestic Adjustments to Globalization ; ( ed , Charles E. Morrison and Hadi Soesastro ) , Tokyo : Japan center for International Exchange , 1998 , pp. 76 -- 102 . ^ Jump up to : Bhagwati , Jagdish ( 2004 ) . In Defense of Globalization . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0195330939 . Jump up ^ Shoa , S. Rajgopal ( 2002 ) . `` Reclaiming Democracy , the Anti-globalization Movement in South Asia '' ( PDF ) ( 70 ) . Feminist Review . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Graham , Carol ( 1 January 2011 ) . `` Winners and Losers : Perspectives on Globalization from the Emerging Market Economies '' . Brookings . Archived from the original on 11 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Fuller , Dan ; Geide - Stevenson , Doris ( Fall 2003 ) . `` Consensus Among Economists : Revisited '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Economic Review . 34 ( 4 ) : 369 -- 87 . doi : 10.1080 / 00220480309595230 . ( registration required ) Jump up ^ Friedman , Milton . `` The Case for Free Trade '' . Hoover Digest . 1997 ( 4 ) . Archived from the original on 22 January 2007 . Jump up ^ Whaples , Robert ( 2006 ) . `` Do Economists Agree on Anything ? Yes ! '' . The Economists ' Voice. 3 ( 9 ) . doi : 10.2202 / 1553 - 3832.1156 . Jump up ^ Mankiw , Gregory ( 7 May 2006 ) . `` Outsourcing Redux '' . Retrieved 22 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Poll Results IGM Forum '' . www.igmchicago.org . Archived from the original on 22 June 2016 . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Sachs , Jeffrey ( 2005 ) . The End of Poverty . New York , New York : The Penguin Press . ISBN 1 - 59420 - 045 - 9 . Jump up ^ Peet , Richard ; Hartwick , Elaine ( 2015 ) . Theories of Development , Third Edition : Contentions , Arguments , Alternatives . The Guilford Press . p. 2 . ISBN 1462519571 . But economic growth can occur without touching problems like inequality or poverty when all the increase in income goes to a relatively few people . Jump up ^ Beaudet , Pierre ; Schafer , Jessica ; Haslam , Paul A. ( 2012 ) . Introduction to International Development : Approaches , Actors , and Issues . Oxford University Press . p. 112 . ISBN 019544020X . According to Oxfam International , the contrasting experiences of Latin America and East Asia illustrate that globalization - induced growth and poverty can co-exist . Even when the market expands , ' poor people are often excluded from opportunities by a lack of productive assets , weak infrastructure , poor education , and ill - health ' Jump up ^ Conversi , Daniele ( 2009 ) ' Globalization , ethnic conflict and nationalism Archived 7 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine . ' , in B. Turner ( ed . ) Handbook of Globalization Studies . London : Routledge / Taylor & Francis ; Barkawi , Tarak ( 2005 ) Globalization and War . Rowman & Littlefield ; Smith , Dennis ( 2006 ) Globalization : The Hidden Agenda . Cambridge : Polity Press . See also Barber , Benjamin R. , Jihad vs. McWorld . Ballantine Books , 1996 Jump up ^ `` Human Development Report 2003 '' ( PDF ) . UNDP. 2003 . Retrieved 6 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Martin Wolf ( 2004 ) . Why Globalization Works . Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0300102529 . Archived from the original on 10 May 2013 . Retrieved 6 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Berg , Andrew G. ; Ostry , Jonathan D. ( 2011 ) . `` Equality and Efficiency '' . Finance and Development . International Monetary Fund . 48 ( 3 ) . Retrieved 10 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Dollar , David ; Kraay , Aart. `` Trade , Growth , and Poverty '' . Finance and Development . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 6 June 2011 . Jump up ^ E.g. Pyun , Ju Hyun ; Lee , Jong - Wha ( 21 March 2009 ) . `` Globalisation promotes peace '' . Jump up ^ See , for example , Roy Harrod , The Life of John Maynard Keynes , Macmillan , 1951 ; Donald Markwell , John Maynard Keynes and International Relations : Economic Paths to War and Peace , Oxford University Press , 2006 . Keynes had colourfully described the globalization before World War I in The Economic Consequences of the Peace , Macmillan , 1919 , chapter 2 . Jump up ^ Lee , Laurence ( 17 May 2007 ) . `` WTO blamed for India grain suicides '' . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 17 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Bakan , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Corporation . New York , New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 4744 - 2 . Jump up ^ Perkins , John ( 2004 ) . Confessions of an Economic Hit Man . San Francisco , California : Berrett - Koehler . ISBN 1 - 57675 - 301 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Fórum Social Mundial '' . Forumsocialmundial.org.br . Retrieved 31 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NAFTA at 10 '' . Economic Policy Institute . ^ Jump up to : Hurst E. Charles . Social Inequality : Forms , Causes , and consequences , 6th ed. p. 41 Jump up ^ `` USACOR.org '' . USACOR.org. 28 July 2009 . Retrieved 31 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Roche , Douglas . `` The Case for a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly '' ( PDF ) . The World Federalist Movement -- Institute for Global Policy . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 31 May 2013 . Retrieved 28 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Altinay , Hakan ( 2010 ) . `` The Case for Global Civics '' . Global Economy and Development at Brookings . Archived from the original on 3 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` World Citizens Association Australia '' . World Citizens Association Australia . Jump up ^ Altinay , Hakan ( June 2010 ) . `` A Global Civics : Necessary ? Feasible ? '' . Global Policy . Jump up ^ Meyjes , Gregory Paul P. ( 1999 ) . `` Language and Universalization : a ' Linguistic Ecology ' Reading of Bahá'í Writ '' . The Journal of Bahá'í Studies . Volume IX ( 1 ) . Ottawa : Association for Bahá'í Studies . pp. 51 -- 63 . Jump up ^ `` Cosmopolitan '' . Dictionary.com . Retrieved 7 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Kwame Anthony Appiah , `` Cosmopolitan Patriots , '' Critical Inquiry 23 , no . 3 ( Spring , 1997 ) : 617 -- 639 . Jump up ^ Marshall McLuhan and Bruce R. Powers ( 17 September 1992 ) The Global Village : Transformations in World Life and Media in the 21st century . Oxford University Press : 17 September 1992 Jump up ^ Chapman , Roger . Culture wars : an encyclopedia of issues , viewpoints , and voices , Volume 1 . 2009 : M.E. Sharp ^ Jump up to : `` International cooperation as a stepping - stone to a world government Global Policy Journal -- Practitioner , Academic , Global Governance , International Law , Economics , Security , Institutions , Comment & Opinion , Media , Events , Journal '' . Global Policy Journal . Retrieved 15 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Jacques Derrida ( May 2004 ) Enlightenment past and to come , speech at the party for 50 years of Le Monde diplomatique Jump up ^ Morris , Douglas `` Globalization and Media Democracy : The Case of Indymedia '' , Shaping the Network Society , MIT Press 2003 . Courtesy link to ( pre-publication version ) FIS.utoronto.ca Archived 4 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Juris , Jeffrey S. ( 2008 ) . Networking Futures : The Movements against Corporate Globalization . Durham : Duke University Press . p. 2 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8223 - 4269 - 4 . Jump up ^ Staggenborg , S. ( 2011 ) . Social movements ( Rev. ed . ) . New York : Oxford University Press . ^ Jump up to : Engler , M. ( 30 May 2007 ) . `` The Anti-Globalization Movement Defined Share The World 's Resources '' . Retrieved 14 March 2013 . l Jump up ^ https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/the-treachery-of-the-lites-elite-sense-of-irresponsibility-1610879.html Jump up ^ Snow , D.A. , Soule , S.A. , & Kriesi , H. ( 2004 ) . The Blackwell companion to social movements . Malden , MA : Blackwell Pub ... Jump up ^ Frieden , Jeffry A. ( 1991 ) . `` Invested Interests : The Politics of National Economic Policies in a World of Global Finance '' . International Organization . MIT Press . 45 ( 4 ) : 425 -- 51 . doi : 10.1017 / s0020818300033178 . ISSN 1531 - 5088 . JSTOR 2706944 . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Ottaway , Marina ( September 2001 ) . `` Corporatism Goes Global '' . Global Governance : A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations . 7 ( 3 ) . Jump up ^ Storper Michael ( 2000 ) . `` Lived effects of the Contemporary Economy : Globalization , Inequality , and Consumer Society '' . Public Culture . 12 ( 2 ) : 375 -- 409 . doi : 10.1215 / 08992363 - 12 - 2 - 375 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Maurie J. ( July 2013 ) . `` Collective dissonance and the transition to post-consumerism '' . Futures . 52 : 42 -- 51 . doi : 10.1016 / j. futures. 2013.07. 001 . Jump up ^ Tom Mertes , `` A Movement of Movements '' , New York : Verso , 2004 Jump up ^ della Porta , D. 2005 . `` The Social Bases of the Global Justice Movement : Some Theoretical Reflections and Empirical Evidence from the First European Social Forum . '' Civil Society and Social Movements Programme Paper No. 21. Geneva : UNRISD ( United Nations Research Institute for Social Development ) . Jump up ^ Education and Social Justice By J. Zajda , S. Majhanovich , V. Rust , 2006 , ISBN 1 - 4020 - 4721 - 5 Jump up ^ Nursing ethics : across the curriculum and into practice By Janie B. Butts , Karen Rich , Jones and Bartlett Publishers 2005 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7637 - 4735 - 0 Jump up ^ Legal Birth Definition Act -- Act 135 of 2004 Jump up ^ Rosling , Hans ( 2013 ) . `` How much do you know about the world ? '' . BBC . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Stiglits Joseph E. ( 13 October 2013 ) . `` Inequality is a Choice '' . New York Times . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Outlook on the Global Agenda 2014 '' ( PDF ) . World Economic Forum . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Pavcnik , Nina ; Pavcnik , Nina ( September 2005 ) . `` Child Labor in the Global Economy '' . Journal of Economic Perspectives. 19 ( 1 ) : 199 -- 220 . doi : 10.1257 / 0895330053147895 . Jump up ^ Seguino , Stephanie ; Grown , Caren ( November 2006 ) . `` Gender equity and globalization : macroeconomic policy for developing countries '' . Journal of International Development . Wiley . 18 ( 8 ) : 1081 -- 104 . doi : 10.1002 / jid. 1295 . Pdf version -- via the World Bank . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Paul . ( 2006 . ) The Parliament of Man : The Past , Present , and Future of the United Nations . New York : Harper Collins . ISBN 978 - 0375501654 Jump up ^ `` Ideology and Sustainability '' . Formal.stanford.edu . Retrieved 13 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Ronald Bailey from the February 2002 issue . `` Debunking Green Myths '' . Reason.com . Retrieved 13 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Donald Gibson . Environmentalism : Ideology and Power . Nova Science Pub Inc. 2003 Jump up ^ Low , Nicholas . ( 2002 ) . Global Ethics and Environment . Routledge Science . ISBN 978 - 0415197359 . Jump up ^ Lechner , Frank J. , and John Boli. 2012 . The Globalization Reader , 4th ed . Wiley - Blackwell . ISBN 978 - 0470655634 . Jump up ^ Norberg - Hodge , Helena ( 1992 ) . Ancient futures : learning from Ladakh ( Sierra Club Books pbk . ed . ) . San Francisco : Sierra Club Books . ISBN 0871566435 . Jump up ^ Levinson , Arik ; M. Scott Taylor ( 2008 ) . `` Unmasking the Pollution Haven Effect '' . International Economic Review . 49 ( 1 ) : 223 -- 54 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 2354.2008. 00478. x . Further Reading ( edit ) Acocella , Nicola ( 2005 ) . ( Globalization at Google Books Economic policy in the age of globalisation ) Check url = value ( help ) . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 54038 - 0 . Bales , Kevin ( 2012 ) . Disposable People : New Slavery in the Global Economy . University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0520272910 . Barbara , Christopher ( 2008 ) . ( Globalization at Google Books International legal personality : Panacea or pandemonium ? Theorizing about the individual and the state in the era of globalization ) Check url = value ( help ) . Saarbrücken : Verlag Dr. Müller . ISBN 3 - 639 - 11514 - 7 . von Braun , Joachim ; Eugenio Diaz - Bonilla ( 2007 ) . Globalization of Food and Agriculture and the Poor . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 569528 - 1 . Carpenter , John . `` Puritan Missions as Globalization , '' Fides et Historia. 31 : 2 , 1999 pp. 103 -- 23 . Chaichian , Mohammad ( 2014 ) . Empires and Walls : Globalization , Migration , and Colonial Control . Leiden : Brill . ISBN 9789004236035 . Chaichian , Mohammad ( 2009 ) . Town and Country in the Middle East : Iran and Egypt in the Transition to Globalization . New York : Lexington Books . ISBN 9780739126776 . Chanda , Nayan ( 2007 ) . Bound Together : How Traders , Preachers , Warriors and Adventurers Shaped Globalization . Yale University Press , New Haven . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 11201 - 6 . Chomsky , Noam and Robert W. McChesney ( 2011 ) . Profit Over People : Neoliberalism and Global Order . Seven Stories Press . ISBN 978 - 1888363821 . Fernando , Salvetti , ed. ( 2010 ) . `` Glocal '' Working . Living and Working across the World with Cultural Intelligence . Milan : Franco Angeli . ISBN 978 - 88 - 568 - 2733 - 0 . Glyn , Andrew ( 2006 ) . Capitalism Unleashed : Finance , Globalization , and Welfare . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 922679 - 2 . Archived from the original on 26 December 2010 . James , Paul ( 2006 ) . Globalism , Nationalism , Tribalism : Bringing Theory Back In . London : Sage Publications . James , Paul ; Gills , Barry ( 2007 ) . Globalization and Economy , Vol. 1 : Global Markets and Capitalism . London : Sage Publications . James , Paul ; Mittelman , James H. ( 2014 ) . Globalization and Politics , Vol. 3 : Political Critiques and Social Theories of the Global . London : Sage Publications . James , Paul ( 2014 ) . `` ' Faces of Globalization and the Borders of States : From Asylum Seekers to Citizens ' '' . Citizenship Studies . 18 ( 2 ) : 208 -- 23 . doi : 10.1080 / 13621025.2014. 886440 . Jones , Andrew ( 2010 ) Globalization . Key Thinkers . Cambridge : Polity Press , John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 0745643221 Kitching , Gavin ( 2001 ) . Seeking Social Justice through Globalization . Escaping a Nationalist Perspective . Penn State Press . ISBN 0 - 271 - 02162 - 4 . Archived from the original on 28 November 2007 . Klein , Naomi ( 2008 ) . The Shock Doctrine : The Rise of Disaster Capitalism . Picador . ISBN 978 - 0312427993 . Kohler , Gernot ; Emilio José Chaves , eds. ( 2003 ) . Globalization : Critical Perspectives . Hauppauge , New York : Nova Science Publishers . ISBN 1 - 59033 - 346 - 2 . With contributions by Samir Amin , Christopher Chase - Dunn , Andre Gunder Frank , Immanuel Wallerstein Lewis , Jeff ( 2011 ) . Crisis in the Global Mediaspheres . London : Palgrave . Mander , Jerry ; Edward Goldsmith ( 1996 ) . The case against the global economy : and for a turn toward the local . San Francisco : Sierra Club Books . ISBN 0 - 87156 - 865 - 9 . Moore , Karl ; David Charles Lewis ( 2009 ) . Origins of Globalization . New York : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 80598 - 8 . Murray , Warwick E. ( 2006 ) . Geographies of Globalization . New York : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 31799 - 1 . Norberg , Johan ( 2008 ) . ( Globalization at Google Books `` Globalization '' ) Check value ( help ) . In Hamowy , Ronald . The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism . Thousand Oaks , CA : SAGE ; Cato Institute . pp. 207 -- 08 . doi : 10.4135 / 9781412965811. n124 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4129 - 6580 - 4 . LCCN 2008009151 . OCLC 750831024 . Neumann , Iver B. ; Ole Jacob Sending ( 2010 ) . Governing the Global Polity : Practice , Mentality , Rationality . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 472 - 07093 - 0 . Osterhammel , Jürgen ; Niels P. Petersson ( 2005 ) . ( Globalization at Google Books Globalization : A Short History ) Check url = value ( help ) . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 12165 - 6 . `` Americans on Globalization : A Study of U.S. Attitudes '' ( PDF ) . Program on International Policy Attitudes. 28 March 2000 . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Panitch , Leo and Sam Gindin ( 2012 ) . The Making of Global Capitalism : the Political Economy of American Empire . London : Verso . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84467 - 742 - 9 Pfister , Ulrich ( 2012 ) . Globalization . Mainz : Institute of European History , . Reinsdorf , Marshall ; Matthew J. Slaughter ( 2009 ) . International Trade in Services and Intangibles in the Era of Globalization . Chicago : The University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 70959 - 8 . Samimi , Parisa ; Guan Choo Lim ; Abdul Aziz Buang ( December 2011 ) . `` Globalization Measurement : Notes on Common Globalization Indexes '' . Knowledge Management , Economics and Information Technology . 1 ( 7 ) . Sassen , Saskia ( 2014 ) . Expulsions : Brutality and Complexity in the Global Economy . Harvard University Press . ISBN 0674599225 . Sen , Amartya ( 1999 ) . Development as Freedom . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0375406190 . Sirkin , Harold L ; James W. Hemerling ; Arindam K. Bhattacharya ( 2008 ) . Globality : Competing with Everyone from Everywhere for Everything . New York : Business Plus . p. 292 . ISBN 0 - 446 - 17829 - 2 . Archived from the original on 23 September 2008 . Smith , Charles ( 2007 ) . International Trade and Globalisation , 3rd edition . Stocksfield : Anforme . ISBN 1 - 905504 - 10 - 1 . Steger , Manfred B. ; James , Paul ( 2013 ) . `` ' Levels of Subjective Globalization : Ideologies , Imaginaries , Ontologies ' '' . Perspectives on Global Development and Technology . 12 ( 1 -- 2 ) . Stiglitz , Joseph E. ( 2002 ) . Globalization and Its Discontents . New York : W.W. Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 32439 - 7 . Stiglitz , Joseph E. ( 2006 ) . Making Globalization Work . New York : W.W. Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 06122 - 1 . Tausch , Arno ( 2012 ) . Globalization , the Human Condition , and Sustainable Development in the Twenty - first Century : Cross-national Perspectives and European Implications . With Almas Heshmati and a Foreword by Ulrich Brand ( 1st ed . ) . Anthem Press , London . ISBN 9780857284105 . Osle , Rafael Domingo ( 2010 ) . The New Global Law . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521193870 . Sparks , C. ( 2007 ) . Globalization , development and the mass media . Los Angeles : SAGE . Weisbrot , Mark ( 2015 ) . Failed : What the `` Experts '' Got Wrong about the Global Economy . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780195170184 . External links ( edit ) Media related to globalization at Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote has quotations related to : Globalization Look up globalisation or globalization in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Library resources about Globalization Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Comprehensive discussion of the term at the Site Global Transformations Globalization Website ( Emory University ) Links , Debates , Glossary etc . BBC News Special Report -- `` Globalisation '' `` Globalization collected news and commentary '' . The Guardian . `` Resilience , Panarchy , and World - Systems Analysis '' , from the Ecology and Society Journal `` Globalization '' Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Analysis of the idea and its history . OECD Globalization statistics Interactive map : Visualization of Global Cargo Ships from UCL Faculty of the Built Environment Mapping Globalization , Princeton University `` Globalization '' , from The Canadian Encyclopedia YaleGlobal Online Global 3000 Globalization Program by Deutsche Welle - TV List of Global Development Indexes and Rankings Explained With Maps -- The Globalization of Food ( Documentary Video ) Globalization 's True Believers Are Having Second Thoughts . Time . 3 June 2016 ( hide ) Globalization Journals Outline Studies Aspects Alter - globalization Anti-globalization Counter-hegemonic globalization Cultural globalization Deglobalization Democratic globalization Economic globalization Environmental globalization Financial globalization Global citizenship education Global governance Global health History of globalization archaic early modern Military globalization Political globalization Trade globalization Workforce globalization Issues Global Disease Digital divide Labor arbitrage Population Warming Water crisis Other Brain drain reverse Climate change Climate justice Development aid Economic inequality Endangered languages Fair trade Forced migration Human rights Illicit financial flows Invasive species Investor - state disputes New international division of labour North -- South divide Offshoring Race to the bottom pollution havens Transnational crime McDonaldization Westernization American imperialism British Empire World war Theories Capital accumulation Dependency Development Earth system Fiscal localism Modernization ecological history of Primitive accumulation Social change World history World - systems Notable scholars Samir Amin Arjun Appadurai K. Anthony Appiah Daniele Archibugi Giovanni Arrighi Ravi Batra Jean Baudrillard Zygmunt Bauman Ulrich Beck Walden Bello Jagdish Bhagwati Robert Brenner Manuel Castells Noam Chomsky Alfred Crosby Christopher Chase - Dunn Andre G. Frank Thomas Friedman Anthony Giddens Peter Gowan Michael Hardt David Harvey David Held Paul Hirst Michael Hudson Paul James Ibn Khaldun Naomi Klein Antonio Negri George Ritzer Jeffrey Sachs Saskia Sassen John R. Saul Vandana Shiva Joseph Stiglitz John Urry Immanuel Wallerstein Portal Category International trade Terminology Absolute advantage Balance of payments Balance of trade Capital account Comparative advantage Current account Export - oriented industrialization Fair trade Foreign exchange reserves Globalization Import substitution industrialization Net capital outflow Outsourcing Tariff Trade justice Trade war Trading nation Organizations and policies International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) United Nations Conference on Trade and Development World Bank Group World Trade Organization ( WTO ) International Trade Centre Bilateral investment treaty Economic integration Free - trade zone Special economic zone Trade agreement Trade barrier Trade bloc Political economy Free trade ( Adam Smith , The Wealth of Nations , Repeal of the Corn Laws ) Mercantilism Protectionism ( Economic nationalism , Autarky ) Regional organizations ACU ASEAN CACM CAN CARICOM CEMAC CUBKR EAC EAU EU GCC Mercosur RCEP SAARC SACU WAEMU Exports by product Aircraft & Spacecraft Aircraft parts Aluminium Cars Car parts Coal Coffee Computers Copper Corn Cotton Diamonds Electricity Engines Gas turbines Gold Integrated circuits Iron ore Natural gas Oil Petrol Pharmaceuticals Ships Steel Telecommunications equipment Telephones Trucks Wheat Wine Category Commons Aspects of capitalism ( academic views ) General Business cycle Competition Economic bubble Economic development Entrepreneurship Ecoprenuership Externalities Globalization History of capitalist theory Industrial Revolution Innovation Invention Market failure Merit Multinational corporation Oligopoly Privatization Profit Property rights Regulation Wage labour Wealth Ideology American Dream Bipartisanship Democracy Free market Individualism Laissez - faire Libertarianism Neoliberalism Cultural aspects Culture of capitalism Advertising Consumerism Decentralization Economic mobility Liberty Mainstream Philanthropy Private foundation Rule of law Social alienation Spontaneous order Social aspects Economic inequality Employment Freedom of association Labour market flexibility Labour supply Productivity Prosperity Social venture capital Unemployment Criticism Criticism Anti-capitalism Market fundamentalism Marxism Wage slavery Antithesis Anarchism Anarcho - syndicalism Communism Eco-socialism Libertarian socialism Mercantilism Post-scarcity economy Sharing economy Social anarchism Socialism Syndicalism GND : 4557997 - 0 HDS : 48542 NDL : 00938997 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Globalization&oldid=809163185 '' Categories : Globalization Theories of history Economic geography Cultural geography International trade Capitalism Interculturalism Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with URL errors All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Pages with broken reference names Pages with login required references or sources Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use dmy dates from September 2017 Use American English from August 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2012 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Patois Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Võro Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 November 2017 , at 14 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalization
| 2,150 |
who's the devil wears prada based on
|
Lauren Weisberger , a former Wintour assistant who left Vogue for Departures along with Richard Story , wrote The Devil Wears Prada after a writing workshop he suggested she take . It was eagerly anticipated for its supposed insider portrait of Wintour prior to its publication . Wintour told The New York Times , `` I always enjoy a great piece of fiction . I have n't decided whether I am going to read it or not . '' While it has been suggested that the setting and Miranda Priestly were based on Vogue and Wintour , Weisberger claims she drew not only from her own experiences but those of her friends as well . Wintour herself makes a cameo appearance near the end of the book , where it is said she and Miranda dislike each other .
|
Wintour
|
Anna Wintour
|
anna wintour
|
Dame Anna Wintour DBE ( / ˈwɪntər / ; born 3 November 1949 ) is a British - American journalist and editor . She has been editor - in - chief of Vogue since 1988 .
|
In 2013 , she became artistic director for Condé Nast , Vogue 's publisher . With her trademark pageboy bob haircut and dark sunglasses , Wintour has become an important figure in much of the fashion world , widely praised for her eye for fashion trends and her support for younger designers . Her reportedly aloof and demanding personality has earned her the nickname `` Nuclear Wintour '' . The eldest daughter of Charles Wintour , editor of the London Evening Standard ( 1959 -- 76 ) , her father consulted her on how to make the newspaper relevant to the youth of the era . She became interested in fashion as a teenager . Her career in fashion journalism began at two British magazines . Later , she moved to the US , with stints at New York and House & Garden . She returned to London and was the editor of British Vogue between 1985 and 1987 . A year she later assumed control of the franchise 's magazine in New York , reviving what many saw as a stagnating publication . Her use of the magazine to shape the fashion industry has been the subject of debate within it . Animal rights activists have attacked her for promoting fur , while other critics have charged her with using the magazine to promote elitist views of femininity and beauty . A former personal assistant , Lauren Weisberger , wrote the 2003 best selling roman à clef The Devil Wears Prada , later made into a successful film starring Meryl Streep as Miranda Priestly , a fashion editor , believed to be based on Wintour . In 2009 , she was the focus of another film , R.J. Cutler 's documentary The September Issue . Contents ( hide ) 1 Family 2 Early life 3 Career 3.1 From fashion to journalism 3.2 New York City 3.3 Condé Nast 3.4 1990s 3.5 2000s 3.6 2010s 3.7 Fashion industry power broker 4 Personal life 4.1 Personal fashion preferences 4.2 Politics 5 The Devil Wears Prada 5.1 Film adaptation 6 Criticism 6.1 Personality 6.2 Pro-fur stance 6.3 Elitism 6.4 Responses 7 References 8 Works cited 9 External links Family ( edit ) Wintour was born in Hampstead , London in 1949 , to Charles Wintour ( 1917 -- 1999 ) , editor of the Evening Standard , and Eleanor `` Nonie '' Trego Baker ( 1917 -- 1995 ) , an American , the daughter of a Harvard law professor . Her parents married in 1940 and divorced in 1979 . Wintour was named after her maternal grandmother , Anna Baker ( née Gilkyson ) , a merchant 's daughter from Pennsylvania . Audrey Slaughter , a magazine editor who founded publications such as Honey and Petticoat , is her stepmother . The late - 18th - century novelist Lady Elizabeth Foster , Duchess of Devonshire , was Wintour 's great - great - great - grandmother , and Sir Augustus Vere Foster , the last Baronet of that name , was a granduncle . She had four siblings . Her older brother , Gerald , died in a traffic accident as a child . One of her younger brothers , Patrick , is also a journalist , currently diplomatic editor of The Guardian . James and Nora Wintour have worked in London local government and for international non-governmental organisations , respectively . Early life ( edit ) In her youth , Wintour was educated at the independent North London Collegiate School , where she frequently rebelled against the dress code by taking up the hemlines of her skirts . At the age of 14 , she began wearing her hair in a bob . She developed an interest in fashion as a regular viewer of Cathy McGowan on Ready Steady Go ! , and from the issues of Seventeen which her grandmother sent from the United States . `` Growing up in London in the ' 60s , you 'd have to have had Irving Penn 's sack over your head not to know something extraordinary was happening in fashion , '' she recalled . Her father regularly consulted her when he was considering ideas for increasing readership in the youth market . At the age of 15 , she began dating well - connected older men . She was involved briefly with Piers Paul Read , then 24 . In her later teens , she and gossip columnist Nigel Dempster became a fixture on the London club circuit . Career ( edit ) From fashion to journalism ( edit ) `` I think my father really decided for me that I should work in fashion , '' she recalled in The September Issue . He arranged for his daughter 's first job , at the influential Biba boutique , when she was 15 . The next year , she left North London Collegiate and began a training program at Harrods . At her parents ' behest , she also took fashion classes at a nearby school . Soon she gave them up , saying , `` You either know fashion or you do n't . '' Another older boyfriend , Richard Neville , gave her her first experience of magazine production at his popular and controversial Oz . In 1970 , when Harper 's Bazaar UK merged with Queen to become Harper 's & Queen , Wintour was hired as one of its first editorial assistants , beginning her career in fashion journalism . She told her co-workers that she wanted to edit Vogue . While there , she discovered model Annabel Hodin , a former North London classmate . Her connections helped her secure locations for innovative shoots by Helmut Newton , Jim Lee and other trend - setting photographers . One recreated the works of Renoir and Manet using models in go - go boots . After chronic disagreements with her rival , Min Hogg , she quit and moved to New York with her boyfriend , freelance journalist Jon Bradshaw . New York City ( edit ) In her new home , she became a junior fashion editor at Harper 's Bazaar in New York City in 1975 . Wintour 's innovative shoots led editor Tony Mazzola to fire her after nine months . She was introduced to Bob Marley by one of Bradshaw 's friends , and disappeared with him for a week . A few months later , Bradshaw helped her get her first position as a fashion editor , at Viva , a women 's adult magazine started by Kathy Keeton , then wife of Penthouse publisher Bob Guccione . She has rarely discussed working there , due to that connection . This was the first job at which she was able to hire a personal assistant , which began her reputation as a demanding and difficult boss . In late 1978 , Guccione shut down the unprofitable magazine . Wintour decided to take some time off from work . She broke up with Bradshaw and began a relationship with French record producer Michel Esteban , for two years dividing her time with him between Paris and New York . She returned to work in 1980 , succeeding Elsa Klensch as fashion editor for a new women 's magazine named Savvy . It sought to appeal to career - conscious professional women , who spent their own money , the readers Wintour would later target at Vogue . The following year , she became fashion editor of New York . There , the fashion spreads and photo shoots she had been putting together for years finally began attracting attention . Editor Edward Kosner sometimes bent very strict rules for her and let her work on other sections of the magazine . She learned through her work on a cover involving Rachel Ward how effectively celebrity covers sold copies . `` Anna saw the celebrity thing coming before everyone else did , '' Grace Coddington said three decades later . A former colleague arranged for an interview with Vogue editor Grace Mirabella that ended when Wintour told Mirabella she wanted her job . Condé Nast ( edit ) She went to work at Vogue later when Alex Liberman , editorial director for Condé Nast , publisher of Vogue , talked to Wintour about a position there in 1983 . She eventually accepted after a bidding war that doubled her salary , becoming the magazine 's first creative director , a position with vaguely defined responsibilities . Her changes to the magazine were often made without Mirabella 's knowledge , causing friction among the staff . She began dating child psychiatrist David Shaffer , an older acquaintance from London . They married in 1984 . In 1985 , Wintour attained her first editorship , taking over the UK edition of Vogue after Beatrix Miller retired . Once in charge , she replaced many staffers and exerted far more control over the magazine than any previous editor had , earning the nickname `` Nuclear Wintour '' in the process . Those editors who were retained began to refer to the period as `` The Wintour of Our Discontent . '' Her changes moved the magazine from its traditional eccentricity to a direction more in line with the American magazine . Wintour 's ideal reader was the same woman Savvy had tried to reach . `` There 's a new kind of woman out there , '' she told the Evening Standard . `` She 's interested in business and money . She does n't have time to shop anymore . She wants to know what and why and where and how . '' In 1987 , Wintour returned to New York to take over House & Garden . Its circulation had long lagged behind rival Architectural Digest , and Condé Nast hoped she could improve it . Again , she made radical changes to staff and look , canceling $2 million worth of photo spreads and articles in her first week . She put so much fashion in photo spreads that it became known as House & Garment , and enough celebrities that it was referred to as Vanity Chair , within the industry . Wintour 's first US Vogue cover Those changes worsened the magazine 's problems . When the title was shortened to just HG , many longtime subscribers thought they were getting a new magazine and put it aside for the real thing to arrive . Most of those subscriptions were eventually canceled , and while some fashion advertisers came over , most of the magazine 's traditional advertisers pulled out . Ten months later , she became editor of US Vogue . Under Mirabella , it had become more focused on lifestyles as a whole and less on fashion . Industry insiders worried that it was losing ground to the recently introduced American edition of Elle . After making sweeping changes in staff , she changed the style of the cover pictures . Mirabella had preferred tight head shots of well - known models in studios ; Wintour 's covers showed more of the body and were taken outside , like those Diana Vreeland had done years earlier . She used less well - known models , and mixed inexpensive clothes with high fashion : the first issue she was in charge of , November 1988 , featured a Peter Lindbergh photograph of 19 - year - old Michaela Bercu in a $50 pair of faded jeans and a bejeweled jacket by Christian Lacroix worth $10,000 . It was the first time a Vogue cover model had worn jeans ( Bercu was originally supposed to have worn the skirt that coordinated with the jacket , but she had gained some weight and it did n't fit ) . In 2012 , Wintour reflected on the cover : It was so unlike the studied and elegant close - ups that were typical of Vogue 's covers back then , with tons of makeup and major jewelry . This one broke all the rules . Michaela was n't looking at you , and worse , she had her eyes almost closed . Her hair was blowing across her face . It looked easy , casual , a moment that had been snapped on the street , which it had been , and which was the whole point . Afterwards , in the way that these things can happen , people applied all sorts of interpretations : It was about mixing high and low , Michaela was pregnant , it was a religious statement . But none of these things was true . I had just looked at that picture and sensed the winds of change . And you ca n't ask for more from a cover image than that . Years later , Wintour admitted the photo had never been planned as the cover shot . In 2011 , when Vogue put its entire archive online , Wintour was quoted as saying , `` I just said , ' Well , let 's just try this . ' And off we went . It was just very natural . To me it just said , ' This is something new . This is something different . ' The printers called to make sure that was supposed to be the cover , as they thought a mistake might have been made . '' In 2015 she said if she had to pick a favorite of her covers , it would be that one . `` ( I ) t was a leap of faith and it was certainly a big change for Vogue . '' `` Wintour 's approach hit a nerve -- this was the way real women put clothes together ( with the likely exception of wearing multi-thousand - dollar T - shirts ) , '' one reviewer says . On the June 1989 cover , another model was shown in wet hair , with just a bathrobe and no apparent makeup . Photographers , makeup artists , and hairstylists got credited along with the models . In August 2014 , Gigi Hadid paid tribute to Wintour 's first cover . 1990s ( edit ) Under her editorship , the magazine renewed its focus on fashion and returned to the prominence it had held under Vreeland . Vogue held its position as market leader against three contenders : Elle ; Harper 's Bazaar , which had lured away Liz Tilberis , Wintour 's most prominent deputy , and Mirabella , a magazine Rupert Murdoch created for Wintour 's fired predecessor . Her most serious competitor was within the company : Tina Brown , editor of Vanity Fair and later The New Yorker . At the end of the decade , another of Wintour 's inner circle left to run Harper 's Bazaar . Kate Betts , seen as Wintour 's likely successor , had broadened the magazine 's reach by commissioning stories with a more hard - news edge , about women in politics , street culture , and the financial difficulties of some major designers . She had also added the `` Index '' section , a few pages of tips meant to be torn out of the magazine . At staff meetings , she earned Wintour 's respect as the only person who publicly challenged her . The two began to disagree about the magazine 's direction . Betts felt Vogue 's fashion coverage was getting too limited . Wintour in turn thought that the stories with popular culture angles Betts was assigning were beneath readers , and began pairing Betts with Plum Sykes , whom Betts reportedly detested as a `` pretentious airhead . '' Eventually , she left , complaining to The New York Times that Wintour had not even sent her a baby gift . Wintour wrote an editor 's letter that complimented Betts and wished her well . 2000s ( edit ) Betts was one of several longtime editors to leave Vogue around the new millennium . A year later , Sykes , another putative successor , left to concentrate on her best - selling novels set in the city 's upper classes and a screenplay . A number of other editors also left to assume the top jobs at other publications . While some of their replacements did n't last , a new group of core editors formed . Wintour in Germany , 2006 The September 2004 issue was 832 pages , the largest issue of a monthly magazine ever published at that time , since exceeded by the September 2007 issue Cutler 's documentary covered . Wintour oversaw the introduction of three spinoffs : Teen Vogue , Vogue Living and Men 's Vogue . Teen Vogue has published more ad pages and earned more advertiser revenue than either Elle Girl and Cosmo Girl , and the 164 ad pages in the début issue of Men 's Vogue were the most for a first issue in Condé Nast history . AdAge named her `` Editor of the Year '' for this brand expansion . Queen Elizabeth II appointed her Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) in the 2008 Birthday Honours . That year was generally difficult , as the economy worsened . After ruffling feathers at the Milan shows in February , the April issue 's cover image of LeBron James and Gisele Bündchen brought criticism for its evocation of racial stereotypes . The next month a lavish Karl Lagerfeld gown she wore to the Met 's Costume Institute Gala was called `` the worst fashion faux pas of 2008 . '' In the fall , Vogue Living was suspended indefinitely , and Men 's Vogue cut back to two issues a year as an outsert or supplement to the women 's magazine . At the end of the year , December 's cover highlighted a disparaging comment Jennifer Aniston made about Angelina Jolie , to the former 's displeasure ; media observers began speculating that Wintour had lost her touch . `` Save Anna '' logo created in response to retirement rumours In 2008 , rumours arose that she would retire , and be replaced by French Vogue editor Carine Roitfeld . An editor at Russian GQ reportedly introduced Russian Vogue editor Aliona Doletskaya as the next editor of American Vogue . Condé Nast responded by taking out a full - page ad in The New York Times defending her record . In that same publication , Cathy Horyn later wrote that while Wintour had n't lost her touch , the magazine had become `` stale and predictable , '' as a reader had recently complained . `` To read Vogue in recent years is to wonder about the peculiar fascination for the ' villa in Tuscany ' story , '' Horyn added . The magazine also dealt awkwardly with the recession , she commented . In 2009 , Wintour began making more media appearances . On a 60 Minutes profile , she said she would not retire . `` To me this is a really interesting time to be in this position and I think it would be in a way irresponsible not to put my best foot forward and lead us into a different time . '' In September , The September Issue , a documentary film by The War Room producer R.J. Cutler about the production of the September 2007 issue , was released . It focused on the sometimes - difficult relationship between Wintour and creative director Grace Coddington . She appeared on the Late Show with David Letterman to promote it , defending the relevance of fashion in a tough economy . The American Society of Magazine Editors elected her to its Hall of Fame in 2010 . 2010s ( edit ) In 2013 , Condé Nast announced she would be taking on the position of artistic director for the company 's magazines while remaining at Vogue . She assumed some of the responsibilities of Si Newhouse , the company 's longtime chairman , who , in his mid-80s at the time , was retreating from his role at Condé Nast to oversee managing Advance Publications , its parent company . A company spokesman told The New York Times the position was created to keep Wintour . She described it as `` an extension of what I am doing , but on a broader scale . '' In January 2014 , the Metropolitan Museum of Art named its Costume Institute complex after Wintour ; First Lady Michelle Obama opened it in May of that year . Wintour starred in The Fashion Fund , which aired on Ovation TV that year as well ; she was named the 39th most powerful woman in the world by Forbes . On the occasion of the 10th anniversary of The Devil Wears Prada 's release , in 2016 , The Ringer noted how Wintour 's personal image had evolved since that film 's depiction of Miranda Priestley . `` A decade ago this summer , Wintour became a living , breathing avatar for a certain kind of boss -- the terrible kind , with ' great ' a halfhearted asterisk , '' wrote Alison Herman . `` The Devil Wears Prada transformed Wintour 's image from that of a mere public figure into that of a cultural icon . '' But since then , `` Wintour is n't just redeemed . She 's openly admired , Arctic chill and all . '' The grievances reflected in the novel and film `` ( seem ) like an increasingly petty complaint when held up against a readership that remains well into the seven figures and the undisputed edge in ad sales that comes with it . Wintour is seemingly the only person on earth who knows how to run a steady print operation in 2016 ... At 10 years old , Miranda Priestley is iconic but ever - so - slightly out of date . Anna Wintour is still the boss ... '' In a May 2017 ceremony at Buckingham Palace , Wintour was created a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire by Queen Elizabeth II for her contributions to fashion and journalism . Fashion industry power broker ( edit ) Through the years , she has come to be regarded as one of the most powerful people in fashion , setting trends , and anointing new designers . Industry publicists often hear `` Do you want me to go to Anna with this ? '' when they have differences with her subordinates . The Guardian has called her the `` unofficial mayoress '' of New York City . She has encouraged fashion houses such as Christian Dior to hire younger , fresher designers such as John Galliano . Her influence extends outside fashion . She persuaded Donald Trump to let Marc Jacobs use a ballroom at the Plaza Hotel for a show when Jacobs and his partner were short of cash . More recently , she persuaded Brooks Brothers to hire the relatively unknown Thom Browne . A protégée at Vogue , Plum Sykes , became a successful novelist , drawing her settings from New York 's fashionable élite . Her salary was reported to be $2 million a year in 2005 . In addition , she receives several perks , such as a chauffeured Mercedes S - Class ( both in New York and abroad ) , a $200,000 shopping allowance , and the Coco Chanel Suite at the Hotel Ritz Paris while attending European fashion shows . Condé Nast president S.I. Newhouse had the company make her an interest - free $1.6 million loan to purchase her townhouse in Greenwich Village . Personal life ( edit ) She had two children by David Shaffer following their 1984 marriage : Charles ( Charlie ) born 1985 , and Katherine ( known as Bee ) born 1987 . The latter wrote occasional columns for The Daily Telegraph in 2006 , but says she wo n't follow her mother into fashion . The couple divorced in 1999 . Newspapers and gossip columnists claimed her affair with investor Shelby Bryan ended the marriage . She declined to comment . Her friends say Bryan has mellowed her . `` She smiles now and has been seen to laugh , '' the Observer quoted one as saying . Wintour is also a philanthropist . She serves as a trustee of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York , where she has organised benefits that have raised $50 million for the museum 's Costume Institute . She began the CFDA / Vogue Fund in order to encourage , support and mentor unknown fashion designers . She has also raised over $10 million for AIDS charities since 1990 , by organising various high - profile benefits . She claims to rise before 6 am , plays tennis and has her hair and makeup done , then gets to Vogue 's offices two hours later . She always arrives at fashion shows well before their scheduled start . `` I use the waiting time to make phone calls and notes ; I get some of my best ideas at the shows , '' she says . According to the BBC documentary series Boss Woman , she rarely stays at parties for more than 20 minutes at a time and gets to bed by 10 : 15 every night . She exerts a great deal of control over the magazine 's visual content . Since her first days as editor , she has required that photographers not begin until she has approved Polaroids of the setup and clothing . Afterwards , they must submit all their work to the magazine , not just their personal choices . Her control over the text is less certain . Her staffers claim she reads everything written for publication , but former editor Richard Story has claimed she rarely , if ever , read any of Vogue 's arts coverage or book reviews . Earlier in her career , she often left the task of writing the text accompanying her layouts to others ; former coworkers claim she has minimal skills in that area . Today , she writes little for the magazine save the monthly editor 's letter . She reportedly has three full - time assistants but sometimes surprises callers by answering the phone herself . She often turns her cell phone off in order to eat her lunch , usually a steak ( or bunless hamburger ) , undisturbed . High - protein meals have been a habit of hers for a long time . `` It was smoked salmon and scrambled eggs every single day '' for lunch , says a coworker at Harpers & Queen . `` She would eat nothing else . '' Personal fashion preferences ( edit ) Because of her position , Wintour 's wardrobe is often closely scrutinised and imitated . Earlier in her career , she mixed fashionable T - shirts and vests with designer jeans . When she started at Vogue as creative director she switched to Chanel suits with miniskirts . She continued to wear them during both pregnancies , opening the skirts slightly in back and keeping her jacket on to cover up . Wintour was listed as `` one of the fifty best - dressed over 50s '' by the Guardian in March 2013 . Wintour in sunglasses at a 2005 show According to biographer Jerry Oppenheimer , her ubiquitous sunglasses are actually corrective lenses , since she suffers from deteriorating vision as her father did . A former colleague he interviewed recalls trying on her Wayfarers in her absence and getting dizzy . `` I think at this point they 've become , you know , really armour , '' Wintour herself told 60 Minutes correspondent Morley Safer , explaining that they allow her to keep her reactions to a show private . As she rebounded from the end of her marriage and the turnover in the magazine 's editorial staff , a fellow editor and friend noted that `` she 's not hiding behind her glasses anymore . Now she 's having fun again . '' Politics ( edit ) Wintour has been a supporter of the Democratic Party since Hillary Clinton 's 2000 Senate run and John Kerry 's 2004 presidential run and serving Barack Obama 's 2008 and 2012 presidential runs as a `` bundler '' of contributions . In 2008 and 2012 , she co-hosted fundraisers with Sarah Jessica Parker , the latter being a 50 - person , $40,000 - a-plate dinner at Parker 's West Village town house with Meryl Streep , Michael Kors , and Trey Laird , an advertising executive , among the attendees . She has also teamed with Calvin Klein and Harvey Weinstein on fundraisers during Obama 's first term and Donna Karan has been amongst the attendees . In 2013 when Vogue 's former director of communications stepped down , Wintour was rumoured to be looking to hire someone with a political background . Soon after , Wintour hired Hildy Kuryk , a former fundraiser for the Democratic National Committee and Obama 's first campaign . She supported Hillary Clinton 's 2016 Presidential Campaign , forming part of Clinton 's long list of wealthy donors or `` Hillblazers '' as well as serving as Clinton 's consultant on her wardrobe choices for key moments of the campaign . The Devil Wears Prada ( edit ) Main article : The Devil Wears Prada ( novel ) Lauren Weisberger , a former Wintour assistant who left Vogue for Departures along with Richard Story , wrote The Devil Wears Prada after a writing workshop he suggested she take . It was eagerly anticipated for its supposed insider portrait of Wintour prior to its publication . Wintour told The New York Times , `` I always enjoy a great piece of fiction . I have n't decided whether I am going to read it or not . '' While it has been suggested that the setting and Miranda Priestly were based on Vogue and Wintour , Weisberger claims she drew not only from her own experiences but those of her friends as well . Wintour herself makes a cameo appearance near the end of the book , where it is said she and Miranda dislike each other . In the novel , Miranda has many similarities to Wintour -- among them , she is British , has two children , and is described as a major contributor to the Met . Priestly is a tyrant who makes impossible demands of her subordinates , gives them almost none of the information or time necessary to comply and then berates them for their failures to do so . Betts , who had been fired by Harper 's after two years during which staffers said she tried too hard to emulate Wintour , reviewed it harshly in The New York Times Book Review : Having worked at Vogue myself for eight years and having been mentored by Anna Wintour , I have to say Weisberger could have learned a few things in the year she sold her soul to the devil of fashion for $32,500 . She had a ringside seat at one of the great editorial franchises in a business that exerts an enormous influence over women , but she seems to have understood almost nothing about the isolation and pressure of the job her boss was doing , or what it might cost a person like Miranda Priestly to become a character like Miranda Priestly . Priestly has some positive qualities . Andrea notes that she makes all the magazine 's key editorial decisions by herself and that she has genuine class and style . `` I never for one second did n't know it was an amazing opportunity to assist Anna , '' Weisberger said in 2008 . Film adaptation ( edit ) Further information : The Devil Wears Prada ( film ) The film version of the novel has not been the only movie to have a character borrowing some aspects of Wintour . Edna Mode 's similar hairstyle in The Incredibles has been noted , Johnny Depp said he partially based the demeanour of Willy Wonka in Charlie and the Chocolate Factory on Wintour . Fey Sommers in the Ugly Betty television series was also likened to Wintour , from the trademark bob and sunglasses , to Wintour 's last name homophonous with ' Winter ' , while Sommers ' is homophonous with ' Summer ' . During the film 's production in 2005 , Wintour was reportedly threatening prominent fashion personalities , particularly designers , that Vogue would not cover them if they made cameo appearances in the movie as themselves . She denied it through a spokesperson who said she was interested in anything that `` supports fashion . '' Many designers are mentioned in the film . Only one , Valentino Garavani , appeared as himself . The film was released , in mid-2006 , to great commercial success . Wintour attended the première wearing Prada . In the film , actress Meryl Streep plays a Priestly different enough from the book 's to receive critical praise as an entirely original ( and more sympathetic ) character . ( Streep 's office in the film was similar enough to Wintour 's that Wintour reportedly had hers redecorated . ) Wintour reportedly said the film would probably go straight to DVD . It made over $300 million in worldwide box office receipts . Later in 2006 , in an interview with Barbara Walters that aired the day of the DVD 's release , Wintour said she found the film `` really entertaining '' and praised it for making fashion `` entertaining and glamorous and interesting ... I was 100 percent behind it . '' That opinion of the movie has not yet led her to forgive Weisberger . When it was reported that the novelist 's editor told her to start her third novel over , Wintour 's spokesman suggested she `` should get a job as someone else 's assistant . '' Oppenheimer suggests The Devil Wears Prada may have done Wintour a favour by increasing her name recognition . `` Besides giving Weisberger her fifteen minutes , '' he says , `` ( it ) ... place ( d ) Anna squarely in the mainstream celebrity pantheon . ( She ) was now known and talked about over Big Macs and french fries under the Golden Arches by young fashionistas in Wal - Mart denim in Davenport and Dubuque . '' When The September Issue was released three years later , critics compared it with the earlier , fictional film . `` For the past year or so , she 's been on the media warpath to win back her image , '' said Paul Schrodt in Slant Magazine . Many considered the question of how similar she was to Streep 's Priestly , and praised the film for showing the real person . Manohla Dargis at The New York Times said that Priestly had helped humanise Wintour , and `` the documentary continues this . '' `` The movie offers insights that lift it beyond a realist version of The Devil Wears Prada , '' agreed Mary Pols in Time . Criticism ( edit ) In 2005 , two years after The Devil Wears Prada , Oppenheimer 's Front Row : The Cool Life and Hot Times of Vogue 's Editor in Chief was published . It painted a similar portrait of the real woman . According to Oppenheimer , Wintour not only declined his requests for an interview but discouraged others from talking to him . Personality ( edit ) Wintour is often described as emotionally distant by those who have come to know her well , even her close friends . `` At some stage in her career , Anna Wintour stopped being Anna Wintour and became ' Anna Wintour , ' at which point , like wings of a stately home , she closed off large sections of her personality to the public , '' wrote The Guardian . `` I think she enjoys not being completely approachable . Just her office is very intimidating . You have to walk about a mile into the office before you get to her desk and I 'm sure it 's intentional , '' Coddington says . `` I do n't find her to be accessible to people she does n't need to be accessible to , '' agrees Vogue publisher Tom Florio . Wintour at the Vanity Fair party for the 2010 Tribeca Film Festival . She has said she admired her father Charles , known as `` Chilly Charlie '' for being `` inscrutable . '' Former coworkers told Oppenheimer of a similar aloofness on her part . But she is also known for volatile outbursts of displeasure , and the widely used `` Nuclear Wintour '' sobriquet is a result of both . She dislikes it enough to have asked The New York Times not to use it . `` There are times I get quite angry , '' she admitted in The September Issue . `` I think she has been very rude to a lot of people in the past , on her way up -- very terse , '' a friend told the Observer . `` She does n't do small talk . She is never going to be friends with her assistant . '' A former assistant said , `` You definitely did not ride the elevator with her . '' Unwritten rules imposed by Wintour at the Vogue offices forbid junior staffers from initiating conversation with her ; an editor who greeted her on the elevator was reprimanded by one of Wintour 's assistants . ( She calls that an exaggeration . ) A visiting reporter saw a junior staffer appear visibly panicked when she realised she would have to ride the elevator with Wintour . Once a junior editor saw her trip in the hallway , walked past without offering assistance , and was later told she `` did absolutely the right thing . '' Even friends admit to some trepidation in her presence . `` Anna happens to be a friend of mine , '' says Barbara Amiel , `` a fact which is of absolutely no help in coping with the cold panic that grips me whenever we meet . '' `` I know when to stop pushing her , '' says Coddington . `` She does n't know when to stop pushing me . '' She has often been described as a perfectionist who routinely makes impossible , arbitrary demands of subordinates : `` kitchen scissors at work , '' in the words of one commentator . She once made a junior staffer look through a photographer 's trash to find a picture he had refused to give her . In a deleted scene from The September Issue , she complains about the `` horrible white plastic buckets '' of ice behind the bars at the CFDA 's 7th on Sale AIDS benefit and moves them out of sight . `` The notion that Anna would want something done ' now ' and not ' shortly ' is accurate , '' Amiel says of The Devil Wears Prada . `` Anna wants what she wants right away . '' A longtime assistant says , `` She throws you in the water and you 'll either sink or swim . '' Peter Braunstein , the former Women 's Wear Daily ( WWD ) media reporter , later convicted of sexually assaulting a coworker , allegedly planned to kill Wintour because of perceived slights . After receiving only one ticket to the 2002 Vogue Fashion Awards , which he perceived as a snub , he became so angry that WWD fired him . At his 2007 trial , prosecutors introduced as evidence a journal he kept on his computer in which he stated his intention to kill her . In it he wrote , `` She just never talked to peons like us '' to justify his intended actions . On one occasion , she has had to pay for her treatment of employees . In 2004 , a court ruled that she and Shaffer were to pay $104,403 , and Wintour herself an additional $32,639 , to settle a lawsuit brought against them by the New York State Workers ' Compensation Board . They had failed to pay the $140,000 judgement it incurred on behalf of a former employee injured on the job , who did not have the necessary insurance coverage . In the 2000s , her relationship with Bryan was credited with softening her personality at work . `` Even when she 's in a bad mood , she has a different posture , '' someone described as a `` Wintour watcher '' told the New York Observer . `` The consensus is that she 's so much more mellow and easier to work for ... '' Pro-fur stance ( edit ) She has often been the target of animal rights organisations like PETA , who are angered by her use of fur in Vogue , her pro-fur editorials and her refusal to run paid advertisements from animal rights organisations . Undeterred , she continues to use fur in photo spreads , saying there 's always a way to wear it . `` Nobody was wearing fur until she put it on the cover in the early 1990s , '' says Vogue co-worker Tom Florio . `` She ignited the entire industry . '' She has `` lost count '' of the times she has been physically attacked by activists . In Paris in October 2005 , she was hit with a tofu pie while waiting to get into the Chloé show . On another occasion , an activist dumped a dead raccoon on her plate at a restaurant ; she told the waiter to remove it . She and Vogue publisher Ron Galotti once retaliated for a protest outside the Condé Nast offices during the company 's annual Christmas party by sending down a plate of roast beef . Others outside of the animal - rights community have raised the fur issue . Fashion journalist Peter Braunstein wrote in his manifesto that she would go to a hell guarded by large rats , where it would be so warm she would n't need to wear fur . Pamela Anderson , in an early 2008 interview , said Wintour was the living person she most despised `` because she bullies young designers and models to use and wear fur . '' Elitism ( edit ) Another common criticism of Wintour 's editorship focuses on Vogue 's increasing use of celebrities on the cover , and her insistence on making them meet her standards . She reportedly told Oprah Winfrey to lose weight before her cover photograph . Likewise , Hillary Clinton was told not to wear a blue suit . At the 2005 Anglomania celebration , a Vogue - sponsored salute to British fashion at the Met , Wintour is said to have personally chosen the clothes for prominent attendees such as Jennifer Lopez , Kate Moss , Donald Trump , and Diane von Fürstenberg . `` I do n't think Vreeland had that kind of concentration , '' says WWD publisher Patrick McCarthy . `` She would n't have dressed Babe Paley . Nor would Babe Paley have let her . '' By persuading designers to loan clothes to prominent socialites and celebrities , who are then photographed wearing the clothes not only in Vogue but more general - interest magazines like People and Us , which in turn influence what buyers want , some in the industry believe Wintour is exerting too much control over it , especially since she is not involved in making or producing clothes herself . `` The end result is that Anna can control it all the way to the selling floor , '' says Candy Pratts Price , executive fashion director at style.com . She has been credited with killing grunge fashion in the early 1990s , when it was n't selling well , by telling designers if they continued to avoid glamour their looks would not be photographed for Vogue . All complied . Wintour ( photographed by Ed Kavishe of Fashion Wire Press ) often insists on being seated apart from other fashion editors at shows . Another Vogue writer has complained Wintour excluded ordinary working women , many of whom are regular subscribers , from the pages . `` She 's obsessed only about reflecting the aspirations of a certain class of reader , '' she says . `` We once had a piece about breast cancer which started with an airline stewardess , but she would n't have a stewardess in the magazine so we had to go and look for a high - flying businesswoman who 'd had cancer . '' Wintour has been accused of setting herself apart even from peers . `` I do not think fiction could surpass the reality , '' a British fashion magazine editor says of The Devil Wears Prada . `` ( A ) rt in this instance is only a poor imitation of life . '' Wintour , the editor says , routinely requests to be seated out of sight of competing editors at shows . `` We spend our working lives telling people which it - bag to carry but Anna is so above the rest of us she does not even have a handbag . '' At the 2008 Milan Fashion Week she requested that some key shows be rescheduled for earlier in the week so she and other U.S. - based editors could have time to return home before the Paris shows . This led to complaints . Other editors said they had to rush through the earlier shows , and lesser - known designers who had to show later were denied an important audience . Dolce & Gabbana said Italian fashion was getting short shrift and Milan was becoming a `` circus without sense . '' Giorgio Armani , who at the time was co-chairing a Met exhibition on superheroes ' costumes with Wintour , drew some attention for his personal remarks . `` Maybe what she thinks is a beautiful dress , I would n't think was a beautiful dress , '' he said . While he claimed he could n't understand why people disliked her , saying he himself was indifferent , he expressed hope she had n't made a comment once attributed to her `` the Armani era is over . '' He accused her of preferring French and American fashion over Italian . Geoffrey Beene , who stopped inviting Wintour to shows after she stopped writing about him , called her `` a boss lady in four - wheel drive who ignores or abandons those who do not fuel her tank . As an editor , she has turned class into mass , taste into waste . '' Her remarks about obesity have caused controversy on more than one occasion . In 2005 , Wintour was heavily criticised by the New York chapter of the National Association to Advance Fat Acceptance after Vogue editor - at - large André Leon Talley said on The Oprah Winfrey Show , at one point , Wintour demanded he lose weight . `` Most of the Vogue girls are so thin , tremendously thin '' he said , `` because Miss Anna does n't like fat people . '' In 2009 , residents of Minneapolis took umbrage after she told 60 Minutes she could `` only kindly describe most of the people I saw as little houses . '' They noted their city had been named the third fittest in the nation that year by Men 's Fitness while New York had been named the fifth fattest . Wintour surprised observers when developing an association with the Kardashian family and Kanye West , which culminated in having the Kardashian - Wests on a Vogue cover ; Wintour reportedly commented that having only `` deeply tasteful '' people in the magazine was boring , and her decision to resort to such personalities has led some to accuse the magazine of being `` desperate for buzz . '' Wintour has nevertheless continued the association with the less - than - `` deeply tasteful '' pair . Responses ( edit ) Defences of Wintour have often come from others . Amanda Fortini at Slate said she was comfortable with Wintour 's elitism since that was intrinsic to fashion : Most of us read Vogue not with the intention of buying the wildly expensive clothes , but because doing so educates our eye and hones our taste , similar to the way eating gourmet food refines the palate . This is a pleasure enabled by Wintour 's ruthless aesthetic , her refusal to participate in the democratizing tendency of most of her competitors . To deny her that privilege is to deny her readers the privilege of fantasy in the form of beautifully photographed Paris couture . Emma Brockes sees this in Wintour herself : `` ( Her ) unwavering ability to look as if she lives within the pages of her magazine has a sort of honesty to it , proof that , whatever one thinks about it , the lifestyle peddled by Vogue is at least physically possible . '' `` Print publications have to be as luxurious an experience as possible , '' Wintour explained in 2015 . `` You have to feel it coming off the page . You have to see photographs and pieces that you could n't possibly see anywhere else . '' Some friends see her purported coldness as just traditional British reserve , or shyness . Brockes says it may be mutual , `` partly a reflection of how awkward people are with her , particularly women , who get preemptively chippy when faced with the prospect of meeting Fashion Incarnate . '' Wintour describes herself as shy , and Harry Connick Jr. , who escorted her and Bee to shows in 2007 , agrees . When Morley Safer asked her about complaints about her personality , she said , I have so many people here , Morley , that have worked with me for 15 , 20 years , and , you know , if I 'm such a bitch , they must really be a glutton for punishment because they 're still here ... If one comes across sometimes as being cold or brusque , it 's simply because I 'm striving for the best . She has made similar statements in defence of her reported refusal to hire fat people . `` It 's important to me that the people that are working here , particularly in the fashion department , '' she says , `` will present themselves in a way that makes sense to the outside world that they work at Vogue . '' Her defenders have called criticism sexist . `` Powerful women in the media always get inspected more thoroughly than their male counterparts , '' said The New York Times in a piece about Wintour shortly after The Devil Wears Prada 's release . When she took over at Vogue , gossip columnist Liz Smith reported rumours she had gotten the job through an affair with Si Newhouse . A reportedly furious Wintour made her anger the subject of one of her first staff meetings . She still complained about it when accepting a media award in 2002 . She has been called a feminist whose changes to Vogue have reflected , acknowledged , and reinforced advances in the status of women . Reviewing Oppenheimer 's book in the Washington Monthly , managing editor Christina Larson notes that Vogue , unlike many other women 's magazines , ... does n't play to its readership 's sense of inadequacy ... Instead , it reminds women to take satisfaction , parading all manner of fineries ( clothes , furniture , travel destinations ) that a successful woman might buy , or at least admire . While it surely exists to sell ads ... it does so primarily by exploiting ambition , not insecurity . Wintour , unlike Vreeland , `` ... shifted Vogue 's focus from the cult of beauty to the cult of the creation of beauty . '' To her , the focus on celebrities is a welcome development as it means women are making the cover of Vogue at least in part for what they have accomplished , not just how they look . Complaints about her role as fashion eminence grise are dismissed by those familiar with how she actually exercises it . `` She 's honest . She tells you what she thinks . Yes is yes and no is no , '' according to Karl Lagerfeld . `` She 's not too pushy '' , agrees François - Henri Pinault , chief executive officer of PPR , Gucci 's parent company . `` She lets you know it 's not a problem if you ca n't do something she wants . '' Defenders also point out she continued supporting Gucci despite her strong belief PPR should not have let Tom Ford go . Designers such as Alice Roi and Isabel Toledo have flourished without indulging Wintour or Vogue . Her willingness to throw her weight around has helped keep Vogue independent despite its heavy reliance on advertising dollars . Wintour was the only fashion editor who refused to follow an Armani ultimatum to feature more of its clothes in the magazine 's editorial pages , although she has also admitted if she has to choose between two dresses , one by an advertiser and the other not , she will choose the former every time . `` Commercial is not a dirty word to me . '' Wintour herself , when asked about it , dismisses the notion that she has all the power attributed to her . `` I do n't think of myself as a powerful person , '' she told Forbes in 2011 , when it named her 69th on its list of the world 's hundred most powerful women . `` You know , what does it mean ? It means you get a better seat in a restaurant or tickets to a screening or whatever it may be . But it is a wonderful opportunity to be able to help others , and for that I 'm extremely grateful . '' In response to criticisms like Beene 's , she has defended the democratisation of what were once exclusive luxury brands . `` It means more people are going to get better fashion , '' she told Dana Thomas . `` And the more people who can have fashion , the better . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : 26 September 2005 ; Who Makes How Much -- New York 's Salary Guide ; New York . Retrieved 3 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Obama supporter Anna Wintour reportedly considered for ambassadorial post by administration '' , hollywoodreporter.com ; accessed 10 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Chris Rovzar , `` Anna Wintour , Rest of City Turn Out to Vote '' , nymag.com , November 2008 ; accessed 11 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Index entry '' . FreeBMD . ONS . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Index entry '' . FreeBMD . ONS . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Oppenheimer , 2 . `` Eleanor Baker , an American , met Wintour at Cambridge University in England in the fall of 1939 ... ( Her mother ) , Anna Gilkyson Baker , for whom Anna Wintour was named , was a charming , matronly , somewhat ditzy society girl from Philadelphia 's Main Line ... '' Jump up ^ Oppenheimer , 99 . `` ... ( H ) er animosity intensif ( ied ) after her father married Slaughter . '' Jump up ^ Tunstall , Jeremy ( 1983 ) . The Media in Britain . Columbia University Press . p. 103 . ISBN 0 - 231 - 05816 - 0 . Retrieved 10 June 2010 ... ( F ) or example a newish magazine is often identified with a particular editor ; an example is the association of Audrey Slaughter in the 1960s and 70s with a succession of young women 's publications -- Honey , Petticoat , and Over 21 . Jump up ^ Masters , Brian ( 1981 ) . Georgiana Duchess of Devonshire . London , UK : Hamish Hamilton . pp. 298 -- 99 . ISBN 0 - 241 - 10662 - 1 . Jump up ^ Oppenheimer , 6 Jump up ^ Patrick Wintour , chief political correspondent ; The Guardian ; retrieved 6 December 2006 Jump up ^ Osley , Richard ( 13 May 2010 ) . `` Former Camden Town Hall director Jim Wintour ' quit over pension ' -- Housing boss feared new tax proposal '' . Camden New Journal . Archived from the original on 8 July 2011 . Retrieved 2 June 2010 . Mr Wintour , who is brother of Anna Wintour , the editor - in - chief of Vogue ... Jump up ^ Oppenheimer , 15 Jump up ^ Oppenheimer , 21 . ^ Jump up to : Oppenheimer , 22 . ^ Jump up to : The September Issue , 0 : 19 . Jump up ^ The September Issue , 0 : 18 . Jump up ^ Oppenheimer , 31 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Oppenheimer , 36 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Oppenheimer , 42 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Oppenheimer , 51 . Jump up ^ Oppenheimer , 58 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Oppenheimer , 63 . Jump up ^ Oppenheimer , 70 . Jump up ^ Adams , Jo ( 11 September 2005 ) . `` A Scooterman 's Portfolio '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 25 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Oppenheimer , 81 . `` She quickly built up a reputation of being able to round up the best people and locations , mainly because of her connections through her father , pals like Nigel Dempster , and other well - placed people she met socially . '' ^ Jump up to : Metropolitan Museum of Art ; 12 January 1999 ; Anna Wintour elected honorary trustee . Retrieved 6 December 2006 . Archived 19 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Oppenheimer , 96 . Jump up ^ Oppenhimer , 100 . Jump up ^ Oppenheimer , 109 . Jump up ^ Oppenheimer , 107 . Jump up ^ Oppenheimer , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Oppenheimer , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Oppenheimer , 152 . ^ Jump up to : Larson , Christina ; April 2005 ; From Venus To Minerva Archived 28 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine. ; Washington Monthly . Retrieved 11 December 2006 . Jump up ^ Oppenheimer , p. 159 . ^ Jump up to : Fortini , Amanda ; 10 February 2005 ; Defending Vogue 's evil genius ; Slate.com ; retrieved 6 December 2006 . Jump up ^ Oppenheimer , 188 . Jump up ^ The September Issue , 1 : 12 : 00 . ^ Jump up to : Gray , 4 . Jump up ^ Oppenheimer , p. 190 . ^ Jump up to : Oppenheimer , p. 207 . Jump up ^ Oppenheimer , pp. 208 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Oppenheimer , 193 . Jump up ^ Oppenheimer , p. 223 . Jump up ^ Oppenheimer , 230 . ^ Jump up to : Oppenheimer , 243 . Jump up ^ Oppenheimer , 240 . ^ Jump up to : Oppenheimer , 269 . Jump up ^ Zuckerman , Lawrence ; 13 June 1988 ; The Dynamic Duo at Condé Nast , time.com ; retrieved 8 February 2007 . Jump up ^ Oppenheimer , 271 . Jump up ^ Wintour , Anna ( 14 August 2012 ) . `` Honoring the 120th Anniversary : Anna Wintour Shares Her Vogue Story '' . Vogue . Retrieved 22 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vogue puts its 120 - year history online '' . CBS News . 11 December 2011 . Retrieved 22 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : LaRocca , Amy ( 4 May 2015 ) . `` In Conversation With Anna Wintour '' . New York . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Mark Guiducci , Sean . `` Gigi Hadid , Model of the Moment , Pays Tribute to Anna Wintour 's First Vogue Cover '' . Vogue . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Oppenheimer , pp. 293 -- 96 . ^ Jump up to : Gray , pg. 2 . ^ Jump up to : Gray , pg. 3 . ^ Jump up to : Snyder , Gabriel ( 17 December 2000 ) . `` Bright Young Thing , Plum Sykes , Abandons Vogue , Sort Of '' . New York Observer . Archived from the original on 13 May 2010 . Retrieved 11 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Anna Wintour : Editor - in - Chief , Vogue '' . 29 March 2006 . Retrieved 24 June 2010 . And Men 's Vogue , with 164 pages , was the most ad - laden launch in Condé Nast history Jump up ^ `` Magazine Editor of the Year : Anna Wintour '' , Adage.com , 22 October 2006 ; retrieved 8 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` No. 58729 '' . The London Gazette ( Supplement ) . 14 June 2008 . p. 25 . Jump up ^ Anna Wintour awarded OBE , The Daily Telegraph ; retrieved 14 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Cardace , Sara ( 11 January 2009 ) . `` Will Fashion Queen Anna Wintour Lose Her Crown ? '' . New York Post . Page Six Magazine . Archived from the original on 23 March 2009 . Retrieved 14 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Mullaney , Tim ( 30 October 2008 ) . `` Condé Nast to Fold Men 's Vogue , Cut Back Portfolio '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 14 June 2010 . Condé Nast Publications Inc. will fold Men 's Vogue into the larger women 's Vogue magazine ... because of faltering advertising sales . Men 's Vogue will be published twice a year , the closely held New York - based publisher said today in an e-mail . Jump up ^ `` Restless Anna '' . New York Post . 18 November 2008 . Archived from the original on 23 April 2009 . Retrieved 14 August 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Horyn , Cathy ( 1 January 2009 ) . `` What 's Wrong With Vogue ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 14 August 2009 . It 's embarrassing to see how Vogue deals with the recession . For the December issue , it sent a writer off to discover the ' charms ' of WalMart and Target . A similar obtuseness permeates a fashion spread in the January issue , where a model and a child are portrayed on a weekend outing with a Superman figure . Is a ' 50s suburban frock emblematic of the mortgage meltdown ? Jump up ^ `` Why Anna Wintour Is n't Going Anywhere '' . New York . 2 October 2008 . Retrieved 14 August 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Safer , 4 . Jump up ^ `` The September Issue , the documentary feature film '' . Actual Reality Pictures . Archived from the original on 28 February 2009 . Retrieved 16 August 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Hill , Amelia ( 24 May 2009 ) . `` Film reveals soft side to Vogue 's icy style queen Anna Wintour '' . The Observer . London , UK . Retrieved 17 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Lapowsky , Issie ( 25 August 2009 ) . `` Vogue editor Anna Wintour gets laughs on ' Late Show with David Letterman ' '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved 27 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Hinckley , Dave ( 25 August 2009 ) . `` Anna Wintour on David Letterman : ice queen thaws , but does n't melt hearts under TV spotlight '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved 27 August 2009 . She became more perfunctory when Dave asked the two questions that probably most interest the non-fashionista . First , what happens to high fashion in a down economy , and second , does anyone wear the really bizarre stuff you see at fashion shows ? Wintour 's reply to the first question was that fashion is available at all prices , and that 's probably true . Jump up ^ Fell , Jason ( 23 February 2010 ) . `` Vogue 's Wintour Gets ASME 's Hall of Fame Nod '' . Folio . Red 7 Media LLC . Retrieved 25 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Eric ( 12 March 2013 ) . `` Condé Nast Adds to Job of Longtime Vogue Editor '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 16 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Karimzadeh , Marc ( 14 January 2014 ) . `` Met Names Costume Institute Complex in Honor of Anna Wintour '' . WWD . Retrieved 15 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Koblin , John ( 5 May 2014 ) . `` At Met Gala , Fashionistas Dress Up in Tribute '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 15 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Steigrad , Alexandra . `` Anna Wintour , ' The Fashion Fund ' to Air on Cable TV '' . WWD . Retrieved 14 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's 100 Most Powerful Women '' . Forbes . Forbes . Retrieved 24 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Herman , Alison ( 30 June 2016 ) . `` Everybody Wants to Be Us '' . The Ringer . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Saad , Nadine ( 5 May 2017 ) . `` You can call her Dame Anna Wintour now ( not that you did n't already ) '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 9 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Horyn , `` Citizen Anna '' , 1 . Jump up ^ Pilkington , Ed ; 5 December 2006 ; Central Bark ; The Guardian . Retrieved 6 December 2006 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Hadley ( 17 April 2004 ) . `` Victoria 's secret '' . The Guardian . London , UK . Retrieved 10 June 2010 . Sykes , who is 34 , moved to New York from her native Britain in 1996 , and has been charting the lives of Manhattan 's upper classes , its Park Avenue Princesses , or PAPs , to use Sykes 's phrase , ever since . Jump up ^ Oppenheimer , pg. 29 . ^ Jump up to : Alexander , Hilary ; 15 February 2006 ; Wintour comes in from the cold ; The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 7 February 2007 . Jump up ^ The September Issue , 0 : 35 . Jump up ^ Oppenheimer , 341 -- 42 , ^ Jump up to : Gray , 1 . Jump up ^ Oppenheimer , 342 . ^ Jump up to : 25 June 2006 ; `` Meet the acid queen of New York fashion '' ; The Observer . Retrieved 7 February 2007 . Jump up ^ Money - Coutts , Sophia ( 2 August 2009 ) . `` Vogue documentary tries to get a read on the chilly Wintour '' . The National ( Abu Dhabi ) . Mubadala Development Company . Retrieved 9 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Oppenheimer , p. 244 . Jump up ^ Oppenheimer , 325 . Jump up ^ Oppenheimer , 326 . Jump up ^ Oppenheimer , pp. 70 -- 71 , 123 -- 24 , 161 -- 62 , 179 -- 80 . ^ Jump up to : Horyn , `` Citizen Anna '' , 2 . ^ Jump up to : Amiel , Barbara ; The ' Devil ' I know `` , The Daily Telegraph , 2 July 2006 ; retrieved 6 February 2007 . Jump up ^ Oppenheimer , 229 . Jump up ^ Cartner - Morley , Jess ; Mirren , Helen ; Huffington , Arianna ; Amos , Valerie ( 28 March 2013 ) . `` The 50 best - dressed over 50s '' . The Guardian . London , UK . Jump up ^ Oppenheimer , 215 -- 16 . ^ Jump up to : Safer , 3 . Jump up ^ Peters , Jeremy W. , `` Power Is Always in Vogue '' , The New York Times , 15 June 2012 . Retrieved 16 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Maggie Haberman ( 28 July 2011 ) . `` 50 politicos to watch : Fundraisers '' . POLITICO . Retrieved 27 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hildy Kuryk , Jarrod Bernstein '' . The New York Times . 24 June 2007 . Retrieved 27 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Kate Abnett ( 28 July 2016 ) . `` Styling Politicians in the Age of Image Wars '' . Retrieved 28 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Weisberger , Lauren . `` Author Lauren Weisberger '' . laurenweisberger.com . Archived from the original on 24 February 2008 . Retrieved 14 August 2009 . Lauren 's first job after returning to the U.S. and moving to Manhattan was the Assistant to the Editor - in - Chief of Vogue , Anna Wintour . Jump up ^ Kinetz , Erica ( 6 November 2005 ) . `` Devil 's in the Follow - Up '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 19 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Betts , Kate ( 13 April 2003 ) . `` Anna Dearest '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 14 June 2010 . It 's hard to get past the onslaught of Page Six gossip and film - rights buzz that has preceded The Devil Wears Prada , Lauren Weisberger 's thinly veiled roman à clef about her thankless year sidetracked in the trenches of a fashion magazine . Jump up ^ Carr , David ; 17 February 2003 ; Anna Wintour Steps Toward Fashion 's New Democracy ; The New York Times . Retrieved 10 December 2006 . Jump up ^ `` A Conversation With Lauren Weisberger '' . Random House . 2004 . Retrieved 14 August 2009 . Some of the stories are n't so far away from the tasks either I or my friends in various industries -- whether fashion or magazines or PR or advertising -- went through our first few years out of college . I imagine that assistants everywhere will recognize some of their own experiences in Andrea 's life . Jump up ^ Weisberger , 322 . `` Immediately I recognized Anna Wintour , looking absolutely ravishing in a cream - colored slip dress and beaded Manolo sandals . She was talking animatedly to a man I presumed to be her boyfriend , although her giant Chanel sunglasses prevented me from being able to tell if she was amused , indifferent or sobbing . The press loved to compare the antics and attitudes of Anna and Miranda , but I found it impossible to believe that anyone could be quite as unbearable as my boss . '' Jump up ^ Weisberger , 348 . `` ' Maybe I should try to work for one of her enemies ? They 'd be happy to hire me , right ' `` Sure . Send your resume over to Anna Wintour -- they 've never liked each other very much . '' Jump up ^ Weisberger , 38 -- 39 . `` I had Googled her and was surprised to find Miranda Priestly was born Miriam Princhek in London 's East End ... Her rough , Cockney - girl accent was soon replaced by a carefully cultivated , educated one ... She moved her two daughters and her then rock - star husband ... '' Jump up ^ Weisberger , 267 . Jump up ^ Weisberger , 145 . `` Ah yes . Mrs. Whitmore . I am a lucky girl indeed . I 'm so lucky , you have no idea . I ca n't tell you how lucky I felt when I was sent out to get tampons for my boss , only to be told that I 'd bought the wrong ones and asked why I do nothing right . And luck is probably the only way to explain why I get to sort another person 's sweat - and food - stained clothing each morning before eight and arrange to have it cleaned . Oh wait ! I think what actually makes me luckiest of all is getting to talk to breeders all over the tristate area for three straight weeks in search of the perfect French bulldog puppy so two incredibly spoiled and unfriendly little girls can each have their own pet . Yes , that 's it ! '' Jump up ^ Jacobs , Alexandra ( 10 June 2001 ) . `` Good Witch Glenda Comes to Bazaar as Classy , Chilly Kate Gets Gate '' . New York Observer . Retrieved 11 June 2010 . ( She ) adopted every Anna Wintourism under the sun , down to mannerisms , posture , ( a ) way of carrying herself in the office , a certain way of crossing her legs , leaning on her elbow at a certain way at her desk . It was eerie , at times , how similar she acted to Anna -- always sequestered in her corner office , with her two assistants perched there like little lion guard dogs . Jump up ^ Weisberger , 208 . `` Miranda was as far as I could tell , a truly fantastic editor . Not a single word of copy made it into the magazine without her explicit , hard - to - obtain approval ... Although the various fashion editors called in the clothes they wanted to shoot , Miranda alone selected the looks she wanted and which models she wanted wearing each one ... ( T ) hat made her , in my mind , the main reason for the magazine 's stunning success each month . Runway would n't be Runway -- hell , it would n't be much of anything at all -- without Miranda Priestly . I knew it and so did everyone else . '' Jump up ^ Weisberger , 271 -- 72 . `` I never grew tired of watching Miranda . She was the true lady and the envy of every woman in the museum that night . '' Jump up ^ Syme , Rachel ( 15 June 2008 ) . `` Lauren Weisberger Exorcises the Devil '' . Page Six magazine . Archived from the original on 19 November 2010 . Retrieved 7 September 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Brockes , Emma ; 27 May 2006 ; `` What lies beneath '' ; The Guardian . Retrieved 23 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Rebecca Winters ( 26 June 2005 ) . `` Just a Couple of Eccentrics '' . Time . Archived from the original on 26 July 2010 . Retrieved 24 June 2010 . Jump up ^ McFarland , Melanie ( 28 September 2006 ) . `` On TV : ' Ugly Betty ' tackles the cruel fashion world with grace '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Retrieved 17 August 2009 . Family love steels her against what she has to face on her job at Mode magazine , which lost its Anna Wintour - like leader Fey Sommers in a car accident . ^ Jump up to : `` The Devil You Know , On Line One '' . RadarOnline. 30 January 2008 ( November 2005 ) . Retrieved 25 June 2010 . Jump up ^ The Devil Wears Prada at boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved 8 February 2007 . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. ( 30 June 2006 ) . `` In ' The Devil Wears Prada , ' Meryl Streep Plays the Terror of the Fashion World '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 5 July 2010 . Retrieved 15 June 2010 . No longer simply the incarnation of evil , she is now a vision of aristocratic , purposeful and surprisingly human grace ... And the movie , while noting that she can be sadistic , inconsiderate and manipulative , is unmistakably on Miranda 's side Jump up ^ Quinn , Anthony ( 6 October 2006 ) . `` Claws out , dressed to kill '' . The Independent . London . Archived from the original on 8 November 2006 . Retrieved 15 June 2010 . ( Streep ) may just have given us a classic here Jump up ^ Whitworth , Melissa ( 9 June 2006 ) . `` The Devil has all the best costumes '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Archived from the original on 20 December 2008 . Retrieved 6 February 2007 ... after seeing the film , Wintour apparently decided to redecorate her office because the film set was almost an exact replica . Jump up ^ Walter , Barbara ( 12 December 2006 ) . `` Anna Wintour : Always in Vogue '' . ABC News . Retrieved 18 December 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Oppenheimer , 328 . Jump up ^ Grove , Lloyd ( 2 May 2006 ) . `` Author Goes From ' Prada ' To Nada '' . New York Daily News . Archived from the original on 14 June 2009 . Retrieved 24 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Schrodt , Paul ( 27 August 2009 ) . `` The September Issue '' . Archived from the original on 29 August 2009 . Retrieved 7 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Dargis , Manohla ( 28 August 2009 ) . `` The Cameras Zoom In on Fashion 's Empress '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 6 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Pols , Mary ( 28 August 2009 ) . `` The September Issue : Humanizing the Devil '' . Time . Retrieved 6 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Oppenheimer , xi Jump up ^ The September Issue , 0 : 11 . Jump up ^ The September Issue , 1 : 11 . Jump up ^ Stummer , Robin ; 18 June 2006 ; `` Nuclear Wintour : The Movie '' ; The Independent on Sunday . Retrieved 7 February 2007 . Archived 4 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The September Issue , 32 : 15 . Jump up ^ The September Issue , `` 7th on Sale '' 4 : 30 . ^ Jump up to : Amiel , Barbara ; 30 June 2006 ; `` This devil is n't Anna '' ; Maclean 's . Retrieved 8 February 2007 . Jump up ^ Oppenheimer , 192 . Jump up ^ Ross , Barbara and Siemaszko , Corey ; 15 May 2007 ; `` Fiend dream to slay the style queen '' ; New York Daily News ; Retrieved 15 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Italiano , Laura ; 15 May 2007 ; `` ' Devil'ish Plot To Murder Wintour '' ; New York Post ; Retrieved 15 May 2007 . Archived 7 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Bastone , William ; 18 May 2004 ; Wintour In $140,000 Worker 's Comp Default ; The Smoking Gun . Retrieved 10 December 2006 . Jump up ^ The September Issue , 0 : 05 . Jump up ^ The September Issue , 0 : 09 Jump up ^ Trebay , Guy ( 27 February 2006 ) . `` Fashion Diary : Why She 's the No. 1 Target in the Glamour Business '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 9 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Anti-fur demonstrators hit ' Vogue ' editor with a pie in Paris '' . USA Today . Associated Press . 10 October 2005 . Retrieved 24 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Richard ( 19 December 1997 ) . `` Vogue fights PETA beef with beef '' . Retrieved 24 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Braunstein wrote about killing Vogue editor '' . New York . WABC - TV . 14 May 2007 . Archived from the original on 29 June 2011 . Retrieved 24 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pamela Anderson 's bedroom heels '' . Monsters and Critics . Bang Media . 22 January 2008 . Archived from the original on 24 December 2008 . Retrieved 24 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Derrick , Robin ; 6 November 2006 ; In ' Vogue ' for 90 Years ; The Independent . Retrieved 12 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Landman , Beth , and Mitchell , Deborah ; 28 September 1998 ; But Can Oprah Fit Into Alaia ? ; New York . Retrieved 2 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Moore , Malcolm ; 22 February 2008 ; `` Dolce & Gabbana slams Milan Fashion Week '' ; The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 23 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Peck , Sally ; 21 February 2008 ; `` Giorgio Armani attacks Vogue 's Anna Wintour '' ; The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 23 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Pittsburgh Tribune - Review ; 19 September 2005 ; `` Vogue fat comment raises group 's ire Archived 14 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine . '' ; United Press International . Retrieved 18 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Fryer , Joe ( 20 May 2009 ) . `` ' Vogue ' editor likens Minnesotans to ' little houses ' '' . KARE . Gannett Company . Retrieved 20 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Feeney , Nolan . `` Anna Wintour Implies That Kim Kardashian and Kanye West Are Not ' Deeply Tasteful ' '' . Time . Jump up ^ `` Anna Wintour , Kanye West , and Kim Kardashian West Host an Intimate Celebratory Soiree for the CFDA / Vogue Fashion Fund in Los Angeles '' . Jump up ^ Smith , Liz ; 12 February 2007 ; Virginia Gentleman ; New York Post . Retrieved 12 February 2007 . Archived 24 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Carr , David ; 10 July 2006 ; `` The Devil Wears Teflon '' ; The New York Times , retrieved from plainsfeminist.blogspot.com 10 December 2006 . Jump up ^ Oppenheimer , 286 . Jump up ^ Goudreau , Jenna ( 24 August 2011 ) . `` Vogue 's Anna Wintour : Intimidating , No . Powerful , Yes . '' . Forbes . Retrieved 22 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Dana ( 2007 ) . Deluxe : How Luxury Lost Its Luster . Penguin Press . p. 322 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59420 - 129 - 5 . Works cited ( edit ) R.J. Cutler ( director ) ( 2009 ) . The September Issue ( Motion picture ) . Roadside Attractions . Gray , Kevin ( 13 September 1999 ) . `` The Summer of Her Discontent '' . New York . Retrieved 14 August 2009 . Horyn , Cathy ; 1 February 2007 ; `` Citizen Anna '' ; The New York Times . Retrieved 2 February 2007 . Oppenheimer , Jerry ; Front Row : The Cool Life and Hot Times of Vogue 's Editor In Chief , St. Martin 's Press , New York , 2005 , ISBN 0 - 312 - 32310 - 7 Safer , Morley ( 17 May 2009 ) . `` Anna Wintour , Behind the Shades '' . 60 Minutes . CBS News . Retrieved 26 August 2009 . Weisberger , Lauren ; The Devil Wears Prada , Broadway Books , New York 2003 , ISBN 0 - 7679 - 1476 - 7 External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Anna Wintour Wikimedia Commons has media related to Anna Wintour . Anna Wintour on IMDb Media offices Preceded by Beatrix Miller Editor of British Vogue 1985 -- 1987 Succeeded by Liz Tilberis Preceded by Grace Mirabella Editor of American Vogue 1988 -- present Succeeded by ( hide ) Geoffrey Beene Lifetime Achievement Award at the CFDA Fashion Awards 1984 : James Galanos 1985 : Katharine Hepburn 1986 : Bill Blass 1987 : Giorgio Armani 1988 : Nancy Reagan 1989 : Oscar de la Renta 1990 : Martha Graham 1991 : Ralph Lauren 1997 : Geoffrey Beene 1999 : Yves Saint Laurent 2000 : Valentino Garavani 2001 : Calvin Klein 2002 : Karl Lagerfeld 2003 : Anna Wintour 2004 : Donna Karan 2005 : Diane von Fürstenberg 2006 : Stan Herman 2007 : Robert Lee Morris 2008 : Carolina Herrera 2009 : Anna Sui 2010 : Michael Kors 2011 : Marc Jacobs 2012 : Tommy Hilfiger 2013 : Vera Wang 2014 : Tom Ford 2015 : Betsey Johnson 2016 : Norma Kamali Biography portal Fashion portal Journalism portal London portal New York City portal VIAF : 85641956 LCCN : n2004045764 ISNI : 0000 0001 1576 7069 GND : 131478958 NDL : 01207293 IATH : w6v420hf Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anna_Wintour&oldid=803946878 '' Categories : Living people 1949 births American magazine editors American fashion journalists American women journalists Fashion editors Vogue ( magazine ) people Vogue ( British magazine ) English fashion journalists English magazine editors English people of American descent English women journalists Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire People educated at North London Collegiate School People from Manhattan Writers from New York City Writers from London 20th - century American journalists 21st - century American journalists 20th - century women writers 20th - century writers 21st - century women writers Journalists from New York City Fashion executives CFDA Award winners Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages containing London Gazette template with parameter supp set to y All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2011 Articles with dead external links from May 2016 Use British English from January 2013 Use dmy dates from January 2013 Good articles Biography with signature Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 October 2017 , at 17 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna%20Wintour
| 2,151 |
who are the bureaucrats and what do they do
|
Bureaucrat
|
bureaucrat
|
For bureaucrats on Wikipedia , see Wikipedia : Bureaucrats .
|
A bureaucrat is a member of a bureaucracy and can compose the administration of any organization of any size , although the term usually connotes someone within an institution of government . Some usages restrict the term so that it only embraces lower - ranked staff members in an agency , excluding higher - ranked managers , or so that it only signifies officials who perform certain functions , such as those who work `` desk jobs '' ( the French word for `` desk '' being bureau , though bureau can also be translated as `` office '' ) . The term bureaucrat derives from `` bureaucracy '' , which in turn derives from the French `` bureaucratie '' first known from the 18th century . Bureaucratic work had already been performed for many centuries . Contents ( hide ) 1 Role in society 2 Types of bureaucrats 3 Attributes of bureaucrats 4 Bureaucrats in popular culture 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Role in society ( edit ) Bureaucrats play various roles in modern society , by virtue of holding administrative , functional , and managerial positions in government . They carryout the day - to - day implementation of enacted policies for central government agencies , such as postal services , education and healthcare administration , and various regulatory bodies . Types of bureaucrats ( edit ) Bureaucrats can be split into different categories based on the system , nationality , and time they come from . Classical -- someone who starts at a low level of public work and does not have to express opinions of their own in their professional capacities . They follow policy guidelines and gain increasing ranks within the system . Tax collectors , government accountants , police officers , fire fighters , and military personnel are examples of classical bureaucrats . American bureaucrats -- these are different from other types because they operate within a republican form of government , and the political culture traditionally seeks to limit their power . Chinese bureaucrats , also called `` Mandarin bureaucrats '' -- Mandarins were important from 605 to 1905 CE . The Zhou dynasty is the earliest recording of Chinese bureaucrats . There was a 9 rank system , each rank having more power than the lower rank . This type of bureaucrat went on until the Qing dynasty . After 1905 the Mandarins were replaced by modern civil servants . In 1949 the Communist Party took over China and by their theory all people were bureaucrats who worked for the government . European -- originally referred to as `` Mandarins '' stemming from the Chinese word for government employee . Bureaucracy did n't catch on in Europe very much due to the many different governments in the region , and constant change and advancement , and relative freedom of the upper class. With the translation of Confucian texts during the Enlightenment , the concept of a meritocracy reached intellectuals in the West , who saw it as an alternative to the traditional ancien regime of Europe . Voltaire and François Quesnay wrote favourably of the idea , with Voltaire claiming that the Chinese had `` perfected moral science '' and Quesnay advocating an economic and political system modeled after that of the Chinese . The implementation of Her Majesty 's Civil Service as a systematic , meritocratic civil service bureaucracy , followed the Northcote -- Trevelyan Report of 1854 which was influenced by of the ancient Chinese imperial examination . This system was modeled on the imperial examinations system and bureaucracy of China based on the suggestion of Northcote -- Trevelyan Report . Thomas Taylor Meadows , Britain 's consul in Guangzhou , China argued in his Desultory Notes on the Government and People of China , published in 1847 , that `` the long duration of the Chinese empire is solely and altogether owing to the good government which consists in the advancement of men of talent and merit only , '' and that the British must reform their civil service by making the institution meritocratic . In 1958 , though , after the formation of the European Union the job of the Bureaucrat became extremely important to help organize and govern such a large and diverse community . In 1961 the term Eurocrat was coined by Richard Mayne , a journalist at the time . A Eurocrat is a bureaucrat of the European Union . Modern Bureaucrat - Bureaucrats gained increasingly negative reputations throughout the second half of the 20th century . As populations grow it becomes harder for bureaucratic systems to work because it often involves a lot of paperwork , which increases processing times , which eventually will be nearly impossible to manage . The digital age and the Internet has revolutionized Bureaucrats and the modern Bureaucrat has a different skill set than before . Also , the internet lowers the corruption levels of some Bureaucratic entities such as the Police Force due to social media and pro -- am journalism . Attributes of bureaucrats ( edit ) German sociologist Max Weber defined a bureaucratic official as the following : He is personally free and appointed to his position on the basis of conduct . He exercises the authority delegated to him in accordance with impersonal rules , and his loyalty is enlisted on behalf of the faithful execution of his official duties . His appointment and job placement are dependent upon his technical qualifications . His administrative work is a full - time occupation . His work is rewarded by a regular salary and prospects of advancement in a lifetime career . He must exercise his judgment and his skills , but his duty is to place these at the service of a higher authority . Ultimately he is responsible only for the impartial execution of assigned tasks and must sacrifice his personal judgment if it runs counter to his official duties . Bureaucratic control is the use of rules , regulations , and formal authority to guide performance . It includes such things as budgets , statistical reports , and performance appraisals to regulate behavior and results . As an academic , Woodrow Wilson ( US President ) professed : But to fear the creation of a domineering , illiberal officialism as a result of the studies I am here proposing is to miss altogether the principle upon which I wish most to insist . That principle is , that administration in the United States must be at all points sensitive to public opinion . A body of thoroughly trained officials serving during good behavior we must have in any case : that is a plain business necessity . But the apprehension that such a body will be anything un-American clears away the moment it is asked . What is to constitute good behavior ? For that question obviously carries its own answer on its face . Steady , hearty allegiance to the policy of the government they serve will constitute good behavior . That policy will have no taint of officialism about it . It will not be the creation of permanent officials , but of statesmen whose responsibility to public opinion will be direct and inevitable . Bureaucracy can exist only where the whole service of the state is removed from the common political life of the people , its chiefs as well as its rank and file . Its motives , its objects , its policy , its standards , must be bureaucratic . It would be difficult to point out any examples of impudent exclusiveness and arbitrariness on the part of officials doing service under a chief of department who really served the people , as all our chiefs of departments must be made to do . It would be easy , on the other hand , to adduce other instances like that of the influence of Stein in Prussia , where the leadership of one statesman imbued with true public spirit transformed arrogant and perfunctory bureaux into public - spirited instruments of just government . Bureaucrats in popular culture ( edit ) Bartleby , the Scrivener Bartleby ( film ) Brazil ( film ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( novel and film adaptation ) Hermes Conrad Ikiru The Trial The Memorandum Chazz Finster See also ( edit ) Apparatchik Civil servant Mandarin ( bureaucrat ) Nomenklatura Teleadministration The Man from U.N.C.L.E. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` bureaucrat - definition of bureaucrat in English Oxford Dictionaries '' . Oxford Dictionaries English . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ Al - Hegelan , Abdelrahman . `` Bureaucracy and Development in Saudi Arabia '' . The Middle East Journal . JSTOR 4326973 . Jump up ^ Lankov , Andrei ( 6 October 2014 ) . `` The North Korean bureaucracy is here to stay '' . NKNews.org . Retrieved 13 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Who Are the Bureaucrats ? '' . US History American Government . Independence Hall Association in Philadelphia . Retrieved 13 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Schwarz , Bill . ( 1996 ) . The expansion of England : race , ethnicity and cultural history . Psychology Pres ; ISBN 0 - 415 - 06025 - 7 . Jump up ^ Walker , David ( 2003 - 07 - 09 ) . `` Fair game '' . The Guardian . London , UK . Retrieved 2003 - 07 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Bodde , Derke . `` China : A Teaching Workbook '' . Columbia University . Jump up ^ Max Weber . Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft . pp. 650 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Woodrow Wilson ( June 1887 ) . `` The Study of Administration '' . Political Science Quarterly . 2 ( 2 ) . pp. 197 -- 222 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 25 . Further reading ( edit ) Haass , Richard N. ( 1999 ) . The Bureaucratic Entrepreneur : How to Be Effective in Any Unruly Organization . Washington , DC : Brookings Institution . ISBN 0815733534 . Goodsell , Charles T. ( 2004 ) . The Case for Bureaucracy : a Public Administration Polemic ( 4th ed . ) . Washington , DC : CQ Press . ISBN 1568029071 . Hummel , Ralph P. ( 2008 ) . The Bureaucratic Experience : the Post-Modern Challenge ( 5th ed . ) . Armonk , NY : M.E. Sharpe . ISBN 9780765610102 . External links ( edit ) Look up bureaucrat in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . John Kilcullen , Mq.edu.au , Lecture -- Max Weber : On Bureaucracy Ludwig von Mises , Mises.org , Bureaucracy National Association of Professional Bureaucrats ( hide ) Civil service Concepts Public sector Government agency Bureaucracy Bureaucrat Technocracy Diplomat Public administration Public policy Public service By country Australia Bangladesh Brazil Canada China European Union France Germany Hong Kong India Ireland Italy Japan Malaysia New Zealand Nigeria Northern Ireland Pakistan Russia Singapore Sri Lanka United Kingdom United States Categories National civil service commissions Government occupations Civil service by country See also : Civil service reform in developing countries GND : 4001808 - 8 NDL : 00564927 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bureaucrat&oldid=802151988 '' Categories : Government occupations Public administration Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Bân - lâm - gú Dansk Deutsch 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Ido Bahasa Indonesia ಕನ್ನಡ Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 September 2017 , at 09 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureaucrat
| 2,152 |
||
leadership research has been able to determine a formula of attributes which make a leader
|
Innovation leadership
|
innovation leadership
|
Innovation leadership is a philosophy and technique that combines different leadership styles to influence employees to produce creative ideas , products , and services . The key role in the practice of innovation leadership is the innovation leader . Dr. David Gliddon ( 2006 ) developed the competency model of innovation leaders and established the concept of innovation leadership at Penn State University .
|
As an approach to organization development , innovation leadership can support achievement of the mission or the vision of an organization or group . With new technologies and processes , it is necessary for organizations to think innovatively to ensure continued success and stay competitive . to adapt to new changes , `` The need for innovation in organizations has resulted in a new focus on the role of leaders in shaping the nature and success of creative efforts . '' Without innovation leadership , organizations are likely to struggle . This new call for innovation represents the shift from the 20th century , traditional view of organizational practices , which discouraged employee innovative behaviors , to the 21st - century view of valuing innovative thinking as a `` potentially powerful influence on organizational performance . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 1.1 Value - added Innovation 1.2 Exploratory Innovation 2 Foundations of Innovation Leadership 2.1 Roots in Path - Goal Theory 2.2 Roots in Leader - Member Exchange Theory 2.3 Innovative Organizational Culture / Climate 2.4 Encouragement of Creativity 2.5 Organizational Encouragement 2.6 Supervisory Encouragement 2.7 Work Group Encouragement 2.8 Autonomy 2.9 Resources 2.10 Pressures 2.11 Organizational Impediments to Creativity 2.12 Creative Work 2.13 Creative Workforce 2.14 Leader Attributes / Characteristics 3 Types of Innovation Leadership Styles 4 Key Activities of Innovation Leadership 4.1 Idea Generation 4.2 Idea Evaluation and Implementation 5 Innovation Leadership and Influence 5.1 Direct Influences 5.2 Indirect Influences 6 Proposed Model for Innovation Leadership 7 Paradoxes of Innovation Leadership 7.1 Internal / Localized Paradox 7.2 Dual Expertise Paradox 7.3 Generation Evaluation Paradox 7.4 Team - level Paradox 7.5 Creative Personality Cohesion Paradox 7.6 Vision Autonomy Paradox 7.7 Restriction Freedom Paradox 7.8 Situational Paradox 7.9 Intrinsic Extrinsic Paradox 7.10 Local Long - Term Paradox 7.11 Competition Collaboration Paradox 7.12 Feedback Rigidity Paradox 7.13 Failure Success Paradox 7.14 Additional Paradoxes 8 Outcomes 9 Real - World Examples of Innovation Leadership 10 See also 11 References Overview ( edit ) To have a clear understanding of what innovation leadership involves , one must first understand the concept of innovation . Although there is some controversy over how it can be defined , through general consensus in the literature , it can be described as novel ideas of viable products that are put into operation . It includes three different stages , which are all dynamic and iterative ( constant ) : Idea Generation Evaluation Implementation The two types of innovation include exploratory innovation , which involves generating brand new ideas , and value - added innovation , which involves modifying and improving ideas that already exist . Ideas generated must be useful to be considered innovative . Innovation should also not be confused with creativity , which is merely the generation of a novel idea that may not necessarily be put into operation -- though these words are sometimes used interchangeably in research literature when speaking about innovation leadership . Innovation leadership is a complex concept , as there is no single explanation or formula for a leader to follow to increase innovation . As a result , innovation leadership encompasses a variety of different activities , actions , and behaviors that interact to produce an innovative outcome . Value - added innovation ( edit ) Exploratory and value - added innovation require different leadership styles and behaviors to succeed . Value - added innovation ( PwC , 2010 ) involves refining and revising an existing product or service and typically requires minimal risk taking ( compared to exploratory innovation , which often involves taking a large risk ) ; in this case , it is most appropriate for a leader for innovation to adopt a transactional form of leadership . This is because a transactional leadership style does not use open leadership behaviors such as encouraging employees to experiment and take risks , but rather uses closed leadership behaviors that do not condone or reward risk - taking . Companies whose innovation leaders use transactional leadership for value - added innovation purposes include Toyota Motor Co. , General Motors Corp. , and Ford Motor Co. ; examples of these companies ' value - added innovations such as making improvements on existing cars by making them faster , more comfortable , and getting better gas mileage . Occasionally a value - added innovation may require a completely new way of thinking and possibly taking new risks . An example of this scenario can be illustrated through Aspirin ; this was an existing product , traditionally used as an analgesic to alleviate aches and pains , but has been introduced into a new and different market by extending its uses to help prevent heart attack and reduce blot clot formation . In this example , the usage of an existing product was re-worked and introduced into a new market . While an existing product is being changed and / or improved upon , characterizing it as a value - added innovation , outside - the - box thinking , research , and risk - taking are now required since it is being introduced into a new market . In this case , a transformational leadership style is a more appropriate style to use . The innovation leader must gauge if ( and how much ) risk and radical thinking are involved in the value - added innovation to determine which leadership style to use in a situation . The leader must be flexible -- able to switch leadership behaviors when necessary . Exploratory innovation ( edit ) Exploratory innovation refers to the generation of novel ideas , strategies , and solutions through the use of strictly open behaviors exhibited most often by transformational leaders . The foundation of exploratory innovation is characterized by search , discovery , experimentation , and risk taking . It is the organization 's focus on generating new ideas , products and strategies ; in contrast to exploitative innovation , which focuses on building and extending already existing ideas . Some studies have shown that explorative and exploitative innovation require different structures , strategies , processes , capabilities , and cultures . See Innovative Organizational Climate / Culture . Exploratory innovation requires flexibility , opportunism , adaptability , and for leaders to provide intellectual stimulation to their subordinates . In this approach to innovation , the leadership style that is primarily used is transformational . The behaviors exhibited are believed to achieve the desired creative outcome from employees through the application of individualized consideration , charisma , and inspirational motivation . For example , in one study of the innovation practices at AXA Insurance in Ireland , the CEO John O'Neil engaged in transformational leadership behaviors and introduced the `` MadHouse '' program that combined workers from different departments and levels of the organization to work together in a creative way . The result of this experiment after six months was 150 new business ideas for products and services . Explorative and Value - added innovation are often referenced together , but surprisingly little research shows an interaction between the two . However , there is an understanding that in some circumstances a ' balance ' must be attained to achieve superior employee performance . For example , not all novel ideas are implemented , and may be resurrected later . The organization may need to switch gears and adopt exploitative strategies to revise and refine the idea to match present needs . Foundations of innovation leadership ( edit ) Innovation leadership has roots in path - goal theory and leader - member exchange theory . Certain elements within an organization are also needed for innovation leadership to succeeded . Wolfe ( 1994 ) , as cited by Sarros , Cooper , & Santora , ( 2008 ) has pointed out that one antecedent factor for innovation is organizational culture . Likewise , Isaksen , Laver , Ekvail & Britz ( 2001 ) concur that innovative endeavors fail without a supportive climate . This antecedent of a supportive organizational culture / climate encompasses encouragement of creativity , autonomy , resources , and pressures . Additional foundational elements for innovation leadership include creative work , a creative workforce , and certain leader attributes . Roots in path - goal theory ( edit ) The basis of path - goal theory uses a similar view of leadership , in that it advocates different types of leadership ( e.g. , participative , supportive ) behaviors , much like innovation leadership does . However , it is contingent on employee and environmental factor to be effective . The idea of a single leader using different leadership behaviors originated in path - goal theory , and has been associated with the framework underlying innovation leadership , which also allows the creation of a work environment conducive to innovative thinking -- which is the cognitive process of generating novel and useful ideas . Creating this type of work environment through innovation leadership involves open leadership behaviors that resemble some leader behaviors proposed by Path - goal theory -- for example , upward influence and supportive / considerate behaviors . In innovation leadership , these behaviors encourage the creative team to generate as many novel ideas as possible and lead to evaluation and implementation of these ideas . Roots in leader - member exchange theory ( edit ) Leader - member exchange theory ( LMX theory ) is another one of the building blocks of innovation leadership . It follows the same idea as Path - goal theory and innovation leadership , that multiple leadership styles are necessary in managing multiple subordinates but takes it a step further . LMX involves adopting a unique leadership style for each employee . Past studies indicate that LMX theory has been shown to have an effect on innovation . Studies have also shown that leader - member exchange relationships can predict significant organizational and attitudinal variables including higher job satisfaction and higher job performance . Basu and Green ( 1997 ) found that innovative behavior is related to the quality of the leader - member exchange where high quality exchanges include contributions from both the leader and the follower . However , in a study by Jean Lee ( 2008 ) , only the loyalty aspect of LMX ( LMXL ) was shown to be related to innovativeness . Leadership styles , transformational ( positively related ) and transactional ( negatively related ) , were found to have an effect on innovativeness . Innovative organizational culture / climate ( edit ) Some studies have shown evidence of organizational culture as the mediator of the relationship between transformational leadership and organizational innovation and performance . In other words , for transformational leadership to affect organizational innovation , an organization must have a strong innovative culture in addition to a leader with a transformational leadership style . Organizational culture refers to an organization 's deep structure , normative beliefs , and shared behavioral expectations . This culture is fairly constant and can influence interorganizational relations . Climate refers to the way that individuals perceive the extent to which the organizational culture impacts them . The two essentially are interrelated . One proposed model for assessing a creative environment in organizations includes the following dimensions : Encouragement of Creativity ( edit ) Encouragement of creativity is the most frequently mentioned dimension in the literature . It operates at three major levels , each level containing multiple aspects . Conceptual Model Underlying Assessment of Perceptions of the Work Environment for Creativity Organizational encouragement ( edit ) The first level is Organizational Encouragement . This involves encouragement of risk - taking and idea generation from all levels of management , fair and supportive evaluation of new ideas , recognition and reward of creativity , and collaborative idea flow across an organization . Each of these are equally important aspects of organizational encouragement but the third aspect , recognition and reward of creativity , may have adverse effects if the sole purpose for engaging in an activity is to gain reward . Supervisory encouragement ( edit ) The second level , Supervisory Encouragement , highlights the roles of supervisors and project managers in goal clarity , open interaction between supervisors and subordinates , and supervisory support of a team 's work and ideas . This level of encouragement points to the concepts of transformational leadership and LMX that emphasise the importance of the interactions of supervisors and subordinates in innovative performance . Work Group Encouragement ( edit ) The third level of encouragement is Work Group Encouragement . Diversity in team members ' backgrounds and openness to ideas affects creativity because individuals are exposed to a variety of novel and unusual ideas and such exposure had been demonstrated to have a positive effect on creative thinking Autonomy ( edit ) Autonomy is believed to foster creativity since studies have revealed that individuals produce more creative work and experience increased intrinsic motivation when they have a sense of control and ownership over their work and ideas and they perceive themselves as having a choice in how their goals are accomplished , whether those goals are given to them by their supervisor or chosen by themselves . Resources ( edit ) Resources have been suggested to be directly related to creativity in organizations . Individuals ' perceptions of the availability of resources may lead to increased beliefs of the likelihood that the ideas they generate have a possibility of reaching the implementation stage . Pressures ( edit ) The little evidence that exists on the dimension of pressure suggests somewhat paradoxical influences . Some degree of pressure could have a positive effect if the pressure originates from the challenging and intellectual nature of the task itself , increasing intrinsic motivation . However , if the pressure experienced is perceived extreme it could counteract creativity . Amabile et al. ( 1996 ) identify two forms of pressure : excessive workload pressure and challenge . They suggest that the first should have a negative influence on creativity while the second should have a positive one . Organizational impediments to creativity ( edit ) Although there has been little research on the work of environment factors that undermine creativity , some research suggests that these impediments include internal strife , conservatism , and rigid , formal management structures within organizations . This dimension is seen as working against autonomy and tends to have an inverse effect as individuals may perceive a more controlling environment . Creative work ( edit ) Creative work can occur at any job but more specifically it can occur in jobs where there are complicated , ill - defined problems requiring innovative solutions . The fact that the creative problems are ill - defined makes the creative work uncertain , and it may involve risky efforts . It is also resource intensive , demanding , and time consuming work requiring high levels of motivation and often requires collaboration . This type of work must also involve both novel idea generation and novel idea implementation and requires expertise on the part of the workforce . Creative workforce ( edit ) A creative workforce is needed for innovation leadership to be successful . Creative people have expertise on the subject requiring innovation and tend to use work as a source of identity . Because of this , they are powerfully intrinsically motivated by professional achievement opportunities and recognition . Creative workers are also commonly characterized as highly valuing their autonomy ; additional dispositional attributes include openness , flexibility , cognitive complexity , self - confidence , dominance , and introversion . The patterns of characteristics creative workers exhibit typically allow them to confidently explore alternative ideas under ambiguous conditions . Leader attributes / characteristics ( edit ) Successful innovation leadership requires a leader with certain characteristics . These include expertise in the domain , creativity , ability to carry out transformational leadership behaviors , planning and sense - making , and social skills . Innovative leaders can be recruited and hired through professional networks and referrals or alternatively found through succession planning , which involves identifying innovative leaders who are already working within the organization . Types of innovation leadership styles ( edit ) In addition to these foundations , various styles play an important role in innovation leadership , each of which are used at different stages of the innovation process or for different types of innovation ( value - added vs. exploratory ) . Frequently associated leadership styles include transformational leadership , transactional leadership , and Ambidextrous leadership . The type of leadership most strongly associated with innovation is transformational leadership . Key activities of innovation leadership ( edit ) Idea generation ( edit ) As mentioned above , different leadership styles and behaviors may be more appropriate at different stages of the innovation process . Current research supports the notion that in the idea generation process , innovation leadership requires a leader to use a more transformational style of leadership . During this stage , a leader needs to promote a safe environment for employees / team members to voice novel ideas and original thinking as well as provide workers with the resources to do so effectively . Research has also found that leaders who engage in unconventional behaviors , associated with transformational leadership , were seen as stronger role models and , as a result , increase creative performance in their subordinates . For example , the founders of Google have been known to wear capes and jump - shoes around the office , thus inspiring more outside - the - box thinking in their employees. bThese open leadership behaviors convey that unorthodox and unconventional ideas and behaviors are not only accepted but also encouraged . Idea evaluation and implementation ( edit ) In addition to providing a climate for idea generation , innovation leadership also requires leaders to ensure that the process of idea generation does not overshadow the evaluation and implementation processes . During these phases of leadership , leaders must support some ideas while discarding other ideas and put the supported ideas into production . The role of the leader must shift away from a transformational style to a more transactional style of leadership , which involves being more direct and critical toward the ideas generated . A leader now needs to ensure that constructive discussions of innovative ideas are taking place among their subordinates . This serves to evaluate the usefulness of each idea , eliminate those that do not appear viable to the organization or goal , and push the ones that do appear viable into the production phase . The leader must adopt what are known as closed leadership behaviors to achieve this . Instead of stimulating idea generation , the leader must shift focus from generating new ideas toward fine - tuning existing ideas to achieve progress toward the goal , and ultimately implement the idea . This challenge of balancing differing leadership styles when appropriate is called the generator evaluator paradox . It is important to consider the role of ambidextrous leadership , since a leader must be able to switch between leadership roles and styles when necessary to successfully lead for innovation . Paradoxes of innovation leadership are discussed below . Innovation leadership and influence ( edit ) Depending on the type of leadership style that is adopted by the innovation leader , the leader may have either a direct or indirect influence on your employees . Direct influences ( edit ) Direct forms of influence in leading innovation include : providing creative input and idea suggestion to employees providing employees with clear and concrete goals allocating organizational resources ( i.e. research and development spending ; manpower ) for implementing ideas Indirect influences ( edit ) Indirect influences get the same results without providing explicit guidance to employees . These types of influences include : establishing a supportive climate for creativity within the organization acting as a role model for innovative thinking providing employees with rewards and recognition for innovative thinking hiring and team composition ( i.e. putting together teams with specific skill sets needed for innovative thinking , or hiring employees with creative personalities without planning what they work on ) . Proposed model for innovation leadership ( edit ) A proposed model for innovation leadership has been a multilevel process model of innovation , which uses the direct and indirect leadership on the processes of innovation mentioned in the above section to promote the innovation process . In the model , indirect leadership influences affect the individual creativity ( generation phase ) and team creativity ( evaluation phase ) process . Direct leadership influences affect the team creativity ( evaluation phase ) process and the organizational innovation process ( implementation phase ) . The individual creativity ( generation phase ) box in the model represents the process of the individual generating the initial idea or ideas and proposing them to their team . The team creativity ( evaluation phase ) box represents the process of the team taking that idea , making alterations and fine - tuning it to the point of making prototypes , formalized sketches , or simulations . The organizational innovation ( implementation ) box represents taking those prototypes , sketches , or simulations and testing , evaluating , and possibly mass - producing them . Figure 1 . Model of direct and indirect leadership influences on the process of innovation Two very important key features of this model should be mentioned : The three stages of innovation ( idea generation , evaluation , and implementation ) are not independent of one another . The stages in the model should not be viewed in a `` lock - step fashion , '' meaning that there are both backward and forward influences and activities affecting each of the three stages . For example , ideas are generated , discussed , and tested only to feed information back into the system , starting the process from the beginning again . The forward and backward arrows between individual creativity and team creativity , the forward and backward arrows between team creativity and organizational innovation , as well as the arrow from organizational innovation to individual creativity visually represent this key feature . Paradoxes of innovation leadership ( edit ) Innovation leadership is complex , as can be seen from the Hunter & Cushenbery ( 2011 ) model , and often paradoxes emerge that require leaders to strike a delicate balance between two conflicting roles ( e.g. encouraging innovative ideas vs. limiting innovative ideas to include only those that are most viable and useful to the organization ) . A balance must be struck , not only within the leader and their behaviors , but between conflicting interests of involved parties as well . These include conflicting interests between the leader and the employees / teams , between leaders and situational / contextual factors , and between the employees / teams and the organization . Critical potential paradoxes that are often faced by leaders of innovation have been provided by Hunter , Thoroughgood , Meyer , & Ligon ( 2011 ) . Internal / Localized paradox ( edit ) Internal / Localized paradoxes entail conflicting roles experienced within the leader . Dual expertise paradox ( edit ) The Dual Expertise Paradox postulates that a leader must have or acquire domain expertise while at the same time obtaining the necessary leadership skills to manage his / her employees and resources . Generation evaluation paradox ( edit ) The Generation Evaluation Paradox stipulates that a leader must encourage a supportive climate for the generation of new ideas and thinking outside - the - box while evaluating these ideas and realizing that not all creative ideas are useful and many may even fail ( while not being too critical and negative of those ideas ) . Team - level Paradox ( edit ) Team - level paradoxes entail conflicting interests between the leader and the employees / teams Creative Personality cohesion paradox ( edit ) Creative Personality Cohesion Paradox is based on the research finding that creative workers generally highly value autonomy and , as a result , often prefer to work alone . This paradox illustrates the difficulty leaders have in providing their employees with the autonomy they must be creative , while fostering team cohesion ( or closeness ) to facilitate idea sharing . A leader must also be careful not to encourage too much cohesion , as it may discourage group members from disagreeing ( even constructively disagreeing ) with fellow group members in an effort not to offend them or `` rock the boat . '' Vision autonomy paradox ( edit ) The Vision Autonomy Paradox highlights the dilemma a leader faces between providing structure and guidance to a team with respect to the vision of the goal , while at the same time stepping back and providing the team with enough autonomy , especially considering the fact that creative workers highly value autonomy . When leading for innovation , providing an overabundance of structure may result in a backlash from employees who feel their autonomy is being taken away from them . Restriction Freedom paradox ( edit ) The Restriction Freedom Paradox underscores that innovation leaders need to allow employees enough time to develop creative endeavors and provide the resources to do so . At the same time the leader must take care to provide enough pressure that they are still motivated to complete the task and not provide too many resources that it has a `` deadening effect '' on creativity . Situational paradox ( edit ) Situational Paradoxes entail conflicting interests between leaders and the situations they face . Intrinsic extrinsic paradox ( edit ) The Intrinsic Extrinsic Paradox holds that instead of providing more readily available extrinsic motivation tools such as bonuses and salary increases , leaders must provide intrinsic motivation , which generally comes from within the employee , to their employees . This paradox is based on findings that intrinsic motivation is a key factor in facilitating creativity and extrinsic motivators may either hinder creativity or have an unclear relationship with creativity . Local Long - Term paradox ( edit ) The Local Long - Term Paradox posits that leaders of innovation must maintain their innovative edge by keeping an eye out for and capitalizing on potential opportunities , even at the risk of placing those ideas above or even eliminating ideas that he or she had previously inspired in their teams . The leader must also be capable of developing teams that are flexible enough to be passionate about ideas that may have replaced their own idea that was facilitated , inspired , and supported by their leader . This is where the paradox is most clearly visible . Competition collaboration paradox ( edit ) The competition collaboration paradox involves a leader developing open external relationships with other organizations to discover potential innovation opportunities , while ensuring the organization 's emerging ideas are protected in a competitive environment . Feedback rigidity paradox ( edit ) The feedback rigidity paradox involves leaders seeking out and using customer and client advice and feedback towards innovative endeavors to a certain extent , while maintaining control of the vision and not letting the feedback dictate to them -- as clients and customers often criticize innovations early on . Failure success paradox ( edit ) The Failure Success Paradox is the idea that innovation leaders must ensure a safe organizational culture that is willing to embrace risk and failure , while at the same time making sure that the organization is also producing successful products and services despite embracing risk and errors . Additional paradoxes ( edit ) Additional paradoxes identified by Hunter et al. ( 2011 ) that do not directly involve the leader but are worth mentioning are the paradoxes that occur between teams and the organization . These include the Insularity Cohesion paradox , the Champion Evaluator paradox , and the Creativity Cost paradox . Outcomes ( edit ) Outcomes of innovation leadership include inspiring employees to the create and implement novel ideas for products , services , and technologies . In addition , these novel ideas can also be used to solve problems within an organization . What this illustrates is that innovation spurred by innovation leadership can be translated across various industries and can be used for a multitude of purposes . Ultimately , inspiring and initiating organizational innovation through innovation leadership can serve to advance the organization it to the next level . Real - world examples of innovation leadership ( edit ) Companies that use innovative leadership include 3M , which lets employees work on a project of their choosing for 15 % of their time . Similarly , Google allows employees one day a week to work on their own project . Zappos employees are allowed to `` radically '' decorate their cubicle and are encouraged to laugh and have fun at work impromptu in - office parades . See also ( edit ) Innovation Leadership Leadership studies Organization development References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gliddon , D.G. ( 2006 ) . Forecasting a competency model for innovation leaders using a modified delphi technique . ( Doctoral dissertation ) Jump up ^ Dess , G.G. , & Pickens , J.C. ( 2000 ) . Changing roles : leadership in the 21st century . Organizational Dynamics , 28 , 18 -- 34 ^ Jump up to : McEntire , L.E. , Greene - Shortridge , T.M. ( 2011 ) . Recruiting and selecting leaders for innovation : How to find the right leader . Advances in Developing Human Resources , 13 , 266 - 278 ^ Jump up to : Sarros , J.C. , Cooper , B.K. , & Santora , J.C. ( 2008 ) . Building a climate for innovation through transformational leadership and organizational culture . Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies , 15 , 145 - 158 Jump up ^ Shipton , H. , Fay , D. , West , M.A. , Patterson , M. , & Bird , K. ( 2005 ) . Managing people to promote innovation . Creativity and Innovation Management , 14 , 118 - 128 ^ Jump up to : Tushman , M. , & O'Reilly , C. , III . ( 1996 ) . Ambidextrous organizations : Managing evolutionary and revolutionary change . California Management Review , 38 , 8 - 30 Jump up ^ Mumford , M. , & Licuanan , B. ( 2004 ) , Leading for innovation : Conclusions , issues , and directions . The Leadership Quarterly , 15 , 163 - 171 ^ Jump up to : Mumford , M.D. , Scott , G.M. , Gaddis , B. , & Strange , J.M. ( 2002 ) . Leading creative people : Orchestrating expertise and relationships . The Leadership Quarterly , 13 , 705 -- 750 ^ Jump up to : Hunter , S.T. , Cushenbery , L. ( 2011 ) . Leading for innovation : Direct and indirect influences . Advances in Developing Human Resource , 13 , 248 - 265 Jump up ^ Benner , M.J. , & Tushman , M.L. ( 2003 ) . Exploitation , exploration , and process management : The productivity dilemma revisited . The Academy of Management Review , 238 - 256 ^ Jump up to : Jansen , J.J.P. , Van den Bosch , F.A.J. , & Volberda , H.W. ( 2006 ) . Exploratory innovation , exploitative innovation , and performance : Effects of organizational antecedents and environmental : moderators . Management Science , 52 , 1661 − 1674 Jump up ^ March , J.G. ( 1991 ) . Exploration and exploitation in organizational learning . Organization Science , 2 , 71 − 87 ^ Jump up to : Rosing , K. , Frese , M. , & Bausch , A. ( 2011 ) . Explaining the heterogeneity of the leadership - innovation relationship : Ambidextrous leadership . The Leadership Quarterly , 22 , 956 - 974 ^ Jump up to : Jansen , J.J.P. , Vera , D. , & Crossan , M. ( 2009 ) . Strategic leadership for exploration and exploitation : The moderating role of environmental dynamism . The Leadership Quarterly , 20 ( 1 ) , 5 -- 18 ^ Jump up to : Oke , A. , Munshi , N. , Walumbwa , F.O. ( 2009 ) . The influence of leadership on innovation processes and activities . Organizational Dynamics , 38 , 64 - 72 Jump up ^ He , Z. , Wong , P. ( 2004 ) . Exploration vs. Exploitation : An empirical test of the ambidexterity hypothesis . Organization Science , 15 , ( 4 ) , 481 - 494 Jump up ^ Oke , A. ( 2002 ) . Improving the innovative capability of a service company . Journal of Change Management , 2 , ( 3 ) , 272 - 281 Jump up ^ Wolfe , R. ( 1994 ) . Organizational innovation : Review , critique and suggested research directions . Journal of Management Studies , 31 , 405 - 431 Jump up ^ Isaksen , S.G. , Lauer , K.J. , Ekvail , G. , Britz , A. , ( 2001 ) . Perceptions of the best and worst climate for creativity : Preliminary validation evidence for the Situational Outlook Questionnaire . Creativity Research Journal , 13 , ( 2 ) , 171 - 184 ^ Jump up to : House , R.J. , ( 1996 ) . Path - Goal theory of leadership : Lessons , legacy , and a reformulated theory . Leadership Quarterly , 7 , ( 3 ) , 323 - 352 Jump up ^ Evans , M.G. , ( 1996 ) . R.J. House 's `` A Path - Goal Theory of Leader Effectiveness '' . Leadership Quarterly , 7 , ( 3 ) , 305 - 309 ^ Jump up to : Basu , R. , Green , S.G. ( 1997 ) Leader - member exchange and transformational leadership : An empirical examination of innovative behaviours in leader - member dyads . Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 27 , 477 - 99.1 Jump up ^ Tierney , P. , Farmer , S.M. and Graen , G.B. ( 1999 ) , An examination of leadership and employee creativity : the relevance of traits and relationships , Personnel Psychology , 52 , 591 - 620 Jump up ^ Lee , J. ( 2008 ) , Effects of leadership and leader - member exchange on innovativeness . Journal of Managerial Psychology , 23 , ( 6 ) , 670 -- 6873 ^ Jump up to : Amabile , T.M. , Conti , R. , Coon , H. , Lazenby , J. , Herron , M. ( 1996 ) Assessing the work environment for creativity . The Academy of Management Journal , 39 , ( 5 ) , 1154 - 1184 Jump up ^ Deshpande , R. , Farley , J. , & Webster , F. ( 1993 ) . Corporate culture , customer orientation , and innovativeness in Japanese firms : A quadrad analysis . Journal of Marketing , 57 , 23 -- 37 Jump up ^ Jassawalla , A.R. , & Sashittal , H.C. ( 2002 ) . Cultures that support product innovation processes . Academy of Management Executive , 16 , 42 - 54 Jump up ^ Prather , C.W. , & Turrell , M.C. ( 2002 ) . Involve everyone in the innovation process . Research Technology Management , 45 , 13 - 16 . Jump up ^ Ogbonna , E. , & Harris , L.C. ( 2000 ) . Leadership style , organizational culture and performance : Empirical evidence from UK companies . International Journal of Human Resource : Management , 11 ( 4 ) , 766 - 788 Jump up ^ Xenikou , A. , & Simosi , M. ( 2006 ) . Organizational culture and transformational leadership as predictors of business unit performance . Journal of Managerial Psychology , 21 ( 6 ) , 566 - 57 Jump up ^ Parnes , S.J. , & Noller , R.B. ( 1972 ) . Applied creativity : The creative studies project - Part II : Results of the two - year program . Journal of Creative Behavior , 6 , 164 - 186 Jump up ^ 36 . Kimberley , J.R. ( 1981 ) . Managerial innovation . In P.C. Nystrom & W.H. Starbuck ( Eds . ) , Hand - book of organizational design : 84 - 104 Jump up ^ Kimberley , J.R. , & Evanisko , M.J. ( 1981 ) . Organizational innovation : The influence of individual , organizational and contextual factors on hospital adoption of technological and administrative innovations . Academy of Management Journal , 24 , 689 - 713 ^ Jump up to : Besemer , S.P. , O'Quin , K. ( 1999 ) . Confirming the three - factor creative product analysis matrix model in an American sample . Creativity Research Journal , 12 , 287 -- 296 . ^ Jump up to : Ford , C.M. ( 2000 ) . Creative developments in creativity theory . Academy of Management Review , 25 , 284 -- 289 . ^ Jump up to : Mumford , M.D. , & Gustafson , S.B. ( 1988 ) . Creativity syndrome : integration , application , and innovation . Psychological Bulletin , 103 , 27 -- 43 . ^ Jump up to : Ward , T.B. , Smith , S.M. , & Finke , R.A. ( 1999 ) . Creative cognition . In R.J. Sternberg ( Ed . ) , Handbook of creativity , 189 -- 213 . Cambridge , England : Cambridge Univ . Press . Jump up ^ Collins , M.A. , & Amabile , T.M. ( 1999 ) . Motivation and creativity . In R.J. Sternberg ( Ed . ) , Handbook of creativity , 297 -- 312 . Cambridge , England : Cambridge Univ . Press . Jump up ^ Pelz , D.C. , & Andrews , F.M. ( 1966 ) . Autonomy , coordination , and simulation in relation to scientific achievement . Behavioral Science , 12 , 89 -- 97 Jump up ^ Abra , J. ( 1994 ) . Collaboration in creative work : an initiative for investigation . Creativity Research Journal , 8 , 205 -- 218 Jump up ^ Cagliano , R. , Chiesa , V. , & Manzini , R. ( 2000 ) . Differences and similarities in managing technological collaborations in research , development , and manufacturing : a case study . Journal of Engineering Technology Management , 17 , 193 -- 224 Jump up ^ Dunbar , K. ( 1995 ) . How do scientists really reason : scientific reasoning in real - world laboratories . In R.J. Sternberg , & J.E. Davidson ( Eds . ) , The nature of insight ( pp. 365 -- 396 ) . Cambridge , MA : MIT Press Jump up ^ Vincent , A.H. , Decker , B.D. , & Mumford , M.D. ( 2002 ) . Divergent thinking , intelligence , and expertise : a test of alternative models . Creativity Research Journal , 14 , 163 -- 178 Jump up ^ Rostan , S.M. ( 1998 ) . A study of young artists : the emergence of artistic and creative identity . Journal of Creative Behavior , 32 , 278 - 301 . Creativity Research Handbook : Volume II . Cresskill , : NJ : Hampton ^ Jump up to : Fiest , G.J. ( 1999 ) . The influence of personality on artistic and scientific creativity . In R.J. Sternberg ( Ed . ) , Handbook of creativity ( pp. 273 -- 296 ) . Cambridge , England : Cambridge University : Press . ^ Jump up to : Fiest , G.J. , & Gorman , M.E. ( 1998 ) . The psychology of science : Review and integration of a nascent discipline . Review of General Psychology , 2 , 3 -- 47 Jump up ^ leadership Jump up ^ Chen , M.Y. , Lin , C.Y. , Lin , H. , McDonough III , E.F. ( 2012 ) . Does transformational leadership facilitate technological innovation ? The moderating roles of innovative culture and incentive compensation . Asia Pacific Journal of Management , 29 , 239 - 264 Jump up ^ Moss , S.A. , & Ritossa , D.A. ( 2007 ) . The impact of goal orientation on the association between leadership style and follower performance , creativity and work attitudes . Leadership , 3 ( 4 ) , : 433 -- 456 Jump up ^ Dayan , M. , Di Benedetto , C.A. , & Colak , M. ( 2009 ) . Managerial trust in new product development projects : Its antecedents and consequences . R&D Management , 39 , ( 1 ) , 2137 Jump up ^ King , N. , & Anderson , N. ( 1990 ) . Innovation in working groups . In M.A. West , & J.L. Farr ( Eds . ) , Innovation and creativity at work , 81 -- 100 Jump up ^ Schmidt , E. ( 2010 , May ) . How I did it : Google 's CEO on enduring lessons of a quirky IPO . Harvard Business Review . Retrieved from http://hbr.org/2010/05/how-i-did-it-googles-ceo-on-the-enduring-lessons-of-a-quirky-ipo/ar/1 . ^ Jump up to : Vise , D.A. , & Malseed , M. ( 2005 ) . The Google story : Inside the hottest business , media , and technology success of our time . New York , NY : Bantam Dell . Jump up ^ Finke , R.A. , Ward , T.B. , & Smith , S.M. ( 1992 ) . Creative cognition : Theory , research , and applications . Cambridge , MA : MIT Press . ^ Jump up to : Hunter , S.T. , Thoroughgood , C.N. , Myer , A.T. , & Ligon , G.S. ( 2011 ) . Paradoxes of leading innovative endeavors : Summary , Solutions , and Future Directions . Psychology of Aesthetics , Creativity , and the Arts , 5 , 54 - 66 . Jump up ^ Shalley , C.E. , & Gilson , L.L. ( 2004 ) . What leaders need to know : A review of the social and contextual factors that can foster or hinder creativity . The Leadership Quarterly , 15 , 33 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Csikszentmihalyi , M. ( 1997 ) . Creativity : Flow and the psychology of discovery and intervention . New York : Harper Collins Publishers . Jump up ^ Amabile , T.M. ( 1997 ) . Motivating creativity in organizations : On doing what you love and loving what you do . California Management Review , 40 , 39 -- 58. , 1997 . Jump up ^ Shalley , C.E. , & Oldham , G.R. ( 1997 ) . Competition and creative performance : Effects of competitor presence and visibility . Creativity Research Journal , 10 , 337 -- 345 . Jump up ^ Amabile , T.M. ( 1985 ) . Motivation and creativity : Effects of motivational orientation on creative writers . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 48 , 393 -- 399 . Jump up ^ Kruglanski , A.W. , Friedman , I. , & Zeeyi , G. ( 1971 ) . The effects of extrinsic incentive on some qualitative aspects of task performance . Journal of Personality , 39 , 606 -- 617 . Jump up ^ Baer , M. , Oldham , G.R. , & Cummings , A. ( 2003 ) . Rewarding creativity : When does it really matter ? The Leadership Quarterly , 14 , 569 -- 586 . Jump up ^ 47 . Mumford , M.D. , & Hunter , S.T. ( 2005 ) . Innovation in organizations : A multi-level perspective on creativity . In F.J. Yammarino & F. Dansereau ( Eds . ) , Research in multi-level issues , 5 , 11 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Kanter , R.M. , Kao , J. , & Wiersema , F. ( 1997 ) . Innovation : Breakthrough thinking at 3M , DuPont , GE , Pfizer , and Rubbermaid . New York , NY : HarperCollins . Jump up ^ Thorton , P.B. ( 2010 ) . Leadership : Off the wall . Bloomington , IN : WestBow Press . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Innovation_leadership&oldid=792620268 '' Categories : Leadership Innovation Management Hidden categories : Articles created via the Article Wizard Talk Contents About Wikipedia Slovenščina Edit links This page was last edited on 27 July 2017 , at 16 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innovation%20leadership
| 2,153 |
||
when does half life 2 lost coast take place
|
Half - Life 2 : Lost Coast
|
half - life 2 : lost coast
|
Half - Life 2 : Lost Coast is an additional level for the 2004 first - person shooter video game Half - Life 2 . Developed by Valve Corporation , it was released on October 27 , 2005 , through the Steam content delivery service as a free download to owners of the Microsoft Windows version of Half - Life 2 . Lost Coast serves as a technology demonstration , specifically showcasing the high - dynamic - range rendering implemented in the Source engine . The level was designed with a variety of appropriate environments to emphasize these effects . In addition , Lost Coast was the first video game developed by Valve to allow developers to explain various elements of design as the player progresses through the level .
|
Lost Coast follows Half - Life protagonist Gordon Freeman as he travels up a coastal cliff to destroy a Combine artillery launcher in a monastery , which is firing on a nearby town . The Lost Coast level was originally created for Half - Life 2 , but was ultimately removed from the game . As a result , it has several minor story details that were not included in Half - Life 2 . The level received a generally positive reception , and there was consensus among reviewers that the new features included in Lost Coast should be integrated into future games released by Valve . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 Story 3 Development 3.1 Level design 3.2 High - dynamic - range rendering 3.3 Commentary system 4 Release and reception 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Gameplay ( edit ) See also : Half - Life 2 gameplay Lost Coast uses the same first - person shooter gameplay mechanics as Half - Life 2 . The game is viewed from the perspective of the player character , and plot information is imparted through scripted sequences rather than cutscenes . A heads - up display at the bottom of the screen shows the player 's health , energy gauge , and ammunition status , while available weapons are shown at the top . Health and armor energy can be replenished by picking up medical supplies and energy cells respectively , or by using wall - mounted charging devices . The player character is equipped with a small armory of weapons from Half - Life 2 at the beginning of the level , including a pistol , shotgun , crossbow , and gravity gun . The gravity gun allows the player to manipulate physical objects in the world ; it can be used to pick up nearby objects and throw them at enemies or create cover from enemy fire . The gravity gun can also be used to perform several non-combat functions , such as grabbing out - of - reach supply crates . Story ( edit ) The chancel of the Byzantine Christian church in Lost Coast , which Valve artist Viktor Antonov called a `` great showcase for HDR '' Half - Life 2 : Lost Coast opens with the protagonist , Gordon Freeman , finding himself near a group of decaying piers , underneath a monastery set up on rocks and overlooking the small town of St. Olga . A fisherman recognizes Gordon and directs him to the monastery , which the enemy Combine are using as a platform to launch artillery shells filled with headcrabs into the town . The fisherman opens a gate , allowing the player to proceed , and awaits Gordon 's return . As Gordon proceeds up the cliffside to the Byzantine Christian monastery , he encounters heavy resistance from Combine soldiers who rappel down the cliff to try to stop him . Gordon fights his way up , enters the church 's nave , and disables the artillery launcher . This alerts nearby soldiers , who assault the sanctuary in force , while a Combine attack helicopter arrives to support the soldiers . After defeating the soldiers in the courtyard , Gordon moves to scaffolding over the side of the cliff and destroys the helicopter with RPGs . The helicopter crashes into the scaffolding , freeing up a path to a crude elevator which lowers Gordon back down to the pier . The fisherman congratulates Freeman on his success , invites him to a feast in St. Olga , and the screen fades out . As the level ends , the fisherman exclaims that Gordon is `` getting all fuzzy ' round the edges '' . Development ( edit ) Level design ( edit ) Lost Coast was conceived as a part of the Highway 17 chapter in Half - Life 2 ( Highway 17 's development name was `` Coast '' , hence the name `` Lost Coast '' ) , but was later discarded during development . As a result , Lost Coast features minor storyline details that were removed from Half - Life 2 , such as the headcrab artillery launchers . Each area of the level was designed with a specific purpose . An Eastern Orthodox architectural style was deliberately chosen for the monastery , as buildings of this type `` are very colorful and have a large variety of materials '' and are `` often lit naturally , with extremes of darkness and brightness , '' providing an ideal showcase for the HDR lighting effects . Valve also thought that the use of a monastery would help provide a starker contrast between old human architecture and futuristic Combine technology found within it . The cliffside that leads to the monastery had a gameplay - oriented purpose , and was meant to emulate a similar cliffside combat scene in Half - Life . The cliffside also forces the player to be observant of threats from above and below , breaking from normal horizontal combat . The monastery 's courtyard was designed as an area where the player recovers from the cliffside combat , while also presenting a contained combat arena later in the level in which the player must hold their ground while they are attacked from multiple directions . High - dynamic - range rendering ( edit ) A comparison of standard fixed - aperture rendering ( left ) with HDR rendering ( right ) in the Source engine The goal of Lost Coast was to demonstrate the new high - dynamic - range rendering implemented into the Source game engine . Valve first attempted to implement high - dynamic - range rendering in Source in late 2003 . The first method stored textures in RGBA color space , allowing for multisample anti-aliasing and pixel shaders to be used , but this prevented alpha mapping and fog effects from working properly , as well as making textures appear sharp and jagged . The second method involved saving two versions of a texture : one with regular data , and the other with overbrightening data . However , this technique did not allow for multisample anti-aliasing and consumed twice as much video card memory , making it infeasible . The third method , shown at the E3 convention in 2005 , used floating point data to define the RGB color space , allowing for reasonably efficient storage of the high - dynamic - range data . However , this method also did not allow for multisample anti-aliasing , and was only compatible with Nvidia video cards , leaving ATI cards unable to run high dynamic range . The fourth and final method compromised between the second and third methods , using overbrightening textures sparingly and allowing ATI cards to render HDR in a different way to the Nvidia ones while nearly producing the same end result . The final version of Valve 's high - dynamic - range technology adds a significant number of lighting effects to the engine , aimed at making the game appear more realistic . Bloom shading was introduced , blurring bright edges in the game world and emulating a camera 's overexposure to light . This is combined with exposure control to tailor the effect to represent the human eye . For example , as the player exits a dark area into a light area , the new area is initially glaringly bright , but quickly darkens , representing the adjustment of the player character 's eyes to the light . New cube mapping techniques allow the reflection cast by an object to correspond with the brightness of the light source , and lightmaps enable light bouncing and global illumination to be taken into account in the rendering . Refraction effects were added to make light account for the physical attributes of an object and to emulate the way light is reflected by water . The Lost Coast level is specifically designed to showcase these effects . It uses the sea and beach as opportunities to demonstrate water - based effects , the monastery to demonstrate bloom from its whitewash walls , and the sanctuary to provide the means to show refraction through stained glass windows and cube maps on golden urns and candlesticks . As a technology showcase , Valve considered Lost Coast to have very demanding system requirements . The game runs on computers with specifications lower than what is recommended , albeit without some key features such as high dynamic range . If a non-high - dynamic - range - capable card is used , the developer commentary is changed slightly to reflect this . For example , Valve president Gabe Newell would describe the effects that are seen in a different manner . Commentary system ( edit ) In addition to a showcase for visual improvements , Lost Coast acted as a testbed for Valve 's commentary system . When the feature is enabled , additional items appear in the game that can be interacted with to play an audio commentary . Each audio piece ranges from ten seconds to a minute of commentary . Players hear the developers talk about what the player is seeing , what is happening , why they made certain decisions , and what kinds of challenges they faced . Commentary tracks are represented by floating speech bubbles called commentary nodes . Valve intended for players to first play the level with commentary disabled , and after completing the level , play it again with commentary enabled , learning about each new stage as they progress . The company has since made the commentary system standard in all of its later video games . Release and reception ( edit ) Lost Coast was released on October 27 , 2005 , as a free download from Valve 's Steam content delivery service to anyone who purchased Half - Life 2 . People who received Half - Life 2 as a gift from Valve 's online store were not eligible to download the level . Valve announced on May 30 , 2007 that Lost Coast , along with Half - Life 2 : Deathmatch , would be made available for free to owners of ATI Radeon cards . It was later released without charge to Nvidia graphics card owners along with Half - Life 2 : Deathmatch , Peggle Extreme , and the first eleven levels of Portal . Lost Coast was generally well received by video game critics . 1UP.com enjoyed the amount of detail , including the graphics , puzzles , and intelligent enemies , saying , `` Valve just packed more atmosphere into a tiny snippet than most shooters muster , period . '' The review also praised the level 's commentary system , calling it an informative addition , and enjoyed the interesting and insightful comments made by some of its creators . The level satisfied UGO because `` it would be harder not to enjoy this level in all its beautifully rendered glory -- even after you 've broken all the windows and spattered the walls with Combine blood , '' and GameSpot commented that `` the textures in Lost Coast are noticeably more detailed and numerous than in the retail game . '' The review concluded hoping that the features introduced in Lost Coast would be included in Valve 's future releases . Negative reaction to the game focused on its length and gameplay . 1UP.com and UGO both considered it short ; Shawn Elliott of 1UP.com described it as `` a lickety - split run through postcard - pretty tide pools , up cliffs , and into a church turned Combine outpost '' . UGO 's Nigel Grammer stated that Lost Coast 's gameplay seemed to be secondary to the level 's graphics . Lost Coast 's gameplay disappointed Brad Shoemaker of GameSpot , who compared it to that of Half - Life 2 and considered them to be very similar , saying that it `` is n't going to set the world on fire '' . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Valve Corporation ( 2005 ) . Half - Life 2 : Lost Coast . PC . Viktor Antonov : Churches are great dramatic spaces . They 're often lit naturally , with extremes of darkness and brightness , which makes them a great showcase for HDR . Gothic churches are the sober , monochromatic spaces that you 've seen in almost every horror movie or game . Byzantine churches , on the other hand , are very colourful and have a large variety of materials . We wanted that color & material variety to show off our HDR reflections . Jump up ^ Valve Corporation ( 2005 ) . Half - Life 2 : Lost Coast . PC . Viktor Antonov : We also like to focus on contrasting elements in our settings , like ancient human architecture and futuristic Combine technology . A monastery fit these requirements perfectly . Monasteries are generally isolated , unlit , and built ages ago . They provide a great backdrop for the contrasting Combine technology . Jump up ^ Valve Corporation ( 2005 ) . Half - Life 2 : Lost Coast . PC . Robin Walker : We were particularly happy with the vertical cliffside in Half - Life 1 , and regretted that we did n't iterate further on that concept in Half - Life 2 . Vertical space allows us to force the player to deal with threats from above and below . We find that players focus their view on the direction they 're travelling , so by using a cliffside , and having the player ascend it , we ensure the player will look up and be prepared for enemies . If the player 's path was to move past the bottom of the cliffside , it would be unlikely he would notice the soldiers rappelling down from above . Jump up ^ Valve Corporation ( 2005 ) . Half - Life 2 : Lost Coast . PC . Robin Walker : The courtyard in front of you is a space we call an Arena . Arenas are built to hold the player for a period of time , and usually contain combat or some other challenge . They often have multiple entry - points for enemies , along with a gate of some kind to prevent the player moving on , until the challenge has been completed . In this case , the arena is free of enemies until the player solves a puzzle , and triggers an alarm . ( ... ) The break in action here is also a crucial part of the level 's pacing . It allows the player to recover and explore the world a little , after being attacked on the way up the cliffside . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Half - Life 2 : Lost Coast Walkthrough '' . Planet Half - Life . GameSpy . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2012 . Retrieved November 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Half - Life 2 : Lost Coast Allies '' . Planet Half - Life . GameSpy . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2013 . Retrieved November 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Accrado , Sal ( October 28 , 2005 ) . `` Half - Life 2 : The Lost Coast ( PC ) '' . GameSpy . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2012 . Retrieved October 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lee , Garnett ( 2005 - 08 - 29 ) . `` Half - Life 2 : Aftermath and Lost Coast '' . 1UP.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 22 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Reimer , Jeremy ( September 15 , 2005 ) . `` A primer on HDR and a tour of Valve 's Lost Coast : The road to HDR '' . Ars Technica . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2009 . Retrieved November 21 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Richards , Geoff ( June 14 , 2005 ) . `` Lost Coast / Source HDR Feature Set '' . bit - tech . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2009 . Retrieved November 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Richards , Geoff ( June 14 , 2005 ) . `` Under & Over Exposure '' . bit - tech . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2008 . Retrieved November 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Richards , Geoff ( June 14 , 2006 ) . `` Half Life 2 : Lost Coast HDR Eye Candy '' . bit - tech . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2008 . Retrieved November 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bramwell , Tom ( October 28 , 2005 ) . `` HL2 Lost Coast released '' . Eurogamer . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2012 . Retrieved November 20 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Shoemaker , Brad ( July 28 , 2005 ) . `` Half - Life 2 Lost Coast Hands - On '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2012 . Retrieved October 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Half - Life 2 : Lost Coast Overview '' . Planet Half - Life . GameSpy . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2012 . Retrieved November 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Richards , Geoff ( September 14 , 2005 ) . `` Preview : Half - Life 2 : Lost Coast : Thoughts '' . bit - tech . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2008 . Retrieved November 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Steam Marketing Message '' . Valve Corporation . August 5 , 2005 . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2012 . Retrieved October 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Pinckard , Jane ( October 27 , 2005 ) . `` Lost Coast Out Now '' . 1UP . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 31 . Retrieved November 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Valich , Theo ( May 30 , 2007 ) . `` Valve gives free games to ATI Radeon owners '' . The Inquirer . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2008 . Retrieved May 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Swinburne , Richard ( January 10 , 2008 ) . `` Free Portal to all Nvidia GeForce owners '' . bit - tech . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2011 . Retrieved November 29 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Elliott , Shawn ( October 28 , 2005 ) . `` Half - Life 2 : Lost Coast ( PC ) '' . 1UP . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 24 . Retrieved November 20 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Grammer , Nigel . `` Half - Life 2 : Lost Coast Review '' . UGO . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2011 . Retrieved November 20 , 2008 . External links ( edit ) Half - Life 2 : Lost Coast preview by Eurogamer Half - Life series Main series Half - Life Opposing Force Blue Shift Decay Half - Life 2 Episode One Episode Two Deathmatch Lost Coast Universe Characters Gordon Freeman Alyx Vance G - Man D0g Creatures Combine Headcrab Vortigaunt Locations Gravity gun Portal series Related articles Black Mesa Concerned GoldSrc mods Half - Life : Escape from City 17 Half - Life 2 : Capture the Flag The Orange Box Source mods Book Category Valve Corporation Video games Half - Life Half - Life Opposing Force Blue Shift Decay Half - Life 2 Episode One Episode Two Deathmatch Lost Coast Portal Portal Portal 2 The Lab Counter-Strike Counter-Strike Condition Zero Source Global Offensive Day of Defeat Day of Defeat Source Team Fortress Team Fortress Classic Team Fortress 2 Left 4 Dead Left 4 Dead Left 4 Dead 2 Other The Orange Box Alien Swarm Dota 2 Technology Hardware Steam Controller Steam Machine Steam Link HTC Vive Software GoldSrc mods Source Filmmaker mods Steam SteamOS Valve Anti-Cheat People Current Mike Ambinder Doug Church Jess Cliffe IceFrog Sam Lantinga Mike Morasky Brad Muir Gabe Newell Robin Walker Former Michael Abrash Kelly Bailey Zach Barth Chet Faliszek Mike Harrington Marc Laidlaw Minh Le Jay Pinkerton Bay Raitt Kim Swift Erik Wolpaw Book Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Half-Life_2:_Lost_Coast&oldid=804077381 '' Categories : 2005 video games Half - Life ( series ) Source ( game engine ) games Technology demos Valve Corporation games Video games with commentaries Linux games MacOS games Windows games Single - player video games Video games developed in the United States Video games set in the 2020s Video games set in Europe Video games using Havok Dystopian video games Video game levels Video game spin - offs Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Català Čeština Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 October 2017 , at 15 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-Life%202%3A%20Lost%20Coast
| 2,154 |
||
where did the saying tongue in cheek come from
|
Tongue - in - cheek
|
tongue - in - cheek
|
The phrase tongue - in - cheek is a figure of speech that describes a statement or other expression that the speaker or author does not mean literally , but intends as humor or otherwise not seriously .
|
Contents 1 History 2 See also 3 References 4 External links History ( edit ) The phrase originally expressed contempt , but by 1842 had acquired its modern meaning . Early users of the phrase include Sir Walter Scott in his 1828 The Fair Maid of Perth . The physical act of putting one 's tongue into one 's cheek once signified contempt . For example , in Tobias Smollett 's The Adventures of Roderick Random , which was published in 1748 , the eponymous hero takes a coach to Bath , and on the way , apprehends a highwayman . This provokes an altercation with a less brave passenger : He looked back and pronounced with a faltering voice , ' O ! ' tis very well -- damn my blood ! I shall find a time . ' I signified my contempt of him by thrusting my tongue in my cheek , which humbled him so much , that he scarce swore another oath aloud during the whole journey . The phrase appears in 1828 in The Fair Maid of Perth by Sir Walter Scott : The fellow who gave this all - hail thrust his tongue in his cheek to some scapegraces like himself . It 's not clear how Scott intended readers to understand the phrase . The more modern ironic sense appears in the 1842 poem `` The Ingoldsby Legends '' by the English clergyman Richard Barham , in which a Frenchman inspects a watch and cries : ' Superbe ! Magnifique ! ' / ( with his tongue in his cheek ) The ironic usage originates with the idea of suppressed mirth -- biting one 's tongue to prevent an outburst of laughter . See also ( edit ) Slang dictionary References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Owens , Gene ( 4 December 2007 ) . `` ' Tongue in cheek ' is cut - and - dried phrase '' . The Oklahoman . Phrases.org ... Novelist Sir Walter Scott used ' tongue in cheek ' as early as 1828 in ' The Fair Maid of Perth , ' but it is n't clear what he meant . Jump up ^ Chay , H. , Contrastive metaphor of Korean and English revealed in ' mouth ' and ' tongue ' expressions Jump up ^ Zoltan , I.G. ( 2006 ) . `` Use Your Body '' . Philologia . Jump up ^ Ayto , John ( 2009 ) , From the Horse 's Mouth , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 954379 - 3 Jump up ^ Smollett , Tobias George ( 1780 ) , The adventures of Roderick Random Jump up ^ Marshallsay , Nick ( 2005 ) , The body language phrasebook , Collins & Brown , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84340 - 304 - 3 External links ( edit ) The dictionary definition of tongue - in - cheek at Wiktionary Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tongue-in-cheek&oldid=848135169 '' Categories : English - language idioms Humour Satire Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 30 June 2018 , at 00 : 28 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongue-in-cheek
| 2,155 |
||
who sings you keep on knocking but you can't come in
|
Keep A-Knockin '
|
keep a - knockin '
|
`` Keep A-Knockin ' ( But You Ca n't Come In ) '' is a popular song that has been recorded by a variety of musicians over the years . The lyrics concern a lover at the door who wo n't be admitted -- in some versions because someone else is already there , but in most others because the knocking lover has behaved badly .
|
Early versions are sometimes credited to Perry Bradford and J. Mayo Williams . Variations were recorded by James `` Boodle It '' Wiggins in 1928 , Lil Johnson in 1935 , Milton Brown in 1936 and Louis Jordan in 1939 . A similar lyrical theme appears in `` Open the Door , Richard '' from 1946 , but from the viewpoint of the one knocking . In 1957 , when Little Richard recorded it as an uptempo rock and roll song `` Keep A-Knockin ' '' reached number two on the U.S. R&B charts and number eight on the U.S. pop charts . His version is usually credited to Penniman ( Richard 's legal name ) , Williams , and Mays. Little Richard played the song on an episode of Full House . He recorded a version of the song with different lyrics as an introduction for the NBC show Friday Night Videos . The song was also featured in the theatrical trailer for Home Alone . The song was used in the film Christine when Dennis is trying to break into the car , but is then scared off by the song that suddenly starts playing from the car radio . Contents ( hide ) 1 Personnel 2 Recognition and influence 3 Other recorded renditions 4 References Personnel ( edit ) Little Richard -- vocals , piano Wilbert Smith , Grady Gaines , Clifford Burks -- tenor saxophones Samuel Parker -- baritone saxophones Nathaniel Douglas -- guitar Olsie Robinson -- bass Charles Connor -- drums Recognition and influence ( edit ) Rolling Stone magazine later ranked `` Keep A-Knockin ' '' at number 442 in its list of the `` 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . An answer song titled `` I Hear You Knocking '' , written by Dave Bartholomew and Pearl King , was recorded by Smiley Lewis in 1955 . The drum part on Little Richard 's song , played by Charles Connor , also inspired later songs . Eddie Cochran 's `` Somethin ' Else '' features an identical drum beat , played by Earl Palmer . The drum introduction on the Little Richard recording was used by John Bonham for introduction to the Led Zeppelin song `` Rock and Roll '' . Other recorded renditions ( edit ) The Blasters have a version on their 1982 live album Over There ( Live At The Venue , London ) . Blue Angel ( band ) ( featuring Cyndi Lauper ) ( 1980 ) The Everly Brothers on their 1958 eponymous debut album The Everly Brothers . Artful Dodger on their 1976 album Honor Among Thieves . Flamin ' Groovies recorded it for their second LP Flamingo in 1970 . Fleetwood Mac recorded a live version in February 1970 , released as Live in Boston in February 1985 . Bobby Fuller recorded it in 1965 at PJ 's , but it would go unreleased until 1991 on Live at PJ 's Plus ! . The Crickets released their version on their 1973 album Bubblegum , Pop , Ballads & Boogie . Hurriganes recorded it for their debut 1973 album Rock ' n ' Roll All Night Long . Mississippi John Hurt had a posthumous release in 1967 on the album The Immortal Mississippi John Hurt . Lindisfarne recorded it as part of a medley with `` It 'll Be Me '' for their 1987 album C'mon Everybody . Liquorice John Death , a pseudonym for Procol Harum recorded it in 1970 , and issued it on the album Ai n't Nothin ' to Get Excited About in 1997 . Mott The Hoople had a live version recorded in September 1970 , on their 1971 release Wildlife . The Rivieras released it on their debut 1964 album Let 's Have A Party . The Rockers , a one - off project comprising Roy Wood , Phil Lynott , Chas Hodges and John Coghlan , recorded it as part of a medley , We Are The Boys ( Who Make All The Noise ) , as a single in 1983 . Suzi Quatro recorded a version for her second LP Quatro in 1974 . The Outlaws , an early band with Ritchie Blackmore of Deep Purple , released it as a single in April 1964 . The Sonics recorded it for their 1965 debut album Here Are The Sonics , but it was n't included until the 1998 reissue as a bonus track . Roger Taylor of the band Queen , recorded it as a single in 1997 . The Trashmen had a bootleg recording made in 1965 and released in 2002 as Teen Trot , initially on Sundazed Records . The Woodentops included it on their 2002 album Wooden Foot Cops on the Highway . Breaux Brothers recorded it in Dallas , TX in 1937 . Other notable artists known to have recorded it include Johnny Rivers ( 1965 ) , Alvin Lee ( 1974 ) , Doug Sahm ( 1983 ) , Wet Willie ( 1972 ) , Alan Price ( 1980 ) , Shakin ' Stevens ( 1983 ) and Cliff Richards ( 2016 ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Little Richard interviewed on the Pop Chronicles ( 1969 ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1988 ) . Top R&B Singles 1942 -- 1988 . Record Research , Inc. p. 260 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 068 - 7 . Jump up ^ Vera , Billy . The Specialty Story 1944 - 1964 ( Media notes ) . Various . Berkeley , California : Specialty Records . p. 11 . 5SPCD - 4412 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . Rolling Stone ( 963 ) . December 9 , 2004 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cochran , Bobby ( 2003 ) . Three Steps to Heaven : The Eddie Cochran Story ( 1st ed . ) . Milwaukee : Hal Leonard . p. 145 . ISBN 0 - 634 - 03252 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Keep A Knockin ' Cover Versions '' . ( hide ) Little Richard Studio albums Here 's Little Richard Little Richard The Fabulous Little Richard Pray Along with Little Richard Pray Along with Little Richard ( Vol 2 ) The King of the Gospel Singers Little Richard Is Back ( And There 's a Whole Lotta Shakin ' Goin ' On ! ) Little Richard 's Greatest Hits The Wild and Frantic Little Richard The Explosive Little Richard The Rill Thing Mr. Big The King of Rock and Roll The Second Coming Southern Child Friends from the Beginning - Little Richard and Jimi Hendrix Right Now ! Talkin ' ' bout Soul Little Richard Live God 's Beautiful City Lifetime Friend Shake It All About Little Richard Meets Masayoshi Takanaka Live albums The Incredible Little Richard Sings His Greatest Hits - Live ! Little Richard 's Greatest Hits : Recorded Live ! Singles `` Tutti Frutti '' `` Long Tall Sally '' `` Slippin ' and Slidin ' '' `` Rip It Up '' `` Ready Teddy '' `` She 's Got It '' `` Heeby - Jeebies '' `` The Girl Ca n't Help It '' `` All Around the World '' `` Lucille '' `` Send Me Some Lovin ' '' `` Jenny , Jenny '' `` Miss Ann '' `` Keep A-Knockin ' '' `` Good Golly , Miss Molly '' `` Ooh ! My Soul '' `` True Fine Mama '' Baby Face '' `` Kansas City '' `` By the Light of the Silvery Moon '' `` He 's Not Just a Soldier '' `` He Got What He Wanted ( But He Lost What He Had ) '' `` Crying in the Chapel '' `` Bama Lama Bama Loo '' `` Whole Lotta Shakin ' Goin ' On '' `` Goodnight , Irene '' `` I Do n't Know What You 've Got ( But It 's Got Me ) '' `` Poor Dog '' `` Commandments of Love '' `` Freedom Blues '' `` Greenwood , Mississippi '' '' `` In the Middle of the Night '' `` Call My Name '' `` Great Gosh A-Mighty ! '' `` Operator '' `` Somebody 's Comin ' '' `` Twins '' Related topics Discography Songs Albums Songs by Little Richard Billy Wright Robert Blackwell Art Rupe Esquerita Jimi Hendrix James Brown Larry Williams Little Richard ( miniseries ) Book : Little Richard Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keep_A-Knockin%27&oldid=832871919 '' Categories : 1957 singles Little Richard songs Louis Jordan songs 1920s songs Year of song unknown Songwriter unknown Specialty Records singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Norsk Norsk nynorsk Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 12 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keep%20A-Knockin%2527
| 2,156 |
||
who was sugarland's song stay written about
|
Joey ( Sugarland song )
|
joey ( sugarland song )
|
`` It Happens '' ( 2009 ) `` Joey '' ( 2009 ) `` Stuck Like Glue '' ( 2010 ) `` Joey '' is a song co-written and recorded by American country music duo Sugarland . The duo 's two members , Jennifer Nettles and Kristian Bush , wrote it along with country singer Bill Anderson . It was released in July 2009 as the fourth single from the duo 's album Love on the Inside . Sugarland 's twelfth single release , it debuted at number 50 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts in July 2009 . Contents 1 Content 2 Critical reception 3 Personnel 4 Chart performance 5 References 6 External links Content ( edit ) `` Joey '' was written by Sugarland 's two members , Kristian Bush and Jennifer Nettles , along with country singer Bill Anderson . The song is a mid-tempo ballad , backed primarily by acoustic guitar and organ . In it , the narrator blames herself when her love , a teenager named Joey , is killed in a car accident . The lyrics are a series of `` what if '' s , with the narrator asking what would have happened if she had taken the keys and driven him home . In the chorus , she speaks to Joey , apologizing and hoping he can hear her message . In the second verse , she asks what would have happened had she never fallen in love with him at all . Nettles said that when she , Bush , and Anderson were writing the song , Anderson compared it to the teenage tragedy songs of the 1950s and 1960s . On the CD - DVD package Live on the Inside , Sugarland opens the song with a cover version of R.E.M. 's `` Nightswimming '' . A performance of `` Nightswimming / Joey '' received rotation on CMT as a music video for the song . Critical reception ( edit ) The song received mostly positive feedback from critics . Chris Willman of Entertainment Weekly cited the song as a standout track in his review of the album , saying that it showed that the duo is `` on surer footing when they get down to emotional specifics . '' AllMusic critic Thom Jurek described it favorably in his review of the album as well , saying , `` The emotion in Nettles ' voice -- especially as it is buoyed by Bush 's in the refrain and the wide - open ringing guitars and mandolins -- is devastating . '' Bobby Peacock of Roughstock reviewed the song positively , saying that its lyrics were `` just vague enough to be mysterious '' and that it was a `` risky '' single release because it was a ballad being released in the summertime . Melinda Newman of HitFix also gave a favorable review , describing the song as a `` country gothic mid-tempo about loss and regret , '' saying that it had an alternative music sound similar to R.E.M. Dan Milliken of Country Universe gave a B - review . He said that the song 's chorus `` delivers practically nothing '' compared to the verses , whose `` what if '' structure he considered unique . Jim Malec of The 9513 gave a thumbs - down rating , calling the song `` a thematically schizophrenic lyric that suffers from a debilitating lack of focus . '' He also said that Nettles ' vocals were not as `` raw '' as other similar songs by the duo . Personnel ( edit ) The following musicians perform on this track : Brandon Bush - Hammond B - 3 organ Kristian Bush -- background vocals and acoustic guitar Paul Bushnell -- bass guitar Dan Dugmore -- 12 - string guitar and steel guitar Shannon Forrest -- drums Michael Landau -- electric guitar Jennifer Nettles -- lead and background vocals Chart performance ( edit ) `` Joey '' debuted at number 50 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Songs chart for the week of July 4 , 2009 . It reached a peak of number 17 in September 2009 , becoming their first single to miss the Top 10 since `` Down in Mississippi ( Up to No Good ) '' also reached number 17 in 2006 . The song also debuted at number 98 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 in late August 2009 , and peaked at number 89 . Chart ( 2009 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 89 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 17 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Newman , Melinda ( June 29 , 2009 ) . `` Sugarland 's new single , `` Joey '' `` . HitFix . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Darden , Beville ( May 13 , 2009 ) . `` Story Behind the Song : `` Joey '' , Sugarland `` . The Boot . Retrieved July 7 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Willman , Chris ( July 25 , 2008 ) . `` Love on the Inside review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Neal , Chris ( August 31 , 2009 ) . `` Reviews '' . Country Weekly . 16 ( 29 ) : 50 . Jump up ^ Jurek , Thom . `` Love on the Inside - Sugarland '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Peacock , Bobby ( July 1 , 2009 ) . `` Sugarland -- `` Joey '' `` . Roughstock . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2009 . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Milliken , Dan ( July 7 , 2009 ) . `` Sugarland -- `` Joey '' `` . Country Universe . Retrieved July 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Malec , Jim ( July 7 , 2009 ) . `` Sugarland -- `` Joey '' `` . The 9513 . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2009 . Retrieved July 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Love on the Inside ( Deluxe Fan Edition ) ( CD booklet ) . Sugarland. Mercury Nashville . 2008 . 11476 . Jump up ^ `` Sugarland Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sugarland Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 23 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Sugarland Kristian Bush Jennifer Nettles Kristen Hall Studio albums Twice the Speed of Life Enjoy the Ride Love on the Inside Gold and Green The Incredible Machine Bigger Other albums Live on the Inside Singles `` Baby Girl '' `` Something More '' `` Just Might ( Make Me Believe ) '' `` Down in Mississippi ( Up to No Good ) '' `` Want To '' `` Settlin ' '' `` Everyday America '' `` Stay '' `` All I Want to Do '' `` Already Gone '' `` It Happens '' `` Joey '' `` Stuck Like Glue '' `` Little Miss '' `` Tonight '' `` Run '' `` Still the Same '' `` Babe '' Kristian Bush solo releases Southern Gravity `` Trailer Hitch '' Related articles Discography Billy Pilgrim Indiana State Fair stage collapse Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joey_(Sugarland_song)&oldid=850826338 '' Categories : 2008 songs 2009 singles Sugarland songs Mercury Records singles Country ballads Teenage tragedy songs Music videos directed by Shaun Silva Song recordings produced by Byron Gallimore Songs written by Bill Anderson ( singer ) Songs written by Jennifer Nettles Songs written by Kristian Bush Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 July 2018 , at 05 : 48 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey%20%28Sugarland%20song%29
| 2,157 |
|||
when did the wreck of the edmund fitzgerald happen
|
SS Edmund Fitzgerald was an American Great Lakes freighter that sank in a Lake Superior storm on November 10 , 1975 , with the loss of the entire crew of 29 . When launched on June 7 , 1958 , she was the largest ship on North America 's Great Lakes , and she remains the largest to have sunk there .
|
November 10 , 1975
|
SS Edmund Fitzgerald
|
ss edmund fitzgerald
|
SS Edmund Fitzgerald was an American Great Lakes freighter that sank in a Lake Superior storm on November 10 , 1975 , with the loss of the entire crew of 29 . When launched on June 7 , 1958 , she was the largest ship on North America 's Great Lakes , and she remains the largest to have sunk there .
|
For 17 years Fitzgerald carried taconite iron ore from mines near Duluth , Minnesota , to iron works in Detroit , Toledo , and other Great Lakes ports . As a workhorse , she set seasonal haul records six times , often breaking her own previous record . Captain Peter Pulcer was known for piping music day or night over the ship 's intercom while passing through the St. Clair and Detroit Rivers ( between Lakes Huron and Erie ) , and entertaining spectators at the Soo Locks ( between Lakes Superior and Huron ) with a running commentary about the ship . Her size , record - breaking performance , and `` DJ captain '' endeared Fitzgerald to boat watchers . Carrying a full cargo of ore pellets with Captain Ernest M. McSorley in command , she embarked on her ill - fated voyage from Superior , Wisconsin , near Duluth , on the afternoon of November 9 , 1975 . En route to a steel mill near Detroit , Fitzgerald joined a second freighter , SS Arthur M. Anderson . By the next day , the two ships were caught in a severe storm on Lake Superior , with near hurricane - force winds and waves up to 35 feet ( 11 m ) high . Shortly after 7 : 10 p.m. , Fitzgerald suddenly sank in Canadian ( Ontario ) waters 530 feet ( 160 m ) deep , about 17 miles ( 15 nautical miles ; 27 kilometers ) from Whitefish Bay near the twin cities of Sault Ste . Marie , Michigan , and Sault Ste . Marie , Ontario -- a distance Fitzgerald could have covered in just over an hour at her top speed . Although Fitzgerald had reported being in difficulty earlier , no distress signals were sent before she sank ; Captain McSorley 's last message to Anderson said , `` We are holding our own . '' Her crew of 29 perished , and no bodies were recovered . The exact cause of the sinking remains unknown , though many books , studies , and expeditions have examined it . Fitzgerald may have been swamped , suffered structural failure or topside damage , been shoaled , or suffered from a combination of these . The disaster is one of the best - known in the history of Great Lakes shipping . Gordon Lightfoot made it the subject of his 1976 hit song `` The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald '' after reading an article , `` The Cruelest Month '' , in the November 24 , 1975 , issue of Newsweek . The sinking led to changes in Great Lakes shipping regulations and practices that included mandatory survival suits , depth finders , positioning systems , increased freeboard , and more frequent inspection of vessels . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Design and construction 1.2 Name and launch 1.3 Career 1.4 Final voyage and wreck 1.5 Search 2 Wreck discovery and surveys 2.1 Wreck discovery 2.2 Underwater surveys 2.3 Restrictions on surveys 3 Theories on the cause of sinking 3.1 Waves and weather theory 3.2 Rogue wave theory 3.3 Cargo - hold flooding theory 3.4 Shoaling theory 3.5 Structural failure theory 3.6 Topside damage theory 4 Possible contributing factors 4.1 Weather forecasting 4.2 Inaccurate navigational charts 4.3 Lack of watertight bulkheads 4.4 Lack of instrumentation 4.5 Increased load lines , reduced freeboard 4.6 Maintenance 4.7 Complacency 5 Legal settlement 6 Subsequent changes to Great Lakes shipping practice 7 Memorials 7.1 Musical and theater tributes 7.2 Commercialization 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) SS Edmund Fitzgerald , upbound and in ballast Design and construction ( edit ) Northwestern Mutual Life Insurance Company of Milwaukee , Wisconsin , invested in the iron and minerals industries on a large - scale basis , including the construction of Fitzgerald , which represented the first such investment by any American life insurance company . In 1957 , they contracted Great Lakes Engineering Works ( GLEW ) , of River Rouge , Michigan , to design and construct the ship `` within a foot of the maximum length allowed for passage through the soon - to - be completed Saint Lawrence Seaway . '' Fitzgerald was the first laker built to the maximum St. Lawrence Seaway size , which was 730 feet ( 222.5 m ) long , 75 feet ( 22.9 m ) wide , and with a 25 foot ( 7.6 m ) draft . The moulded depth ( roughly speaking , the vertical height of the hull ) was 39 ft ( 12 m ) . The hold depth ( the inside height of the cargo hold ) was 33 ft 4 in ( 10.16 m ) . GLEW laid the first keel plate on August 7 the same year . With a deadweight capacity of 26,000 long tons ( 29,120 short tons ; 26,417 t ) , and a 729 - foot ( 222 m ) hull , Fitzgerald was the longest ship on the Great Lakes , earning her the title Queen of the Lakes until September 17 , 1959 , when the 730 - foot ( 222.5 m ) SS Murray Bay was launched . Fitzgerald 's three central cargo holds were loaded through 21 watertight hatches , each 11 by 48 feet ( 3.4 by 14.6 m ) of ⁄ - inch - thick ( 7.9 mm ) steel . Originally coal - fired , her boilers were converted to burn oil during the 1971 -- 72 winter layup . In 1969 , the ship 's maneuverability was improved by the installation of a diesel - powered bow thruster . By ore freighter standards , the interior of Fitzgerald was luxurious . Her J.L. Hudson Company - designed furnishings included deep pile carpeting , tiled bathrooms , drapes over the portholes , and leather swivel chairs in the guest lounge . There were two guest state rooms for passengers . Air conditioning extended to the crew quarters , which featured more amenities than usual . A large galley and fully stocked pantry supplied meals for two dining rooms . The Fitzgerald pilothouse was outfitted with `` state - of - the - art nautical equipment and a beautiful map room . '' Name and launch ( edit ) Northwestern named the ship after its president and chairman of the board , Edmund Fitzgerald . Fitzgerald 's own grandfather had himself been a lake captain , and his father owned the Milwaukee Drydock Company that built and repaired ships . More than 15,000 people attended Fitzgerald 's christening and launch ceremony on June 7 , 1958 . But the event was plagued by misfortunes : When Elizabeth Fitzgerald , wife of Edmund Fitzgerald , tried to christen the ship by smashing a champagne bottle over the bow , it took her three attempts to break it . A delay of 36 minutes followed while the shipyard crew struggled to release the keel blocks . Upon sideways launch , the ship created a large wave that `` doused '' the spectators and then crashed into a pier before righting herself . One man watching the launching had a heart attack and later died . Other witnesses later said they swore the ship was `` trying to climb right out of the water '' . On September 22 , 1958 , Fitzgerald completed nine days of sea trials . Career ( edit ) SS Edmund Fitzgerald underway Northwestern 's normal practice was to purchase ships for operation by other companies . In Fitzgerald 's case , they signed a 25 - year contract with Oglebay Norton Corporation to operate the vessel . Oglebay Norton immediately designated the Fitzgerald flagship of its Columbia Transportation fleet . Fitzgerald was a record - setting workhorse , often beating her own milestones . The vessel 's record load for a single trip was 27,402 long tons ( 30,690 short tons ; 27,842 t ) in 1969 . For 17 years , Fitzgerald carried taconite from Minnesota 's Iron Range mines near Duluth , Minnesota , to iron works in Detroit , Toledo , and other ports . She set seasonal haul records six different times . Her nicknames included `` Fitz '' , `` Pride of the American Flag '' , `` Mighty Fitz '' , `` Toledo Express '' , `` Big Fitz '' , and the `` Titanic of the Great Lakes '' . Loading Fitzgerald with taconite pellets took about four and a half hours while unloading took around 14 hours . A round trip between Superior , Wisconsin , and Detroit , Michigan , usually took her five days and she averaged 47 similar trips per season . The vessel 's usual route was between Superior , Wisconsin , and Toledo , Ohio , although her port of destination could vary . By November 1975 , Fitzgerald had logged an estimated 748 round trips on the Great Lakes and covered more than a million miles , `` a distance roughly equivalent to 44 trips around the world . '' Up until a few weeks before her loss , passengers had traveled on board as company guests . Frederick Stonehouse wrote : Stewards treated the guests to the entire VIP routine . The cuisine was reportedly excellent and snacks were always available in the lounge . A small but well stocked kitchenette provided the drinks . Once each trip , the captain held a candlelight dinner for the guests , complete with mess - jacketed stewards and special `` clamdigger '' punch . Because of her size , appearance , string of records , and `` DJ captain , '' Fitzgerald became a favorite of boat watchers throughout her career . Although Captain Peter Pulcer was in command of Fitzgerald on trips when cargo records were set , `` he is best remembered ... for piping music day or night over the ship 's intercom system '' while passing through the St. Clair and Detroit Rivers . While navigating the Soo Locks he would often come out of the pilothouse and use a bullhorn to entertain tourists with a commentary on details about Fitzgerald . In 1969 , Fitzgerald received a safety award for eight years of operation without a time - off worker injury . The vessel ran aground in 1969 , and she collided with SS Hochelaga in 1970 . Later that same year , she struck the wall of a lock , an accident repeated in 1973 and 1974 . During 1974 , she lost her original bow anchor in the Detroit River . None of these mishaps , however , were considered serious or unusual . Freshwater ships were built to last more than half a century , and Fitzgerald should still have had a long career ahead of her when she sank . Final voyage and wreck ( edit ) The National Transportation Safety Board map of probable course of Edmund Fitzgerald and Arthur M. Anderson Fitzgerald left Superior , Wisconsin , at 2 : 15 p.m. on the afternoon of November 9 , 1975 , under the command of Captain Ernest M. McSorley . She was en route to the steel mill on Zug Island , near Detroit , Michigan , with a cargo of 26,116 long tons ( 29,250 short tons ; 26,535 t ) of taconite ore pellets and soon reached her full speed of 16.3 miles per hour ( 14.2 kn ; 26.2 km / h ) . Around 5 p.m. , Fitzgerald joined a second freighter under the command of Captain Jesse B. `` Bernie '' Cooper , Arthur M. Anderson , destined for Gary , Indiana , out of Two Harbors , Minnesota . The weather forecast was not unusual for November and the National Weather Service ( NWS ) predicted that a storm would pass just south of Lake Superior by 7 a.m. on November 10 . SS Wilfred Sykes loaded opposite Fitzgerald at the Burlington Northern Dock # 1 and departed at 4 : 15 p.m. , about two hours after Fitzgerald . In contrast to the NWS forecast , Captain Dudley J. Paquette of Sykes predicted that a major storm would directly cross Lake Superior . From the outset , he chose a route that took advantage of the protection offered by the lake 's north shore in order to avoid the worst effects of the storm . The crew of Sykes followed the radio conversations between Fitzgerald and Anderson during the first part of their trip and overheard their captains deciding to take the regular Lake Carriers ' Association downbound route . The NWS altered its forecast at 7 : 00 p.m. , issuing gale warnings for the whole of Lake Superior . Anderson and Fitzgerald altered course northward seeking shelter along the Ontario coast where they encountered a winter storm at 1 : 00 a.m. on November 10 . Fitzgerald reported winds of 52 knots ( 96 km / h ; 60 mph ) and waves 10 feet ( 3.0 m ) high . Captain Paquette of Sykes reported that after 1 a.m. , he overheard McSorley say that he had reduced the ship 's speed because of the rough conditions . Paquette said he was stunned to later hear McSorley , who was not known for turning aside or slowing down , state that `` we 're going to try for some lee from Isle Royale . You 're walking away from us anyway ... I ca n't stay with you . '' At 2 : 00 a.m. on November 10 , the NWS upgraded its warnings from gale to storm , forecasting winds of 35 -- 50 knots ( 65 -- 93 km / h ; 40 -- 58 mph ) . Until then , Fitzgerald had followed Anderson , which was travelling at a constant 14.6 miles per hour ( 12.7 kn ; 23.5 km / h ) , but the faster Fitzgerald pulled ahead at about 3 : 00 a.m. As the storm center passed over the ships , they experienced shifting winds , with wind speeds temporarily dropping as wind direction changed from northeast to south and then northwest . After 1 : 50 p.m. , when Anderson logged winds of 5 knots ( 9.3 km / h ; 5.8 mph ) , wind speeds again picked up rapidly and it began to snow at 2 : 45 p.m. , reducing visibility ; Anderson lost sight of Fitzgerald , which was about 16 miles ( 26 km ) ahead at the time . Shortly after 3 : 30 p.m. , Captain McSorley radioed Anderson to report that Fitzgerald was taking on water and had lost two vent covers and a fence railing . The vessel had also developed a list . Two of Fitzgerald 's six bilge pumps ran continuously to discharge shipped water . McSorley said that he would slow his ship down so that Anderson could close the gap between them . In a broadcast shortly afterward , the United States Coast Guard ( USCG ) warned all shipping that the Soo Locks had been closed and they should seek safe anchorage . Shortly after 4 : 10 p.m. , McSorley called Anderson again to report a radar failure and asked Anderson to keep track of them . Fitzgerald , effectively blind , slowed to let Anderson come within a 10 - mile ( 16 km ) range so she could receive radar guidance from the other ship . For a time , Anderson directed Fitzgerald toward the relative safety of Whitefish Bay ; then at 4 : 39 p.m. , McSorley contacted the USCG station in Grand Marais , Michigan , to inquire whether the Whitefish Point light and navigation beacon were operational . The USCG replied that their monitoring equipment indicated that both instruments were inactive . McSorley then hailed any ships in the Whitefish Point area to report the state of the navigational aids , receiving an answer from Captain Cedric Woodard of Avafors between 5 : 00 and 5 : 30 p.m. that the Whitefish Point light was on but not the radio beacon . Woodard testified to the Marine Board that he overheard McSorley say , `` Do n't allow nobody on deck , '' as well as something about a vent that Woodard could not understand . Some time later , McSorley told Woodard , `` I have a ' bad list , ' I have lost both radars , and am taking heavy seas over the deck in one of the worst seas I have ever been in . '' Map showing the location of the wreck , with the red pointer By late in the afternoon of November 10 , sustained winds of over 50 knots ( 93 km / h ; 58 mph ) were recorded by ships and observation points across eastern Lake Superior . Anderson logged sustained winds as high as 58 knots ( 107 km / h ; 67 mph ) at 4 : 52 p.m. , while waves increased to as high as 25 feet ( 7.6 m ) by 6 : 00 p.m. Anderson was also struck by 70 - to - 75 - knot ( 130 to 139 km / h ; 81 to 86 mph ) gusts and rogue waves as high as 35 feet ( 11 m ) . The last communication from the ship came at approximately 7 : 10 p.m. , when Anderson notified Fitzgerald of an upbound ship and asked how she was doing . McSorley reported , `` We are holding our own . '' She sank minutes later . No distress signal was received , and ten minutes later , Anderson lost the ability either to raise Fitzgerald by radio or to detect her on radar . Search ( edit ) One of Edmund Fitzgerald 's lifeboats , on display at the Valley Camp museum ship Captain Cooper of Anderson first called the USCG in Sault Ste . Marie at 7 : 39 p.m. on channel 16 , the radio distress frequency . The USCG responders instructed him to call back on channel 12 because they wanted to keep their emergency channel open and they were having difficulty with their communication systems , including antennas blown down by the storm . Cooper then contacted the upbound saltwater vessel Nanfri and was told that she could not pick up Fitzgerald on her radar . Despite repeated attempts to raise the USCG , Cooper was not successful until 7 : 54 p.m. when the officer on duty asked him to keep watch for a 16 - foot ( 4.9 m ) boat lost in the area . At about 8 : 25 p.m. , Cooper again called the USCG to express his concern about Fitzgerald and at 9 : 03 p.m. reported her missing . Petty Officer Philip Branch later testified , `` I considered it serious , but at the time it was not urgent . '' Lacking appropriate search - and - rescue vessels to respond to the Fitzgerald disaster , at approximately 9 : 00 p.m. , the USCG asked Anderson to turn around and look for survivors . Around 10 : 30 p.m. , the USCG asked all commercial vessels anchored in or near Whitefish Bay to assist in the search . The initial search for survivors was carried out by Anderson , and a second freighter , SS William Clay Ford . The efforts of a third freighter , the Toronto - registered SS Hilda Marjanne , were foiled by the weather . The USCG sent a buoy tender , Woodrush , from Duluth , Minnesota , but it took two and a half hours to launch and a day to arrive at the search area . The Traverse City , Michigan , USCG station launched an HU - 16 fixed - wing search aircraft that arrived on the scene at 10 : 53 p.m. while an HH - 52 USCG helicopter with a 3.8 - million - candlepower searchlight arrived at 1 : 00 a.m. on November 11 . Canadian Coast Guard aircraft joined the three - day search and the Ontario Provincial Police established and maintained a beach patrol all along the eastern shore of Lake Superior . Although the search recovered debris , including lifeboats and rafts , no survivors were found . On her final voyage , Fitzgerald 's crew of 29 consisted of the captain , the first , second and third mates , five engineers , three oilers , a cook , a wiper , two maintenance men , three watchmen , three deckhands , three wheelsmen , two porters , a cadet and a steward . Most of the crew was from Ohio and Wisconsin ; their ages ranged from 21 - year - old deckhand Mark Andrew Thomas to Captain McSorley , 63 years old and planning his retirement . Fitzgerald is among the largest and best - known vessels lost on the Great Lakes but she is not alone on the Lake Superior seabed in that area . In the years between 1816 , when Invincible was lost , and 1975 , when Fitzgerald sank , the Whitefish Point area had claimed at least 240 ships . Wreck discovery and surveys ( edit ) A USCG drawing of the relative positions of the wreck parts Wreck discovery ( edit ) A U.S. Navy Lockheed P - 3 Orion aircraft , piloted by Lt. George Conner and equipped to detect magnetic anomalies usually associated with submarines , found the wreck on November 14 , 1975 . Fitzgerald lay about 15 miles ( 13 nmi ; 24 km ) west of Deadman 's Cove , Ontario , 17 miles ( 15 nmi ; 27 km ) from the entrance to Whitefish Bay to the southeast , in Canadian waters close to the international boundary at a depth of 530 feet ( 160 m ) . A further November 14 -- 16 survey by the USCG using a side scan sonar revealed two large objects lying close together on the lake floor . The U.S. Navy also contracted Seaward , Inc. , to conduct a second survey between November 22 and 25 . Underwater surveys ( edit ) From May 20 to 28 , 1976 , the U.S. Navy dived the wreck using its unmanned submersible , CURV - III , and found Fitzgerald lying in two large pieces in 530 feet ( 160 m ) of water . Navy estimates put the length of the bow section at 276 feet ( 84 m ) and that of the stern section at 253 feet ( 77 m ) . The bow section stood upright in the mud , some 170 feet ( 52 m ) from the stern section that lay capsized at a 50 - degree angle from the bow . In between the two broken sections lay a large mass of taconite pellets and scattered wreckage lying about , including hatch covers and hull plating . In 1980 , during a Lake Superior research dive expedition , marine explorer Jean - Michel Cousteau , the son of Jacques Cousteau , sent two divers from RV Calypso in the first manned submersible dive to Fitzgerald . The dive was brief , and although the dive team drew no final conclusions , they speculated that Fitzgerald had broken up on the surface . The Michigan Sea Grant Program organized a three - day dive to survey the Fitzgerald in 1989 . The primary objective was to record 3 - D videotape for use in museum educational programs and production of documentaries . The expedition used a towed survey system ( TSS Mk1 ) and a self - propelled , tethered , free swimming remotely operated underwater vehicle ( ROV ) . The Mini Rover ROV was equipped with miniature stereoscopic cameras and wide angle lenses in order to produce 3 - D images . The towed survey system and the Mini Rover ROV were designed , built and operated by Chris Nicholson of Deep Sea Systems International , Inc . Participants included the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) , the National Geographic Society , the United States Army Corps of Engineers , the Great Lakes Shipwreck Historical Society ( GLSHS ) , and the United States Fish and Wildlife Service , the latter providing RV Grayling as the support vessel for the ROV . The GLSHS used part of the five hours of video footage produced during the dives in a documentary and the National Geographic Society used a segment in a broadcast . Frederick Stonehouse , who wrote one of the first books on the Fitzgerald wreck , moderated a 1990 panel review of the video that drew no conclusions about the cause of Fitzgerald 's sinking . Canadian explorer Joseph B. MacInnis organized and led six publicly funded dives to Fitzgerald over a three - day period in 1994 . Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution provided Edwin A. Link as the support vessel , and their manned submersible , Celia . The GLSHS paid $10,000 for three of its members to each join a dive and take still pictures . MacInnis concluded that the notes and video obtained during the dives did not provide an explanation why Fitzgerald sank . The same year , longtime sport diver Fred Shannon formed Deepquest Ltd. , and organized a privately funded dive to the wreck of Fitzgerald , using Delta Oceanographic 's submersible , Delta . Deepquest Ltd. conducted seven dives and took more than 42 hours of underwater video while Shannon set the record for the longest submersible dive to Fitzgerald at 211 minutes . Prior to conducting the dives , Shannon studied NOAA navigational charts and found that the international boundary had changed three times before its publication by NOAA in 1976 . Shannon determined that based on GPS coordinates from the 1994 Deepquest expedition , `` at least one - third of the two acres of immediate wreckage containing the two major portions of the vessel is in U.S. waters because of an error in the position of the U.S. -- Canada boundary line shown on official lake charts . '' Shannon 's group discovered the remains of a crew member partly dressed in coveralls and wearing a life jacket lying face up on the lake bottom alongside the bow of the ship , indicating that at least one of the crew was aware of the possibility of sinking . The life jacket had deteriorated canvas and `` what is thought to be six rectangular cork blocks ... clearly visible . '' Shannon concluded that `` massive and advancing structural failure '' caused Fitzgerald to break apart on the surface and sink . MacInnis led another series of dives in 1995 to salvage the bell from Fitzgerald . The Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians backed the expedition by co-signing a loan in the amount of $250,000 . Canadian engineer Phil Nuytten 's atmospheric diving suit , known as the `` Newtsuit , '' was used to retrieve the bell from the ship , replace it with a replica , and put a beer can in Fitzgerald 's pilothouse . That same year , Terrence Tysall and Mike Zee set multiple records when they used trimix gas to scuba dive to Fitzgerald . The pair are the only people known to have touched the Fitzgerald wreck . They also set records for the deepest scuba dive on the Great Lakes and the deepest shipwreck dive , and were the first divers to reach Fitzgerald without the aid of a submersible . It took six minutes to reach the wreck , six minutes to survey it , and three hours to resurface to avoid decompression sickness , also known as `` the bends . '' Restrictions on surveys ( edit ) Under the Ontario Heritage Act , activities on registered archeological sites require a license . In March 2005 , the Whitefish Point Preservation Society accused the Great Lakes Shipwreck Historical Society ( GLSHS ) of conducting an unauthorized dive to Fitzgerald . Although the director of the GLSHS admitted to conducting a sonar scan of the wreck in 2002 , he denied such a survey required a license at the time it was carried out . An April 2005 amendment to the Ontario Heritage Act allowed the Ontario government to impose a license requirement on dives , the operation of submersibles , side scan sonars or underwater cameras within a designated radius around protected sites . Conducting any of those activities without a license would result in fine of up to CAD $1 million . On the basis of the amended law , to protect wreck sites considered `` watery graves '' , the Ontario government issued updated regulations in January 2006 , including an area with a 500 - meter ( 1,640 ft ) radius around Fitzgerald and other specifically designated marine archeological sites . In 2009 , a further amendment to the Ontario Heritage Act imposed licensing requirements on any type of surveying device . Theories on the cause of sinking ( edit ) Extreme weather and sea conditions play a role in all of the published theories regarding Fitzgerald 's sinking , but they differ on the other causal factors . Waves and weather theory ( edit ) Weather map of November 10 , 1975 . In 2005 NOAA and the NWS ran a computer simulation , including weather and wave conditions , covering the period from November 9 , 1975 , until the early morning of November 11 . Analysis of the simulation showed that two separate areas of high wind appeared over Lake Superior at 4 : 00 p.m. on November 10 . One had speeds in excess of 43 knots ( 80 km / h ; 49 mph ) and the other winds in excess of 40 knots ( 74 km / h ; 46 mph ) . The southeastern part of the lake , the direction in which Fitzgerald was heading , had the highest winds . Average wave heights increased to near 19 feet ( 5.8 m ) by 7 : 00 p.m. , November 10 , and winds exceeded 50 mph ( 43 kn ; 80 km / h ) over most of southeastern Lake Superior . Fitzgerald sank at the eastern edge of the area of high wind where the long fetch , or distance that wind blows over water , produced significant waves averaging over 23 feet ( 7.0 m ) by 7 : 00 p.m. and over 25 feet ( 7.6 m ) at 8 : 00 p.m. The simulation also showed one in 100 waves reaching 36 feet ( 11 m ) and one out of every 1,000 reaching 46 feet ( 14 m ) . Since the ship was heading east - southeastward , the waves likely caused Fitzgerald to roll heavily . At the time of the sinking , the ship Arthur M. Anderson reported northwest winds of 57 mph ( 50 kn ; 92 km / h ) , matching the simulation analysis result of 54 mph ( 47 kn ; 87 km / h ) . The analysis further showed that the maximum sustained winds reached near hurricane force of about 70 mph ( 61 kn ; 110 km / h ) with gusts to 86 miles per hour ( 75 kn ; 138 km / h ) at the time and location where Fitzgerald sank . Rogue wave theory ( edit ) A group of three rogue waves , often called `` three sisters , '' was reported in the vicinity of Fitzgerald at the time she sank . The `` three sisters '' phenomenon is said to occur on Lake Superior as a result of a sequence of three rogue waves forming that are one - third larger than normal waves . When the first wave hits a ship 's deck , before its water drains away the second wave strikes . The third incoming wave adds to the two accumulated backwashes , suddenly overloading the deck with tons of water . Captain Cooper of Anderson reported that his ship was `` hit by two 30 to 35 foot seas about 6 : 30 p.m. , one burying the aft cabins and damaging a lifeboat by pushing it right down onto the saddle . The second wave of this size , perhaps 35 foot , came over the bridge deck . '' Cooper went on to say that these two waves , possibly followed by a third , continued in the direction of Fitzgerald and would have struck about the time she sank . This theory postulates that the `` three sisters '' compounded the twin problems of Fitzgerald 's known list and her slower speed in heavy seas that already allowed water to remain on her deck for longer than usual . The Edmund Fitzgerald episode of the 2010 television series Dive Detectives features the wave - generating tank of the National Research Council 's Institute for Naval Technology in St. John 's , and the tank 's simulation of the effect of a 17 - meter ( 56 ft ) rogue wave upon a scale model of Fitzgerald . The simulation indicated such a rogue wave could almost completely submerge the bow or stern of the ship with water , at least temporarily . Cargo - hold flooding theory ( edit ) The July 26 , 1977 , USCG Marine Casualty Report suggested that the accident was caused by ineffective hatch closures . The report concluded that these devices failed to prevent waves from inundating the cargo hold . The flooding occurred gradually and probably imperceptibly throughout the final day , finally resulting in a fatal loss of buoyancy and stability . As a result , Fitzgerald plummeted to the bottom without warning . Video footage of the wreck site showed that most of her hatch clamps were in perfect condition . The USCG Marine board concluded that the few damaged clamps were probably the only ones fastened . As a result , ineffective hatch closure caused Fitzgerald to flood and founder . From the beginning of the USCG inquiry , some of the crewmen 's families and various labor organizations believed the USCG findings could be tainted because there were serious questions regarding their preparedness as well as licensing and rules changes . Paul Trimble , a retired USCG vice admiral and president of the Lake Carriers Association ( LCA ) , wrote a letter to the National Transportation Safety Board ( NTSB ) on September 16 , 1977 , that included the following statements of objection to the USCG findings : The present hatch covers are an advanced design and are considered by the entire lake shipping industry to be the most significant improvement over the telescoping leaf covers previously used for many years ... The one - piece hatch covers have proven completely satisfactory in all weather conditions without a single vessel loss in almost 40 years of use ... and no water accumulation in cargo holds ... It was common practice for ore freighters , even in foul weather , to embark with not all cargo clamps locked in place on the hatch covers . Maritime author Wolff reported that depending on weather conditions , all the clamps were eventually set within one to two days . Captain Paquette of Wilfred Sykes was dismissive of suggestions that unlocked hatch clamps caused Fitzgerald to founder . He said that he commonly sailed in fine weather using the minimum number of clamps necessary to secure the hatch covers . The May 4 , 1978 , NTSB findings differed from the USCG . The NTSB made the following observations based on the CURV - III survey : The No. 1 hatch cover was entirely inside the No. 1 hatch and showed indications of buckling from external loading . Sections of the coaming in way of the No. 1 hatch were fractured and buckled inward . The No. 2 hatch cover was missing and the coaming on the No. 2 hatch was fractured and buckled . Hatches Nos. 3 and 4 were covered with mud ; one corner of hatch cover No. 3 could be seen in place . Hatch cover No. 5 was missing . A series of 16 consecutive hatch cover clamps were observed on the No. 5 hatch coaming . Of this series , the first and eighth were distorted or broken . All of the 14 other clamps were undamaged and in the open position . The No. 6 hatch was open and a hatch cover was standing on end vertically in the hatch . The hatch covers were missing from hatches Nos. 7 and 8 and both coamings were fractured and severely distorted . The bow section abruptly ended just aft of hatch No. 8 and the deck plating was ripped up from the separation to the forward end of hatch No. 7 . The NTSB conducted computer studies , testing and analysis to determine the forces necessary to collapse the hatch covers and concluded that Fitzgerald sank suddenly from flooding of the cargo hold `` due to the collapse of one or more of the hatch covers under the weight of giant boarding seas '' instead of flooding gradually due to ineffective hatch closures . The NTSB dissenting opinion held that Fitzgerald sank suddenly and unexpectedly from shoaling . Shoaling theory ( edit ) The LCA believed that instead of hatch cover leakage , the more probable cause of the Fitzgerald loss was shoaling or grounding in the Six Fathom Shoal northwest of Caribou Island when the vessel `` unknowingly raked a reef '' during the time the Whitefish Point light and radio beacon were not available as navigation aids . This theory was supported by a 1976 Canadian hydrographic survey , which disclosed that an unknown shoal ran a mile further east of Six Fathom Shoal than shown on the Canadian charts . Officers from Anderson observed that Fitzgerald sailed through this exact area . Conjecture by proponents of the Six Fathom Shoal theory concluded that Fitzgerald 's downed fence rail reported by McSorley could occur only if the ship `` hogged '' during shoaling , with the bow and stern bent downward and the midsection raised by the shoal , pulling the railing tight until the cables dislodged or tore under the strain . Divers searched the Six Fathom Shoal after the wreck occurred and found no evidence of `` a recent collision or grounding anywhere . '' Maritime authors Bishop and Stonehouse wrote that the shoaling theory was later challenged on the basis of the higher quality of detail in Shannon 's 1994 photography that `` explicitly show ( s ) the devastation of the Fitzgerald . '' Shannon 's photography of Fitzgerald 's overturned stern showed `` no evidence on the bottom of the stern , the propeller or the rudder of the ship that would indicate the ship struck a shoal . '' Maritime author Stonehouse reasoned that `` unlike the Lake Carriers , the Coast Guard had no vested interest in the outcome of their investigation . '' Author Bishop reported that Captain Paquette of Wilfred Sykes argued that through their support for the shoaling explanation , the LCA represented the shipping company 's interests by advocating a theory that held LCA member companies , the American Bureau of Shipping , and the U.S. Coast Guard Service blameless . Paul Hainault , a retired professor of mechanical engineering from Michigan Technological University , promoted a theory that began as a student class project . His hypothesis held that Fitzgerald grounded at 9 : 30 a.m. on November 10 on Superior Shoal . This shoal , charted in 1929 , is an underwater mountain in the middle of Lake Superior about 50 miles ( 80 km ) north of Copper Harbor , Michigan . It has sharp peaks that rise nearly to the lake surface with water depths ranging from 22 to 400 feet ( 6.7 to 121.9 m ) , making it a menace to navigation . Discovery of the shoal resulted in a change in recommended shipping routes . A seiche , or standing wave , that occurred during the low - pressure system over Lake Superior on November 10 , 1975 , caused the lake to rise 3 feet ( 0.91 m ) over the Soo Locks 's gates to flood Portage Avenue in Sault Ste . Marie , Michigan , with 1 foot ( 0.3 m ) of water . Hainault 's theory held that this seiche contributed to Fitzgerald shoaling 200 feet ( 61 m ) of her hull on Superior Shoal , causing the hull to be punctured mid-body . The hypothesis contended that the wave action continued to damage the hull , until the middle third dropped out like a box , leaving the ship held together by the center deck . The stern section acted as an anchor and caused Fitzgerald to come to a full stop , causing everything to go forward . The ship broke apart on the surface within seconds . Compressed air pressure blew a hole in the starboard bow , which sank 18 degrees off course . The rear kept going forward with the engine still running , rolled to port and landed bottom up . Structural failure theory ( edit ) Another published theory contends that an already weakened structure , and modification of Fitzgerald 's winter load line ( which allows heavier loading and travel lower in the water ) , made it possible for large waves to cause a stress fracture in the hull . This is based on the `` regular '' huge waves of the storm and does not necessarily involve rogue waves . The USCG and NTSB investigated whether Fitzgerald broke apart due to structural failure of the hull and because the 1976 CURV III survey found the Fitzgerald sections were 170 feet ( 52 m ) from each other , the USCG 's formal casualty report of July 1977 concluded that she had separated upon hitting the lake floor . The NTSB came to the same conclusion as USCG because : The proximity of the bow and stern sections on the bottom of Lake Superior indicated that the vessel sank in one piece and broke apart either when it hit bottom or as it descended . Therefore , the Fitzgerald did not sustain a massive structural failure of the hull while on the surface ... The final position of the wreckage indicated that if the Fitzgerald had capsized , it must have suffered a structural failure before hitting the lake bottom . The bow section would have had to right itself and the stern portion would have had to capsize before coming to rest on the bottom . It is , therefore , concluded that the Fitzgerald did not capsize on the surface . After maritime historian Frederick Stonehouse moderated the panel reviewing the video footage from the 1989 ROV survey of Fitzgerald , he concluded that the extent of taconite coverage over the wreck site showed that the stern had floated on the surface for a short time and spilled taconite into the forward section ; thus the two sections of the wreck did not sink at the same time . The 1994 Shannon team found that the stern and the bow were 255 feet ( 78 m ) apart leading Shannon to conclude that Fitzgerald broke up on the surface . He said : This placement does not support the theory that the ship plunged to the bottom in one piece , breaking apart when it struck bottom . If this were true , the two sections would be much closer . In addition , the angle , repose and mounding of clay and mud at the site indicate the stern rolled over on the surface , spilling taconite ore pellets from its severed cargo hold , and then landed on portions of the cargo itself . The stress fracture theory was supported by the testimony of former crewmen . Former Second Mate Richard Orgel , who served on Fitzgerald in 1972 and 1973 , testified that `` the ship had a tendency to bend and spring during storms ' like a diving board after somebody has jumped off . ' '' Orgel was quoted as saying that the loss of Fitzgerald was caused by hull failure , `` pure and simple . I detected undue stress in the side tunnels by examining the white enamel paint , which will crack and splinter when submitted to severe stress . '' George H. `` Red '' Burgner , Fitzgerald 's steward for ten seasons and winter ship - keeper for seven years , testified in a deposition that a `` loose keel '' contributed to the vessel 's loss . Burgner further testified that `` the keel and sister kelsons were only ' tack welded ' '' and that he had personally observed that many of the welds were broken . Burgner was not asked to testify before the Marine Board of Inquiry . When Bethlehem Steel Corporation permanently laid up Fitzgerald 's sister ship , SS Arthur B. Homer , just five years after going to considerable expense to lengthen her , questions were raised as to whether both ships had the same structural problems . The two vessels were built in the same shipyard using welded joints instead of the riveted joints used in older ore freighters . Riveted joints allow a ship to flex and work in heavy seas , while welded joints are more likely to break . Reports indicate that repairs to Fitzgerald 's hull were delayed in 1975 due to plans to lengthen the ship during the upcoming winter layup . Homer was lengthened to 825 feet ( 251 m ) and placed back in service by December 1975 , not long after Fitzgerald foundered . In 1978 , without explanation , Bethlehem Steel Corporation denied permission for the chairman of the NTSB to travel on Homer . Homer was permanently laid up in 1980 and broken for scrap in 1987 . Retired GLEW naval architect Raymond Ramsey , one of the members of the design team that worked on the hull of Fitzgerald , reviewed her increased load lines , maintenance history , along with the history of long ship hull failure and concluded that Fitzgerald was not seaworthy on November 10 , 1975 . He stated that planning Fitzgerald to be compatible with the constraints of the St. Lawrence Seaway had placed her hull design in a `` straight jacket ( sic ? ) . '' Fitzgerald 's long - ship design was developed without the benefit of research , development , test , and evaluation principles while computerized analytical technology was not available at the time she was built . Ramsey noted that Fitzgerald 's hull was built with an all - welded ( instead of riveted ) modular fabrication method , which was used for the first time in the GLEW shipyard . Ramsey concluded that increasing the hull length to 729 feet ( 222 m ) resulted in a L / D slenderness ratio ( the ratio of the length of the ship to the depth of her structure ) that caused excessive multi-axial bending and springing of the hull , and that the hull should have been structurally reinforced to cope with her increased length . Topside damage theory ( edit ) The USCG cited topside damage as a reasonable alternative reason for Fitzgerald sinking and surmised that damage to the fence rail and vents was possibly caused by a heavy floating object such as a log . Historian and mariner Mark Thompson believes that something broke loose from Fitzgerald 's deck . He theorized that the loss of the vents resulted in flooding of two ballast tanks or a ballast tank and a walking tunnel that caused the ship to list . Thompson further conjectured that damage more extensive than Captain McSorley could detect in the pilothouse let water flood the cargo hold . He concluded that the topside damage Fitzgerald experienced at 3 : 30 p.m. on November 10 , compounded by the heavy seas , was the most obvious explanation for why she sank . Possible contributing factors ( edit ) The USCG , NTSB , and proponents of alternative theories have all named multiple possible contributing factors to the foundering of Fitzgerald . A scale model of SS Edmund Fitzgerald Weather forecasting ( edit ) The NWS long range forecast on November 9 , 1975 , predicted that a storm would pass just south of Lake Superior and over the Keweenaw Peninsula , extending into the Lake from Michigan 's Upper Peninsula . Captain Paquette of Wilfred Sykes had been following and charting the low pressure system over Oklahoma since November 8 and concluded that a major storm would track across eastern Lake Superior . He therefore chose a route that gave Sykes the most protection and took refuge in Thunder Bay , Ontario , during the worst of the storm . Based on the NWS forecast , Arthur M. Anderson and Edmund Fitzgerald instead started their trip across Lake Superior following the regular Lake Carriers Association route , which placed them in the path of the storm . The NTSB investigation concluded that the NWS failed to accurately predict wave heights on November 10 . After running computer models in 2005 using actual meteorological data from November 10 , 1975 , Hultquist of the NWS said of Fitzgerald 's position in the storm , `` It ended in precisely the wrong place at the absolute worst time . '' Inaccurate navigational charts ( edit ) After reviewing testimony that Fitzgerald had passed near shoals north of Caribou Island , the USCG Marine Board examined the relevant navigational charts . They found that the Canadian 1973 navigational chart for the Six Fathom Shoal area was based on Canadian surveys from 1916 and 1919 and that the 1973 U.S. Lake Survey Chart No. 9 included the notation , `` Canadian Areas . For data concerning Canadian areas , Canadian authorities have been consulted . '' Thereafter , at the request of the Marine Board and the Commander of the USCG Ninth District , the Canadian Hydrographic Service conducted a survey of the area surrounding Michipicoten Island and Caribou Island in 1976 . The survey revealed that the shoal ran about 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) further east than shown on Canadian charts . The NTSB investigation concluded that , at the time of the Fitzgerald foundering , Lake Survey Chart No. 9 was not detailed enough to indicate Six Fathom Shoal as a hazard to navigation . Lack of watertight bulkheads ( edit ) Mark Thompson , a merchant seaman and author of numerous books on Great Lakes shipping , stated that if her cargo holds had watertight subdivisions , `` the Fitzgerald could have made it into Whitefish Bay . '' Frederick Stonehouse also held that the lack of watertight bulkheads caused Fitzgerald to sink . He said : The Great Lakes ore carrier is the most commercially efficient vessel in the shipping trade today . But it 's nothing but a motorized barge ! It 's the unsafest commercial vessel afloat . It has virtually no watertight integrity . Theoretically , a one - inch puncture in the cargo hold will sink it . Stonehouse called on ship designers and builders to design lake carriers more like ships rather than `` motorized super-barges '' making the following comparison : Contrast this ( the Fitzgerald ) with the story of the SS Maumee , an oceangoing tanker that struck an iceberg near the South Pole recently . The collision tore a hole in the ship 's bow large enough to drive a truck through , but the Maumee was able to travel halfway around the world to a repair yard , without difficulty , because she was fitted with watertight bulkheads . After Fitzgerald foundered , Great Lakes shipping companies were accused of valuing cargo payloads more than human life , since the vessel 's cargo hold of 860,950 cubic feet ( 24,379 m ) had been divided by two non-watertight traverse `` screen '' bulkheads . The NTSB Fitzgerald investigation concluded that Great Lakes freighters should be constructed with watertight bulkheads in their cargo holds . The USCG had proposed rules for watertight bulkheads in Great Lakes vessels as early as the sinking of Daniel J. Morrell in 1966 and did so again after the sinking of Fitzgerald , arguing that this would allow ships to make it to refuge or at least allow crew members to abandon ship in an orderly fashion . The LCA represented the Great Lakes fleet owners and was able to forestall watertight subdivision regulations by arguing that this would cause economic hardship for vessel operators . A few vessel operators have built Great Lakes ships with watertight subdivisions in the cargo holds since 1975 , but most vessels operating on the lakes can not prevent flooding of the entire cargo hold area . Lack of instrumentation ( edit ) A fathometer was not required under USCG regulations , and Fitzgerald lacked one , even though fathometers were available at the time of her sinking . Instead , a hand line was the only method Fitzgerald had to take depth soundings . The hand line consisted of a piece of line knotted at measured intervals with a lead weight on the end . The line was thrown over the bow of the ship and the count of the knots measured the water depth . The NTSB investigation concluded that a fathometer would have provided Fitzgerald additional navigational data and made her less dependent on Anderson for navigational assistance . Fitzgerald had no system to monitor the presence or amount of water in her cargo hold , even though there was always some present . The intensity of the November 10 storm would have made it difficult , if not impossible , to access the hatches from the spar deck . The USCG Marine Board found that flooding of the hold could not have been assessed until the water reached the top of the taconite cargo . The NTSB investigation concluded that it would have been impossible to pump water from the hold when it was filled with bulk cargo . The Marine Board noted that because Fitzgerald lacked a draft - reading system , the crew had no way to determine whether the vessel had lost freeboard ( the level of a ship 's deck above the water ) . Increased load lines , reduced freeboard ( edit ) The USCG increased Fitzgerald 's load line in 1969 , 1971 , and 1973 to allow 3 feet 3.25 inches ( 997 mm ) less minimum freeboard than Fitzgerald 's original design allowed in 1958 . This meant that Fitzgerald 's deck was only 11.5 feet ( 3.5 m ) above the water when she faced 35 - foot ( 11 m ) waves during the November 10 storm . Captain Paquette of Sykes noted that this change allowed loading to 4,000 tons more than what Fitz was designed to carry . Concerns regarding Fitzgerald 's keel - welding problem surfaced during the time the USCG started increasing her load line . This increase and the resultant reduction in freeboard decreased the vessel 's critical reserve buoyancy . Prior to the load - line increases she was said to be a `` good riding ship '' but afterwards Fitzgerald became a sluggish ship with slower response and recovery times . Captain McSorley said he did not like the action of a ship he described as a `` wiggling thing '' that scared him . Fitzgerald 's bow hooked to one side or the other in heavy seas without recovering and made a groaning sound not heard on other ships . Maintenance ( edit ) NTSB investigators noted that Fitzgerald 's prior groundings could have caused undetected damage that led to major structural failure during the storm , since Great Lakes vessels were normally drydocked for inspection only once every five years . It was also alleged that when compared to Fitzgerald 's previous captain , McSorley did not keep up with routine maintenance and did not confront the mates about getting the requisite work done . After August B. Herbel , Jr. , president of the American Society for Testing and Materials , examined photographs of the welds on Fitzgerald , he stated , `` the hull was just being held together with patching plates . '' Other questions were raised as to why the USCG did not discover and take corrective action in its pre-November 1975 inspection of Fitzgerald given that her hatch coamings , gaskets , and clamps were poorly maintained . Complacency ( edit ) On the fateful evening of November 10 , 1975 , McSorley reported he had never seen bigger seas in his life . Paquette , master of Wilfred Sykes , out in the same storm , said , `` I 'll tell anyone that it was a monster sea washing solid water over the deck of every vessel out there . '' The USCG did not broadcast that all ships should seek safe anchorage until after 3 : 35 p.m. on November 10 , many hours after the weather was upgraded from a gale to a storm . McSorley was known as a `` heavy weather captain '' who `` ' beat hell ' out of the Fitzgerald and ' very seldom ever hauled up for weather ' '' . Paquette held the opinion that negligence caused Fitzgerald to founder . He said , `` in my opinion , all the subsequent events arose because ( McSorley ) kept pushing that ship and did n't have enough training in weather forecasting to use common sense and pick a route out of the worst of the wind and seas . '' Paquette 's vessel was the first to reach a discharge port after the November 10 storm ; she was met by company attorneys who came aboard Sykes . He told them that Fitzgerald 's foundering was caused by negligence . Paquette was never asked to testify during the USCG or NTSB investigations . The NTSB investigation noted that Great Lakes cargo vessels could normally avoid severe storms , and called for the establishment of a limiting sea state applicable to Great Lakes bulk cargo vessels . This would restrict the operation of vessels in sea states above the limiting value . One concern was that shipping companies pressured the captains to deliver cargo as quickly and cheaply as possible regardless of bad weather . At the time of Fitzgerald 's foundering , there was no evidence that any governmental regulatory agency tried to control vessel movement in foul weather despite the historical record that hundreds of Great Lakes vessels had been wrecked in storms . The USCG took the position that only the captain could decide when it was safe to sail . The USCG Marine Board issued the following conclusion : The nature of Great Lakes shipping , with short voyages , much of the time in very protected waters , frequently with the same routine from trip to trip , leads to complacency and an overly optimistic attitude concerning the extreme weather conditions that can and do exist . The Marine Board feels that this attitude reflects itself at times in deferral of maintenance and repairs , in failure to prepare properly for heavy weather , and in the conviction that since refuges are near , safety is possible by `` running for it . '' While it is true that sailing conditions are good during the summer season , changes can occur abruptly , with severe storms and extreme weather and sea conditions arising rapidly . This tragic accident points out the need for all persons involved in Great Lakes shipping to foster increased awareness of the hazards which exist . Mark Thompson countered that `` the Coast Guard laid bare ( its ) own complacency '' by blaming the sinking of Fitzgerald on industry - wide complacency since it had inspected Fitzgerald just two weeks before she sank . The loss of Fitzgerald also exposed the USCG 's lack of rescue capability on Lake Superior . Thompson said that ongoing budget cuts had limited the USCG 's ability to perform its historical functions . He further noted that USCG rescue vessels were unlikely to reach the scene of an incident on Lake Superior or Lake Huron within 6 to 12 hours of its occurrence . Legal settlement ( edit ) Under maritime law , ships fall under the jurisdiction of the admiralty courts of their flag country . As Fitzgerald was sailing under the U.S. flag , even though she sank in foreign ( Canadian ) waters , she was subject to U.S. admiralty law . With a value of $24 million , Fitzgerald 's financial loss was the greatest in Great Lakes sailing history . In addition to the crew , 26,116 long tons ( 29,250 short tons ; 26,535 t ) of taconite sank along with the vessel . Two widows of crewmen filed a $1.5 million lawsuit against Fitzgerald 's owners , Northwestern Mutual , and its operators , Oglebay Norton Corporation , one week after she sank . An additional $2.1 million lawsuit was later filed . Oglebay Norton subsequently filed a petition in the U.S. District Court seeking to `` limit their liability to $817,920 in connection with other suits filed by families of crew members . '' The company paid compensation to surviving families about 12 months in advance of official findings of the probable cause and on condition of imposed confidentiality agreements . Robert Hemming , a reporter and newspaper editor , reasoned in his book about Fitzgerald that the USCG 's conclusions `` were benign in placing blame on ( n ) either the company or the captain ... ( and ) saved the Oglebay Norton from very expensive lawsuits by the families of the lost crew . '' Subsequent changes to Great Lakes shipping practice ( edit ) The USCG investigation of the Fitzgerald sinking resulted in 15 recommendations regarding load lines , weathertight integrity , search and rescue capability , lifesaving equipment , crew training , loading manuals , and providing information to masters of Great Lakes vessels . NTSB 's investigation resulted in 19 recommendations for the USCG , four recommendations for the American Bureau of Shipping , and two recommendations for NOAA . Of the official recommendations , the following actions and USCG regulations were put in place : 1 . In 1977 , the USCG made it a requirement that all vessels of 1,600 gross register tons and over use depth finders . 2 . Since 1980 , survival suits have been required aboard ship in each crew member 's quarters and at their customary work station with strobe lights affixed to life jackets and survival suits . 3 . A LORAN - C positioning system for navigation on the Great Lakes was implemented in 1980 and later replaced with Global Positioning System ( GPS ) in the 1990s . 4 . Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacons ( EPIRB ) are installed on all Great Lakes vessels for immediate and accurate location in event of a disaster . 5 . Navigational charts for northeastern Lake Superior were improved for accuracy and greater detail . 6 . NOAA revised its method for predicting wave heights . 7 . The USCG rescinded the 1973 Load Line Regulation amendment that permitted reduced freeboard loadings . 8 . The USCG began the annual pre-November inspection program recommended by the NTSB . `` Coast Guard inspectors now board all U.S. ships during the fall to inspect hatch and vent closures and lifesaving equipment . '' Karl Bohnak , an Upper Peninsula meteorologist , covered the sinking and storm in a book on local weather history . In this book , Joe Warren , a deckhand on Anderson during the November 10 , 1975 , storm , said that the storm changed the way things were done . He stated , `` After that , trust me , when a gale came up we dropped the hook ( anchor ) . We dropped the hook because they found out the big ones could sink . '' Mark Thompson wrote , `` Since the loss of the Fitz , some captains may be more prone to go to anchor , rather than venturing out in a severe storm , but there are still too many who like to portray themselves as ' heavy weather sailors . ' '' Memorials ( edit ) The bell from Fitzgerald on display at the Great Lakes Shipwreck Museum Fitzgerald bow anchor on display at the Dossin Great Lakes Museum The day after the wreck , Mariners ' Church in Detroit rang its bell 29 times ; once for each life lost . The church continued to hold an annual memorial , reading the names of the crewmen and ringing the church bell , until 2006 when the church broadened its memorial ceremony to commemorate all lives lost on the Great Lakes . The ship 's bell was recovered from the wreck on July 4 , 1995 . A replica engraved with the names of the 29 sailors who lost their lives replaced the original on the wreck . A legal document signed by 46 relatives of the deceased , officials of the Mariners ' Church of Detroit and the Great Lakes Shipwreck Historic Society ( GLSHS ) `` donated the custodian and conservatorship '' of the bell to the GLSHS `` to be incorporated in a permanent memorial at Whitefish Point , Michigan , to honor the memory of the 29 men of the SS Edmund Fitzgerald . '' The terms of the legal agreement made the GLSHS responsible for maintaining the bell , and forbade it from selling or moving the bell or using it for commercial purposes . It provided for transferring the bell to the Mariners ' Church of Detroit if the terms were violated . An uproar occurred in 1995 when a maintenance worker in St. Ignace , Michigan , refurbished the bell by stripping the protective coating applied by Michigan State University experts . The controversy continued when the Great Lakes Shipwreck Museum tried to use the bell as a touring exhibit in 1996 . Relatives of the crew halted this move , objecting that the bell was being used as a `` traveling trophy . '' The bell is now on display in the Great Lakes Shipwreck Museum in Whitefish Point near Paradise , Michigan . An anchor from Fitzgerald lost on an earlier trip was recovered from the Detroit River and is on display at the Dossin Great Lakes Museum in Detroit , Michigan . The Dossin Great Lakes Museum also hosts a Lost Mariners Remembrance event each year on the evening of November 10 . Artifacts on display in the Steamship Valley Camp museum in Sault Ste . Marie , Michigan , include two lifeboats , photos , a movie of Fitzgerald and commemorative models and paintings . Every November 10 , the Split Rock Lighthouse in Silver Bay , Minnesota emits a light in honor of Edmund Fitzgerald . On August 8 , 2007 , along a remote shore of Lake Superior on the Keweenaw Peninsula , a Michigan family discovered a lone life - saving ring that appeared to have come from Fitzgerald . It bore markings different from those of rings found at the wreck site , and was thought to be a hoax . Later it was determined that the life ring was not from Fitzgerald , but had been lost by the owner , whose father had made it as a personal memorial . The Royal Canadian Mint commemorated the Fitzgerald in 2015 with a colored silver collector coin , with a face value of $20 . Musical and Theater tributes ( edit ) In 1976 , Ontario singer - songwriter Gordon Lightfoot wrote , composed , and recorded the song `` The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald '' for his album Summertime Dream . On NPR 's Saturday Morning Edition on February 14 , 2015 , Gordon Lightfoot said he was inspired to write the song when he saw the name misspelled `` Edmond '' in Newsweek magazine two weeks after the sinking ; Lightfoot said he felt that it dishonored the memory of the 29 who died . Lightfoot 's popular ballad made the sinking of Fitzgerald one of the better - known disasters in the history of Great Lakes shipping . The original lyrics of the song show a degree of artistic license compared to the events of the actual sinking : it states the destination as Cleveland instead of Detroit and , in light of new evidence about what happened , Lightfoot has modified one line for live performances , changing `` When suppertime came the old cook came on deck / Saying ' Fellas , it 's too rough to feed ya . ' / At 7 p.m. a main hatchway caved in / He said , ' Fellas , it 's been good to know ya . '' to `` When suppertime came the old cook came on deck / Saying ' Fellows it 's too rough to feed ya . ' / At 7 p.m. it grew dark , it was then / He said , ' Fellas , it 's been good to know ya . ' '' The song has been covered by many performers . The Toronto rock band Rheostatics recorded it for their second album , Melville , and their live album Double Live . The Dandy Warhols also covered the song in their The Black Album in 2004 . In 1986 , writer Steven Dietz and songwriter / lyricist Eric Peltoniemi wrote the musical Ten November in memory of Fitzgerald 's sinking . In 2005 , the play was re-edited into a concert version called The Gales of November , which opened on the 30th anniversary of the sinking at the Fitzgerald Theater in St. Paul , Minnesota . Shelley Russell , a professor of theater at Northern Michigan University , wrote a play called Holdin ' Our Own ; the play was performed at the university in 2000 . A piano concerto titled `` The Edmund Fitzgerald '' was composed by American composer Geoffrey Peterson in 2002 ; it premiered by the Sault Symphony Orchestra in Sault Ste . Marie , Ontario , in November 2005 as another 30th anniversary commemoration . Commercialization ( edit ) The fame of Fitzgerald 's image and story have made it public domain and subject to commercialization . A `` cottage industry '' has evolved across the Great Lakes region from Two Harbors , Minnesota , to Whitefish Point , the incident 's `` ground zero '' . Memorabilia on sale include Christmas ornaments , T - shirts , coffee mugs , Edmund Fitzgerald beer , videos , and other items commemorating the vessel and its loss . See also ( edit ) Michigan portal Nautical portal Ontario portal Weather portal 1970s portal List of maritime disasters List of shipwrecks in the Great Lakes List of storms on the Great Lakes MV Derbyshire , a British bulk carrier lost in 1980 under similar circumstances Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ NTSB 1978 , p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : BGSU 2010 . ^ Jump up to : USCG 1977 , p. 2 . ^ Jump up to : Devendorf 1996 , p. 151 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson 1994 , p. 164 . ^ Jump up to : Kantar 1998 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Thompson 1991 , p. 30 : On the Great Lakes , freighter ships are traditionally called boats , derived from steamboats . '' ^ Jump up to : Schumacher 2005 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ MacInnis 1998 , p. 20 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson 1994 , p. 165 . Jump up ^ Jenish 2009 , p. 31 . ^ Jump up to : MacInnis 1998 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Thompson 1994 , p. 170 . ^ Jump up to : Wolff & Holden 1990 , p. 226 . Jump up ^ Stonehouse 2006 , pp. 9 , 15 -- 16 ... Jump up ^ Stonehouse 2006 , pp. 14 , 20 ... Jump up ^ Schumacher 2005 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Thompson 1991 , p. 164 . ^ Jump up to : Schumacher 2005 , pp. 16 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Zielinski 2005 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ Schumacher 2005 , pp. 15 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Andra - Warner 2006 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ `` J. Burton Ayers '' 1961 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ Kantar 1998 , p. 6 . ^ Jump up to : Schumacher 2005 , pp. 9 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Edwards 2000 , p. 5 . ^ Jump up to : Kantar 1998 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Stonehouse 2006 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ MacInnis 1998 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Stonehouse 2006 , pp. 13 -- 14 . ^ Jump up to : Bishop 2000 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Schumacher 2005 , p. 18 . ^ Jump up to : Wolff & Holden 1990 , p. 218 . ^ Jump up to : Lawrence 2010 . Jump up ^ NTSB 1978 , p. 4 . ^ Jump up to : USCG 1977 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ NTSB 1978 , p. 10 . ^ Jump up to : Bishop 2000 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ USCG 1977 , p. 18 . ^ Jump up to : USCG 1977 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ USCG 1977 , p. 19 . ^ Jump up to : NTSB 1978 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ USCG 1977 , pp. 24 -- 25 . ^ Jump up to : USCG 1977 , p. 26 . ^ Jump up to : Bishop 2000 , p. 6 . ^ Jump up to : USCG 1977 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Wolff & Holden 1990 , p. 219 . Jump up ^ USCG 1977 , p. 84 . ^ Jump up to : NTSB 1978 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Bishop 2000 , p. 106 . ^ Jump up to : NTSB 1978 , p. 18 . ^ Jump up to : NTSB 1978 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ USCG 1977 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Schumacher 2005 , p. 79 . Jump up ^ Hemming 1981 , p. 193 . Jump up ^ USCG 1977 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ USCG 1977 , p. 34 . ^ Jump up to : Schumacher 2005 , p. 83 . Jump up ^ USCG 1977 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Hemming 1981 , p. 195 . ^ Jump up to : Wolff & Holden 1990 , p. 221 . Jump up ^ Schumacher 2005 , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Nolan 2000 . Jump up ^ Schumacher 2005 , p. 190 . Jump up ^ Swayze 1992 , p. 87 . Jump up ^ Thompson 2000 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Stonehouse 2006 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Hemming 1981 , pp. 211 -- 213 . Jump up ^ Hudson 2005 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Nuytten 2005 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Vrana & Schwartz 1989 , p. 18 . ^ Jump up to : Nuytten 2005 , p. 39 . ^ Jump up to : Stonehouse 2006 , p. 217 . Jump up ^ Stonehouse 2006 , p. 209 . Jump up ^ MacInnis 1998 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ MacInnis 1998 , p. 98 . Jump up ^ McCosh 1996 , p. 94 . ^ Jump up to : Bishop 2000 , p. 86 . Jump up ^ Shannon 2010 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Shannon 2009 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Shannon 1995 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Thompson 2000 , p. 326 . Jump up ^ Wozniak 1994 , p . A9 . ^ Jump up to : Stonehouse 2006 , p. 222 . Jump up ^ Stonehouse 2006 , p. 224 . Jump up ^ `` The Bell Recovery '' . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2012 . Retrieved April 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Farnquist 1996 , pp. 40 , 47 . Jump up ^ Fallstrom 1995 . Jump up ^ Ontario Heritage Act 1990 , § 48 ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Bellerose 2005 . Jump up ^ Ontario Heritage Amendment Act 2005 , § 35 . Jump up ^ Pollack 2005 . Jump up ^ Ontario Heritage Amendment Act 2005 , § 44 . Jump up ^ Blake 2006 . Jump up ^ Marine Archaeological Sites 2006 , § 1 ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ Good Government Act 2005 , Sched. 11 § 6 ( 15 ) . Jump up ^ Hultquist , Dutter & Schwab 2006 , pp. 607 -- 608 . Jump up ^ Hultquist , Dutter & Schwab 2006 , p. 611 . Jump up ^ Hultquist , Dutter & Schwab 2006 , p. 616 . ^ Jump up to : Hultquist , Dutter & Schwab 2006 , p. 620 . Jump up ^ Hultquist , Dutter & Schwab 2006 , p. 617 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Wolff & Holden 1990 , pp. 226 -- 227 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson 2000 , p. 324 . Jump up ^ Fletcher & Fletcher 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Wolff & Holden 1990 , p. 223 . Jump up ^ USCG 1977 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Wolff & Holden 1990 , p. 222 . Jump up ^ Bishop 2000 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Wolff & Holden 1990 , p. 227 - 28 . Jump up ^ Bishop 2000 , p. 83 . Jump up ^ NTSB 1978 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Stonehouse 2006 , p. 181 . Jump up ^ NTSB 1978 , p. 14 . ^ Jump up to : Wolff & Holden 1990 , p. 224 . Jump up ^ Stonehouse 2006 , p. 190 . ^ Jump up to : Bishop 2000 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Bishop 2000 , pp. 8 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Stonehouse 2006 , p. 83 . Jump up ^ Stonehouse 2006 , p. 239 . Jump up ^ Woodford 1994 , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Kight 1975 . Jump up ^ Stonehouse 2006 , pp. 240 -- 241 . Jump up ^ Bishop 2000 , p. 84 . ^ Jump up to : Wolff & Holden 1990 , p. 227 . Jump up ^ Bishop 2000 , p. 90 . ^ Jump up to : Wolff & Holden 1990 , p. 228 . ^ Jump up to : Bishop 2000 , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Bishop 2000 , p. 93 . Jump up ^ Ramsey 2009 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Ramsey 2009 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Ramsey 2009 , p. 66 . Jump up ^ Ramsey 2009 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Ramsey 2009 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Charles , Furness & Crane 1997 , p. 258 . Jump up ^ Ramsey 2009 , pp. 71 , 134 . Jump up ^ Thompson 2000 , p. 325 . Jump up ^ Bishop 2000 , p. xii . ^ Jump up to : NTSB 1978 , pp. 21 , 23 . Jump up ^ Bohnak 2007 , p. 316 . Jump up ^ USCG 1977 , pp. 85 -- 86 . Jump up ^ USCG 1977 , pp. 86 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Thompson 1991 , p. 167 . Jump up ^ Stonehouse 2006 , p. 105 -- 106 . Jump up ^ Stonehouse 2006 , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Stonehouse 2006 , p. 117 . Jump up ^ Stonehouse 2006 , pp. 104 -- 105 . Jump up ^ NTSB 1978 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ 46 CFR 2010 . Jump up ^ Thompson 1991 , p. 168 . Jump up ^ USCG 1977 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Stonehouse 2006 , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Schumacher 2005 , p. 134 . Jump up ^ NTSB 1978 , pp. 17 , 23 . Jump up ^ Schumacher 2005 , p. 135 . Jump up ^ NTSB 1978 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Bishop 2000 , p. 137 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson 2000 , p. 349 . Jump up ^ Bishop 2000 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Bishop 2000 , pp. 22 , 76 . Jump up ^ Bishop 2000 , p. 76 . ^ Jump up to : Bishop 2000 , p. 30 . ^ Jump up to : NTSB 1978 , pp. 24 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Thompson 2000 , p. 333 . Jump up ^ Thompson 2000 , p. 315 . Jump up ^ USCG 1977 , p. 103 . Jump up ^ Stonehouse 2006 , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Thompson 2000 , p. 369 . Jump up ^ Beisenherz 2010 . Jump up ^ Wolff & Holden 1990 , pp. 217 -- 218 . Jump up ^ Ratigan 1977 , pp. 345 -- 346 . Jump up ^ Ramsey 2009 , pp. 16 , 26 , 144 -- 145 . Jump up ^ Hemming 1981 , p. 226 . Jump up ^ USCG 1977 , pp. 105 -- 108 . Jump up ^ Stonehouse 2006 , p. 182 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson 2000 , p. 329 . Jump up ^ Stonehouse 2006 , p. 187 . ^ Jump up to : Wolff & Holden 1990 , p. 229 . Jump up ^ Ramsey 2009 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Thompson 1991 , p. 169 . Jump up ^ Bohnak 2007 , p. 318 . Jump up ^ Thompson 1991 , p. 170 . Jump up ^ Schumacher 2005 , p. 95 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Church '' 2006 . Jump up ^ Bulanda 2010 . Jump up ^ Schumacher 2005 , p. 167 . ^ Jump up to : Schumacher 2005 , p. 171 . Jump up ^ Poulson 1996 . Jump up ^ Schumacher 2005 , p. 172 . Jump up ^ Walsh - Sarnecki 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Detroit Historical Society 2011 . Jump up ^ Karoub 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Fitzgerald Relic '' 2007 . Jump up ^ Alexander 2015 . Jump up ^ Simon 2015 . Jump up ^ Stevenson 2010 . Jump up ^ Quill 2010 . Jump up ^ `` They 've got '' 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Public Radio '' 2005 . Jump up ^ Aamot 2005 . Jump up ^ Evans 2000 . Jump up ^ Sault Symphony Orchestra 2005 . Jump up ^ Schumacher 2005 , p. 173 . Jump up ^ Stonehouse 2006 , p. 205 . Jump up ^ Donnelly 2000 . Jump up ^ Dybas 2000 . References ( edit ) 46 C.F.R. 179 Subpart B § 212 . Retrieved May 7 , 2011 . Aamot , Gregg ( November 6 , 2005 ) . `` I Can Feel the ' Storm ' : Memories Still Vivid on 30th Anniversary of the Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald '' . St. Paul Pioneer Press . Associated Press . p . B8 . Alexander , Michael ( October 20 , 2015 ) . `` Lost Ships in Canadian Waters Silver Coin Series Continues with SS Edmund Fitzgerald Saga '' . Coin Update . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Andra - Warner , Elle ( 2006 ) . Edmund Fitzgerald : The Legendary Great Lakes Shipwreck . Grand Marais , Minnesota : North Shore Press . ISBN 0 - 9740207 - 3 - 7 . Beisenherz , Nona . `` Admiralty and Maritime Law Research Guide '' . International and Foreign Law Research Guides . Loyola University New Orleans Law Library . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2010 . Retrieved December 25 , 2010 . Bellerose , Dan ( March 15 , 2005 ) . `` Group Claims Illegal Dive Made to Edmund Fitzgerald Site '' . Sault Star . Sault Ste . Marie , Ontario . pp. A1 -- A2 . Bishop , Hugh ( 2000 ) . The Night the Fitz Went Down . Duluth , Minnesota : Lake Superior Port Cities . ISBN 0 - 942235 - 37 - 1 . Blake , Erica ( February 8 , 2006 ) . `` Fitzgerald Wreck Site Gets Added Protection '' . The Blade . Toledo , Ohio . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2006 . Retrieved March 6 , 2011 . Bohnak , Karl ( 2007 ) ( 2006 ) . So Cold a Sky : Upper Michigan Weather Stories . Dexter , Michigan : Thomson - Shore . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9778189 - 0 - 7 . Bowling Green State University ( BGSU ) . `` Historical Collections of the Great Lakes : Great Lakes Vessels Online Index '' . Bowling Green , Ohio : BGSU . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . Bulanda , George ( November 2010 ) . `` Great Mariner 's Church Remembers Fitzgerald on 35th Anniversary of Sinking '' . Hour Detroit . ISSN 1098 - 9684 . Retrieved November 8 , 2010 . Charles , J.A. ; Furness , M.A. ; Crane , F.A.A. ( 1997 ) . Selection and Use of Engineering Materials ( 3rd ed . ) . Maryland Heights , Missouri : Butterworth - Heinemann . ISBN 0 - 7506 - 3277 - 1 . Retrieved February 20 , 2011 . `` Detroit Church Broadens Its Scope Marking Fitzgerald Anniversary '' . USA Today . Associated Press . November 13 , 2006 . Retrieved January 18 , 2011 . Detroit Historical Society ( 2011 ) . `` Exhibitions at Dossin Great Lakes Museum '' . Detroit Historical Society . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2012 . Retrieved March 3 , 2011 . Devendorf , John F. ( 1996 ) . Great Lakes Bulk Carriers 1869 -- 1985 . Thunder Bay Press . ISBN 1 - 889043 - 03 - 6 . Retrieved February 2 , 2011 . Donnelly , Francis X . ( October 29 , 2000 ) . `` Fitzgerald Memories for Sale '' . The Detroit News . pp. 1A , 8A . Dybas , Cheryl Lyn ( November 2000 ) . `` For sale : soul of the Edmund Fitzgerald '' . Traverse : Northern Michigan 's Magazine . Traverse City , Michigan : Prisms Publications . 20 ( 11 ) : 84 -- 86 . ISSN 0746 - 2735 . Edwards , Jack ( 2000 ) . Big Fitz . Chicago , Illinois : Wayne Rigby Literacy . ISBN 0 - 7635 - 6807 - 4 . Retrieved March 16 , 2011 . Evans , Kristi ( November 7 , 2000 ) . `` Edmund Fitzgerald Tragedy Inspires Theater Production '' ( Press release ) . Marquette : Northern Michigan University . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 -- via Newswire . Fallstrom , Jerry ( September 10 , 1995 ) . `` Orlando , Chicago divers first to touch the wreck of the Fitzgerald '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved November 5 , 2010 . Farnquist , Thomas L. ( January 1996 ) . `` Requiem for the Edmund Fitzgerald : High - Tech Dives in Lake Superior Retrieve a Ship 's Bell -- and Memories of a Lost Crew '' . National Geographic . Washington , DC : National Geographic Society . 189 ( 1 ) : 36 -- 47 . ISSN 0027 - 9358 . `` Fitzgerald Relic Just a Replica '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Associated Press . August 21 , 2007 . p. 4A . Retrieved March 28 , 2011 . Fletcher , Mike ; Fletcher , Warren ( April 3 , 2010 ) . `` Rogue Wave / Edmund Fitzgerald '' . Dive Detectives . Smithsonian Channel . Retrieved October 9 , 2012 . Good Government Act , S.O. 2009 , c. 33 . May 7 , 2011 . Hemming , Robert J. ( 1981 ) . The Gales of November : The Sinking of the Edmund Fitzgerald . Charlotte , North Carolina : Baker and Taylor . for Thunder Bay Press . ISBN 1 - 882376 - 33 - 1 . Hudson , Cy ( July -- August 2005 ) . `` Cousteau 's Calypso Goes Into Retirement '' ( PDF ) . The Lightship . Marysville , Michigan : Lake Huron Lore Marine Society . 26 ( 4 ) : 3 -- 4 . OCLC 12318717 . Retrieved November 4 , 2010 . Hultquist , T.R. ; Dutter , M.R. ; Schwab , D.J. ( May 2006 ) . `` Reexamination of the 9 -- 10 November 1975 Edmund Fitzgerald Storm Using Today 's Technology '' ( PDF ) . Bulletin of American Meteorological Society . Easton , Pennsylvania : American Meteorological Society . 87 ( 5 ) : 607 -- 622 . Bibcode : 2006BAMS ... 87 ... 607H . ISSN 0003 - 0007 . doi : 10.1175 / BAMS - 87 - 5 - 607 . Retrieved December 26 , 2010 . `` J. Burton Ayers ( Propeller ) '' . Telescope . Great Lakes Maritime Institute : 112 . June 1961 . Retrieved February 20 , 2011 . Jenish , D'arcy ( 2009 ) . The St. Lawrence Seaway : Fifty Years and Counting . Manotick , Ontario : Penumbra Press . p. 31 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 897323 - 75 - 5 . Retrieved February 20 , 2011 . Johnson , Mark ( November 10 , 2010 ) . `` The Witch of November : What Sank the Edmund Fitzgerald '' . Cleveland , Ohio : WEWS - TV . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2011 . Retrieved December 26 , 2010 . Kantar , Andrew ( 1998 ) . 29 Missing : The True and Tragic Story of the Disappearance of the SS Edmund Fitzgerald . East Lansing , Michigan : Michigan State University Press . ISBN 0 - 87013 - 446 - 9 . Karoub , Jeff ( August 9 , 2007 ) . `` Life Ring May Be from the Edmund Fitzgerald '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 20 , 2011 . Kight , Pat ( November 11 , 1975 ) . `` Eastern U.P. Battered '' . The Evening News . Sault Ste . Marie , Michigan . p . D8 . Lawrence , Eric ( November 7 , 2010 ) . `` Ghostly Views of the Edmund Fitzgerald Shipwreck '' . Detroit Free Press . pp. 1A , 8A . MacInnis , Joseph ( 1998 ) . Fitzgerald 's Storm : The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald . Charlotte , North Carolina : Baker and Taylor for Thunder Bay Press . ISBN 1 - 882376 - 53 - 6 . Marine Archaeological Sites , 11 / 06 McCosh , Cy ( June 1996 ) . `` Secrets of the Lakes '' . Popular Science . 248 ( 6 ) : 92 -- 96 . ISSN 0161 - 7370 . Retrieved November 3 , 2010 . `` Minnesota Public Radio Presents '' . Minnesota Public Radio . November 26 , 2005 . Retrieved March 15 , 2011 . National Transportation Safety Board ( NTSB ) ( May 4 , 1978 ) . `` Marine Accident Report : SS Edmund Fitzgerald Sinking in Lake Superior on November 10 , 1975 '' ( PDF ) . NTSB . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . Nolan , Jenny ( September 21 , 2000 ) . `` The fateful voyage of the Edmund Fitzgerald '' . The Detroit News . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Nuytten , Phil ( December 2005 ) . `` 30th anniversary , `` The Legend Lives On ... '' : Diving the Edmund Fitzgerald '' ( PDF ) . Diver Magazine . North Vancouver , British Columbia : Seagraphic Publications . pp. 35 -- 41 . ISSN 0706 - 5132 . OCLC 423800816 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 10 , 2011 . Retrieved November 10 , 2011 . Ontario Heritage Act , R.S.O. 1990 , c . O. 18 , as amended by S.O. 2005 , c. 6 , s . 35 and S.O. 2009 , c. 33 , Sched. 11 , s . 6 , ss. 15 Ontario Heritage Amendment Act , S.O. 2005 , c. 6 Pollack , Susan R. ( November 4 , 2005 ) . `` The Legend Lives On : 30 Years Later , Great Lakes Tragedy Still Fascinates '' . The Detroit News . p . A1 . Poulson , David ( March 17 , 1996 ) . `` No Peace for Bell 's Dead : Debate Rages as to Whether it 's Edmund Fitzgerald Artifact or a Tourist Attraction '' . The Grand Rapids Press . pp. C3 , C6 . Quill , Greg ( March 25 , 2010 ) . `` Gordon Lightfoot Changes ' Edmund Fitzgerald ' Lyrics '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved March 28 , 2011 . Ramsey , Raymond . ( 2009 ) . SS Edmund Fitzgerald : Requiem for the Toledo Express . Houghton , Michigan : Keweenaw Productions . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9826158 - 3 - 6 . Ratigan , William ( 1977 ) . Great Lakes Shipwrecks and Survivals . Grand Rapids , Michigan : Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 8028 - 7010 - 4 . Retrieved February 25 , 2011 . Sault Symphony Orchestra ( September 15 , 2005 ) . `` Edmund Fitzgerald Piano Concerto to Commemorate 30th Anniversary of Famous Shipwreck '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Sault Symphony Orchestra . Retrieved March 15 , 2011 . Schumacher , Michael ( 2005 ) . Mighty Fitz : The Sinking of the Edmund Fitzgerald . New York and London : Bloomsbury Publishing . ISBN 1 - 58234 - 647 - X . Shannon , Frederick ( November -- December 1995 ) . `` Does Expedition ' 94 to the Edmund Fitzgerald Solve the Mystery of the Greatest Inland Wreck in the World ? '' . Michigan Natural Resources . Lansing , Michigan : Michigan Department of Natural Resources . 65 ( 6 ) : 22 -- 26 . ISSN 0275 - 8180 . Simon , Scott ( February 14 , 2015 ) . `` 50 Years of Music with Gordon Lightfoot '' . Weekend Edition Saturday . NPR . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . -- -- ( November 2009 ) . `` The 34th Anniversary of the Sinking of the Edmund Fitzgerald '' . The Great Lakes Pilot . Grand Marais , Michigan : Great Lakes Pilot Publishing . 6 ( 9 ) . OCLC 662452564 . -- -- ( November 2010 ) . `` 35th Anniversary Proves Enduring Edmund Fitzgerald Mystery '' . The Great Lakes Pilot . Grand Marais , Michigan : Great Lakes Pilot Publishing . 7 ( 5 ) : 91 . OCLC 662452564 . Stevenson , Jane ( March 26 , 2010 ) . `` Lightfoot Changes ' Edmund Fitzgerald ' Lyric '' . Toronto Sun . QMI Agency . Retrieved March 28 , 2011 . Stonehouse , Frederick ( 2006 ) ( 1977 ) . The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald ( 6th ed . ) . Gwinn , Michigan : Avery Color Studios . ISBN 1 - 892384 - 33 - 7 . Swayze , David ( 1992 ) . Shipwreck ! A Comprehensive Directory of Over 3,700 Shipwrecks on the Great Lakes . Boyne City , Michigan : Harbor House Publishers . ISBN 0 - 937360 - 12 - 0 . `` They 've Got Lightfoot Covered '' . Toronto Star . May 5 , 2005 . p . C5 . Thompson , Mark L. ( 1991 ) . Steamboats & Sailors of the Great Lakes . Detroit : Wayne State University Press . ISBN 0 - 8143 - 2359 - 6 . Retrieved November 18 , 2012 . -- -- ( 1994 ) . Queen of the Lakes . Detroit : Wayne State University Press . ISBN 0 - 8143 - 2393 - 6 . Retrieved February 20 , 2011 . -- -- ( 2000 ) . Graveyard of the Lakes . Detroit : Wayne State University Press . ISBN 0 - 8143 - 3226 - 9 . Retrieved February 20 , 2011 . United States Coast Guard ( USCG ) ( July 26 , 1977 ) . `` Marine Board Casualty Report : SS Edmund Fitzgerald ; Sinking in Lake Superior on 10 November 1975 With Loss of Life '' . USCG . Retrieved April 16 , 2009 . Vrana , Kenneth J. ; Schwartz , John ( December 1989 ) . `` Instrumented Sled , ROV Join to Provide Enhanced Images of Edmund Fitzgerald '' ( PDF ) . Sea Technology : 17 -- 21 . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . Walsh - Sarnecki , Peggy ( November 10 , 2005 ) . `` Edmund Fitzgerald Still Haunts Great Lakes Sailors '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 27 , 2011 . Wolff , Julius F. ; Holden , Thom ( 1990 ) . Julius F. Wolff Jr. 's Lake Superior Shipwrecks ( 2nd expanded ed . ) . Duluth , Minnesota : Lake Superior Port Cities . ISBN 0 - 942235 - 01 - 0 . Woodford , Arthur M. ( 1994 ) . Charting the Inland Seas : A History of the U.S. Lake Survey . Detroit : Wayne State University . ISBN 0 - 8143 - 2499 - 1 . Retrieved February 20 , 2011 . Wozniak , Maurice D. ( July 28 , 1994 ) . `` Divers Discover Human Remains in Edmund Fitzgerald Wreckage '' . The Milwaukee Journal . p . A9 . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 -- via Google News . Zielinski , Graeme ( November 10 , 2005 ) . `` Shipwreck Overshadowed Fitzgerald 's Legacy '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Retrieved February 20 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to SS Edmund Fitzgerald . `` 40th anniversary launch of the SS Edmund Fitzgerald '' ( PDF ) . ( 2.4 MB ) from Telescope magazine Image gallery I and Image gallery II of the SS Edmund Fitzgerald from Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary collection Images of the Edmund Fitzgerald from the Minnesota Historical Society The sinking of the SS Edmund Fitzgerald , November 10 , 1975 , from the University of Wisconsin Yesterday 's news , November 10 , 1975 : Edmund Fitzgerald reported missing from the Minneapolis Star Tribune VIAF : 126902077 Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1975 Shipwrecks 5 Jan : Lake Illawarra 20 Jan : Danesh 29 Jan : Jakob Maersk 17 Mar : Red Eagle 4 Apr : MV Spartan Lady 15 Apr : USS Killen 27 Apr : USS Carbonero 11 May : USS Bell 13 Jun : USS Moore 19 Jul : Herma A 20 Aug : USS Mona Island 10 Nov : Edmund Fitzgerald 28 Dec : Kim Hua Li 30 Dec : Berge Istra Unknown date : Aviere , Antonio Maceo Other incidents 9 Jan : Transcontainer I 12 May : Mayaguez 15 May : Mayaguez 22 Aug : ARA Santísima Trinidad 9 Sep : Waage Drill II 22 Oct : NOAAS Miller Freeman 22 Nov : USS Belknap , USS John F. Kennedy 9 Nov : Storozhevoy 1974 1976 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Edmund_Fitzgerald&oldid=802521053 '' Categories : 1958 ships Freighters Great Lakes ships Lake Superior Maritime incidents in 1975 Merchant ships of the United States Rogue wave incidents Shipwrecks of Lake Superior Ships lost with all hands November 1975 events Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2015 Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Featured articles Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Search Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本 語 Polski Simple English Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 17 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS%20Edmund%20Fitzgerald
| 2,158 |
what is the temperature inside lucas oil stadium
|
Lucas Oil Stadium
|
lucas oil stadium
|
Lucas Oil Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Downtown Indianapolis , Indiana , United States . It replaced the RCA Dome as the home field of the NFL 's Indianapolis Colts and opened on August 16 , 2008 . The stadium was constructed to allow the removal of the RCA Dome and expansion of the Indiana Convention Center on its site . The stadium is on the south side of South Street , a block south of the former site of the RCA Dome . In 2006 , prior to the stadium 's construction , Lucas Oil Products secured the naming rights for the stadium at a cost of $122 million over 20 years . The venue also serves as the current home for the United Soccer League 's Indy Eleven .
|
The architectural firm HKS , Inc. was responsible for the stadium 's design , with Walter P Moore working as the Structural Engineer of Record . The stadium features a retractable roof and window wall , thus allowing the Colts and the Eleven to play both indoors and outdoors . The implementation of these elements of kinetic architecture provides for quick conversion of the facility to accommodate a variety of events . The field surface is FieldTurf . The exterior of the new stadium is faced with a reddish - brown brick trimmed with Indiana Limestone , similar to several other sports venues in the area such as Bankers Life Fieldhouse , Hinkle Fieldhouse , and the Fairgrounds Coliseum . The architectural style complements other older structures in the downtown area . Contents ( hide ) 1 Features 1.1 Retractable Roof 1.1. 1 NFL rules for roof opening 1.2 Retractable Window 1.3 Gate sponsorship 2 Events 2.1 Football 2.2 Soccer 2.3 Entertainment 2.3. 1 Concerts 3 Financing 3.1 Budget shortfall 4 Complications 5 Construction pictures 6 References 7 External links Features ( edit ) Lucas Oil Stadium has a seating capacity of 67,000 and covers approximately 1.8 million square feet . The stadium offers 139 suites , two club lounges , two exhibit halls and 12 meeting rooms . There are also 360 degree ribbon boards and two massive high definition video boards . An underground walkway directly connects the stadium to the Indiana Convention Center . Other features include : 183,000 square feet of exhibit space 7 locker rooms 11 indoor truck docks 14 escalators 11 passenger elevators 2 accessible pedestrian ramps Retractable roof ( edit ) The stadium 's retractable roof can open or close in 9 to 11 minutes . It is composed of two panels that each weigh 2.5 million pounds . NFL rules for roof Opening ( edit ) The home team determines if the roof is to be opened or closed 90 minutes before kickoff . The roof remains open unless precipitation or lightning is within the vicinity of the stadium , the temperature drops below 40 ° F ( 4 ° C ) , or wind gusts are greater than 40 miles per hour ( 64 km / h ) , in which case the roof operators will close the roof . Once the roof is closed , it is not allowed to be reopened . Retractable window ( edit ) Attendees can see the Indianapolis skyline through this movable window The retractable north window offers a view of downtown Indianapolis during games , concerts and other events due to the stadium 's angled position on the city block . Gate sponsorship ( edit ) The four gates leading into Lucas Oil Stadium are each named for sponsoring corporation : Lucas Oil , Verizon , HHGregg , and Huntington Bank . The ground - level concourses of their respective gates are feature banners and floor coverings with the corporations ' logos , advertisements and merchandise displays . Each corporation is reported to have paid in excess of $1 million . Events ( edit ) Interior of Lucas Oil Stadium Annual Events Bands of America Grand National Championships and Indianapolis Super Regionals Big Ten Football Championship Game Circle City Classic Drum Corps International World Championships FDIC International ( Firefighting Convention ) IHSAA Indiana State football championships ISSMA band state finals Monster Energy Supercross ( since 2009 ) Monster Jam NFL Draft Combine Upcoming Events Taylor Swift 's Reputation Stadium Tour in Indianapolis , Indiana ( September 15 , 2018 ) College Football Playoff National Championship ( January 10 , 2022 ) NCAA Men 's Basketball Final Four ( April 2021 ) Past Events Super Bowl XLVI ( February 5 , 2012 ) Kenny Chesney ( 2008 , 2009 , 2012 , 2015 ) Chelsea vs. Inter Milan ( International Champions Cup ) ( August 1 , 2013 ) NCAA Men 's Basketball Final Four ( 2010 , 2015 ) One Direction -- On The Road Again Tour ( July 31 , 2015 ) Gen Con 50 ( August 2017 ) U2 -- The Joshua Tree Tour 2017 ( September 10 , 2017 ) Football ( edit ) The 2008 NFL season featured the first NBC Sunday Night Football game of the season in the stadium , as the Colts faced the Chicago Bears in a rematch of Super Bowl XLI . The first games played at Lucas Oil Stadium occurred on August 22 , 2008 and were part of the PeyBack Classic , featuring Indiana High School Football games between Noblesville High School and Fishers High School in Game 1 , followed by New Palestine High School and Whiteland Community High School in Game 2 . On November 26 , 2008 , Cardinal Ritter High School became the first high school to win a state championship on the field , beating Sheridan High School 34 - 27 for the class A state title . Soccer ( edit ) The stadium hosted its first soccer game on August 1 , 2013 , when Chelsea played Inter Milan in a first - round game of the International Champions Cup , drawing 41,983 fans . Date Winning Team Result Losing Team Tournament Spectators August 1 , 2013 Chelsea 2 -- 0 Inter Milan 2013 International Champions Cup First Round 41,983 As of 2018 , Lucas Oil Stadium serves as the home field for the United Soccer League 's Indy Eleven , replacing the venue they used while in the North American Soccer League , Carroll Stadium . Entertainment ( edit ) Drum Corps International ( DCI ) announced on August 9 , 2006 that it would move its corporate offices to Indianapolis and that the DCI World Championships would be the inaugural event for the stadium and would be held at Lucas Oil Stadium every year through 2018 . In 2015 , Drum Corps International and the city of Indianapolis announced a 10 - year contract extension , allowing the World Championships to continue through 2028 . Because the stadium would not be completed in time , DCI announced on April 4 , 2008 that it would move the event to Memorial Stadium on the campus of Indiana University for 2008 . The competition was held for the first time at Lucas Oil Stadium in 2009 . Other regular events include the Bands of America Grand National Championships and the Indiana Marching Band State Finals , both major events for the city in Marching band competitions . The Drum Corps International World Championships are scheduled the site annually through the 2018 season , and the Circle City Classic that is an annual American football game featuring two historically black colleges / universities ( HBCUs ) that is held in October . Concerts ( edit ) Date Artist Opening act ( s ) Tour / Concert name Attendance Revenue Notes September 13 , 2008 Kenny Chesney Keith Urban LeAnn Rimes Gary Allan Luke Bryan Sammy Hagar The Poets and Pirates Tour 50,528 / 50,528 $3,835,609 The stadium 's first public concert . September 19 , 2009 Kenny Chesney Miranda Lambert Sugarland Montgomery Gentry Zac Brown Band Sun City Carnival Tour 45,178 / 45,178 $3,016,365 July 28 , 2012 Kenny Chesney Tim McGraw Grace Potter and the Nocturnals Jake Owen Brothers of the Sun Tour 41,671 / 43,864 $3,509,151 May 9 , 2015 Kenny Chesney Eric Church Brantley Gilbert Chase Rice Old Dominion The Big Revival Tour 43,675 / 44,872 $4,064,335 July 31 , 2015 One Direction Icona Pop On the Road Again Tour 42,196 / 42,196 $3,426,589 `` Drag Me Down '' was performed for the first time and was added to the setlist of the tour replacing `` Alive '' and `` Happy Birthday '' by Mildred J. Hill was covered again . September 10 , 2017 U2 Beck The Joshua Tree Tour 2017 51,731 / 51,731 $5,970,055 September 15 , 2018 Taylor Swift Camila Cabello Charli XCX Taylor Swift 's Reputation Stadium Tour TBA TBA Financing ( edit ) The total cost of Lucas Oil Stadium was $720 million . The stadium is being financed with funds raised by the State of Indiana and the City of Indianapolis , with the Indianapolis Colts providing $100 million . Marion County has raised taxes for food and beverage sales , auto rental taxes , innkeeper 's taxes , and admission taxes for its share of the costs . Meanwhile , there has been an increase in food and beverage taxes in the 8 surrounding doughnut counties ( with the exception of Morgan County ) and the sale of Colts license plates . The County Commissioners of each county voted whether to levy the 1 % food and beverage tax proposed by Marion County . Sweetening the deal for those counties was the fact that half of the revenue from the tax would stay in the respective county . Morgan County was the only county to turn down the offer , yet in a later vote , it levied its own 1 % tax -- thus keeping all of its additional generated revenue . Budget shortfall ( edit ) In August 2006 , the Capital Improvement Board , which operates the stadium , estimated that daily operating expenses of the new stadium would be $10 million more per year than the RCA Dome . The board urged the Indiana General Assembly to authorize funding to cover the shortfall . The Indiana Legislature considered a bill to raise sales taxes statewide to cover the shortfall , however this plan faces stiff opposition from legislators outside the Indianapolis metro area . The assembly ultimately authorized a tax increase in Indianapolis - Marion County . In addition , the CIB trimmed staff and cut $10 million from its budget . Still , the agency anticipated a $20 million operating deficit for Lucas Oil Stadium in 2009 . Anticipated expenses are $27.7 million -- far outstripping the $7.7 million CIB expects to collect from its share of revenue from stadium events . The Colts organization has been criticized for the favorable lease terms and the high percentage of revenue it can keep under the terms of its agreements with the stadium authorities and there have been calls for the team to cover the shortfalls of the CIB . The Colts responded to these criticisms in an open letter to fans on September 16 , 2009 . Complications ( edit ) On September 8 , 2013 after the Colts defeated the Oakland Raiders in the season opener , a rail over the opposing team tunnel collapsed injuring two fans . One fan was transferred to the hospital for evaluation . No serious injuries were reported . On September 3 , 2015 , three fans were injured by a bolt that fell from the roof of the stadium as it was being opened during an NFL preseason game against the Cincinnati Bengals . The stadium was pronounced safe by officials , but the roof was to remain closed for events until a final investigation was completed as to why the bolt fell . Construction pictures ( edit ) Early phases of construction Satellite image Mid-stage of construction References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` About ISCBA '' . State of Indiana . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2011 . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Chappel , Mike ( August 1 , 2012 ) . `` Indianapolis Colts : Team Will Turn to Single - Game Tickets in Chase for Sellouts '' . The Indianapolis Star . Retrieved September 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` If You Build It ... '' ( PDF ) . The Indianapolis Star . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 14 , 2011 . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Facts and Information '' . Lucas Oil Stadium . 2008 . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Ryland ; Williamson , Samuel H. ( 2018 ) . `` What Was the U.S. GDP Then ? '' . MeasuringWorth . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the Measuring Worth series . Jump up ^ `` Lucas Oil Stadium '' . A2SO4 . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2012 . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lucas Oil Stadium '' . Browning Day Mullins Dierdorf , Inc . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lucas Oil Stadium -- Home of the Indianapolis Colts '' . John Klipsch Consulting LLC . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lucas Oil Stadium '' . Emporis . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLVI / Lucas Oil Stadium '' . ArchDaily . Retrieved October 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Indianapolis International Airport Receives the 2009 Monumental Award '' . Kibi.org . November 19 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2010 . Retrieved October 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Iscba Announces Lucas Oil Stadium Grand Opening Events '' ( Press release ) . ISCBA . June 23 , 2008 . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lucas Oil Gets Stadium Naming Rights , Colts Confirm '' . WRTV . wrtv.com . March 1 , 2006 . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ingerson , Meagan ( November 26 , 2007 ) . `` Lucas Oil Stadium Scoreboards : 53 feet high , $11.4 M Pricetag '' . The Indianapolis Star . indystar.com . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2007 . Retrieved November 26 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lucas Oil Stadium '' . Uni-Systems . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLV Visitor Guide : Stadium '' . NFL . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` HHGregg Signs On As Lucas Oil Stadium Founding Sponsor '' . SportsBusiness Daily . sportsbusinessdaily.com . December 11 , 2007 . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Montee Ball 's Four Touchdowns Spark Wisconsin to Big Ten Title '' . ESPN . Associated Press . December 3 , 2011 . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift 's Reputation Stadium Tour '' . Wikipedia . 2017 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ Callahan , Rick ( July 19 , 2012 ) . `` Indianapolis to make bid for 2018 Super Bowl '' . Yahoo ! Finance . Retrieved October 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Milz , Mary ( March 31 , 2008 ) . `` Colts Season Opener Puts New Stadium in National Spotlight '' . WTHR . wthr.com . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lucas Oil Stadium Preparing For Grand Opening Events '' . Indiana Stadium and Convention Building Authority ( Press release ) . Inside Indiana Business . June 24 , 2008 . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Guinness International Champion Cup Teams , Venues , and Bracket Announced '' . http://internationalchampionscup.com/ . Retrieved June 28 , 2013 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ Mack , Justin ( January 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' We ca n't wait to see you at our new venue . ' Indy Eleven headed to Lucas Oil Stadium '' . Jump up ^ `` Drum Corps International Moving Headquarters , Bringing World Championships to Indianapolis '' ( Press release ) . Drum Corps International . August 9 , 2006 . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.dci.org/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_LANG=C&DB_OEM_ID=33500&ATCLID=210253294&SPID=166025&SPSID=965782 Jump up ^ `` 2008 Drum Corps International World Championships Relocated to Indiana University '' ( Press release ) . DCI. April 4 , 2008 . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Grand National Championships Review '' ( Press release ) . Music For All . 12 November 2011 . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bradner , Eric . `` Bands Take the Field at Lucas Oil Stadium for Annual Competition '' . Evansville Courier & Press . courierpress.com . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chesney Concert Will Be First at Lucas Oil Stadium '' . WTHR . wthr.com . September 16 , 2008 . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Eschbacher , Karen ( August 27 , 2006 ) . `` Operating in the Red Zone : Stadium Plan Faces Shortfall on Day - to - Day Costs '' . The Indianapolis Star . Pacer Digest . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` CIB President : Stadium Could Close If Deal Is n't Reached '' . WRTV. April 3 , 2009 . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Olson , Scott ( September 15 , 2009 ) . `` More Layoffs , Furloughs Possible for Cash - Strapped Indianapolis CIB '' . Indianapolis Business Journal . Indiana Economic Digest . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Colts Letter to Fans on Lucas Oil Stadium '' . WTHR . wthr.com . September 16 , 2009 . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bonesteel , Matt ( September 4 , 2015 ) . `` Three fans injured during Colts game after bolt falls from Lucas Oil Stadium roof '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Officials : Lucas Oil Stadium safe for events with roof closed , bolt investigation continues '' . Fox 59 . fox59.com . September 18 , 2015 . Retrieved September 19 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) This article 's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia 's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links , and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lucas Oil Stadium . Official website Lucas Oil Stadium page at Ballparks.com Lucas Oil Stadium Seating Chart Indiana Stadium and Convention Building Authority ISCBA High - Quality Webcam Emporis Buildings Site Info IndyStar.com Webcam Link to High Quality Pictures Inside Lucas Oil Stadium Lucas Oil Stadium construction pictures Retractable roof technical description and illustration ( show ) Events and tenants Preceded by RCA Dome Home of the Indianapolis Colts 2008 -- present Succeeded by current Preceded by Carroll Stadium Home of the Indy Eleven 2018 -- present Succeeded by current Preceded by Cowboys Stadium Host of Super Bowl XLVI 2012 Succeeded by Mercedes - Benz Superdome Preceded by Ford Field AT&T Stadium New Atlanta Stadium NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament Finals Venue 2015 2021 Succeeded by Reliant Stadium NRG Stadium EverBank Field Preceded by Amalie Arena NCAA Women 's Division I Basketball Tournament Finals Venue 2016 Succeeded by American Airlines Center Preceded by first stadium Host of the Big Ten Championship Game 2011 -- present Succeeded by current Preceded by RCA Dome Home of Bands of America Grand National Championship 2008 -- present Succeeded by current Preceded by Memorial Stadium , Bloomington TBD Home of the Drum Corps International World Championship 2009 -- 2013 2015 -- 2018 Succeeded by EverBank Field EverBank Field Preceded by RCA Dome Home of the NFL Scouting Combine 2009 -- present Succeeded by current Preceded by Heinz Field Host of AFC Championship Game Succeeded by Heinz Field Indianapolis Colts Founded in 1953 Played in Baltimore ( 1953 -- 83 ) Based and headquartered in Indianapolis , Indiana Franchise History in Baltimore relocation to Indianapolis in Indianapolis Players Quarterbacks Coaches Seasons Draft First - round draft picks Ring of Honor Stadiums Memorial Stadium RCA Dome Lucas Oil Stadium Culture Carroll Rosenbloom Robert Irsay Jim Irsay 12th Man AAFC Colts Baltimore Colts Marching Band The Band That Would n't Die Blue Cheerleaders Lore The Greatest Game Ever Played Ghost to the Post 1995 AFC Championship Game Deflategate Rivalries New England Patriots Brady -- Manning rivalry Division championships ( 16 ) 1968 1970 1976 1977 1999 2003 2005 2006 2007 2009 2013 2014 Conference championships ( 7 ) 1958 1959 1964 1968 1970 2006 2009 League championships ( 4 ) 1958 1959 1970 ( V ) 2006 ( XLI ) does not include 1968 NFL championship Retired numbers 18 19 22 24 70 77 82 89 Media Broadcasters WFNI - AM Bob Lamey Jim Sorgi Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : American Football Conference Division : South Division Seasons ( 65 ) 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Indy Eleven Founded 2013 Based in Indianapolis , Indiana Stadiums Michael Carroll Stadium Lucas Oil Stadium Players Current roster Culture Colors and badge Key personnel Owner Ersal Ozdemir President Jeff Belskus Head Coach Martin Rennie Former Peter Wilt Other topics Related articles ( hide ) Seasons NASL 2014 2015 2016 2017 USL 2018 Current stadiums of the National Football League American Football Conference East Gillette Stadium Hard Rock Stadium MetLife Stadium New Era Field North FirstEnergy Stadium Heinz Field M&T Bank Stadium Paul Brown Stadium South Lucas Oil Stadium Nissan Stadium NRG Stadium TIAA Bank Field West Arrowhead Stadium Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum Sports Authority Field at Mile High StubHub Center National Football Conference East AT&T Stadium FedExField Lincoln Financial Field MetLife Stadium North Ford Field Lambeau Field Soldier Field U.S. Bank Stadium South Bank of America Stadium Mercedes - Benz Stadium Mercedes - Benz Superdome Raymond James Stadium West CenturyLink Field Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Levi 's Stadium University of Phoenix Stadium Hall of Fame Game Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium International Series Wembley Stadium Twickenham Stadium Estadio Azteca Both the New York Giants ( NFC ) and the New York Jets ( AFC ) share the same venue . Super Bowl stadiums Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum ( I ) Miami Orange Bowl ( II ) Miami Orange Bowl ( III ) Tulane Stadium ( IV ) Miami Orange Bowl ( V ) Tulane Stadium ( VI ) Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum ( VII ) Rice Stadium ( VIII ) Tulane Stadium ( IX ) Miami Orange Bowl ( X ) Rose Bowl ( XI ) Louisiana Superdome ( XII ) Miami Orange Bowl ( XIII ) Rose Bowl ( XIV ) Louisiana Superdome ( XV ) Pontiac Silverdome ( XVI ) Rose Bowl ( XVII ) Tampa Stadium ( XVIII ) Stanford Stadium ( XIX ) Louisiana Superdome ( XX ) Rose Bowl ( XXI ) San Diego -- Jack Murphy Stadium ( XXII ) Joe Robbie Stadium ( XXIII ) Louisiana Superdome ( XXIV ) Tampa Stadium ( XXV ) Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome ( XXVI ) Rose Bowl ( XXVII ) Georgia Dome ( XXVIII ) Joe Robbie Stadium ( XXIX ) Sun Devil Stadium ( XXX ) Louisiana Superdome ( XXXI ) Qualcomm Stadium ( XXXII ) Pro Player Stadium ( XXXIII ) Georgia Dome ( XXXIV ) Raymond James Stadium ( XXXV ) Louisiana Superdome ( XXXVI ) Qualcomm Stadium ( XXXVII ) Reliant Stadium ( XXXVIII ) Alltel Stadium ( XXXIX ) Ford Field ( XL ) Dolphin Stadium ( XLI ) University of Phoenix Stadium ( XLII ) Raymond James Stadium ( XLIII ) Sun Life Stadium ( XLIV ) Cowboys Stadium ( XLV ) Lucas Oil Stadium ( XLVI ) Mercedes - Benz Superdome ( XLVII ) MetLife Stadium ( XLVIII ) University of Phoenix Stadium ( XLIX ) Levi 's Stadium ( 50 ) NRG Stadium ( LI ) U.S. Bank Stadium ( LII ) Mercedes - Benz Stadium ( LIII ) Hard Rock Stadium ( LIV ) Raymond James Stadium ( LV ) Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park ( LVI ) Big Ten Football Championship Game Years 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Venues Lucas Oil Stadium ( 2011 -- present ) Drum Corps International World Championship host venues Warhawk Stadium ( 1972 -- 73 ) Schoellkopf Field ( 1974 ) Franklin Field ( 1975 -- 76 ) Mile High Stadium ( 1977 -- 78 ) Legion Field ( 1979 -- 80 ) Olympic Stadium ( Montreal ) ( 1981 -- 82 ) Miami Orange Bowl ( 1983 ) Grant Field ( 1984 ) Camp Randall Stadium ( 1985 -- 87 , 1992 , 1999 , 2002 , 2006 ) Arrowhead Stadium ( 1988 -- 1989 ) New Era Field ( 1990 , 1995 , 2001 ) Cotton Bowl Stadium ( 1991 ) Mississippi Veterans Memorial Stadium ( 1993 ) Foxboro Stadium ( 1994 ) Camping World Stadium ( 1996 -- 98 , 2003 ) Byrd Stadium ( 2000 ) Invesco Field at Mile High ( 2004 ) Gillette Stadium ( 2005 ) Rose Bowl Stadium ( 2007 ) Memorial Stadium , Bloomington ( 2008 ) Lucas Oil Stadium ( 2009 -- 28 ) AMA / FIM World Supercross venues Current ( 2017 ) Angel Stadium of Anaheim ( Anaheim ) AT&T Stadium ( Arlington ) CenturyLink Field ( Seattle ) Daytona International Speedway ( Daytona Beach ) Ford Field ( Detroit ) Lucas Oil Stadium ( Indianapolis ) MetLife Stadium ( East Rutherford ) Oakland Coliseum ( Oakland ) Petco Park ( San Diego ) Rice - Eccles Stadium ( Salt Lake City ) Rogers Centre ( Toronto ) Sam Boyd Stadium ( Las Vegas ) The Dome at America 's Center ( St. Louis ) University of Phoenix Stadium ( Glendale ) U.S. Bank Stadium ( Minneapolis ) Former Astrodome ( Houston ) AT&T Park ( San Francisco ) Atlanta -- Fulton County Stadium ( Atlanta ) BC Place ( Vancouver ) Camping World Stadium ( Orlando ) CEFCU Stadium ( San Jose ) Charlotte Motor Speedway ( Charlotte ) Chase Field ( Phoenix ) Dodger Stadium ( Los Angeles ) EverBank Field ( Jacksonville ) Georgia Dome ( Atlanta ) Gillette Stadium ( Foxborough ) Houlihan 's Stadium ( Tampa ) Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome ( Minneapolis ) Kingdome ( Seattle ) Mercedes - Benz Superdome ( New Orleans ) Levi 's Stadium ( Santa Clara ) Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum ( Los Angeles ) Mile High Stadium ( Denver ) NRG Stadium ( Houston ) Pontiac Silverdome ( Pontiac ) Qualcomm Stadium ( San Diego ) Raymond James Stadium ( Tampa ) RCA Dome ( Indianapolis ) Route 66 Raceway ( Joliet ) Sun Devil Stadium ( Tempe ) Texas Stadium ( Irving ) Indianapolis skyscrapers and high - rises Current Salesforce Tower OneAmerica Tower Regions Tower Market Tower 300 North Meridian BMO Plaza JW Marriott Indianapolis City - County Building 101 West Ohio Indianapolis International Airport Air Traffic Control Tower AT&T Building Capital Center South Tower Hilton Indianapolis Riley Towers I Riley Towers II Conrad Indianapolis AT&T 220 Building Market Square Center Sidney & Lois Eskenazi Hospital Lucas Oil Stadium City View on Meridian Hyatt Regency Indianapolis / PNC Center Simon Property Group Headquarters Indiana Statehouse Fifth Third Bank Tower Barnes and Thornburg Building 8888 Keystone Crossing Hilton Garden Inn Indianapolis Downtown Sheraton Indianapolis City Centre Indiana Government Center North Indianapolis Marriott Downtown One North Pennsylvania Riley Hospital for Children Simon Family Tower 30 South Meridian Richard G. Lugar Tower 110 East Washington Street Westin Indianapolis Approved Cambria Hotel & Suites Under construction 360 Market Square Hyatt Place / Hyatt House See also : List of tallest buildings in Indianapolis Indoor stadiums of the National Football League Current venues Fixed Ford Field ( Detroit ) Mercedes - Benz Superdome ( New Orleans ) U.S. Bank Stadium ( Minnesota ) Retractable AT&T Stadium ( Dallas ) Lucas Oil Stadium ( Indianapolis ) Mercedes - Benz Stadium ( Atlanta ) NRG Stadium ( Houston ) University of Phoenix Stadium ( Arizona ) Defunct venues Astrodome ( Houston ) The Dome at America 's Center ( St. Louis ) Georgia Dome ( Atlanta ) Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome ( Minnesota ) Kingdome ( Seattle ) RCA Dome ( Indianapolis ) Silverdome ( Detroit ) Temporary venues Alamodome ( New Orleans ) Rogers Centre ( Buffalo ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lucas_Oil_Stadium&oldid=835674577 '' Categories : DCI World Championship host venues American football venues in Indiana Basketball venues in Indiana Retractable - roof stadiums in the United States Indianapolis Colts stadiums National Football League venues Sports venues in Indianapolis Rugby union stadiums in Indiana 2008 establishments in Indiana Sports venues completed in 2008 Soccer venues in Indiana Music venues in Indiana Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia external links cleanup from January 2018 Wikipedia spam cleanup from January 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 02 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas%20Oil%20Stadium
| 2,159 |
||
who sings these boots are made for walkin
|
`` These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' is a hit song written by Lee Hazlewood and recorded by Nancy Sinatra . It charted January 22 , 1966 , and reached No. 1 in the United States Billboard Hot 100 and in the UK Singles Chart .
|
Nancy Sinatra
|
These Boots Are Made for Walkin '
|
these boots are made for walkin '
|
`` These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' is a hit song written by Lee Hazlewood and recorded by Nancy Sinatra . It charted January 22 , 1966 , and reached No. 1 in the United States Billboard Hot 100 and in the UK Singles Chart .
|
Subsequently , many cover versions of the song have been released in a range of styles : metal , pop , rock , punk rock , country , dance , and industrial . Among the more notable versions are the singles released by Megadeth , Jessica Simpson , and Ella Fitzgerald backed by Duke Ellington and his orchestra . Contents 1 Nancy Sinatra version 1.1 Recording 1.2 Personnel 1.3 Release 1.4 Promotional film 1.5 In popular culture 2 Chart history 2.1 Weekly charts 2.2 Year - end charts 2.3 Track listing 2.4 Release history 3 Jessica Simpson version 3.1 Recording and release 3.2 CD single 3.3 Chart performance 3.4 Music video 3.5 Charts and certifications 3.5. 1 Weekly charts 3.5. 2 Year - end charts 3.5. 3 Certifications 3.6 Versions 4 Megadeth version 5 Selected list of other recorded versions 6 References 7 External links Nancy Sinatra version ( edit ) Recording ( edit ) Lee Hazlewood intended to record the song himself , saying that `` it 's not really a girl 's song '' , but Sinatra talked him out of it , saying that `` coming from a guy it was harsh and abusive , but was perfect for a little girl to sing '' . Hazlewood agreed . Sinatra 's recording of the song was made with the help of Los Angeles session musicians known as the Wrecking Crew . This session included Hal Blaine on drums , Al Casey , Tommy Tedesco , and Billy Strange on guitars , Ollie Mitchell , Roy Caton and Lew McCreary on horns , Carol Kaye on electric bass and Chuck Berghofer on double bass , providing the notable bass line . Nick Bonney was the guitarist for the Nelson Riddle Orchestra . Personnel ( edit ) Other personnel , as seen in the American Federation of Musicians ( AFM ) contracts for the session include : Billy Strange - arranger , conductor , and guitar William Miller - ( unknown ) Don Lanier - guitar Lou Norell - guitar Jerry Cole - guitar William Pitman - guitar Don Randi - keyboard Richard Perissi - French horn Oliver Mitchell - trumpet Plas Johnson - tenor sax Nick Bonney - guitar Donald Frost - ( unknown ) Charles Berghofer - bass Eddie Brackett Jr. - engineer Emil Richards - percussion Jim Gordon - drums Roy V. Caton - ( contractor ) trumpet Lee Hazlewood - supervisor Release ( edit ) The single was released in December 1965 , the second song to taken from her debut album Boots , and was a follow - up to the minor hit `` So Long , Babe '' . The song became an instant success and in late February 1966 it topped the Billboard Hot 100 chart , a move it replicated in similar charts across the world . Promotional film ( edit ) In the same year Sinatra recorded a promotional film , which would later be known as the music video , for the song . It was produced by Color - Sonics and played on Scopitone video jukeboxes . In 1986 , for the song 's 20th anniversary , cable station VH1 played the video . Sinatra told Alison Martino that other videos and performances are from TV shows like The Ed Sullivan Show , Hullaballoo and Shindig ! The videos featured Sinatra wearing an iconic pair of boots . In popular culture ( edit ) The song was prominently used by Stanley Kubrick 's in his 1987 film Full Metal Jacket , involving a Vietnamese woman in a miniskirt propositioning a couple of American GIs . The song was included in the 1995 film Now and Then . However the song did not appear on the film 's soundtrack . The song was included in the 1997 film Austin Powers : International Man of Mystery In 2006 , Pitchfork Media selected it as the 114th best song of the 1960s . Critic Tom Breihan described the song as `` maybe the finest bitchy kiss - off in pop history '' . Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company used portions of the song for its 1960s ad campaign promoting its `` wide boots '' tires . Nancy Sinatra unsuccessfully sued Goodyear for using the song , claiming that it had violated her publicity rights . This song appears in the 2018 film Ocean 's 8 . Chart history ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1966 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) French ( IFOP ) 13 Ireland ( IRMA ) Italian Singles Chart New Zealand ( RIANZ ) Rhodesia ( Lyons Maid ) South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) UK Singles Chart ( OCC ) US Billboard Hot 100 ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1965 ) Rank South Africa Chart ( 1966 ) Rank U.S. Billboard Hot 100 13 Track listing ( edit ) UK promotional single `` These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' -- 3 : 03 `` Perhaps , Perhaps , Perhaps '' -- 2 : 19 Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label United Kingdom February 1 , 2000 Promotional single -- digital download EMI , Maverick Jessica Simpson version ( edit ) `` These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' Single by Jessica Simpson from the album The Dukes of Hazzard and A Public Affair Released May 26 , 2005 ( US ) August 29 , 2005 ( UK ) Format Digital download , digital maxi single Genre Country pop , dance - pop Length 4 : 10 ( radio edit ) Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Lee Hazlewood ; Jessica Simpson ( additional ; uncredited ) Producer ( s ) Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis Jessica Simpson singles chronology `` Angels '' ( 2004 ) `` These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' ( 2005 ) `` A Public Affair '' ( 2006 ) Music video `` These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' at VEVO.com Jessica Simpson recorded her own version of `` These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' ( and added her own lyrics ) for the soundtrack to the film The Dukes of Hazzard ( 2005 ) . The version was also included in the international version of her fifth studio album , A Public Affair ( 2006 ) . Simpson 's cover was co-produced by Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis and was released as the soundtrack 's first single in 2005 . It became Simpson 's fifth top - twenty single in the United States , and its music video drew some controversy because of its sexual imagery . Recording and release ( edit ) Simpson 's version of the song is performed from the point of view of her character in The Dukes of Hazzard , Daisy Duke , and it has several major differences from Sinatra 's version . The song 's lyrics were changed almost completely as Simpson felt that they did not accurately convey the feelings needed for the film ; in the original Sinatra dealt with a cheating boyfriend , while in the new version Simpson explored Daisy Duke 's personality and experiences . She rewrote the majority of the lyrics herself , although some elements were retained such as the opening line `` You keep saying you got something for me ... '' and the spoken `` Are you ready , boots ? Start walkin ' '' . Simpson also added some new music to her version of the song . Whereas the original version did not have a bridge , she created one for the cover . A risqué rap - like / spoken breakdown was added after the bridge . Because of the legalities of songwriting , Simpson has not been credited for the new music or lyrics that she wrote . The production of the song was altered as well . Producers Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis gave the cover a country - inspired production because of its relationship to the film The Dukes of Hazzard , but they also added a more hip hop - like beat . In an interview with GAC Nights , Jessica stated that her record label did not want to promote the song because of its country feel , even though the song is more pop than country . She said that she told the label `` It 's a great song and Willie Nelson 's on it with me '' and she said the label told her pop radio would n't understand that importance . CD single ( edit ) `` These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' ( Radio edit ) - 4 : 10 `` With You ( Live from Universal Amphitheater ) `` Take My Breath Away '' ( Live from Universal Amphitheater ) `` I Think I 'm in Love with You '' ( Live from Universal Amphitheater ) `` These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' ( Video clip ) Chart performance ( edit ) `` These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' peaked at fourteen on the US Billboard Hot 100 , and in late 2005 the RIAA certified the single Gold for 500,000 legal downloads or more . Its digital downloads were high , but radio airplay was low . Due to this , it 's the song that reached the lowest chart position on the Billboard Hot 100 for a song topping the Hot Digital Songs chart . It reached the top ten on Billboard 's Pop 100 chart , and was Simpson 's first single to appear on the chart . On 23 July 2005 , the song jumped from 8 - 1 on Hot Digital Songs charts in it _́ s second week with 43,000 downloads . On 11 December 2006 the single was certified Gold by the RIAA again , this time by Epic Records . In total , the single has received 1 million digital downloads . Internationally it was a success , reaching top 5 in several European countries . It became her biggest hit in Australia , where it reached number two and remained in the top forty for twenty - four weeks . In Ireland , the single also reached number 2 . The song also cracked the top five in the United Kingdom , where it reached number four and is to date , her highest peaking single in Britain . It reached the top ten in the chart European Hot 100 Singles , Belgium , and New Zealand and the top twenty in Austria , Switzerland , and Germany . As the end of the year 2005 , the single had sold 69,500 copies in UK . Music video ( edit ) The video , directed by Brett Ratner , has caused some controversy because of its sexual imagery . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2005 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 12 Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) 14 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 10 Canada ( Canadian Singles Chart ) 29 European Hot 100 Singles 7 Germany ( Media Control AG ) 17 Greece ( IFPI ) 18 Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 35 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 27 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 10 Romania ( Romanian Top 100 ) 81 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 16 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Ukraine ( FDR Charts ) 13 US Billboard Hot 100 14 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 34 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 35 US Pop 100 ( Billboard ) 12 Year - end charts ( edit ) Country Position Australia ( ARIA ) ( 2005 ) 16 Australia ( ARIA ) ( 2006 ) 85 German Singles Chart 98 Ireland ( IRMA ) 19 UK Singles Chart 78 US Hot Digital Songs 60 US Pop 100 99 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 5,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold ( Columbia ) Gold ( Epic ) 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Versions ( edit ) `` These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' ( Soundtrack version ) -- 4 : 10 `` These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' ( Original version ) -- 3 : 35 `` These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' ( Radio edit ) -- 4 : 10 `` These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' ( Instrumental ) -- 3 : 35 `` These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' ( Scott Storch Mix ) -- 4 : 43 `` These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' ( E-Smoove Vocal Mix ) -- 6 : 59 `` These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' ( Bimbo Jones Vocal Club Mix ) -- 6 : 00 `` These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' ( Bimbo Jones Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 14 `` These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' ( Bimbo Jones Dub ) -- 6 : 03 `` These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' ( Ed n ' Richie Club Mix ) -- 5 : 16 `` These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' ( Gomi & Escape 's Club Mix ) -- 9 : 05 `` These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' ( Gomi & Escape Mix ) -- 9 : 03 `` These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' ( Gomi & Escape 's Dub ) -- 6 : 13 Megadeth version ( edit ) `` These Boots '' Song by Megadeth from the album Killing Is My Business ... and Business Is Good ! Released June 12 , 1985 Genre Thrash metal Length 3 : 44 Label Combat Songwriter ( s ) Lee Hazlewood Producer ( s ) Megadeth Karat Faye Megadeth covered the song on their 1985 debut album Killing Is My Business ... and Business Is Good ! , which is track four on the original release and eight on the 2002 re-release . Their version ( entitled `` These Boots '' ) featured altered lyrics , and was produced more as a parody than a true cover . When the album started selling well , the writer of the song , Lee Hazlewood , began demanding that the song be omitted , due to its being a `` perversion of the original '' . Megadeth guitarist and frontman Dave Mustaine made the point that Hazlewood had been paid royalties for years before he made the complaint , although Mustaine eventually omitted the song anyway from newer pressings of the album . When the album was remixed in 2002 , a censored version of the song was included as a bonus track . In 2011 , an uncensored live version recorded in 1987 was released as part of the 25th anniversary edition of the album Peace Sells ... but Who 's Buying ? . In 1987 Megadeth re-recorded the song as part of the soundtrack for Penelope Spheeris ' movie Dudes , changing the title to `` These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' . In 2018 , the song was released with the original Lee Hazlewood lyrics on the remixed and remastered version of Killing Is My Business ... and Business Is Good ! Selected list of other recorded versions ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1966 Nancy Sinatra , US # 1 , UK # 1 . 1966 Lee Hazlewood , the songwriter 's own version , a humorous take on Sinatra 's original recording sessions ( `` this is the part of the song where Billy Strange raised his hand and asked if he could please leave the room '' , `` this is the part of the record where the engineer Eddy Brackett said if we do n't fade this thing out , we 're all gon na be arrested ... '' ) and the song 's worldwide success ( `` and this is the part of the record where everybody said , ' Aw , that ca n't be no. 1 ... ! ' '' , `` You 'll put on yer boots an ' I 'll put on mine , we 'll sell a million ol ' records any ol ' time , yeah ! '' ) . 1966 Ella Fitzgerald and Duke Ellington with his Orchestra , as a single ( CBS 2446 ) . 1966 Loretta Lynn on her first chart - topping studio album , You Ai n't Woman Enough . Lynn 's version was recorded in the final sessions for the album , two months after the release of the Sinatra recording . 1966 The Ventures an instrumental version on their compilation album 8 Miles High ( originally titled Go with The Ventures ) . 1970 The British reggae group Symarip released a reggae version of the song on their album Skinhead Moonstomp , with the same title but `` walking '' changed to `` stomping '' in the lyrics . 1982 British Electric Foundation released a new wave version featuring Paula Yates on vocals . 1985 Megadeth on the studio album Killing Is My Business ... and Business Is Good ! . 1989 Operation Ivy ( band ) on the studio album Energy as One of These Days 1991 Zeena Schreck / Radio Werewolf , on the 12 '' vinyl single `` Boots / Witchcraft -- A Tribune To The Sin - atras '' . 1991 Georgie Parker and the Channel 7 Australia ensemble Farmhouse . Reached # 58 on the Australian ARIA Chart . 1992 Billy Ray Cyrus , on the album Some Gave All . Reached # 27 in Denmark . 2000 Geri Halliwell recorded her own version of `` These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' for the soundtrack to the film Rugrats in Paris : The Movie . It was included as a B - side of her single `` Bag It Up '' , which reached number one in the UK Singles Chart . 2002 KMFDM released Boots which includes three versions of the song . 2005 Lil ' Kim , the theme for the TV show Growing Up Gotti . 2005 Jessica Simpson , for The Dukes of Hazzard soundtrack , US # 14 . 2005 Little Birdy , for Like a Version Volume One ( 2005 ) . 2011 Planet Funk covered it for the Italian comedy movie La kryptonite nella borsa 's soundtrack . This version of the song peaked at number ten on the Italian Singles Chart and it was certified gold by the Federation of the Italian Music Industry . 2015 , Ubisoft covered this track for use in Just Dance 2016 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Gilliland , John ( 1969 ) . `` Show 44 - Revolt of the Fat Angel : Some samples of the Los Angeles sound . ( Part 4 ) '' ( audio ) . Pop Chronicles . University of North Texas Libraries . ^ Jump up to : Rice , Jo ( 1982 ) . The Guinness Book of 500 Number One Hits ( 1st ed . ) . Enfield , Middlesex : Guinness Superlatives Ltd. p. 98 . ISBN 0 - 85112 - 250 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Music : Top 100 Songs - Billboard Hot 100 Chart '' . ^ Jump up to : Alison Martino ( 19 January 2016 ) . `` Nancy Sinatra Talks `` These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' on the Eve of Its Golden Anniversary The hit song that inspired a generation of women to start walkin ' turns 50 tomorrow `` . Retrieved 5 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Phonograph Recording Contract Blank : American Federation of Musicians '' ( PDF ) . Wreckingcrewfilm.com . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ https://books.google.fr/books?id=bSkEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA18&dq=These+Boots+Are+Made+for+Walkin%27+billboard+1965&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjjh9XCyd_bAhUQkRQKHTnHBYAQ6AEIPDAD#v=onepage&q&f=false Jump up ^ `` pitchforkmedia.com '' . pitchforkmedia.com . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived October 27 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` TOP - 4 juin 1966 '' . top-france.fr . Jump up ^ `` SA Charts 1965 -- March 1989 '' . Retrieved 1 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Hit Singles of 1965 '' . Retrieved 2 September 2018 . Jump up ^ Musicoutfitters.com Jump up ^ `` Jessica Simpson : Singles Chart History '' . billboard.com . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2013 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` USATODAY.com - Jessica Simpson kicks off People 's Choice Awards '' . www.usatoday.com . January 5 , 2006 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` UK 2005 TOP 200 w / sales ! ! '' . ATRL . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Jessica Simpson -- These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Jessica Simpson -- These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Jessica Simpson -- These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Jessica Simpson -- These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Jessica Simpson - These Boots Are Made For Walkin ' Canada Top 40 '' . Top 40 Charts . Retrieved June 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` European Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI Greece Top 50 Singles '' . Web.archive.org. 2005 - 09 - 30 . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 27 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 35 , 2005 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch Top 40 week 37 van 2005 '' . top40.nl . Retrieved 1 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Jessica Simpson -- These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Jessica Simpson -- These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` will smith - Switch - editia curenta '' . 2005 - 09 - 30 . Archived from the original on 2005 - 09 - 30 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Jessica Simpson -- These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` ФДР - Радіо - Розсилки '' . Fdr.com.ua . Archived from the original on 2014 - 05 - 05 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Jessica Simpson Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Jessica Simpson Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Jessica Simpson Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Jessica Simpson -- Charts '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ Australian Recording Industry Association ( 2005 ) . `` ARIA Annual Chart '' . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2014 . Retrieved October 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 2006 '' . Aria.com.au . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 06 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ offiziellecharts.de ( 2005 ) . `` TOP 100 SINGLE - JAHRESCHARTS 2005 '' . Retrieved February 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ IRMA ( 2005 ) . `` IRMA Best 2005 '' . Retrieved January 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ UK Singles 2005 ( 2005 ) . `` UK Singles 2005 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard.BIZ '' . Billboard.BIZ . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard.BIZ '' . Billboard.BIZ . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2005 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand Singles 2005 ; The Official New Zealand Music Chart '' . Nztop40.co.nz . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum Searchable Database - April 06 , 2014 '' . RIAA . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Eight Miles High by The Ventures '' . Jump up ^ `` The Ventures - Go With The Ventures '' . Discogs . Jump up ^ `` Zeena / Radio Werewolf Boots Single : Cover by fetish photographer Helmut Wolech '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Italian Charts - Planet Funk - These Boots Are Made for Walking ( song ) '' . Italiancharts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved 1 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Collection of over 200 versions Megadeth Dave Mustaine David Ellefson Kiko Loureiro Dirk Verbeuren Greg Handevidt Mike Albert Chris Poland Gar Samuelson Jeff Young Chuck Behler Nick Menza Marty Friedman Jimmy DeGrasso Al Pitrelli James MacDonough Glen Drover James LoMenzo Shawn Drover Chris Broderick Chris Adler Studio albums Killing Is My Business ... and Business Is Good ! Peace Sells ... but Who 's Buying ? So Far , So Good ... So What ! Rust in Peace Countdown to Extinction Youthanasia Cryptic Writings Risk The World Needs a Hero The System Has Failed United Abominations Endgame Thirteen Super Collider Dystopia Live albums Rude Awakening That One Night : Live in Buenos Aires Rust in Peace Live The Big Four : Live from Sofia , Bulgaria Countdown to Extinction : Live Compilation albums Capitol Punishment : The Megadeth Years Still Alive ... and Well ? Greatest Hits : Back to the Start Warchest Anthology : Set the World Afire Icon Extended plays Live at the Cow Palace Hidden Treasures Cryptic Sounds : No Voices In Your Head Live Trax and Live Trax II Songs `` Peace Sells '' `` The Conjuring '' `` Anarchy in the U.K. '' `` Holy Wars ... The Punishment Due '' `` Hangar 18 '' `` Symphony of Destruction '' `` Sweating Bullets '' `` Skin o ' My Teeth '' `` Angry Again '' `` Train of Consequences '' `` A Tout le Monde '' `` Trust '' `` Crush ' Em '' `` Dialectic Chaos / This Day We Fight '' `` Head Crusher '' `` The Right to Go Insane '' `` Sudden Death '' `` Public Enemy No. 1 '' Video albums Rude Awakening Arsenal of Megadeth That One Night : Live in Buenos Aires Rust in Peace Live The Big Four : Live from Sofia , Bulgaria Countdown to Extinction : Live Tours Clash of the Titans Gigantour American Carnage Tour European Carnage Tour Related articles Discography Members Awards Vic Rattlehead Metallica MD. 45 F5 EMP Label Group Book Billy Ray Cyrus Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums Some Gave All It Wo n't Be the Last Storm in the Heartland Trail of Tears Shot Full of Love Southern Rain Time Flies The Other Side Wanna Be Your Joe Home at Last Back to Tennessee I 'm American Change My Mind Thin Line Other albums The Best of Billy Ray Cyrus 20th Century Masters - The Millennium Collection The Definitive Collection Love Songs Icon Brother Clyde Singles `` Achy Breaky Heart '' `` Could 've Been Me '' `` Wher 'm I Gonna Live ? '' `` She 's Not Cryin ' Anymore '' `` In the Heart of a Woman '' `` Somebody New '' '' `` Words by Heart '' `` Storm in the Heartland '' `` It 's All the Same to Me '' `` Busy Man '' `` You Wo n't Be Lonely Now '' `` Ready , Set , Do n't Go '' `` Somebody Said a Prayer '' `` Back to Tennessee '' `` Nineteen '' Other songs `` These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' `` Real Gone '' `` Butterfly Fly Away '' Related topics Ron Cyrus Miley Cyrus Trace Cyrus Nashville Star Brother Clyde Robby Stewart Jessica Simpson Discography Filmography Awards and nominations Studio albums Sweet Kisses Irresistible In This Skin ( Collector 's Edition ) ReJoyce : The Christmas Album A Public Affair Do You Know Happy Christmas Compilation albums This Is the Remix Playlist : The Very Best of Jessica Simpson Television Newlyweds : Nick and Jessica The Price of Beauty Concerts and tours DreamChaser Tour Total Request Live Tour Reality Tour Clothing brands The Jessica Simpson Collection Book Portal Jessica Simpson songs Discography Sweet Kisses `` I Wanna Love You Forever '' `` I Think I 'm in Love with You '' `` Where You Are '' Irresistible `` Irresistible '' `` A Little Bit '' In This Skin `` Sweetest Sin '' `` With You '' In This Skin : Collector 's Edition `` Angels '' `` Take My Breath Away '' ReJoyce : The Christmas Album `` Let It Snow ! Let It Snow ! Let It Snow ! '' `` The Christmas Song ( Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire ) '' `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' `` O Holy Night '' `` The Little Drummer Boy '' `` I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus '' `` What Child Is This '' `` What Christmas Means to Me '' `` Hark ! The Herald Angels Sing '' A Public Affair `` A Public Affair '' `` You Spin Me Round ( Like a Record ) '' `` Let Him Fly '' `` I Belong to Me '' `` These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' Do You Know `` Come On Over '' `` Remember That '' Happy Christmas `` My Only Wish '' `` Here Comes Santa Claus '' / `` Santa Claus Is Coming to Town '' `` O Come O Come Emmanuel '' `` I 'll Be Home for Christmas '' `` Happy Xmas ( War Is Over ) '' `` Mary , Did You Know ? '' `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' `` Carol of the Bells '' Other songs `` A Whole New World '' `` Irresistible '' ( So So Def Remix ) `` Part of Your World '' `` Rockin ' Around the Christmas Tree '' `` Tal vez Es Amor '' Nancy Sinatra Discography Studio albums Boots How Does That Grab You ? Nancy in London Nancy Woman Nancy Sinatra Shifting Gears Soundtrack albums Movin ' with Nancy Collaboration albums Nancy & Lee The Sinatra Family Wish You a Merry Christmas Singles `` Like I Do '' `` These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' `` Sugar Town '' `` Summer Wine '' ( with Lee Hazlewood ) `` Somethin ' Stupid '' ( with Frank Sinatra ) `` Jackson '' ( with Lee Hazlewood ) `` You Only Live Twice '' `` Tony Rome '' `` Some Velvet Morning '' ( with Lee Hazlewood ) `` Here We Go Again '' `` Let Me Kiss You '' Related Frank Sinatra ( father ) Frank Sinatra Jr. ( brother ) Tina Sinatra ( sister ) Tommy Sands ( former husband ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=These_Boots_Are_Made_for_Walkin%27&oldid=864503737 '' Categories : 1966 songs 1966 singles 1985 singles 1995 singles 2005 singles Songs written by Lee Hazlewood Nancy Sinatra songs Four Jacks and a Jill songs Billy Ray Cyrus songs Jessica Simpson songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Germany UK Singles Chart number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles RPM Top Singles number - one singles Music videos directed by Brett Ratner Songs with feminist themes Reprise Records singles Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Wallonia Tip Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart called without song Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Articles needing additional references from March 2018 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Italiano Nederlands Português Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 October 2018 , at 17 : 21 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/These%20Boots%20Are%20Made%20for%20Walkin%2527
| 2,160 |
what kinds of coral are in the great barrier reef
|
There are at least 330 species of ascidians on the reef system with the diameter of 1 -- 10 cm ( 0.4 -- 4 in ) . Between 300 -- 500 species of bryozoans live on the reef . Four hundred coral species , both hard corals and soft corals inhabit the reef . The majority of these spawn gametes , breeding in mass spawning events that are triggered by the rising sea temperatures of spring and summer , the lunar cycle , and the diurnal cycle . Reefs in the inner Great Barrier Reef spawn during the week after the full moon in October , while the outer reefs spawn in November and December . Its common soft corals belong to 36 genera . Five hundred species of marine algae or seaweed live on the reef , including thirteen species of genus Halimeda , which deposit calcareous mounds up to 100 metres ( 110 yd ) wide , creating mini-ecosystems on their surface which have been compared to rainforest cover .
|
Great Barrier Reef
|
great barrier reef
|
The Great Barrier Reef is the world 's largest coral reef system composed of over 2,900 individual reefs and 900 islands stretching for over 2,300 kilometres ( 1,400 mi ) over an area of approximately 344,400 square kilometres ( 133,000 sq mi ) . The reef is located in the Coral Sea , off the coast of Queensland , Australia .
|
The Great Barrier Reef can be seen from outer space and is the world 's biggest single structure made by living organisms . This reef structure is composed of and built by billions of tiny organisms , known as coral polyps . It supports a wide diversity of life and was selected as a World Heritage Site in 1981 . CNN labelled it one of the seven natural wonders of the world . The Queensland National Trust named it a state icon of Queensland . A large part of the reef is protected by the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park , which helps to limit the impact of human use , such as fishing and tourism . Other environmental pressures on the reef and its ecosystem include runoff , climate change accompanied by mass coral bleaching , and cyclic population outbreaks of the crown - of - thorns starfish . According to a study published in October 2012 by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , the reef has lost more than half its coral cover since 1985 . The Great Barrier Reef has long been known to and used by the Aboriginal Australian and Torres Strait Islander peoples , and is an important part of local groups ' cultures and spirituality . The reef is a very popular destination for tourists , especially in the Whitsunday Islands and Cairns regions . Tourism is an important economic activity for the region , generating over AUD $ 3 billion per year . In November 2014 , Google launched Google Underwater Street View in 3D of the Great Barrier Reef . A March 2016 report stated that coral bleaching was more widespread than previously thought , seriously affecting the northern parts of the reef as a result of warming ocean temperatures . In October 2016 , Outside published an obituary for the reef ; the article was criticized for being premature and hindering efforts to bolster the resilience of the reef . In March 2017 , the journal Nature published a paper showing that huge sections of a 800 - kilometre ( 500 mi ) stretch in the northern part of the reef had died in the course of 2016 due to high water temperatures , an event that the authors put down to the effects of global climate change . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geology and geography 2 Ecology 3 Environmental threats 3.1 Climate change 3.2 Pollution 3.2. 1 Loss of coastal wetland 3.2. 2 Eutrophication 3.2. 3 Sediment runoff 3.2. 4 Pesticides 3.2. 5 Pollution from mining 3.3 Crown of thorns 3.4 Overfishing 3.5 Shipping 4 Protection and preservation 5 Human use 5.1 Management 5.1. 1 Abbot Point coal port dredge dumping controversy 5.2 Tourism 5.3 Fishing 5.4 Dugong hunting 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Geology and geography Aerial photography The Great Barrier Reef is a distinct feature of the East Australian Cordillera division . It reaches from Torres Strait ( between Bramble Cay , its northernmost island , and the south coast of Papua New Guinea ) in the north to the unnamed passage between Lady Elliot Island ( its southernmost island ) and Fraser Island in the south . Lady Elliot Island is located 1,915 km ( 1,190 mi ) southeast of Bramble Cay as the crow flies . It includes the smaller Murray Islands . The Plate tectonic theory indicates Australia has moved northwards at a rate of 7 cm ( 2.8 in ) per year , starting during the Cenozoic . Eastern Australia experienced a period of tectonic uplift , which moved the drainage divide in Queensland 400 km ( 250 mi ) inland . Also during this time , Queensland experienced volcanic eruptions leading to central and shield volcanoes and basalt flows . Some of these became high islands . After the Coral Sea Basin formed , coral reefs began to grow in the Basin , but until about 25 million years ago , northern Queensland was still in temperate waters south of the tropics -- too cool to support coral growth . The Great Barrier Reef 's development history is complex ; after Queensland drifted into tropical waters , it was largely influenced by reef growth and decline as sea level changed . Reefs can increase in diameter by 1 to 3 centimetres ( 0.39 to 1.18 in ) per year , and grow vertically anywhere from 1 to 25 cm ( 0.39 to 9.84 in ) per year ; however , they grow only above a depth of 150 metres ( 490 ft ) due to their need for sunlight , and can not grow above sea level . When Queensland edged into tropical waters 24 million years ago , some coral grew , but a sedimentation regime quickly developed with erosion of the Great Dividing Range ; creating river deltas , oozes and turbidites , unsuitable conditions for coral growth . 10 million years ago , the sea level significantly lowered , which further enabled sedimentation . The reef 's substrate may have needed to build up from the sediment until its edge was too far away for suspended sediments to inhibit coral growth . In addition , approximately 400,000 years ago there was a particularly warm interglacial period with higher sea levels and a 4 ° C ( 7 ° F ) water temperature change . The Great Barrier Reef is clearly visible from aircraft flying over it . Heron Island , a coral cay in the southern Great Barrier Reef The land that formed the substrate of the current Great Barrier Reef was a coastal plain formed from the eroded sediments of the Great Dividing Range with some larger hills ( most of which were themselves remnants of older reefs or , in rare cases , volcanoes ) . The Reef Research Centre , a Cooperative Research Centre , has found coral ' skeleton ' deposits that date back half a million years . The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority ( GBRMPA ) considers the earliest evidence of complete reef structures to have been 600,000 years ago . According to the GBRMPA , the current , living reef structure is believed to have begun growing on the older platform about 20,000 years ago . The Australian Institute of Marine Science agrees , placing the beginning of the growth of the current reef at the time of the Last Glacial Maximum . At around that time , sea level was 120 metres ( 390 ft ) lower than it is today . From 20,000 years ago until 6,000 years ago , sea level rose steadily around the world . As it rose , the corals could then grow higher on the newly submerged maritime margins of the hills of the coastal plain . By around 13,000 years ago the sea level was only 60 metres ( 200 ft ) lower than the present day , and corals began to surround the hills of the coastal plain , which were , by then , continental islands . As the sea level rose further still , most of the continental islands were submerged . The corals could then overgrow the submerged hills , to form the present cays and reefs . Sea level here has not risen significantly in the last 6,000 years . The CRC Reef Research Centre estimates the age of the present , living reef structure at 6,000 to 8,000 years old . The shallow water reefs that can be seen in air - photographs and satellite images cover an area of 20,679 km2 , most ( about 80 % ) of which has grown on top of limestone platforms that are relics of past ( Pleistocene ) phases of reef growth . The remains of an ancient barrier reef similar to the Great Barrier Reef can be found in The Kimberley , Western Australia . The Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area has been divided into 70 bioregions , of which 30 are reef bioregions . In the northern part of the Great Barrier Reef , ribbon reefs and deltaic reefs have formed ; these structures are not found in the rest of the reef system . There are no atolls in the system , and reefs attached to the mainland are rare . Fringing reefs are distributed widely , but are most common towards the southern part of the Great Barrier Reef , attached to high islands , for example , the Whitsunday Islands . Lagoonal reefs are found in the southern Great Barrier Reef , and further north , off the coast of Princess Charlotte Bay . Cresentic reefs are the most common shape of reef in the middle of the system , for example the reefs surrounding Lizard Island . Cresentic reefs are also found in the far north of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park , and in the Swain Reefs ( 20 -- 22 degrees south ) . Planar reefs are found in the northern and southern parts , near Cape York Peninsula , Princess Charlotte Bay , and Cairns . Most of the islands on the reef are found on planar reefs . Ecology Main article : Threatened species known to occur in the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area A variety of colourful corals on Flynn Reef near Cairns The Great Barrier Reef supports a diversity of life , including many vulnerable or endangered species , some of which may be endemic to the reef system . A green sea turtle on the Great Barrier Reef Thirty species of whales , dolphins , and porpoises have been recorded in the Great Barrier Reef , including the dwarf minke whale , Indo - Pacific humpback dolphin , and the humpback whale . Large populations of dugongs live there . More than 1,500 fish species live on the reef , including the clownfish , red bass , red - throat emperor , and several species of snapper and coral trout . Forty - nine species mass spawn , while eighty - four other species spawn elsewhere in their range . Seventeen species of sea snake live on the Great Barrier Reef in warm waters up to 50 metres ( 160 ft ) deep and are more common in the southern than in the northern section . None found in the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area are endemic , nor are any endangered . Six species of sea turtles come to the reef to breed : the green sea turtle , leatherback sea turtle , hawksbill turtle , loggerhead sea turtle , flatback turtle , and the Olive Ridley . The green sea turtles on the Great Barrier Reef have two genetically distinct populations , one in the northern part of the reef and the other in the southern part . Fifteen species of seagrass in beds attract the dugongs and turtles , and provide fish habitat . The most common genera of seagrasses are Halophila and Halodule . Saltwater crocodiles live in mangrove and salt marshes on the coast near the reef . Nesting has not been reported , and the salt water crocodile population in the GBRWHA is wide - ranging but low density . Around 125 species of shark , stingray , skates or chimaera live on the reef . Close to 5,000 species of mollusc have been recorded on the reef , including the giant clam and various nudibranchs and cone snails . Forty - nine species of pipefish and nine species of seahorse have been recorded . At least seven species of frog inhabit the islands . 215 species of birds ( including 22 species of seabirds and 32 species of shorebirds ) visit the reef or nest or roost on the islands , including the white - bellied sea eagle and roseate tern . Most nesting sites are on islands in the northern and southern regions of the Great Barrier Reef , with 1.4 to 1.7 million birds using the sites to breed . The islands of the Great Barrier Reef also support 2,195 known plant species ; three of these are endemic . The northern islands have 300 -- 350 plant species which tend to be woody , whereas the southern islands have 200 which tend to be herbaceous ; the Whitsunday region is the most diverse , supporting 1,141 species . The plants are propagated by birds . A Striped surgeonfish amongst the coral on Flynn Reef There are at least 330 species of ascidians on the reef system with the diameter of 1 -- 10 cm ( 0.4 -- 4 in ) . Between 300 -- 500 species of bryozoans live on the reef . Four hundred coral species , both hard corals and soft corals inhabit the reef . The majority of these spawn gametes , breeding in mass spawning events that are triggered by the rising sea temperatures of spring and summer , the lunar cycle , and the diurnal cycle . Reefs in the inner Great Barrier Reef spawn during the week after the full moon in October , while the outer reefs spawn in November and December . Its common soft corals belong to 36 genera . Five hundred species of marine algae or seaweed live on the reef , including thirteen species of genus Halimeda , which deposit calcareous mounds up to 100 metres ( 110 yd ) wide , creating mini-ecosystems on their surface which have been compared to rainforest cover . Environmental threats Main article : Environmental threats to the Great Barrier Reef Sea temperature and bleaching of the Great Barrier Reef Climate change , pollution , crown - of - thorns starfish and fishing are the primary threats to the health of this reef system . Other threats include shipping accidents , oil spills , and tropical cyclones . Skeletal Eroding Band , a disease of bony corals caused by the protozoan Halofolliculina corallasia , affects 31 coral species . According to a 2012 study by the National Academy of Science , since 1985 , the Great Barrier Reef has lost more than half of its corals with two - thirds of the loss occurring from 1998 due to the factors listed before . Climate change The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority considers the greatest threat to the Great Barrier Reef to be climate change , causing ocean warming which increases coral bleaching . Mass coral bleaching events due to elevated ocean temperatures occurred in the summers of 1998 , 2002 and 2006 , and coral bleaching is expected to become an annual occurrence . As global warming continues , corals will not be able to keep up with increasing ocean temperatures . Coral bleaching events lead to increased disease susceptibility , which causes detrimental ecological effects for reef communities . World Heritage Committee meeting will take place in Kraków , Poland , in July 2017 . UNESCO , in a draft decision published in June 2017 as part of the agenda for the meeting , expressed serious concern about the impact of coral bleaching on the Great Barrier Reef . The draft decision also warned Australia that it will not meet the targets of the Reef 2050 report without considerable work to improve water quality . Climate change has implications for other forms of reef life -- some fish 's preferred temperature range leads them to seek new habitat , thus increasing chick mortality in predatory seabirds . Climate change will also affect the population and sea turtle 's available habitat . Bleaching events in benthic coral communities ( deeper than 20 metres or 66 feet ) in the Great Barrier reef are not as well documented as those at shallower depths , but recent research has shown that benthic communities are just as negatively impacted in the face of rising ocean temperatures . Five Great Barrier Reef species of large benthic corals were found bleached under elevated temperatures , affirming that benthic corals are vulnerable to thermal stress . Pollution Another key threat faced by the Great Barrier Reef is pollution and declining water quality . The rivers of north eastern Australia pollute the Reef during tropical flood events . Over 90 % of this pollution comes from farm runoff. 80 % of the land adjacent to the Great Barrier Reef is used for farming including intensive cropping of sugar cane , and major beef cattle grazing . Farming practices damage the reef due to overgrazing , increased run - off of agricultural sediments , nutrients and chemicals including fertilisers , herbicides and pesticides representing a major health risk for the coral and biodiversity of the reefs . Sediments containing high levels of copper and other heavy metals sourced from the Ok Tedi Mine in Papua New Guinea are a potential pollution risk for the far northern Great Barrier Reef and Torres Strait regions . Some 67 % of corals died in the reef 's worst - hit northern section , the ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies report said . Loss of coastal Wetland The runoff problem is exacerbated by the loss of coastal wetlands which act as a natural filter for toxins and help deposit sediment . It is thought that the poor water quality is due to increased light and oxygen competition from algae . Eutrophication Farming fertiliser runoff release nitrogen , phosphorus , and potassium into the oceanic ecosystem , these limiting nutrients cause massive algal growth which leads to depletion in oxygen available for other creatures which decreases the biodiversity in the affected areas , altering the species composition . A study by Katharina Fabricius and Glen Death of Australian Institute of Marine Science found that hard corals numbers were almost double on reefs that were far from agricultural areas . Fertilizers also increase the amount of phytoplankton available for the crown - of - thorns starfish larvae to consume . A study showed that a doubling of the chlorophyll in the water leads to a tenfold increase in the crown - of - thorns starfish larvae 's survival rate . Sediment runoff Sediment runoff from farming carries chemicals into the reef environment also reduces the amount of light available to the corals decreasing their ability to extract energy from their environment . Pesticides Pesticides used in farming are made up of heavy metals such as lead , mercury , arsenic and other toxins are released into the wider environment due to erosion of farm soil , which has a detrimental effect on the coral . Pollution from mining Mining company Queensland Nickel discharged nitrate - laden water into the Great Barrier Reef in 2009 and 2011 -- on the later occasion releasing 516 tonnes ( 508 long tons ; 569 short tons ) of waste water . The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority ( GBRMPA ) stated `` We have strongly encouraged the company to investigate options that do not entail releasing the material to the environment and to develop a management plan to eliminate this potential hazard ; however , GBRMPA does not have legislative control over how the Yabulu tailings dam is managed '' . Crown of thorns Crown - of - thorns starfish The crown - of - thorns starfish preys on coral polyps . Large outbreaks of these starfish can devastate reefs . In 2000 , an outbreak contributed to a loss of 66 % of live coral cover on sampled reefs in a study by the RRC ( Reefs Research Centre . ) Outbreaks are believed to occur in natural cycles , worsened by poor water quality and overfishing of the starfish 's predators . Overfishing The unsustainable overfishing of keystone species , such as the Giant Triton , can disrupt food chains vital to reef life . Fishing also impacts the reef through increased water pollution from boats , by - catch of unwanted species ( such as dolphins and turtles ) and habitat destruction from trawling , anchors and nets . As of the middle of 2004 , approximately one - third of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park is protected from species removal of any kind , including fishing , without written permission . The Shen Neng 1 aground on the Great Barrier Reef , 5 April 2010 . Shipping Shipping accidents are a pressing concern , as several commercial shipping routes pass through the Great Barrier Reef . Although the route through the Great Barrier Reef is not easy , reef pilots consider it safer than outside the reef in the event of mechanical failure , since a ship can sit safely while being repaired . There have been over 1,600 known shipwrecks in the Great Barrier Reef region . On 3 April 2010 , bulk coal carrier Shen Neng 1 ran aground on Douglas Shoals , spilling up to four tonnes of oil into the water and causing extensive damage to the reef . Protection and preservation The 2050 Plan In March 2015 , the Australian and Queensland 's governments formed a plan for the protection and preservation of the reef 's universal heritage until 2050 . This 35 years plan , titled ' Reef 2050 Plan ' is a document proposing possible measures for the long - term management of the pollution , climate change and other issues that threaten the life span and value of this global heritage . The plan contains all the elements for measurement and improvements , including ; long - term sustainability plan , water quality improvement plan and the investment plan for the protection and preservation of The Reef until 2050 . Human Use The Great Barrier Reef has long been known to and used by the Aboriginal Australian and Torres Strait Islander peoples . Aboriginal Australians have been living in the area for at least 40,000 years , and Torres Strait Islanders since about 10,000 years ago . For these 70 or so clan groups , the reef is also an important cultural feature . In 1768 Louis de Bougainville found the reef during an exploratory mission , but did not claim the area for the French . On 11 June 1770 , the HM Bark Endeavour , captained by explorer James Cook , ran aground on the Great Barrier Reef , sustaining considerable damage . Lightening the ship and re-floating it during an incoming tide eventually saved it . One of the most famous wrecks was the HMS Pandora , which sank on 29 August 1791 , killing 35 men . The Queensland Museum has led archaeological digs to the Pandora since 1983 . Because the reef had no atolls , it was largely unstudied in the 19th century . During this time , some of the reef 's islands were mined for deposits of guano , and lighthouses were built as beacons throughout the system . as in Raine Island , the earliest example . In 1922 , the Great Barrier Reef Committee began carrying out much of the early research on the reef . Management This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Map showing the extent of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Royal Commissions disallowed oil drilling in the Great Barrier Reef , in 1975 the Government of Australia created the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park and prohibited various activities . The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park does not include the entire Great Barrier Reef Province . The park is managed , in partnership with the Government of Queensland , through the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority to ensure that it is used in a sustainable manner . A combination of zoning , management plans , permits , education and incentives ( such as eco-tourism certification ) are employed in the effort to conserve the reef . In 1999 , the Australian Parliament passed the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act , which improved the operation of national environmental law by providing guidance about regional biodiversity conservation priorities . The marine bioregional planning process came from the implementation of this law . This process conserves marine biodiversity by considering the whole ecosystem a species is in and how different species interact in the marine environment . There are two steps to this process . The first step is to identify regional conservation priorities in the five ( currently ) different marine regions . The second step is to identify marine reserves ( protected areas or marine parks ) to be added to Australia 's National Representative System of Marine Protected Areas . Like protected areas on land , marine reserves are created to protect biodiversity for generations to come . Marine reserves are identified based on criteria written in a document created by Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council called `` Guidelines for establishing the national representative system of marine protected areas '' , also known as just `` the Guidelines '' . These guidelines are nationally recognised and implemented at the local level based on the Australian policy for implementation outlined in the `` Goals and Principles for the Establishment of the National Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in Commonwealth Waters '' . These policies are in place to make sure that a marine reserve is only added to the NRSMPA after careful evaluation of different data . The priorities for each region are created based on human and environmental threats and the Marine Bioregional Plans are drafted to address these priorities . To assess different region 's priorities , three steps are taken , first , a bioregional profile is created , second , a bioregional plan is drafted , and third , the plan is finalised . After the plan is finalised , activity in different bioregions may become limited based on particular threats an activity may pose . In 2001 , the GBRMPA released a report about the declining water quality in the Great Barrier Reef and detailed the importance of this issue . In response to this report , in 2003 , the Australian and Queensland governments launched a joint initiative to improve the quality of water entering the Great Barrier Reef . The decline in the quality of water over the past 150 years ( due to development ) has contributed to coral bleaching , algal blooms , and pesticide pollution . These forms of pollution have made the reef less resilient to climate change . When the plan was introduced in October 2003 , it originally contained 65 actions built on previous legislation . Their immediate goal was to halt and reverse the decline in water quality entering the reef by 2013 . By 2020 , they hope that the quality of the water entering in the reef improves enough so that it does n't have a detrimental impact on the health of the Great Barrier Reef . To achieve these goals they decided to reduce pollutants in the water entering the reef and to rehabilitate and conserve areas of the reef that naturally help reduce water pollutants . To achieve the objectives described above , this plan focuses on non-point sources of pollution , which can not be traced to a single source such as a waste outlet . The plan specifically targets nutrients , pesticides and sediment that make their way into the reef as a result of agricultural activities . Other non-point sources of pollution that are attributed to urban areas are covered under different legislation . In 2009 , the plan was updated . The updated version states that to date , none of the efforts undertaken to improve the quality of water entering the reef has been successful . The new plan attempts to address this issue by `` targeting priority outcomes , integrating industry and community initiatives and incorporating new policy and regulatory frameworks ( Reef Plan 5 ) '' . This updated version has improved the clarity of the previous plan and targets set by that plan , have improved accountability and further improved monitoring and assessment . The 2009 report found that 41 out of the 65 actions met their original goals , however , 18 were not progressing well according to evaluation criteria as well as 6 were rated as having unsatisfactory levels of progress . Some key achievements made since the plan 's initial passing in 2003 were the establishment of the Reef Quality Partnership to set targets , report findings and monitor progress towards targets , improved land condition by landowners was rewarded with extended leases , Water Quality Improvement Plans were created to identify regional targets and identified management changes that needed to be made to reach those targets , Nutrient Management Zones have been created to combat sediment loss in particular areas , education programs have been started to help gather support for sustainable agriculture , changes to land management practices have taken place through the implementation of the Farm Management Systems and codes of practice , the creation of the Queensland Wetland program and other achievements were made to help improve the water quality flowing into the coral reefs . A taskforce of scientists was also created to assess the impact of different parts of the plan on the quality of water flowing into the coral reefs . They found that many of the goals have yet to be reached but found more evidence that states that improving the water quality of the Great Barrier Reef will improve its resilience to climate change . The Reefocus summit in 2008 , which is also detailed in the report , came to similar conclusions . After this , a stakeholder working group was formed that worked between several groups as well as the Australian and Queensland governments to update reef goals and objectives . The updated version of the plan focuses on strategic priority areas and actions to achieve 2013 goals . Also quantitative targets have been made to critically assess whether targets are being met . Some examples of the water quality goals outlined by this plan are that by 2013 , there will be a 50 % reduction in nitrogen and phosphorus loads at the end of catchments and that by 2020 , there will be a reduction in sediment load by 20 % . The plan also outlines a number of steps that must be taken by landholders to help improve grazing , soil , nutrient , and chemical management practices . There are also a number of supporting initiatives to take place outlined in the plan to help create a framework to improve land use practices which will in turn improve water quality . Through these means the governments of Australia and Queensland hope to improve water quality by 2013 . The 2013 outlook report and revised water quality plan will assess what needs to be done in the future to improve water quality and the livelihoods of the wildlife that resides there . A Blue Starfish ( Linckia laevigata ) resting on hard Acropora and Porites corals . In July 2004 , a new zoning plan took effect for the entire Marine Park , and has been widely acclaimed as a new global benchmark for marine ecosystem conservation . The rezoning was based on the application of systematic conservation planning techniques , using marxan software . While protection across the Marine Park was improved , the highly protected zones increased from 4.5 % to over 33.3 % . At the time , it was the largest Marine Protected Area in the world , although in 2006 , the new Northwestern Hawaiian Islands National Monument became the largest . In 2006 , a review of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Act of 1975 recommended are that there should be no further zoning plan changes until 2013 , and that every five years , a peer - reviewed outlook report should be published , examining the reef 's health , management , and environmental pressures . In each outlook report , several assessments are required . Each assessment has a set of assessment criteria that allows for better presentation of available evidence . Each assessment is judged by these criteria and given a grade . Every outlook report follows the same judging and grading process so that information can be tracked over time . No new research is done to produce the report . Only readily available information goes into the report so little of what is known about the Reef is actually featured in each outlook report . Abbot Point coal port dredge dumping controversy In December 2013 , Greg Hunt , the Australian environment minister , approved a plan for dredging to create three shipping terminals as part of the construction of a coalport . According to corresponding approval documents , the process will create around 3 million cubic metres of dredged seabed that will be dumped within the Great Barrier Reef marine park area . On 31 January 2014 , the GBRMPA issued a dumping permit that will allow three million cubic metres of sea bed from Abbot Point , north of Bowen , to be transported and unloaded in the waters of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park . Potential significant harms have been identified in relation to dredge spoil and the process of churning up the sea floor in the area and exposing it to air : firstly , new research shows the finer particles of dredge spoil can cloud the water and block sunlight , thereby starving sea grass and coral up to distances of 80 km away from the point of origin due to the actions of wind and currents . Furthermore , dredge spoil can literally smother reef or sea grass to death , while storms can repeatedly resuspend these particles so that the harm caused is ongoing ; secondly , disturbed sea floor can release toxic substances into the surrounding environment . The dredge spoil from the Abbot Point port project is to be dumped 24 kilometres ( 15 mi ) away , near Bowen in north Queensland , and the approval from the Authority will result in the production of an extra 70 million tonnes of coal annually , worth between A $1.4 billion and $2.8 billion . Authority chairman , Dr Russell Reichelt , stated after the confirmation of the approval : This approval is in line with the agency 's view that port development along the Great Barrier Reef coastline should be limited to existing ports . As a deepwater port that has been in operation for nearly 30 years , Abbot Point is better placed than other ports along the Great Barrier Reef coastline to undertake expansion as the capital and maintenance dredging required will be significantly less than what would be required in other areas . It 's important to note the seafloor of the approved disposal area consists of sand , silt and clay and does not contain coral reefs or seagrass beds . The approval was provided with a corresponding set of 47 new environmental conditions that include the following : A long - term water quality monitoring plan extending five years after the disposal activity is completed . A heritage management plan to protect the Catalina second world war aircraft wreck in Abbot Bay . The establishment of an independent dredging and disposal technical advice panel and a management response group , to include community representatives . The Australian Federal Government announced on 13 November that there would now be a ban on the dumping of dredge spoil in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park . The World Heritage Committee asked Environment Minister Greg Hunt to investigate alternative options to dump on land instead . The Queensland government and the Commonwealth have now accepted the alternative option and advice from The World Heritage Committee and will now commence dumping on land . Tourism Main article : Tourism on the Great Barrier Reef A scuba diver looking at a giant clam on the Great Barrier Reef Helicopter view of the reef and boats Due to its vast biodiversity , warm clear waters and accessibility from the tourist boats called `` live aboards '' , the reef is a very popular destination , especially for scuba divers . Tourism on the Great Barrier Reef is concentrated in Cairns and also The Whitsundays due to their accessibility . These areas make up 7 % -- 8 % of the Park 's area . The Whitsundays and Cairns have their own Plans of Management . Many cities along the Queensland coast offer daily boat trips . Several continental and coral cay islands are now resorts , including Green Island and Lady Elliot Island . As of 1996 , 27 islands on the Great Barrier Reef supported resorts . In 1996 , most of the tourism in the region was domestically generated and the most popular visiting times were during the Australian winter . At this time , it was estimated that tourists to the Great Barrier Reef contributed A $ 776 million per annum . As the largest commercial activity in the region , it was estimated in 2003 that tourism generated over A $4 billion annually , and the 2005 estimate increased to A $5.1 billion . A Deloitte report published by the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority in March 2013 states that the Reef 's 2,000 kilometres of coastline attracts tourism worth A $6.4 billion annually and employs more than 64,000 people . Approximately two million people visit the Great Barrier Reef each year . Although most of these visits are managed in partnership with the marine tourism industry , there is a concern among the general public that tourism is harmful to the Great Barrier Reef . A variety of boat tours and cruises are offered , from single day trips , to longer voyages . Boat sizes range from dinghies to superyachts . Glass - bottomed boats and underwater observatories are also popular , as are helicopter flights . By far , the most popular tourist activities on the Great Barrier Reef are snorkelling and diving , for which pontoons are often used , and the area is often enclosed by nets . The outer part of the Great Barrier Reef is favoured for such activities , due to water quality . Management of tourism in the Great Barrier Reef is geared towards making tourism ecologically sustainable . A daily fee is levied that goes towards research of the Great Barrier Reef . This fee ends up being 20 % of the GBRMPA 's income . Policies on cruise ships , bareboat charters , and anchorages limit the traffic on the Great Barrier Reef . The problems that surround ecotourism in the Great Barrier Reef revolve around permanent tourism platforms . Platforms are large , ship - like vessels that act as a base for tourists while scuba diving and snorkelling in the Great Barrier Reef . Seabirds will land on the platforms and defecate which will eventually be washed into the sea . The feces carry nitrogen , phosphorus and often DDT and mercury , which cause aspergillosis , yellow - band disease , and black band disease . Areas without tourism platforms have 14 out of 9,468 ( 1.1 % ) diseased corals versus areas with tourism platforms that have 172 out of 7,043 ( 12 % ) diseased corals . Tourism is a major economic activity for the region . Thus , while non-permanent platforms could be possible in some areas , overall , permanent platforms are likely a necessity . Solutions have been suggested to siphon bird waste into gutters connecting to tanks helping lower runoff that causes coral disease . The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority has also placed many permanent anchorage points around the general use areas . These act to reduce damage to the reef due to anchoring destroying soft coral , chipping hard coral , and disturbing sediment as it is dragged across the bottom . Tourism operators also must comply with speed limits when travelling to or from tourist destinations , to prevent excessive wake from the boats disturbing the reef ecosystem . Fishing The fishing industry in the Great Barrier Reef , controlled by the Queensland Government , is worth A $ 1 billion annually . It employs approximately 2000 people , and fishing in the Great Barrier Reef is pursued commercially , for recreation , and as a traditional means for feeding one 's family . Dugong hunting Under the Native Title Act 1993 , native title holders retain the right to legally hunt dugongs and green turtles for `` personal , domestic or non-commercial communal needs '' . Four traditional owners groups agreed to cease the hunting of dugongs in the area in 2011 due to their declining numbers , partially accelerated by seagrass damage from Cyclone Yasi . See also Australia portal Queensland portal Oceania portal Islands portal Marine life portal Catlin Seaview Survey Islands on the Great Barrier Reef Galápagos Islands Komodo National Park List of reefs Sixth extinction Valdes Peninsula References ^ Jump up to : UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre ( 1980 ) . `` Protected Areas and World Heritage -- Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area '' . Department of the Environment and Heritage . Archived from the original on 11 May 2008 . Retrieved 14 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Values '' . Archived from the original on 14 April 2013 . Retrieved 3 September 2008 . Jump up ^ The Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area , which is 348,000 km squared , has 2900 reefs . However , this does not include the reefs found in the Torres Strait , which has an estimated area of 37,000 km squared and with a possible 750 reefs and shoals . Hopley , Smithers & Parnell 2007 , p. 1 Jump up ^ Fodor 's . `` Great Barrier Reef Travel Guide '' . Archived from the original on 14 April 2013 . Retrieved 8 August 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Department of the Environment and Heritage . `` Review of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Act 1975 '' . Archived from the original on 18 October 2006 . Retrieved 2 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Sarah Belfield ( 8 February 2002 ) . `` Great Barrier Reef : no buried treasure '' . Geoscience Australia ( Australian Government ) . Archived from the original on 1 October 2007 . Retrieved 11 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Sharon Guynup ( 4 September 2000 ) . `` Australia 's Great Barrier Reef '' . Science World . Archived from the original on 8 July 2012 . Retrieved 11 June 2007 . Jump up ^ CNN ( 1997 ) . `` The Seven Natural Wonders of the World '' . Archived from the original on 21 July 2006 . Retrieved 6 August 2006 . Jump up ^ National Trust Queensland . `` Queensland Icons '' . Archived from the original on 19 September 2006 . Retrieved 17 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Eilperin , Juliet ( 1 October 2012 ) . `` Great Barrier Reef has lost half its corals since 1985 , new study says '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 14 April 2013 . Retrieved 1 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Access Economics Pty Ltd ( 2005 ) . `` Measuring the economic and financial value of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 14 April 2013 . Retrieved 2 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Google Launches Underwater Street View '' . 16 November 2014 . Archived from the original on 29 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Great Barrier Reef coral bleaching more widespread than first thought '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 31 March 2016 . Archived from the original on 3 April 2016 . Retrieved 2 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Jacobsen , Rowan ( 11 October 2016 ) . `` Obituary : Great Barrier Reef ( 25 Million BC - 2016 ) '' . Archived from the original on 16 October 2016 . Jump up ^ CNN , Sophie Lewis . `` The Great Barrier Reef is not actually dead '' . Archived from the original on 12 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Cave , Damien ; Gillis , Justin ( 15 March 2017 ) . `` Large Sections of Australia 's Great Reef Are Now Dead , Scientists Find '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Archived from the original on 20 February 2018 . Retrieved 19 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Great Barrier Reef General Reference Map '' ( PDF ) . Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . September 2004 . Retrieved 14 March 2009 . Jump up ^ A.K. Lobeck ( 1951 ) . Physiographic Diagram of Australia . New York : The Geological Press , Columbia University . to accompany text description and geological sections which were prepared by Joseph Gentili and R.W. Fairbridge of the University of Western Australia Jump up ^ Davies , P.J. , Symonds , P.A. , Feary , D.A. , Pigram , C.J. ( 1987 ) . `` Horizontal plate motion : a key allocyclic factor in the evolution of the Great Barrier Reef '' . Science . 238 ( 4834 ) : 1697 -- 1700 . Bibcode : 1987Sci ... 238.1697 D . doi : 10.1126 / science. 238.4834. 1697 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Hopley , David ; Smithers , Scott G. ; Parnell , Kevin ( 17 May 2007 ) . The Geomorphology of the Great Barrier Reef : Development , Diversity and Change . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 46392 - 8 . Jump up ^ MSN Encarta ( 2006 ) . Great Barrier Reef . Archived from the original on 1 November 2009 . Retrieved 11 December 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Tobin , Barry ( 2003 ) ( revised from 1998 edition ) . `` How the Great Barrier Reef Was Formed '' . Australian Institute of Marine Science . Archived from the original on 17 September 2010 . Retrieved 22 November 2006 . ^ Jump up to : CRC Reef Research Centre Ltd . `` What is the Great Barrier Reef ? '' . Archived from the original on 22 August 2006 . Retrieved 28 May 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority ( 2006 ) . `` A `` big picture '' view of the Great Barrier Reef '' ( PDF ) . Reef Facts for Tour Guides . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 20 June 2007 . Retrieved 18 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Harris , Peter T. ; Bridge , Thomas C.L. ; Beaman , Robin J. ; Webster , Jody M. ; Nichol , Scott L. ; Brooke , Brendan P. ( 1 March 2013 ) . `` Submerged banks in the Great Barrier Reef , Australia , greatly increase available coral reef habitat '' . ICES Journal of Marine Science . 70 ( 2 ) : 284 -- 293 . doi : 10.1093 / icesjms / fss165 . ISSN 1054 - 3139 . Archived from the original on 20 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Western Australia 's Department of Environment and Conservation ( 2007 ) . `` The Devonian ' Great Barrier Reef ' '' . Archived from the original on 11 September 2007 . Retrieved 12 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . `` Representative Areas in the Marine Park '' . Archived from the original on 28 September 2007 . Retrieved 23 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Marine Park Authority . `` Protecting the Bioregions of the Great Barrier Reef '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . `` Bio-region Information Sheets '' . Archived from the original on 31 August 2007 . Retrieved 23 March 2007 . Jump up ^ CSIRO ( 2006 ) . `` Snapshot of life deep in the Great Barrier Reef '' . Archived from the original on 30 August 2007 . Retrieved 13 March 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority ( 2000 ) . `` Fauna and Flora of the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area '' . Archived from the original on 14 October 2006 . Retrieved 24 November 2006 . ^ Jump up to : CRC Reef Research Centre Ltd . `` Reef facts : Plants and Animals on the Great Barrier Reef '' . Archived from the original on 21 August 2006 . Retrieved 14 July 2006 . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority ( 2004 ) . `` Environmental Status : Marine Mammals '' . The State of the Great Barrier Reef Report -- latest updates . Archived from the original on 2 October 2006 . Retrieved 13 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . `` Fish Spawning Aggregation Sites on the Great Barrier Reef '' . Archived from the original on 16 December 2008 . Retrieved 14 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Appendix 2 -- Listed Marine Species '' . Fauna and Flora of the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area . 2000 . Retrieved 23 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Dobbs , Kirstin ( 2007 ) . Marine turtle and dugong habitats in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park used to implement biophysical operational principles for the Representative Areas Program ( PDF ) . Great Barrier Marine Park Authority . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 18 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority ( 2005 ) . `` Environmental Status : Seagrasses '' . The State of the Great Barrier Reef Report -- latest updates . Archived from the original on 2 October 2006 . Retrieved 23 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority ( 2005 ) . `` Environmental Status : Marine Reptiles '' . Archived from the original on 2 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Environmental Status : Sharks and rays '' . The State of the Great Barrier Reef Report -- latest updates . Archived from the original on 29 March 2007 . Retrieved 23 May 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Appendix 4 - Other species of conservation concern '' . Fauna and Flora of the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area . 2000 . Archived from the original on 31 August 2007 . Retrieved 13 September 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Appendix 5 - Island Flora and Fauna '' . Fauna and Flora of the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area . 2000 . Archived from the original on 31 August 2007 . Retrieved 13 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . `` Environmental status : birds '' . The State of the Great Barrier Reef Report -- latest updates . Archived from the original on 28 September 2007 . Retrieved 23 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Environmental status : birds Condition '' . The State of the Great Barrier Reef Report -- latest updates . Archived from the original on 28 September 2007 . Retrieved 23 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority ( 2006 ) . `` Information Fact Sheets No. 20 Coral Spawning '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 June 2007 . Retrieved 27 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Australian Institute of Marine Science ( 2002 ) . `` Soft coral atlas of the Great Barrier Reef '' . Archived from the original on 6 April 2007 . Retrieved 27 May 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Harriott , V.J. ( 2002 ) . `` Marine tourism impacts and their management on the Great Barrier Reef '' ( PDF ) . CRC Reef Research Centre Technical Report No. 46 . CRC Reef Research Centre . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 18 March 2009 . Retrieved 8 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` AIMS Longterm Monitoring -- Coral Diseases on the Great Barrier Reef -- Skeletal Eroding Band '' . www.aims.gov.au . Archived from the original on 13 July 2009 . Retrieved 22 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Eilperin , Juliet ( 2 October 2012 ) . `` Great Barrier Reef has ' lost half its coral since 1985 ' '' . Washington Post . London : The Independent . Archived from the original on 3 October 2012 . Retrieved 3 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Rothwell , Don ; Stephens , Tim ( 19 November 2004 ) . `` Global climate change , the Great Barrier Reef and our obligations '' . Melbourne : The National Forum . Archived from the original on 12 October 2007 . Retrieved 26 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . `` Our changing climate '' . Archived from the original on 29 October 2007 . Retrieved 26 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . `` Coral Bleaching and Mass Bleaching Events '' . Archived from the original on 20 April 2006 . Retrieved 30 May 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Online version '' . The Daily Telegraph . 30 January 2007 . Archived from the original on 26 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Littman , Raechel ; Willis , Bette L. ; Bourne , David G. ( 2011 ) . `` Metagenomic analysis of the coral holobiont during a natural bleaching event on the Great Barrier Reef '' . Environmental Microbiology Reports . 3 ( 6 ) : 651 -- 660 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1758 - 2229.2010. 00234. x . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef : Australia must act urgently on water quality , says Unesco . Archived 3 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine . The Guardian Retrieved on 3 June 2017 Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . `` Climate change and the Great Barrier Reef '' . Archived from the original on 8 December 2006 . Retrieved 16 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , C. ; Heinz , P. ; Kucera , M. ; Uthicke , Sven ( 2011 ) . `` Temperature - induced stress leads to bleaching in larger benthic foraminifera hosting endosymbiotic diatoms '' ( PDF ) . Limnology and Oceanography. 56 ( 5 ) : 1587 -- 1602 . doi : 10.4319 / lo. 2011.56. 5.1587 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Coastal water quality '' ( PDF ) . The State of the Environment Report Queensland 2003 . Environment Protection Agency Queensland. 2003 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 June 2007 . Retrieved 7 June 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Human Impact on the Great Barrier Reef '' . University of Michigan . Archived from the original on 29 April 2013 . Retrieved 12 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Harris , P.T. , 2001 . Environmental Management of Torres Strait : a Marine Geologist 's Perspective , in : Gostin , V.A. ( Ed . ) , Gondwana to Greenhouse : environmental geoscience - an Australian perspective . Geological Society of Australia Special Publication , Adelaide , pp. 317 - 328 Jump up ^ Griffith , Hywel ( 28 November 2016 ) . `` Great Barrier Reef suffered worst bleaching on record in 2016 , report finds '' . BBC News . Archived from the original on 28 November 2016 . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . `` Wetlands '' . Archived from the original on 2 October 2006 . Retrieved 13 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Brodie , J. ( 2007 ) . `` Nutrient management zones in the Great Barrier Reef Catchment : A decision system for zone selection '' ( PDF ) . Australian Centre for Tropical Freshwater Research . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 25 March 2017 . Retrieved 14 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Australian Government Productivity Commission ( 2003 ) . `` Industries , Land Use and Water Quality in the Great Barrier Reef Catchment -- Key Points '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 08 - 16 . Retrieved 14 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority ( 2006 ) . `` Principal water quality influences on Great Barrier Reef ecosystems '' . Archived from the original on 16 October 2006 . Retrieved 22 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Milman , Oliver ( 12 February 2014 ) . `` Clive Palmer 's nickel refinery pumped toxic waste into Great Barrier Reef park '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 23 February 2014 . Retrieved 12 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` CRC Reef Research Centre Technical Report No. 32 -- Crown - of - thorns starfish ( Acanthaster planci ) in the central Great Barrier Reef region . Results of fine - scale surveys conducted in 1999 -- 2000 '' . Archived from the original on 29 August 2007 . Retrieved 7 June 2007 . Jump up ^ RRC Reef Research Centre . `` Crown - of - thorns starfish on the Great Barrier Reef '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 August 2006 . Retrieved 28 August 2006 . Jump up ^ CSIRO Marine Research ( 1998 ) . `` Environmental Effects of Prawn Trawling '' . Archived from the original on 18 February 2006 . Retrieved 28 May 2006 . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . `` Marine Park Zoning '' . Archived from the original on 19 July 2006 . Retrieved 8 August 2006 . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . `` Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority : : Shipping '' . Archived from the original on 2 October 2006 . Retrieved 13 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Reef Dreams : Working The Reef TV documentary , Australian Broadcasting Corporation , broadcast 6 July 2006 `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 21 May 2012 . Retrieved 23 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Environmental Protection Agency / Queensland Parks and Wildlife Services . `` About the Reef '' . Archived from the original on 15 August 2007 . Retrieved 23 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Marine Safety Investigation Report -- Preliminary -- Independent investigation into the grounding of the Chinese registered bulk carrier Shen Neng 1 at Douglas Shoal , Queensland , on 3 April 2010 '' . Australian Transport Safety Bureau . 15 April 2010 . Archived from the original on 15 May 2010 . Retrieved 14 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Coal being removed at sea from stricken Shen Neng 1 carrier '' . The Australian . News Ltd. 13 May 2010 . Retrieved 13 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Griffith , Hywel ( 28 November 2016 ) . `` Barrier Reef coral bleaching ' worst ever ' '' . BBC News . Archived from the original on 15 December 2017 . Retrieved 18 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Department of the Environment and Energy '' . Department of the Environment and Energy . Archived from the original on 4 March 2018 . Retrieved 18 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority ( 2006 ) . `` Fact Sheet No. 4 -- Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People and the Great Barrier Reef . Region '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 June 2007 . Retrieved 28 May 2006 . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . `` reefED -- GBR Traditional Owners '' . Archived from the original on 14 April 2013 . Retrieved 14 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . `` Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Culture & Dugongs and Turtles '' . Archived from the original on 28 September 2007 . Retrieved 23 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Bell , Peter . `` A history of exploration and research on the Great Barrier Reef '' . Australian Institute of Marine Science . Archived from the original on 16 October 2009 . Retrieved 11 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Captain Cook 's Journal During the First Voyage Round the World at Project Gutenberg Jump up ^ Queensland Museum . `` HMS Pandora '' . Archived from the original on 29 August 2006 . Retrieved 12 October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Raine Island Corporation '' . Archived from the original on 2 November 2007 . Retrieved 20 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Commonwealth of Australia ( 1975 ) . `` Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Act 1975 '' . Archived from the original on 23 February 2011 . Retrieved 30 August 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Rewards Program '' . Onboard : The Tourism Operator 's Handbook for the Great Barrier Reef . Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . Archived from the original on 27 August 2008 . Retrieved 14 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` FACT SHEET -- MARINE BIOREGIONAL PLANNING -- THE PROCESS '' ( PDF ) . environment.gov.au . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` History '' . Archived from the original on 16 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Reef Water Quality Protection Plan 2009 '' ( PDF ) . reefplan.qld.gov.au. 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority ( 2003 ) . `` Zoning Plan 2003 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 November 2008 . Retrieved 14 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Fernandes et al. ( 2005 ) Establishing representative no - take areas in the Great Barrier Reef : large - scale implementation of theory on marine protected areas , Conservation Biology , 19 ( 6 ) , 1733 -- 1744 . Jump up ^ World Wildlife Fund Australia . `` Great Barrier Reef -- WWF - Australia '' . Archived from the original on 7 May 2010 . Retrieved 10 November 2006 . Jump up ^ BBC News ( 15 June 2006 ) . `` Bush creates new marine sanctuary '' . Archived from the original on 24 February 2011 . Retrieved 28 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Great Barrier Reef Outlook Report '' . Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . 2007 . Archived from the original on 23 February 2011 . Retrieved 31 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Great Barrier Reef Outlook Report 2009 in Brief '' ( PDF ) . Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 September 2009 . Retrieved 10 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Oliver Milman ( 10 December 2013 ) . `` Greg Hunt approves dredging off Queensland to create huge coalport '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 17 December 2013 . Retrieved 18 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Dermot O'Gorman ( 31 January 2014 ) . `` Dredge dumping : just because you can does n't mean you should '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on 3 February 2014 . Retrieved 1 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Marine Parks dredge dumping permit '' ( PDF ) . Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . Retrieved 12 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dredge dumping banned on Great Barrier Reef '' . Australian Geographic . 13 November 2014 . Archived from the original on 29 November 2014 . Retrieved 17 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority ( 2005 ) . `` Protecting Biodiversity Brochure 2005 '' . Archived from the original on 17 October 2006 . Retrieved 11 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Driml , Sally ; Common , Mick ( 1996 ) . `` Ecological Economics Criteria for Sustainable Tourism : Application to the Great Barrier Reef and Wet Tropics World Heritage Areas , Australia '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Sustainable Tourism. 4 ( 1 ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 18 December 2008 . Retrieved 31 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority ( 2003 ) . `` Summary report of the social and economic impacts of the rezoning of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 20 September 2008 . Retrieved 14 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Ove Hoegh - Guldberg ( 14 March 2014 ) . `` Is Australia shooting itself in the foot with reef port expansions ? '' . The Conversation . Archived from the original on 14 March 2014 . Retrieved 14 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . `` Number of Tourists Visiting The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park '' . Retrieved 19 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority ( 2005 ) . `` What You Do '' . Onboard -- The Tourism Operator 's Handbook for the Great Barrier Reef . Archived from the original on 20 September 2006 . Retrieved 14 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Saltzer , Rebecca ( February 2002 ) . `` Understanding Great Barrier Reef visitors preliminary results '' ( PDF ) . CRC Reef Project B2. 1.1 : Understanding Tourist Use of the GBRWHA . Cooperative Research Centre for the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 July 2005 . Retrieved 14 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Hildebrandt , Amy ( January 2003 ) . `` Understanding Tourist Use of the Great Barrier Reef : The Whitsundays Visitor '' ( PDF ) . CRC Reef Project B2. 1.1 : Understanding Tourist Use of the GBRWHA . Cooperative Research Centre for the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 July 2005 . Retrieved 14 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority ( 2005 ) . `` How is the Money Used ? '' . Onboard -- The Tourism Operator 's Handbook for the Great Barrier Reef . Archived from the original on 20 September 2006 . Retrieved 11 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Lamb , Joleah ; Bette Willis ( August 2011 ) . `` Using coral disease prevalence to assess the effects of concentrating tourism activities on offshore reefs in a tropical marine park '' . Conservation Biology . 25 ( 5 ) : 1044 -- 1052 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1523 - 1739.2011. 01724. x . PMID 21848962 . Jump up ^ Kight , Caitlin . `` Are Coral Reefs Literally Sick of Ecotourists ? '' . Archived from the original on 29 April 2012 . Retrieved 15 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` DUGONGS AND TURTLES '' . Archived from the original on 11 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Turtle and dugong footage causes controversy '' . Archived from the original on 18 October 2016 . Further reading Bell , Peter ( 1998 ) . AIMS : The First Twenty - five Years . Townsville : Australian Institute of Marine Science . ISBN 978 - 0 - 642 - 32212 - 8 . Bowen , James ; Bowen , Margarita ( 2002 ) . The Great Barrier Reef : history , science , heritage . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 82430 - 3 . Done , T.J. ( 1982 ) . `` Patterns in the distribution of coral communities across the central Great Barrier Reef '' . Coral Reefs. 1 ( 2 ) : 95 -- 107 . Bibcode : 1982CorRe ... 1 ... 95D . doi : 10.1007 / BF00301691 . `` Research Publications '' . Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . Archived from the original on 18 July 2011 . Hutchings , Pat ; Kingsford , Mike ; Hoegh - Guldberg , Ove ( 2008 ) . The Great Barrier Reef : Biology , Environment and Management . CSIRO Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 643 - 09557 - 1 . Lucas , P.H.C. ; et al. ( 1997 ) . The outstanding universal value of the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area . Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . ISBN 0 - 642 - 23028 - 5 . Mather , P. ; Bennett , I. , eds. ( 1993 ) . A Coral Reef Handbook : A Guide to the Geology , Flora and Fauna of the Great Barrier Reef ( 3rd ed . ) . Chipping North : Surrey Beatty & Sons Pty Ltd . ISBN 0 - 949324 - 47 - 7 . External links Media related to Great Barrier Reef at Wikimedia Commons `` How the Great Barrier Reef Works '' . howstuffworks.com . Great Barrier Reef travel guide from Wikivoyage World heritage listing for Great Barrier Reef Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority CRC Reef Research Centre `` Dive into the Great Barrier Reef '' . National Geographic . Battle for the Reef -- Four Corners -- ABC.au Great Barrier Reef scientists confirm largest die - off of corals recorded . The Guardian . 28 November 2016 . hide World Heritage Sites in Australia New South Wales Australian Convict Sites Gondwana Rainforests Blue Mountains Lord Howe Island Group Sydney Opera House Willandra Lakes Region Northern Territory Kakadu National Park Uluṟu - Kata Tjuṯa National Park Queensland Australian fossil mammal sites Riversleigh Fraser Island Gondwana Rainforests Great Barrier Reef Wet Tropics of Queensland South Australia Australian fossil mammal sites Naracoorte Tasmania Australian Convict Sites Macquarie Island Tasmanian Wilderness Victoria Royal Exhibition Building Carlton Gardens Western Australia Australian Convict Sites Ningaloo Coast Purnululu National Park Shark Bay External territories ( Norfolk Island ) Australian Convict Sites Heard Island and McDonald Islands Shared with other states / territories hide Corals and coral reefs Stony corals Blue Brain Elegance Elkhorn Hermatypic Chalice Pillar Staghorn Table Soft corals Bamboo Black Organ pipe Sea fans Sea pens Coral reefs Atoll Cay Coral Fringing Microatoll Coral reef fish Census of Coral Reefs The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs Catlin Seaview Survey Spur and groove formation Coral regions List of reefs Deep - water coral African coral reefs Amazon Reef Andros , Bahamas Belize Barrier Reef Coral Sea Islands Coral Triangle Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary Great Barrier Reef Maldives Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System New Caledonia barrier reef Pulley Ridge Raja Ampat Islands Red Sea Southeast Asian coral reefs Coral diseases Coral bleaching Black band disease Skeletal eroding band White band disease White pox disease Protection Coral Reef Alliance Coral reef protection Green Fins International Society for Reef Studies Project AWARE Reef Check Reef Ball Other Artificial reef Aquaculture of coral Coral dermatitis Precious coral Coral rag Coral reef organizations Coral sand Coralline algae Environmental issues with coral reefs Fire coral Reef resilience Rugosa ( extinct ) Symbiodinium Tabulata GND : 4072111 - 5 ISNI : 0000 0001 0662 4816 NDL : 00628461 VIAF : 235918380 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Barrier_Reef&oldid=846461030 '' Categories : World Heritage Sites in Australia Great Barrier Reef Landforms of the Coral Sea Reefs of Australia Marine ecoregions Underwater diving sites in Australia Tourist attractions in Queensland Physiographic provinces Australian National Heritage List Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with short description Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use Australian English from November 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Use dmy dates from November 2015 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles needing additional references from March 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles that may contain original research from September 2017 All articles that may contain original research All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from October 2016 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikivoyage Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 贛 語 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Patois Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Scots Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Tarandíne ไทย Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Võro 文言 Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Kabɩyɛ 111 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 June 2018 , at 22 : 39 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great%20Barrier%20Reef
| 2,161 |
|
order of harry potter movies first to last
|
Motion Picture Director Writer Producer ( s ) Composer Rating Novel by J.K. Rowling Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone Chris Columbus Steve Kloves David Heyman John Williams PG Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban Alfonso Cuarón David Heyman , Chris Columbus and Mark Radcliffe Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire Mike Newell David Heyman Patrick Doyle PG - 13 Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix David Yates Michael Goldenberg David Heyman and David Barron Nicholas Hooper Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince Steve Kloves PG Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 David Heyman , David Barron and J.K. Rowling Alexandre Desplat PG - 13 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2
|
Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone|Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets|Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban|Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire|Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix|Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince|Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1|Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2
|
Harry Potter ( film series )
|
harry potter ( film series )
|
Harry Potter Harry Potter logo as used in the films Directed by Chris Columbus ( 1 -- 2 ) Alfonso Cuarón ( 3 ) Mike Newell ( 4 ) David Yates ( 5 -- 8 ) Produced by David Heyman Chris Columbus ( 3 ) Mark Radcliffe ( 3 ) David Barron ( 5 -- 8 ) J.K. Rowling ( 7 -- 8 ) Screenplay by Steve Kloves ( 1 -- 4 , 6 -- 8 ) Michael Goldenberg ( 5 ) Based on Harry Potter by J.K. Rowling Starring Daniel Radcliffe Rupert Grint Emma Watson ( See below ) Music by John Williams ( 1 -- 3 ) Patrick Doyle ( 4 ) Nicholas Hooper ( 5 -- 6 ) Alexandre Desplat ( 7 -- 8 ) Cinematography John Seale ( 1 ) Roger Pratt ( 2 , 4 ) Michael Seresin ( 3 ) Sławomir Idziak ( 5 ) Bruno Delbonnel ( 6 ) Eduardo Serra ( 7 -- 8 ) Edited by Richard Francis - Bruce ( 1 ) Peter Honess ( 2 ) Steven Weisberg ( 3 ) Mick Audsley ( 4 ) Mark Day ( 5 -- 8 ) Production company Warner Bros. Pictures Heyday Films 1492 Pictures ( 1 -- 3 ) Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date 2001 -- 2011 Running time 1179 minutes Country United Kingdom United States Language English Budget Total ( 8 films ) $1.2 billion Box office Total ( 8 films ) $7.7 billion Harry Potter is a British - American film series based on the Harry Potter novels by author J.K. Rowling . The series is distributed by Warner Bros. and consists of eight fantasy films , beginning with Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( 2001 ) and culminating with Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) . A spin - off prequel series will consist of five films , starting with Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2016 ) , marking the beginning of the Wizarding World shared media franchise . The series was mainly produced by David Heyman , and stars Daniel Radcliffe , Rupert Grint , and Emma Watson as the three leading characters : Harry Potter , Ron Weasley , and Hermione Granger . Four directors worked on the series : Chris Columbus , Alfonso Cuarón , Mike Newell , and David Yates . Michael Goldenberg wrote the screenplay for Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) , while the remaining films had their screenplays written by Steve Kloves . Production took place over ten years , with the main story arc following Harry Potter 's quest to overcome his arch - enemy Lord Voldemort . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , the seventh and final novel in the series , was adapted into two feature - length parts . Part 1 was released in November 2010 , and Part 2 was released in July 2011 . Six of the series ' eight films are among the 50 highest - grossing films of all time , with Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 , the highest - grossing film in the series and one of 31 films to gross over $1 billion , ranking at number eight . Without inflation adjustment , it is the third highest - grossing film series with $7.7 billion in worldwide receipts . Contents 1 Origins 1.1 Casting the roles of Harry , Ron , and Hermione 2 Production 2.1 Directors 2.2 Scripts 2.3 Cast and crew 2.4 Set design 2.5 Cinematography 2.6 Editing 2.7 Music 2.8 Visual effects 2.9 Final filming 3 Films 3.1 Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( 2001 ) 3.2 Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) 3.3 Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) 3.4 Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) 3.5 Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) 3.6 Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) 3.7 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) 3.8 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.1. 1 Critical and public response 5.2 Accolades 5.3 Box office performance 5.4 All - time rankings 6 Legacy and influence 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Origins Late in 1997 , film producer David Heyman 's London offices received a copy of the first book in what would become Rowling 's series of seven Harry Potter novels . The book , Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , was relegated to a low - priority bookshelf , where it was discovered by a secretary who read it and gave it to Heyman with a positive review . Consequently , Heyman , who had originally disliked `` the rubbish title '' , read the book himself . Highly impressed by Rowling 's work , he began the process that led to one of the most successful cinematic franchises of all time . Heyman 's enthusiasm led to Rowling 's 1999 sale of the film rights for the first four Harry Potter books to Warner Bros. for a reported £ 1 million ( US $2,000,000 ) . A demand Rowling made was that the principal cast be kept strictly British , allowing nevertheless for the inclusion of many Irish actors , such as Richard Harris as Dumbledore , and for casting of French and Eastern European actors in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire where characters from the book are specified as such . Rowling was hesitant to sell the rights because she `` did n't want to give them control over the rest of the story '' by selling the rights to the characters , which would have enabled Warner Bros. to make non-author - written sequels . Although Steven Spielberg initially negotiated to direct the first film , he declined the offer . Spielberg wanted the adaptation to be an animated film , with American actor Haley Joel Osment providing Harry Potter 's voice . Spielberg contended that , in his opinion , there was every expectation of profit in making the film . He claims that making money would have been like `` shooting ducks in a barrel . It 's just a slam dunk . It 's just like withdrawing a billion dollars and putting it into your personal bank accounts . There 's no challenge '' . In the `` Rubbish '' Bin section of her website , Rowling maintains that she had no role in choosing directors for the films , writing `` Anyone who thinks I could ( or would ) have ' veto - ed ' him ( Spielberg ) needs their Quick - Quotes Quill serviced . '' After Spielberg left , conversations began with other directors , including Chris Columbus , Jonathan Demme , Terry Gilliam , Mike Newell , Alan Parker , Wolfgang Petersen , Rob Reiner , Tim Robbins , Brad Silberling , and Peter Weir . Petersen and Reiner both pulled out of the running in March 2000 . It was then narrowed down to Columbus , Gilliam , Parker , and Silberling . Rowling 's first choice was Terry Gilliam . However , on 28 March 2000 Columbus was appointed as director of the film , with Warner Bros. citing his work on other family films such as Home Alone and Mrs. Doubtfire as influences for their decision . Harry Potter is the kind of timeless literary achievement that comes around once in a lifetime . Since the books have generated such a passionate following across the world , it was important to us to find a director that has an affinity for both children and magic . I ca n't think of anyone more ideally suited for this job than Chris ( Columbus ) . -- Lorenzo di Bonaventura , Warner Bros . Steve Kloves was selected to write the screenplay for the first film . He described adapting the book as `` tough '' since it did not `` lend itself to adaptation as well as the next two books '' . Kloves was sent a `` raft '' of synopses of books proposed as film adaptations , with Harry Potter being the only one that jumped out at him . He went out and bought the book , becoming an instant fan . When speaking to Warner Bros. he stated that the film had to be British and true to the characters . David Heyman was confirmed to produce the film . Rowling received a large amount of creative control for the film , an arrangement that Columbus did not mind . Warner Bros. had initially planned to release the first film over the 4 July 2001 weekend , making for such a short production window that several of the originally proposed directors had withdrawn themselves from contention . Eventually , due to time constraints , the date was put back to 16 November 2001 . Casting the roles of Harry , Ron , and Hermione Daniel Radcliffe , Emma Watson , and Rupert Grint at the world premiere of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 in Trafalgar Square , London on 7 July 2011 . In 2000 , after a seven - month search , lead actor Daniel Radcliffe was discovered by producer David Heyman and writer Steve Kloves seated just behind them in a theatre . In Heyman 's own words , `` There sitting behind me was this boy with these big blue eyes . It was Dan Radcliffe . I remember my first impressions : He was curious and funny and so energetic . There was real generosity too , and sweetness . But at the same time he was really voracious and with hunger for knowledge of whatever kind . '' Radcliffe had already established himself as an actor in the 1999 BBC television production of David Copperfield in which he played the title role 's childhood years . Heyman persuaded Radcliffe 's parents to allow him to audition for the part of Harry Potter , which involved Radcliffe being filmed . ( This screen test footage was released via the first set of Ultimate Editions in 2009 . ) Rowling was enthusiastic after viewing Radcliffe 's filmed test , saying she did n't think there was a better choice for the part of Harry Potter . Also in 2000 , the then unknown British actors Emma Watson and Rupert Grint were selected from thousands of auditioning children to play the roles of Hermione Granger and Ron Weasley , respectively . Their only previous acting experience was in school plays . Grint was eleven years old and Watson ten at the time they were cast . Los Angeles Times writer Geoff Boucher , who conducted the above - mentioned interview with Heyman , added that the casting of the three major roles `` is especially impressive in hindsight . The trio 's selection was arguably one of the best show - business decisions over the past decade ... they have shown admirable grace and steadiness in the face of teen superstardom . '' Production Filming of the series began at Leavesden Studios , Hertfordshire , England , in September 2000 and ended in December 2010 , with post-production on the final film lasting until summer 2011 . Leavesden Studios was the main base for filming Harry Potter , and it opened to the public as a studio tour in 2012 ( renamed as Warner Bros. Studios , Leavesden ) . Motion Picture Director Writer Producer ( s ) Composer Rating Novel by J.K. Rowling Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone Chris Columbus Steve Kloves David Heyman John Williams PG Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban Alfonso Cuarón David Heyman , Chris Columbus and Mark Radcliffe Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire Mike Newell David Heyman Patrick Doyle PG - 13 Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix David Yates Michael Goldenberg David Heyman and David Barron Nicholas Hooper Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince Steve Kloves PG Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 David Heyman , David Barron and J.K. Rowling Alexandre Desplat PG - 13 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Warner Bros. Studios , Leavesden , where much of the film series was shot . Harry Potter was also filmed in other areas , including Pinewood Studios . David Heyman produced all the films in the series with his production company Heyday Films , while David Barron joined the series as an executive producer on Chamber of Secrets and Goblet of Fire . Barron was later appointed producer on the last four films . Chris Columbus was an executive producer on the first two films alongside Mark Radcliffe and Michael Barnathan , but he became a producer on the third film alongside Heyman and Radcliffe . Other executive producers include Tanya Seghatchian and Lionel Wigram . J.K. Rowling , author of the series , was asked to become a producer on Goblet of Fire but declined . She subsequently accepted the role on the two - part Deathly Hallows . Heyday Films and Columbus ' company 1492 Pictures collaborated with Duncan Henderson Productions in 2001 , Miracle Productions in 2002 , and P of A Productions in 2004 . Even though Prisoner of Azkaban was the final film produced by 1492 Pictures , Heyday Films continued with the franchise and collaborated with Patalex IV Productions in 2005 . The sixth film in the series , Half - Blood Prince , was the most expensive film to produce as of 2009 . Warner Bros. split the seventh and final novel in the series , Deathly Hallows , into two cinematic parts . The two parts were filmed back - to - back from early 2009 to summer 2010 , with the completion of reshoots taking place on 21 December 2010 ; this marked the end of filming Harry Potter . Heyman stated that Deathly Hallows was `` shot as one film '' but released in two feature - length parts . Tim Burke , the visual effects supervisor of the series , said of the production on Harry Potter , `` It was this huge family ; I think there were over 700 people working at Leavesden , an industry in itself . '' David Heyman said , `` When the first film opened , no way did I think we 'd make eight films . That did n't seem feasible until after we 'd done the fourth . '' Nisha Parti , the production consultant on the first film , said that Heyman `` made the first film very much the way he felt the studio Warner Bros. wanted to make it . '' After the film 's success , Heyman was given `` more freedom '' . One of the aims of the filmmakers from the beginning of production was to develop the maturity of the films . Chris Columbus stated , `` We realised that these movies would get progressively darker . Again , we did n't know how dark but we realised that as the kids get older , the movies get a little edgier and darker . '' This transpired with the succeeding three directors who would work on the series in the following years , with the films beginning to deal with issues such as death , betrayal , prejudice , and political corruption as the series developed narratively and thematically . Directors After Chris Columbus had finished working on Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , he was hired to direct the second film , Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets . The production started within a week after the release of the first film . Columbus was set to direct all entries in the series , but he did not want to return for the third film , Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban , claiming he was `` burned out '' . He moved to the position of producer , while Alfonso Cuarón was approached for the role of director . He was initially nervous about directing the instalment since he had not read any of the books or seen the films . After reading the series , he changed his mind and signed on to direct since he had immediately connected to the story . David Yates directed four of the films in the series , including the two - part finale Deathly Hallows . Because Cuarón decided not to direct the fourth instalment , Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire , a new director had to be selected . Mike Newell was chosen to direct the film , but he declined to direct the next film , Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix , which was given to David Yates , who also directed Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , becoming the only director to helm more than one film since Chris Columbus . Chris Columbus said his vision of the first two films was of a `` golden storybook , an old - fashioned look '' , while Alfonso Cuarón changed the visual tone of the series , desaturated the colour palette , and expanded the landscape around Hogwarts . Mike Newell decided to direct the fourth film as a `` paranoid thriller '' , while David Yates wanted to `` bring a sense of jeopardy and character to the world '' . Cuarón , Newell , and Yates have said that their challenge was striking a balance between making the films according to their individual vision , while working within a cinematic world already established by Columbus . David Heyman commented on the `` generosity of the directors '' by revealing that `` Chris spent time with Alfonso , Alfonso spent time with Mike and Mike spent time with David , showing him an early cut of the film , talking through what it means to be a director and how they went about ( making the films ) . '' David Heyman also said , `` I suppose Chris Columbus was the most conservative choice from the studio 's point of view . But he expressed real passion . '' Producer Tanya Seghatchian said they were `` more adventurous '' in choosing a director for the third film and went straight to Alfonso Cuarón . Mike Newell became the first British director of the series when he was chosen for the fourth film ; Newell was considered to direct the first film before he dropped out . David Yates directed the final films after David Heyman thought him capable of handling the edgy , emotional , and political material of the later novels . All the directors have been supportive of each other . Chris Columbus praised the character development in the films , while Alfonso Cuarón admired the `` quiet poetry '' of David Yates ' films . Mike Newell noted that each director had a different heroism , and David Yates views the first four films `` respectfully and enjoy ( s ) them . '' Daniel Radcliffe said Yates `` took the charm of the films that Chris made and the visual flair of everything that Alfonso did and the thoroughly British , bombastic nature of the film directed by Mike Newell '' and added `` his own sense '' of realism . Scripts Steve Kloves wrote the screenplays for all but the fifth film , which was penned by Michael Goldenberg . Kloves had direct assistance from J.K. Rowling , though she allowed him what he described as `` tremendous elbow room '' . Rowling asked Kloves to remain faithful to the spirit of the books ; thus , the plot and tone of each film and its corresponding book are virtually the same , albeit with some changes and omissions for purposes of cinematic style , time , and budget constraints . Michael Goldenberg also received input from Rowling during his adaptation of the fifth novel ; Goldenberg was originally considered to adapt the first novel before the studio chose Kloves . A studio model of Hogwarts . It is the main setting in the series ; the castle features in every novel and screen adaptation . In a 2010 interview , David Heyman briefly explained the book - to - film transition . He commented on Rowling 's involvement in the series , stating that she understood that `` books and films are different '' and was `` the best support '' a producer could have . Rowling had overall approval on the scripts , which were viewed and discussed by the director and the producers . Heyman also said that Kloves was the `` key voice '' in the process of adapting the novels and that certain aspects from the books needed to have been excluded from the scripts due to the filmmakers ' decision to keep the main focus on Harry 's journey as a character , which would ultimately give the films a defined structure . Heyman mentioned that some fans `` do n't necessarily understand the adaptation process '' and that the filmmakers would have loved to `` have everything '' from the books in the films but noted that it was not possible since they had `` neither time nor cinematic structure '' to do so . He finished by saying that adapting a novel to the screen is `` a really considered process . '' Because the films were being made as the novels were being published , the filmmakers had no idea of the story 's outcome until the release of the final novel in 2007 . Kloves spoke of his relationship with Rowling when adapting the novels by saying , `` The thing is about Jo , which is remarkable for someone who had no experience with the filmmaking process , was her intuition . We had a conversation the very first day I met her where she said , ' I know the movies ca n't be the books ... because I know what 's coming and it 's impossible to fully dramatise on screen what I 'm going to write . But I just ask you to be true to the characters ; that 's all I care about . ' '' Kloves also said , `` I do n't know what compelled me to say this ( to Rowling ) , but I said , ' I 've just got to warn you my favourite character is not Harry . My favourite character is Hermione . ' And I think for some weird reason , from that moment on , she sort of trusted me . '' Cast and crew See also : List of Harry Potter cast members Aside from the three lead actors , other notable cast members include Robbie Coltrane as Rubeus Hagrid , Tom Felton as Draco Malfoy , Alan Rickman as Severus Snape , and Dame Maggie Smith as Minerva McGonagall . Richard Harris , who played the role of Professor Albus Dumbledore , died on 25 October 2002 causing the role to be re-cast for the third instalment , Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban . David Heyman and director Alfonso Cuarón chose Michael Gambon to portray the character of Dumbledore , which he did for all succeeding films . Notable recurring cast members include Helena Bonham Carter as Bellatrix Lestrange , Warwick Davis as Filius Flitwick , Ralph Fiennes as Lord Voldemort , Brendan Gleeson as Alastor Moody , Richard Griffiths as Vernon Dursley , Jason Isaacs as Lucius Malfoy , Gary Oldman as Sirius Black , Fiona Shaw as Petunia Dursley , Timothy Spall as Peter Pettigrew , David Thewlis as Remus Lupin , Emma Thompson as Sybill Trelawney , Mark Williams as Arthur Weasley , and Julie Walters as Molly Weasley . The series has seen many returning crew members from various departments , including Tim Burke , visual effects supervisor ; Peter Doyle , digital film colourist ; Nick Dudman , make - up and creature effects designer ; David Holmes , stunt double ; Amanda Knight , make - up artist ; Stephenie McMillan , set designer ; Greg Powell , stunt coordinator ; Jany Temime , costume designer ; and Fiona Weir , casting director . Set design The Hall of Christ Church in Oxford , England , the inspiration for the studio film set of The Great Hall of Hogwarts . The production designer for all eight films is Stuart Craig . Assisted by Stephenie McMillan , Craig has created iconic sets pieces including the Ministry of Magic , the Chamber of Secrets , Malfoy Manor , and the layout for the CGI Horcrux Cave . Because the novels were being published as the films were being made , Craig was required to rebuild some sets for future films and alter the design of Hogwarts . The studio film set of The Great Hall of Hogwarts was one of the first sets ever created for the series . He said , `` In the early days , every time you saw the exterior of Hogwarts , it was a physical miniature , '' which was made by craftsmen and occupied a large sound stage . `` We ended up with a profile of how Hogwarts looked , a skyline that actually I did n't design , and it was n't always satisfactory , and as all the novels got written and movies got made there were new requirements ( for buildings ) . The ( Astronomy Tower ) definitely was n't there originally , and so we were able to add that substantial piece . And in the last film , we needed an arena for the battle for Hogwarts -- the big courtyard outside doubled in size , and if you look at the first movie it was n't there at all . There were quite some liberties taken with the continuity of Hogwarts . '' In the last film , Craig used a digital model instead of a miniature to `` embrace the latest technology '' . On the method of creating the sets , Craig said he often started by sketching ideas onto a blank sheet of paper . Stephanie McMillan also said that `` each film always had plenty of new challenges , '' citing the changes in visual style between directors and cinematographers as an example , along with the developing story in the novels . Due to J.K. Rowling 's descriptions of various settings in the novels , Craig noted his `` responsibility was to place it together '' . Craig commented on his experience working in the studio environment : `` I 'm the production designer , but on a big movie like Harry Potter I may be responsible for 30 to 35 people ; from the supervising art director , and a team of art directors and assistants , to draughtsmen and junior draughtsmen , and then on to model makers , sculptors and scenic artists . '' He said , `` Ten years ago , all the Harry Potter drawings were done in pencil . I would take my roughs and plans and sections and give them to a professional architectural illustrator , who would create concept art using pencil and colour wash on watercolour paper . '' He said the process changed slightly throughout the years due to , what he called , the `` digital revolution '' of making films . When filming of the series was completed , some of Craig 's sets had to be rebuilt or transported for them to be displayed at the Warner Bros. studio tour . Cinematography Six directors of photography worked on the series : John Seale on the first film , Roger Pratt on the second and fourth , Michael Seresin on the third , Sławomir Idziak on the fifth , Bruno Delbonnel on the sixth , and Eduardo Serra on the seventh and eighth . Delbonnel was considered to return for both parts of Deathly Hallows , but he declined , stating that he was `` scared of repeating '' himself . Delbonnel 's cinematography in Half - Blood Prince gained the series its only Academy Award nomination for Best Cinematography . As the series progressed , each cinematographer faced the challenge of shooting and lighting older sets ( which had been around since the first few films ) in unique and different ways . Chris Columbus said the series ' vivid colouring decreased as each film was made . Michael Seresin commented on the change of visual style from the first two films to Prisoner of Azkaban : `` The lighting is moodier , with more shadowing and cross-lighting . '' Seresin and Alfonso Cuarón moved away from the strongly coloured and brightly lit cinematography of the first two films , with dimmer lighting and a more muted colour palette being utilised for the succeeding five films . After comparing a range of digital cameras with 35 mm film , Bruno Delbonnel decided to shoot the sixth movie , Half - Blood Prince , on film rather than the increasingly popular digital format . This decision was kept for the two - part Deathly Hallows with Eduardo Serra , who said that he preferred to work with film because it was `` more technically accurate and dependable '' . Because the majority of Deathly Hallows takes place in various settings away from Hogwarts , David Yates wanted to `` shake things up '' by using different photographic techniques such as using hand - held cameras and very wide camera lenses . Eduardo Serra said , `` Sometimes we are combining elements shot by the main unit , a second unit , and the visual effects unit . You have to know what is being captured -- colours , contrast , et cetera -- with mathematical precision . '' He noted that with Stuart Craig 's `` amazing sets and the story '' , the filmmakers could not `` stray too far from the look of the previous Harry Potter films . '' Editing Along with continuous changes in cinematographers , there have been five film editors to work in post-production on the series : Richard Francis - Bruce edited the first instalment , Peter Honess the second , Steven Weisberg the third , Mick Audsley the fourth , and Mark Day films five through eight . Music See also : Music of the Harry Potter films John Williams scored the first three films and received Academy Award nominations for the first and third films . The Harry Potter series has had four composers . John Williams scored the first three films : Philosopher 's Stone , Chamber of Secrets , and Prisoner of Azkaban . However , the second entry was adapted and conducted by William Ross due to Williams 's conflicting commitments . Williams also created Hedwig 's Theme , which is used in every film in the series . After Williams left the series to pursue other projects , Patrick Doyle scored the fourth entry , Goblet of Fire , which was directed by Mike Newell , with whom Doyle had worked previously . In 2006 , Nicholas Hooper started work on the score to Order of the Phoenix by reuniting with director David Yates . Hooper also composed the soundtrack to Half - Blood Prince but decided not to return for the final films . In January 2010 , Alexandre Desplat was confirmed to compose the score for Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 . The film 's orchestration started in the summer with Conrad Pope , the orchestrator on the first three Harry Potter films , collaborating with Desplat . Pope commented that the music `` reminds one of the old days . '' Desplat returned to score Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 in 2011 . Director David Yates stated that he wanted John Williams to return to the series for the final installment , but their schedules did not align due to the urgent demand for a rough cut of the film . The final recording sessions of Harry Potter took place on 27 May 2011 at Abbey Road Studios with the London Symphony Orchestra , orchestrator Conrad Pope , and composer Alexandre Desplat . Doyle , Hooper , and Desplat introduced their own personal themes to their respective soundtracks , while keeping a few of John Williams 's themes . Visual effects There have been many visual effects companies to work on the Harry Potter series . Some of these include Rising Sun Pictures , Double Negative , Cinesite , Framestore , and Industrial Light & Magic . The latter three have worked on all the films in the series , while Double Negative and Rising Sun Pictures began their commitments with Prisoner of Azkaban and Goblet of Fire , respectively . Framestore contributed by developing many memorable creatures and sequences to the series . Cinesite was involved in producing both miniature and digital effects for the films . Producer David Barron said that `` Harry Potter created the UK effects industry as we know it . On the first film , all the complicated visual effects were done on the ( US ) west coast . But on the second , we took a leap of faith and gave much of what would normally be given to Californian vendors to UK ones . They came up trumps . '' Tim Burke , the visual effects supervisor , said many studios `` are bringing their work to UK effects companies . Every facility is fully booked , and that was n't the case before Harry Potter . That 's really significant . '' Final filming See also : Production of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows On 12 June 2010 , filming of the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 and Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 was completed with actor Warwick Davis stating on his Twitter account , `` The end of an Era -- today is officially the last day of principal photography on ' Harry Potter ' -- ever . I feel honoured to be here as the director shouts cut for the very last time . Farewell Harry & Hogwarts , it 's been magic ! '' . However , reshoots of the epilogue scene were confirmed to begin in the winter of 2010 . The filming was completed on 21 December 2010 , marking the official closure of filming the Harry Potter franchise . Exactly four years earlier on that day , author J.K. Rowling 's official website revealed the title of the final novel in the series -- Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows . Films The Gryffindor Common Room was introduced in the first film . Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( 2001 ) Main article : Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( film ) Known in India and the United States as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone Harry Potter is an orphaned boy brought up by his unkind Muggle ( non-magical ) aunt and uncle . At the age of eleven , half - giant Rubeus Hagrid informs him that he is actually a wizard and that his parents were murdered by an evil wizard named Lord Voldemort . Voldemort also attempted to kill one - year - old Harry on the same night , but his killing curse mysteriously rebounded and reduced him to a weak and helpless form . Harry became extremely famous in the Wizarding World as a result . Harry begins his first year at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry and learns about magic . During the year , Harry and his friends Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger become entangled in the mystery of the Philosopher 's Stone which is being kept within the school . Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) Main article : Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets ( film ) Harry , Ron , and Hermione return to Hogwarts for their second year , which proves to be more challenging than the last . The Chamber of Secrets has been opened , leaving students and ghosts petrified by an unleashed monster . Harry must face up to claims that he is the heir of Salazar Slytherin ( founder of the Chamber ) , learn that he can speak Parseltongue , and also discover the properties of a mysterious diary , only to find himself trapped within the Chamber of Secrets itself . Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) Main article : Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( film ) Harry Potter 's third year sees the boy wizard , along with his friends , attending Hogwarts School once again . Professor R.J. Lupin joins the staff as Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher , while convicted murderer Sirius Black escapes from Azkaban Prison . The Ministry of Magic entrusts the Dementors of Azkaban to guard Hogwarts from Black . Harry learns more about his past and his connection with the escaped prisoner . The Riddles ' Gravestone from Lord Voldemort 's rebirth scene in the fourth film . Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) Main article : Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( film ) During Harry 's fourth year , Hogwarts plays host to a legendary event : the Triwizard Tournament . Three European schools participate in the tournament , with three ' champions ' representing each school in the deadly tasks . The Goblet of Fire chooses Fleur Delacour , Viktor Krum , and Cedric Diggory to compete against each other . However , curiously , Harry 's name is also produced from the Goblet thus making him a fourth champion , which results in a terrifying encounter with a reborn Lord Voldemort . Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) Main article : Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix ( film ) Harry 's fifth year begins with him being attacked by Dementors in Little Whinging . Later , he finds out that the Ministry of Magic is in denial of Lord Voldemort 's return . Harry is also beset by disturbing and realistic nightmares , while Professor Umbridge , a representative of Minister for Magic Cornelius Fudge , is the new Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher . Harry becomes aware that Voldemort is after a prophecy which reveals : `` neither can live while the other survives '' . The rebellion involving the students of Hogwarts , secret organisation Order of the Phoenix , the Ministry of Magic , and the Death Eaters begins . Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) Main article : Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince ( film ) In Harry 's sixth year at Hogwarts , Lord Voldemort and his Death Eaters are increasing their terror upon the Wizarding and Muggle worlds . Headmaster Albus Dumbledore persuades his old friend Horace Slughorn to return to Hogwarts as a professor as there is a vacancy to fill . There is a more important reason , however , for Slughorn 's return . While in a Potions lesson , Harry takes possession of a strangely annotated school textbook , inscribed ' This is the property of the Half - Blood Prince ' . Draco Malfoy struggles to carry out a deed presented to him by Voldemort . Meanwhile , Dumbledore and Harry secretly work together to discover the method on how to destroy the Dark Lord once and for all . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) Main article : Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Potters ' Cottage from the final film . After unexpected events at the end of the previous year , Harry , Ron , and Hermione are entrusted with a quest to find and destroy Lord Voldemort 's secret to immortality -- the Horcruxes . It is supposed to be their final year at Hogwarts , but the collapse of the Ministry of Magic and Voldemort 's rise to power prevents them from attending . The trio undergo a long journey with many obstacles in their path including Death Eaters , Snatchers , the mysterious Deathly Hallows , and Harry 's connection with the Dark Lord 's mind becoming ever stronger . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Main article : Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 After destroying one Horcrux and discovering the significance of the three Deathly Hallows , Harry , Ron and Hermione continue to seek the other Horcruxes in an attempt to destroy Voldemort , who has now obtained the powerful Elder Wand . The Dark Lord discovers Harry 's hunt for Horcruxes and launches an attack on Hogwarts School , where the trio return for one last stand against the dark forces that threaten the Wizarding and Muggle worlds . Release The rights for the first four novels in the series were sold to Warner Bros. for £ 1,000,000 by J.K. Rowling . After the release of the fourth book in July 2000 , the first film , Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , was released on 16 November 2001 . In its opening weekend , the film grossed $90 million in the United States alone , which set a record opening worldwide . The succeeding three motion picture adaptations followed suit in financial success , while garnering positive reviews from fans and critics . The fifth film , Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix , was released by Warner Bros. on 11 July 2007 in English - speaking countries , except for the UK and Ireland , which released the movie on 12 July . The sixth , Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince , was released on 15 July 2009 to critical acclaim and finished its theatrical run ranked as the number two grossing film of 2009 on the worldwide charts . The final novel , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , was split into two cinematic parts : Part 1 was released on 19 November 2010 , and Part 2 , the conclusion to both the final film and the series , was released on 15 July 2011 . Part 1 was originally scheduled to be released in 3D and 2D , but due to a delay in the 3D conversion process , Warner Bros. released the film only in 2D and IMAX cinemas . However , Part 2 was released in 2D and 3D cinemas as originally planned . The television broadcast rights for the series in the United States are currently held by NBCUniversal , which typically airs the films on USA Network and Syfy . The film series has accrued nearly 1.3 billion viewings since their television debut -- the highest - watched franchise in television broadcast history . Reception Critical response All the films have been a success financially and critically , making the franchise one of the major Hollywood `` tent - poles '' akin to James Bond , Star Wars , Indiana Jones and Pirates of the Caribbean . The series is noted by audiences for growing visually darker and more mature as each film was released . However , opinions of the films generally divide book fans , with some preferring the more faithful approach of the first two films and others preferring the more stylised character - driven approach of the later films . Some also feel the series has a `` disjointed '' feel due to the changes in directors , as well as Michael Gambon 's interpretation of Albus Dumbledore differing from that of Richard Harris . Author J.K. Rowling has been constantly supportive of the films , and evaluated Deathly Hallows as her favourite one in the series . She wrote on her website of the changes in the book - to - film transition , `` It is simply impossible to incorporate every one of my storylines into a film that has to be kept under four hours long . Obviously films have restrictions -- novels do not have constraints of time and budget ; I can create dazzling effects relying on nothing but the interaction of my own and my readers ' imaginations '' . Critical and public response Motion Picture Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone 80 % ( 193 reviews ) 64 ( 35 reviews ) Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets 82 % ( 232 reviews ) 63 ( 35 reviews ) A+ Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban 91 % ( 253 reviews ) 82 ( 40 reviews ) Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire 88 % ( 248 reviews ) 81 ( 38 reviews ) Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix 78 % ( 245 reviews ) 71 ( 37 reviews ) A − Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince 84 % ( 269 reviews ) 78 ( 36 reviews ) A − Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 78 % ( 265 reviews ) 65 ( 42 reviews ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 96 % ( 315 reviews ) 87 ( 41 reviews ) Accolades At the 64th British Academy Film Awards in February 2011 , J.K. Rowling , David Heyman , David Barron , David Yates , Alfonso Cuarón , Mike Newell , Rupert Grint and Emma Watson collected the Michael Balcon Award for Outstanding British Contribution to Cinema for the series . In addition , the American Film Institute recognised the entire series with a Special Award at the American Film Institute Awards in 2011 . Special awards `` are given to outstanding achievements in the moving image that do not fit into AFI 's criteria for the other honorees . '' In its press release , the Institute referred to the films as `` a landmark series ; eight films that earned the trust of a generation who wished for the beloved books of J.K. Rowling to come to life on the silver screen . The collective wizardry of an epic ensemble gave us the gift of growing older with Harry , Ron and Hermione as the magic of Hogwarts sprung from the films and into the hearts and minds of Muggles around the world . '' Harry Potter was also recognised by the BAFTA Los Angeles Britannia Awards , with David Yates winning the Britannia Award for Artistic Excellence in Directing for his four Harry Potter films . Motion Picture Academy Award nomination Academy Award nominee Academy Award ceremony Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone Best Art Direction Best Costume Design Best Original Score Stuart Craig and Stephenie McMillan Judianna Makovsky John Williams 74th Academy Awards Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban Best Original Score Best Visual Effects John Williams Roger Guyett , Tim Burke , John Richardson and Bill George 77th Academy Awards Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire Best Art Direction Stuart Craig and Stephenie McMillan 78th Academy Awards Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince Best Cinematography Bruno Delbonnel 82nd Academy Awards Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 Best Art Direction Best Visual Effects Stuart Craig and Stephenie McMillan Tim Burke , John Richardson , Christian Manz and Nicolas Aithadi 83rd Academy Awards Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Best Art Direction Best Makeup Best Visual Effects Stuart Craig and Stephenie McMillan Nick Dudman , Amanda Knight and Lisa Tomblin Tim Burke , David Vickery , Greg Butler and John Richardson 84th Academy Awards Six of the eight films were nominated for a total of 12 Academy Awards . Some critics , fans , and general audiences have expressed disappointment that the Harry Potter series did not win any Oscars for its achievements . However , others have pointed out that certain films in the series had uneven reviews , in contrast to the three films of The Lord of the Rings , for example , which were all critically acclaimed . This has been partially attributed to the Harry Potter franchise going through several directors with their own styles in contrast to the Lord of the Rings trilogy , which was filmed in one massive undertaking by the same director , writer , and producer . Although not successful at the Oscars , the Harry Potter series has gained success in many other award ceremonies , including the annual Saturn Awards and Art Directors Guild Awards . The series has also gained a total of 24 nominations at the British Academy Film Awards presented at the annual BAFTAs , winning several , and 5 nominations at the Grammy Awards . Radcliffe , Grint , and Watson were honored outside Grauman 's Chinese Theatre at the Hand , Foot , and Wand Ceremony , Hollywood Walk of Fame , July 2007 . Philosopher 's Stone achieved seven BAFTA Award nominations , including Best British Film and Best Supporting Actor for Robbie Coltrane . The film was also nominated for eight Saturn Awards and won for its costumes design . It was also nominated at the Art Directors Guild Awards for its production design and received the Broadcast Film Critics Award for Best Live Action Family Film along with gaining two other nominations . Chamber of Secrets won the award for Best Live Action Family Film in the Phoenix Film Critics Society . It was nominated for seven Saturn Awards , including Best Director and Best Fantasy Film . The film was nominated for four BAFTA Awards and a Grammy Award for John Williams 's score . Prisoner of Azkaban won an Audience Award , as well as Best Feature Film , at the BAFTA Awards . The film also won a BMI Film Music award along with being nominated at the Grammy Awards , Visual Effect Society Awards , and the Amanda Awards . Goblet of Fire won a BAFTA award for Best Production Design as well as being nominated at the Saturn Awards , Critic 's Choice Awards , and the Visual Effects Society Awards . Order of the Phoenix picked up three awards at the inaugural ITV National Movie Awards . At the Empire Awards , David Yates won Best Director . Composer Nicholas Hooper received a nomination for a World Soundtrack Discovery Award . The film was nominated at the BAFTA Awards , but did not win for Best Production Design or Best Special Visual Effects . Half - Blood Prince was nominated for BAFTA Awards in Production Design and Visual Effects , and it was in the longlists for several other categories , including Best Supporting Actor for Alan Rickman . Amongst other nominations and wins , the film also achieved Best Family Movie at the National Movie Awards as well as Best Live Action Family Film at the Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards , along with being nominated for Best Motion Picture at the Satellite Awards . Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 gained two nominations at the BAFTA Awards for Best Make - Up and Hair and Best Visual Effects , along with receiving nominations for the same categories at the Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards . Eduardo Serra 's cinematography and Stuart Craig 's production design were also nominated in various award ceremonies , and David Yates attained his second win at the Empire Awards , this time for Best Fantasy Film . He also obtained another Best Director nomination at the annual Saturn Awards , which also saw the film gain a Best Fantasy Film nomination . Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 was released to critical acclaim , gaining a mix of audience awards . Part 2 of Deathly Hallows was also recognised at the Saturn Awards as well as the BAFTA Awards , where the film achieved a win for Best Special Visual Effects . Box Office performance As of 2018 , the Harry Potter film series is the 3rd highest - grossing film franchise of all time , with the eight films released grossing over $7.7 billion worldwide . Without adjusting for inflation , this is higher than the first 22 James Bond films and the six films in the Star Wars franchise . Chris Columbus 's Philosopher 's Stone became the highest - grossing Harry Potter film worldwide upon completing its theatrical run in 2002 , but it was eventually topped by David Yates 's Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 , while Alfonso Cuarón 's Prisoner of Azkaban grossed the least . Six films in the Harry Potter franchise -- Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban , Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire , Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix , Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , Parts 1 & 2 -- have to date grossed around $216 million in IMAX theaters worldwide . Motion picture Release date Box office gross Budget Ref ( s ) United Kingdom USA & Canada ( approx . ticket sales ) Other countries Worldwide Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone 16 November 2001 ( 2001 - 11 - 16 ) £ 66,096,060 $317,575,550 ( 55,976,200 ) $657,179,821 $974,755,371 $125 million Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets 14 November 2002 ( 2002 - 11 - 14 ) £ 54,780,731 $261,988,482 ( 44,978,900 ) $616,991,152 $878,979,634 $100 million Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban 31 May 2004 ( 2004 - 05 - 31 ) £ 45,615,949 $249,541,069 ( 40,183,700 ) $547,147,480 $796,688,549 $130 million Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire 18 November 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 18 ) £ 48,328,854 $290,013,036 ( 45,188,100 ) $606,898,042 $896,911,078 $150 million Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix 11 July 2007 ( 2007 - 07 - 11 ) £ 49,136,969 $292,004,738 ( 42,442,500 ) $647,881,191 $939,885,929 $150 million Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince 15 July 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 15 ) £ 50,713,404 $301,959,197 ( 40,261,200 ) $632,457,290 $934,416,487 $250 million Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 19 November 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 19 ) £ 52,364,075 $295,983,305 ( 37,503,700 ) $664,300,000 $960,283,305 Less than $250 million ( official ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 15 July 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 15 ) £ 73,094,187 $381,011,219 ( 48,046,800 ) $960,500,000 $1,341,511,219 Total £ 440,269,736 $ 7009239007659600000 ♠ 2,390,076,596 $ 7009533335497600000 ♠ 5,333,354,976 $ 7009772343157200000 ♠ 7,723,431,572 $1.155 billion All - time rankings Motion picture Rank Ref ( s ) All - time ( worldwide ) All - time ( United States ) All - time ( United Kingdom ) Yearly ( United States ) Yearly ( worldwide ) Opening day ( all - time ) Opening weekend ( all - time ) Philosopher 's Stone # 29 # 54 # 9 # 1 # 1 # 66 # 55 Chamber of Secrets # 46 # 90 # 17 # 4 # 2 # 81 # 60 Prisoner of Azkaban # 62 # 106 # 33 # 6 # 2 # 47 # 49 Goblet of Fire # 42 # 77 # 28 # 3 # 1 # 41 # 40 Order of the Phoenix # 38 # 73 # 25 # 5 # 2 # 34 # 77 Half - Blood Prince # 39 # 65 # 24 # 3 # 2 # 24 # 75 Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 # 34 # 68 # 18 # 5 # 3 # 22 # 25 Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 # 8 # 27 # 7 # 1 # 1 # 3 # 8 Legacy and influence `` Harry Potter was in the vanguard of a new approach to big - budget film - making . Most modern blockbuster franchises have two things in common : they are based on known properties such as books and comics , and they are steered by respected but little - known directors . '' -- The Economist The Harry Potter films and their success have been retrospectively considered to have had a significant impact on the film industry . They are cited as having helped redefine the Hollywood blockbuster in the 21st century by initiating a shift toward established media franchises forming the basis of successful films . In the wake of the final film 's release , Claudia Puig of USA Today wrote that the films `` inspired every major studio to try to capture ( its ) alchemic formula , spawning a range of copycats and wannabes '' and `` also have shown Hollywood how to make a glossy blockbuster with an eye toward keeping costs down . '' A 2009 article from The Economist argued that the films were `` in the vanguard '' of adaptations of established properties being the modern film franchise model , citing The Lord of the Rings , Spider - Man and The Dark Knight Trilogy as examples of successful film series that followed Harry Potter 's suit . Furthermore , the practice of splitting the finale of a film series into two back - to - back films began with the success of Deathly Hallows , and it would soon be replicated by The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug and The Battle of the Five Armies , The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Parts 1 and 2 , The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Parts 1 and 2 , and Avengers : Infinity War and its untitled sequel . The films are also widely credited with singlehandedly signalling the popularity of films based on children 's and young adult literature in the 2000s and 2010s , correlating with the book series ' own literary influence . Costance Grady and Aja Romano , commenting on the whole Harry Potter franchise 's legacy for Vox in light of its 20th anniversary , wrote that youth - targeted literature has since become `` a go - to well of ideas for Hollywood , '' pointing to the successes of The Twilight Saga and The Hunger Games . The series has spawned a vast volume of fan fiction , with nearly 600 thousand inspired stories catalogued . Youtube hosts many fan films , ranging from amateur productions to full length films . Notes Jump up ^ Not including executive producers . References Jump up ^ Kois , Dan . `` The Real Wizard Behind Harry Potter '' Slate ( magazine ) , 13 July 2011 . Accessed : 20 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fantasy -- Live Action '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 1 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 1 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fantastic Beasts release shows the magic in brand reinvention '' . Campaignlive.co.uk . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dargis , Manohla ; Scott , A.O. ( 15 July 2007 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Four Directors '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 29 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter at Leavesden '' . WB Studio Tour . Archived from the original on 10 February 2014 . Retrieved 16 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Warner Bros. Plans Two - Part Film Adaptation of `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows '' to Be Directed by David Yates `` . Business Wire. 13 March 2008 . Retrieved 6 September 2012 ... expand the screen adaptation of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows and release the film in two parts . Jump up ^ Boucher , Geoff ; Eller , Claudia ( 7 November 2010 ) . `` The end nears for ' Harry Potter ' on film '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 3 January 2010 . The fantasy epic begins its Hollywood fade - out Nov. 19 with the release of `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 '' and finishes next summer with the eighth film , `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 . '' Jump up ^ Schuker , Lauren A.E. ( 22 November 2010 ) . `` ' Potter ' Charms Aging Audience '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 3 January 2010 . The seventh instalment in the eight - film franchise , `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows : Part I '' took in a franchise record of $125.1 million at domestic theaters this weekend according to Warner Bros. , the Time Warner Inc. - owned movie studio behind the films . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 11 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hero Complex '' . Los Angeles Times . 20 July 2009 . Retrieved 4 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` WiGBPd About Harry '' . Australian Financial Review . 19 July 2000 . Archived from the original on 4 January 2007 . Retrieved 26 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone '' . The Guardian . UK . 16 November 2001 . Retrieved 26 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Ross , Jonathan , J.K. Rowling ( 6 July 2007 ) . Friday Night with Jonathan Ross . UK : BBC One . Retrieved 31 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Linder , Brian ( 23 February 2000 ) . `` No `` Harry Potter '' for Spielberg `` . IGN . Archived from the original on 23 November 2007 . Retrieved 8 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Jeff ( 17 March 2000 ) . `` Potter 's Field '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 26 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` For Spielberg , making a Harry Potter movie would have been no challenge '' . Hollywood.com. 5 September 2001 . Retrieved 26 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Rowling , J.K. `` Rubbish Bin : J.K. Rowling `` veto - ed '' Steven Spielberg `` . JKRowling.com . Archived from the original on 8 February 2012 . Retrieved 20 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Schmitz , Greg Dean . `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ( 2001 ) '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on 15 December 2007 . Retrieved 30 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Linder , Brian ( 7 March 2000 ) . `` Two Potential `` Harry Potter '' Director 's Back Out `` . IGN . Archived from the original on 2 March 2008 . Retrieved 8 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Paul ( 15 March 2000 ) . `` Harry Potter Director Narrowed Down '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 6 December 2008 . Retrieved 8 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Terry Gilliam bitter about Potter '' . Wizard News . 29 August 2005 . Retrieved 8 July 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Linder , Bran ( 28 March 2000 ) . `` Chris Columbus to Direct Harry Potter '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 13 January 2008 . Retrieved 8 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Sragow , Michael ( 24 February 2000 ) . `` A Wizard of Hollywood '' . Salon . Retrieved 8 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Linder , Brian ( 30 March 2000 ) . `` Chris Columbus Talks Potter '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 6 December 2008 . Retrieved 8 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Brian Linder ( 17 May 2000 ) . `` Bewitched Warner Bros. Delays Potter '' . IGN . Retrieved 8 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Ultimate Edition : Screen Test , Trio Casting and Finding Harry Potter '' . Mugglenet.com . Archived from the original on 23 June 2011 . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Young Daniel gets Potter part '' . BBC Online . 21 August 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Daniel Radcliffe , Rupert Grint and Emma Watson bring Harry , Ron and Hermione to life for Warner Bros. Pictures ' `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone '' `` . Warner Brothers . 21 August 2000 . Archived from the original on 14 April 2002 . Retrieved 26 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Warner Bros. Studio Tour London - The Making of Harry Potter '' . www.wbstudiotour.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Warner Bros. Pictures mentions J.K. Rowling as producer '' . Business Wire. 20 September 2010 . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Richards , Olly ( 14 March 2008 ) . `` Potter Producer Talks Deathly Hallows '' . Empire . Retrieved 14 March 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Gilbey , Ryan ( 7 July 2011 ) . `` Ten years of making Harry Potter films , by cast and crew '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 12 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Christopher Columbus Remembers Harry Potter '' . Empire Online . Retrieved 9 September 2012 . We realised that these movies would get progressively darker . Again , we did n't know how dark but we realised that as the kids get older , the movies get a little edgier and darker . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter , Dissected '' . The New York Times . 14 July 2007 . Retrieved 17 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Columbus '' . BBC Online . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Columbus `` Burned Out '' `` . Blogs.coventrytelegraph.net. 6 July 2010 . Archived from the original on 1 January 2014 . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Alfonso Cuaron : the man behind the magic '' . Newsround. 24 May 2004 . Retrieved 10 October 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alfonso Cuarón Talks Harry Potter '' . Empire . Retrieved 6 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mike Newell on Harry Potter '' . Empire Online . Retrieved 9 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Deathly Hallows Director David Yates On Harry Potter '' . Empire Online . Retrieved 9 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Heyman on directors '' . Orange.co.uk . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Amy Raphael ( 24 June 2007 ) . `` How I raised Potter 's bar '' . The Observer . London . Retrieved 12 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter & The Order Of The Phoenix -- Daniel Radcliffe interview '' . Indie London . Retrieved 14 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Introducing Michael Goldenberg : The OotP scribe on the Harry Potter films , franchise , and fandom OotP Film '' . The Leaky Cauldron. 10 April 2007 . Retrieved 10 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Heyman talks adaptation '' . Firstshowing.net. 9 December 2010 . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Steve Kloves Talks Harry Potter '' . Empire Online . Retrieved 17 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter fans boost Oxford Christ Church Cathedral '' . BBC . 25 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Visitor Information : Harry Potter '' . Christ Church , Oxford . Archived from the original on 18 December 2014 . Retrieved 5 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` OSCARS : Production Designer Stuart Craig -- ' Harry Potter ' '' . The Deadline Team . Retrieved 20 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` HARRY POTTER Studio Tour Opens in 2012 '' . Collider.com . Retrieved 13 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` From Sketch to Still : From Marbling Gringotts to Painting Diagon Alley , How Harry Potter 's Art Direction Earned Its Oscar Nod '' . Vanity Fair . 14 February 2012 . Retrieved 10 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Drawn to cinema : An interview with Stuart Craig '' . Beat Magazine . 30 October 2010 . Archived from the original on 24 December 2013 . Retrieved 30 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Ryzik , Melena ( 7 February 2012 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Continuity Question '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 10 September 2012 . Jump up ^ ArtInsights Magazine Interview Archived 13 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Tech Support Interview : Stuart Craig and Stephenie McMillan on a decade of designing ' Harry Potter ' '' . HitFix. 10 September 2012 . Jump up ^ : Rosi ( 1 March 2010 ) . `` Delbonnel on Potter '' . The-leaky-cauldron.org . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bruno Delbonnel talks shooting Half - Blood Prince to mark Oscar nomination '' . Mugglenet . Retrieved 29 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bringing a Wizard 's Dark World to Life '' . The Wall Street Journal . 19 November 2010 . Retrieved 30 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Wizard Comes Of Age '' . Retrieved 29 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kodak Celebrates the Oscars ® Feature : Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 '' . Kodak . Archived from the original on 25 May 2013 . Retrieved 29 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Deathly Hallows to Be Shot Using `` Loads of Hand - Held Cameras , '' Tom Felton Talks Sectumsempra in Half - Blood Prince `` . The Leaky Cauldron. 31 March 2009 . Retrieved 31 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Lensers are n't afraid of the dark '' . Variety . 12 December 2012 . Retrieved 30 September 2012 . What I loved about the last film is that David pushed me to go dark , which all cinematographers love to do . And usually you 're fighting with the producers ( about the look ) but they all wanted it dark and atmospheric , too . Jump up ^ MuggleNet ( 19 January 2010 ) . `` CONFIRMED -- Desplat for DH '' . Mugglenet.com . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pope on Desplat 's HP7 Pt. 1 Score '' . Snitchseeker.com. 28 August 2010 . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Alexandre Desplat -- Composer of Part 1 and 2 ( NOTE : Click `` About the Movie '' , then `` Filmmakers '' , then `` Alexandre Desplat '' ) `` . Harrypotter.warnerbros.com . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ MuggleNet ( 12 November 2010 ) . `` Yates on Williams , Part 2 '' . Mugglenet.com . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Conrad Pope '' . www.facebook.com . Jump up ^ `` Framestore - We are Framestore . Extraordinary images , extraordinary talent '' . Framestore . Jump up ^ `` Cinesite , HP 1 -- 7 '' . Cinesite.com . Archived from the original on 18 December 2010 . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` June 2010 Filming completed '' . Snitchseeker.com. 12 June 2010 . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Years Filming -- 24Dec2010 '' . Snitchseeker.com. 21 December 2010 . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ MuggleNet ( 21 December 2010 ) . `` JK Title reveal '' . Mugglenet.com . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) '' . IMDb.com . Jump up ^ `` WB Name Drops Big Titles '' . ERCBoxOffice. 23 February 2009 . Archived from the original on 26 February 2009 . Retrieved 3 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` DH Part 1 and 2 in 3D and 2D '' . Snitchseeker.com. 19 November 2010 . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Part 1 Not in 3D '' . Cinemablend.com. 8 October 2010 . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Gottfried , Miriam ( August 8 , 2016 ) . `` Why Harry Potter Is NBCUniversal 's Chosen One '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Flint , Joe ( August 8 , 2016 ) . `` NBCUniversal Places Big Bet on ' Harry Potter , ' ' Fantastic Beasts ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter Films Get Darker and Darker '' . Wall Street Journal . 18 November 2010 . Retrieved 9 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter : Darker , Richer and All Grown Up '' . Time Magazine . 15 July 2009 . Retrieved 9 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Review : `` Harry Potter '' goes out with magical , and dark , bang `` . Reuters. 6 July 2011 . Retrieved 9 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Is n't It About Time You Gave The Chris Columbus Harry Potter Films Another Chance ? '' . SFX UK . 3 December 2011 . Archived from the original on 24 December 2013 . Retrieved 9 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Potter Power ! '' . Time For Kids . Archived from the original on 20 January 2007 . Retrieved 31 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Puig , Claudia ( 27 May 2004 ) . `` New Potter movie sneaks in spoilers for upcoming books '' . USA Today . Retrieved 31 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` JK `` loves '' Goblet Of Fire movie `` . CBBC. 7 November 2005 . Retrieved 31 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Rowling , J.K. `` How did you feel about the POA filmmakers leaving the Marauder 's Map 's background out of the story ? ( A Mugglenet / Lexicon question ) '' . J.K. Rowling Official Site . Archived from the original on 6 August 2011 . Retrieved 8 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ( 2001 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 1 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ( 2001 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 29 June 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cinemascore '' . Cinemascore.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 1 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 29 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 29 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 29 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 1 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 29 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 29 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 17 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows - Part 1 ( 2010 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows : Part I ( 2010 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 1 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows - Part 2 ( 2011 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows : Part 2 ( 2011 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 11 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter franchise to get Outstanding BAFTA award '' . BBC Online . 3 February 2011 . Retrieved 3 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Outstanding British Contribution to Cinema in 2011 -- The Harry Potter films '' . BAFTA. 3 February 2011 . Archived from the original on 6 February 2011 . Retrieved 3 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` American Film Institute '' . afi.com . Jump up ^ `` BAFTA Honors John Lasseter and David Yates 11 / 30 '' . Broadway World ( Los Angeles ) . 28 June 2011 . Retrieved 28 June 2011 . The worldwide success of Mr. Lasseter for Walt Disney and Pixar Animation Studios and Mr. Yates ' contribution to the final four parts of the ' Harry Potter ' franchise makes them global wizards in their own right , and are delighted to honor these remarkable filmmakers with this year 's Britannia Award . Jump up ^ `` John Lasseter and David Yates set to be honored by BAFTA Los Angeles '' . Los Angeles Times . 28 June 2011 . Retrieved 28 June 2011 . Jump up ^ McNamara , Mary ( 2 December 2010 ) . `` Critic 's Notebook : Can ' Harry Potter ' Ever Capture Oscar Magic ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 6 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Potter Oscar Magic '' . Thespec.com. 26 November 2010 . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` BAFTA Film Nominations 2001 '' . British Academy of Film and Television Arts . Archived from the original on 21 September 2010 . Retrieved 21 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Past Saturn Awards '' . Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy & Horror Films . Archived from the original on 12 May 2011 . Retrieved 21 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 6th Annual Excellence in Production Design Awards '' . Art Directors Guild . Archived from the original on 8 September 2015 . Retrieved 21 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2001 Broadcast Film Critics Choice Award Winners and Nominations '' . Broadcast Film Critics Choice Awards.com . Archived from the original on 15 February 2012 . Retrieved 19 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Pryor , Fiona ( 28 September 2007 ) . `` Potter wins film awards hat - trick '' . BBC Online . Retrieved 29 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Griffiths , Peter ( 10 March 2008 ) . `` '' Atonement '' wins hat - trick of Empire awards `` . Reuters UK . Retrieved 10 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Nicholas Hooper nominated for `` World Soundtrack Discovery Award '' `` . HPANA. 7 September 2007 . Archived from the original on 11 September 2007 . Retrieved 8 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` FILM AWARDS NOMINEES IN 2008 '' . BAFTA. 16 January 2008 . Archived from the original on 8 February 2008 . Retrieved 4 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Film Awards Winners : 2010 '' . British Academy of Film and Television Arts . 21 January 2010 . Archived from the original on 28 February 2010 . Retrieved 4 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Orange British Academy Film Awards in 2010 -- Long List . Retrieved 5 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Saturn Awards 2011 Nominations '' . Saturn Awards . 24 February 2011 . Archived from the original on 29 October 2005 . Retrieved 29 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Empire Awards 2011 Best Fantasy Film '' . Empire Awards . 28 March 2011 . Retrieved 29 March 2011 . You must excuse the absence of David Yates ; he 'd love to be here but he 's putting the finishing touches on our epic finale , which is why I 'm here . Jump up ^ `` Saturn Awards 2012 nominees '' . The Academy of Science Fiction Fantasy & Horror Films . Archived from the original on 13 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter becomes highest - grossing film franchise '' . The Guardian . UK . 11 November 2007 . Retrieved 17 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` '' Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 '' Crosses $1 Billion Threshold '' ( Press release ) . Warner Bros. Pictures . 31 July 2011 . Retrieved 31 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 29 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 Conjures International Box Office Magic , Becoming Top Earner of Entire Film Series '' ( Press release ) . Warner Bros. Pictures . 9 March 2011 . Retrieved 11 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office Mojo '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 11 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Etan Vlessing ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Harry Potter ' Movies Returning to Imax Theaters for One Week '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( 2001 ) at Box Office Mojo ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone -- Foreign Box Office Data '' . The Numbers . ^ Jump up to : `` UK Highest Grossing Movies '' . 25thframe.co.uk . Retrieved 17 December 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Collett , Mike ( 22 July 2011 ) . `` Harry Potter movies earn $7 billion '' . msnbc.com . Retrieved 10 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) at Box Office Mojo ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets - Foreign Box Office Data '' . The Numbers . Jump up ^ Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) at Box Office Mojo ^ Jump up to : Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) at Box Office Mojo ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire - Foreign Box Office Data '' . The Numbers . ^ Jump up to : Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) at Box Office Mojo ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix - Foreign Box Office Data '' . The Numbers . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 1 December 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince -- Box Office Data '' . The Numbers . Retrieved 11 December 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 1 ( 2010 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 17 December 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Frankel , Daniel ( 17 November 2010 ) . `` Get Ready for the Biggest ' Potter ' Opening Yet '' . The Wrap . Retrieved 21 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Time Box Office Adjusted for Ticket Price Inflation '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 10 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 2 ( 2011 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 10 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter Moviesat the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Summer ' Potter ' Showdown Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 18 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Harry Potter economy '' . The Economist. 17 December 2009 . Retrieved 19 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Claudia Puig ( 13 July 2011 ) . `` How ' Harry Potter ' magically changed films '' . USA Today . Retrieved 19 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Graeme McMillan ( 9 January 2015 ) . `` Splitting Tentpole Movies in Two Does n't Make Them Any More Epic ( Opinion ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 19 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Costance Grady and Aja Romano ( 26 June 2017 ) . `` How Harry Potter changed the world '' . Vox . Retrieved 19 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter '' . `` FanFiction.net . Retrieved 17 January 2018 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Harry Potter films . Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Harry Potter ( film series ) '' dated 2011 - 01 - 02 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Official website Growing Up with Harry Potter -- photo essay by Time ( 1 ) Harry Potter United States Postal Service The Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling Novels The Philosopher 's Stone ( 1997 ) The Chamber of Secrets ( 1998 ) The Prisoner of Azkaban ( 1999 ) The Goblet of Fire ( 2000 ) The Order of the Phoenix ( 2003 ) The Half - Blood Prince ( 2005 ) The Deathly Hallows ( 2007 ) Film series Films The Philosopher 's Stone ( 2001 ) The Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) The Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) The Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) The Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) The Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Music The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Related Cast members Production of The Deathly Hallows Characters Main Harry Potter Ron Weasley Hermione Granger Lord Voldemort Albus Dumbledore Severus Snape Rubeus Hagrid Draco Malfoy Ginny Weasley Supporting Hogwarts staff Order of the Phoenix Dumbledore 's Army Death Eaters Fictional universe Hogwarts Magic Magical creatures Magical objects Ministry of Magic Muggle Places Potions Quidditch Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Quidditch Through the Ages The Tales of Beedle the Bard Prequel Pottermore The Cursed Child Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies Games and toys Quidditch World Cup Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 Lego Creator : Harry Potter Creator : Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Book of Spells Book of Potions Trading Card Game Hogwarts Mystery Wizards Unite Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Orlando Japan Hollywood Dragon Challenge Flight of the Hippogriff Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey Hogwarts Express Harry Potter Movie Magic Experience Exhibitions Harry Potter : The Exhibition Harry Potter : A History of Magic Warner Bros. Studio Tour London -- The Making of Harry Potter Fandom Harry Potter Alliance The Leaky Cauldron MuggleNet LeakyCon Wizard rock Wrockstock The Methods of Rationality My Immortal Severus Snape and the Marauders Voldemort : Origins of the Heir Related Wizarding World Influences and analogues Legal disputes Parodies Politics Religious debates Translation A Very Potter Musical The Harry Potter Lexicon The Magical Worlds of Harry Potter Potter Puppet Pals Portkey Games List of organisms named after the Harry Potter series Book Category Portal Works by J.K. Rowling Harry Potter series Novels Philosopher 's Stone ( 1997 ) Chamber of Secrets ( 1998 ) Prisoner of Azkaban ( 1999 ) Goblet of Fire ( 2000 ) Order of the Phoenix ( 2003 ) Half - Blood Prince ( 2005 ) Deathly Hallows ( 2007 ) Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2001 ) Quidditch Through the Ages ( 2001 ) Harry Potter prequel ( 2008 ) The Tales of Beedle the Bard ( 2008 ) The Cursed Child ( 2016 ) Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide ( 2016 ) Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists ( 2016 ) Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies ( 2016 ) Cormoran Strike series ( as Robert Galbraith ) The Cuckoo 's Calling ( 2013 ) The Silkworm ( 2014 ) Career of Evil ( 2015 ) Lethal White ( 2018 ) Other works The Casual Vacancy ( 2012 ) Filmography Films produced Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2016 , also wrote ) Fantastic Beasts : The Crimes of Grindelwald ( 2018 , also wrote ) TV series The Casual Vacancy ( 2015 ) Strike ( 2017 -- present ) See also Wizarding World `` The template below ( Wizarding World ) is being considered for deletion . See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus . '' Wizarding World Feature films Harry Potter The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 production The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 production Fantastic Beasts Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them The Crimes of Grindelwald Stage play The Cursed Child Music The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Outside media Video games The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets Quidditch World Cup The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 Book of Spells Book of Potions Harry Potter : Hogwarts Mystery Harry Potter : Wizards Unite Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Orlando Japan Hollywood Digital publication Pottermore See also Harry Potter cast Music of the Harry Potter films Harry Potter book series Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them book Portkey Games Book Category Cinema of the United Kingdom Culture of the United Kingdom Films by year Pre 1920 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2018 Production companies and studios Active Aardman Animations BBC Films Big Talk Productions British Lion Films DNA Films Double Negative ( VFX ) Ealing Studios Elstree Studios Eon Productions Film4 Productions Framestore Goldcrest Films Hammer Film Productions HandMade Films Heyday Films The Imaginarium London Films Longcross Studios Palace Pictures Passion Pictures Pinewood Group Pinewood Studios Shepperton Studios Recorded Picture Company Scott Free Productions Syncopy Inc . S4C Films Thin Man Films Vertigo Films Warner Bros. Studios , Leavesden Warp Films Wimbledon Studios Working Title Films Former Amicus Productions Associated British Picture Corporation Astra Films British Instructional Films British National Films Company Butcher 's Film Service Clarendon Film Company Bryanston Films The Danzigers Denham Film Studios Eagle - Lion Films Eros Films G.B. Samuelson Productions Gainsborough Pictures General Film Distributors Halas and Batchelor Hemdale Film Corporation Ideal Film Company Mancunian Films MGM - British Studios Merton Park Studios The Rank Organisation Southall Studios Stoll Pictures Tempean Films Tigon British Film Productions Warwick Films Woolf & Freedman Film Service Organisations BAFTA British Board of Film Classification British Film Institute BFI National Archive BFI Southbank British Society of Cinematographers Children 's Film Foundation Cinema Exhibitors ' Association National Film and Television School National Science and Media Museum Northern Ireland Screen Scottish Screen UK Film Council People Actors and actresses Directors Other British Academy Film Awards British Independent Film Awards British New Wave Carry On Cinematograph Films Act 1927 Documentary Film Movement Eady Levy Ealing comedies Edgar Wallace Mysteries Free Cinema Gainsborough melodramas Harry Potter History of British film certificates Home Video Charts James Bond London Film Festival Look at Life London in film National Theatre Live Telecinema Category Harry Potter portal Film in the United States portal 2000s portal 2010s portal GND : 7556067 - 7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harry_Potter_(film_series)&oldid=854020939 '' Categories : English - language films Harry Potter ( film series ) Coming - of - age fiction Film series Film series introduced in 2001 American film series British film series Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use British English from July 2011 Use dmy dates from October 2012 Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from January 2018 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2018 Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote አማርኛ অসমীয়া Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Latina Latviešu Magyar Македонски მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский کوردی Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 38 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 August 2018 , at 12 : 33 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry%20Potter%20%28film%20series%29
| 1,785 |
|
where was keep it in the closet filmed
|
The sepia colored music video was directed by Herb Ritts and features Jackson performing sensual dance routines with supermodel Naomi Campbell . The spoken vocals by Princess Stéphanie of Monaco were re-recorded by Campbell for the video . The clip was filmed in late March 1992 in Salton Sea , California and premiered on April 23 , 1992 . It was Jackson 's most sexually provocative piece and was even banned in South Africa because of its imagery . The video is featured on the DVDs Dangerous : The Short Films and Michael Jackson 's Vision . Clips from the music video were used in Jackson 's posthumous music video for his song `` A Place with No Name '' , which was released as the second single from his posthumous compilation album Xscape in 2014 .
|
Salton Sea , California
|
In the Closet
|
in the closet
|
`` In the Closet '' is a song by American recording artist Michael Jackson . It is the third single from his eighth album , Dangerous . The song became the album 's third consecutive top ten pop single , reaching number six on the Billboard Hot 100 . It also became its second number one R&B single .
|
Contents ( hide ) 1 Song information 1.1 Critical reception 1.2 Collaboration with Madonna 2 Music video 3 Formats and track listings 4 Chart performance 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 4.3 Certifications 5 Personnel 6 See also 7 References Song information ( edit ) The song , written and composed by Michael Jackson and Teddy Riley , is about keeping a relationship secret between lovers . `` In the closet '' is an English idiom used when one is not open about an aspect of their life , particularly in regard to sexual orientation . Despite the song 's suggestive name its lyrics do not allude to hidden sexual orientation but rather a concealed relationship ; `` Do n't hide our love / Woman to man . '' The New York Times stated , `` Only Jackson would use that title for a heterosexual love song ... '' The song 's female vocal was originally labeled `` Mystery Girl '' but was later revealed to be Princess Stéphanie of Monaco . The song , with its heavy industrial - sounding percussion and uptempo arrangement , is typical of producer Teddy Riley 's style . The unique , Eastern - influenced backing vocals , reaching crescendo at middle eight imbue the song with an erotic edge usually missing from Jackson 's music . With mostly whispered and subdued vocals , embellished with gasps , moans , and shudders , along with lyrics that include `` ... And if it 's aching , you have to rub it , '' it is generally considered one of Jackson 's most provocative songs . The song was not performed during Jackson 's Dangerous World Tour ( however , during his concert in Toulouse , the band played a short instrumental before `` Man in the Mirror '' ) , but a short version , with the intro of `` She Drives Me Wild , '' was the third song of a medley including `` Scream '' and `` They Do n't Care About Us '' during the HIStory World Tour . Princess Stéphanie 's spoken lines were replaced with Jackson 's live speech for the sequence . Critical reception ( edit ) AllMusic wrote that this song is fine and there 's a lot to be said for professional craftsmanship at its peak and he highlighted it . Robert Christgau praised and described : `` he 's hawking the most credible sex - and - romance of his career . `` In the Closet '' implores his mystery woman to keep their -- get this -- `` lust '' behind closed doors . Soon he 's going wild , or fabricating desperate nostalgia for their used - to - be . '' Alan Light of Rolling Stone called this song : repressed lust in the titillatingly titled ( and determinedly heterosexual ) '' and he wrote that this song has a `` snaky , unexpected bridge . '' Collaboration with Madonna ( edit ) `` In the Closet '' was originally conceived as a duet between Jackson and Madonna . According to a 1992 interview with British journalist Jonathan Ross , Madonna said she worked on some lyrical ideas for the song but when she presented them to Michael , he decided they were too provocative and they decided not to continue with the project . Music video ( edit ) The sepia colored music video was directed by Herb Ritts and features Jackson performing sensual dance routines with supermodel Naomi Campbell . The spoken vocals by Princess Stéphanie of Monaco were re-recorded by Campbell for the video . The clip was filmed in late March 1992 in Salton Sea , California and premiered on April 23 , 1992 . It was Jackson 's most sexually provocative piece and was even banned in South Africa because of its imagery . The video is featured on the DVDs Dangerous : The Short Films and Michael Jackson 's Vision . Clips from the music video were used in Jackson 's posthumous music video for his song `` A Place with No Name '' , which was released as the second single from his posthumous compilation album Xscape in 2014 . Formats and track listings ( edit ) In the Closet ( U.K. single ) `` In the Closet '' ( 7 '' Edit ) -- 4 : 49 `` In the Closet '' ( Club Mix ) -- 8 : 00 `` In the Closet '' ( The Underground Mix ) -- 5 : 32 `` In the Closet '' ( Touch Me Dub ) -- 7 : 53 `` In the Closet '' ( KI 's 12 `` ) -- 6 : 55 `` In the Closet '' ( The Promise ) -- 7 : 18 In the Closet ( U.S. CD Single 49K74267 ) `` In the Closet '' ( Club Edit ) -- 4 : 07 `` In the Closet '' ( The Underground Mix ) -- 5 : 34 `` In the Closet '' ( The Promise ) -- 7 : 20 `` In the Closet '' ( The Vow ) -- 4 : 49 `` Remember The Time '' ( New Jack Jazz 21 ) -- 5 : 06 In the Closet ( U.S. Promo CD Single ESK4537 ) `` In the Closet '' ( Radio Edit ) -- 4 : 37 ( trayliner lists a time of 4 : 16 ) `` In the Closet '' ( 7 '' Edit ) -- 4 : 49 `` In the Closet '' ( The Mission Radio Edit ) -- 4 : 28 `` In the Closet '' ( KI 's 12 `` ) -- 7 : 17 ( trayliner lists a time of 6 : 57 ) `` In the Closet '' ( The Newark Mix ) -- 7 : 08 ( trayliner lists a time of 6 : 51 ) `` In the Closet '' ( Freestyle Mix ) -- 6 : 34 ( trayliner lists a time of 6 : 26 ) `` In the Closet '' ( The Mission ) -- 9 : 26 In the Closet : Mixes Behind Door # 1 ( Japanese CD Single ESCA5610 ) `` In the Closet '' ( Club Mix ) -- 8 : 03 `` In the Closet '' ( The Underground Mix ) -- 5 : 40 `` In the Closet '' ( Touch Me Dub ) -- 6 : 42 `` In the Closet '' ( KI 's 12 `` ) -- 7 : 17 In the Closet : Mixes Behind Door # 2 ( Japanese CD Single ESCA5611 ) `` In the Closet '' ( The Mission ) -- 9 : 27 `` In the Closet '' ( Freestyle Mix ) -- 6 : 35 `` In the Closet '' ( The Mix Of Life ) -- 7 : 41 `` In the Closet '' ( The Underground Dub ) -- 6 : 27 In the Closet : Mixes Behind Door # 3 ( Japanese CD Single ESCA5622 ) `` In the Closet '' ( Club Edit ) -- 4 : 11 `` In the Closet '' ( The Newark Mix ) -- 7 : 09 `` In the Closet '' ( The Promise ) -- 7 : 26 `` In the Closet '' ( The Vow ) -- 4 : 53 `` Remember The Time '' ( New Jack Jazz 21 ) -- 5 : 06 In the Closet ( U.K. PAL Visionary DualDisc Single 82876773342 5 ) CD side `` In the Closet '' ( 7 '' Edit ) -- 4 : 47 `` In the Closet '' ( Club Mix ) -- 8 : 02 DVD side `` In the Closet '' ( Music video ) -- 6 : 02 In the Closet ( U.S. NTSC Visionary DualDisc Single 82876773352 4 ) CD side `` In the Closet '' ( 7 '' Edit ) -- 4 : 47 `` In the Closet '' ( Club Mix ) -- 8 : 02 DVD side `` In the Closet '' ( Music video ) -- 6 : 02 ( Note : In the U.S. Visionary was only sold as the complete boxset . Individual DualDiscs were not able to be purchased ) Promo VHS Video ( UK Promo PAL VHS Video XPV0010 ) `` In the Closet '' ( Club Mix Music video ) -- 8 : 02 `` In the Closet '' ( Music video ) -- 6 : 02 Making of `` In the Closet '' Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1992 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 5 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 23 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 14 Canada Dance / Urban ( RPM ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 16 France ( SNEP ) 9 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 15 Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( Musica e dischi ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 9 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 9 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 5 Norway ( VG - lista ) 10 Spain ( AFYVE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 29 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 25 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 8 US Billboard Hot 100 6 US Billboard Hot Dance Club Play US Billboard Hot Dance Music / Maxi - Singles Sales US Billboard Hot R&B Singles US Cash Box 6 Chart ( 2006 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 68 France ( SNEP ) 63 Ireland ( IRMA ) 25 Italy ( FIMI ) 9 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 36 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 20 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1992 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 53 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 99 Italy ( FIMI ) 30 US Billboard Hot 100 66 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Personnel ( edit ) Written and composed by Michael Jackson and Teddy Riley Produced by Michael Jackson and Teddy Riley Recorded and mixed by Bruce Swedien , Teddy Riley , Jean - Marie Horvat and Dave Way Vocal duet with Michael Jackson and Mystery Girl ( later revealed to be Princess Stéphanie of Monaco ) Michael Jackson : Solo and background vocals Rhythm and synthesizer arrangements by Teddy Riley Vocal arrangement by Michael Jackson Teddy Riley : Keyboards and synthesizers Wayne Cobham : Sequencing and programming See also ( edit ) List of number - one dance singles of 1992 ( U.S. ) List of number - one R&B singles of 1992 ( U.S. ) Michael Jackson videography References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` In the Closet -- Single '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrity Buzz Fight against Trump condos '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . May 15 , 1991 . p . D / 2 . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Byron , Tim ( November 29 , 2012 ) . `` Music Dump : Rihanna 's Pitbull Stopped Frank Ocean 's New Jack Swing '' . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2014 ... The Vine . Digital Media . Jump up ^ Powers , Ann ( March 10 , 2009 ) . `` ' American Idol ' needs to open the closet door '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . A tight , New Jack Swing track co-produced by Teddy Riley , the song expresses bald lust in the face of a lover 's wish to retreat . Jump up ^ Pareles , Jon ( November 24 , 1991 ) . `` RECORDINGS VIEW ; Michael Jackson in the Electronic Wilderness '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2000 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits . Billboard Books . p. 320 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8230 - 7690 - 1 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` Michael Jackson -- Dangerous '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Christgau , Robert . `` Michael Jackson : Dangerous '' . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Light , Alan ( January 1 , 1992 ) . `` Michael Jackson -- Dangerous '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Madonna speak working with MJ '' . YouTube . July 7 , 2008 . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Landis , David ( March 26 , 1992 ) . `` Asthma Costs '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Scaduto , Anthony ; Vaughan , Doug ; Stasi , Linda ( March 20 , 1992 ) . `` Inside New York '' . Newsday . Retrieved May 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ George , Nelson ( 2004 ) . Michael Jackson : The Ultimate Collection ( booklet ) . Sony BMG . pp. 45 -- 6 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson In The Closet USA CD single ( CD5 / 5 '' ) `` . Eil.com . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson In The Closet -- Green USA Promo CD single ( CD5 / 5 '' ) `` . Eil.com . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson In The Closet -- Mixes Behind Door # 1 Japan CD single ( CD5 / 5 '' ) `` . Eil.com . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson In The Closet -- Mixes Behind Door # 2 Japan CD single ( CD5 / 5 '' ) `` . Eil.com . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson In The Closet -- Mixes Behind Door 3 Japan CD single ( CD5 / 5 '' ) `` . Eil.com . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson In The Closet UK Dual Disc '' . Eil.com . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Visionary : The Video Singles ( Box Set , Dual Disc ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson In The Closet UK Promo video ( VHS or PAL or NTSC ) '' . Eil.com . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Michael Jackson -- In The Closet '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Michael Jackson -- In The Closet '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Michael Jackson -- In The Closet '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Dance / Urban : Issue 2153 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 2144 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lescharts.com -- Michael Jackson -- In The Closet '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Michael Jackson -- In The Closet '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- In the Closet '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World '' . Billboard . Vol. 104 no . 32 . August 8 , 1992 . p. 43 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Michael Jackson - In The Closet search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Michael Jackson -- In The Closet '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Michael Jackson -- In The Closet '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Michael Jackson -- In The Closet '' . VG - lista . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Halstead , Craig ; Cadman , Chris ( 2003 ) . Jacksons Number Ones . Authors On Line Ltd. p. 71 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7552 - 0098 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Michael Jackson -- In The Closet '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Michael Jackson -- In The Closet '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart : 1992 - 05 - 02 '' UK Singles Chart . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dangerous -- Awards '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CASH BOX Top 100 Pop Singles -- Week ending JUNE 13 , 1992 '' . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2012 ... Cash Box . Jump up ^ `` Forum -- ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts -- CHART POSITIONS PRE 1989 , part 2 '' . Australian-charts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Michael Jackson -- In The Closet '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Michael Jackson -- In The Closet '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart : 2006 - 05 - 20 '' UK Singles Chart . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Gavin ( 2011 ) . Australia 's Music Charts 1988 -- 2010 . Mt . Martha , VIC , Australia : Moonlight Publishing . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 1992 '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 1 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` I singoli più venduti del 1992 '' ( in Italian ) . Hit Parade Italia . Creative Commons . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits for 1992 '' . The Longbored Surfer . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Michael Jackson -- In the Closet '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH ( hide ) Michael Jackson songs Discography Got to Be There `` Ai n't No Sunshine '' `` I Wanna Be Where You Are '' `` Got to Be There '' `` Rockin ' Robin '' `` Love Is Here and Now You 're Gone '' `` You 've Got a Friend '' Ben `` Ben '' `` Everybody 's Somebody 's Fool '' `` My Girl '' `` Shoo - Be-Doo - Be-Doo - Da - Day '' Music & Me `` With a Child 's Heart '' `` All the Things You Are '' `` Happy '' `` Too Young '' `` Doggin ' Around '' `` Music & Me '' Forever , Michael `` We 're Almost There '' `` One Day in Your Life '' `` Just a Little Bit of You '' Off the Wall `` Do n't Stop ' Til You Get Enough '' `` Rock with You '' `` Workin ' Day and Night '' `` Off the Wall '' `` Girlfriend '' `` She 's Out of My Life '' `` It 's the Falling in Love '' Thriller `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' `` The Girl Is Mine '' `` Thriller '' `` Beat It '' `` Billie Jean '' `` Human Nature '' `` P.Y.T. ( Pretty Young Thing ) '' Bad `` Bad '' `` The Way You Make Me Feel '' `` Speed Demon '' `` Liberian Girl '' `` Just Good Friends '' `` Another Part of Me '' `` Man in the Mirror '' `` I Just Ca n't Stop Loving You '' `` Dirty Diana '' `` Smooth Criminal '' `` Leave Me Alone '' Dangerous `` Jam '' `` In the Closet '' `` Remember the Time '' `` Ca n't Let Her Get Away '' `` Heal the World '' `` Black or White '' `` Who Is It '' `` Give In to Me '' `` Will You Be There '' `` Gone Too Soon '' `` Dangerous '' HIStory `` Scream '' `` They Do n't Care About Us '' `` Stranger in Moscow '' `` This Time Around '' `` Earth Song '' `` D.S. '' `` Come Together '' `` You Are Not Alone '' `` Childhood '' `` Tabloid Junkie '' `` HIStory '' `` Smile '' Blood on the Dance Floor `` Blood on the Dance Floor '' `` Ghosts '' `` Is It Scary '' Invincible `` Heaven Can Wait '' `` You Rock My World '' `` Butterflies '' `` Speechless '' `` Cry '' Michael `` Hold My Hand '' `` Hollywood Tonight '' `` ( I Like ) The Way You Love Me '' `` Monster '' `` Breaking News '' `` ( I Ca n't Make It ) Another Day '' `` Behind the Mask '' Xscape `` Love Never Felt So Good '' `` Chicago '' `` Loving You '' `` A Place with No Name '' `` Slave to the Rhythm '' `` Blue Gangsta '' Other `` We Are the World '' `` Twenty - Five Miles '' `` On the Line '' `` What More Can I Give '' `` One More Chance '' `` Cheater '' `` Fall Again '' `` This Is It '' `` Mind Is the Magic '' `` Do n't Be Messin ' ' Round '' `` Price of Fame '' Featured `` Night Time Lover '' `` Say Say Say '' `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' `` Tell Me I 'm Not Dreamin ' ( Too Good to Be True ) '' `` Get It '' `` 2300 Jackson Street '' `` Do the Bartman '' `` Whatzupwitu '' `` Why '' `` I Need You '' `` We Be Ballin ' '' `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' `` All in Your Name '' `` There Must Be More To Life Than This '' Book Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In_the_Closet&oldid=800664221 '' Categories : 1991 songs 1992 singles Billboard Dance Club Songs number - one singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Epic Records singles Michael Jackson songs Music videos directed by Herb Ritts New jack swing songs Songs about sexuality Songs written by Michael Jackson Songs written by Teddy Riley Song recordings produced by Teddy Riley Song recordings produced by Michael Jackson Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Canadadance Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Kiswahili Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 23 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In%20the%20Closet
| 2,162 |
compare and contrast jet stream and gulf stream
|
Gulf Stream
|
gulf stream
|
Surface temperatures in the western North Atlantic . The North American landmass is black and dark blue ( cold ) , while the Gulf Stream is red ( warm ) . Source : NASA The Gulf Stream , together with its northern extension the North Atlantic Drift , is a warm and swift Atlantic ocean current that originates in the Gulf of Mexico and stretches to the tip of Florida , and follows the eastern coastlines of the United States and Newfoundland before crossing the Atlantic Ocean . The process of western intensification causes the Gulf Stream to be a northward accelerating current off the east coast of North America . At about 40 ° 0 ′ N 30 ° 0 ′ W / 40.000 ° N 30.000 ° W / 40.000 ; - 30.000 , it splits in two , with the northern stream , the North Atlantic Drift , crossing to Northern Europe and the southern stream , the Canary Current , recirculating off West Africa . The Gulf Stream influences the climate of the east coast of North America from Florida to Newfoundland , and the west coast of Europe . Although there has been recent debate , there is consensus that the climate of Western Europe and Northern Europe is warmer than it would otherwise be due to the North Atlantic drift which is the northeastern section of the Gulf Stream . It is part of the North Atlantic Gyre . Its presence has led to the development of strong cyclones of all types , both within the atmosphere and within the ocean . The Gulf Stream is also a significant potential source of renewable power generation . The Gulf Stream may be slowing down as a result of climate change . The Gulf Stream is typically 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) wide and 800 metres ( 2,600 ft ) to 1,200 metres ( 3,900 ft ) deep . The current velocity is fastest near the surface , with the maximum speed typically about 2.5 metres per second ( 5.6 mph ) . Contents 1 History 2 Properties 3 Formation and behavior 4 Localized effects 5 Effect on cyclone formation 6 Possible renewable power source 7 In culture 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links History ( edit ) Benjamin Franklin 's chart of the Gulf Stream published in Philadelphia in 1786 European discovery of the Gulf Stream dates to the 1512 expedition of Juan Ponce de León , after which it became widely used by Spanish ships sailing from the Caribbean to Spain . A summary of Ponce de León 's voyage log , on April 22 , 1513 , noted , `` A current such that , although they had great wind , they could not proceed forward , but backward and it seems that they were proceeding well ; at the end it was known that the current was more powerful than the wind . '' Its existence was also known to Peter Martyr d'Anghiera . Benjamin Franklin became interested in the North Atlantic Ocean circulation patterns . In 1768 , while in England , Franklin heard a curious complaint from the Colonial Board of Customs : Why did it take British packets several weeks longer to reach New York from England than it took an average American merchant ship to reach Newport , Rhode Island , despite the merchant ships leaving from London and having to sail down the River Thames and then the length of the English Channel before they sailed across the Atlantic , while the packets left from Falmouth in Cornwall ? Franklin asked Timothy Folger , his cousin twice removed ( Nantucket Historical Society ) , a Nantucket Island whaling captain , for an answer . Folger explained that merchant ships routinely crossed the then - unnamed Gulf Stream -- identifying it by whale behavior , measurement of the water 's temperature , and changes in the water 's color -- while the mail packet captains ran against it . Franklin had Folger sketch the path of the Gulf Stream on an old chart of the Atlantic and add written notes on how to avoid the Stream when sailing from England to America . Franklin then forwarded the chart to Anthony Todd , secretary of the British Post Office . Franklin 's Gulf Stream chart was printed in 1769 in London , but it was mostly ignored by British sea captains . A copy of the chart was printed in Paris circa 1770 - 1773 , and a third version was published by Franklin in Philadelphia in 1786 . The inset in the upper left part of the 1786 chart is an illustration of the migration pattern of herring and not an ocean current . Properties ( edit ) The Gulf Stream proper is a western - intensified current , driven largely by wind stress . The North Atlantic Drift , in contrast , is largely thermohaline circulation -- driven . In 1958 the oceanographer Henry Stommel noted that `` very little water from the Gulf of Mexico is actually in the Stream '' . By carrying warm water northeast across the Atlantic , it makes Western and especially Northern Europe warmer than it otherwise would be . However , the extent of its contribution to the actual temperature differential between North America and Europe is a matter of dispute , as there is a recent minority opinion within the science community that this temperature difference ( beyond that caused by contrasting maritime and continental climates ) is mainly due to atmospheric waves created by the Rocky Mountains . Formation and behavior ( edit ) Evolution of the Gulf Stream to the west of Ireland continuing as the North Atlantic Current A river of sea water , called the Atlantic North Equatorial Current , flows westward off the coast of Central Africa . When this current interacts with the northeastern coast of South America , the current forks into two branches . One passes into the Caribbean Sea , while a second , the Antilles Current , flows north and east of the West Indies . These two branches rejoin north of the Straits of Florida . The trade winds blow westward in the tropics , and the westerlies blow eastward at mid-latitudes . This wind pattern applies a stress to the subtropical ocean surface with negative curl across the north Atlantic Ocean . The resulting Sverdrup transport is equatorward . Because of conservation of potential vorticity caused by the northward - moving winds on the subtropical ridge 's western periphery and the increased relative vorticity of northward moving water , transport is balanced by a narrow , accelerating poleward current , which flows along the western boundary of the ocean basin , outweighing the effects of friction with the western boundary current , known as the Labrador current . The conservation of potential vorticity also causes bends along the Gulf Stream , which occasionally break off due to a shift in the Gulf Stream 's position , forming separate warm and cold eddies . This overall process , known as western intensification , causes currents on the western boundary of an ocean basin , such as the Gulf Stream , to be stronger than those on the eastern boundary . As a consequence , the resulting Gulf Stream is a strong ocean current . It transports water at a rate of 30 million cubic meters per second ( 30 sverdrups ) through the Florida Straits . As it passes south of Newfoundland , this rate increases to 150 million cubic metres per second . The volume of the Gulf Stream dwarfs all rivers that empty into the Atlantic combined , which barely total 0.6 million cubic metres per second . It is weaker , however , than the Antarctic Circumpolar Current . Given the strength and proximity of the Gulf Stream , beaches along the East Coast of the United States may be more vulnerable to large sea - level anomalies , which significantly impact rates of coastal erosion . The Gulf Stream is typically 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) wide and 800 metres ( 2,600 ft ) to 1,200 metres ( 3,900 ft ) deep . The current velocity is fastest near the surface , with the maximum speed typically about 2.5 metres per second ( 5.6 mph ) . As it travels north , the warm water transported by the Gulf Stream undergoes evaporative cooling . The cooling is wind - driven : Wind moving over the water causes evaporation , cooling the water and increasing its salinity and density . When sea ice forms , salts are left out of the ice , a process known as brine exclusion . These two processes produce water that is denser and colder ( or , more precisely , water that is still liquid at a lower temperature ) . In the North Atlantic Ocean , the water becomes so dense that it begins to sink down through less salty and less dense water . ( The convective action is not unlike that of a lava lamp . ) This downdraft of cold , dense water becomes a part of the North Atlantic Deep Water , a southgoing stream . Very little seaweed lies within the current , although seaweed lies in clusters to its east . In April 2018 , two studies published in Nature found the Gulf Stream to be at its weakest for at least 1,600 years . Localized effects ( edit ) See also : Climate of Florida The Gulf Stream is influential on the climate of the Florida peninsula . The portion off the Florida coast , referred to as the Florida current , maintains an average water temperature at or above 24 ° C ( 75 ° F ) during the winter . East winds moving over this warm water move warm air from over the Gulf Stream inland , helping to keep temperatures milder across the state than elsewhere across the Southeast during the winter . Also , the Gulf Stream 's proximity to Nantucket , Massachusetts adds to its biodiversity , as it is the northern limit for southern varieties of plant life , and the southern limit for northern plant species , Nantucket being warmer during winter than the mainland . The North Atlantic Current of the Gulf Stream , along with similar warm air currents , helps keep Ireland and the western coast of Great Britain a couple of degrees warmer than the east . However , the difference is most dramatic in the western coastal islands of Scotland . A noticeable effect of the Gulf Stream and the strong westerly winds ( driven by the warm water of the Gulf Stream ) on Europe occurs along the Norwegian coast . Northern parts of Norway lie close to the Arctic zone , most of which is covered with ice and snow in winter . However , almost all of Norway 's coast remains free of ice and snow throughout the year . Weather systems warmed by the Gulf Stream drift into Northern Europe , also warming the climate behind the Scandinavian mountains . Effect on cyclone formation ( edit ) Hurricane Sandy intensifying along the axis of the Gulf Stream in 2012 . The warm water and temperature contrast along the edge of the Gulf Stream often increase the intensity of cyclones , tropical or otherwise . Tropical cyclone generation normally requires water temperatures in excess of 26.5 ° C ( 79.7 ° F ) . Tropical cyclone formation is common over the Gulf Stream , especially in the month of July . Storms travel westward through the Caribbean and then either move in a northward direction and curve toward the eastern coast of the United States or stay on a north - westward track and enter the Gulf of Mexico . Such storms have the potential to create strong winds and extensive damage to the United States ' Southeast Coastal Areas . Strong extratropical cyclones have been shown to deepen significantly along a shallow frontal zone , forced by the Gulf Stream itself , during the cold season . Subtropical cyclones also tend to generate near the Gulf Stream. 75 percent of such systems documented between 1951 and 2000 formed near this warm water current , with two annual peaks of activity occurring during the months of May and October . Cyclones within the ocean form under the Gulf Stream , extending as deep as 3,500 metres ( 11,500 ft ) beneath the ocean 's surface . Possible renewable power source ( edit ) The theoretical maximum energy dissipation from Gulf Stream by turbines is in the range of 20 - 60 GW . One suggestion , which could theoretically supply power comparable to several nuclear power plants , would deploy a field of underwater turbines placed 300 meters ( 980 ft ) under the center of the core of the Gulf Stream . Ocean thermal energy could also be harnessed to produce electricity using the temperature difference between cold deep water and warm surface water . In culture ( edit ) Some of the RMS Titanic 's victims , whose bodies were buoyed by lifebelts but were never found by rescue or recovery ships sent to find them , are surmised to have been carried away in the Gulf Stream . See also ( edit ) Arctic dipole anomaly Boundary current Humboldt Current Latitude of the Gulf Stream and the Gulf Stream north wall index North Atlantic oscillation Shutdown of thermohaline circulation References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fernandez - Armesto , Felipe ( 2006 ) . Pathfinders : A Global History of Exploration . W.W. Norton & Company . p. 194 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 06259 - 7 . Jump up ^ Wilkinson , Jerry . `` History of the Gulf Stream '' . Keys Historeum . Historical Preservation Society of the Upper Keys . Retrieved 15 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Tuchman , Barbara W . The First Salute : A View of the American Revolution New York : Ballantine Books , 1988 . pp. 221 -- 222 . Jump up ^ Isserman , Maurice ( 2002 ) . `` Ben Franklin and the Gulf Stream '' ( PDF ) . Study of place . TERC . Retrieved 15 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Anon. `` 1785 : Benjamin Franklin 's ' Sundry Maritime Observations ' '' . Ocean Explorer : Readings for ocean explorers . NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research . Archived from the original on 18 December 2005 . Retrieved 15 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Richardson , Philip L. ; Adams , Nathan T. ( Spring 2018 ) . `` Uncharted Waters : Nantucket Whalers and the Franklin - Folger Chart of the Gulf Stream '' . Historic Nantucket. 68 ( 1 ) : 17 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Wunsch , Carl ( November 8 , 2002 ) . `` What Is the Thermohaline Circulation ? '' . Science . 298 ( 5596 ) : 1179 -- 1181 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1079329 . PMID 12424356 . ( see also Rahmstorf . ) Jump up ^ Henry Stommel. ( 1958 ) . The Gulf Stream : A Physical and Dynamical Description . Berkeley : University of California Press . p. 22 ^ Jump up to : Barbie Bischof ; Arthur J. Mariano ; Edward H. Ryan ( 2003 ) . `` The North Atlantic Drift Current '' . The National Oceanographic Partnership Program . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ Seager , Richard ( July -- August 2006 ) . `` The Source of Europe 's Mild Climate '' . American Scientist Online . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Rowe ; Arthur J. Mariano ; Edward H. Ryan . `` The Antilles Current '' . Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( 2009 ) . `` trade winds '' . Glossary of Meteorology . American Meteorological Society . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 11 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( 2009 ) . Westerlies . Archived 2010 - 06 - 22 at the Wayback Machine . American Meteorological Society . Retrieved on 2009 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ Matthias Tomczak and J. Stuart Godfrey ( 2001 ) . Regional Oceanography : an Introduction . Matthias Tomczak , pp. 42 . ISBN 81 - 7035 - 306 - 8 . Retrieved on 2009 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ Earthguide ( 2007 ) . Lesson 6 : Unraveling the Gulf Stream Puzzle - On a Warm Current Running North . University of California at San Diego . Retrieved on 2009 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ Angela Colling ( 2001 ) . Ocean Circulation . Butterworth - Heinemann , p. 96 . Retrieved on 2009 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Maurice L. Schwartz ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of Coastal Science . Springer , p. 1037 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 1903 - 6 . Retrieved on 2009 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ National Environmental Satellite , Data , and Information Service ( 2009 ) . Investigating the Gulf Stream Archived 2010 - 05 - 03 at the Wayback Machine ... North Carolina State University . Retrieved on 2009 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ Joanna Gyory ; Arthur J. Mariano ; Edward H. Ryan . `` The Gulf Stream '' . Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Ryan Smith ; Melicie Desflots ; Sean White ; Arthur J. Mariano ; Edward H. Ryan . `` The Antarctic CP Current '' . Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Theuerkauf , Ethan J. , et al . `` Sea level anomalies exacerbate beach erosion '' . Geophysical Research Letters 41.14 ( 2014 ) : 5139 -- 5147 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Pamela . `` The Gulf Stream '' . USNA / Johns Hopkins . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ Russel , Randy . `` Thermohaline Ocean Circulation '' . University Corporation for Atmospheric Research . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Behl , R. `` Atlantic Ocean water masses '' . California State University Long Beach . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Edward and George William Blunt ( 1857 ) . The American Coast Pilot . Edward and George William Blunt . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Anomalously weak Labrador Sea convection and Atlantic overturning during the past 150 years '' . Nature . 11 April 2018 . Retrieved 12 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Observed fingerprint of a weakening Atlantic Ocean overturning circulation '' . Nature . 11 April 2018 . Retrieved 12 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gulf Stream current at its weakest in 1,600 years , studies show '' . The Guardian . 12 April 2018 . Retrieved 12 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Geoff Samuels ( 2008 ) . `` Caribbean Mean SSTs and Winds '' . Cooperative Institute For Marine and Atmospheric Studies . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ National Climatic Data Center . Climatic Wind Data for the United States . Retrieved on 2007 - 06 - 02 . Archived June 13 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Sarah Oktay . `` Description of Nantucket Island '' . University of Massachusetts Boston . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Professor Hennessy ( 1858 ) . Report of the Annual Meeting : On the Influence of the Gulf - stream on the Climate of Ireland . Richard Taylor and William Francis . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Satellites Record Weakening North Atlantic Current Impact '' . NASA . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ Erik A. Rasmussen ; John Turner ( 2003 ) . Polar Lows . Cambridge University Press . p. 68 . Jump up ^ Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory , Hurricane Research Division . `` Frequently Asked Questions : How do tropical cyclones form ? '' . NOAA . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Atlantic hurricane best track ( HURDAT version 2 ) '' . Hurricane Research Division ( Database ) . National Hurricane Center . May 1 , 2018 . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ S. Businger , T.M. Graziano , M.L. Kaplan , and R.A. Rozumalski . Cold - air cyclogenesis along the Gulf - Stream front : investigation of diabatic impacts on cyclone development , frontal structure , and track . Retrieved on 2008 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ David M. Roth . P 1.43 A FIFTY YEAR HISTORY OF SUBTROPICAL CYCLONES . American Meteorological Society . Retrieved on 2008 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ D.K. Savidge and J.M. Bane . Cyclogenesis in the deep ocean beneath the Gulf Stream. 1 . Description . Retrieved on 2008 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ Ocean Current Energy Assessment for the Gulf Stream Xiufeng Yang * , Kevin A. Haas , Hermann M. Fritz ( 1 ) Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 26 Jump up ^ The Institute for Environmental Research & Eductation . Tidal. pdf Archived 2010 - 10 - 11 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on 2010 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Jeremy Elton Jacquot . Gulf Stream 's Tidal Energy Could Provide Up to a Third of Florida 's Power . Retrieved on 2008 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Recovering the Dead '' . titanic-titanic.com . Jump up ^ Walter Lord . The Night Lives On . Jump up ^ Ticehurst , Brian J. ( March 31 , 2007 ) . `` CLASSified in Death : Recovering the Titanic 's dead '' . Encyclopedia Titanica . Further reading ( edit ) Corona Magazine Issue 124 : Science ( German , Transported amount of power ) Hátún ; Sandø , AB ; Drange , H ; Hansen , B ; Valdimarsson , H ; et al. ( September 16 , 2005 ) . `` Influence of the Atlantic Subpolar Gyre on the Thermohaline Circulation '' . Science . 309 ( 5742 ) : 1841 -- 1844 . Bibcode : 2005Sci ... 309.1841 H . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1114777 . PMID 16166513 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 06 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 02 . ( Increased temperature and salinity in the Nordic Seas . ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gulf stream . Ocean Motion -- Description of the Gulf Stream as a western boundary current Ocean currents and gyres Currents Arctic Ocean East Greenland North Icelandic Norwegian Transpolar Drift Stream Atlantic Ocean Angola Antilles Azores Baffin Island Benguela Brazil Canary Cape Horn Caribbean East Greenland East Iceland Falkland Florida Guinea Gulf Stream Irminger Labrador Lomonosov Loop North Atlantic North Brazil North Equatorial Norwegian Portugal Slope Jet South Atlantic South Equatorial West Greenland West Spitsbergen Indian Ocean Agulhas Agulhas Return East Madagascar Equatorial Counter Indian Monsoon Indonesian Throughflow Leeuwin Madagascar Mozambique North Madagascar Somali South Australian South Equatorial West Australian Pacific Ocean Alaska Aleutian California Cromwell Davidson East Australian East Korea Warm Equatorial Counter Humboldt Indonesian Throughflow Kamchatka Kuroshio Mindanao North Equatorial North Korea Cold North Pacific Oyashio South Equatorial Tasman Front Southern Ocean Antarctic Circumpolar Tasman Outflow Gyres Major gyres Indian Ocean Gyre North Atlantic Gyre South Atlantic Gyre North Pacific Gyre South Pacific Gyre Other gyres Beaufort Gyre Ross Gyre Weddell Gyre Related Atmospheric circulation Boundary current Coriolis force Ekman transport Marine debris Marine garbage patches Great Pacific Indian Ocean North Atlantic South Pacific Thermohaline circulation Physical oceanography Waves Airy wave theory Ballantine scale Benjamin -- Feir instability Boussinesq approximation Breaking wave Clapotis Cnoidal wave Cross sea Dispersion Edge wave Equatorial waves Fetch Gravity wave Green 's law Infragravity wave Internal wave Iribarren number Kelvin wave Kinematic wave Longshore drift Luke 's variational principle Mild - slope equation Radiation stress Rogue wave Rossby wave Rossby - gravity waves Sea state Seiche Significant wave height Soliton Stokes boundary layer Stokes drift Stokes wave Swell Trochoidal wave Tsunami megatsunami Undertow Ursell number Wave action Wave base Wave height Wave power Wave radar Wave setup Wave shoaling Wave turbulence Wave -- current interaction Waves and shallow water one - dimensional Saint - Venant equations shallow water equations Wind wave model Circulation Atmospheric circulation Baroclinity Boundary current Coriolis force Coriolis -- Stokes force Craik -- Leibovich vortex force Downwelling Eddy Ekman layer Ekman spiral Ekman transport El Niño -- Southern Oscillation General circulation model Geochemical Ocean Sections Study Geostrophic current Global Ocean Data Analysis Project Gulf Stream Halothermal circulation Humboldt Current Hydrothermal circulation Langmuir circulation Longshore drift Loop Current Modular Ocean Model Ocean dynamics Ocean gyre Princeton ocean model Rip current Subsurface currents Sverdrup balance Thermohaline circulation shutdown Upwelling Whirlpool World Ocean Circulation Experiment Tides Amphidromic point Earth tide Head of tide Internal tide Lunitidal interval Perigean spring tide Rip tide Rule of twelfths Slack water Tidal bore Tidal force Tidal power Tidal race Tidal range Tidal resonance Tide gauge Tideline Landforms Abyssal fan Abyssal plain Atoll Bathymetric chart Coastal geography Cold seep Continental margin Continental rise Continental shelf Contourite Guyot Hydrography Oceanic basin Oceanic plateau Oceanic trench Passive margin Seabed Seamount Submarine canyon Submarine volcano Plate tectonics Convergent boundary Divergent boundary Fracture zone Hydrothermal vent Marine geology Mid-ocean ridge Mohorovičić discontinuity Vine -- Matthews -- Morley hypothesis Oceanic crust Outer trench swell Ridge push Seafloor spreading Slab pull Slab suction Slab window Subduction Transform fault Volcanic arc Ocean zones Benthic Deep ocean water Deep sea Littoral Mesopelagic Oceanic Pelagic Photic Surf Swash Sea level Deep - ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis Future sea level Global Sea Level Observing System North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System Sea - level curve Sea level rise World Geodetic System Acoustics Deep scattering layer Hydroacoustics Ocean acoustic tomography Sofar bomb SOFAR channel Underwater acoustics Satellites Jason - 1 Jason - 2 ( Ocean Surface Topography Mission ) Jason - 3 Related Argo Benthic lander Color of water DSV Alvin Marginal sea Marine energy Marine pollution Mooring National Oceanographic Data Center Ocean Ocean exploration Ocean observations Ocean reanalysis Ocean surface topography Ocean thermal energy conversion Oceanography Pelagic sediment Sea surface microlayer Sea surface temperature Seawater Science On a Sphere Thermocline Underwater glider Water column World Ocean Atlas Commons Benjamin Franklin January 6 , 1706 -- April 17 , 1790 President of Pennsylvania ( 1785 -- 1788 ) , Ambassador to France ( 1779 -- 1785 ) Second Continental Congress ( 1775 -- 1776 ) Founding of the United States Join , or Die ( 1754 political cartoon ) Albany Plan of Union Albany Congress Hutchinson Letters Affair Committee of Secret Correspondence Committee of Five Declaration of Independence Model Treaty Franco - American alliance Treaty of Amity and Commerce Treaty of Alliance Staten Island Peace Conference Treaty of Paris , 1783 Delegate , 1787 Constitutional Convention Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly Postmaster General Founding Fathers Inventions , other events Franklin 's electrostatic machine Bifocals Franklin stove Glass armonica Gulf Stream exploration , naming , and chart Lightning rod Kite experiment Pay it forward Associators 111th Infantry Regiment Junto club American Philosophical Society Library Company of Philadelphia Pennsylvania Hospital Academy and College of Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Contributionship Union Fire Company Early American currency Fugio Cent United States Postal Service President , Pennsylvania Abolition Society Master , Les Neuf Sœurs Other social contributions and studies Gravesite Writings Silence Dogood letters ( 1722 ) A Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity , Pleasure and Pain ( 1725 ) The Busy - Body letters ( 1729 ) Pennsylvania Gazette ( 1729 -- 1790 ) Poor Richard 's Almanack ( 1732 -- 1758 ) The Drinker 's Dictionary ( 1737 ) `` Advice to a Friend on Choosing a Mistress '' ( 1745 ) `` The Speech of Polly Baker '' ( 1747 ) Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind , Peopling of Countries , etc . ( 1751 ) Experiments and Observations on Electricity ( 1751 ) Birch letters ( 1755 ) The Way to Wealth ( 1758 ) Pennsylvania Chronicle ( 1767 ) Rules by Which a Great Empire May Be Reduced to a Small One ( 1773 ) Proposed alliance with the Iroquois ( 1775 ) A Letter To A Royal Academy ( 1781 ) Remarks Concerning the Savages of North America ( 1784 ) The Morals of Chess ( 1786 ) An Address to the Public ( 1789 ) A Plan for Improving the Condition of the Free Blacks ( 1789 ) The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin ( 1771 -- 90 , pub. 1791 ) Bagatelles and Satires ( pub. 1845 ) Franklin as a journalist Legacy Franklin Court Benjamin Franklin House Benjamin Franklin Institute of Technology Benjamin Franklin National Memorial Franklin Institute Benjamin Franklin Medal Depicted in The Apotheosis of Washington Benjamin Franklin statue , Washington D.C. Jefferson Memorial pediment In popular culture Ben and Me ( 1953 short ) Ben Franklin in Paris ( 1964 musical play ) 1776 ( 1969 musical 1972 film ) Benjamin Franklin ( 1974 miniseries ) A More Perfect Union ( 1989 film ) Liberty ! ( 1997 documentary series ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 animated series ) Benjamin Franklin ( 2002 documentary series ) John Adams ( 2008 miniseries ) Sons of Liberty ( 2015 miniseries ) Sons of Ben ( supporters group for the Philadelphia Union soccer club Refunding Certificate Franklin half dollar One - hundred dollar bill Washington - Franklin stamps other stamps Cities , counties , schools named for Franklin Franklin Field State of Franklin Ships named USS Franklin Ben Franklin effect Related Age of Enlightenment American Enlightenment The New - England Courant The American Museum magazine American Revolution patriots Syng inkstand Family Deborah Read ( wife ) Sarah Franklin Bache ( daughter ) Francis Franklin ( son ) William Franklin ( son ) Richard Bache Jr. ( grandson ) Benjamin F. Bache ( grandson ) Louis F. Bache ( grandson ) William Franklin ( grandson ) Andrew Harwood ( great - grandson ) Alexander Bache ( great - grandson ) Josiah Franklin ( father ) Jane Mecom ( sister ) James Franklin ( brother ) Mary Morrell Folger ( grandmother ) Peter Folger ( grandfather ) Richard Bache ( son - in - law ) Ann Smith Franklin ( sister - in - law ) GND : 4021572 - 6 NDL : 00567579 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gulf_Stream&oldid=856831762 '' Categories : Ocean currents Atlantic Ocean Renewable energy Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description Good articles All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Boarisch Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Scots Shqip Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt West - Vlams 中文 63 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 20 : 07 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf%20Stream
| 2,163 |
|||
how many episodes will prison break season 5 have
|
The fifth season of Prison Break ( also known as Prison Break : Resurrection ) is a limited event television series and the continuation of the original series created by Paul Scheuring that aired on Fox from 2005 to 2009 . The season is produced by 20th Century Fox Television in association with Adelstein / Parouse Productions and Original Film . Paul Scheuring serves as showrunner , with himself , Marty Adelstein , Neal H. Moritz and Dawn Olmstead , Vaun Wilmott , Michael Horowitz and Nelson McCormick serving as executive producers . McCormick also serves as director . The season premiered on April 4 , 2017 , and concluded on May 30 , 2017 , consisting of 9 episodes .
|
9 episodes
|
Prison Break ( season 5 )
|
prison break ( season 5 )
|
The fifth season of Prison Break ( also known as Prison Break : Resurrection ) is a limited event television series and the continuation of the original series created by Paul Scheuring that aired on Fox from 2005 to 2009 . The season is produced by 20th Century Fox Television in association with Adelstein / Parouse Productions and Original Film . Paul Scheuring serves as showrunner , with himself , Marty Adelstein , Neal H. Moritz and Dawn Olmstead , Vaun Wilmott , Michael Horowitz and Nelson McCormick serving as executive producers . McCormick also serves as director . The season premiered on April 4 , 2017 , and concluded on May 30 , 2017 , consisting of 9 episodes .
|
Wentworth Miller and Dominic Purcell reprise their respective roles as Michael Scofield and Lincoln Burrows , while Sarah Wayne Callies , Amaury Nolasco , Paul Adelstein , Robert Knepper and Rockmond Dunbar also return from the original series . New cast additions include Mark Feuerstein , Inbar Lavi , Augustus Prew , Marina Benedict , Rick Yune and Steve Mouzakis . A pilot was ordered in August 2015 and the series was greenlit in January 2016 . Production on the series began in April 2016 and filming took place in Vancouver and the Moroccan cities of Rabat , Casablanca , and Ouarzazate . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Writing 4.3 Casting 4.4 Filming 4.5 Music 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Ratings 6 Home media release 7 References 8 External links Premise ( edit ) Seven years after his apparent death , Michael Scofield resurfaces in the notorious Ogygia Prison in Sana'a , Yemen , under the name Kaniel Outis . As the country is engulfed by war , two of Michael 's old friends , his brother Lincoln Burrows and fellow Fox River escapee Benjamin `` C - Note '' Franklin , risk their lives by traveling to Yemen to bring Michael home . Back in the United States , Michael 's wife Sara , now remarried , is hunted by agents of an operative known as Poseidon , the one responsible for Michael 's disappearance . Cast ( edit ) Main articles : List of Prison Break characters and List of Prison Break minor characters Main ( edit ) Wentworth Miller as Michael Scofield / Kaniel Outis Dominic Purcell as Lincoln Burrows Sarah Wayne Callies as Sara Tancredi - Scofield Paul Adelstein as Paul Kellerman Rockmond Dunbar as Benjamin Miles `` C - Note '' Franklin Robert Knepper as Theodore `` T - Bag '' Bagwell Amaury Nolasco as Fernando Sucre Mark Feuerstein as Jacob Anton Ness / Poseidon Inbar Lavi as Sheba Augustus Prew as David `` Whip '' Martin Recurring ( edit ) Rick Yune as Ja Marina Benedict as Emily `` A&W '' Blake Steve Mouzakis as Van Gogh Amin El Gamal as Cyclops Kunal Sharma as Sid Numan Acar as Abu Ramal Curtis Lum as Agent Kishida Crystal Balint as Heather Waleed Zuaiter as Mohammad al - Tunis TJ Ramini as Cross Akin Gazi as Omar Christian Michael Cooper as Mike Scofield Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Prison Break episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 82 `` Ogygia '' Nelson McCormick Paul Scheuring April 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 04 ) 1AZM01 3.83 T - Bag is released from incarceration just as he receives a picture of Michael in a new prison . T - Bag shows it to Lincoln , who finds the hidden word `` Ogygia '' , which is a prison in Sana'a , Yemen . Lincoln informs Sara , who has been raising her and Michael 's son , Mike , along with her husband , Jacob . She refuses to believe the news . However , Lincoln determines to travel to Yemen to be certain , asking help from C - Note , who has converted to Islam . Sucre offers to accompany Lincoln , who takes C - Note instead . The mysterious mercenaries who have been following and harassing Lincoln and Sara send Lincoln and C - Note 's pictures to their contacts in Sana'a , where the duo overpowers the attackers and meets a contact , who trades their visit to Ogygia for Lincoln 's United States passport . Lincoln learns that Michael 's fake identity is Kaniel Outis , a dangerous terrorist affiliated with ISIL . Michael ignores Lincoln , claiming not to know him . Meanwhile , T - Bag is contacted by a physician offering him a prosthetic hand as functional as a natural one . The procedure works ; and T - Bag learns that an anonymous person known only as Outis ( Greek for `` Nobody '' ) funded the operation and insisted on him being the patient . 83 `` Kaniel Outis '' Maja Vrvilo Paul Scheuring April 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 11 ) 1AZM02 3.18 Lincoln receives a message from Michael asking them to find the `` Sheik of Light . '' Sheba , the contact , agrees to help decode the message in exchange for money . Sara receives the video recording of Michael and meets up with Kellerman at the State Department . He deduces that Michael was the mastermind of changing his identity . Later , he sends Sara footage of Michael killing a CIA official . Michael acquires pills to give to his cellmate , Ja , who is suffering from withdrawals in exchange for a cell phone and credit card , using them to send a message to Sara . Lincoln 's team discovers that Mohammad El - Tunis , the Sheik , is a local electrical engineer trapped in an ISIL - controlled suburb with his daughter . They rescue the duo ; and Mohammad is revealed to be the father of Sid , Michael 's cellmate incarcerated for homosexuality . Mohammad gives Michael 's team a signal to reveal that the escape plan is on . Sara receives Michael 's message to get everyone to safety because `` a storm is coming '' . The solitary inmates , including Abu Ramal , the local ISIL leader , are released into the general sector . Ramal and Michael are revealed to be close friends . 84 `` The Liar '' Maja Vrvilo Josh Goldin & Rachel Abramowitz April 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 18 ) 1AZM03 2.44 Lincoln prepares for the escape by ordering forged passports . However , he and Sheba are caught by ISIL and Cyclops , who attempts to rape her until Lincoln frees himself and saves her . T - Bag runs into Sara , and tries to warn her about A&W and Van Gogh , two of Poseidon 's henchmen , who may be following her trail . A&W and Van Gogh hack into her phone , later discovered by Sara , who deduces Kellerman 's involvement . She asks T - Bag to investigate Kellerman . Cross , an inmate who refused to leave his brother , Muza , and participate in Michael 's escape , warns Whip that Michael can not be trusted . Michael obtains a gold watch from one of the guards , planting it on Ramal , so that he will be detained during the escape . Michael and Whip are revealed to have been working undercover for the CIA as Whip worries the line between Michael and Outis will be blurred . During the escape however , Ramal 's party , Cross and Muza race to Michael 's cell and are caught by the guards , leading to Muza 's death and the recapture of Michael 's team . Ramal vows to kill Michael in solitary while Michael uses the last remaining battery life on his cell phone to record a goodbye to Sara . 85 `` The Prisoner 's Dilemma '' Guy Ferland Michael Horowitz April 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 25 ) 1AZM04 2.75 ISIL continues advancing in Sana'a . Cross rallies the other prisoners to capture Ramal and use him as a bargaining chip . Michael convinces a reluctant Ramal to help them out as he is the one inside of the solitary cell with escape tools . Ramal , Michael , Ja and Whip are able to escape just as Cross and his followers break into solitary . Sid stabs Cross in the chest , joining Michael 's party , which heads outside . They are all captured by ISIL . Ramal plans to behead Michael ; but Lincoln intervenes and kills the jihadists while Whip kills Ramal . Michael and Lincoln share an emotional reunion as a news report on Ramal 's death plays . Sid informs them that ISIL is now declaring war on them for Ramal 's death . Meanwhile , T - Bag confronts Kellerman , who denies being Poseidon , an unknown rogue CIA agent criticizing the U.S. foreign policy . They are attacked by Poseidon operatives . T - Bag manages to escape ; but Kellerman is killed by Van Gogh , who starts doubting Poseidon 's cause . T - Bag pursues A&W and Van Gogh and takes photos of them meeting with Jacob . 86 5 `` Contingency '' Guy Ferland Vaun Wilmott May 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 02 ) 1AZM05 2.35 Lincoln forces Michael to reveal the truth : Michael was contacted by Poseidon before his wedding with Sara ; Poseidon revealed that Kellerman did not have any authority to exonerate Michael 's team , offering legitimate exonerations in exchange for Michael faking his death , keeping the truth hidden from everyone and working for Poseidon , accepted by Michael . While Lincoln offers going to the airport and rendezvousing with C - Note 's party , Michael decides to use the train station to leave Yemen . Cyclops deduces Michael 's plan and takes ISIL , intercepting Michael 's party , who escape to a facility where Ja ambushes ISIL . They escape the building ; but Sid is killed by Cyclops , whom the team handcuffs to his corpse before proceeding to the airport . Meanwhile , C - Note 's party arrives at the airport before ISIL attacks . C - Note and Sheba save a pilot , who agrees to fly them abroad . They board a plane ; but the pilot decides to fly before Michael 's party arrives , which Lincoln approves of on the phone . C - Note 's party takes off while Michael 's is chased by ISIL . In the meantime , T - Bag shows the pictures to Sara , who confronts Jacob , who later apparently proves his benevolence to her by having A&W and Van Gogh arrested . 87 6 `` Phaecia '' Kevin Tancharoen Michael Horowitz May 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 09 ) 1AZM06 2.37 Michael 's party confronts Omar , who alerts ISIL ; but they overpower ISIL and force Omar 's compliance , heading to Phaecia , a human settlement in the desert capable of sending Michael 's party abroad . A&W and Van Gogh are released on bail and convince a NSA insider to help track down Michael , whose party stops at a gas station , where Michael uses the internet to contact an unknown person in Portland , Maine , sending him a picture of his tattoos on his palms . Van Gogh alerts ISIL , who attack the gas station and kill Omar . Whip kills the ISIL operatives . Michael 's party continues in the desert before learning about Cyclops chasing them . Michael takes one of the cars and lures Cyclops to a trap , where Michael blinds Cyclops ' remaining eye but he is able to wound Michael with a poisoned blade . Ja helps the others find Phaecia , where they use fireworks to lead Michael to them , who falls unconscious after arriving . A&W and Van Gogh find Michael 's contact , revealed to be an Elvis impersonator . Meanwhile , Agent Kishida replaces Kellerman 's position , assigned to investigate his death . 88 7 `` Wine Dark Sea '' Kevin Tancharoen Vaun Wilmott May 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 16 ) 1AZM07 2.41 Ja decides to stay in Phaecia while the others leave on a boat to Crete , Greece . Lincoln calls Sara and tells her about Michael 's condition . She informs Jacob and goes to Crete by plane . She reunites with Michael and heals him . He reveals that Jacob is Poseidon , having framed the former for the murder of the CIA official . Sara returns to the U.S. to secure Mike , whom she entrusts to her friend ; but they are captured by Jacob and his operatives . Michael reunites with Sucre on board the commercial ship upon which he is working . The captain learns about Outis and alerts the authorities . Navy SEALs are dispatched to kill Michael . Sucre formulates a plan to force the SEALs away , which causes a frustrated Jacob to have a missile fired at the ship , which explodes just after Michael 's party jumps overboard . Meanwhile , Kellerman 's successor , Kishida , confronts A&W and Van Gogh for their clandestine operation , leading to the former 's murder . 89 8 `` Progeny '' Nelson McCormick Michael Horowitz May 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 23 ) 1AZM08 1.90 Michael 's party is rescued by a fishing boat that takes them to Marseille , France , where Michael contacts Sara , deduces their situation , and decides to go to the U.S. , using Lincoln 's conflict with Luca Abruzzi , John Abruzzi 's son , over a botched smuggling operation to their advantage . Michael and Lincoln enlist C - Note and Sheba 's help in disposing of Luca and his gang , then convincing C - Note and later Sheba to leave the conflict . They proceed with the plan of taking down 21 - Void and rescuing Sara and Mike , culminating in a lake house in Michigan , where Michael reunites with Mike but realizes that it was a ruse used by Jacob to lure him , and A&W confronts them , with an unknown person getting shot . Lincoln is found by Luca outside the house , and is shot . Meanwhile , Whip , whose real identity is David Martin , is sent to Chicago by Michael , meeting T - Bag , revealed to be his father . The analyst Theroux is revealed to be a 21 - Void agent , and Van Gogh expresses disdain for Jacob 's methods and vows to leave 21 - Void when the job with Michael is done . 90 9 `` Behind the Eyes '' Nelson McCormick Paul Scheuring May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) 1AZM09 2.30 Van Gogh is revealed to be the one shot by A&W , having become skeptical of Michael 's involvement in Gaines ' murder . Mortally wounded , Van Gogh gives up Mike 's location to Sara . As Jacob works to brainwash Mike , Michael gathers his allies , including Blue Hawaii , to bring down Jacob . A wounded Lincoln escapes the hospital and ensures Luca 's arrest by the FBI . Michael enacts a plan where he lures Jacob and A&W to a warehouse to recreate Gaines ' murder and prove Jacob 's involvement . During the attempt , Whip is shot by A&W and dies before T - Bag kills her and is arrested . Michael succeeds in proving Jacob 's involvement and both are arrested . At the same time , Lincoln and Sara rescue Mike and capture Theroux . With the evidence planted by Michael and Theroux 's testimony , Michael is exonerated and his identity as Michael Scofield is restored . He refuses an offer to join the CIA and returns to a normal life with Sara and Mike . Jacob is sent to Fox River State Penitentiary , where he ends up with T - Bag as his cellmate , as requested by Michael . The other inmates cheer T - Bag on as he attacks Jacob . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) On January 12 , 2015 , at the 2015 Winter TCA Press Tour , Wentworth Miller and Dominic Purcell revealed the possibility that Fox was interested in bringing back Prison Break , with Miller stating : `` We actually floated the idea to Fox very casually and they seemed very not casual about this interest . They seemed to think there was something there . '' Purcell concluded by adding , `` It 's something that Fox is , as Wentworth said , potentially excited about . '' On January 17 , 2015 , Fox Television Group chairman and CEO Gary Newman made it clear that they would love to bring Prison Break back for another run , although Fox had nothing to report . Newman himself stated , `` There 's some speculation in the press at Prison Break and we 've made it clear at the studio that we 'd bring Prison Break back at the studio ( ... ) It 's the perfect event series . But at the moment , we have nothing else to report . '' On June 2 , 2015 , it was reported that a limited series revival of Paul Scheuring 's Prison Break was in development at Fox . On August 6 , 2015 , Fox confirmed a 10 - episode order for the revival . The limited series is a sequel to the original series , taking place several years later , and features Miller and Purcell reprising their roles as well as the return of other original characters . Fox Television Group chairman and CEO Dana Walden herself stated that Prison Break has performed particularly well internationally and on SVOD platforms such as Netflix . Walden added that : `` a logical and believable explanation to why the characters are alive and still moving around the world ( ... ) '' Walden said . `` The brothers and some of the iconic characters will be back , and it will address some questions that were set up at the end of the series for a new audience . '' On January 15 , 2016 , Fox officially ordered the revival to series , with the episode order revised to nine episodes , though Fox declined to announce how many episodes the series will run . The original producing team of creator Paul Scheuring , Neal Moritz , Marty Adelstein and Dawn Olmstead were all confirmed as to return for the event series as executive producers , with Scheuring writing and serving as showrunner . Writing ( edit ) On August 7 , 2015 , it was announced that creator and executive producer Paul Scheuring would be writing the first episode as well as a style / tone bible for other writers to follow . Casting ( edit ) On January 15 , 2016 , stars Wentworth Miller and Dominic Purcell were confirmed to be reprising their roles as brothers Michael Scofield and Lincoln Burrows . On February 22 , 2016 , it was reported that Mark Feuerstein would play Scott Ness ( later changed to Jacob Ness ) , the husband of Dr. Sara Tancredi , a Professor of Economics ( game theory ) at Cornell who has been described as , `` dubious of the government but still has a bit of fight in him when it comes to taking them on . '' Additionally , on February 22 , 2016 , it was confirmed that Sarah Wayne Callies was in talks to reprise her role in the follow - up along with Robert Knepper , Rockmond Dunbar and Amaury Nolasco , although there were no deals in place with any of them at that time . On March 9 , 2016 , Augustus Prew , Rick Yune and Steve Mouzakis were cast for `` heavily recurring roles '' . Prew plays `` funny , crazy and pretty damn sharp '' Whip ; Yune plays Ja , who is described as a `` Korean identity thief , who disheveled appearance belies his genius '' ; and Mouzakis plays Van Gogh , `` a bad - ass nut - job '' . On March 9 , 2016 , Sarah Wayne Callies was confirmed to be returning as Sara Tancredi . On March 16 , 2016 , Amin El Gamal was cast in a recurring role , playing Cyclops . On March 17 , 2016 , it was announced that original stars Robert Knepper , Amaury Nolasco and Rockmond Dunbar would be reprising their respective roles as T - Bag , Sucre and C - Note , respectively . On March 21 , 2016 , Paul Adelstein was confirmed to be reprising his role as Paul Kellerman . On March 21 , 2016 , Inbar Lavi , Marina Benedict and Kunal Sharma were cast in major recurring roles . Lavi plays Sheba , an operator / fixer / activist who becomes involved with Burrows . Benedict is A&W , `` a crazed and fearless villainess who is unconcerned about her physical well - being but ruthless and efficient in completing her deadly goals '' , and Sharma plays Sid , a man in prison . On April 22 , 2016 , it was announced that Faran Tahir would play Jamil , whom Tahir describes as `` a man who has an inner conflict which again is something I love experimenting with . '' In July 2016 , it was revealed that William Fichtner would not be reprising his role as Alexander Mahone . Robert Knepper told Digital Spy that `` ( writer ) Paul Scheuring loves Bill Fichtner and I love Bill Fichtner . He 's a brilliant actor -- but Paul honestly said to me , ' I do n't know what to do with that character ' . He did n't want to just bring everybody back , so that the audience go , ' Oh , look , it 's Bill Fichtner again ! ' -- he honestly thought , ' I 'm not sure where to do that in the plot . ' So if someday there 's another chapter of this , maybe then Bill will be back . But I think the characters that are there , each of our moments that we have , are key to the storytelling , which is how it should be . '' Filming ( edit ) Production on the season began in April 7 , 2016 , in Vancouver , once Miller and Purcell completed filming for Legends of Tomorrow . Filming concluded in Vancouver on July 11 , 2016 . On June 1 , 2016 , Dominic Purcell was almost killed on set in Morocco , after an iron bar used as a set piece had fallen onto his head , which caused a broken nose and a head injury . Purcell was immediately airlifted from Marrakesh to Casablanca for treatment where he recovered . Filming of the series was not substantially disrupted due to the accident . Music ( edit ) Composer Ramin Djawadi stated that he would definitely like to return and work on the new season of Prison Break , after learning of the news of the possible revival , to which further stated , `` I literally just heard it , so it 's news for me . It 's very exciting because the show was such a good show but nobody has contacted me at this point . '' Djawadi later added , `` Most likely , if my schedule allows - that show was very close to me . I loved all the people involved . I thought it was an incredible show . Absolutely . '' In June 2016 , it was confirmed that Djawadi would return as composer for season five . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the season has an approval rating of 55 % based on 29 reviews , with an average score of 6.2 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Prison Break recaptures some of its old urgency in its return , but familiar faces and frenetic action are n't enough to make up for a plot that manages to bore while beggaring belief . '' On Metacritic , the season has a score of 48 out of 100 , based on 18 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Ogygia '' April 4 , 2017 1.5 / 5 3.83 0.8 1.86 2.3 5.68 `` Kaniel Outis '' April 11 , 2017 1.1 / 4 3.18 0.9 1.84 2.0 5.01 `` The Liar '' April 18 , 2017 0.9 / 3 2.44 0.8 1.76 1.7 4.20 `` The Prisoner 's Dilemma '' April 25 , 2017 0.9 / 3 2.75 N / A N / A N / A N / A 5 `` Contingency '' May 2 , 2017 0.8 / 3 2.35 0.7 1.51 1.5 3.86 6 `` Phaecia '' May 9 , 2017 0.9 / 3 2.37 0.6 1.33 1.5 3.70 7 `` Wine Dark Sea '' May 16 , 2017 0.9 / 4 2.41 0.7 1.41 1.6 3.81 8 `` Progeny '' May 23 , 2017 0.7 / 3 1.90 0.7 1.60 1.4 3.50 9 `` Behind the Eyes '' May 30 , 2017 0.9 / 3 2.30 0.7 1.54 1.6 3.83 Home media Release ( edit ) The event series was released on Blu - ray and DVD on June 27 , 2017 . Special features include a behind - the - scenes featurette , `` A Return Home : The Making of Prison Break Event Series '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ McCreesh , Louise ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` The Prison Break revival officially has a title -- as show writers reveal why there are only nine episodes in the new series '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ROBERT KNEPPER , ROCKMOND DUNBAR AND AMAURY NOLASCO RETURN TO PRISON BREAK '' . 20th Century Fox . March 11 , 2016 . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` Prison Break , Making History Premiere Dates Announced by Fox '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Calcuttawala , Zainab ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` American Show `` Prison Break '' to Film in Rabat , Casablanca , Ouarzazate `` . Morocco World News . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( March 11 , 2015 ) . `` Sarah Wayne Callies To Reprise ' Prison Break ' Role In Fox Event Series '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS ' and ' The Middle ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Mick ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' adjust up , ' iZombie ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS ' and ' The Middle ' adjust up , ' Prison Break ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' iZombie ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS ' finale and ' Bull ' adjust up , ' The Middle ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars finale adjusts up , ' iZombie ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' Imaginary Mary ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bricker , Tierney ( January 12 , 2015 ) . `` Fox `` Definitely '' Interested in Prison Break 's Return , Wentworth Miller Reveals `` . E !. Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( March 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Prison Break ' : Robert Knepper , Rockmond Dunbar Returning for Revival '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 2 , 2015 ) . `` Prison Break Limited Series In Development at Fox '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rose , Lacey ( August 6 , 2015 ) . `` Fox Chiefs on ' Prison Break ' Revival , ' Empire ' Impact and Planned Turnaround '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 6 , 2015 ) . `` ' Prison Break ' Sequel Limited Series A Go At Fox '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : O'Connell , Michael ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` Fox Greenlights ' Prison Break ' Event Series , Orders ' 24 ' Spinoff Pilot ' Legacy ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` Prison Break Revival Is Officially a Go : Updates on Cast , International Setting '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Plumb , Ali ( August 7 , 2015 ) . `` Prison Break Sequel Series Confirmed By Fox '' . Empire . Retrieved August 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' Prison Break ' Event Series with Original Cast & Producers Officially Greenlit at Fox '' . Variety . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Jacob ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` TV News Roundup : Michael Raymond - James Back on ' Once Upon a Time ' ; Mark Feuerstein Joins ' Prison Break ' '' . Variety . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Prison Break ' : Mark Feuerstein Joins Fox Event Series '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( March 9 , 2016 ) . `` Prison Break Revival : Augustus Prew , Rick Yune Join Cast '' . TVLine . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Birnbaum , Debra ( March 9 , 2016 ) . `` Sarah Wayne Callies Joins Fox 's ' Prison Break ' Revival '' . Variety . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' Ray Donovan ' Casts Richard Brake ; ' Prison Break ' Adds Amin El Gamal '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' Prison Break ' Revival Bringing Back More Original Stars '' . Variety . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` Paul Adelstein Returning to Fox 's ' Prison Break ' Revival '' . Variety . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Prison Break ' : Inbar Lavi , Marina Benedict & Kunal Sharma Join Fox Event Series '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` Prison Break Revival : The Last Ship 's Inbar Lavi to Recur on Fox Event Series '' . TVLine . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Faran Tahir cast as newest member of TV serial ' Prison Break ' '' . The Express Tribune . April 17 , 2016 . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffrey , Morgan ; McCabe , Joseph ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` Prison Break : Here 's the REAL reason that Mahone is n't back for the revival '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roffman , Marisa ( August 11 , 2015 ) . `` ' Prison Break 's ' Dominic Purcell Vows Reboot Will Be `` Amazing '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Current Productions : April 29 , 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Directors Guild of Canada , BC District Council . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Purcell , Dominic ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` Dominic Purcell : I 'm good '' . Instagram . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 3 , 2016 ) . `` Dominic Purcell Injured On Set Of Fox 's Prison Break , Production Not Impacted '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Prison Break star Dominic Purcell almost killed on set after iron bar falls on his head '' . News.com.au . June 4 , 2016 . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Debnath , Neela ( July 24 , 2015 ) . `` Prison Break season 5 : Ramin Djawadi says he would ' absolutely ' return to the show '' . Daily Express . Retrieved July 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ @ PBWritersRoom ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` Yes ! Ramin is back , so expect some cool new music . '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Prison Break : Season 5 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Prison Break : Season 5 reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' iZombie ' premiere gets decent bump in week 29 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` 6 shows double , led by ' Designated Survivor ' : Week 30 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' makes more big gains : Week 31 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Big Bang ' gain the most , 10 shows double : Week 33 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' finale lead week 34 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Designated Survivor ' finales make biggest gains in week 35 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' Bull ' season finales lead week 36 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lucifer ' and ' Prison Break ' finales get good bumps : Broadcast Live + 7 ratings for May 29 - June 4 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` Prison Break - Fox Official Press Release : ' The Event Series ' and Blu ' Collector 's Set ' '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Prison Break on IMDb Prison Break at TV.com ( hide ) Prison Break Seasons Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Episodes `` Pilot '' `` Allen '' `` Cute Poison '' `` English , Fitz or Percy '' `` Riots , Drills and the Devil '' `` Manhunt '' `` Rendezvous '' `` Bolshoi Booze '' `` Disconnect '' `` The Killing Box '' `` John Doe '' `` The Message '' `` Chicago '' `` Panama '' `` Fin Del Camino '' `` Scylla '' `` Breaking & Entering '' `` Shut Down '' `` Eagles & Angels '' `` Safe & Sound '' `` Blow Out '' `` Five the Hard Way '' `` The Price '' `` Greatness Achieved '' `` The Legend '' `` Quiet Riot '' `` Selfless '' `` Ogygia '' `` Kaniel Outis '' `` The Liar '' `` The Prisoner 's Dilemma Characters Theodore `` T - Bag '' Bagwell Brad Bellick Lincoln Burrows Benjamin Miles `` C - Note '' Franklin Paul Kellerman Alexander Mahone Michael Scofield Fernando Sucre Sara Tancredi Minor characters Cast members Universe Fox River State Penitentiary Penitenciaría Federal de Sona The Company Other media The Final Break ( movie ) Proof of Innocence The Conspiracy Soundtracks Seasons 1 & 2 Seasons 3 & 4 Related Awards and nominations Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prison_Break_(season_5)&oldid=807163375 '' Categories : Prison Break Prison Break episodes 2017 American television seasons Terrorism in fiction Yemen in fiction Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español فارسی Français Italiano ქართული Magyar Српски / srpski Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 09 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison%20Break%20%28season%205%29
| 630 |
india is a secondary centre of diversity for
|
Center of origin
|
center of origin
|
A center of origin ( or centre of diversity ) is a geographical area where a group of organisms , either domesticated or wild , first developed its distinctive properties . Centers of origin are also considered centers of diversity . For crop plants , Nikolai Vavilov initially identified 8 of these , later subdividing them into 12 in 1935 .
|
Contents ( hide ) 1 Plants 2 Vavilov centers 3 Importance 4 See also 5 References Plants ( edit ) Locating the origin of crop plants is basic to plant breeding . This allows one to locate wild relatives , related species , and new genes ( especially dominant genes , which may provide resistance to diseases ) . Knowledge of the origins of crop plants is important in order to avoid genetic erosion , the loss of germplasm due to the loss of ecotypes and landraces , loss of habitat ( such as rainforests ) , and increased urbanization . Germplasm preservation is accomplished through gene banks ( largely seed collections but now frozen stem sections ) and preservation of natural habitats ( especially in centers of origin ) . Vavilov centers ( edit ) ( 1 ) Mexico - Guatemala , ( 2 ) Peru - Ecuador - Bolivia , ( 2A ) Southern Chile , ( 2B ) Paraguay - Southern Brazil , ( 3 ) Mediterranean , ( 4 ) Middle East , ( 5 ) Ethiopia , ( 6 ) Central Asia , ( 7 ) Indo - Burma , ( 7A ) Siam - Malaya - Java , ( 8 ) China and Korea . Further information : List of food origins A Vavilov Center ( of Diversity ) is a region of the world first indicated by Nikolai Vavilov to be an original center for the domestication of plants . Vavilov developed a theory on the centers of origin of cultivated plants . He stated that plants were not domesticated somewhere in the world at random but there are regions where the domestication started . The center of origin is also considered the center of diversity . Vavilov centers are regions where a high diversity of crop wild relatives can be found , representing the natural relatives of domesticated crop plants . Later in 1935 Vavilov divided the centers into 12 , giving the following list : Chinese center Indian center Indo - Malayan center Central Asiatic center Persian center Mediterranean center Abyssinian center South American center Central American center Chilean center Brazilian - Paraguayan center North American center World centers of origin of cultivated plants Center Plants 1 ) South Mexican and Central American Center Includes southern sections of Mexico , Guatemala , Honduras and Costa Rica . Grains and Legumes : maize , common bean , lima bean , tepary bean , jack bean , grain amaranth Melon Plants : malabar gourd , winter pumpkin , chayote Fiber Plants : upland cotton , bourbon cotton , henequen ( sisal ) Miscellaneous : sweetpotato , arrowroot , pepper , papaya , guava , cashew , wild black cherry , chochenial , cherry tomato , cacao . 2 ) South American Center 62 plants listed ; three subcenters 2 ) Peruvian , Ecuadorean , Bolivian Center : Root Tubers : Andean potato , Other endemic cultivated potato species . Fourteen or more species with chromosome numbers varying from 24 to 60 , Edible nasturtium Grains and Legumes : starchy maize , lima bean , common bean Root Tubers : edible canna , potato Vegetable Crops : pepino , tomato , ground cherry , pumpkin , pepper Fiber Plants : Egyptian cotton Fruit and Miscellaneous : cocoa , passion flower , guava , heilborn , quinine tree , tobacco , cherimoya , coca 2A ) Chiloe Center ( Island near the coast of southern Chile ) Common potato ( 48 chromosomes ) , Chilean strawberry 2B ) Brazilian - Paraguayan Center manioc , peanut , rubber tree , pineapple , Brazil nut , cashew , Erva - mate , purple granadilla . 3 ) Mediterranean Center Includes the borders of the Mediterranean Sea . 84 listed plants Cereals and Legumes : durum wheat , emmer , Polish wheat , spelt , Mediterranean oats , sand oats , canarygrass , grass pea , pea , lupine Forage Plants : Egyptian clover , white clover , crimson clover , serradella Oil and Fiber Plants : flax , rape , black mustard , olive Vegetables : garden beet , cabbage , turnip , lettuce , asparagus , celery , chicory , parsnip , rhubarb , Ethereal Oil and Spice Plants : caraway , anise , thyme , peppermint , sage , hop . 4 ) Middle East Includes interior of Asia Minor , all of Transcaucasia , Iran , and the highlands of Turkmenistan. 83 species Grains and Legumes : einkorn wheat , durum wheat , poulard wheat , common wheat , oriental wheat , Persian wheat , two - row barley , rye , Mediterranean oats , common oats , lentil , lupine Forage Plants : alfalfa , Persian clover , fenugreek , vetch , hairy vetch Fruits : fig , pomegranate , apple , pear , quince , cherry , hawthorn . 5 ) Ethiopia Includes Abyssinia , Eritrea , and part of Somaliland. 38 species listed ; rich in wheat and barley . Grains and Legumes : Abyssinian hard wheat , poulard wheat , emmer , Polish wheat , barley , grain sorghum , pearl millet , African millet , cowpea , flax , teff Miscellaneous : sesame , castor bean , garden cress , coffee , okra , myrrh , indigo . 6 ) Central Asiatic Center Includes Northwest India ( Punjab , Northwest Frontier Provinces and Kashmir ) , Afghanistan , Tadjikistan , Uzbekistan , and western Tian - Shan. 43 plants Grains and Legumes : common wheat , club wheat , shot wheat , peas , lentil , horse bean , chickpea , mung bean , mustard , flax , sesame Fiber Plants : hemp , cotton Vegetables : onion , garlic , spinach , carrot Fruits : pistacio , pear , almond , grape , apple . 7 ) Indian Center Two subcenters 7 ) Indo - Burma : Main Center ( India ) : Includes Assam , Bangladesh and Burma , but not Northwest India , Punjab , nor Northwest Frontier Provinces , 117 plants Cereals and Legumes : rice , chickpea , pigeon pea , urd bean , mung bean , rice bean , cowpea , Vegetables and Tubers : eggplant , cucumber , radish , taro , yam Fruits : mango , orange , tangerine , citron , tamarind Sugar , Oil , and Fiber Plants : sugar cane , coconut palm , sesame , safflower , tree cotton , oriental cotton , jute , crotalaria , kenaf Spices , Stimulants , Dyes , and Miscellaneous : hemp , black pepper , gum arabic , sandalwood , indigo , cinnamon tree , croton , bamboo . 7A ) Siam - Malaya - Java : statt Indo - Malayan Center : Includes Indo - China and the Malay Archipelago , 55 plants Cereals and Legumes : Job 's tears , velvet bean Fruits : pummelo , banana , breadfruit , mangosteen Oil , Sugar , Spice , and Fiber Plants : candlenut , coconut palm , sugarcane , clove , nutmeg , black pepper , manila hemp . 8 ) Chinese Center A total of 136 endemic plants are listed in the largest independent center Cereals and Legumes : e.g. broomcorn millet , Italian millet , Japanese barnyard millet , sorghum , buckwheat , hull-less barley , soybean , Adzuki bean , velvet bean Roots , Tubers , and Vegetables : e.g. Chinese yam , radish , Chinese cabbage , onion , cucumber Fruits and Nuts : e.g. pear , Chinese apple , peach , apricot , cherry , walnut , litchi Sugar , Drug , and Fiber Plants : e.g. sugar cane , opium poppy , ginseng camphor , hemp . Importance ( edit ) In 2016 , researchers linked the origins and primary regions of diversity ( `` areas typically including the locations of the initial domestication of crops , encompassing the primary geographical zones of crop variation generated since that time , and containing relatively high species richness in crop wild relatives '' ) of food and agricultural crops with their current importance around the world in modern national food supplies and agricultural production . The results indicated that foreign crops were 68.7 % of national food supplies as a global mean , and their usage has greatly increased in the last fifty years . See also ( edit ) Crop wild relatives Crop diversity Landraces Neglected and Underutilized Crops References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture '' ( PDF ) . Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations . 2009 : Article 2 . Jump up ^ Corinto , Gian Luigi ( 2014 ) . `` Nikolai Vavilov 's Centers of Origin of Cultivated Plants With a View to Conserving Agricultural Biodiversity '' . Human Evolution. 29 ( 4 ) : 285 -- 301 . Jump up ^ Ladizinsky , G. ( 1998 ) . Plant Evolution under Domestication . The Netherlands : Kluwer Academic Publishers Jump up ^ Blaine P. Friedlander Jr ( 2000 - 06 - 20 ) . `` Cornell and Polish research scientists lead effort to save invaluable potato genetic archive in Russia '' . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ Adapted from Vavilov ( 1951 ) by R.W. Schery , Plants for Man , Prentice Hall , Englewood Cliffs , NJ , 1972 Jump up ^ History of Horticulture , Jules Janick , Purdue University , 2002 Jump up ^ Khoury , C.K. ; Achicanoy , H.A. ; Bjorkman , A.D. ; Navarro - Racines , C. ; Guarino , L. ; Flores - Palacios , X. ; Engels , J.M.M. ; Wiersema , J.H. ; Dempewolf , H. ; Sotelo , S. ; Ramírez - Villegas , J. ; Castañeda - Álvarez , N.P. ; Fowler , C. ; Jarvis , A. ; Rieseberg , L.H. ; Struik , P.C. ( 2016 ) . `` Origins of food crops connect countries worldwide '' . Proc. R. Soc . B. 283 ( 1832 ) : 20160792 . doi : 10.1098 / rspb. 2016.0792 . PMC 4920324 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Center_of_origin&oldid=843484863 '' Categories : Conservation History of agriculture Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Deutsch فارسی Français Italiano עברית Қазақша Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Português Русский ไทย Українська 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 13 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center%20of%20origin
| 2,164 |
||
this type of it application control ensures that data is free from errors at the point of collection
|
Data quality refers to the condition of a set of values of qualitative or quantitative variables . There are many definitions of data quality but data is generally considered high quality if it is `` fit for ( its ) intended uses in operations , decision making and planning '' . Alternatively , data is deemed of high quality if it correctly represents the real - world construct to which it refers . Furthermore , apart from these definitions , as data volume increases , the question of internal data consistency becomes significant , regardless of fitness for use for any particular external purpose . People 's views on data quality can often be in disagreement , even when discussing the same set of data used for the same purpose . Data cleansing may be required in order to ensure data quality .
|
Data cleansing
|
Data quality
|
data quality
|
Data quality refers to the condition of a set of values of qualitative or quantitative variables . There are many definitions of data quality but data is generally considered high quality if it is `` fit for ( its ) intended uses in operations , decision making and planning '' . Alternatively , data is deemed of high quality if it correctly represents the real - world construct to which it refers . Furthermore , apart from these definitions , as data volume increases , the question of internal data consistency becomes significant , regardless of fitness for use for any particular external purpose . People 's views on data quality can often be in disagreement , even when discussing the same set of data used for the same purpose . Data cleansing may be required in order to ensure data quality .
|
Contents ( hide ) 1 Definitions 2 History 3 Overview 4 Data quality assurance 5 Data quality control 6 Optimum use of data quality 6.1 Health data security and privacy 7 Data quality in public health 8 Professional associations 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Definitions ( edit ) This list is taken from the online book `` Data Quality : High - impact Strategies '' . See also the glossary of data quality terms . Degree of excellence exhibited by the data in relation to the portrayal of the actual scenario . The state of completeness , validity , consistency , timeliness and accuracy that makes data appropriate for a specific use . The totality of features and characteristics of data that bears on its ability to satisfy a given purpose ; the sum of the degrees of excellence for factors related to data . The processes and technologies involved in ensuring the conformance of data values to business requirements and acceptance criteria . Complete , standards based , consistent , accurate and time stamped . If the ISO 9000 : 2015 definition of quality is applied , data quality can be defined as the degree to which a set of characteristics of data fulfills requirements . Examples of characteristics are : completeness , validity , accuracy , consistency , availability and timeliness . Requirements are defined as the need or expectation that is stated , generally implied or obligatory . History ( edit ) Before the rise of the inexpensive computer data storage , massive mainframe computers were used to maintain name and address data for delivery services . This was so that mail could be properly routed to its destination . The mainframes used business rules to correct common misspellings and typographical errors in name and address data , as well as to track customers who had moved , died , gone to prison , married , divorced , or experienced other life - changing events . Government agencies began to make postal data available to a few service companies to cross-reference customer data with the National Change of Address registry ( NCOA ) . This technology saved large companies millions of dollars in comparison to manual correction of customer data . Large companies saved on postage , as bills and direct marketing materials made their way to the intended customer more accurately . Initially sold as a service , data quality moved inside the walls of corporations , as low - cost and powerful server technology became available . Companies with an emphasis on marketing often focused their quality efforts on name and address information , but data quality is recognized as an important property of all types of data . Principles of data quality can be applied to supply chain data , transactional data , and nearly every other category of data found . For example , making supply chain data conform to a certain standard has value to an organization by : 1 ) avoiding overstocking of similar but slightly different stock ; 2 ) avoiding false stock - out ; 3 ) improving the understanding of vendor purchases to negotiate volume discounts ; and 4 ) avoiding logistics costs in stocking and shipping parts across a large organization . For companies with significant research efforts , data quality can include developing protocols for research methods , reducing measurement error , bounds checking of data , cross tabulation , modeling and outlier detection , verifying data integrity , etc . Overview ( edit ) There are a number of theoretical frameworks for understanding data quality . A systems - theoretical approach influenced by American pragmatism expands the definition of data quality to include information quality , and emphasizes the inclusiveness of the fundamental dimensions of accuracy and precision on the basis of the theory of science ( Ivanov , 1972 ) . One framework , dubbed `` Zero Defect Data '' ( Hansen , 1991 ) adapts the principles of statistical process control to data quality . Another framework seeks to integrate the product perspective ( conformance to specifications ) and the service perspective ( meeting consumers ' expectations ) ( Kahn et al. 2002 ) . Another framework is based in semiotics to evaluate the quality of the form , meaning and use of the data ( Price and Shanks , 2004 ) . One highly theoretical approach analyzes the ontological nature of information systems to define data quality rigorously ( Wand and Wang , 1996 ) . A considerable amount of data quality research involves investigating and describing various categories of desirable attributes ( or dimensions ) of data . These dimensions commonly include accuracy , correctness , currency , completeness and relevance . Nearly 200 such terms have been identified and there is little agreement in their nature ( are these concepts , goals or criteria ? ) , their definitions or measures ( Wang et al. , 1993 ) . Software engineers may recognize this as a similar problem to `` ilities '' . MIT has a Total Data Quality Management program , led by Professor Richard Wang , which produces a large number of publications and hosts a significant international conference in this field ( International Conference on Information Quality , ICIQ ) . This program grew out of the work done by Hansen on the `` Zero Defect Data '' framework ( Hansen , 1991 ) . In practice , data quality is a concern for professionals involved with a wide range of information systems , ranging from data warehousing and business intelligence to customer relationship management and supply chain management . One industry study estimated the total cost to the U.S. economy of data quality problems at over U.S. $600 billion per annum ( Eckerson , 2002 ) . Incorrect data -- which includes invalid and outdated information -- can originate from different data sources -- through data entry , or data migration and conversion projects . In 2002 , the USPS and PricewaterhouseCoopers released a report stating that 23.6 percent of all U.S. mail sent is incorrectly addressed . One reason contact data becomes stale very quickly in the average database -- more than 45 million Americans change their address every year . In fact , the problem is such a concern that companies are beginning to set up a data governance team whose sole role in the corporation is to be responsible for data quality . In some organizations , this data governance function has been established as part of a larger Regulatory Compliance function - a recognition of the importance of Data / Information Quality to organizations . Problems with data quality do n't only arise from incorrect data ; inconsistent data is a problem as well . Eliminating data shadow systems and centralizing data in a warehouse is one of the initiatives a company can take to ensure data consistency . Enterprises , scientists , and researchers are starting to participate within data curation communities to improve the quality of their common data . The market is going some way to providing data quality assurance . A number of vendors make tools for analyzing and repairing poor quality data in situ , '' service providers can clean the data on a contract basis and consultants can advise on fixing processes or systems to avoid data quality problems in the first place . Most data quality tools offer a series of tools for improving data , which may include some or all of the following : Data profiling - initially assessing the data to understand its quality challenges Data standardization - a business rules engine that ensures that data conforms to quality rules Geocoding - for name and address data . Corrects data to U.S. and Worldwide postal standards Matching or Linking - a way to compare data so that similar , but slightly different records can be aligned . Matching may use `` fuzzy logic '' to find duplicates in the data . It often recognizes that `` Bob '' and `` Robert '' may be the same individual . It might be able to manage `` householding '' , or finding links between spouses at the same address , for example . Finally , it often can build a `` best of breed '' record , taking the best components from multiple data sources and building a single super-record . Monitoring - keeping track of data quality over time and reporting variations in the quality of data . Software can also auto - correct the variations based on pre-defined business rules . Batch and Real time - Once the data is initially cleansed ( batch ) , companies often want to build the processes into enterprise applications to keep it clean . There are several well - known authors and self - styled experts , with Larry English perhaps the most popular guru . In addition , IQ International - the International Association for Information and Data Quality was established in 2004 to provide a focal point for professionals and researchers in this field . ISO 8000 is an international standard for data quality . Data quality assurance ( edit ) Data quality assurance is the process of data profiling to discover inconsistencies and other anomalies in the data , as well as performing data cleansing activities ( e.g. removing outliers , missing data interpolation ) to improve the data quality . These activities can be undertaken as part of data warehousing or as part of the database administration of an existing piece of application software . Data quality control ( edit ) Data quality control is the process of controlling the usage of data with known quality measurements for an application or a process . This process is usually done after a Data Quality Assurance ( QA ) process , which consists of discovery of data inconsistency and correction . Data QA processes provides following information to Data Quality Control ( QC ) : Severity of inconsistency Incompleteness Accuracy Precision Missing / Unknown The Data QC process uses the information from the QA process to decide to use the data for analysis or in an application or business process . For example , if a Data QC process finds that the data contains too many errors or inconsistencies , then it prevents that data from being used for its intended process which could cause disruption . For example , providing invalid measurements from several sensors to the automatic pilot feature on an aircraft could cause it to crash . Thus , establishing data QC process provides the protection of usage of data control and establishes safe information usage . Optimum use of data quality ( edit ) Data Quality ( DQ ) is a niche area required for the integrity of the data management by covering gaps of data issues . This is one of the key functions that aid data governance by monitoring data to find exceptions undiscovered by current data management operations . Data Quality checks may be defined at attribute level to have full control on its remediation steps . DQ checks and business rules may easily overlap if an organization is not attentive of its DQ scope . Business teams should understand the DQ scope thoroughly in order to avoid overlap . Data quality checks are redundant if business logic covers the same functionality and fulfills the same purpose as DQ . The DQ scope of an organization should be defined in DQ strategy and well implemented . Some data quality checks may be translated into business rules after repeated instances of exceptions in the past . Below are a few areas of data flows that may need perennial DQ checks : Completeness and precision DQ checks on all data may be performed at the point of entry for each mandatory attribute from each source system . Few attribute values are created way after the initial creation of the transaction ; in such cases , administering these checks becomes tricky and should be done immediately after the defined event of that attribute 's source and the transaction 's other core attribute conditions are met . All data having attributes referring to Reference Data in the organization may be validated against the set of well - defined valid values of Reference Data to discover new or discrepant values through the validity DQ check . Results may be used to update Reference Data administered under Master Data Management ( MDM ) . All data sourced from a third party to organization 's internal teams may undergo accuracy ( DQ ) check against the third party data . These DQ check results are valuable when administered on data that made multiple hops after the point of entry of that data but before that data becomes authorized or stored for enterprise intelligence . All data columns that refer to Master Data may be validated for its consistency check . A DQ check administered on the data at the point of entry discovers new data for the MDM process , but a DQ check administered after the point of entry discovers the failure ( not exceptions ) of consistency . As data transforms , multiple timestamps and the positions of that timestamps are captured and may be compared against each other and its leeway to validate its value , decay , operational significance against a defined SLA ( service level agreement ) . This timeliness DQ check can be utilized to decrease data value decay rate and optimize the policies of data movement timeline . In an organization complex logic is usually segregated into simpler logic across multiple processes . Reasonableness DQ checks on such complex logic yielding to a logical result within a specific range of values or static interrelationships ( aggregated business rules ) may be validated to discover complicated but crucial business processes and outliers of the data , its drift from BAU ( business as usual ) expectations , and may provide possible exceptions eventually resulting into data issues . This check may be a simple generic aggregation rule engulfed by large chunk of data or it can be a complicated logic on a group of attributes of a transaction pertaining to the core business of the organization . This DQ check requires high degree of business knowledge and acumen . Discovery of reasonableness issues may aid for policy and strategy changes by either business or data governance or both . Conformity checks and integrity checks need not covered in all business needs , it 's strictly under the database architecture 's discretion . There are many places in the data movement where DQ checks may not be required . For instance , DQ check for completeness and precision on not -- null columns is redundant for the data sourced from database . Similarly , data should be validated for its accuracy with respect to time when the data is stitched across disparate sources . However , that is a business rule and should not be in the DQ scope . Regretfully , from a software development perspective , DQ is often seen as a nonfunctional requirement . And as such , key data quality checks / processes are not factored into the final software solution . Within Healthcare , wearable technologies or Body Area Networks , generate large volumes of data . The level of detail required to ensure data quality is extremely high and is often underestimated . This is also true for the vast majority of mHealth apps , EHRs and other health related software solutions . However , some open source tools exist that examine data quality . The primary reason for this , stems from the extra cost involved is added a higher degree of rigor within the software architecture . Health data security and privacy ( edit ) The use of mobile devices in health , or mHealth , creates new challenges to health data security and privacy , in ways that directly affect data quality . mHealth is an increasingly important strategy for delivery of health services in low - and middle - income countries . Mobile phones and tablets are used for collection , reporting , and analysis of data in near real time . However , these mobile devices are commonly used for personal activities , as well , leaving them more vulnerable to security risks that could lead to data breaches . Without proper security safeguards , this personal use could jeopardize the quality , security , and confidentiality of health data . Data quality in public health ( edit ) Data quality has become a major focus of public health programs in recent years , especially as demand for accountability increases . Work towards ambitious goals related to the fight against diseases such as AIDS , Tuberculosis , and Malaria must be predicated on strong Monitoring and Evaluation systems that produce quality data related to program implementation . These programs , and program auditors , increasingly seek tools to standardize and streamline the process of determining the quality of data , verify the quality of reported data , and assess the underlying data management and reporting systems for indicators . An example is WHO and MEASURE Evaluation 's Data Quality Review Tool WHO , the Global Fund , GAVI , and MEASURE Evaluation have collaborated to produce a harmonized approach to data quality assurance across different diseases and programs . Professional associations ( edit ) IQ International -- the International Association for Information and Data Quality IQ International is a not - for - profit , vendor neutral , professional association formed in 2004 , dedicated to building the information and data quality profession . See also ( edit ) Data validation Record linkage Information quality Master data management Data governance Database normalization Data visualization Analysis paralysis Data Analysis References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Redman , Thomas C. ( 30 December 2013 ) . Data Driven : Profiting from Your Most Important Business Asset . Harvard Business Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4221 - 6364 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` What is data scrubbing ( data cleansing ) ? - Definition from WhatIs.com '' . Jump up ^ `` Data Quality : High - impact Strategies - What You Need to Know : Definitions , Adoptions , Impact , Benefits , Maturity , Vendors '' . Retrieved 5 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` IAIDQ -- glossary '' . Jump up ^ Government of British Columbia Jump up ^ REFERENCE - QUALITY WATER SAMPLE DATA : NOTES ON ACQUISITION , RECORD KEEPING , AND EVALUATION Jump up ^ `` ISTA Con - Innovations in Software Technologies and Automation '' . Jump up ^ Anonymous ( 23 December 2014 ) . `` Data Quality '' . Jump up ^ `` Liability and Leverage - A Case for Data Quality '' . Jump up ^ `` Address Management for Mail - Order and Retail '' . Jump up ^ http://ribbs.usps.gov/move_update/documents/tech_guides/PUB363.pdf Jump up ^ E. Curry , A. Freitas , and S. O'Riáin , `` The Role of Community - Driven Data Curation for Enterprises , '' Archived 2012 - 01 - 23 at the Wayback Machine . in Linking Enterprise Data , D. Wood , Ed . Boston , MA : Springer US , 2010 , pp. 25 - 47 . Jump up ^ `` ISO / TS 8000 - 1 : 2011 Data quality -- Part 1 : Overview '' . International Organization for Standardization . Retrieved 8 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Can you trust the quality of your data ? '' . Jump up ^ `` What is Data Cleansing ? - Experian Data Quality '' . 13 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lecture 23 Data Quality Concepts Tutorial -- Data Warehousing '' . Watch Free Video Training Online . Retrieved 8 December 2016 . Jump up ^ O'donoghue , John , and John Herbert . `` Data management within mHealth environments : Patient sensors , mobile devices , and databases . '' Journal of Data and Information Quality ( JDIQ ) 4.1 ( 2012 ) : 5 . Jump up ^ Huser , Vojtech ; DeFalco , Frank J ; Schuemie , Martijn ; Ryan , Patrick B ; Shang , Ning ; Velez , Mark ; Park , Rae Woong ; Boyce , Richard D ; Duke , Jon ; Khare , Ritu ; Utidjian , Levon ; Bailey , Charles ( 30 November 2016 ) . `` Multisite Evaluation of a Data Quality Tool for Patient - Level Clinical Datasets '' . eGEMs ( Generating Evidence & Methods to improve patient outcomes ) . 4 ( 1 ) . doi : 10.13063 / 2327 - 9214.1239 . Jump up ^ MEASURE Evaluation. ( 2017 ) Improving data quality in mobile community - based health information systems : Guidelines for design and implementation ( tr - 17 - 182 ) . Chapel Hill , NC : MEASURE Evaluation , University of North Carolina . Retrieved from https://www.measureevaluation.org/resources/publications/tr-17-182 Jump up ^ Wambugu , S. & Villella , C. ( 2016 ) . mHealth for health information systems in low - and middle - income countries : Challenges and opportunities in data quality , privacy , and security ( tr - 16 - 140 ) . Chapel Hill , NC : MEASURE Evaluation , University of North Carolina . Retrieved from https://www.measureevaluation.org/resources/publications/tr-16-140 Jump up ^ MEASURE Evaluation. ( 2016 ) Data quality for monitoring and evaluation systems ( fs - 16 - 170 ) . Chapel Hill , NC : MEASURE Evaluation , University of North Carolina . Retrieved from https://www.measureevaluation.org/resources/publications/fs-16-170-en Jump up ^ MEASURE Evaluation. ( 2016 ) . Routine health information systems : A curriculum on basic concepts and practice - Syllabus ( sr - 16 - 135a ) . Chapel Hill , NC : MEASURE Evaluation , University of North Carolina . Retrieved from https://www.measureevaluation.org/resources/publications/sr-16-135a Jump up ^ `` Data quality assurance tools '' . MEASURE Evaluation . Retrieved 8 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Module 4 : RHIS data quality '' . MEASURE Evaluation . Retrieved 8 August 2017 . Jump up ^ MEASURE Evaluation . `` Data quality '' . MEASURE Evaluation . Retrieved 8 August 2017 . Jump up ^ The World Health Organization ( WHO ) . ( 2009 ) . Monitoring and evaluation of health systems strengthening . Geneva , Switzerland : WHO . Retrieved from http://www.who.int/healthinfo/HSS_MandE_framework_Nov_2009.pdf Jump up ^ `` IQ International - the International Association for Information and Data Quality '' . IQ International website . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 05 . Further reading ( edit ) Dai , Wei , Kenji Yoshigoe , and William Parsley . `` Improving Data Quality Through Deep Learning and Statistical Models . '' Information Technology - New Generations . Springer , Cham , 2018 . 515 - 522 . Baškarada , S ; Koronios , A ( 2014 ) . `` A Critical Success Factors Framework for Information Quality Management '' . Information Systems Management . 31 ( 4 ) : 1 -- 20 . doi : 10.1080 / 10580530.2014. 958023 . Baamann , Katharina , `` Data Quality Aspects of Revenue Assurance '' , Article Eckerson , W. ( 2002 ) `` Data Warehousing Special Report : Data quality and the bottom line '' , Article Ivanov , K. ( 1972 ) `` Quality - control of information : On the concept of accuracy of information in data banks and in management information systems '' . The University of Stockholm and The Royal Institute of Technology . Doctoral dissertation . Hansen , M. ( 1991 ) Zero Defect Data , MIT . Masters thesis ( 1 ) Kahn , B. , Strong , D. , Wang , R. ( 2002 ) `` Information Quality Benchmarks : Product and Service Performance , '' Communications of the ACM , April 2002 . pp. 184 -- 192 . Article Price , R. and Shanks , G. ( 2004 ) A Semiotic Information Quality Framework , Proc. IFIP International Conference on Decision Support Systems ( DSS2004 ) : Decision Support in an Uncertain and Complex World , Prato . Article Redman , T.C. ( 2008 ) Data Driven : Profiting From Our Most Important Business Asset Wand , Y. and Wang , R. ( 1996 ) `` Anchoring Data Quality Dimensions in Ontological Foundations , '' Communications of the ACM , November 1996 . pp. 86 -- 95 . Article Wang , R. , Kon , H. & Madnick , S. ( 1993 ) , Data Quality Requirements Analysis and Modelling , Ninth International Conference of Data Engineering , Vienna , Austria . Article Fournel Michel , Accroitre la qualité et la valeur des données de vos clients , éditions Publibook , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 7483 - 3847 - 8 . Daniel F. , Casati F. , Palpanas T. , Chayka O. , Cappiello C. ( 2008 ) `` Enabling Better Decisions through Quality - aware Reports '' , International Conference on Information Quality ( ICIQ ) , MIT . Article Jack E. Olson ( 2003 ) , `` Data Quality : The Accuracy dimension '' , Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Woodall P. , Oberhofer M. , and Borek A. ( 2014 ) , `` A Classification of Data Quality Assessment and Improvement Methods '' . International Journal of Information Quality 3 ( 4 ) , 298 -- 321 . doi : 10.1504 / ijiq. 2014.068656 . Woodall , P. , Borek , A. , and Parlikad , A. ( 2013 ) , `` Data Quality Assessment : The Hybrid Approach . '' Information & Management 50 ( 7 ) , 369 -- 382 . Dai , Wei , et al. `` Data Profiling Technology of Data Governance Regarding Big Data : Review and Rethinking . '' Information Technology : New Generations : 13th International Conference on Information Technology . Vol. 448 . Springer , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Data quality course , from the Global Health Learning Center ( hide ) Data Storage Analysis Cleansing Compression Corruption Curation Editing Farming Fusion Integration Integrity Loss Mining Pre-processing Quality Reduction Scraping Scrubbing Security Validation Warehouse Wrangling / Munging Protection ( privacy ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Data_quality&oldid=805930183 '' Categories : Information science Data quality Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles to be merged from August 2016 All articles to be merged All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from May 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from June 2012 Talk Article Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Español Français 日本 語 Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 18 October 2017 , at 15 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data%20quality
| 2,165 |
classes of nervous system involved in reflex arc
|
Reflex arc
|
reflex arc
|
A reflex arc is a neural pathway that controls a reflex . In vertebrates , most sensory neurons do not pass directly into the brain , but synapse in the spinal cord . This allows for faster reflex actions to occur by activating spinal motor neurons without the delay of routing signals through the brain . However , the brain will receive the sensory input while the reflex is being carried out and the analysis of the signal takes place after the reflex action .
|
There are two types : autonomic reflex arc ( affecting inner organs ) and somatic reflex arc ( affecting muscles ) . However , autonomic reflexes sometimes involve the spinal cord and some somatic reflexes are mediated more by the brain than the spinal cord . During a somatic reflex , nerve signals travel along the following pathway : Somatic receptors in the skin , muscles and tendons Afferent nerve fibers carry signals from the somatic receptors to the posterior horn of the spinal cord or to the brainstem An integrating center , the point at which the neurons that compose the gray matter of the spinal cord or brainstem synapse Efferent nerve fibers carry motor nerve signals from the anterior horn to the muscles Effector muscle innervated by the efferent nerve fiber carries out the response . A reflex arc , then , is the pathway followed by nerves which ( a . ) carry sensory information from the receptor to the spinal cord , and then ( b ) carry the response generated by the spinal cord to effector organ ( s ) during a reflex action . Contents ( hide ) 1 Monosynaptic vs. polysynaptic 2 The patellar reflex ( knee jerk ) 3 References 4 External links Monosynaptic vs. polysynaptic ( edit ) Reflex arc demonstrated When a reflex arc in an animal consists of only one sensory neuron and one motor neuron , it is defined as monosynaptic , referring to the presence of a single chemical synapse . In the case of peripheral muscle reflexes ( patellar reflex , achilles reflex ) , brief stimulation to the muscle spindle results in contraction of the agonist or effector muscle . By contrast , in polysynaptic reflex pathways , one or more interneurons connect afferent ( sensory ) and efferent ( motor ) signals . All but the most simple reflexes are polysynaptic , allowing processing or inhibition of polysynaptic reflexes within the brain . The patellar reflex ( knee jerk ) ( edit ) Main article : Patellar reflex When the patellar tendon is tapped just below the knee , the tap initiates an action potential in a specialized structure known as a muscle spindle located within the quadriceps . This action potential travels to the L3 and L4 nerve roots of the spinal cord , via a sensory axon which chemically communicates by releasing glutamate onto a motor nerve . The result of this motor nerve activity is contraction of the quadriceps muscle , leading to extension of the lower leg at the knee ( i.e. the lower leg kicks forward ) . Ultimately , an improper patellar reflex may indicate cerebellar injury . The sensory input from the quadriceps also activates local interneurons that release the inhibitory neurotransmitter glycine onto motor neurons of antagonist muscles , blocking the sustained stimulation of these antagonistic ( hamstring ) muscles . The relaxation of the opposing muscle facilitates ( by not opposing ) the extension of the lower leg . In lower animals reflex interneurons do not necessarily reside in the spinal cord , for example as in the lateral giant neuron of crayfish . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Saladin , Kenneth ( 2015 ) . Anatomy & Physiology : The Unity of Form and Function . New York : McGraw - Hill . pp. 496 -- 497 . ISBN 978 - 0073403717 . ^ Jump up to : `` Deep Tendon Reflexes '' . The Precise Neurological Exam . New York University School of Medicine . November 28 , 2016 . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Ole Kæseler Andersen ( 1996 ) . Physiological and Pharmacological modulation of the human nociceptive withdrawal reflex ( PDF ) ( PhD Thesis ) . Center for Sansory - Motor Interaction , Aalborg University . Overview at sfsu.edu Overview at rutgers.edu ( with animation ) Tutorial at wisc-online.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reflex_arc&oldid=834172824 '' Categories : Reflexes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Deutsch Español Հայերեն Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands Polski Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Türkçe Українська 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 09 : 21 . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflex%20arc
| 2,166 |
||
which statement describe the us organ donation system
|
Organ donation
|
organ donation
|
Organ donation is when a person allows an organ of theirs to be removed , legally , either by consent while the donor is alive or after death with the assent of the next of kin .
|
Donation may be for research , or , more commonly healthy transplantable organs and tissues may be donated to be transplanted into another person . Common transplantations include : kidneys , heart , liver , pancreas , intestines , lungs , bones , bone marrow , skin , and corneas . Some organs and tissues can be donated by living donors , such as a kidney or part of the liver , part of the pancreas , part of the lungs or part of the intestines , but most donations occur after the donor has died . As of February 2 , 2018 , there were 115,085 people waiting for life - saving organ transplants in the US . Of these , 74,897 people were active candidates waiting for a donor . While views of organ donation are positive there is a large gap between the numbers of registered donors compared to those awaiting organ donations on a global level . Contents ( hide ) 1 Process 2 History 3 Brain donation 4 Legislation and global perspectives 4.1 Consent process 4.1. 1 Opt - in versus opt - out 4.2 Argentina 4.3 Brazil 4.4 Chile 4.5 Colombia 4.6 Europe 4.7 India 4.8 Iran 4.9 Israel 4.10 Japan 4.11 New Zealand 4.12 Sri Lanka 4.13 United States 4.13. 1 Donor Leave Laws 4.13. 2 Tax incentives 4.13. 3 Other financial incentives 5 Bioethical issues 5.1 Deontological 5.2 Teleological 5.3 Brain death versus cardiac death 6 Political issues 6.1 Prison inmates 7 Religious viewpoints 8 Organ shortfall 9 Distribution 10 Suicide 11 Controversies 12 Public service announcements 13 See also 14 References 15 External links Process ( edit ) Organ donors are usually dead at the time of donation , but may be living . For living donors , organ donation typically involves extensive testing before the donation , including psychological evaluation to determine whether the would - be donor understands and consents to the donation . On the day of the donation , the donor and the recipient arrive at the hospital , just like they would for any other major surgery . For dead donors , the process begins with verifying that the person is undoubtedly deceased , determining whether any organs could be donated , and obtaining consent for the donation of any usable organs . Normally , nothing is done until the person has already died , although if death is inevitable , it is possible to check for consent and to do some simple medical tests shortly beforehand , to help find a matching recipient . The verification of death is normally done by a neurologist ( a physician specializing in brain function ) that is not involved in the previous attempts to save the patient 's life . This physician has nothing to do with the transplantation process . Verification of death is often done multiple times , to prevent doctors from overlooking any remaining sign of life , however small . After death , the hospital may keep the body on a mechanical ventilator and use other methods to keep the organs in good condition . Donors and their families are not charged for any expenses related to the donation . The surgical process depends upon which organs are being donated . After the surgeons remove the organs , they are transported as quickly as possible to the recipient , for immediate transplantation . Most organs only survive outside the body for a few hours , so recipients in the same region are usually chosen . In the case of a dead donor , after the organs are removed , the body is normally restored to as normal an appearance as possible , so that the family can proceed with funeral rites and either cremation or burial . History ( edit ) Further information : List of organ transplant donors and recipients The first living organ donor in a successful transplant was Ronald Lee Herrick ( 1931 -- 2010 ) , who donated a kidney to his identical twin brother in 1954 . The lead surgeon , Joseph Murray , won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1990 for advances in organ transplantation . The youngest organ donor was a baby with anencephaly , born in 2015 , who lived for only 100 minutes and donated his kidneys to an adult with renal failure . The oldest known organ donor was a 107 - year - old Scottish woman , whose corneas were donated after her death in 2016 . The oldest known organ donor for an internal organ was a 92 - year - old Texas man , whose family chose to donate his liver after he died of a brain hemorrhage . The oldest altruistic living organ donor was an 85 - year - old woman in Britain , who donated her kidney to a stranger in 2014 after hearing how many people needed to receive a transplant . Researchers were able to develop a novel way to transplant human fetal kidneys into anephric rats to overcome a significant obstacle in impeding human fetal organ transplantations . The human fetal kidneys demonstrated both growth and function within the rats . Brain donation ( edit ) Because there are no known cures for many brain disorders , a high priority is given to research designed to improve the scientific understanding of healthy brain tissue to try to find new treatments . This is to ensure research is thorough , as it is important to have access to brain tissues from people who did not have the diseases being studied for comparison . These unaffected tissues are known as ' control tissues '. a short A BBC video appeal was published in early 2017 Legislation and global perspectives ( edit ) The laws of different countries allow potential donors to permit or refuse donation , or give this choice to relatives . The frequency of donations varies among countries . Consent process ( edit ) The term consent is typically defined as a subject adhering to an agreement of principals and regulations ; however , the definition becomes difficult to execute concerning the topic of organ donation , mainly because the subject is incapable of consent due to death or mental impairment . There are two types of consent being reviewed ; explicit consent and presumed consent . Explicit consent consists of the donor giving direct consent through proper registration depending on the country . The second consent process is presumed consent , which does not need direct consent from the donor or the next of kin . Presumed consent assumes that donation would have been permitted by the potential donor if permission was pursued . Of possible donors an estimated twenty - five percent of families refuse to donate a loved one 's organs . Consent is defined as adhering to an agreement of principals . However , this definition is hard to enforce in accordance with organ donation because , in most cases , organs are donated from the deceased , and can no longer provide consent for themselves . Opt - in versus opt - out ( edit ) See also : Mandated choice As medical science advances , the number of people who could be helped by organ donors increases continuously . As opportunities to save lives increase with new technologies and procedures , the number of people willing to donate organs needs to increase as well . In order to respect individual autonomy , voluntary consent must be determined for the individual 's disposition of their remains following death . There are two main methods for determining voluntary consent : `` opt in '' ( only those who have given explicit consent are donors ) and `` opt out '' ( anyone who has not refused consent to donate is a donor ) . In terms of an opt - out or presumed consent system , it is assumed that individuals do intend to donate their organs to medical use when they expire . Opt - out legislative systems dramatically increase effective rates of consent for donation as a consequence of the default effect . For example , Germany , which uses an opt - in system , has an organ donation consent rate of 12 % among its population , while Austria , a country with a very similar culture and economic development , but which uses an opt - out system , has a consent rate of 99.98 % . Opt - out consent , otherwise known as `` deemed '' consent , support refers to the notion that the majority of people support organ donation , but only a small percentage of the population are actually registered , because they fail to go through the actual step of registration , even if they want to donate their organs at the time of death . This could be resolved with an opt - out system , where many more people would be registered as donors when only those who object consent to donation have to register to be on the non-donation list . For this reasons , countries , such as Wales , have adopted a `` soft opt - out '' consent , meaning if a citizen has not clearly made a decision to register , then they will be treated as a registered citizen and participate in the organ donation process . Likewise , opt - in consent refers to the consent process of only those who are registered to participate in organ donation . Currently , the United States has an opt - in system , but studies show that countries with an opt - out system save more lives due to more availability of donated organs . The current opt - in consent policy assumes that individuals are not willing to become organ donors at the time of their death , unless they have documented otherwise through organ donation registration . Registering to become an organ donor heavily depends on the attitude of the individual ; those with a positive outlook might feel a sense of altruism towards organ donation , while others may have a more negative perspective , such as not trusting doctors to work as hard to save the lives of registered organ donors . Some common concerns regarding a presumed consent ( `` opt - out '' ) system are sociologic fears of a new system , moral objection , sentimentality , and worries of the management of the objection registry for those who do decide to opt - out of donation . Additional concerns exist with views of compromising the freedom of choice to donate and conflicts with religious beliefs which exist . Even though concerns exist , the United States still has a 95 percent organ donation approval rate . This level of nationwide acceptance may foster an environment where moving to a policy of presumed consent may help solve some of the organ shortage problem , where individuals are assumed to be willing organ donors unless they document a desire to `` opt - out '' , which must be respected . Because of public policies , cultural , infrastructural and other factors , presumed consent or opt - out models do not always translate directly into increased effective rates of donation . The United Kingdom has several different laws and policies for the organ donation process , such as consent of a witness or guardian must be provided to participate in organ donation . This policy is currently being consulted on by Department of Health and Social Care . In terms of effective organ donations , in some systems like Australia ( 14.9 donors per million , 337 donors in 2011 ) , family members are required to give consent or refusal , or may veto a potential recovery even if the donor has consented . Some countries with an opt - out system like Spain ( 36 effective donors per million inhabitants ) or Austria ( 21 donors / million ) have high donor rates and some countries with opt - in systems like Germany ( 16 donors / million ) or Greece ( 6 donors / million ) have lower effective donation rates . The president of the Spanish National Transplant Organisation has acknowledged Spain 's legislative approach is likely not the primary reason for the country 's success in increasing the donor rates , starting in the 1990s . Looking to the example of Spain , which has successfully adopted the presumed consent donation system , intensive care units ( ICUs ) must be equipped with enough doctors to maximize the recognition of potential donors and maintain organs while families are consulted for donation . The characteristic that enables the Spanish presumed consent model to be successful is the resource of transplant coordinators ; it is recommended to have at least one at each hospital where opt - out donation is practiced to authorize organ procurement efficiently . Public views are crucial to the success of opt - out or presumed consent donation systems . In a study done to determine if health policy change to a presumed consent or opt - out system would help to increase donors , an increase of 20 to 30 percent was seen among countries who changed their policies from some type of opt - in system to an opt - out system . Of course , this increase must have a great deal to do with the health policy change , but also may be influenced by other factors that could have impacted donor increases . Transplant Priority for Willing Donors is a newer method and the first to incorporate a `` non-medical '' criteria into the priority system to encourage higher donation rates in the opt - in system . Initially implemented in Israel , it allows an individual in need of an organ to move up the recipient list . Moving up the list is contingent on the individual opting - in prior to their need for an organ donation . The policy applies nonmedical criteria when allowing the individual who has previously registered as an organ donor , or family has previously donated an organ , priority over another possible recipient . It must be determined that both recipients have identical medical needs prior to moving a recipient up the list . While incentives like this in the opt - in system do help raise donation rates , they are not as successful in doing so as the opt - out , presumed consent default policies for donation . Argentina ( edit ) On 30 November 2005 , the Congress introduced an opt - out policy on organ donation , where all people over 18 years of age will be organ donors unless they or their family state their negative . The law was promulgated on 22 December 2005 as `` National Law 26,066 '' . Brazil ( edit ) A campaign by Sport Club Recife has led to waiting lists for organs in north - east Brazil to drop almost to zero ; while according to the Brazilian law the family has the ultimate authority , the issuance of the organ donation card and the ensuing discussions have however eased the process . Chile ( edit ) On 6 January 2010 the `` Law 20,413 '' was promulgated , introducing an opt - out policy on organ donation , where all people over 18 years of age will be organ donors unless they state their negative . Colombia ( edit ) On 4 August 2016 , the Congress passed the `` Law 1805 '' , which introduced an opt - out policy on organ donation where all people will be organ donors unless they state their negative . The law came into force on 4 February 2017 . Europe ( edit ) Map showing the coverage of 3 international European organ donation associations : Balttransplant Eurotransplant Scandiatransplant Within the European Union , organ donation is regulated by member states . As of 2010 , 24 European countries have some form of presumed consent ( opt - out ) system , with the most prominent and limited opt - out systems in Spain , Austria , and Belgium yielding high donor rates . In England organ donation is voluntary and no consent is presumed . Individuals who wish to donate their organs after death can use the Organ Donation Register , a national database . The government of Wales became the first constituent country in the UK to adopt presumed consent in July 2013 . The opt - out organ donation scheme in Wales went live on December 1 , 2015 and is expected to increase the amount of donors by 25 % . In 2008 , the UK discussed whether to switch to an opt - out system in light of the success in other countries and a severe British organ donor shortfall . In Italy if the deceased neither allowed nor refused donation while alive , relatives will pick the decision on his or her behalf despite a 1999 act that provided for a proper opt - out system . In 2008 , the European Parliament overwhelmingly voted for an initiative to introduce an EU organ donor card in order to foster organ donation in Europe . Landstuhl Regional Medical Center ( LRMC ) has become one of the most active organ donor hospitals in all of Germany , which otherwise has one of the lowest organ donation participation rates in the Eurotransplant organ network . LRMC , the largest U.S. military hospital outside the United States , is one of the top hospitals for organ donation in the Rhineland - Palatinate state of Germany , even though it has relatively few beds compared to many German hospitals . According to the German organ transplantation organization , Deutsche Stiftung Organtransplantation ( DSO ) , 34 American military service members who died at LRMC ( roughly half of the total number who died there ) donated a total of 142 organs between 2005 and 2010 . In 2010 alone , 10 of the 12 American service members who died at LRMC were donors , donating a total of 45 organs . Of the 205 hospitals in the DSO 's central region -- which includes the large cities of Frankfurt and Mainz -- only six had more organ donors than LRMC in 2010 . Scotland conforms to the Human Tissue Authority Code of Practice , which grants authority to donate organs , instead of consent of the individual . This helps to avoid conflict of implications and contains several requirements . In order to participate in organ donation , one must be listed on the Organ Donor Registry ( ODR ) . If the subject is incapable of providing consent , and is not on the ODR , then an acting representative , such as a legal guardian or family member can give legal consent for organ donation of the subject , along with a presiding witness , according to the Human Tissue Authority Code of Practice . Consent or refusal from a spouse , family member , or relative is necessary for a subject is incapable . Austria participates in the `` opt - out '' consent process , and have laws that make organ donation the default option at the time of death . In this case , citizens must explicitly `` opt out '' of organ donation . `` In these so - called opt - out countries , more than 90 % of people donate their organs . Yet in countries such as U.S. and Germany , people must explicitly `` opt in '' if they want to donate their organs when they die . In these opt - in countries , fewer than 15 % of people donate their organs at death . '' In May 2017 , Ireland began the process of introducing an `` opt - out '' system for organ donation . Minister for Health , Simon Harris , outlined his expectations to have the Human Tissue Bill passed by the end of 2017 . This bill would put in place the system of `` presumed consent '' . The Mental Capacity Act is another legal policy in place for organ donation in the UK . The act is used by medical professionals to declare a patients mental capacity . The act claims that medical professionals are to `` act in a patient 's best interest '' , when the patient is unable to do so . India ( edit ) India has a fairly well developed corneal donation programme ; however , donation after brain death has been relatively slow to take off . Most of the transplants done in India are living related or unrelated transplants . To curb organ commerce and promote donation after brain death the government enacted a law called `` The Transplantation of Human Organs Act '' in 1994 that brought about a significant change in the organ donation and transplantation scene in India . Many Indian states have adopted the law and in 2011 further amendment of the law took place . Despite the law there have been stray instances of organ trade in India and these have been widely reported in the press . This resulted in the amendment of the law further in 2011 . Deceased donation after brain death have slowly started happening in India and 2012 was the best year for the programme . India Table 1 -- Deceased Organ Donation in India -- 2012 . State No. of Deceased Donors Total no. of Organs Retrieved Organ Donation Rate per Million Population Tamil Nadu 83 252 1.15 Maharashtra 29 68 0.26 Gujarat 18 46 0.30 Karnataka 17 46 0.28 Andhra Pradesh 13 37 0.15 Kerala 12 26 0.36 Delhi - NCR 12 31 0.29 Punjab 12 24 0.43 Total 196 530 0.16 Source the Indian Transplant News Letter of the MOHAN Foundation The year 2013 has been the best yet for deceased organ donation in India . A total of 845 organs were retrieved from 310 multi-organ donors resulting in a national organ donation rate of 0.26 per million population ( Table 2 ) . Table 2 -- Deceased Organ Donation in India -- 2013 State Tamil Nadu Andhra Pradesh Kerala Maharashtra Delhi Gujarat Karnataka Puducherry Total ( National ) Donor 131 40 35 35 27 25 18 313 * ODR ( pmp ) 1.80 0.47 1.05 0.31 1.61 0.41 0.29 1.6 0.26 Heart 16 6 0 - 0 0 25 Lung 20 0 0 - 0 0 0 22 Liver 118 34 23 23 23 20 16 0 257 Kidney 234 75 59 53 40 54 29 548 Total 388 113 88 76 63 74 46 852 * ODR ( pmp ) -- Organ Donation Rate ( per million population ) In the year 2000 through the efforts of an NGO called MOHAN Foundation state of Tamil Nadu started an organ sharing network between a few hospitals . This NGO also set up similar sharing network in the state of Andhra Pradesh and these two states were at the forefront of deceased donation and transplantation programme for many years . As a result , retrieval of 1033 organs and tissues were facilitated in these two states by the NGO . Similar sharing networks came up in the states of Maharashtra and Karnataka ; however , the numbers of deceased donation happening in these states were not sufficient to make much impact.In 2008 , the Government of Tamil Nadu put together government orders laying down procedures and guidelines for deceased organ donation and transplantation in the state . These brought in almost thirty hospitals in the programme and has resulted in significant increase in the donation rate in the state . With an organ donation rate of 1.15 per million population , Tamil Nadu is the leader in deceased organ donation in the country . The small success of Tamil Nadu model has been possible due to the coming together of both government and private hospitals , NGOs and the State Health department . Most of the deceased donation programmes have been developed in southern states of India . The various such programmes are as follows - Andhra Pradesh - Jeevandan programme Karnataka -- Zonal Coordination Committee of Karnataka for Transplantation Kerala -- Mrithasanjeevani -- The Kerala Network for Organ Sharing Maharashtra -- Zonal Transplant Coordination Center in Mumbai Rajasthan -- Navjeevan - The Rajasthan Network of Organ Sharing Tamil Nadu -- Cadaver Transplant Programme In the year 2012 besides Tamil Nadu other southern states too did deceased donation transplants more frequently . An online organ sharing registry for deceased donation and transplantation is used by the states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala . Both these registries have been developed , implemented and maintained by MOHAN Foundation . However . National Organ and Tissue Transplant Organization ( NOTTO ) is a National level organization set up under Directorate General of Health Services , Ministry of Health and Family Welfare , Government of India and only official organization . Organ selling is legally banned in Asia . Numerous studies have documented that organ vendors have a poor quality of life ( QOL ) following kidney donation . However , a study done by Vemuru reddy et al shows a significant improvement in Quality of life contrary to the earlier belief . Live related renal donors have a significant improvement in the QOL following renal donation using the WHO QOL BREF in a study done at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences from 2006 to 2008 . The quality of life of the donor was poor when the graft was lost or the recipient died . Iran ( edit ) Only one country , Iran has eliminated the shortage of transplant organs -- and only Iran has a working and legal payment system for organ donation . ( 54 ) It is also the only country where organ trade is legal . The way their system works is , if a patient does not have a living relative or who are not assigned an organ from a deceased donor , apply to the nonprofit Dialysis and Transplant Patients Association ( Datpa ) . The association establishes potential donors , those donors are assessed by transplant doctors who are not affiliated with the Datpa association . The government gives a compensation of $1,200 to the donors and aid them a year of limited health - insurance . Additionally , working through Datpa , kidney recipients pay donors between $2,300 and $4,500 . Importantly , it is illegal for the medical and surgical teams involved or any ' middleman ' to receive payment . Charity donations are made to those donors whose recipients are unable to pay . The Iranian system began in 1988 and eliminated the shortage of kidneys by 1999 . Within the first year of the establishment of this system , the number of transplants had almost doubled ; nearly four fifths were from living unrelated sources. ( 55 ) Nobel Laureate economist Gary Becker and Julio Elias estimated that a payment of $15,000 for living donors would alleviate the shortage of kidneys in the U.S. Israel ( edit ) See also : Organ transplantation in Israel Since 2008 , signing an organ donor card in Israel has provided a potential medical benefit to the signer . If two patients require an organ donation and have the same medical need , preference will be given to the one that had signed an organ donation card . This policy was nicknamed `` dont give , do n't get '' . Organ donation in Israel increased after 2008 . Japan ( edit ) See also : Organ transplantation in Japan The rate of organ donation in Japan is significantly lower than in Western countries . This is attributed to cultural reasons , some distrust of western medicine , and a controversial organ transplantation in 1968 that provoked a ban on cadaveric organ donation that would last thirty years . Organ donation in Japan is regulated by a 1997 organ transplant law , which defines `` brain death '' and legalized organ procurement from brain dead donors . New Zealand ( edit ) Altruism New Zealand law allows live donors to participate in altruistic organ donation only . In 2013 there were 3 cases of liver donation by live donors and 58 cases of kidney donation by live donors . New Zealand has low rates of live donation , which could be due to the fact that it is illegal to pay someone for their organs . The Human Tissue Act 2008 states that trading in human tissue is prohibited , and is punishable by a fine of up to $50,000 or a prison term of up to 1 year . New Zealand law also allows for organ donation from deceased individuals . In 2013 organs were taken from 36 deceased individuals . Everyone who applies for a driver 's licence in New Zealand indicates whether or not they wish to be a donor if they die in circumstances that would allow for donation . The question is required to be answered for the application to be processed , meaning that the individual must answer yes or no , and does not have the option of leaving it unanswered . However , the answer given on the drivers license does not constitute informed consent , because at the time of drivers license application not all individuals are equipped to make an informed decision regarding whether to be a donor , and it is therefore not the deciding factor in whether donation is carried out or not . It is there to simply give indication of the person 's wishes . Family must agree to the procedure for donation to take place . A 2006 bill proposed setting up an organ donation register where people can give informed consent to organ donations and clearly state their legally binding wishes . However , the bill did not pass , and there was condemnation of the bill from some doctors , who said that even if a person had given express consent for organ donation to take place , they would not carry out the procedure in the presence of any disagreement from grieving family members . The indigenous population of New Zealand also have strong views regarding organ donation . Many Maori people believe organ donation is morally unacceptable due to the cultural need for a dead body to remain fully intact . However , because there is not a universally recognised cultural authority , no one view on organ donation is universally accepted in the Maori population . They are , however , less likely to accept a kidney transplant than other New Zealanders , despite being overrepresented in the population receiving dialysis . Sri Lanka ( edit ) Organ donation in Sri Lanka was ratified by the Human Tissue Transplantation Act No. 48 of 1987 . Sri Lanka Eye Donation Society , a non-governmental organization established in 1961 has provided over 60,000 corneas for corneal transplantation , for patients in 57 countries . It is one of the major suppliers of human eyes to the world , with a supply of approximately 3,000 corneas per year . United States ( edit ) Over 121,000 people in need of an organ are on the U.S. government waiting list . This crisis within the United States is growing rapidly because on average there are only 30,000 transplants performed each year . More than 8,000 people die each year from lack of a donor organ , an average of 22 people a day . Between the years 1988 and 2006 the number of transplants doubled , but the number of patients waiting for an organ grew six times as large . It has been estimated that the number of organs donated would double if every person with suitable organs decided to donate . In the past presumed consent was urged to try to decrease the need for organs . The Uniform Anatomical Gift Act of 1987 was adopted in several states , and allowed medical examiners to determine if organs and tissues of cadavers could be donated . By the 1980s , several states adopted different laws that allowed only certain tissues or organs to be retrieved and donated , some allowed all , and some did not allow any without consent of the family . In 2006 when the UAGA was revised , the idea of presumed consent was abandoned . In the United States today , organ donation is done only with consent of the family or donator themselves . According to economist Alex Tabarrok , the shortage of organs has increased the use of so - called expanded criteria organs , or organs that used to be considered unsuitable for transplant . Five patients that received kidney transplants at the University of Maryland School of Medicine developed cancerous or benign tumors which had to be removed . The head surgeon , Dr. Michael Phelan , explained that `` the ongoing shortage of organs from deceased donors , and the high risk of dying while waiting for a transplant , prompted five donors and recipients to push ahead with the surgery . '' Several organizations such as the American Kidney Fund are pushing for opt - out organ donation in the United States . Donor leave laws ( edit ) In addition to their sick and annual leave , federal executive agency employees are entitled to 30 days paid leave for organ donation . Thirty - two states ( excluding only Alabama , Connecticut , Florida , Kentucky , Maine , Michigan , Montana , Nebraska , Nevada , New Hampshire , New Jersey , North Carolina , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , South Dakota , Tennessee , Vermont , and Wyoming ) and the District of Columbia also offer paid leave for state employees . Five states ( California , Hawaii , Louisiana , Minnesota , and Oregon ) require certain private employers to provide paid leave for employees for organ or bone marrow donation , and seven others ( Arkansas , Connecticut , Maine , Nebraska , New York , South Carolina , and West Virginia ) either require employers to provide unpaid leave , or encourage employers to provide leave , for organ or bone marrow donation . A bill in the US House of Representatives , the Living Donor Protection Act ( introduced in 2016 , then reintroduced in 2017 ) , would amend the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 to provide leave under the act for an organ donor . If successful , this new law would permit `` eligible employee '' organ donors to receive up to 12 work weeks of leave in a 12 - month period . Tax incentives ( edit ) Nineteen US states and the District of Columbia provide tax incentives for organ donation . The most generous state tax incentive is Utah 's tax credit , which covers up to $10,000 of unreimbursed expenses ( travel , lodging , lost wages , and medical expenses ) associated with organ or tissue donation . Idaho ( up to $5,000 of unreimbursed expenses ) and Louisiana ( up to $7,500 of 72 % of unreimbursed expenses ) also provide donor tax credits . Arkansas , the District of Columbia , Louisiana and Pennsylvania provide tax credits to employers for wages paid to employees on leave for organ donation . Thirteen states ( Arkansas , Georgia , Iowa , Massachusetts , Mississippi , New Mexico , New York , North Dakota , Ohio , Oklahoma , Rhode Island and Wisconsin ) have a tax deduction for up to $10,000 of unreimbursed costs , and Kansas and Virginia offer a tax deduction for up to $5,000 of unreimbursed costs . States have focused their tax incentives on unreimbursed costs associated with organ donation to ensure compliance with the National Organ Transplant Act of 1984 . NOTA prohibits , `` any person to knowingly acquire , receive , or otherwise transfer any human organ for valuable consideration for use in human transplantation . '' However , NOTA exempts , `` the expenses of travel , housing , and lost wages incurred by the donor of a human organ in connection with the donation of the organ , '' from its definition of `` valuable consideration . '' While offering income tax deductions has been the preferred method of providing tax incentives , some commentators have expressed concern that these incentives provide disproportionate benefits to wealthier donors . Tax credits , on the other hand , are perceived as more equitable since the after tax benefit of the incentive is not tied to the marginal tax rate of the donor . Additional tax favored approaches have been proposed for organ donation , including providing : tax credits to the families of deceased donors ( seeking to encourage consent ) , refundable tax credits ( similar to the earned income credit ) to provide greater tax equity among potential donors , and charitable deductions for the donation of blood or organs . Other financial incentives ( edit ) As stated above , under the National Organ Transplant Act of 1984 , granting monetary incentives for organ donation is illegal in the United States . However , there has been some discussion about providing fixed payment for potential live donors . In 1988 , regulated paid organ donation was instituted in Iran and , as a result , the renal transplant waiting list was eliminated . Critics of paid organ donation argue that the poor and vulnerable become susceptible to transplant tourism . Travel for transplantation becomes transplant tourism if the movement of organs , donors , recipients or transplant professionals occurs across borders and involves organ trafficking or transplant commercialism . Poor and underserved populations in underdeveloped countries are especially vulnerable to the negative consequences of transplant tourism because they have become a major source of organs for the ' transplant tourists ' that can afford to travel and purchase organs . In 1994 a law was passed in Pennsylvania which proposed to pay $300 for room and board and $3,000 for funeral expenses to an organ donor 's family . Developing the program was an eight - year process ; it is the first of its kind . Procurement directors and surgeons across the nation await the outcomes of Pennsylvania 's program . There have been at least nineteen families that have signed up for the benefit . Due to investigation of the program , however , there has been some concern whether the money collected is being used to assist families . Some organizations , such as the National Kidney Foundation , oppose financial incentives associated with organ donation claiming , `` Offering direct or indirect economic benefits in exchange for organ donation is inconsistent with our values as a society . '' One argument is it will disproportionately affect the poor . The $300 -- 3,000 reward may act as an incentive for poorer individuals , as opposed to the wealthy who may not find the offered incentives significant . The National Kidney Foundation has noted that financial incentives , such as this Pennsylvania statute , diminish human dignity . Bioethical issues ( edit ) Deontological ( edit ) Lung transplant rejection Deontological issues are issues about whether a person has an ethical duty or responsibility to take an action . Nearly all scholars and societies around the world agree that voluntarily donating organs to sick people is ethically permissible . Although nearly all scholars encourage organ donation , fewer scholars believe that all people are ethically required to donate their organs after death . Similarly , nearly all religions support voluntary organ donation as a charitable act of great benefit to the community , although a few small groups , like the Roma ( gypsies ) , oppose organ donation on religious grounds . Issues surrounding patient autonomy , living wills , and guardianship make it nearly impossible for involuntary organ donation to occur . From the standpoint of deontological ethics , the primary issues surrounding the morality of organ donation are semantic in nature . The debate over the definitions of life , death , human , and body is ongoing . For example , whether or not a brain - dead patient ought to be kept artificially animate in order to preserve organs for donation is an ongoing problem in clinical bioethics . In addition , some have argued that organ donation constitutes an act of self - harm , even when an organ is donated willingly . Further , the use of cloning to produce organs with a genotype identical to the recipient is a controversial topic , especially considering the possibility for an entire person to be brought into being for the express purpose of being destroyed for organ procurement . While the benefit of such a cloned organ would be a zero - percent chance of transplant rejection , the ethical issues involved with creating and killing a clone may outweigh these benefits . However , it may be possible in the future to use cloned stem - cells to grow a new organ without creating a new human being . A relatively new field of transplantation has reinvigorated the debate . Xenotransplantation , or the transfer of animal ( usually pig ) organs into human bodies , promises to eliminate many of the ethical issues , while creating many of its own . While xenotransplantation promises to increase the supply of organs considerably , the threat of organ transplant rejection and the risk of xenozoonosis , coupled with general anathema to the idea , decreases the functionality of the technique . Some animal rights groups oppose the sacrifice of an animal for organ donation and have launched campaigns to ban them . Teleological ( edit ) On teleological or utilitarian grounds , the moral status of `` black market organ donation '' relies upon the ends , rather than the means . In so far as those who donate organs are often impoverished and those who can afford black market organs are typically well - off , it would appear that there is an imbalance in the trade . In many cases , those in need of organs are put on waiting lists for legal organs for indeterminate lengths of time -- many die while still on a waiting list . Organ donation is fast becoming an important bioethical issue from a social perspective as well . While most first - world nations have a legal system of oversight for organ transplantation , the fact remains that demand far outstrips supply . Consequently , there has arisen a black market trend often referred to as transplant tourism . The issues are weighty and controversial . On the one hand are those who contend that those who can afford to buy organs are exploiting those who are desperate enough to sell their organs . Many suggest this results in a growing inequality of status between the rich and the poor . On the other hand , are those who contend that the desperate should be allowed to sell their organs and that preventing them from doing so is merely contributing to their status as impoverished . Further , those in favor of the trade hold that exploitation is morally preferable to death , and in so far as the choice lies between abstract notions of justice on the one hand and a dying person whose life could be saved on the other hand , the organ trade should be legalized . Conversely , surveys conducted among living donors postoperatively and in a period of five years following the procedure have shown extreme regret in a majority of the donors , who said that given the chance to repeat the procedure , they would not . Additionally , many study participants reported a decided worsening of economic condition following the procedure . These studies looked only at people who sold a kidney in countries where organ sales are already legal . A consequence of the black market for organs has been a number of cases and suspected cases of organ theft , including murder for the purposes of organ theft . Proponents of a legal market for organs say that the black - market nature of the current trade allows such tragedies and that regulation of the market could prevent them . Opponents say that such a market would encourage criminals by making it easier for them to claim that their stolen organs were legal . Legalization of the organ trade carries with it its own sense of justice as well ( citation needed ) . Continuing black - market trade creates further disparity on the demand side : only the rich can afford such organs . Legalization of the international organ trade could lead to increased supply , lowering prices so that persons outside the wealthiest segments could afford such organs as well . Exploitation arguments generally come from two main areas : Physical exploitation suggests that the operations in question are quite risky , and , taking place in third - world hospitals or `` back - alleys '' , even more risky . Yet , if the operations in question can be made safe , there is little threat to the donor . Financial exploitation suggests that the donor ( especially in the Indian subcontinent and Africa ) are not paid enough . Commonly , accounts from persons who have sold organs in both legal and black market circumstances put the prices at between $150 and $5,000 , depending on the local laws , supply of ready donors and scope of the transplant operation . In Chennai , India where one of the largest black markets for organs is known to exist , studies have placed the average sale price at little over $1,000 . Many accounts also exist of donors being postoperatively denied their promised pay . The New Cannibalism is a phrase coined by anthropologist Nancy Scheper - Hughes in 1998 for an article written for The New Internationalist . Her argument was that the actual exploitation is an ethical failing , a human exploitation ; a perception of the poor as organ sources which may be used to extend the lives of the wealthy . Economic drivers leading to increased donation are not limited to areas such as India and Africa , but also are emerging in the United States . Increasing funeral expenses combined with decreasing real value of investments such as homes and retirement savings which took place in the 2000s have purportedly led to an increase in citizens taking advantage of arrangements where funeral costs are reduced or eliminated . Brain death versus cardiac death ( edit ) Brain death ( Radionuclide Cerebral Blood Flow Scan ) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : Excessive use of parentheses . Please help improve this article if you can . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Brain death may result in legal death , but still with the heart beating , and with mechanical ventilation , all other vital organs may be kept alive and functional for a certain period of time . Given long enough , patients who do not fully die , in the complete biological sense , but who are declared brain dead will usually , either after a shorter or longer interval , depending upon the patient 's case and the type and extent of trauma and their age and prior health , start to build up toxins and wastes in the body , and the organs ( especially sensitive ones like the brain , nerves , heart , blood vessels , lungs , liver , intestines , and kidneys ) eventually can dysfunction , have coagulopathies or fluid and electrolyte and nutrient imbalances , or even fail - partially , or completely and irreversibly . Thus , the organs will usually only be sustainable and viable for acceptable use up until a certain length of time ( most organs that are transplanted fortunately have widely used and agreed upon parameters , that are measurable and reliable , when determining their welfare and level of function ) . This will depend on how well the patient is maintained , any other comorbidities , the skill of the medical , nursing , and surgical teams , and the quality of the care and the facilities - and once removed , the time and the mode of transport and how smoothly the transplant procedure ( and the care before , during , and after the operation ( s ) ) , goes . Given optimal care and oversight , and with the person 's ( through a directive or driver 's license ) and / or guardian or next of kin or power of attorney 's informed consent , certain cases can provide optimal opportunities for organ transplantation . A major point of contention is whether transplantation should be allowed at all if the patient is not yet fully ( biologically ) dead , and if brain death is acceptable , whether the person 's whole brain needs to have died , or if the death of a part of the brain ( i.e. , the cerebrum - which makes us human in our intellectual , and indeed all , conscious capacities ; or the brain stem - which controls vital organic functions needed for life , like breathing and precise heartbeat regulation ) is enough for legal and ethical and moral purposes . Most organ donation for organ transplantation is done in the setting of brain death . However , in Japan this is a fraught point , and prospective donors may designate either brain death or cardiac death -- see organ transplantation in Japan . In some nations ( for instance , Belgium , Poland , Portugal , Spain and France ) everyone is automatically an organ donor , although some jurisdictions ( such as Singapore , Portugal , Poland , New Zealand , or Netherlands ) allow opting out of the system . Elsewhere , consent from family members or next - of - kin is required for organ donation . The non-living donor is kept on ventilator support until the organs have been surgically removed . If a brain - dead individual is not an organ donor , ventilator and drug support is discontinued and cardiac death is allowed to occur . In the United States , where since the 1980s the Uniform Determination of Death Act has defined death as the irreversible cessation of the function of either the brain or the heart and lungs , the 21st century has seen an order - of - magnitude increase of donation following cardiac death . In 1995 , only one out of 100 dead donors in the nation gave their organs following the declaration of cardiac death . That figure grew to almost 11 percent in 2008 , according to the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients . That increase has provoked ethical concerns about the interpretation of `` irreversible '' since `` patients may still be alive five or even 10 minutes after cardiac arrest because , theoretically , their hearts could be restarted , ( and thus are ) clearly not dead because their condition was reversible . '' Political issues ( edit ) There are also controversial issues regarding how organs are allocated to recipients . For example , some believe that livers should not be given to alcoholics in danger of reversion , while others view alcoholism as a medical condition like diabetes . Faith in the medical system is important to the success of organ donation . Brazil switched to an opt - out system and ultimately had to withdraw it because it further alienated patients who already distrusted the country 's medical system . Adequate funding , strong political will to see transplant outcomes improve , and the existence of specialized training , care and facilities also increase donation rates . Expansive legal definitions of death , such as Spain uses , also increase the pool of eligible donors by allowing physicians to declare a patient to be dead at an earlier stage , when the organs are still in good physical condition. Allowing or forbidding payment for organs affects the availability of organs . Generally , where organs can not be bought or sold , quality and safety are high , but supply is not adequate to the demand . Where organs can be purchased , the supply increases . Iran adopted a system of paying kidney donors in 1988 and within 11 years it became the only country in the world to clear its waiting list for transplants . -- The Economist Healthy humans have two kidneys , a redundancy that enables living donors ( inter vivos ) to give a kidney to someone who needs it . The most common transplants are to close relatives , but people have given kidneys to other friends . The rarest type of donation is the undirected donation whereby a donor gives a kidney to a stranger . Less than a few hundred of such kidney donations have been performed . In recent years , searching for altruistic donors via the internet has also become a way to find life saving organs . However , internet advertising for organs is a highly controversial practice , as some scholars believe it undermines the traditional list - based allocation system . The National Transplant Organization of Spain is one of the most successful in the world ( Spain has been the world leader in organ donation for decades ) , but it still can not meet the demand , as 10 % of those needing a transplant die while still on the transplant list . Donations from corpses are anonymous , and a network for communication and transport allows fast extraction and transplant across the country . Under Spanish law , every corpse can provide organs unless the deceased person had expressly rejected it . Because family members still can forbid the donation , carefully trained doctors ask the family for permission , making it very similar in practice to the United States system . In the overwhelming majority of cases , organ donation is not possible for reasons of recipient safety , match failures , or organ condition . Even in Spain , which has the highest organ donation rate in the world , there are only 35.1 actual donors per million people , and there are hundreds of patients on the waiting list . This rate compares to 24.8 per million in Austria , where families are rarely asked to donate organs , and 22.2 per million in France , which -- like Spain -- has a presumed - consent system . Prison inmates ( edit ) See also : Organ donation in the United States prison population In the United States , prisoners are not discriminated against as organ recipients and are equally eligible for organ transplants along with the general population . A 1976 U.S. Supreme Court case ruled that withholding health care from prisoners constituted `` cruel and unusual punishment '' . United Network for Organ Sharing , the organization that coordinates available organs with recipients , does not factor a patient 's prison status when determining suitability for a transplant . An organ transplant and follow - up care can cost the prison system up to one million dollars . If a prisoner qualifies , a state may allow compassionate early release to avoid high costs associated with organ transplants . However , an organ transplant may save the prison system substantial costs associated with dialysis and other life - extending treatments required by the prisoner with the failing organ . For example , the estimated cost of a kidney transplant is about $111,000 . A prisoner 's dialysis treatments are estimated to cost a prison $120,000 per year . Because donor organs are in short supply , there are more people waiting for a transplant than available organs . When a prisoner receives an organ , there is a high probability that someone else will die waiting for the next available organ . A response to this ethical dilemma states that felons who have a history of violent crime , who have violated others ' basic rights , have lost the right to receive an organ transplant , though it is noted that it would be necessary `` to reform our justice system to minimize the chance of an innocent person being wrongly convicted of a violent crime and thus being denied an organ transplant '' Prisons typically do not allow inmates to donate organs to anyone but immediate family members . There is no law against prisoner organ donation ; however , the transplant community has discouraged use of prisoner 's organs since the early 1990s due to concern over prisons ' high - risk environment for infectious diseases . Physicians and ethicists also criticize the idea because a prisoner is not able to consent to the procedure in a free and non-coercive environment , especially if given inducements to participate . However , with modern testing advances to more safely rule out infectious disease and by ensuring that there are no incentives offered to participate , some have argued that prisoners can now voluntarily consent to organ donation just as they can now consent to medical procedures in general . With careful safeguards , and with over 2 million prisoners in the U.S. , they reason that prisoners can provide a solution for reducing organ shortages in the U.S. While some have argued that prisoner participation would likely be too low to make a difference , one Arizona program started by former Maricopa County Sheriff Joe Arpaio encourages inmates to voluntarily sign up to donate their heart and other organs . As of mid-2012 , over 10,000 inmates had signed up in that one county alone . Religious viewpoints ( edit ) Main article : Religious views on organ donation See also : Organ donation in Jewish law There are several different religions that have different perspectives . Islam has a conflicting view regarding the issue , with half believing that it is against the religion . However , Muhammed claims his believers should seek medical attention when in need and saving life is a very important factor of the Islamic religion . Buddhism is mostly against the practice , because it disrespects the bodies of ancestors and nature . Christianity is the most lenient on the topic of organ donation , and believe it is a service of life . All major religions accept organ donation in at least some form on either utilitarian grounds ( i.e. , because of its life - saving capabilities ) or deontological grounds ( e.g. , the right of an individual believer to make his or her own decision ) . Most religions , among them the Roman Catholic Church , support organ donation on the grounds that it constitutes an act of charity and provides a means of saving a life , consequently Pope Francis is an organ donor . One religious group , The Jesus Christians , became known as `` The Kidney Cult '' because more than half its members had donated their kidneys altruistically . Jesus Christians claim altruistic kidney donation is a great way to `` Do unto others what they would want you to do unto them . '' Some religions impose certain restrictions on the types of organs that may be donated and / or on the means by which organs may be harvested and / or transplanted . For example , Jehovah 's Witnesses require that organs be drained of any blood due to their interpretation of the Hebrew Bible / Christian Old Testament as prohibiting blood transfusion , and Muslims require that the donor have provided written consent in advance . A few groups disfavor organ transplantation or donation ; notably , these include Shinto and those who follow the customs of the Gypsies . Orthodox Judaism considers organ donation obligatory if it will save a life , as long as the donor is considered dead as defined by Jewish law . In both Orthodox Judaism and non-Orthodox Judaism , the majority view holds that organ donation is permitted in the case of irreversible cardiac rhythm cessation . In some cases , rabbinic authorities believe that organ donation may be mandatory , whereas a minority opinion considers any donation of a live organ as forbidden . Organ shortfall ( edit ) Patient receiving dialysis 03 The demand for organs significantly surpasses the number of donors everywhere in the world . There are more potential recipients on organ donation waiting lists than organ donors . In particular , due to significant advances in dialysis techniques , patients suffering from end - stage renal disease ( ESRD ) can survive longer than ever before . Because these patients do n't die as quickly as they used to , and as kidney failure increases with the rising age and prevalence of high blood pressure and diabetes in a society , the need especially for kidneys rises every year . As of March 2014 , about 121,600 people in the United States are on the waiting list , although about a third of those patients are inactive and could not receive a donated organ . Wait times and success rates for organs differ significantly between organs due to demand and procedure difficulty . As of 2007 , three - quarters of patients in need of an organ transplant were waiting for a kidney , and as such kidneys have much longer waiting times . As stated by the Gift of Life Donor Program website , the median patient who ultimately received an organ waited 4 months for a heart or lung -- but 18 months for a kidney , and 18 -- 24 months for a pancreas because demand for these organs substantially outstrips supply . In Australia , there are 10.8 transplants per million people , about a third of the Spanish rate . The Lions Eye Institute , in Western Australia , houses the Lions Eye Bank . The Bank was established in 1986 and coordinates the collection , processing and distribution of eye tissue for transplantation . The Lions Eye Bank also maintains a waitlist of patients who require corneal graft operations . About 100 corneas are provided by the Bank for transplant each year , but there is still a waiting list for corneas. `` To an economist , this is a basic supply - and - demand gap with tragic consequences . '' Approaches to addressing this shortfall include : Donor registries and `` primary consent '' laws , to remove the burden of the donation decision from the legal next - of - kin . Illinois adopted a policy of `` mandated choice '' in 2006 , which requires driver 's license registrants to answer the question `` Do you want to be an organ donor ? '' Illinois has a registration rate of 60 percent compared to 38 percent nationally . The added cost of adding a question to the registration form is minimal . Monetary incentives for signing up to be a donor . Some economists have advocated going as far as allowing the sale of organs . The New York Times reported that `` Gary Becker and Julio Jorge Elias argued in a recent paper that ' monetary incentives would increase the supply of organs for transplant sufficiently to eliminate the very large queues in organ markets , and the suffering and deaths of many of those waiting , without increasing the total cost of transplant surgery by more than 12 percent . ' '' Iran allows the sale of kidneys , and has no waiting list . The primary argument against this proposal is a moral one ; as the article notes , many find such a suggestion repugnant . As the National Kidney Foundation puts it , `` Offering direct or indirect economic benefits in exchange for organ donation is inconsistent with our values as a society . Any attempt to assign a monetary value to the human body , or body parts , either arbitrarily , or through market forces , diminishes human dignity . '' An opt - out system ( `` dissent solution '' ) , in which a potential donor or his / her relatives must take specific action to be excluded from organ donation , rather than specific action to be included . This model is used in several European countries , such as Austria , which has a registration rate eight times that of Germany , which uses an opt - in system . Social incentive programs , wherein members sign a legal agreement to direct their organs first to other members who are on the transplant waiting list . One example of a private organization using this model is LifeSharers , which is free to join and whose members agree to sign a document giving preferred access to their organs . `` The proposal ( for an organ mutual insurance pool ) can be easily summarized : An individual would receive priority for any needed transplant if that individual agrees that his or her organs will be available to other members of the insurance pool in the event of his or her death. ... The main purpose ( of this proposal ) is to increase the supply of transplantable organs in order to save or improve more lives . '' Blood type ( or blood group ) is determined , in part , by the ABO blood group antigens present on red blood cells . In hospitals , organ network representatives routinely screen patient records to identify potential donors shortly in advance of their deaths . In many cases , organ - procurement representatives will request screening tests ( such as blood typing ) or organ - preserving drugs ( such as blood pressure drugs ) to keep potential donors ' organs viable until their suitability for transplants can be determined and family consent ( if needed ) can be obtained . This practice increases transplant efficiency , as potential donors who are unsuitable due to infection or other causes are removed from consideration before their deaths , and decreases the avoidable loss of organs . It may also benefit families indirectly , as the families of unsuitable donors are not approached to discuss organ donation . The Center for Ethical Solutions , an American bioethics think tank , is currently working on a project called `` Solving the Organ Shortage '' , in which it is studying the Iranian kidney procurement system in order to better inform the debate over solving the organ shortfall in the United States . Distribution ( edit ) The United States has two agencies that govern organ procurement and distribution within the country . The United Network for Organ Sharing and the Organ Procurement and Transplant Network ( OPTN ) regulate Organ Procurement Organizations ( OPO ) with regard to procurement and distribution ethics and standards . OPOs are non-profit organizations charged with the evaluation , procurement and allocation of organs within their Designated Service Area ( DSA ) . Once a donor has been evaluated and consent obtained , provisional allocation of organs commences . UNOS developed a computer program that automatically generates donor specific match lists for suitable recipients based on the criteria that the patient was listed with . OPO coordinators enter donor information into the program and run the respective lists . Organ offers to potential recipients are made to transplant centers to make them aware of a potential organ . The surgeon will evaluate the donor information and make a provisional determination of medical suitability to their recipient . Distribution varies slightly between different organs but is essentially very similar . When lists are generated many factors are taken into consideration ; these factors include : distance of transplant center from the donor hospital , blood type , medical urgency , wait time , donor size and tissue typing . For heart recipients medical urgency is denoted by a recipients `` Status '' ( Status 1A , 1B and status 2 ) . Lungs are allocated based on a recipients Lung Allocation Score ( LAS ) that is determined based on the urgency of clinical need as well as the likelihood of benefit from the transplant . Livers are allocated using both a status system and MELD / PELD score ( Model for End - stage Liver Disease / Pediatric End - stage Liver Disease ) . Kidney and pancreas lists are based on location , blood type , Human Leukocyte Antigen ( HLA ) typing and wait time . When a recipient for a kidney or pancreas has no direct antibodies to the donor HLA the match is said to be a 0 ABDR mismatch or zero antigen mismatch . A zero mismatch organ has a low rate of rejection and allows a recipient to be on lower doses of immunosuppressive drugs . Since zero mismatches have such high graft survival these recipients are afforded priority regardless of location and wait time . UNOS has in place a `` Payback '' system to balance organs that are sent out of a DSA because of a zero mismatch . Location of a transplant center with respect to a donor hospital is given priority due to the effects of Cold Ischemic Time ( CIT ) . Once the organ is removed from the donor , blood no longer perfuses through the vessels and begins to starve the cells of oxygen ( ischemia ) . Each organ tolerates different ischemic times . Hearts and lungs need to be transplanted within 4 -- 6 hours from recovery , liver about 8 -- 10 hours and pancreas about 15 hours ; kidneys are the most resilient to ischemia . Kidneys packaged on ice can be successfully transplanted 24 -- 36 hours after recovery . Developments in kidney preservation have yielded a device that pumps cold preservation solution through the kidneys vessels to prevent Delayed Graft Function ( DGF ) due to ischemia . Perfusion devices , often called kidney pumps , can extend graft survival to 36 -- 48 hours post recovery for kidneys . Recently similar devices have been developed for the heart and lungs , in an effort to increase distances procurement teams may travel to recover an organ . Suicide ( edit ) People committing suicide have a higher rate of donating organs than average . One reason is lower negative response or refusal rate by the family and relatives , but the explanation for this remains to be clarified . In addition , donation consent is higher than average from people committing suicide . Attempted suicide is a common cause of brain death ( 3.8 % ) , mainly among young men . Organ donation is more common in this group compared to other causes of death . Brain death may result in legal death , but still with the heart beating , and with mechanical ventilation all other vital organs may be kept completely alive and functional , providing optimal opportunities for organ transplantation . Controversies ( edit ) In 2008 , California transplant surgeon Hootan Roozrokh was charged with dependent adult abuse for prescribing what prosecutors alleged were excessive doses of morphine and sedatives to hasten the death of a man with adrenal leukodystrophy and irreversible brain damage , in order to procure his organs for transplant . The case brought against Roozrokh was the first criminal case against a transplant surgeon in the US , and resulted in his acquittal . Further , Dr. Roozrokh successfully sued for defamation stemming from the incident . At California 's Emanuel Medical Center , neurologist Narges Pazouki , MD , said an organ - procurement organization representative pressed her to declare a patient brain - dead before the appropriate tests had been done . In September 1999 , eBay blocked an auction for `` one functional human kidney '' which had reached a highest bid of $5.7 million . Under United States federal laws , eBay was obligated to dismiss the auction for the selling of human organs which is punishable by up to five years in prison and a $50,000 fine . On June 27 , 2008 , Indonesian Sulaiman Damanik , 26 , pleaded guilty in a Singapore court for sale of his kidney to CK Tang 's executive chair , Mr. Tang Wee Sung , 55 , for 150 million rupiah ( US $17,000 ) . The Transplant Ethics Committee must approve living donor kidney transplants . Organ trading is banned in Singapore and in many other countries to prevent the exploitation of `` poor and socially disadvantaged donors who are unable to make informed choices and suffer potential medical risks . '' Toni , 27 , the other accused , donated a kidney to an Indonesian patient in March , alleging he was the patient 's adopted son , and was paid 186 million rupiah ( US $21,000 ) . Public service announcements ( edit ) Marketing for organ donation must walk a fine line between stressing the need for organ donation and not being too forceful . If the marketing agent is too forceful , then the target of the message will react defensively to the request . According to psychological reactance theory , a person will perceive their freedom threatened and will react to restore the freedom . According to Ashley Anker , the use of transportation theory has a positive effect on target reactions by marketing attempts . When public service announcements use recipient - focused messages , targets were more transported . Individuals who watched recipient - focused messages were more transported because potential donors experience empathy for the potential recipient . Future public service announcements should use recipient - focused stories to elicit relationship formation between potential donors and recipients . Awareness about organ donation leads to greater social support for organ donation , in turn leading to greater registration . By starting with promoting college students ' awareness of organ donation and moving to increasing social support for organ donation , the more likely people will be to register as organ donors . The United States Department of Health funded a study by the University of Wisconsin Hospital to increase efforts to increase awareness and the amount of registered donors by pursuing members of the university and their family and friends through social media . The results of the study showed a 20 % increase in organ donation by creating support and awareness through social media . See also ( edit ) Australian Organ Donor Register Organ transplantation in Israel Organ transplantation in China MOHAN Foundation Sri Lanka Eye Donation Society Donate Life America References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Organ Donation : MedlinePlus '' . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Office on Women 's Health ( July 16 , 2012 ) , Organ donation and transplantation fact sheet , U.S. Department of Health and Human Services , archived from the original on July 28 , 2016 , retrieved July 30 , 2016 Jump up ^ US Department of Health and Human Services . `` Living Organ Donation '' . Organdonor.gov . Retrieved 17 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` At a Glance '' . Health Resources and Services Administration . US Department of Health and Human Services . February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Can You Be Too Old to Donate Organs ? '' . Retrieved August 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Organ Donation : The Process '' . U.S. Department of Health and Human Services . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Batty , David ( December 29 , 2010 ) . `` World 's first organ donor dies aged 79 '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved August 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Weaver , Matthew ( 23 April 2015 ) . `` Parents of UK 's youngest organ donor hope others will be inspired '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Caroline ( July 5 , 2016 ) . `` 107 - year - old becomes Scotland 's oldest organ donor '' . Evening Times ( Glasgow , Scotland ) . Retrieved August 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Life Stories : The Nation 's Oldest Organ Donor '' . Retrieved August 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wharton , Jane ( March 2 , 2014 ) . `` ' I do n't need two kidneys to knit ' : Woman , 85 , becomes UK 's oldest live donor '' . The Daily Express . Retrieved August 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Chang , N.K. ; Gu , J. ; Gu , S. ; Osorio , R.W. ; Concepcion , W. ; Gu , E. ( 2015 ) . `` Arterial Flow Regulator Enables Transplantation and Growth of Human Fetal Kidneys in Rats '' . American Journal of Transplantation. 15 ( 6 ) : 1692 -- 1700 . doi : 10.1111 / ajt. 13149 . ISSN 1600 - 6135 . PMID 25645705 . Jump up ^ `` Brain donation - Human Tissue Authority '' . www.hta.gov.uk . Jump up ^ Vincent , A. ; Logan , L. ( January 1 , 2012 ) . `` Consent for organ donation '' . British Journal of Anaesthesia. 108 ( suppl 1 ) : i80 -- i87 . doi : 10.1093 / bja / aer353 . ISSN 0007 - 0912 . PMID 22194436 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ; Peltier , James ; Dahl , Andrew ( November 27 , 2012 ) . `` Use of social media and college student organizations to increase support for organ donation and advocacy : a case report '' . Progress in Transplantation. 22 ( 4 ) : 436 -- 41 . PMID 23187063 . Jump up ^ Siminoff , Laura ; Agyemang , Amma ; Traino , Heather ( February 28 , 2013 ) . `` Consent to organ donation : a review '' . Progress in Transplantation. 23 ( 1 ) : 99 -- 104 . PMID 23448829 . Jump up ^ `` Automatic organ donation : the pros and cons '' . The Week : Science and Health . The Week : Science and Health . Retrieved September 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Cohen , C ( 1992 ) . `` The Case for Presumed Consent '' . Transplantation Proceedings . 24 ( 5 ) : 2168 -- 2172 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Eric J. ; Goldstein , Daniel G. ( November 21 , 2003 ) . `` Do defaults save lives ? '' ( PDF ) . Science . 302 ( 5649 ) : 1338 -- 9 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1091721 . PMID 14631022 . Retrieved May 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Thaler , Richard H. ( September 26 , 2009 ) . `` Opting in vs. Opting Out '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2014 . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 National Survey of Organ Donation Attitudes and Behaviors '' . U.S. Department of Health and Human Services : Health Research and Services Administration : 47 . September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Leins , C ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` Should the Government Decide if You 're an Organ Donor ? '' . U.S. News and World Report . ^ Jump up to : `` Myth busting '' . DonateLife . Australian Government Organ and Tissue Authority . My family can overrule my decision to be a donor . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2013 . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Spain tops world organ donation rankings '' . January 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Organ Donation Taskforce ( 2008 ) . `` The potential impact of an opt out system for organ donation in the UK '' ( PDF ) . United Kingdom : Department of Health . p. 22 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 7 , 2013 . Retrieved March 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez - Arias , D ; Wright , L ; Paredes , D ( 2010 ) . `` Success factors and ethical challenges of the Spanish Model of organ donation '' . Viewpoint. 376 ( 9746 ) : 1109 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 10 ) 61342 - 6 . Jump up ^ Rithalia , A ; McDaid , C ; Suekarran , S ; Norman , G ; Myers , L ; Sowden , A ( 2009 ) . `` A systematic review of presumed consent systems for deceased organ donation '' . Health Technol. 13 ( 26 ) . doi : 10.3310 / hta13260 . Jump up ^ Ofri , Danielle ( February 16 , 2012 ) . `` In Israel , A New Approach to Organ Donation '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Law 26,066 '' . InfoLEG . Jump up ^ Carneiro , Julia ( June 1 , 2014 ) . `` How thousands of football fans are helping to save lives '' . BBC News Magazine . Jump up ^ Ministerio de Salud - Introducción Trasplantes Jump up ^ `` LEY - 20413 15 - ENE - 2010 MINISTERIO DE SALUD , SUBSECRETARÍA DE SALUD PÚBLICA - Ley Chile - Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional '' . January 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ley 1805 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Desde hoy la donación de órganos es obligatoria '' . Publimetro Colombia . Jump up ^ Gormley , Michael ( April 27 , 2010 ) . `` New York To Be First Organ Donor Opt - Out State ? '' . New York . The Huffington Post . New York City . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2010 . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Organ donation opt - out system given go - ahead in Wales '' . BBC News . July 2 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2014 . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Organ donation law ' revolution ' starts in Wales '' . BBC . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MEPs back Europe organ donor card '' . BBC News . April 22 , 2008 . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2012 . Retrieved March 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Come donare '' ( How to Donate ) ( in Italian ) . Ministry of Health ( Italy ) . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2014 . Retrieved January 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jones , Meg ( April 23 , 2011 ) . `` A Soldier 's Death Gives Life to Another Man '' . United States : Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2013 . Retrieved March 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Vincent , A. ; Logan , L. ( January 1 , 2012 ) . `` Consent for organ donation '' . British Journal of Anaesthesia. 108 ( suppl 1 ) : i80 -- i87 . doi : 10.1093 / bja / aer353 . ISSN 0007 - 0912 . PMID 22194436 . Jump up ^ `` Harris planning organ donation ' opt - out ' system '' . The Irish Times . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ Vyas , Hetel ( January 14 , 2013 ) . `` State goes slow on stiffer jail term for organ scamsters '' . The Times of India . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2014 . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kurup , Deepa ( January 4 , 2013 ) . `` Expendable cogs in a well - oiled racket '' . The Hindu . India . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2013 . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Govt amends Transplantation of Human Organs Act '' . Zee News . India . March 17 , 2011 . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2014 . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` National Workshop of transplant coordinators provides guidelines '' . The Hindu . India . March 7 , 2013 . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2013 . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dhar , Aarti ( December 19 , 2009 ) . `` Organ Transplant Bill tabled '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2014 . Retrieved March 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Transplantation of Human Organs ( Amendment ) Bill , 2011 , Act No. 136 - C of 2009 . Retrieved on 8 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Sreeraman ( November 23 , 2009 ) . `` Amendments in Transplantation of Human Organ Act , 1994 '' . Medindia . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2014 . Retrieved March 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Shroff , Sunil ( Jul -- Sep 2009 ) . `` Legal and ethical aspects of organ donation and transplantation '' . Indian J. Urol. 25 ( 3 ) : 348 -- 55 . doi : 10.4103 / 0970 - 1591.56203 . PMC 2779960 . PMID 19881131 . Jump up ^ Shroff , Sunil ( 2009 ) . `` Organ Donation and Transplantation in India -- Legal Aspects & Solutions to Help With Shortage of Organs '' . J. Nephrol . Ren . Transplant. 2 ( 1 ) : 23 -- 34 . ISSN 1918 - 0268 . Jump up ^ `` Illegal organ transplant can attract 10 - year jail '' . The Hindu . August 13 , 2011 . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2014 . Retrieved March 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ann 4 THOA ACT 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Organ Retrieval Banking Organization . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on March 8 , 2014 . Retrieved March 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lok Sabha approves tougher organ transplant Bill '' . India Today . August 13 , 2011 . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RS seal on amendment to human organs bill '' . The Times of India . August 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Express News Service ( August 13 , 2011 ) . `` LS okays amendments to organ transplantation Bill '' . Archive . The Indian Express . India . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2014 . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` MOHAN Foundation - Member Login '' ( PDF ) . www.mohanfoundation.org . Jump up ^ Kannan , Ramya ( January 22 , 2002 ) . `` Organ donation gains momentum '' . Southern States . The Hindu . India . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2014 . Retrieved March 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kannan , Ramya ( February 28 , 2003 ) . `` High time to streamline organ transplants '' . Southern States . The Hindu . India . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2013 . Retrieved March 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Raman , Usha ( July 25 , 2002 ) . `` Living after death '' . Metro Plus Hyderabad . The Hindu . India . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2010 . Retrieved March 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Joseph , Lison ( January 28 , 2004 ) . `` Organ transplantation help at hand '' . Hyderabad . The Times of India . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2014 . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cadaveric Organ Donation Figures '' . MOHAN Foundation . INOS Figures ( 2000 -- 2009 ) . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2014 . Retrieved March 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Navin , Sumana ( 2008 ) . `` Government Orders on Organ Donation and Transplantation From Tamil Nadu Health Department '' . MOHAN Foundation . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2013 . Retrieved March 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Srinivasan , Sandhya ( 2013 ) . `` Has Tamil Nadu turned the tide on the transplant trade ? '' . BMJ . United Kingdom . 346 : f2155 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. f2155 . PMID 23585066 . ^ Jump up to : Reddy , Sunil K. Vemuru ; et al. ( January -- March 2011 ) . `` Live related donors in India : Their quality of life using world health organization quality of life brief questionnaire '' . Indian J. Urol. 27 ( 1 ) : 25 -- 9 . doi : 10.4103 / 0970 - 1591.78411 . PMC 3114583 . PMID 21716885 . ^ Jump up to : Tabarrok , Alex ( January 8 , 2010 ) . `` The Meat Market '' . The Saturday Essay . The Wall Street Journal . ^ Jump up to : Ghods , Ahad J. ; Savaj , Shekoufeh ( November 2006 ) . `` Iranian Model of Paid and Regulated Living - Unrelated Kidney Donation '' . Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 1 : 1136 -- 45 . doi : 10.2215 / CJN. 00700206 . PMID 17699338 . ^ Jump up to : Wicks , Mona Newsome ( April 25 , 2000 ) . `` Brain Death and Transplantation : The Japanese '' . Medscape Transplantation . Medscape . Retrieved March 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Organ Donation New Zealand `` Number of transplant operations in New Zealand '' `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2014 . Retrieved November 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Human Tissue Act 2008 '' . New Zealand Legislature . July 1 , 2013 . Public Act 2008 No 28 . Retrieved August 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Number of deceased organ donors in New Zealand '' . Statistics . Organ Donation New Zealand . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Organ and tissue donation '' . Getting a license . NZ Transport Agency . Jump up ^ `` Kidney Donation '' . Nephrology Department , Christchurch Hospital , New Zealand . Canterbury District Health Board . October 2011 . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ New Zealand Parliament `` Human Tissue ( Organ Donation ) Amendment Bill '' http://www.parliament.nz/en-nz/pb/legislation/bills/00DBHOH_BILL7223_1/human-tissue-organ-donation-amendment-bill Jump up ^ New Zealand Herald . `` Doctors oppose organ donor bill '' http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10379728 ^ Jump up to : Mauri Ora Associates Limited . `` Māori Pacific Attitudes Towards Transplantation : Professional Perspectives '' https://www.health.govt.nz/system/files/documents/pages/maori-pacific-attitudes-towards-transplantation.pdf Jump up ^ `` Sri Lanka donates eyes to the world '' . Foxnews.com . Associated Press . January 23 , 2012 . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2014 . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network '' . U.S. Department of Health & Human Services . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2015 . Retrieved October 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Organ Donation Statistics : Why be an Organ Donor ? organdonor.gov '' . organdonor.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Need continues to grow '' . U.S. Department of Health & Human Services . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2015 . Retrieved October 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Orentlicher , David ( 2009 ) . `` Presumed Consent to Organ Donation : Its Rise and Fall in the United States '' ( PDF ) . Rutgers Law Review . 61 ( 2 ) : 295 -- 331 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Carney , Scott . `` The Case for Mandatory Organ Donation '' . Wired . Conde Naste . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fact Sheet : Bone Marrow or Organ Donor Leave '' . Pay & Leave : Leave Administration . United States Office of Personnel Management . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Donor Leave Laws and Tax Deductions / Credits for Living Donors '' ( PDF ) . Donor Leave Laws and Tax Deductions / Credits for Living Donors . National Kidney Foundation . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Living Donor Protection Act of 2017 Reintroduced '' . myast.org . American Society of Transplantation . March 1 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` H.R. 4616 - Living Donor Protection Act of 2016 '' . Congress.gov . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` H.R. 1270 - Living Donor Protection Act of 2017 -- 115th Congress ( 2017 - 2018 ) '' . Congress.gov . Retrieved March 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Molen , M. Lane ( May 1 , 2007 ) . `` Recognizing the Larger Sacrifice : Easing the Burdens Borne by Living Organ Donors through Federal Tax Deductions '' . Brigham Young University Journal of Public Law . 21 ( 2 ) : 459 . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 42 U.S. Code § 274e - Prohibition of organ purchases '' . Legal Information Institute . Cornell University Law School . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Milot , Lisa ( 2008 ) . `` The Case Against Tax Incentives for Organ Transfers '' ( PDF ) . Willamette Law Review . 45 ( 1 ) : 67 . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clamon , Joseph ( 2008 ) . `` Tax Policy as a Lifeline : Encouraging Blood and Organ Donation through Tax Credits '' . Annals of Health Law . 17 ( 1 ) : 67 . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ National Organ Transplant Act , US Code Jump up ^ Rudge , C ; Matesanza , R ; Delmonico , F.L. ; Chapman , J ( 2012 ) . `` International practices of organ donation '' . Br J of Anaesth. 108 ( 1 ) : i48 . doi : 10.1093 / bja / aer399 . Jump up ^ Wiggins , Ovetta . `` Pa. organ donors get $300 boost It pays for food or lodging for them or their family . A bigger plan 's rejection rankles some '' . Philly.com . Philadelphia Media Network . Retrieved February 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Conte , Andrew ; Fabregas , Luis . `` Drivers ' $1 donation yields little for Pennsylvania organ donors and their families '' . Trib Live . Trib Total Media LLC . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Financial Incentives for Organ Donation '' . National Kidney Foundation . National Kidney Foundation . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Krauthammer , Charles . `` Yes , Let 's Pay for Organs '' . Time . Time Inc . Retrieved February 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Easterbrook , Gregg . `` Organ Donation : Where Your Religion Stands '' . BeliefNet . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2013 . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . Despite popular misconceptions , there are almost no religious rules against donating organs or receiving transplants . A few denominations ban these practices , and a few others have rules that are not models of clarity . This is the first of two pages . Jump up ^ Zargooshi , Javaad ( 2001 ) . `` Quality of life of Iranian kidney `` donors '' `` . J. Urol. 166 ( 5 ) : 1790 -- 9 . doi : 10.1016 / S0022 - 5347 ( 05 ) 65677 - 7 . PMID 11586226 . ^ Jump up to : Goyal , Madhav ; et al. ( 2002 ) . `` Economic and health consequences of selling a kidney in India '' . JAMA. 288 ( 13 ) : 1589 -- 93 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 288.13. 1589 . PMID 12350189 . Jump up ^ Sidner , Sara ; Eastment , Tess ( January 29 , 2008 ) . `` Police hunt for doctor in kidney - snatching ring '' . CNN . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2012 . Retrieved March 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Matas , David ; Kilgour , David ( January 31 , 2007 ) . `` Bloody Harvest : Report into Allegations of Organ Harvesting of Falun Gong Practitioners in China '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on February 15 , 2014 . Retrieved March 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Adams , David ( May 27 , 2003 ) . `` Organ trafficking suspected in mass murder case '' . The Times . United Kingdom . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2014 . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Annie ( September 6 , 2009 ) . `` Child sacrifice and ritual murder rise as famine looms '' . The Guardian . London . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2014 . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Carney , Scott ( May 8 , 2007 ) . `` Why a Kidney ( Street Value : $3,000 ) Sells for $85,000 '' . Wired . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2013 . Retrieved March 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jan , Sadaqat ( November 12 , 2006 ) . `` Poor Pakistanis Donate Kidneys for Money '' . The Washington Post . Associated Press . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2013 . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sarvestani , Nima ( October 31 , 2006 ) . `` Iran 's desperate kidney traders '' . BBC News . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2013 . Retrieved March 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Carney , Scott ( May 8 , 2007 ) . `` Inside ' Kidneyville ' : Rani 's Story '' . Wired . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2013 . Retrieved March 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Scheper - Hughes , Nancy . `` The new cannibalism '' . Berkeley Digital Library SunSITE . University of California , Berkeley . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Stix , Gary ( January 4 , 2011 ) . `` Donate Your Brain , Save a Buck '' . Scientific American . 304 ( 1 ) : 29 . doi : 10.1038 / scientificamerican0111 - 29a . Retrieved March 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Heisler , Jennifer ( June 29 , 2013 ) . `` Organ Donation After Brain Death '' . About.com . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sanford , John ; Dubois , Gėrard ( Spring 2011 ) . `` When Are You Dead ? '' . Stanford Medicine Magazine . United States : Stanford University School of Medicine . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2013 . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bird , Shiela M. ; Harris , John ( 2010 ) . `` Time to move to presumed consent for organ donation '' . Analysis . BMJ. 340 : c2188 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. c2188 . PMID 20442244 . Jump up ^ R.M. ( anonymous ) ( December 7 , 2011 ) . `` Organ sales : Paying to live '' ( blog ) . The Economist . London . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2013 . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . Iran adopted a system of paying kidney donors in 1988 and within 11 years it became the only country in the world to clear its waiting list for transplants . Jump up ^ Appel , Jacob ( May -- June 2005 ) . `` Organ Solicitation on the Internet : Every Man for Himself ? '' . Hastings Cent . Rep. 35 ( 3 ) : 14 -- 15 . doi : 10.1353 / hcr. 2005.0052 . PMID 16092393 . Jump up ^ `` How Spain became the World Leader in Organ Donations '' . United States of america : Newsweek . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Trasplantes '' ( Transplants ) ( in Spanish ) . Spain : National Transplant Organization . Los españoles , un ejemplo imitado . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2014 . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` More countries hope to copy Spain 's organ - donation success '' . Canadian Medical Association . September 29 , 2003 . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2009 . Retrieved March 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Estelle v Gamble 429 U.S. 97 , 97 S. Ct. 285 50l Ed 2d251 ( 1976 ) Jump up ^ `` U.S. Statement On Prison Status and Organ Allocation '' . United Network for Organ Sharing . June 2 , 2002 . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2006 . Retrieved December 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Wiegand , Steve ( January 25 , 2002 ) . `` State inmate gets new heart ; ' Medically necessary care ' is required by law , an official says '' . The Sacramento Bee . Jump up ^ Ingalls , Chris ( April 8 , 2005 ) . `` Prison inmate awaits organ transplant '' ( PDF ) . KING - TV . Association of Washington Cities . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 6 , 2009 . Retrieved December 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Attack of the Clones ... And the Issue of the Clones , 3 Colum . Paul Lesko and Kevin Buckley -- Sci. & Tech L. Rev. 1 , 19 ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Killer in Need of a Kidney Starts Ethics Row , Lee Douglas -- Chicago Tribune , May 29 , 2003 , at 10 . Jump up ^ Perry , David L. `` Should Violent Felons Receive Organ Transplants ? '' . Markkula Center for Applied Ethics . Retrieved December 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Guidelines for Preventing HIV Through Transplantation of Human Tissue and Organs , CDC Recommendations and Reports , May 20 , 1994 / 43 ( RR - 8 ) ; 1 -- 17 . Jump up ^ O'Reilly , Kevin B. ( April 9 , 2007 ) . `` Prisoner organ donation proposal worrisome '' . American Medical News . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2013 . Retrieved March 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.gavelife.org -- Organization established to advocate for organ donations from prisoners . Jump up ^ `` Sheriff Teaches Inmates to `` Have a Heart '' By Volunteering To Give Up Theirs `` . Committee to Re-Elect Joe Arpaio 2008 . June 13 , 2007 . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2009 . Retrieved October 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ http://www.msco.org -- See Maricopa County 's `` I DO '' program . Jump up ^ `` Organ Transplants '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ See Cycling Cleric initiative in support of organ donation http://www.thewhig.com/2015/05/28/raising-awareness-one-donor-at-a-time Jump up ^ `` Inside the Kidney Cult '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . March 30 , 2008 . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2012 . Retrieved March 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ( untitled ) '' ( Microsoft PowerPoint ) . Give and Let Live . United Kingdom : NHS Blood and Transplant . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2014 . Retrieved March 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Statements from Religions '' . American Red Cross . Jehovah 's Witness . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2008 . Retrieved July 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Shinto : Organ donation '' . BBC . September 16 , 2009 . Archived from the original on December 29 , 2013 . Retrieved March 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sinclair 2003 , p. 242 Jump up ^ Howard , David H. ( 2007 ) . `` Producing Organ Donors '' . Journal of Economic Perspectives. 21 ( 3 ) : 25 -- 36 . doi : 10.1257 / jep. 21.3. 25 . PMID 19728420 . Jump up ^ Massey , Emma K. ; Hilhorst , Medard T. ; Nette , Robert W. ; Smak Gregoor , Peter J.H. ; van den Dorpel , Marinus A. ; van Kooij , Anthony C. ; Zuidema , Willij C. ; Zietse , R. ; Busschbach , Jan J.V. ; Weimar , Willem ( 2011 ) . `` Justification for a home - based education programme for kidney patients and their social network prior to initiation of renal replacement therapy '' . Journal of Medical Ethics. 37 ( 11 ) : 677 -- 681 . doi : 10.1136 / jme. 2011.042366 . PMID 21613647 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Sharon R. ; Russ , Ann J. ; Shim , Janet K. ( February 2006 ) . `` Aged bodies and kinship matters : The ethical field of kidney transplant '' . American Ethnologist. 33 ( 1 ) : 81 -- 99 . doi : 10.1525 / ae. 2006.33. 1.81 . PMC 2373268 . PMID 18461150 . Preprint available . Jump up ^ `` UNOS '' . United Network for Organ Sharing . Transplant Trends . Retrieved March 8 , 2014 . Waiting list candidates as of today 2 : 24pm Jump up ^ Stein , Rob ( March 22 , 2008 ) . `` A Third of Patients On The Transplant List Are Not Eligible '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2013 . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Resources -- General Public '' . California Transplant Donor Network . Waiting List Statistics . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2010 . Retrieved March 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Understanding the Organ Transplant Waiting List - Gift of Life Donor Program '' . www.donors1.org . Jump up ^ `` Organ & Tissue Donation Western Australia ( WA ) '' ( PDF ) . DonateLife in Western Australia . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved March 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lions Eye Institute : Lions Eye Bank '' . Lei.org.au . June 30 , 2011 . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2010 . Retrieved May 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Dubner , Stephen J. ; Levitt , Steven D. ( July 9 , 2006 ) . `` Flesh Trade '' . New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Thaler , Richard H. ( September 26 , 2009 ) . `` Opting In vs. Opting Out '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Ghods AJ , Savaj S ( 2006 ) . `` Iranian model of paid and regulated living - unrelated kidney donation '' . Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 1 ( 6 ) : 1136 -- 45 . doi : 10.2215 / CJN. 00700206 . PMID 17699338 . Jump up ^ `` Financial Incentives for Organ Donation '' . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2013 . After May 2013 , this page was no longer available for archiving ; in March 2014 , searches of the kidney.org site did not reveal a comparable statement in current online materials . Jump up ^ `` Lifesharers.org '' . Jump up ^ Richard Schwindt ; Aidan Vining ( 1998 ) . `` Proposal for a Mutual Insurance Pool for Transplant Organs '' . Journal of Health Politics , Policy and Law . 23 ( 5 ) : 725 -- 41 . doi : 10.1215 / 03616878 - 23 - 5 - 725 . ^ Jump up to : Rob Stein ( September 13 , 2007 ) . `` New Zeal in Organ Procurement Raises Fears '' . The Washington Post . The Washington Post Company . Retrieved May 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Solving the Organ Shortage . Center for Ethical Solutions . Retrieved July 8 , 2009 . Archived April 13 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Figueiredo FM , Capaverde FB , Londero GG , et al. ( March 2007 ) . `` Organ donation in suicides '' . Transplant . Proc. 39 ( 2 ) : 344 -- 5 . doi : 10.1016 / j. transproceed. 2007.01. 015 . PMID 17362725 . Jump up ^ Moraes BN , Bacal F , Teixeira MC , et al. ( April 2009 ) . `` Behavior profile of family members of donors and nondonors of organs '' . Transplant . Proc. 41 ( 3 ) : 799 -- 801 . doi : 10.1016 / j. transproceed. 2009.02. 043 . PMID 19376356 . Jump up ^ Jesse McKinley ( February 27 , 2008 ) . `` Surgeon Accused of Speeding a Death to Get Organs '' . The New York Time . The New York Times Company . Retrieved May 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Transplant surgeon is defamed by surgical director at Loma Linda Medical Center '' . Jury Verdict Alert . Neubauer & Associates . Retrieved 16 April 2017 . Jump up ^ J.H. Huebert ( September 24 , 1999 ) . `` Human Organs and Ebay : A Combination That Could Save Lives '' . The Collegian . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2007 . Retrieved November 17 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Reinhart , A.M. and A.E. Anker ( 2012 ) . `` An Exploration of Transportation and Psychological Reactance in Organ Donation PSAs . '' Communication Research Reports 29 ( 4 ) : 274 -- 284 . Jump up ^ Feeley , TH ; Peltier , JW ; D'Alessandro , AM ; Dahl , AJ ( 2013 ) . `` A sequential decision framework for increasing college students ' support for organ donation and organ donor registration '' . Progress in Transplantation . ^ Jump up to : Peltier , James W. , Anthony M. Allessandro , and Andrew J. Dahl . `` Use of Social Media and College Student Organizations to Increase Support for Organ Donation and Advocacy : A Case Report . '' Progress in Transplantation ( 2012 ) : 436 -- 41 . External links ( edit ) National Institute of Health 's MedLine on Organ Donation UK Transplant , part of NHS Blood and Transplant OrganDonor.gov ( USA ) Portal for Organ Donation After Execution Portal for The National Network of Organ Donors Human Tissue Donation -- NPR News Investigation G.A.V.E Life Prisoner Organ Donation Organ and Tissue Donation What Every Nurse Needs to Know course on www.RN.org Organ transplantation Types Allotransplantation ABOi Autotransplantation Xenotransplantation Organs and tissues Bone Bone marrow Brain Corneal Face Hand Head Heart Heart -- lung Intestine Kidney Liver Living donor Lung Pancreas Islet cell Penis Skin Spleen Testicle Thymus Uterus Vagina Medical grafting Bone grafting Skin grafting Vascular grafting Organ donation Non-heart - beating donation Organ harvesting Organ trade Complications Graft - versus - host disease Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder Transplant rejection Transplant networks and government departments Balttransplant BC Transplant Society Eurotransplant Gift of Life Marrow Registry Human Tissue Authority LifeSharers National Marrow Donor Program NOD - Lb National Transplant Organization NHS Blood and Transplant Scandiatransplant Trillium Gift of Life Network United Network for Organ Sharing Advocacy organizations Anthony Nolan DKMS Donate Life America Halachic Organ Donor Society Kidney Foundation of Canada National Kidney Foundation ORGANIZE Joint societies American Society of Nephrology American Society of Transplantation Canadian Society of Transplantation Countries Organ transplantation in different countries Organ transplantation in China Organ transplantation in Israel Organ transplantation in Japan Organ theft in Kosovo Gurgaon kidney scandal People Heart Christiaan Barnard James D. Hardy Adrian Kantrowitz Richard Lower Norman Shumway Kidney J. Hartwell Harrison John P. Merrill Joseph Murray Michael Woodruff Liver Fikri Alican James D. Hardy Thomas Starzl Lung Fikri Alican Joel D. Cooper Vladimir Demikhov James D. Hardy Pancreas Richard C. Lillehei Penis André van der Merwe Other Alexis Carrel Jean - Michel Dubernard Donna Mansell Bruce Reitz List of organ transplant donors and recipients Related topics Biomedical tissue Edmonton protocol Eye bank Immunosuppressive drugs Lung allocation score Machine perfusion Total body irradiation Frankenstein 's monster Medicine Outline History Specialties and subspecialties Surgery Cardiac surgery Cardiothoracic surgery Colorectal surgery Eye surgery General surgery Neurosurgery Oral and maxillofacial surgery Orthopedic surgery Hand surgery Otolaryngology ( ENT ) Pediatric surgery Plastic surgery Reproductive surgery Surgical oncology Thoracic surgery Transplant surgery Trauma surgery Urology Andrology Vascular surgery Internal medicine Allergy / Immunology Angiology Cardiology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Hepatology Geriatrics Hematology Hospital medicine Infectious disease Nephrology Oncology Pulmonology Rheumatology Obstetrics and gynaecology Gynaecology Gynecologic oncology Maternal -- fetal medicine Obstetrics Reproductive endocrinology and infertility Urogynecology Diagnostic Radiology Interventional radiology Nuclear medicine Pathology Anatomical pathology Clinical pathology Clinical chemistry Clinical immunology Cytopathology Medical microbiology Transfusion medicine Other specialties Addiction medicine Adolescent medicine Anesthesiology Dermatology Disaster medicine Diving medicine Emergency medicine Mass - gathering medicine Family medicine General practice Hospital medicine Intensive - care medicine Medical genetics Neurology Clinical neurophysiology Occupational medicine Ophthalmology Oral medicine Pain management Palliative care Pediatrics Neonatology Physical medicine and rehabilitation ( PM&R ) Preventive medicine Psychiatry Public health Radiation oncology Reproductive medicine Sexual medicine Sleep medicine Sports medicine Transplantation medicine Tropical medicine Travel medicine Venereology Medical education Medical school Bachelor of Medicine , Bachelor of Surgery Bachelor of Medical Sciences Master of Medicine Master of Surgery Doctor of Medicine Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine MD -- PhD Related topics Allied health Dentistry Podiatry Physiotherapy Nanomedicine Molecular oncology Personalized medicine Veterinary medicine Physician Chief physician History of medicine Book GND : 4172800 - 2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Organ_donation&oldid=843584655 '' Categories : Organ donation Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2016 CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from October 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012 Articles needing cleanup from September 2017 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from September 2017 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from September 2017 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from March 2011 All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011 Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2014 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2007 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski עברית Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių മലയാളം Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkçe Українська 中文 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 03 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ%20donation
| 2,167 |
||
the market for 'lemons' quality uncertainty and the market mechanism
|
The market for lemons
|
the market for lemons
|
`` The Market for Lemons : Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism '' is a 1970 paper , by the economist George Akerlof which examines how the quality of goods traded in a market can degrade in the presence of information asymmetry between buyers and sellers , leaving only `` lemons '' behind . In American slang , a lemon is a car that is found to be defective only after it has been bought .
|
Suppose buyers can not distinguish between a high - quality car ( a `` peach '' ) and a `` lemon '' . Then they are only willing to pay a fixed price for a car that averages the value of a `` peach '' and `` lemon '' together ( p ) . But sellers know whether they hold a peach or a lemon . Given the fixed price at which buyers will buy , sellers will sell only when they hold `` lemons '' ( since p p ) . Eventually , as enough sellers of `` peaches '' leave the market , the average willingness - to - pay of buyers will decrease ( since the average quality of cars on the market decreased ) , leading to even more sellers of high - quality cars to leave the market through a positive feedback loop . Thus the uninformed buyer 's price creates an adverse selection problem that drives the high - quality cars from the market . Adverse selection is a market mechanism that can lead to a market collapse . Akerlof 's paper shows how prices can determine the quality of goods traded on the market . Low prices drive away sellers of high - quality goods , leaving only lemons behind . Akerlof , Michael Spence , and Joseph Stiglitz jointly received the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 2001 , for their research related to asymmetric information . Contents ( hide ) 1 The paper 1.1 Thesis 1.2 Statistical abstract of the problem 1.3 Asymmetric information 1.4 Impact on markets 2 Critical reception 2.1 Criticism 3 Conditions for a lemon market 4 Laws in the United States 5 See also 6 References The paper ( edit ) Thesis ( edit ) Ernie Kovacs in a comedic used car skit Akerlof 's paper uses the market for used cars as an example of the problem of quality uncertainty . A used car is one in which ownership is transferred from one person to another , after a period of use by its first owner and its inevitable wear and tear . There are good used cars ( `` peaches '' ) and defective used cars ( `` lemons '' ) , normally as a consequence of several not - always - traceable variables , such as the owner 's driving style , quality and frequency of maintenance , and accident history . Because many important mechanical parts and other elements are hidden from view and not easily accessible for inspection , the buyer of a car does not know beforehand whether it is a peach or a lemon . So the buyer 's best guess for a given car is that the car is of average quality ; accordingly , he / she will be willing to pay for it only the price of a car of known average quality . This means that the owner of a carefully maintained , never - abused , good used car will be unable to get a high enough price to make selling that car worthwhile . Therefore , owners of good cars will not place their cars on the used car market . The withdrawal of good cars reduces the average quality of cars on the market , causing buyers to revise downward their expectations for any given car . This , in turn , motivates the owners of moderately good cars not to sell , and so on . The result is that a market in which there is asymmetric information with respect to quality shows characteristics similar to those described by Gresham 's Law : the bad drives out the good . ( Although Gresham 's principle applies more specifically to exchange rates , modified analogies can be drawn . ) Statistical abstract of the problem ( edit ) Akerlof considers a situation in which demand D for used cars depends on the cars price p and quality μ = μ ( p ) and the supply depends on price alone . Economic equilibrium is given by S ( p ) = D ( p , μ ) and there are two groups of traders with utilities given by : U 1 = M + ∑ i = 1 n x i ( \ displaystyle U_ ( 1 ) = M+ \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( n ) x_ ( i ) ) U 2 = M + ∑ i = 1 n 3 2 x i ( \ displaystyle U_ ( 2 ) = M+ \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( n ) ( \ frac ( 3 ) ( 2 ) ) x_ ( i ) ) where M is the consumption of goods other than automobiles , x the car 's quality and n the number of automobiles . Let Y , D and S be income , demand and supply for group i . Assuming that utilities are linear , that the traders are Von Neumann -- Morgenstern utility maximizers and that the price of other M goods is unitary , the demand D for cars is Y / p if μ / p > 1 , otherwise null . The demand D is Y / p if 3μ / 2 > p , otherwise null . Market demand is given by : D ( p , μ ) = ( ( Y 2 + Y 1 ) / p p < μ , Y 2 / p μ < p 3 μ / 2 , ( \ displaystyle D ( p , \ mu ) = ( \ begin ( cases ) \ left ( Y_ ( 2 ) + Y_ ( 1 ) \ right ) / p&p < \ mu , \ \ Y_ ( 2 ) / p& \ mu < p 3 \ mu / 2 , \ end ( cases ) ) ) Group 1 has N cars to sell with quality between 0 and 2 and group 2 has no cars to sell , therefore S = pN / 2 and S = 0 . For a given price p , average quality is p / 2 , and therefore D = 0 . The market for used cars collapses when there is asymmetric information . Asymmetric information ( edit ) The paper by Akerlof describes how the interaction between quality heterogeneity and asymmetric information can lead to the disappearance of a market where guarantees are indefinite . In this model , as quality is indistinguishable beforehand by the buyer ( due to the asymmetry of information ) , incentives exist for the seller to pass off low - quality goods as higher - quality ones . The buyer , however , takes this incentive into consideration , and takes the quality of the goods to be uncertain . Only the average quality of the goods will be considered , which in turn will have the side effect that goods that are above average in terms of quality will be driven out of the market . This mechanism is repeated until a no - trade equilibrium is reached . As a consequence of the mechanism described in this paper , markets may fail to exist altogether in certain situations involving quality uncertainty . Examples given in Akerlof 's paper include the market for used cars , the dearth of formal credit markets in developing countries , and the difficulties that the elderly encounter in buying health insurance . However , not all players in a given market will follow the same rules or have the same aptitude of assessing quality . So there will always be a distinct advantage for some vendors to offer low - quality goods to the less - informed segment of a market that , on the whole , appears to be of reasonable quality and have reasonable guarantees of certainty . This is part of the basis for the idiom buyer beware . This is likely the basis for the idiom that an informed consumer is a better consumer . An example of this might be the subjective quality of fine food and wine . Individual consumers know best what they prefer to eat , and quality is almost always assessed in fine establishments by smell and taste before they pay . That is , if a customer in a fine establishment orders a lobster and the meat is not fresh , he can send the lobster back to the kitchen and refuse to pay for it . However , a definition of ' highest quality ' for food eludes providers . Thus , a large variety of better - quality and higher - priced restaurants are supported . Impact on markets ( edit ) The article draws some conclusions about the cost of dishonesty in markets in general : `` The cost of dishonesty , therefore , lies not only in the amount by which the purchaser is cheated ; the cost also must include the loss incurred from driving legitimate business out of existence . '' Critical reception ( edit ) George E. Hoffer and Michael D. Pratt state that the `` economic literature is divided on whether a lemons market actually exists in used vehicles '' . The authors ' research supports the hypothesis that `` known defects provisions '' , used by US states ( e.g. , Wisconsin ) to regulate used car sales , have been ineffectual , because the quality of used vehicles sold in these states is not significantly better than the vehicles in neighboring states without such consumer protection legislation . Both the American Economic Review and the Review of Economic Studies rejected the paper for `` triviality '' , while the reviewers for Journal of Political Economy rejected it as incorrect , arguing that , if this paper were correct , then no goods could be traded . Only on the fourth attempt did the paper get published in Quarterly Journal of Economics . Today , the paper is one of the most - cited papers in modern economic theory and most downloaded economic journal paper of all time in RePEC ( more than 8,530 citations in academic papers as of May 2011 ) . It has profoundly influenced virtually every field of economics , from industrial organisation and public finance to macroeconomics and contract theory . Criticism ( edit ) Libertarians , like William L. Anderson , oppose the regulatory approach proposed by the authors of the paper , observing that some used - car markets have n't broken down even without lemon legislation and that the lemon problem creates entrepreneurial opportunities for alternative marketplaces or customers ' knowledgeable friends . Conditions for a lemon market ( edit ) A lemon market will be produced by the following : Asymmetry of information , in which no buyers can accurately assess the value of a product through examination before sale is made and all sellers can more accurately assess the value of a product prior to sale An incentive exists for the seller to pass off a low - quality product as a higher - quality one Sellers have no credible disclosure technology ( sellers with a great car have no way to disclose this credibly to buyers ) Either a continuum of seller qualities exists or the average seller type is sufficiently low ( buyers are sufficiently pessimistic about the seller 's quality ) Deficiency of effective public quality assurances ( by reputation or regulation and / or of effective guarantees / warranties ) Laws in the United states ( edit ) Five years after Akerlof 's paper was published , the United States enacted a federal `` lemon law '' ( the Magnuson -- Moss Warranty Act ) that protects citizens of all states . There are also state laws regarding `` lemons '' which vary by state and may not necessarily cover used or leased vehicles . The rights afforded to consumers by `` lemon laws '' may exceed the warranties expressed in purchase contracts . These state laws provide remedies to consumers for automobiles that repeatedly fail to meet certain standards of quality and performance . `` Lemon law '' is the common nickname for these laws , but each state has different names for the laws and acts , which may also cover more than just automobiles . In California and federal law , `` Lemon Laws '' cover anything mechanical . The federal `` lemon law '' also provides that the warrantor may be obligated to pay the attorney fees of the party prevailng in a lemon law suit , as do most state lemon laws . If a car has to be repaired for the same defect four or more times and the problem is still occurring , the car may be deemed to be `` a lemon '' . The defect must substantially hinder the vehicle 's use , value , or safety . Purchasers who knowingly purchase a car in `` as is '' condition accept the defects and void their rights under the `` lemon law '' . See also ( edit ) Adverse selection Confusopoly Death spiral ( insurance ) Highest quality is lowest cost Tragedy of the commons Transaction cost Transparency ( market ) Open data References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Phlips , Louis ( June 30 , 1983 ) . The Economics of Price Discrimination . Cambridge University Press . p. 239 . ISBN 0521283949 . Jump up ^ Akerlof , George A. ( 1970 ) . `` The Market for ' Lemons ' : Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism '' . Quarterly Journal of Economics . The MIT Press . 84 ( 3 ) : 488 -- 500 . doi : 10.2307 / 1879431 . Jump up ^ Hoffer , George E. ; Pratt , Michael D. ( 1987 ) . `` Used vehicles , lemons markets , and Used Car Rules : Some empirical evidence '' . Journal of Consumer Policy . 10 ( 4 ) : 409 -- 414 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00411482 . Jump up ^ Gans , Joshua S. ; Shepherd , George B. ( 1994 ) . `` How Are the Mighty Fallen : Rejected Classic Articles by Leading Economists '' . Journal of Economic Perspectives. 8 ( 1 ) : 165 -- 179 . doi : 10.1257 / jep. 8.1. 165 . Jump up ^ Writing the `` The Market for ' Lemons ' '' : A Personal and Interpretive Essay by George A. Akerlof Jump up ^ `` Citations of Akerlof : The Market for Lemons : Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism '' . Google Scholar . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ Lemons and the Nobel Prize http://mises.org/library/lemons-and-nobel-prize Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Market_for_Lemons&oldid=807960110 '' Categories : 1970 documents Market failure Economics papers Asymmetric information Works originally published in the Quarterly Journal of Economics Works about information 1970 in economics Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Русский Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 October 2017 , at 01 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Market%20for%20Lemons
| 2,168 |
||
dirty dancing i had the time of my life youtube
|
( I 've Had ) the Time of My Life
|
( i've had ) the time of my life
|
`` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' is a 1987 song composed by Franke Previte , John DeNicola , and Donald Markowitz . It was recorded by Bill Medley and Jennifer Warnes , and used as the theme song for the 1987 film Dirty Dancing . The song has won a number of awards , including an Academy Award for `` Best Original Song '' , a Golden Globe Award for `` Best Original Song '' , and a Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals .
|
Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Music video 3 Chart performance 4 Awards 5 Cover versions and samples 6 Formats and track listings 7 Charts 7.1 Weekly charts 7.2 Year - end charts 7.3 Certifications 8 See also 9 References History ( edit ) Singer - songwriter Previte was the lead singer of the band Franke and the Knockouts . He had success with the song `` Sweetheart '' in 1981 , but by 1986 was without a recording contract . In late 1986 or early 1987 , producer and head of Millennium Records , Jimmy Ienner , asked Previte about writing some music for `` a little movie called Dirty Dancing '' . Previte initially turned the request down because he was still trying to get a record deal , but Ienner was persistent , and got Previte to write several songs for the film , including `` Hungry Eyes '' , later recorded by singer Eric Carmen , which also became a top 10 hit . Previte wrote the lyrics , and the music was written by John DeNicola and Don Markowitz . After getting further approval , Previte created a demo of the song , performing on it himself , along with singer Rachele Cappelli . The demo showcased how the harmonies were to be used , employing a `` cold open '' , or a slow build - up of the song to its finale . This demo was n't used in the final cut of the film − the more polished version with Warnes and Medley was . However , because the Warnes / Medley track was not ready by the time the finale was filmed ( it was shot first , due to the tight budget ) , Previte and Capelli 's much lighter and more youthful version was used as a backing track , so that the actors , Patrick Swayze and Jennifer Grey , and the dancers , could have something to dance to ( Swayze had later remarked it was his favorite version , even including all the subsequent remakes ) . The demo version finally appeared on the 1998 CD reissue of Previte 's 1981 album Franke and the Knockouts , but is only listed as `` Bonus Track '' . The song was initially intended for Donna Summer and Joe Esposito , but they turned it down . Bill Medley was approached by Jimmy Ienner repeatedly over two months to do the recording , but he also turned it down because his daughter McKenna was due to be born , and he had promised his wife he would be there . After the birth of his daughter , Medley was approached again , because Jennifer Warnes had indicated she would record the song if she could do the duet with Medley . Medley then agreed to record the track . With the release of the film it became a worldwide hit , and is one of the most frequently played songs on radio . A song by Lionel Richie was initially planned to be used as the finale of Dirty Dancing , but choreographer Kenny Ortega and his assistant Miranda Garrison ( who also played Vivian in the film ) selected `` The Time of My Life '' instead . Music video ( edit ) A music video was produced for this song in October 1987 . The video features several couples dancing like in the movie , and it also featured clips from it . Chart performance ( edit ) In the United States , the single topped the Billboard Hot 100 chart in November 1987 for one week and also reached number one on the Adult Contemporary for four weeks . In the United Kingdom the song had two chart outings : in November 1987 , after the film 's initial release , the song peaked at No. 6 ; in January 1991 , after the film was shown on mainstream television , the song reached No. 8 . Awards ( edit ) Academy Award for Best Original Song , 1987 Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals , 1988 Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song , 1988 ASCAP `` Most Performed Songs from Motion Pictures '' and `` ASCAP Songwriter Of The Year '' for its writer . In 2004 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs survey placed it # 86 among the top tunes in American cinema . Cover versions and samples ( edit ) In 2003 , the top 11 contestants of the first season of Canadian Idol performed it as a group number during the season finale . The song was covered in 2004 by Carmen & Piero and their version features on Best of Mundart and Duets . Taylor Hicks and Katharine McPhee performed a version as their final duet during the fifth - season finale of American Idol in 2006 . The song was covered in 2006 by British glamour model Katie Price and her then - husband , pop singer Peter Andre . The track is included on their 2006 album of duets A Whole New World . In 2007 , the song was performed by British girl group Girls Aloud on their concert The Greatest Hits Tour ( Girls Aloud ) The 2007 compilation Over The Rainbow featured a cover of the song by Jermaine Jackson and R&B / dance music singer Jocelyn Brown . Barry Manilow covered the song on his 2008 album of cover songs , The Greatest Songs of the Eighties . The song appeared on the Fox series Glee in the second - season episode `` Special Education '' . It was sung by Quinn ( Dianna Agron ) & Sam ( Chord Overstreet ) as the opening ballad at Sectionals . It is also featured on the soundtrack Glee : The Music , Volume 4 . Sam Milby and Toni Gonzaga covered this song on their 2009 album Love Duets . In 2009 , Namibian singer Nianell and South African singer Dozi included a version on their duet covers album It Takes Two . In 2010 , The Black Eyed Peas sampled the chorus in their song , `` The Time ( Dirty Bit ) '' ( from the album The Beginning ) , with the line `` Yes , I swear it 's the truth '' changed to `` And I swear this is true '' . The song 's original recording is a regular staple at live shows of the Norwegian electro rock band , Datarock , and is frequently performed as a sing - along by band and audience . In 2011 , Kris Lawrence and Kyla record their version for the show Time of My Life as the show 's theme song . The song has also been used as a commercial jingle for Sandals Resorts . German jazz - metal band Panzerballett covered this song in their 2012 album Tank Goodness . This song was covered by the Strictly Come Dancing band and singers , led by David Arch , in 2012 , as the backing for gymnast Louis Smith and professional dancer Flavia Cacace 's salsa in week 3 and the first part of the final . In the Major Crimes episode `` There 's No Place Like Home '' , a suspect 's alibi was that he was doing the song karaoke . The Major Crimes squad watched his performance for a minute but quickly shut it off when the suspect started dancing . At the end of the episode , the credits were played over a scene of the man singing and dancing to the song with a partner rather than the regular black screen . In 2014 , the song was recorded by Kerry Ellis and Joe McElderry for Ellis ' self - titled album . In 2015 , on the 21th season of U.S reality / competition show Dancing with the Stars wildlife expert Bindi Irwin and her dance partner Derek Hough danced the rumba to it on week 6 and got the highest score of the night . In 2016 , Jodie Sweetin and Macy Gray covered the song in the third episode of Fuller House `` Funner House '' while Candace Cameron Bure and Andrea Barber danced to `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' in the same episode . In 2016 , The Netherlands LuckyTV released a video that lip - synched the second Clinton - Trump presidential debate to the song so that it looked like Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton were singing a duet . The video later went viral on YouTube , with approximately 777,000 views in the first day . British rock band The Darkness play the song after their gigs are finished . In 2017 , during the credits of the Bob 's Burgers episode `` Thelma & Louise Except Thelma is Linda '' , Teddy ( Larry Murphy ) and Bob ( H. Jon Benjamin ) sing it . Formats and track listings ( edit ) 7 '' single `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' ( 4 : 47 ) `` Love Is Strange '' by Mickey & Sylvia ( 2 : 52 ) 12 '' maxi and CD single `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' ( 4 : 47 ) `` In the Still of the Night '' by The Five Satins ( 2 : 59 ) `` Love Is Strange '' by Mickey & Sylvia ( 2 : 53 ) `` Overload '' by Zappacosta ( 3 : 39 ) Cassette `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' ( 4 : 47 ) `` In the Still of the Night '' by The Five Satins ( 2 : 59 ) `` Love Is Strange '' by Mickey & Sylvia ( 2 : 53 ) `` Overload '' by Zappacosta ( 3 : 39 ) Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1987 -- 1988 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 5 Ireland ( IRMA ) 5 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Spain ( AFYVE ) 5 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 12 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 5 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 6 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) Chart ( 1990 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 8 Chart ( 1991 ) Peak position Ireland ( IRMA ) 17 Chart ( 1992 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 5 Chart ( 1993 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 48 Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 40 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1988 ) Position Australian Singles Chart Austrian Singles Chart 28 Belgian ( Flanders ) Singles Chart Dutch Top 40 Certifications ( edit ) Country Certification Date Sales certified Australia Gold 50,000 Canada Gold January 12 , 1988 50,000 Netherlands Platinum 60,000 U.S. Gold February 24 , 1989 500,000 See also ( edit ) The Time ( Dirty Bit ) List of Hot 100 number - one singles of 1987 ( U.S. ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1987 ( U.S. ) List of number - one singles in Australia during the 1980s List of Dutch Top 40 number - one singles of 1988 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 136 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ Robert Dye ( October 10 , 2014 ) . `` The Times In His Life : A Q&A With Franke Previte '' . American Songwriter . ^ Jump up to : `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life by Bill Medley and Jennifer Warnes '' . Song Facts . Jump up ^ Bill Medley ( April 24 , 2014 ) . The Time of My Life : A Righteous Brother 's Memoir . Da Capo Press . pp. 138 -- 139 . ISBN 978 - 0306823169 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 - 2001 . Record Research . p. 167 . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 359 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` John DeNicola Bio '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Best of Mundart and Duets , track listings and charts Lescharts.com ( Retrieved July 25 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ Sam Milby and Toni Gonzaga -- I 've had the time of my life Cover https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XRABcfKRnLQ Jump up ^ `` Retrieved 7 January 2014 '' . Kalahari.com. 2011 - 09 - 20 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Kerry Ellis by Kerry Ellis on Apple Music '' . iTunes . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Spata , Christopher ( October 10 , 2016 ) . `` Watch Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton Sing ' Time of My Life ' During the Presidential Debate '' . Complex . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ernst , Douglas ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` Donald Trump , Hillary Clinton ' ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life ' debate video goes viral '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Bill Medley & Jennifer Warnes -- ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Bill Medley & Jennifer Warnes -- ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Bill Medley & Jennifer Warnes -- ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ Canada , Library and Archives ( 17 July 2013 ) . `` Image : RPM Weekly '' . bac-lac.gc.ca . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Bill Medley & Jennifer Warnes -- ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . ^ Jump up to : Irish Single Chart Irishcharts.ie ( Retrieved April 7 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Bill Medley & Jennifer Warnes search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Bill Medley & Jennifer Warnes -- ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Bill Medley & Jennifer Warnes -- ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Bill Medley : Artist Chart History '' Official Charts Company . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Medley -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Bill Medley . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Medley -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Contemporary for Bill Medley . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' ( 1990 issue ) , UK Singles Chart . Chartstats.com . Retrieved April 7 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lescharts.com -- Bill Medley & Jennifer Warnes -- ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 1988 Australian Singles Chart . aria.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ 1988 Austrian Singles Chart Austriancharts.at . Retrieved July 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1988 Belgian Flanders Singles Chart '' ( in Dutch ) . ultratop.be . Retrieved 7 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Single top 100 over 1988 '' ( PDF ) ( in Dutch ) . Top40 . Retrieved 22 September 2010 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) . cria.ca . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Canada certifications Archived 2009 - 04 - 12 at the Wayback Machine ... cria.ca . Retrieved July 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dutch certifications . nvpi.nl . Retrieved December 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ U.S. certifications Archived 2015 - 09 - 24 at the Wayback Machine ... riaa.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2008 . Bill Medley Albums Damn Near Righteous Singles `` Statue of a Fool '' `` Do n't Know Much '' `` I Still Do '' `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' Portal : R&B and Soul Music Jennifer Warnes Studio albums Jennifer Jennifer Warnes Shot Through the Heart Famous Blue Raincoat The Hunter The Well Singles `` Easy to Be Hard '' `` Right Time of the Night '' `` Do n't Make Me Over '' `` It Goes Like It Goes '' `` Up Where We Belong '' `` All the Right Moves '' `` First We Take Manhattan '' `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' Compilations Best of Jennifer Warnes Love Lifts Us Up : A Collection 1968 - 83 Academy Award for Best Original Song 1934 -- 1940 `` The Continental '' Music : Con Conrad Lyrics : Herb Magidson ( 1934 ) `` Lullaby of Broadway '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Al Dubin ( 1935 ) `` The Way You Look Tonight '' Music : Jerome Kern Lyrics : Dorothy Fields ( 1936 ) `` Sweet Leilani '' Music and lyrics : Harry Owens ( 1937 ) `` Thanks for the Memory '' Music : Ralph Rainger Lyrics : Leo Robin ( 1938 ) `` Over the Rainbow '' Music : Harold Arlen Lyrics : E.Y. Harburg ( 1939 ) `` When You Wish upon a Star '' Music : Leigh Harline Lyrics : Ned Washington ( 1940 ) 1941 -- 1950 `` The Last Time I Saw Paris '' Music : Jerome Kern Lyrics : Oscar Hammerstein II ( 1941 ) `` White Christmas '' Music and Lyrics : Irving Berlin ( 1942 ) `` You 'll Never Know '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Mack Gordon ( 1943 ) `` Swinging on a Star '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Johnny Burke ( 1944 ) `` It Might as Well Be Spring '' Music : Richard Rodgers Lyrics : Oscar Hammerstein II ( 1945 ) `` On the Atchison , Topeka and the Santa Fe '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1946 ) `` Zip - a-Dee - Doo - Dah '' Music : Allie Wrubel Lyrics : Ray Gilbert ( 1947 ) `` Buttons and Bows '' Music : Jay Livingston Lyrics : Ray Evans ( 1948 ) `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' Music and Lyrics : Frank Loesser ( 1949 ) `` Mona Lisa '' Music and Lyrics : Ray Evans and Jay Livingston ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1960 `` In the Cool , Cool , Cool of the Evening '' Music : Hoagy Carmichael Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1951 ) `` High Noon ( Do Not Forsake Me , Oh My Darlin ' ) '' Music : Dimitri Tiomkin Lyrics : Ned Washington ( 1952 ) `` Secret Love '' Music : Sammy Fain Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1953 ) `` Three Coins in the Fountain '' Music : Jule Styne Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1954 ) `` Love Is a Many Splendored Thing '' Music : Sammy Fain Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1955 ) `` Que Sera , Sera ( Whatever Will Be , Will Be ) '' Music and lyrics : Jay Livingston and Ray Evans ( 1956 ) `` All the Way '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1957 ) `` Gigi '' Music : Frederick Loewe Lyrics : Alan Jay Lerner ( 1958 ) `` High Hopes '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1959 ) `` Never on Sunday '' Music and lyrics : Manos Hatzidakis ( 1960 ) 1961 -- 1970 `` Moon River '' Music : Henry Mancini Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1961 ) `` Days of Wine and Roses '' Music : Henry Mancini Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1962 ) `` Call Me Irresponsible '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1963 ) `` Chim Chim Cher - ee '' Music and lyrics : Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman ( 1964 ) `` The Shadow of Your Smile '' Music : Johnny Mandel Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1965 ) `` Born Free '' Music : John Barry Lyrics : Don Black ( 1966 ) `` Talk to the Animals '' Music and lyrics : Leslie Bricusse ( 1967 ) `` The Windmills of Your Mind '' Music : Michel Legrand Lyrics : Alan and Marilyn Bergman ( 1968 ) `` Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head '' Music : Burt Bacharach Lyrics : Hal David ( 1969 ) `` For All We Know '' Music : Fred Karlin Lyrics : Robb Royer and Jimmy Griffin ( 1970 ) 1971 -- 1980 `` Theme from Shaft '' Music and lyrics : Isaac Hayes ( 1971 ) `` The Morning After '' Music and lyrics : Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn ( 1972 ) `` The Way We Were '' Music : Marvin Hamlisch Lyrics : Alan and Marilyn Bergman ( 1973 ) `` We May Never Love Like This Again '' Music and lyrics : Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn ( 1974 ) `` I 'm Easy '' Music and lyrics : Keith Carradine ( 1975 ) `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' Music : Barbra Streisand Lyrics : Paul Williams ( 1976 ) `` You Light Up My Life '' Music and lyrics : Joseph Brooks ( 1977 ) `` Last Dance '' Music and lyrics : Paul Jabara ( 1978 ) `` It Goes Like It Goes '' Music : David Shire Lyrics : Norman Gimbel ( 1979 ) `` Fame '' Music : Michael Gore Lyrics : Dean Pitchford ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 1990 `` Arthur 's Theme ( Best That You Can Do ) '' Music and lyrics : Burt Bacharach , Carole Bayer Sager , Christopher Cross and Peter Allen ( 1981 ) `` Up Where We Belong '' Music : Jack Nitzsche and Buffy Sainte - Marie Lyrics : Will Jennings ( 1982 ) `` Flashdance ... What a Feeling '' Music : Giorgio Moroder Lyrics : Keith Forsey and Irene Cara ( 1983 ) `` I Just Called to Say I Love You '' Music and lyrics : Stevie Wonder ( 1984 ) `` Say You , Say Me '' Music and lyrics : Lionel Richie ( 1985 ) `` Take My Breath Away '' Music : Giorgio Moroder Lyrics : Tom Whitlock ( 1986 ) `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' Music : Franke Previte , John DeNicola and Donald Markowitz Lyrics : Franke Previte ( 1987 ) `` Let the River Run '' Music and lyrics : Carly Simon ( 1988 ) `` Under the Sea '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Howard Ashman ( 1989 ) `` Sooner or Later ( I Always Get My Man ) '' Music and Lyrics : Stephen Sondheim ( 1990 ) 1991 -- 2000 `` Beauty and the Beast '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Howard Ashman ( 1991 ) `` A Whole New World '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1992 ) `` Streets of Philadelphia '' Music and lyrics : Bruce Springsteen ( 1993 ) `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' Music : Elton John Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1994 ) `` Colors of the Wind '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1995 ) `` You Must Love Me '' Music : Andrew Lloyd Webber Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1996 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' Music : James Horner Lyrics : Will Jennings ( 1997 ) `` When You Believe '' Music and lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1998 ) `` You 'll Be in My Heart '' Music and lyrics : Phil Collins ( 1999 ) `` Things Have Changed '' Music and lyrics : Bob Dylan ( 2000 ) 2001 -- 2010 `` If I Did n't Have You '' Music and lyrics : Randy Newman ( 2001 ) `` Lose Yourself '' Music : Eminem , Jeff Bass and Luis Resto Lyrics : Eminem ( 2002 ) `` Into the West '' Music and lyrics : Fran Walsh , Howard Shore and Annie Lennox ( 2003 ) `` Al otro lado del río '' Music and lyrics : Jorge Drexler ( 2004 ) `` It 's Hard out Here for a Pimp '' Music and lyrics : Juicy J , Frayser Boy and DJ Paul ( 2005 ) `` I Need to Wake Up '' Music and lyrics : Melissa Etheridge ( 2006 ) `` Falling Slowly '' Music and lyrics : Glen Hansard and Markéta Irglová ( 2007 ) `` Jai Ho '' Music : A.R. Rahman Lyrics : Gulzar ( 2008 ) `` The Weary Kind '' Music and lyrics : Ryan Bingham and T Bone Burnett ( 2009 ) `` We Belong Together '' Music and lyrics : Randy Newman ( 2010 ) 2011 -- present `` Man or Muppet '' Music and lyrics : Bret McKenzie ( 2011 ) `` Skyfall '' Music and lyrics : Adele Adkins and Paul Epworth ( 2012 ) `` Let It Go '' Music and lyrics : Kristen Anderson - Lopez and Robert Lopez ( 2013 ) `` Glory '' Music and lyrics : John Stephens and Lonnie Lynn ( 2014 ) `` Writing 's on the Wall '' Music and lyrics : James Napier and Sam Smith ( 2015 ) `` City of Stars '' Music : Justin Hurwitz Lyrics : Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=(I%27ve_Had)_The_Time_of_My_Life&oldid=800206733 '' Categories : 1987 singles 1992 singles Bill Medley songs Jennifer Warnes songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Dutch Top 40 number - one singles RPM Top Singles number - one singles Best Original Song Golden Globe winning songs Best Original Song Academy Award - winning songs Songs from Dirty Dancing Vocal duets 1987 songs Songs written by Franke Previte Songs written by John DeNicola Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Webarchive template wayback links Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart called without artist Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Nederlands Português Русский Simple English Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 02 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%28I%2527ve%20Had%29%20The%20Time%20of%20My%20Life
| 2,169 |
||
who gained most from reforms in britain in the early 1800s
|
History of the United Kingdom
|
history of the united kingdom
|
The history of the United Kingdom as a unified sovereign state began in 1707 with the political union of the kingdoms of England and Scotland , into a united kingdom called Great Britain . Of this new state the historian Simon Schama said :
|
What began as a hostile merger would end in a full partnership in the most powerful going concern in the world ... it was one of the most astonishing transformations in European history . The Act of Union 1800 added the Kingdom of Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . The first decades were marked by Jacobite risings which ended with defeat for the Stuart cause at Culloden in 1746 . In 1763 , victory in the Seven Years ' War led to the growth of the First British Empire . With the defeat by the United States , France and others in the War of American Independence , Britain lost its 13 American colonies and rebuilt its second British Empire based in Asia and Africa . As a result , the culture of the United Kingdom , and its technological , political , constitutional , and linguistic influence , became worldwide . In 1922 , following the Anglo - Irish Treaty , most of Ireland seceded to become the Irish Free State ; a day later , Northern Ireland seceded from the Free State and returned to the United Kingdom . In 1927 the United Kingdom changed its formal title to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , usually shortened to Britain and ( after 1945 ) to the United Kingdom or UK . In the Second World War , in which the Soviet Union , China and the US joined Britain as Allied powers , Britain and its Empire fought a successful war against Germany , Italy and Japan . The cost was high and Britain no longer had the wealth to maintain an empire , so it granted independence to almost all its possessions . The new states typically joined the Commonwealth of Nations . Postwar years saw great hardships until prosperity returned in the 1950s . meanwhile the Labour Party built a welfare state , nationalized many industries , and created the National Health Service . The UK took a strong stand against Communist expansion after 1945 , playing a major role in the Cold War and the formation of NATO as an anti-Soviet military alliance with West Germany , France the U.S. and smaller countries . The United Kingdom has been a leading member of the United Nations since its founding . It joined the European Union in 1973 . Since the 1990s large - scale devolution movements in Northern Ireland , Scotland and Wales have changed the political structure of the country . The Brexit referendum in 2016 committed the country to an exit from the European Union . Contents ( hide ) 1 18th century 1.1 Birth of the Union 1.2 Hanoverian kings 1.3 South Sea Bubble 1.4 Robert Walpole 1.5 Moralism , benevolence and hypocrisy 1.6 Warfare and finance 1.7 British Empire 2 1800 to 1837 2.1 Union with Ireland 2.2 Napoleonic wars 2.2. 1 Financing the war 2.2. 2 War of 1812 with United States 2.3 George IV and William IV 2.4 Whig reforms of the 1830s 2.5 Leadership 3 Victorian era 3.1 Social and cultural history 3.2 Foreign policy 3.2. 1 Free trade imperialism 3.2. 2 Russia , France and the Ottoman Empire 3.2. 3 American Civil War 3.2. 4 Empire expands 3.3 Boer War 3.3. 1 Free trade imperialism 3.4 Ireland and Home Rule 3.5 Leadership 3.5. 1 Queen Victoria 3.5. 2 Palmerston 3.5. 3 Disraeli 3.5. 4 Gladstone 3.5. 5 Salisbury 4 Early 20th century 1901 -- 1918 4.1 Edwardian era 1901 -- 1914 4.2 First World War 4.3 Postwar settlement 4.4 Irish independence and partition 5 Interwar era 1918 -- 1939 5.1 Popular culture 5.1. 1 Cinema and radio 5.1. 2 Sports 5.1. 3 Reading 5.2 Politics and economics of 1920s 5.2. 1 Expanding the welfare state 5.3 Conservative control 5.4 Economics 5.4. 1 Labour 5.5 Great Depression 5.6 Appeasement 6 Second World War 1939 -- 1945 6.1 Welfare state 6.2 Royals 6.3 Memory 7 Postwar 7.1 Austerity , 1945 -- 1950 7.1. 1 Nationalisation 7.2 Prosperity of the postwar years 7.3 Empire to Commonwealth 7.4 From the Troubles to the Belfast Agreement 7.5 The economy in the late 20th century 7.6 Common Market ( EEC ) , then EU , membership 7.7 Devolution for Scotland and Wales 8 21st century 8.1 War in Afghanistan and Iraq , and terrorist attacks 8.2 Nationalist government in Scotland 8.3 The 2008 economic crisis 8.4 The 2010 coalition government 8.5 2014 Scottish Independence referendum 8.6 2015 election 8.7 2016 EU referendum 9 Historiography 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 13.1 Historiography 13.2 Primary sources 13.2. 1 Scholarly journals 14 External links 18th century ( edit ) Main articles : 18th century Britain and Georgian era Birth of the Union ( edit ) Main articles : Treaty of Union and Acts of Union 1707 See also : Union of the Crowns and History of the formation of the United Kingdom `` Articles of Union with Scotland '' , 1707 The Kingdom of Great Britain came into being on 1 May 1707 , as a result of the political union of the Kingdom of England ( which included Wales ) and the Kingdom of Scotland . The terms of the union had been negotiated the previous year , and laid out in the Treaty of Union . The parliaments of Scotland and of England then each ratified the treaty via respective Acts of Union . ally separate states , England and Scotland had shared a monarch since 1603 when on the death of the childless Elizabeth I , James VI of Scotland became , additionally , James I of England , in an event known as the Union of the Crowns . Slightly more than one - hundred years later , the Treaty of Union enabled the two kingdoms to be combined into a single kingdom , merging the two parliaments into a single parliament of Great Britain . Queen Anne , who was reigning at the time of the union , had favoured deeper political integration between the two kingdoms and became the first monarch of Great Britain . The union was valuable to England 's security because Scotland relinquished first , the right to choose a different monarch on Anne 's death and second , the right to independently ally with a European power , which could then use Scotland as a base for the invasion of England . Although now a single kingdom , certain aspects of the former independent kingdoms remained separate , as agreed in the terms in the Treaty of Union . Scottish and English law remained separate , as did the Presbyterian Church of Scotland and the Anglican Church of England . England and Scotland also continued to each have its own system of education . The creation of Great Britain happened during the War of the Spanish Succession , in which just before his death in 1702 William III had reactivated the Grand Alliance against France . His successor , Anne , continued the war . The Duke of Marlborough won a series of brilliant victories over the French , England 's first major battlefield successes on the Continent since the Hundred Years War . France was nearly brought to its knees by 1709 , when King Louis XIV made a desperate appeal to the French people . Afterwards , his general Marshal Villars managed to turn the tide in favour of France . A more peace - minded government came to power in Great Britain , and the treaties of Utrecht and Rastadt in 1713 -- 1714 ended the war . British historian G.M. Trevelyan argues : That Treaty ( of Utrecht ) , which ushered in the stable and characteristic period of Eighteenth - Century civilization , marked the end of danger to Europe from the old French monarchy , and it marked a change of no less significance to the world at large , -- the maritime , commercial and financial supremacy of Great Britain . Hanoverian Kings ( edit ) Main article : House of Hanover George I in 1714 , by Godfrey Kneller Queen Anne died in 1714 , and the Elector of Hanover , George Louis , became king as George I ( 1714 -- 1727 ) . He paid more attention to Hanover and surrounded himself with Germans , making him an unpopular king . However he did build up the army and created a more stable political system in Britain and helped bring peace to northern Europe . Jacobite factions seeking a Stuart restoration remained strong ; they instigated a revolt in 1715 -- 1716 . The son of James II planned to invade England , but before he could do so , John Erskine , Earl of Mar , launched an invasion from Scotland , which was easily defeated . George II ( 1727 -- 1760 ) enhanced the stability of the constitutional system , with a government run by Sir Robert Walpole during the period 1730 -- 42 . He built up the first British Empire , strengthening the colonies in the Caribbean and North America . In coalition with the rising power Prussia , defeated France in the Seven Years ' War ( 1756 -- 1763 ) , and won full control of Canada . George III reigned 1760 -- 1820 ; he was born in Britain , never visited Hanover , and spoke English as his first language . Frequently reviled by Americans as a tyrant and the instigator of the American War of Independence , he was insane off and on after 1788 as his eldest son served as regent . The last king to dominate government and politics , his long reign is noted for losing the first British Empire with a loss in the American Revolutionary War ( 1783 ) , as France sought revenge for its defeat in the Seven Years ' War by aiding the Americans . The reign was notable for the building of a second empire based in India , Asia and Africa , the beginnings of the industrial revolution that made Britain an economic powerhouse , and above all the life and death struggle with the French , the French Revolutionary Wars 1793 -- 1802 , ending in a draw and a short truce , and the epic Napoleonic Wars ( 1803 -- 1815 ) , ending with the decisive defeat of Napoleon . South Sea Bubble ( edit ) The era was pro as entrepreneurs extended the range of their business around the globe . The South Sea Bubble was a business enterprise that exploded in scandal . The South Sea Company was a private business corporation set up in London ostensibly to grant trade monopolies in South America . Its actual purpose was to re-negotiate previous high - interest government loans amounting to £ 31 million through market manipulation and speculation . It issued stock four times in 1720 that reached about 8,000 investors . Prices kept soaring every day , from £ 130 a share to £ 1,000 , with insiders making huge paper profits . The Bubble collapsed overnight , ruining many speculators . Investigations showed bribes had reached into high places -- even to the king . Robert Walpole managed to wind it down with minimal political and economic damage , although some losers fled to exile or committed suicide . Robert Walpole ( edit ) Robert Walpole was Prime Minister , 1719 -- 42 , and indeed he invented the role . The term was applied to him by friends and foes alike by 1727 . Historian Clayton Roberts summarizes his new functions : He monopolized the counsels of the King , he closely superintended the administration , he ruthlessly controlled patronage , and he led the predominant party in Parliament . Walpole was a master of the effective use of patronage , as were his two disciples who succeeded him as prime minister , Henry Pelham ( 1743 -- 1754 ) and Pelham 's brother the Duke of Newcastle ( 1754 -- 1762 ) . Moralism , benevolence and hypocrisy ( edit ) Hypocrisy became a major topic in English political history in the early 18th century . The Toleration Act 1689 allowed for certain rights , but it left Protestant Nonconformists ( Such as Congregationalists and Baptists ) deprived of important rights , including that of office - holding . Nonconformists who wanted office ostentatiously took the Anglican sacrament once a year in order to avoid the restrictions . High Church Anglicans were outraged and outlawed what they called `` occasional conformity '' in 1711 with the Occasional Conformity Act 1711 . In the political controversies using sermons , speeches , and pamphlet wars , both high churchmen and Nonconformists attacked their opponents as insincere and hypocritical , as well as dangerously zealous , in contrast to their own moderation . This campaign of moderation versus zealotry , peaked in 1709 during the impeachment trial of high church preacher Henry Sacheverell . Historian Mark Knights , argues that by its very ferocity , the debate may have led to more temperate and less hypercharged political discourse . Occasional conformity was restored by the Whigs when they returned to power in 1719 . English author Bernard Mandeville 's famous `` Fable of the Bees '' ( 1714 ) explored the nature of hypocrisy in contemporary European society . On the one hand , Mandeville was a `` moralist '' heir to the French Augustinianism of the previous century , viewing sociability as a mere mask for vanity and pride . On the other , he was a `` materialist '' who helped found modern economics . He tried to demonstrate the universality of human appetites for corporeal pleasures . He argued that the efforts of self - seeking entrepreneurs are the basis of emerging commercial and industrial society , a line of thought that influenced Adam Smith ( 1723 -- 1790 ) and 19th century Utilitarianism . The tension between these two approaches modes ambivalences and contradictions -- concerning the relative power of norms and interests , the relationship between motives and behaviours , and the historical variability of human cultures . In the 1750 to 1850 era , Whig aristocrats in England boasted of their special benevolence for the common people . They claimed to be guiding and counseling reform initiatives to prevent the outbreaks of popular discontent that caused instability and revolution across Europe . However Tory and radical critics accused the Whigs of hypocrisy -- alleging they were deliberately using the slogans of reform and democracy to boost themselves into power while preserving their precious aristocratic exclusiveness . Historian L.G. Mitchell defends the Whigs , pointing out that thanks to them radicals always had friends at the centre of the political elite , and thus did not feel as marginalized as in most of Europe . He points out that the debates on the 1832 Reform Bill showed that reformers would indeed receive a hearing at parliamentary level with a good chance of success . Meanwhile , a steady stream of observers from the Continent commented on the English political culture . Liberal and radical observers noted the servility of the English lower classes , the obsession everyone had with rank and title , the extravagance of the aristocracy , a supposed anti-intellectualism , and a pervasive hypocrisy that extended into such areas as social reform . There were not so many conservative visitors . They praised the stability of English society , its ancient constitution , and reverence for the past ; they ignored the negative effects of industrialization . Warfare and finance ( edit ) From 1700 to 1850 , Britain was involved in 137 wars or rebellions . It maintained a relatively large and expensive Royal Navy , along with a small standing army . When the need arose for soldiers it hired mercenaries or financed allies who fielded armies . The rising costs of warfare forced a shift in government financing from the income from royal agricultural estates and special imposts and taxes to reliance on customs and excise taxes and , after 1790 , an income tax . Working with bankers in the City , the government raised large loans during wartime and paid them off in peacetime . The rise in taxes amounted to 20 % of national income , but the private sector benefited from the increase in economic growth . The demand for war supplies stimulated the industrial sector , particularly naval supplies , munitions and textiles , which gave Britain an advantage in international trade during the postwar years . The French Revolution polarized British political opinion in the 1790s , with conservatives outraged at the killing of the king , the expulsion of the nobles , and the Reign of Terror . Britain was at war against France almost continuously from 1793 until the final defeat of Napoleon in 1815 . Conservatives castigated every radical opinion in Britain as `` Jacobin '' ( in reference to the leaders of the Terror ) , warning that radicalism threatened an upheaval of British society . The Anti-Jacobin sentiment , well expressed by Edmund Burke and many popular writers was strongest among the landed gentry and the upper classes . British Empire ( edit ) Main article : British Empire Lord Clive meeting with Mir Jafar after the Battle of Plassey , by Francis Hayman ( c. 1762 ) . The Seven Years ' War , which began in 1756 , was the first war waged on a global scale , fought in Europe , India , North America , the Caribbean , the Philippines and coastal Africa . The signing of the Treaty of Paris ( 1763 ) had important consequences for Britain and its empire . In North America , France 's future as a colonial power there was effectively ended with the ceding of New France to Britain ( leaving a sizeable French - speaking population under British control ) and Louisiana to Spain . Spain ceded Florida to Britain . In India , the Carnatic War had left France still in control of its enclaves but with military restrictions and an obligation to support British client states , effectively leaving the future of India to Britain . The British victory over France in the Seven Years ' War therefore left Britain as the world 's dominant colonial power . During the 1760s and 1770s , relations between the Thirteen Colonies and Britain became increasingly strained , primarily because of opposition to Parliament 's repeated attempts to tax American colonists without their consent . Disagreement turned to violence and in 1775 the American Revolutionary War began . In 1776 the Patriots expelled royal officials and declared the independence of the United States of America . After capturing a British invasion army in 1777 , the US formed an alliance with France ( and in turn Spain aided France ) , evening out the military balance . The British army controlled only a handful of coastal cities . 1780 -- 81 was a low point for Britain . Taxes and deficits were high , government corruption was pervasive , and the war in America was entering its sixth year with no apparent end in sight . The Gordon Riots erupted in London during the spring of 1781 , in response to increased concessions to Catholics by Parliament . In October 1781 Lord Cornwallis surrendered his army at Yorktown , Virginia . The Treaty of Paris was signed in 1783 , formally terminating the war and recognising the independence of the United States . British general John Burgoyne surrenders at Saratoga ( 1777 ) , painting by John Trumbull 1822 The loss of the Thirteen Colonies , at the time Britain 's most populous colonies , marked the transition between the `` first '' and `` second '' empires , in which Britain shifted its attention to Asia , the Pacific and later Africa . Adam Smith 's Wealth of Nations , published in 1776 , had argued that colonies were redundant , and that free trade should replace the old mercantilist policies that had characterised the first period of colonial expansion , dating back to the protectionism of Spain and Portugal . The growth of trade between the newly independent United States and Britain after 1783 confirmed Smith 's view that political control was not necessary for economic success . During its first 100 years of operation , the focus of the British East India Company had been trade , not the building of an empire in India . Company interests turned from trade to territory during the 18th century as the Mughal Empire declined in power and the British East India Company struggled with its French counterpart , the La Compagnie française des Indes orientales , during the Carnatic Wars of the 1740s and 1750s . The British , led by Robert Clive , defeated the French and their Indian allies in the Battle of Plassey , leaving the Company in control of Bengal and a major military and political power in India . In the following decades it gradually increased the size of the territories under its control , either ruling directly or indirectly via local puppet rulers under the threat of force of the Indian Army , 80 % of which was composed of native Indian sepoys . Voyages of the explorer James Cook On 22 August 1770 , James Cook discovered the eastern coast of Australia while on a scientific voyage to the South Pacific . In 1778 , Joseph Banks , Cook 's botanist on the voyage , presented evidence to the government on the suitability of Botany Bay for the establishment of a penal settlement , and in 1787 the first shipment of convicts set sail , arriving in 1788 . British Empire in 1921 The British government had somewhat mixed reactions to the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789 , and when war broke out on the Continent in 1792 , it initially remained neutral . But the following January , Louis XVI was beheaded . This combined with a threatened invasion of the Netherlands by France spurred Britain to declare war . For the next 23 years , the two nations were at war except for a short period in 1802 -- 1803 . Britain alone among the nations of Europe never submitted to or formed an alliance with France . Throughout the 1790s , the British repeatedly defeated the navies of France and its allies , but were unable to perform any significant land operations . An Anglo - Russian invasion of the Netherlands in 1799 accomplished little except the capture of the Dutch fleet . At the threshold to the 19th century , Britain was challenged again by France under Napoleon , in a struggle that , unlike previous wars , represented a contest of ideologies between the two nations : the constitutional monarchy of Great Britain versus the liberal principles of the French Revolution ostensibly championed by the Napoleonic empire . It was not only Britain 's position on the world stage that was threatened : Napoleon threatened invasion of Britain itself , and with it , a fate similar to the countries of continental Europe that his armies had overrun . 1800 to 1837 ( edit ) Main article : United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Further information : Georgian era , British Regency , Victorian era , British Empire , and History of British society § Georgian society Union with Ireland ( edit ) The Flag of the United Kingdom is based on the flags of England , Scotland and the saltire of the Order of St Patrick ( not the flag of Ireland ) Main article : Act of Union 1800 On 1 January 1801 , the first day of the 19th century , the Great Britain and Ireland joined to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . The legislative union of Great Britain and Ireland was brought about by the Act of Union 1800 , creating the `` United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland '' . The Act was passed in both the Parliament of Great Britain and the Parliament of Ireland , dominated by the Protestant Ascendancy and lacking representation of the country 's Roman Catholic population . Substantial majorities were achieved , and according to contemporary documents this was assisted by bribery in the form of the awarding of peerages and honours to opponents to gain their votes . Under the terms of the merger , the separate Parliaments of Great Britain and Ireland were abolished , and replaced by a united Parliament of the United Kingdom . Ireland thus became an integral part of the United Kingdom , sending around 100 MPs to the House of Commons at Westminster and 28 representative peers to the House of Lords , elected from among their number by the Irish peers themselves , except that Roman Catholic peers were not permitted to take their seats in the Lords . Part of the trade - off for the Irish Catholics was to be the granting of Catholic Emancipation , which had been fiercely resisted by the all - Anglican Irish Parliament . However , this was blocked by King George III , who argued that emancipating the Roman Catholics would breach his Coronation Oath . The Roman Catholic hierarchy had endorsed the Union . However the decision to block Catholic Emancipation fatally undermined the appeal of the Union . Napoleonic Wars ( edit ) Main article : The United Kingdom in the Napoleonic Wars During the War of the Second Coalition ( 1799 -- 1801 ) , Britain occupied most of the French and Dutch colonies ( the Netherlands had been a satellite of France since 1796 ) , but tropical diseases claimed the lives of over 40,000 troops . When the Treaty of Amiens created a pause , Britain was forced to return most of the colonies . In May 1803 , war was declared again . Napoleon 's plans to invade Britain failed due to the inferiority of his navy , and in 1805 , Lord Nelson 's fleet decisively defeated the French and Spanish at Trafalgar , which was the last significant naval action of the Napoleonic Wars . The British HMS Sandwich fires to the French flagship Bucentaure ( completely dismasted ) into battle off Trafalgar . The Bucentaure also fights HMS Victory ( behind her ) and HMS Temeraire ( left side of the picture ) . In fact , HMS Sandwich never fought at Trafalgar , it 's a mistake from Auguste Mayer , the painter . In 1806 , Napoleon issued the series of Berlin Decrees , which brought into effect the Continental System . This policy aimed to weaken the British export economy closing French - controlled territory to its trade . Napoleon hoped that isolating Britain from the Continent would end its economic dominance . It never succeeded in its objective . Britain possessed the greatest industrial capacity in Europe , and its mastery of the seas allowed it to build up considerable economic strength through trade to its possessions from its rapidly expanding new Empire . Britain 's naval supremacy meant that France could never enjoy the peace necessary to consolidate its control over Europe , and it could threaten neither the home islands nor the main British colonies . The Spanish uprising in 1808 at last permitted Britain to gain a foothold on the Continent . The Duke of Wellington and his army of British and Portuguese gradually pushed the French out of Spain and in early 1814 , as Napoleon was being driven back in the east by the Prussians , Austrians , and Russians , Wellington invaded southern France . After Napoleon 's surrender and exile to the island of Elba , peace appeared to have returned , but when he escaped back into France in 1815 , the British and their allies had to fight him again . The armies of Wellington and Von Blucher defeated Napoleon once and for all at Waterloo . Financing the war ( edit ) A key element in British success was its ability to mobilize the nation 's industrial and financial resources and apply them to defeating France . With a population of 16 million Britain was barely half the size of France with 30 million . In terms of soldiers the French numerical advantage was offset by British subsidies that paid for a large proportion of the Austrian and Russian soldiers , peaking at about 450,000 in 1813 . Most important , the British national output remained strong and the well - organized business sector channeled products into what the military needed . The system of smuggling finished products into the continent undermined French efforts to ruin the British economy by cutting off markets . The British budget in 1814 reached £ 66 million , including £ 10 million for the Navy , £ 40 million for the Army , £ 10 million for the Allies , and £ 38 million as interest on the national debt . The national debt soared to £ 679 million , more than double the GDP . It was willingly supported by hundreds of thousands of investors and tax payers , despite the higher taxes on land and a new income tax . The whole cost of the war came to £ 831 million . By contrast the French financial system was inadequate and Napoleon 's forces had to rely in part on requisitions from conquered lands . Napoleon also attempted economic warfare against Britain , especially in the Berlin Decree of 1806 . It forbade the import of British goods into European countries allied with or dependent upon France , and installed the Continental System in Europe . All connections were to be cut , even the mail . British merchants smuggled in many goods and the Continental System was not a powerful weapon of economic war . There was some damage to Britain , especially in 1808 and 1811 , but its control of the oceans helped ameliorate the damage . Even more damage was done to the economies of France and its allies , which lost a useful trading partner . Angry governments gained an incentive to ignore the Continental System , which led to the weakening of Napoleon 's coalition . War of 1812 with United States ( edit ) Signing of the Treaty of Ghent ( December 1812 ) with the U.S. diplomats Simultaneous with the Napoleonic Wars , trade disputes and British impressment of American sailors led to the War of 1812 with the United States . The `` second war of independence '' for the American , it was little noticed in Britain , where all attention was focused on the struggle with France . The British could devote few resources to the conflict until the fall of Napoleon in 1814 . American frigates also inflicted a series of embarrassing defeats on the British navy , which was short on manpower due to the conflict in Europe . A stepped - up war effort that year brought about some successes such as the burning of Washington , but many influential voices such as the Duke of Wellington argued that an outright victory over the US was impossible . Peace was agreed to at the end of 1814 , but Andrew Jackson , unaware of this , won a great victory over the British at the Battle of New Orleans in January 1815 ( news took several weeks to cross the Atlantic before the advent of steam ships ) . Ratification of the Treaty of Ghent ended the war in February 1815 . The major result was the permanent defeat of the Indian allies the British had counted upon . The US - Canada border was demilitarised by both countries , and peaceful trade resumed , although worries of an American conquest of Canada persisted into the 1860s . George IV and William IV ( edit ) Britain emerged from the Napoleonic Wars a very different country than it had been in 1793 . As industrialisation progressed , society changed , becoming more urban and less rural . The postwar period saw an economic slump , and poor harvests and inflation caused widespread social unrest . Europe after 1815 was on guard against a return of Jacobinism , and even liberal Britain saw the passage of the Six Acts in 1819 , which proscribed radical activities . By the end of the 1820s , along with a general economic recovery , many of these repressive laws were repealed and in 1828 new legislation guaranteed the civil rights of religious dissenters . A weak ruler as regent ( 1811 -- 20 ) and king ( 1820 -- 30 ) , George IV let his ministers take full charge of government affairs , playing a far lesser role than his father , George III . The principle now became established that the king accepts as prime minister the person who wins a majority in the House of Commons , whether the king personally favors him or not . His governments , with little help from the king , presided over victory in the Napoleonic Wars , negotiated the peace settlement , and attempted to deal with the social and economic malaise that followed . His brother William IV ruled ( 1830 -- 37 ) , but was little involved in politics . His reign saw several reforms : the poor law was updated , child labour restricted , slavery abolished in nearly all the British Empire , and , most important , the Reform Act 1832 refashioned the British electoral system . There were no major wars until the Crimean War of 1853 -- 56 . While Prussia , Austria , and Russia , as absolute monarchies , tried to suppress liberalism wherever it might occur , the British came to terms with new ideas . Britain intervened in Portugal in 1826 to defend a constitutional government there and recognising the independence of Spain 's American colonies in 1824 . British merchants and financiers , and later railway builders , played major roles in the economies of most Latin American nations . The British intervened in 1827 on the side of the Greeks , who had been waging a war of independence against the Ottoman Empire since 1824 . Whig reforms of the 1830s ( edit ) The Whig Party recovered its strength and unity by supporting moral reforms , especially the reform of the electoral system , the abolition of slavery and emancipation of the Catholics . Catholic emancipation was secured in the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829 , which removed the most substantial restrictions on Roman Catholics in Britain . The Whigs became champions of Parliamentary reform . They made Lord Grey prime minister 1830 -- 1834 , and the Reform Act 1832 became their signature measure . It broadened the franchise slightly and ended the system of rotten and pocket boroughs ( where elections were controlled by powerful families ) , and gave seats to new industrial centres . The aristocracy continued to dominate the government , the Army and Royal Navy , and high society . After parliamentary investigations demonstrated the horrors of child labour , limited reforms were passed in 1833 . Chartism emerged after the 1832 Reform Bill failed to give the vote to the working class . Activists denounced the ' betrayal ' of the working class and the ' sacrificing ' of their interests by the ' misconduct ' of the government . In 1838 , Chartists issued the People 's Charter demanding manhood suffrage , equal sized election districts , voting by ballots , payment of MPs ( so poor men could serve ) , annual Parliaments , and abolition of property requirements . Elites saw the movement as pathological , so the Chartists were unable to force serious constitutional debate . Historians see Chartism as both a continuation of the 18th century fight against corruption and as a new stage in demands for democracy in an industrial society . In 1832 Parliament abolished slavery in the Empire with the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 . The government purchased the slaves for £ 20,000,000 ( the money went to rich plantation owners who mostly lived in England ) , and freed the slaves , especially those in the Caribbean sugar islands . Leadership ( edit ) Prime Ministers of the period included : William Pitt the Younger , Lord Grenville , Duke of Portland , Spencer Perceval , Lord Liverpool , George Canning , Lord Goderich , Duke of Wellington , Lord Grey , Lord Melbourne , and Sir Robert Peel . Victorian era ( edit ) Main article : Victorian era Queen Victoria ( 1837 -- 1901 ) Victoria became queen in 1837 at age 18 . Her long reign until 1901 saw Britain reach the zenith of its economic and political power . Exciting new technologies such as steam ships , railroads , photography , and telegraphs appeared , making the world much faster - paced . Britain again remained mostly inactive in Continental politics , and it was not affected by the wave of revolutions in 1848 . The Victorian era saw the fleshing out of the second British Empire . Scholars debate whether the Victorian period -- as defined by a variety of sensibilities and political concerns that have come to be associated with the Victorians -- actually begins with her coronation or the earlier passage of the Reform Act 1832 . The era was preceded by the Regency era and succeeded by the Edwardian period . Historians like Bernard Porter have characterized the mid-Victorian era , ( 1850 -- 1870 ) as Britain 's ' Golden Years . ' . There was peace and prosperity , as the national income per person grew by half . Much of the prosperity was due to the increasing industrialization , especially in textiles and machinery , as well as to the worldwide network of trade and engineering that produce profits for British merchants and experts from across the globe . There was peace abroad ( apart from the short Crimean war , 1854 -- 56 ) , and social peace at home . Opposition to the new order melted away , says Porter . The Chartist movement , peaked as a democratic movement among the working class in 1848 ; its leaders moved to other pursuits , such as trade unions and cooperative societies . The working class ignored foreign agitators like Karl Marx in their midst , and joined in celebrating the new prosperity . Employers typically were paternalistic , and generally recognized the trade unions . Companies provided their employees with welfare services ranging from housing , schools and churches , to libraries , baths , and gymnasia . Middle - class reformers did their best to assist the working classes aspire to middle - class norms of ' respectability . ' There was a spirit of libertarianism , says Porter , as people felt they were free . Taxes were very low , and government restrictions were minimal . There were still problem areas , such as occasional riots , especially those motivated by anti-Catholicism . Society was still ruled by the aristocracy and the gentry , which controlled high government offices , both houses of Parliament , the church , and the military . Becoming a rich businessman was not as prestigious as inheriting a title and owning a landed estate . Literature was doing well , but the fine arts languished as the Great Exhibition of 1851 showcased Britain 's industrial prowess rather than its sculpture , painting or music . The educational system was mediocre ; the capstone universities ( outside Scotland ) were likewise mediocre . Historian Llewellyn Woodward has concluded : For leisure or work , for getting or spending , England was a better country in 1879 than in 1815 . The scales were less weighted against the weak , against women and children , and against the poor . There was greater movement , and less of the fatalism of an earlier age . The public conscience was more instructed , and the content of liberty was being widened to include something more than freedom from political constraint ... Yet England in 1871 was by no means an earthly paradise . The housing and conditions of life of the working class in town & country were still a disgrace to an age of plenty . Social and cultural history ( edit ) Main article : Victorian era Foreign policy ( edit ) Main article : International relations of the Great Powers ( 1814 -- 1919 ) Free trade imperialism ( edit ) The Great London Exhibition of 1851 clearly demonstrated Britain 's dominance in engineering and industry ; that lasted until the rise of the United States and Germany in the 1890s . Using the imperial tools of free trade and financial investment , it exerted major influence on many countries outside Europe , especially in Latin America and Asia . Thus Britain had both a formal Empire based on British rule and an informal one based on the British pound . Russia , France and the Ottoman Empire ( edit ) Main articles : Eastern Question and Crimean War One nagging fear was the possible collapse of the Ottoman Empire . It was well understood that a collapse of that country would set off a scramble for its territory and possibly plunge Britain into war . To head that off Britain sought to keep the Russians from occupying Constantinople and taking over the Bosporous Straits , as well as from threatening India via Afghanistan . In 1853 , Britain and France intervened in the Crimean War against Russia . Despite mediocre generalship , they managed to capture the Russian port of Sevastopol , compelling Tsar Alexander II to ask for peace . A second Russo - Ottoman war in 1877 led to another European intervention , although this time at the negotiating table . The Congress of Berlin blocked Russia from imposing the harsh Treaty of San Stefano on the Ottoman Empire . Despite its alliance with the French in the Crimean War , Britain viewed the Second Empire of Napoleon III with some distrust , especially as the emperor constructed ironclad warships and began returning France to a more active foreign policy . But after Napoleon 's downfall in the Franco - Prussian War in 1870 , he was allowed to spend his last years exiled in Britain . American civil war ( edit ) Main article : United Kingdom and the American Civil War During the American Civil War ( 1861 -- 1865 ) , British leaders personally disliked American republicanism and favoured the more aristocratic Confederacy , as it had been a major source of cotton for textile mills . Prince Albert was effective in defusing a war scare in late 1861 . The British people , who depended heavily on American food imports , generally favoured the United States . What little cotton was available came from New York , as the blockade by the US Navy shut down 95 % of Southern exports to Britain . In September 1862 , Britain ( along with France ) contemplated stepping in and negotiating a peace settlement , which could only mean war with the United States . But in the same month , US president Abraham Lincoln announced the Emancipation Proclamation would be issued in January 1863 making abolition of slavery in the Confederacy a war goal . Since support of the Confederacy now meant support for slavery , there was no longer any possibility of European intervention . Meanwhile , the British sold arms to both sides , built blockade runners for a lucrative trade with the Confederacy , and surreptitiously allowed warships to be built for the Confederacy . The warships caused a major diplomatic row that was resolved in the Alabama Claims in 1872 , in the Americans ' favour . Empire expands ( edit ) In 1867 , Britain united most of its North American colonies as the Dominion of Canada , giving it self - government and responsibility for its internal affairs . Britain handled foreign policy and defence . The second half of the 19th century saw a huge expansion of Britain 's colonial empire in Asia . In the `` Scramble for Africa '' , the boast was having the Union Jack flying from `` Cairo to Cape Town . '' Britain defend its empire with the world 's dominant navy , and a small professional army . It was the only power in Europe to have no conscription . The rise of the German Empire after 1871 posed a new challenge , for it ( along with the United States ) threatened to take Britain 's place as the world 's foremost industrial power . Germany acquired a number of colonies in Africa and the Pacific , but Chancellor Otto von Bismarck succeeded in achieving general peace through his balance of power strategy . When William II became emperor in 1888 , he discarded Bismarck , began using bellicose language , and planned to build a navy to rival Britain 's . Boer war ( edit ) Main article : Second Boer War Ever since Britain had taken control of South Africa from the Netherlands in the Napoleonic Wars , it had run afoul of the Dutch settlers who further away and created two republics of their own . The British imperial vision called for control over the new countries and the Dutch - speaking `` Boers '' ( or `` Afrikaners '' ) fought back in the War in 1899 -- 1902 . Outgunned by a mighty empire , the Boers waged a guerilla war , which gave the British regulars a difficult fight , but weight of numbers , superior equipment , and often brutal tactics eventually brought about a British victory . The war had been costly in human rights and was widely criticised by Liberals in Britain and worldwide . However , the United States gave its support . The Boer republics were merged into Union of South Africa in 1910 ; it had internal self - government but its foreign policy was controlled by London and was an integral part of the British Empire . The unexpectedly great difficulty in defeating the Boers forced a reevaluation of policy . In military terms , it was clear that the Cardwell reforms have been inadequate . The call to establish a general staff to control military operations had been shelved by the Duke of Cambridge , himself a royal with enormous authority . It took a five more years to set up a general staff and other Army reforms , under the administration of Lord Haldane . The Royal Navy was now threatened by Germany . Britain responded by a massive building program launched in 1904 by the highly controversial First Sea Lord , Sir John Fisher . He launched the HMS Dreadnought in 1906 . It was the first modern battleship based on new armour . new propulsion , new guns and gunnery that made all other warships obsolete . The Boer war demonstrated that Britain was not loved around the world -- it had more enemies than friends and its policy of `` splendid isolation '' was one of high risk . It needed new friends . It made a military alliance with Japan , and buried old controversies to forge a close relationship with the United States . Free trade imperialism ( edit ) Britain in addition to taking control of new territories , developed an enormous power in economic and financial affairs in numerous independent countries , especially in Latin America and Asia . It lent money , built railways , and engaged in trade . The Great London Exhibition of 1851 clearly demonstrated Britain 's dominance in engineering , communications and industry ; that lasted until the rise of the United States and Germany in the 1890s . In 1890 -- 1902 under Salisbury Britain promoted a policy of Splendid isolation with no formal allies . Ireland and home rule ( edit ) Main articles : History of Ireland ( 1801 -- 1922 ) and Great Famine ( Ireland ) Part of the agreement which led to the Act of Union 1800 stipulated that the Penal Laws in Ireland were to be repealed and Catholic Emancipation granted . However , King George III blocked emancipation . A campaign under Daniel O'Connell led to the concession of Catholic Emancipation in 1829 , allowing Catholics to sit in Parliament . When potato blight hit Ireland in 1846 , much of the rural population was left without food . Relief efforts were inadequate and hundreds of thousands died in the Great Hunger . Millions more migrated to England , or to North America . Ireland became permanently smaller in terms of population In the 1870s new moderate nationalist movement was formed . As the Irish Parliamentary Party it became a major factor in parliament under Charles Stewart Parnell . Home Rule Bills introduced by Liberal Prime Minister Gladstone failed of passage , and split the Liberals . A significant unionist minority ( largely based in Ulster ) , opposed Home Rule , fearing that a Catholic - Nationalist parliament in Dublin would discriminate against them and would also hurt its industry . Parliament passed laws in 1870 , 1881 , 1903 and 1909 that enabled most tenant farmers to purchase their lands , and lowered the rents of the others . Leadership ( edit ) Historically , the aristocracy was divided between Conservatives and Liberals . However , when Gladstone committed to home rule for Ireland , Britain 's upper classes largely abandoned the Liberal party , giving the Conservatives a large permanent majority in the House of Lords . High Society in London , following the Queen , largely ostracized home rulers , and Liberal clubs were badly split . Joseph Chamberlain took a major element of upper - class supporters out of the Party and into a third party called `` Liberal Unionism '' that collaborated with and eventually merged into the Conservative party . The Gladstonian liberals in 1891 adopted The Newcastle Programme that included home rule for Ireland , disestablishment of the Church of England in Wales and Scotland , tighter controls on the sale of liquor , major extension of factory regulation , and various democratic political reforms . The Programme had a strong appeal to the Nonconformist middle - class Liberal element , which felt liberated by the departure of the aristocracy . Queen Victoria ( edit ) The Queen played a small role in politics , but became the iconic symbol of the nation , the empire , and proper , restrained behaviour . Her strength lay in good common sense and directness of character ; she expressed the qualities of the British nation which at that time made it preeminent in the world . As a symbol of domesticity , endurance and Empire , and as a woman holding the highest public office during an age when middle - and upper - class women were expected to beautify the home while men dominated the public sphere , Queen Victoria 's influence has been enduring . Her success as ruler was due to the power of the self - images she successively portrayed of innocent young woman , devoted wife and mother , suffering and patient widow , and grandmotherly matriarch . Palmerston ( edit ) Lord Palmerston ( 1784 -- 1865 ) dominated foreign policy for decades , through a period when Britain was at the height of its power , serving terms as both Foreign Secretary and Prime Minister . He became controversial at the time , and remains so today , for his aggressive bullying and his `` liberal interventionist '' policies . He was intensely patriotic ; he used the Royal Navy to undermine the Atlantic slave trade . Disraeli ( edit ) Disraeli Disraeli and Gladstone dominated the politics of the late 19th century , Britain 's golden age of parliamentary government . They long were idolized , but historians in recent decades have become much more critical , especially regarding Disraeli . Benjamin Disraeli ( 1804 -- 1881 ) , prime minister 1868 and 1874 -- 80 , remains an iconic hero of the Conservative Party . He played a central role in the creation the Party , defining its policies and its broad outreach . Disraeli is remembered for his influential voice in world affairs , his political battles with the Liberal leader William Gladstone , and his one - nation conservatism or `` Tory democracy '' . He made the Conservatives the party most identified with the glory and power of the British Empire . He was born into a Jewish family , which became Episcopalian when he was 12 years old . Disraeli fought to protect established political , social , and religious values and elites ; he emphasized the need for national leadership in response to radicalism , uncertainty , and materialism . He is especially known for his enthusiastic support for expanding and strengthening the British Empire in India and Africa as the foundation of British greatness , in contrast to Gladstone 's negative attitude toward imperialism . Gladstone denounced Disraeli 's policies of territorial aggrandizement , military pomp , and imperial symbolism ( such as making the Queen Empress of India ) , saying it did not fit a modern commercial and Christian nation . In foreign policy he is best known for battling and besting Russia . Disraeli 's second term was dominated by the Eastern Question -- the slow decay of the Ottoman Empire and the desire of Russia , to gain at its expense . Disraeli arranged for the British to purchase a major interest in the Suez Canal Company ( in Ottoman - controlled Egypt ) . In 1878 , faced with Russian victories against the Ottomans , he worked at the Congress of Berlin to maintain peace in the Balkans and made terms favourable to Britain which weakened Russia , its longstanding enemy . Disraeli 's old reputation as the `` Tory democrat '' and promoter of the welfare state has faded as historians argue that he had few proposals for social legislation in 1874 -- 80 , and that the 1867 Reform Act did not reflect a vision for the unenfranchised working man . However he did work to reduce class antagonism , for as Perry notes , `` When confronted with specific problems , he sought to reduce tension between town and country , landlords and farmers , capital and labour , and warring religious sects in Britain and Ireland -- in other words , to create a unifying synthesis . '' Gladstone ( edit ) Gladstone William Ewart Gladstone ( 1809 -- 1898 ) was the Liberal counterpart to Disraeli , serving as prime minister four times ( 1868 -- 74 , 1880 -- 85 , 1886 , and 1892 -- 94 ) . He was the moral compass of the Liberal Party and is famous for his oratory , his religiosity , his liberalism , his rivalry with Disraeli , and for his poor relations with the Queen . Gladstone 's first ministry saw many reforms including Disestablishment of the Protestant Church of Ireland and the introduction of secret voting . His party was defeated in 1874 , but made a comeback based on opposition to Turkey 's Bulgarian atrocities against Christians . Gladstone 's Midlothian Campaign of 1879 -- 80 was an pathbreaking introduction of many modern political campaigning techniques . His Liberal party was increasingly pulled apart on the Irish issue . He proposed Irish home rule in 1886 ; It failed to pass and the resulting split in the Liberal Party kept it out of office for 20 years ( with only a short interruption ) . Gladstone 's financial policies , based on the notion of balanced budgets , low taxes and laissez - faire , were suited to a developing capitalist society but could not respond effectively as economic and social conditions changed . Called the `` Grand Old Man '' later in life , he was always a dynamic popular orator who appealed strongly to British workers and lower middle class . The deeply religious Gladstone brought a new moral tone to politics with his evangelical sensibility and opposition to aristocracy . His moralism often angered his upper - class opponents ( including Queen Victoria , who strongly favoured Disraeli ) , and his heavy - handed control split the Liberal party . His foreign policy goal was to create a European order based on cooperation rather than conflict and mutual trust instead of rivalry and suspicion ; the rule of law was to supplant the reign of force and self - interest . This Gladstonian concept of a harmonious Concert of Europe was opposed to and ultimately defeated by the Germans with a Bismarckian system of manipulated alliances and antagonisms . Salisbury ( edit ) Historians agree that Lord Salisbury ( 1830 -- 1903 ) as foreign minister and prime minister in the late 19th century was a strong and effective leader in foreign affairs . He had a superb grasp of the issues , and proved : a patient , pragmatic practitioner , with a keen understanding of Britain 's historic interests ... He oversaw the partition of Africa , the emergence of Germany and the United States as imperial powers , and the transfer of British attention from the Dardanelles to Suez without provoking a serious confrontation of the great powers . Historians portray Lord Salisbury as a talented leader who was an icon of traditional , aristocratic conservatism . Robert Blake considers Salisbury `` a great foreign minister , ( but ) essentially negative , indeed reactionary in home affairs '' . Professor P.T. Marsh 's estimate is more favourable than Blake 's , he says Salisbury was a leader who `` held back the popular tide for twenty years . '' Professor Paul Smith argues that , `` into the ' progressive ' strain of modern Conservatism he simply will not fit . '' Professor H.C.G. Matthew points to `` the narrow cynicism of Salisbury '' . One admirer of Salisbury , Maurice Cowling largely agrees with the critics and says Salisbury found the democracy born of the 1867 and 1884 Reform Acts as `` perhaps less objectionable than he had expected -- succeeding , through his public persona , in mitigating some part of its nastiness . '' Early 20th century 1901 -- 1918 ( edit ) Prime Ministers from 1900 to 1945 : Marquess of Salisbury , Arthur Balfour , Sir Henry Campbell - Bannerman , H.H. Asquith , David Lloyd George , Bonar Law , Stanley Baldwin , Ramsay MacDonald , Stanley Baldwin , Ramsay MacDonald , Stanley Baldwin , Neville Chamberlain and Winston Churchill . The Liberal Party was in power 1906 -- 1914 ( when it formed a wartime coalition ) . It passed the welfare reforms that created a basic British welfare state . It weakened the veto power of Lords , blocked woman suffrage . In 1914 it apparently `` solved '' the problem of Irish Home Rule but when the war broke out the solution was shelved . H.H. Asquith was Liberal Prime Minister between 1908 and 1916 , followed by David Lloyd George , 1916 -- 22 . Although Asquith was the Party leader , the dominant Liberal was Lloyd George . Asquith was overwhelmed by the wartime role of coalition prime minister , and Lloyd George replaced him as the coalition prime minister in late 1916 but Asquith remained Liberal party leader . The two fought for years over control of the party , badly weakening it in the process . Historian Martin Pugh in The Oxford Companion to British History argues that Lloyd George : made a greater impact on British public life than any other 20th - century leader , thanks to his pre-war introduction of Britain 's social welfare system ( especially medical insurance , unemployment insurance , and old - age pensions , largely paid for by taxes on high incomes and on the land ) . Furthermore , in foreign affairs he played a leading role in winning the First World War , redrawing the map of Europe at the peace conference , and partitioning Ireland . Edwardian era 1901 -- 1914 ( edit ) Main article : Edwardian era Queen Victoria died in 1901 and her son Edward VII became king , inaugurating the Edwardian Era , which was characterised by great and ostentatious displays of wealth in contrast to the sombre Victorian Era . With the advent of the 20th century , things such as motion pictures , automobiles , and aeroplanes were coming into use . The new century was characterised by a feeling of great optimism . The social reforms of the last century continued into the 20th with the Labour Party being formed in 1900 . Edward died in 1910 , to be succeeded by George V , who reigned 1910 -- 36 . Scandal - free , hard working and popular , George V was the British monarch who , with Queen Mary , established the modern pattern of exemplary conduct for British royalty , based on middle - class values and virtues . He understood the overseas Empire better than any of his prime ministers and used his exceptional memory for figures and details , whether of uniforms , politics , or relations , to good effect in reaching out in conversation with his subjects . The era was prosperous but political crises were escalating out of control . Dangerfield ( 1935 ) identified the `` strange death of liberal England '' as the multiple crisis that hit simultaneously in 1910 -- 1914 with serious social and political instability arising from the Irish crisis , labor unrest , the women 's suffrage movements , and partisan and constitutional struggles in Parliament . At one point it even seemed the Army might refuse orders dealing with Northern Ireland . No solution appeared in sight when the unexpected outbreak of the Great War in 1914 put domestic issues on hold . McKibben argues that the political party system of the Edwardian era was in delicate balance on the eve of the war in 1914 . The Liberals were in power with a progressive alliance of Labour and , off and on , Irish Nationalists . The coalition was committed to free trade ( as opposed to the high tariffs the Conservatives sought ) , free collective bargaining for trades unions ( which Conservatives opposed ) , an active social policy that was forging the welfare state , and constitutional reform to reduce the power of the House of Lords . The coalition lacked a long - term plan , because it was cobbled together from leftovers from the 1890s . The sociological basis was non-Anglican religion and non-English ethnicity rather than the emerging class conflict emphasized by Labour . First world war ( edit ) Main article : History of the United Kingdom during the First World War Britain entered the war because of its implicit support for France , which had entered to support Russia , which in turn had entered to support Serbia . Even more important than that chain of links was Britain 's determination to honour its commitment to defend Belgium . Britain was loosely part of the Triple Entente with France and Russia , which ( with smaller allies ) fought the Central Powers of Germany , Austria and the Ottoman Empire . After a few weeks the Western Front turned into a killing ground in which millions of men died but no army made a large advance . The stalemate required an endless supply of men and munitions . By 1916 , volunteering fell off , the government imposed conscription in Britain ( but not in Ireland ) to keep up the strength of the Army . After a rough start in industrial mobilisation , Britain replaced prime minister Asquith in December 1916 with the much more dynamic Liberal leader David Lloyd George . The nation now successfully mobilised its manpower , womanpower , industry , finances , Empire and diplomacy , in league with France and the U.S. to defeat the enemy . After defeating Russia , the Germans tried to win in the spring of 1918 before the millions of American soldiers arrived . They failed , and they were overwhelmed and finally accepted an Armistice in November 1918 , that amounted to a surrender . Britain eagerly supported the war , but in Ireland the Catholics were restless and plotted a rebellion in 1916 . It failed but the brutal repression that followed turned that element against Britain . The economy grew about 14 % from 1914 to 1918 despite the absence of so many men in the services ; by contrast the German economy shrank 27 % . The War saw a decline of civilian consumption , with a major reallocation to munitions . The government share of GDP soared from 8 % in 1913 to 38 % in 1918 ( compared to 50 % in 1943 ) . The war forced Britain to use up its financial reserves and borrow large sums from New York banks . After the U.S. entered in April 1917 , the Treasury borrowed directly from the U.S. government . The Royal Navy dominated the seas , defeating the smaller German fleet in the only major naval battle of the war , the Battle of Jutland in 1916 . Germany was blockaded , leading to an increasing shortage short of food . Germany 's naval strategy increasingly turned towards use of U-Boats to strike back against the British , despite the risk of triggering war with the powerful neutral power , the United States . The waters around Britain were declared a war zone where any ship , neutral or otherwise , was a target . After the liner Lusitania was sunk in May 1915 , drowning over 100 American passengers , protests by the United States led Germany to abandon unrestricted submarine warfare . With victory over Russia in 1917 , Germany now calculated it could finally have numerical superiority on the Western Front . Planning for a massive spring offensive in 1918 , it resumed the sinking of all merchant ships without warning . The US entered the war alongside the Allies ( without actually joining them ) , and provided the needed money and supplies to sustain the Allies ' war efforts . The U-boat threat was ultimately defeated by a convoy system across the Atlantic . On other fronts , the British , French , Australians , and Japanese seized Germany 's colonies . Britain fought the Ottoman Empire , suffering defeats in the Gallipoli Campaign and in Mesopotamia , while arousing the Arabs who helped expel the Turks from their lands . Exhaustion and war - weariness were growing worse in 1917 , as the fighting in France continued with no end in sight . The German spring offensives of 1918 failed , and with the summer arrival of American soldiers at a rate of 10,000 per day , the Germans realised they were being overwhelmed . Germany agreed to a surrender on 11 November 1918 . Victorian attitudes and ideals that had continued into the first years of the 20th century changed during the First World War . The army had traditionally never been a large employer in the nation , with the regular army standing at 247,432 at the start of the war . By 1918 , there were about five million people in the army and the fledgling Royal Air Force , newly formed from the Royal Naval Air Service ( RNAS ) and the Royal Flying Corps ( RFC ) , was about the same size of the pre-war army . The almost three million casualties were known as the `` lost generation , '' and such numbers inevitably left society scarred ; but even so , some people felt their sacrifice was little regarded in Britain , with poems like Siegfried Sassoon 's Blighters criticising the ill - informed jingoism of the home front . Postwar settlement ( edit ) The war had been won by Britain and its allies , but at a terrible human and financial cost , creating a sentiment that wars should never be fought again . The League of Nations was founded with the idea that nations could resolve their differences peacefully , but these hopes were unfulfilled . The harsh peace settlement imposed on Germany would leave it embittered and seeking revenge . At the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 , Lloyd George , American President Woodrow Wilson and French premier Georges Clemenceau made all the major decisions . They formed the League of Nations as a mechanism to prevent future wars . They sliced up the losers to form new nations in Europe , and divided up the German colonies and Ottoman holdings outside Turkey . They imposed what appeared to be heavy financial reparations ( but in the event were of modest size ) . They humiliated Germany by forcing it to declare its guilt for starting the war , a policy that caused deep resentment in Germany and helped fuel reactions such as Nazism . Britain gained the German colony of Tanganyika and part of Togoland in Africa , while its dominions added other colonies . Britain gained League of Nations mandates over Palestine , which had been partly promised as a homeland for Jewish settlers , and Iraq . Iraq became fully independent in 1932 . Egypt , which had been a British protectorate since 1882 , became independent in 1922 , although the British remained there until 1952 . Irish independence and partition ( edit ) Main articles : Irish Home Rule bills , Partition of Ireland , Irish Declaration of Independence , and Irish War of Independence In 1912 , the House of Lords managed to delay a Home Rule bill passed by the House of Commons . It was enacted as the Government of Ireland Act 1914 . Civil war threatened when the Protestants of Northern Ireland refused to be placed under Catholic control . Semi-military unites were formed ready to fight -- the Unionist Ulster Volunteers opposed to the Act and their Catholic counterparts , the Irish Volunteers supporting the Act . The outbreak of the World War in 1914 put the crisis on political hold . A disorganized Easter Rising in 1916 was brutally suppressed by the British , which had the effect of galvanizing Catholic demands for independence . Prime Minister Lloyd George failed to introduce Home Rule in 1918 and in the December 1918 General Election Sinn Féin won a majority of Irish seats . Its MPs refused to take their seats at Westminster , instead choosing to sit in the First Dáil parliament in Dublin . A declaration of independence was ratified by Dáil Éireann , the self - declared Republic 's parliament in January 1919 . An Anglo - Irish War was fought between Crown forces and the Irish Republican Army between January 1919 and June 1921 . The war ended with the Anglo - Irish Treaty of December 1921 that established the Irish Free State . Six northern , predominantly Protestant counties became Northern Ireland and have remained part of the United Kingdom ever since , despite demands of the Catholic minority to unite with the Republic of Ireland . Britain officially adopted the name `` United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland '' by the Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927 . Interwar era 1918 -- 1939 ( edit ) Historian Arthur Marwick sees a radical transformation of British society resulting from the Great War , a deluge that swept away many old attitudes and brought in a more equalitarian society . He sees the famous literary pessimism of the 1920s as misplaced , arguing there were major positive long - term consequences of the war to British society . He points to an energized self - consciousness among workers that quickly built up the Labour Party , the coming of partial woman suffrage , and an acceleration of social reform and state control of the economy . He sees a decline of deference toward the aristocracy and established authority in general , and the weakening among youth of traditional restraints on individual moral behavior . The chaperone faded away ; village druggists sold contraceptives . Marwick says that class distinctions softened , national cohesion increased , and British society became more equal . Popular culture ( edit ) As a leisure , literacy , wealth , ease of travel , and a broadened sense of community grew in Britain from the late 19th century onward , there was more time and interest in leisure activities of all sorts , on the part of all classes . The annual vacation became common . Tourists flocked to seaside resorts ; Blackpool hosted 7 million visitors a year in the 1930s . Organized leisure was primarily a male activity , with middle - class women allowed in at the margins . There were class differences with upper - class clubs , and working - class and middle - class pubs . Heavy drinking declined ; there were more competitions that attracted heavy betting . Participation in sports and all sorts of leisure activities increased for the average Englishman , and his interest in spectator sports increased dramatically . By the 1920s the cinema and radio attracted all classes , ages and genders in very large numbers , with young women taking the lead . Working - class men wearing flat caps and eating fish and chips were boisterous football spectators . They sang along at the music hall , fancied their pigeons , gambled on horse racing , and took the family to Blackpool in summer . The cartoon realization of this life style Andy Capp began in 1957 . Political activists complained that working - class leisure diverted men away from revolutionary agitation . Cinema and radio ( edit ) Film director Alfred Hitchcock , 1955 The British film industry emerged in the 1890s when cinemas in general broke through in the western world , and built heavily on the strong reputation of the London legitimate theatre for actors , directors and producers . The problem was that the American market was so much larger and richer . It bought up the top talent , especially when Hollywood came to the fore in the 1920s and produced over 80 percent of the total world output . Efforts to fight back were futile -- the government set a quota for British made films , but it failed . Hollywood furthermore dominated the lucrative Canadian and Australian markets . Bollywood ( based in Bombay ) dominated the huge Indian market . The most prominent directors remaining in London were Alexander Korda , an expatriate Hungarian , and Alfred Hitchcock . There was a revival of creativity in the 1933 -- 45 era , especially with the arrival of Jewish filmmakers and actors fleeing the Nazis . Meanwhile , giant palaces were built for the huge audiences that wanted to see Hollywood films . In Liverpool 40 percent of the population attended one of the 69 cinemas once a week ; 25 percent went twice . Traditionalists grumbled about the American cultural invasion , but the permanent impact was minor . In radio , British audiences had no choice apart from the upscale programming of the BBC , a government agency which had a monopoly on broadcasting . John Reith ( 1889 -- 1971 ) , an intensely moralistic engineer , was in full charge . His goal was to broadcast , `` All that is best in every department of human knowledge , endeavour and achievement ... The preservation of a high moral tone is obviously of paramount importance . '' Reith succeeded in building a high wall against an American - style free - for - all in radio in which the goal was to attract the largest audiences and thereby secure the greatest advertising revenue . There was no paid advertising on the BBC ; all the revenue came from a tax on receiving sets . Highbrow audiences , however , greatly enjoyed it . At a time when American , Australian and Canadian stations were drawing huge audiences cheering for their local teams with the broadcast of baseball , rugby and hockey , the BBC emphasized service for a national , rather than a regional audience . Boat races were well covered along with tennis and horse racing , but BBC was reluctant to spend its severely limited air time on long football or cricket games , regardless of their popularity . Sports ( edit ) Main article : Sport in the United Kingdom The British showed a more profound interest in sports , and in greater variety , than any rival . They gave pride of place to such moral issues as sportsmanship and fair play . Cricket became symbolic of the Imperial spirit throughout the Empire . Football proved highly attractive to the urban working classes , which introduced the rowdy spectator to the sports world . In some sports , there was significant controversy in the fight for amateur purity especially in rugby and rowing . New games became popular almost overnight , including golf , lawn tennis , cycling and hockey . Women were much more likely to enter these sports than the old established ones . The aristocracy and landed gentry , with their ironclad control over land rights , dominated hunting , shooting , fishing and horse racing . Cricket had become well - established among the English upper class in the 18th century , And was a major factor in sports competition among the public schools . Army units around the Empire had time on their hands , and encouraged the locals to learn cricket so they could have some entertaining competition . Most of the Empire embraced cricket , with the exception of Canada . Cricket test matches ( international ) began by the 1870s ; the most famous is that between Australia and England for `` The Ashes . '' For sports to become fully professionalised , coaching had to come first . It gradually professionalised in the Victorian era and the role was well established by 1914 . In the First World War , military units sought out the coaches to supervise physical conditioning and develop morale - building teams . Reading ( edit ) As literacy and leisure time expanded after 1900 , reading became a popular pastime . New additions to adult fiction doubled during the 1920s , reaching 2800 new books a year by 1935 . Libraries tripled their stock , and saw heavy demand for new fiction . A dramatic innovation was the inexpensive paperback , pioneered by Allen Lane ( 1902 -- 70 ) at Penguin Books in 1935 . The first titles included novels by Ernest Hemingway and Agatha Christie . They were sold cheap ( usually sixpence ) in a wide variety of inexpensive stores such as Woolworth 's . Penguin aimed at an educated middle class `` middlebrow '' audience . It avoided the downscale image of American paperbacks . The line signaled cultural self - improvement and political education . The more polemical Penguin Specials , typically with a leftist orientation for Labour readers , were widely distributed during the Second World War . However the war years caused a shortage of staff for publishers and book stores , and a severe shortage of rationed paper , worsened by the air raid on Paternoster Square in 1940 that burned 5 million books in warehouses . Romantic fiction was especially popular , with Mills and Boon the leading publisher . Romantic encounters were embodied in a principle of sexual purity that demonstrated not only social conservatism , but also how heroines could control their personal autonomy . Adventure magazines became quite popular , especially those published by DC Thomson ; the publisher sent observers around the country to talk to boys and learn what they wanted to read about . The story line in magazines and cinema that most appealed to boys was the glamorous heroism of British soldiers fighting wars that were exciting and just . Politics and economics of 1920s ( edit ) Stanley Baldwin was Conservative Prime Minister between 1923 -- 1924 , 1924 -- 1929 and 1935 -- 1937 . Expanding the welfare state ( edit ) Two major programs that permanently expanded the welfare state passed in 1919 and 1920 with surprisingly little debate , even as the Conservatives dominated parliament . The Housing , Town Planning , &c . Act 1919 set up a system of government housing that followed the 1918 campaign promises of `` homes fit for heroes . '' This `` Addison Act '' , named after the first Minister of Health , Christopher Addison , required local authorities to survey their housing needs , and start building houses to replace slums . The treasury subsidized the low rents . In England and Wales , 214,000 houses were built , and the Ministry of Health became largely a ministry of housing . The Unemployment Insurance Act 1920 passed at a time of very little unemployment . It set up the dole system that provided 39 weeks of unemployment benefits to practically the entire civilian working population except domestic service , farm workers , and civil servants . Funded in part by weekly contributions from both employers and employed , it provided weekly payments of 15s for unemployed men and 12s for unemployed women . Historian Charles Mowat calls these two laws `` Socialism by the back door , '' and notes how surprised politicians were when the costs to the Treasury soared during the high unemployment of 1921 . Conservative control ( edit ) The Lloyd George ministry fell apart in 1922 . Stanley Baldwin , as leader of the Conservative Party ( 1923 -- 37 ) and as Prime Minister ( in 1923 -- 24 , 1924 -- 29 and 1935 -- 37 ) , dominated British politics . His mixture of strong social reforms and steady government proved a powerful election combination , with the result that the Conservatives governed Britain either by themselves or as the leading component of the National Government . He was the last party leader to win over 50 % of the vote ( in the general election of 1931 ) . Baldwin 's political strategy was to polarize the electorate so that voters would choose between the Conservatives on the right and the Labour Party on the left , squeezing out the Liberals in the middle . The polarization did take place and while the Liberals remained active under Lloyd George , they won few seats and were a minor factor until they joined a coalition with the Conservatives in 2010 . Baldwin 's reputation soared in the 1920s and 1930s , but crashed after 1945 as he was blamed for the appeasement policies toward Germany , and as admirers of Churchill made him the Conservative icon . Since the 1970s Baldwin 's reputation has recovered somewhat . Labour won the 1923 election , but in 1924 Baldwin and the Conservatives returned with a large majority . McKibbin finds that the political culture of the interwar period was built around an anti-socialist middle class , supported by the Conservative leaders , especially Baldwin . Economics ( edit ) Taxes rose sharply during the war and never returned to their old levels . A rich man paid 8 % of his income in taxes before the war , and about a third afterwards . Much of the money went for the dole , the weekly unemployment benefits . About 5 % of the national income every year was transferred from the rich to the poor . Taylor argues most people `` were enjoying a richer life than any previously known in the history of the world : longer holidays , shorter hours , higher real wages . '' The British economy was lackluster in the 1920s , with sharp declines and high unemployment in heavy industry and coal , especially in Scotland and Wales . Exports of coal and steel fell in half by 1939 and the business community was slow to adopt the new labour and management principles coming from the US , such as Fordism , consumer credit , eliminating surplus capacity , designing a more structured management , and using greater economies of scale . For over a century the shipping industry had dominated world trade , but it remained in the doldrums despite various stimulus efforts by the government . With the very sharp decline in world trade after 1929 , its condition became critical . Chancellor of the Exchequer Winston Churchill put Britain back on the gold standard in 1925 , which many economists blame for the mediocre performance of the economy . Others point to a variety of factors , including the inflationary effects of the World War and supply - side shocks caused by reduced working hours after the war . By the late 1920s , economic performance had stabilised , but the overall situation was disappointing , for Britain had fallen behind the United States as the leading industrial power . There also remained a strong economic divide between the north and south of England during this period , with the south of England and the Midlands fairly prosperous by the Thirties , while parts of south Wales and the industrial north of England became known as `` distressed areas '' due to particularly high rates of unemployment and poverty . Despite this , the standard of living continued to improve as local councils built new houses to let to families rehoused from outdated slums , with up to date facilities including indoor toilets , bathrooms and electric lighting now being included in the new properties . The private sector enjoyed a housebuilding boom during the 1930s . Labour ( edit ) During the war , trade unions were encouraged and their membership grew from 4.1 million in 1914 to 6.5 million in 1918 . They peaked at 8.3 million in 1920 before relapsing to 5.4 million in 1923 . Coal was a sick industry ; the best seams were being exhausted , raising the cost . Demand fell as oil began replacing coal for fuel . The 1926 general strike was a nine - day nationwide walkout of 1.3 million railwaymen , transport workers , printers , dockers , iron workers and steelworkers supporting the 1.2 million coal miners who had been locked out by the owners . The miners had rejected the owners ' demands for longer hours and reduced pay in the face of falling prices . The Conservative government had provided a nine - month subsidy in 1925 but that was not enough to turn around a sick industry . To support the miners the Trades Union Congress ( TUC ) , an umbrella organization of all trades unions , called out certain critical unions . The hope was the government would intervene to reorganize and rationalize the industry , and raise the subsidy . The Conservative government had stockpiled supplies and essential services continued with middle class volunteers . All three major parties opposed the strike . The Labour Party leaders did not approve and feared it would tar the party with the image of radicalism , for the Cominterm in Moscow had sent instructions for Communists to aggressively promote the strike . The general strike itself was largely non-violent , but the miners ' lockout continued and there was violence in Scotland . It was the only general strike in British history , for TUC leaders such as Ernest Bevin considered it a mistake . Most historians treat it as a singular event with few long - term consequences , but Martin Pugh says it accelerated the movement of working - class voters to the Labour Party , which led to future gains . The Trade Disputes and Trade Unions Act 1927 made general strikes illegal and ended the automatic payment of union members to the Labour Party . That act was largely repealed in 1946 . The coal industry , used up the more accessible coal as costs rose output fell from 2567 million tons in 1924 to 183 million in 1945 . The Labour government nationalised the mines in 1947 . Great Depression ( edit ) Main article : Great Depression in the United Kingdom The Great Depression originated in the United States in late 1929 and quickly spread to the world . Britain had never experienced the boom that had characterized the US , Germany , Canada and Australia in the 1920s , so its bust appeared less severe . Britain 's world trade fell in half ( 1929 -- 33 ) , the output of heavy industry fell by a third , employment profits plunged in nearly all sectors . At the depth in summer 1932 , registered unemployed numbered 3.5 million , and many more had only part - time employment . Experts tried to remain optimistic . John Maynard Keynes , who had not predicted the slump , said , `` ' There will be no serious direct consequences in London . We find the look ahead decidedly encouraging . '' Doomsayers on the left such as Sidney and Beatrice Webb , J.A. Hobson , and G.D.H. Cole repeated the dire warnings they had been making for years about the imminent death of capitalism , only now far more people paid attention . Starting in 1935 the Left Book Club provided a new warning every month , and built up the credibility of Soviet - style socialism as an alternative . Particularly hardest hit by economic problems were the north of England , Scotland , Northern Ireland and Wales ; unemployment reached 70 % in some areas at the start of the 1930s ( with more than 3 million out of work nationally ) and many families depended entirely on payments from local government known as the dole . In 1936 , by which time unemployment was lower , 200 unemployed men made a highly publicized march from Jarrow to London in a bid to show the plight of the industrial poor . Although much romanticized by the Left , the Jarrow Crusade marked a deep split in the Labour Party and resulted in no government action . Unemployment remained high until the war absorbed all the job seekers . George Orwell 's book The Road to Wigan Pier gives a bleak overview of the hardships of the time . Appeasement ( edit ) Vivid memories of the horrors and deaths of the World War made Britain and its leaders strongly inclined to pacifism in the interwar era . The challenge came from dictators , first Benito Mussolini of Italy , then Adolf Hitler of a much more powerful Nazi Germany . The League of Nations proved disappointing to its supporters ; it was unable to resolve any of the threats posed by the dictators . British policy was to `` appease '' them in the hopes they would be satiated . By 1938 it was clear that war was looming , and that Germany had the world 's most powerful military . The final act of appeasement came when Britain and France sacrificed Czechoslovakia to Hitler 's demands at the Munich Agreement of 1938 . Instead of satiation Hitler menaced Poland , and at last Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain dropped appeasement and stood firm in promising to defend Poland . Hitler however cut a deal with Joseph Stalin to divide Eastern Europe ; when Germany did invade Poland in September 1939 , Britain and France declared war ; the British Commonwealth followed London 's lead . Second world war 1939 -- 1945 ( edit ) Main articles : Home front during World War II § Britain , Timeline of the United Kingdom home front during World War II , and Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II Britain , along with the dominions and the rest of the Empire , declared war on Nazi Germany in 1939 , after the German invasion of Poland . After a quiet period of `` phoney war '' , the French and British armies collapsed under German onslaught in spring 1940 . The British with the thinnest of margins rescued its main army from Dunkirk ( as well as many French soldiers ) , leaving all their equipment and war supplies behind . Winston Churchill came to power , promising to fight the Germans to the very end . The Germans threatened an invasion -- which the Royal Navy was prepared to repel . First the Germans tried to achieve air supremacy but were defeated by the Royal Air Force in the Battle of Britain in late summer 1940 . Japan declared war in December 1941 , and quickly seized Hong Kong , Malaya , Singapore , and Burma , and threatened Australia and India . Britain formed an alliance with the Soviet Union ( starting in 1941 ) and very close ties to the United States ( starting in 1940 ) . The war was very expensive . It was paid for by high taxes , by selling off assets , and by accepting large amounts of Lend Lease from the U.S. and Canada . The US gave $40 billion in munitions ; Canada also gave aid . ( The American and Canadian aid did not have to be repaid , but there were also American loans that were repaid . ) Welfare state ( edit ) Main article : Beveridge Report Welfare conditions , especially regarding food , improved during the war as the government imposed rationing and subsidized food prices . Conditions for housing worsened of course with the bombing , and clothing was in short supply . Equality increased dramatically , as incomes declined sharply for the wealthy and for white collar workers , as their taxes soared , while blue collar workers benefited from rationing and price controls . People demanded an expansion of the welfare state as a reward to the people for their wartime sacrifices The goal was operationalized in a famous report by William Beveridge . It recommended that the various income maintenance services that a grown - up piecemeal since 1911 be systematized and made universal . Unemployment benefits and sickness benefits were to be universal . There would be new benefits for maternity . The old - age pension system would be revised and expanded , and require that a person retired . A full - scale National Health Service would provide free medical care for everyone . All the major parties endorsed the principles and they were largely put into effect when peace returned . Royals ( edit ) The media called it a `` people 's war '' -- a term that caught on and signified the popular demand for planning and an expanded welfare state . The Royal family played major symbolic roles in the war . They refused to leave London during the Blitz and were indefatigable in visiting troops , munition factories , dockyards , and hospitals all over the country . Princess Elizabeth joined the Auxiliary Territorial Service ( ATS -- a part of the army ) and repaired trucks and jeeps . All social classes appreciated how the royals shared the hopes , fears and hardships of the people . Memory ( edit ) The themes of equality and sacrifice were dominant both during the war , and in the memory of the war . There was little antiwar sentiment during or after the war . Furthermore , Britain turned more toward the collective welfare state during the war , expanding it in the late 1940s and reaching a broad consensus supporting it across party lines . By the 1970s and 1980s , however , historians were exploring the subtle elements of continuing diversity and conflict in society during the war period . For example , at first historians emphasized that strikes became illegal in July 1940 , and no trade union called one during the war . Later historians pointed to the many many localized unofficial strikes , especially in coal mining , shipbuilding , the metal trades , and engineering , with as many as 3.7 million man days lost in 1944 . Postwar ( edit ) Main articles : Postwar Britain and History of the United Kingdom ( 1945 -- present ) Britain was a winner in the war , but it lost India in 1947 and nearly all the rest of the Empire by 1960 . It debated its role in world affairs and joined the United Nations in 1945 , NATO in 1949 , where it became a close ally of the United States . Prosperity returned in the 1950s and London remained a world centre of finance and culture , but the nation was no longer a major world power . In 1973 , after a long debate and initial rejection , it joined the European Union . Austerity , 1945 -- 1950 ( edit ) The end of the war saw a landslide victory for Clement Attlee and the Labour Party . They were elected on a manifesto of greater social justice with left wing policies such as the creation of a National Health Service , an expansion of the provision of council housing and nationalisation of the major industries . Britain faced severe financial crises , and responded by reducing her international responsibilities and by sharing the hardships of an `` age of austerity . '' Large loans from the United States and Marshall Plan grants helped rebuild and modernize its infrastructure and business practices . Rationing and conscription dragged on into the post war years , and the country suffered one of the worst winters on record . Nevertheless , morale was boosted by events such as the marriage of Princess Elizabeth in 1947 and the Festival of Britain . Nationalisation ( edit ) Labour Party experts went into the files to find the detailed plans for nationalisation that had been developed . To their surprise , there were no plans . The leaders realized they had to act fast to keep up the momentum of the 1945 electoral landslide . They started with the Bank of England , civil aviation , coal , and Cable and Wireless . Then came railways , canals , road haulage and trucking , electricity , and gas . Finally came iron and steel , which was a special case because it was a manufacturing industry . Altogether , about one fifth of the economy had been nationalised . Labour dropped its plans to nationalise farmlands . The procedure used was developed by Herbert Morrison , who as Lord President chaired the Committee on the Socialization of Industries . He followed the model that was already in place of setting up public corporations such as the BBC in broadcasting ( 1927 ) . As the owners of corporate stock were given government bonds , and the government took full ownership of each affected company , consolidating it into a national monopoly . The management remained the same , only now they became civil servants working for the government . For the Labour Party leadership , nationalisation was a method to consolidate economic planning in their own hands . It was not designed to modernise old industries , make them efficient , or transform their organisational structure . There was no money for modernisation , although the Marshall Plan , operated separately by American planners , did force many British businesses to adopt modern managerial techniques . Hardline socialists were disappointed , as the nationalised industries seemed identical to the old private corporations , and national planning was made virtually impossible by the government 's financial constraints . Socialism was in place , but it did not seem to make a major difference . Rank - and - file workers had long been motivated to support Labour by tales of the mistreatment of workers by foremen and the management . The foremen and the managers were the same men as before with much the same power over the workplace . There was no worker control of industry . The unions resisted government efforts to set wages . By the time of the general elections in 1950 and 1951 , Labour seldom boasted about nationalisation of industry . Instead it was the Conservatives who decried the inefficiency and mismanagement , and promised to reverse the takeover of steel and trucking . Prosperity of the postwar years ( edit ) As the country headed into the 1950s , rebuilding continued and a number of immigrants from the remaining British Empire , mostly the Caribbean and the Indian subcontinent , were invited to help the rebuilding effort . As the 1950s wore on , Britain lost its place as a superpower and could no longer maintain its large Empire . This led to decolonisation , and a withdrawal from almost all of its colonies by 1970 . Events such as the Suez Crisis showed that the UK 's status had fallen in the world . The 1950s and 1960s were , however , relatively prosperous times after the Second World War , and saw the beginning of a modernisation of the UK , with the construction of its first motorways for example , and also during the 1960s a great cultural movement began which expanded across the world . Unemployment was relatively low during this period and the standard of living continued to rise with more new private and council housing developments taking place and the number of slum properties diminishing . The postwar period also witnessed a dramatic rise in the average standard of living , as characterised by a 40 % rise in average real wages from 1950 to 1965 . Earnings for men in industry rose by 95 % between 1951 and 1964 , while during that same period the official workweek was reduced and five reductions in income tax were made . Those in traditionally poorly paid semi-skilled and unskilled occupations saw a particularly marked improvement in their wages and living standards . As summed up by R.J. Unstead : Opportunities in life , if not equal , were distributed much more fairly than ever before and \ the weekly wage - earner , in particular , had gained standards of living that would have been almost unbelievable in the thirties . '' In 1950 , the UK standard of living was higher than in any EEC country apart from Belgium . It was 50 % higher than the West German standard of living , and twice as high as the Italian standard of living . By the earlier Seventies , however , the UK standard of living was lower than all EEC countries apart from Italy ( which , according to one calculation , was roughly equal to Britain ) . In 1951 , the average weekly earnings of men over the age of 21 stood at £ 8 6s 0d , and nearly doubled a decade later to £ 15 7s 0d . By 1966 , average weekly earnings stood at £ 20 6s 0d . Between 1964 and 1968 , the percentage of households with a television set rose from 80.5 % to 85.5 % , a washing machine from 54 % to 63 % , a refrigerator from 35 % to 55 % , a car from 38 % to 49 % , a telephone from 21.5 % to 28 % , and central heating from 13 % to 23 % . Between 1951 and 1963 , wages rose by 72 % while prices rose by 45 % , enabling people to afford more consumer goods than ever before . Between 1955 and 1967 , the average earnings of weekly - paid workers increased by 96 % and those of salaried workers by 95 % , while prices rose by about 45 % in the same period . The rising affluence of the Fifties and Sixties was underpinned by sustained full employment and a dramatic rise in workers ' wages . In 1950 , the average weekly wage stood at £ 6.8 s , compared with £ 11.2 s. 6d in 1959 . As a result of wage rises , consumer spending also increased by about 20 % during this same period , while economic growth remained at about 3 % . In addition , food rations were lifted in 1954 while hire - purchase controls were relaxed in the same year . As a result of these changes , large numbers of the working classes were able to participate in the consumer market for the first time . As noted by Harriet Wilson : National wealth has grown considerably , and although the shareout of this among the social classes has remained substantially of the same proportions , it has meant a considerable rise in the standard of living of all classes . It is estimated that in Britain at the turn of the century average earnings in industry sufficed merely to meet the essential needs of a two - child family , today average earnings allow the industrial wage - earner to spend a third of his income on things other than basic needs . '' The significant real wage increases in the 1950s and 1960s contributed to a rapid increase in working - class consumerism , with British consumer spending rising by 45 % between 1952 and 1964 . In addition , entitlement to various fringe benefits was improved . In 1955 , 96 % of manual labourers were entitled to two weeks ' holiday with pay , compared with 61 % in 1951 . By the end of the 1950s , Britain had become one of the world 's most affluent countries , and by the early Sixties , most Britons enjoyed a level of prosperity that had previously been known only to a small minority of the population . For the young and unattached , there was , for the first time in decades , spare cash for leisure , clothes , and luxuries . In 1959 , Queen magazine declared that `` Britain has launched into an age of unparalleled lavish living . '' Average wages were high while jobs were plentiful , and people saw their personal prosperity climb even higher . Prime Minister Harold Macmillan claimed that `` the luxuries of the rich have become the necessities of the poor . '' Levels of disposable income rose steadily , with the spending power of the average family rising by 50 % between 1951 and 1979 , and by the end of the Seventies , 6 out of 10 families had come to own a car . As noted by Martin Pugh , Keynesian economic management enabled British workers to enjoy a golden age of full employment which , combined with a more relaxed attitude towards working mothers , led to the spread of the two - income family . Inflation was around 4 per cent , money wages rose from an average of £ 8 a week in 1951 to £ 15 a week by 1961 , home - ownership spread from 35 per cent in 1939 to 47 per cent by 1966 , and the relaxation of credit controls boosted the demand for consumer goods . By 1963 , 82 % of all private households had a television , 72 % a vacuum cleaner , 45 % a washing machine , and 30 % a refrigerator . In addition , as noted by John Burnett , What was equally striking was that ownership of such things had spread down the social scale and the gap between professional and manual workers had considerably narrowed . A study of a slum area in Leeds ( which was due for demolition ) found that 74 % of the households had a T.V. , 41 % a vacuum , and 38 % a washing machine . In another slum area , St Mary 's in Oldham ( where in 1970 few of the houses had fixed baths or a hot water supply and half shared outside toilets ) , 67 % of the houses were rated as comfortably furnished and a further 24 % furnished luxuriously , with smart modern furniture , deep pile carpeting , and decorations . The provision of household amenities steadily improved during the second half of the twentieth century . From 1971 to 1983 , households having the sole use of a fixed bath or shower rose from 88 % to 97 % , and those with an internal WC from 87 % to 97 % . In addition , the number of households with central heating almost doubled during that same period , from 34 % to 64 % . By 1983 , 94 % of all households had a refrigerator , 81 % a colour television , 80 % a washing machine , 57 % a deep freezer , and 28 % a tumble - drier . Between 1950 and 1970 , however , Britain was overtaken by most of the countries of the European Common Market in terms of the number of telephones , refrigerators , television sets , cars , and washing machines per 100 of the population ( although Britain remained high in terms of bathrooms and lavatories per 100 people ) . Although the British standard of living was increasing , the standard of living in other countries increased faster . According to a 1968 study by Anthony Sampson , British workers : In ten years , from having had a much higher standard of living than the continent , they have slipped right back . Taking the national income per head ( a rough yardstick ) , the British by 1967 had sunk to eighth place among OECD countries , with an annual income of $1,910 compared with $2,010 for Germany , $2,060 for France and $2,480 for Switzerland : and Britain 's falling position already shows itself in the lower proportion of new cars and new houses ( though still leading with TV sets and washing machines ) . '' In 1976 , UK wages were amongst the lowest in Western Europe , being half of West German rates and two - thirds of Italian rates . In addition , while educational opportunities for working - class people had widened significantly since the end of the Second World War , a number of developed countries came to overtake Britain in some educational indicators . By the early 1980s , some 80 % to 90 % of school leavers in France and West Germany received vocational training , compared with 40 % in the United Kingdom . By the mid-1980s , over 80 % of pupils in the United States and West Germany and over 90 % in Japan stayed in education until the age of eighteen , compared with barely 33 % of British pupils . In 1987 , only 35 % of 16 - to 18 - year - olds were in full - time education or training , compared with 80 % in the United States , 77 % in Japan , 69 % in France , and 49 % in the United Kingdom . There also remained gaps between manual and non-manual workers in areas such as fringe benefits and wage levels . In April 1978 , for instance , male full - time manual workers aged 21 and above averaged a gross weekly wage of £ 80.70 , while the equivalent for male white collar workers stood at £ 100.70 . Empire to Commonwealth ( edit ) Britain 's control over its Empire loosened during the interwar period . Nationalism strengthened in other parts of the empire , particularly in India and in Egypt . Between 1867 and 1910 , the UK had granted Australia , Canada , and New Zealand `` Dominion '' status ( near complete autonomy within the Empire ) . They became charter members of the British Commonwealth of Nations ( known as the Commonwealth of Nations since 1949 ) , an informal but close - knit association that succeeded the British Empire . Beginning with the independence of India and Pakistan in 1947 , the remainder of the British Empire was almost completely dismantled . Today , most of Britain 's former colonies belong to the Commonwealth , almost all of them as independent members . There are , however , 13 former British colonies , including Bermuda , Gibraltar , the Falkland Islands , and others , which have elected to continue rule by London and are known as British Overseas Territories . From the Troubles to the belfast agreement ( edit ) Main article : The Troubles In the 1960s , moderate unionist Prime Minister of Northern Ireland Terence O'Neill tried to reform the system and give a greater voice to Catholics who comprised 40 % of the population of Northern Ireland . His goals were blocked by militant Protestants led by the Rev. Ian Paisley . The increasing pressures from nationalists for reform and from unionists to resist reform led to the appearance of the civil rights movement under figures like John Hume , Austin Currie and others . Clashes escalated out of control as the army could barely contain the Provisional Irish Republican Army ( IRA ) and the Ulster Defence Association . British leaders feared their withdrawal would give a `` Doomsday Scenario , '' with widespread communal strife , followed by the mass exodus of hundreds of thousands of refugees . London shut down Northern Ireland 's parliament and began direct rule . By the 1990s , the failure of the IRA campaign to win mass public support or achieve its aim of a British withdrawal led to negotiations that in 1998 produced the ' Good Friday Agreement ' . It won popular support and largely ended the Troubles . The economy in the late 20th century ( edit ) Main article : History of the United Kingdom ( 1945 -- present ) After the relative prosperity of the 1950s and 1960s , the UK experienced extreme industrial strife and stagflation through the 1970s following a global economic downturn ; Labour had returned to government in 1964 under Harold Wilson to end 13 years of Conservative rule . The Conservatives were restored to government in 1970 under Edward Heath , who failed to halt the country 's economic decline and was ousted in 1974 as Labour returned to power under Harold Wilson . The economic crisis deepened following Wilson 's return and things fared little better under his successor James Callaghan . A strict modernisation of its economy began under the controversial Conservative leader Margaret Thatcher following her election as prime minister in 1979 , which saw a time of record unemployment as deindustrialisation saw the end of much of the country 's manufacturing industries but also a time of economic boom as stock markets became liberalised and State - owned industries became privatised . Her rise to power was seen as the symbolic end of the time in which the British economy had become the `` sick man '' of western Europe . Inflation also fell during this period and trade union power was reduced . However the miners ' strike of 1984 -- 1985 sparked the end of most of the UK 's coal mining . The exploitation of North Sea gas and oil brought in substantial tax and export revenues to aid the new economic boom . This was also the time that the IRA took the issue of Northern Ireland to Great Britain , maintaining a prolonged bombing campaign on the British mainland . After the economic boom of the 1980s a brief but severe recession occurred between 1990 and 1992 following the economic chaos of Black Wednesday under government of John Major , who had succeeded Margaret Thatcher in 1990 . However the rest of the 1990s saw the beginning of a period of continuous economic growth that lasted over 16 years and was greatly expanded under the New Labour government of Tony Blair following his landslide election victory in 1997 , with a rejuvenated party having abandoned its commitment to policies including nuclear disarmament and nationalisation of key industries , and no reversal of the Thatcher - led union reforms . From 1964 up until 1996 , income per head had doubled , while ownership of various household goods had significantly increased . By 1996 , two - thirds of households owned cars , 82 % had central heating , most people owned a VCR , and one in five houses had a home computer . In 1971 , 9 % of households had no access to a shower or bathroom , compared with only 1 % in 1990 ; largely due to demolition or modernisation of older properties which lacked such facilities . In 1971 , only 35 % had central heating , while 78 % enjoyed this amenity in 1990 . By 1990 , 93 % of households had colour television , 87 % had telephones , 86 % had washing machines , 80 % had deep - freezers , 60 % had video - recorders , and 47 % had microwave ovens . Holiday entitlements had also become more generous . In 1990 , nine out of ten full - time manual workers were entitled to more than four weeks of paid holiday a year , while twenty years previously only two - thirds had been allowed three weeks or more . The postwar period also witnessed significant improvements in housing conditions . In 1960 , 14 % of British households had no inside toilet , while in 1967 22 % of all homes had no basic hot water supply . By the 1990s , most homes had these amenities together with central heating , which was a luxury just two decades before . From 1996 / 7 to 2006 / 7 , real median household income increased by 20 % while real mean household incomes increased by 23 % . There has also been a shift towards a service - based economy in the years following the end of the Second World War , with 11 % of working people employed in manufacturing in 2006 , compared with 25 % in 1971 . Common market ( EEC ) , then EU , membership ( edit ) Britain 's wish to join the Common Market ( as the European Economic Community was known in Britain ) was first expressed in July 1961 by the Macmillan government . It was vetoed in 1963 by French President Charles de Gaulle . After initially hesitating over the issue , Harold Wilson 's Labour Government lodged the UK 's second application ( in May 1967 ) to join the European Community , as it was now called . Like the first , though , it was vetoed by de Gaulle . In 1973 , with DeGaulle gone , Conservative Prime Minister Heath negotiated terms for admission and Britain finally joined the Community . In opposition , the Labour Party was deeply divided , though its Leader , Harold Wilson , remained in favour . In the 1974 General Election , the Labour Party manifesto included a pledge to renegotiate terms for Britain 's membership and then hold a referendum on whether to stay in the EC on the new terms . This was a constitutional procedure without precedent in British history . In the subsequent referendum campaign , rather than the normal British tradition of `` collective responsibility '' , under which the government takes a policy position which all cabinet members are required to support publicly , members of the Government ( and the Conservative opposition ) were free to present their views on either side of the question . A referendum was duly held on 5 June 1975 , and the proposition to continue membership was passed with a substantial majority . The Single European Act ( SEA ) was the first major revision of the 1957 Treaty of Rome . In 1987 , the Conservative government under Margaret Thatcher enacted it into UK law . The Maastricht Treaty transformed the European Community into the European Union . In 1992 , the Conservative government under John Major ratified it , against the opposition of his backbench Maastricht Rebels . The Treaty of Lisbon introduced many changes to the treaties of the Union . Prominent changes included more qualified majority voting in the Council of Ministers , increased involvement of the European Parliament in the legislative process through extended codecision with the Council of Ministers , eliminating the pillar system and the creation of a President of the European Council with a term of two and a half years and a High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy to present a united position on EU policies . The Treaty of Lisbon will also make the Union 's human rights charter , the Charter of Fundamental Rights , legally binding . The Lisbon Treaty also leads to an increase in the voting weight of the UK in the Council of the European Union from 8.4 % to 12.4 % . In July 2008 , the Labour government under Gordon Brown approved the treaty and the Queen ratified it . Devolution for Scotland and Wales ( edit ) Main articles : Scottish devolution and Welsh devolution On 11 September 1997 , ( on the 700th anniversary of the Scottish victory over the English at the Battle of Stirling Bridge ) , a referendum was held on establishing a devolved Scottish Parliament . This resulted in an overwhelming ' yes ' vote both to establishing the parliament and granting it limited tax varying powers . One week later , a referendum in Wales on establishing a Welsh Assembly was also approved but with a very narrow majority . The first elections were held , and these bodies began to operate , in 1999 . The creation of these bodies has widened the differences between the Countries of the United Kingdom , especially in areas like healthcare . It has also brought to the fore the so - called West Lothian question which is a complaint that devolution for Scotland and Wales but not England has created a situation where all the MPs in the UK parliament can vote on matters affecting England alone but on those same matters Scotland and Wales can make their own decisions . 21st century ( edit ) War in Afghanistan and Iraq , and terrorist attacks ( edit ) In the 2001 General Election , the Labour Party won a second successive victory , though voter turnout dropped to the lowest level for more than 80 years . Later that year , the September 11th attacks in the United States led to American President George W. Bush launching the War on Terror , beginning with the invasion of Afghanistan aided by British troops in October 2001 . Thereafter , with the US focus shifting to Iraq , Tony Blair convinced the Labour and Conservative MPs to vote in favour of supporting the 2003 invasion of Iraq , despite huge anti-war marches held in London and Glasgow . Forty - six thousand British troops , one - third of the total strength of the Army 's land forces , were deployed to assist with the invasion of Iraq and thereafter British armed forces were responsible for security in southern Iraq . All British forces were withdrawn in 2010 . The Labour Party won the 2005 general election and a third consecutive term . On 7 July 2005 , a series of four suicide bombings struck London , killing 52 commuters , in addition to the four bombers . Nationalist government in Scotland ( edit ) 2007 saw the first ever election victory for the pro-independence Scottish National Party ( SNP ) in the Scottish Parliament elections . They formed a minority government with plans to hold a referendum before 2011 to seek a mandate `` to negotiate with the Government of the United Kingdom to achieve independence for Scotland . '' Most opinion polls show minority support for independence , although support varies depending on the nature of the question . The response of the unionist parties was to establish the Calman Commission to examine further devolution of powers , a position that had the support of the Prime Minister . Responding to the findings of the review , the UK government announced on 25 November 2009 , that new powers would be devolved to the Scottish Government , notably on how it can raise tax and carry out capital borrowing , and the running of Scottish Parliament elections . These proposals were detailed in a white paper setting out a new Scotland Bill , to become law before the 2015 Holyrood elections . The proposal was criticised by the UK parliament opposition parties for not proposing to implement any changes before the next general election . Scottish Constitution Minister Michael Russell criticised the white paper , calling it `` flimsy '' and stating that their proposed Referendum ( Scotland ) Bill , 2010 , whose own white paper was to be published five days later , would be `` more substantial '' . According to The Independent , the Calman Review white paper proposals fall short of what would normally be seen as requiring a referendum . The 2011 election saw a decisive victory for the SNP which was able to form a majority government intent on delivering a referendum on independence . Within hours of the victory , Prime Minister David Cameron guaranteed that the UK government would not put any legal or political obstacles in the way of such a referendum . Some unionist politicians , including former Labour First Minister Henry McLeish , have responded to the situation by arguing that Scotland should be offered ' devo - max ' as an alternative to independence , and First Minister Alex Salmond has signalled his willingness to include it on the referendum ballot paper . The 2008 economic crisis ( edit ) In the wake of the global economic crisis of 2008 , the United Kingdom economy contracted , experiencing negative economic growth throughout 2009 . The announcement in November 2008 that the economy had shrunk for the first time since late 1992 brought an end to 16 years of continuous economic growth . Causes included an end to the easy credit of the preceding years , reduction in consumption and substantial depreciation of sterling ( which fell 25 % against the euro between January 2008 and January 2009 ) , leading to increased import costs , notably of oil . On 8 October 2008 , the British Government announced a bank rescue package of around £ 500 billion ( $850 billion at the time ) . The plan comprised three parts. : £ 200 billion to be made available to the banks in the Bank of England 's Special Liquidity Scheme ; the Government was to increase the banks ' market capitalization , through the Bank Recapitalization Fund , with an initial £ 25 billion and another £ 25 billion to be provided if needed ; and the Government was to temporarily underwrite any eligible lending between British banks up to around £ 250 billion . With the UK officially coming out of recession in the fourth quarter of 2009 -- ending six consecutive quarters of economic decline -- the Bank of England decided against further quantitative easing . The 2010 coalition government ( edit ) The United Kingdom General Election of 6 May 2010 resulted in the first hung parliament since 1974 , with the Conservative Party winning the largest number of seats , but falling short of the 326 seats required for an overall majority . Following this , the Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats agreed to form the first coalition government for the UK since the end of the Second World War , with David Cameron becoming Prime Minister and Nick Clegg Deputy Prime Minister . Under the coalition government , British military aircraft participated in the UN-mandated intervention in the 2011 Libyan civil war , flying a total of 3,000 air sorties against forces loyal to the Libyan dictator Muammar Gaddafi between March and October 2011 . 2011 also saw England suffer unprecedented rioting in its major cities in early August , killing five people and causing over £ 200 million worth of property damage . In late October 2011 , the prime ministers of the Commonwealth realms voted to grant gender equality in the royal succession , ending the male - preference primogeniture that was mandated by the Act of Settlement 1701 . The amendment , once enacted , will also end the ban on the monarch marrying a Catholic . 2014 Scottish independence referendum ( edit ) Main article : Scottish independence referendum , 2014 On 18 September , a referendum was held in Scotland on whether to leave the United Kingdom and become an independent country . The three UK - wide political parties -- Labour , Conservative and Liberal Democrats -- campaigned together as part of the Better Together campaign while the pro-independence Scottish National Party was the main force in the Yes Scotland campaign , together with the Scottish Green Party and the Scottish Socialist Party . Days before the vote , with the opinion polls closing , the three Better Together party leaders issued ' The Vow ' , a promise of more powers for Scotland in the event of a No vote . The referendum resulted in Scotland voting by 55 % to 45 % to remain part of the United Kingdom . 2015 election ( edit ) The 2015 election was held on 7 May 2015 with pre-election polls all predicting a close race and a hung parliament . The surprising result on the night was a clear victory by the Conservative Party : with 37 % of the popular vote , they won a narrow overall majority in parliament with 331 of the 650 seats . The other most significant result of the election was the Scottish National Party winning all but three of the 59 seats in Scotland , a gain of 50 . This had been widely forecast as opinion polls had recorded a surge in support for the SNP following the 2014 independence referendum , and SNP party membership had more than quadrupled from 25,000 to over 100,000 , meaning that 1 in every 50 of the population of Scotland was a party member . Labour suffered its worst defeat since 1987 , taking only 31 % of the votes and losing 40 of its 41 seats in Scotland . The Liberal Democrats lost 49 of their 57 seats , as they were punished for their decision to form a coalition with the conservatives in 2010 . The UK Independence Party ( UKIP ) , rallying voters against the European Union and against uncontrolled immigration , secured 13 % of the vote and came second in over 115 races , but won only one seat in parliament . Cameron had a mandate for his austerity policies to shrink the size of government , and a challenge in dealing with Scotland . Likewise the Green Party of England and Wales saw a rise in support but retained just its one MP . 2016 EU referendum ( edit ) Main articles : United Kingdom European Union membership referendum , 2016 and Brexit On 20 February 2016 , British Prime Minister David Cameron announced that a referendum on the UK 's membership of the European Union would be held on 23 June 2016 , following years of campaigning by eurosceptics . Debates and campaigns by parties supporting both `` Remain '' and `` Leave '' focused on concerns regarding trade and the single market , security , migration and sovereignty . The result of the referendum was in favour of the country leaving the EU with 51.9 % of voters wanting to leave . After the result was declared , Cameron announced that he would resign by October . In the event , he stood down on 13 July , with Theresa May becoming Prime Minister . The UK remains a member of the EU for the time being , but invoked Article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty on 29 March 2017 . This started negotiations on a withdrawal agreement that will last no more than two years ( unless the Council and the UK agree to extend the negotiation period ) , before an exit from the European Union on 29 March 2019 . The longer - term implications of the referendum vote remain uncertain , with politicians and commentators suggesting various outcomes . Historiography ( edit ) Main articles : Historiography of the United Kingdom and Historiography of the British Empire See also ( edit ) Military history of the United Kingdom History of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom Economic history of the United Kingdom Timeline of British diplomatic history History of women in the United Kingdom History of journalism in the United Kingdom List of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom Politics of the United Kingdom Religion in the United Kingdom History of England History of Northern Ireland History of Scotland Timeline of Scottish history History of Wales Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The terms United Kingdom and United Kingdom of Great Britain were used in the Treaty of Union and the Act of Union 1707 . However , the actual name of the new state was Great Britain . The name Great Britain ( then spelled Great Brittaine ) was first used by James VI / I in October 1604 , who indicated that henceforth he and his successors would be viewed as Kings of Great Britain , not Kings of England and Scotland . However the name was not applied to the state as a unit ; both England and Scotland continued to be governed independently . Its validity as a name of the Crown is also questioned , given that monarchs continued using separate ordinals ( e.g. , James VI / I , James VII / II ) in England and Scotland . To avoid confusion , historians generally avoid using the term King of Great Britain until 1707 and instead to match the ordinal usage call the monarchs kings or queens of England and Scotland . Separate ordinals were abandoned when the two states merged in accordance with the 1707 Acts of Union , with subsequent monarchs using ordinals apparently based on English not Scottish history ( it might be argued that the monarchs have simply taken the higher ordinal , which to date has always been English ) . One example is Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom , who is referred to as being `` the Second '' even though there never was an Elizabeth I of Scotland or Great Britain . Thus the term Great Britain is generally used from 1707 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ New Act of Union would strengthen UK , says Fabricant BBC News , accessed 1 September 2013 Jump up ^ Simon Schama ( presenter ) ( 22 May 2001 ) . `` Britannia Incorporated '' . A History of Britain . Episode 10 . 3 minutes in . BBC One . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook -- Central Intelligence Agency '' . www.cia.gov . Jump up ^ T.O. Lloyd , The British Empire , 1558 -- 1995 ( 2nd edn , 1996 ) Jump up ^ Ratification : October 1706 -- March 1707 Archived 24 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine . parliament.uk , accessed 15 November 2008 Jump up ^ G.M. Trevelyan , A shortened history of England ( 1942 ) p 363 . Jump up ^ Frank O'Gorman , `` The Recent Historiography of the Hanoverian Regime . '' Historical Journal 29 # 4 ( 1986 ) : 1005 -- 1020 . Jump up ^ G.C. Gibbs , `` George I ( 1660 -- 1727 ) '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Ragnhild M. Hatton , George I ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ Oates , Jonathan D. ( 2004 ) . `` Jacobitism and Popular Disturbances in Northern England , 1714 -- 1719 '' . Northern History . 41 ( 1 ) : 111 -- 28 . doi : 10.1179 / 007817204790180871 . Jump up ^ Jeremy Black , `` Georges I & II , '' History Today , ( February 2003 ) , Vol. 53 , Issue 2 Jump up ^ Andrew C. Thompson , George II : King and Elector ( 2011 ) Jump up ^ Jeremy Black , George III : America 's Last King ( 2006 ) . Jump up ^ See Jeremy Black , `` Could the British Have Won the American War of Independence ? '' Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research . ( Fall 1996 ) , Vol. 74 Issue 299 , pp 145 -- 154 . online 90 - minute video lecture given at Ohio State in 2006 ; requires Real Player Jump up ^ J. Steven Watson , The Reign of George III , 1760 -- 1815 ( 1960 ) Jump up ^ Julian Hoppit , A Land of Liberty ? : England 1689 -- 1727 ( 2000 ) pp 334 -- 38 Jump up ^ Julian Hoppit , `` The Myths of the South Sea Bubble , '' Transactions of the Royal Historical Society , December 1962 , Vol. 12 Issue 1 , pp 141 -- 65 Jump up ^ Quoted in Stephen Taylor , `` Walpole , Robert , first earl of Orford ( 1676 -- 1745 ) '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2004 ; online edn , Jan 2008 accessed 15 Sept 2017 Jump up ^ Reed Browning , Duke of Newcastle ( 1975 ) pp 254 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Clyve Jones , `` ' Too Wild to Succeed ' : The Occasional Conformity Bills and the Attempts by the House of Lords to Outlaw the Tack in the Reign of Anne . '' Parliamentary History 30.3 ( 2011 ) : 414 -- 427 . Jump up ^ Mark Knights , `` Occasional conformity and the representation of dissent : hypocrisy , sincerity , moderation and zeal . '' Parliamentary History 24 # 1 ( 2005 ) : 41 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Daniel Luban , `` Bernard Mandeville as Moralist and Materialist . '' History of European Ideas 41.7 ( 2015 ) : 831 -- 857 . Jump up ^ L.G. Mitchell , `` The Whigs , the People , and Reform , '' Proceedings of the British Academy ( 1999 ) , Vol. 85 , pp 25 -- 41 Jump up ^ Paul Langford , `` The English as Reformers : Foreign Visitors ' Impressions , 1750 -- 1850 '' Proceedings of the British Academy ( 1999 ) , Vol. 85 , pp 101 -- 119 . Jump up ^ Robert M. Kozub , `` Evolution of Taxation in England , 1700 -- 1850 : A Period of War and Industrialization , '' Journal of European Economic History , Fall 2003 , Vol. 32 Issue 2 , pp 363 -- 88 Jump up ^ John Brewer , The Sinews of Power : War , Money and the English State , 1688 -- 1783 ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ Paul Kennedy , The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers ( 1989 ) pp 80 -- 84 Jump up ^ Gregory Fremont - Barnes , ed . The Encyclopedia of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars : A Political , Social , and Military History ( 2006 ) vol 1 pp 41 -- 42 Jump up ^ Maya Jasanoff , Edge of Empire : Lives , Culture , and Conquest in the East , 1750 -- 1850 ( 2006 ) p 21 Jump up ^ Niall , Ferguson ( 2004 ) . Empire . Penguin . p. 73 . Jump up ^ Jeremy Black , Crisis of Empire : Britain and America in the Eighteenth Century ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ Anthony , Pagden ( 1998 ) . The Origins of Empire , The Oxford History of the British Empire . Oxford University Press . p. 92 . Jump up ^ James , Lawrence ( 2001 ) . The Rise and Fall of the British Empire . Abacus . p. 119 . Jump up ^ Knibbs , Sir George Handley ; Commonwealth Bureau of Census ( 1908 ) . Official year book of the Commonwealth of Australia . Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics . p. 52 . Jump up ^ James , Lawrence ( 2001 ) . The Rise and Fall of the British Empire . Abacus . p. 152 . Jump up ^ Alan J. Ward , The Irish Constitutional Tradition p 28 . Jump up ^ Auguste Mayer 's picture as described by the official website of the Musée national de la Marine ( in French ) Archived 26 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Rory Muir , Britain and the Defeat of Napoleon , 1807 - 1815 ( Yale University Press , 1996 ) . Jump up ^ Paul Kennedy , The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers -- economic change and military conflict from 1500 to 2000 ( 1989 ) , pp. 128 -- 9 Jump up ^ Elie Halevy , A History of the English People in 1815 ( 1924 ) vol 2 p 205 - 6 , 215 -- 228 Jump up ^ Roger Knight , Britain Against Napoleon : The Organisation of Victory , 1793 -- 1815 ( 2013 ) Jump up ^ J. Steven Watson , The Reign of George III 1760 -- 1815 ( 1960 ) , 374 -- 77 , 406 -- 7 , 463 -- 71 , Jump up ^ Paul W. Schroeder , The Transformation of European Politics 1763 -- 1848 ( 1994 ) pp 305 -- 10 Jump up ^ Alexander Grab , Napoleon and the Transformation of Europe ( 2003 ) pp 29 -- 33 Jump up ^ Francois Crouzet , `` Wars , blockade , and economic change in Europe , 1792 -- 1815 . '' Journal of Economic History ( 1964 ) 24 # 4 pp 567 -- 588 JSTOR 2115762 . Jump up ^ Jeremy Black , The War of 1812 in the Age of Napoleon ( 2009 ) is one of the few major British studies Jump up ^ Baker , Kenneth ( 2005 ) . `` George IV : a Sketch '' . History Today . 55 ( 10 ) : 30 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Brock , Michael ( 2004 ) `` William IV ( 1765 -- 1837 ) '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , ( 2004 ) doi : 10.1093 / ref : odnb / 29451 Jump up ^ Jeremy Black , A military history of Britain : from 1775 to the present ( 2008 ) pp 74 -- 77 Jump up ^ William W. Kaufmann , British policy and the independence of Latin America , 1804 -- 1828 ( 1967 ) Jump up ^ Will Kaufman and Heidi Slettedahl Macpherson , eds . Britain and the Americas : culture , politics , and history ( 2004 ) pp 465 -- 68 ^ Jump up to : E.L. Woodward , The Age of Reform , 1815 -- 1870 ( 1938 ) , pp 325 -- 30 Jump up ^ Malcolm Chase , Chartism : A New History ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ E.L. Woodward , The Age of Reform , 1815 -- 1870 ( 1938 ) , pp 354 -- 57 Jump up ^ Bernard Porter , Britannia 's Burden : The Political Evolution of Modern Britain 1851 -- 1890 ( 1994 ) ch 3 Jump up ^ F.M.L. Thompson , Rise of Respectable Society : A Social History of Victorian Britain , 1830 -- 1900 ( 1988 ) pP 211 -- 14 Jump up ^ Porter , ch 1 -- 3 ; K Theodore Hoppen , The Mid-Victorian Generation : 1846 -- 1886 ( 1998 ) , ch 1 to 3 , 9 -- 11 Jump up ^ Llewellyn Woodward , The Age of Reform , 1815 -- 1870 ( 2nd ed. 1962 ) p 629 ^ Jump up to : Bernard Semmel , The Rise of Free Trade Imperialism ( Cambridge University Press , 1970 ) ch 1 ^ Jump up to : David McLean , `` Finance and ' Informal Empire ' before the First World War , '' Economic History Review ( 1976 ) 29 # 2 pp 291 -- 305 JSTOR 2594316 . doi : 10.2307 / 2594316 . Jump up ^ Golicz , Roman ( 2003 ) . `` The Russians Shall Not Have Constantinople '' . History Today . 53 ( 9 ) : 39 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Orlando Figes , The Crimean War : A History ( 2012 ) Jump up ^ Richard Millman , Britain and the Eastern Question 1875 -- 1878 ( 1979 ) Jump up ^ Amanda Foreman , A World on Fire : Britain 's Crucial Role in the American Civil War ( 2012 ) Jump up ^ Frank J. Merli ; David M. Fahey ( 2004 ) . The Alabama , British Neutrality , and the American Civil War . Indiana U.P. p. 19 . Jump up ^ A.J.P. Taylor , The Struggle for Mastery in Europe : 1848 -- 1918 ( 1953 ) ch 12 Jump up ^ Denis Judd , Boer War ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ A.J. Anthony Morris , `` Haldane 's army reforms 1906 -- 8 : the deception of the radicals . '' History 56.186 ( 1971 ) : 17 -- 34 . JSTOR 24407144 . Jump up ^ Nicholas A. Lambert , Sir John Fisher 's naval revolution ( U of South Carolina Press , 2002 ) . Jump up ^ R.K. Webb , Modern England : from the 18th century to the present ( 2nd ed. 1980 ) . pp 442 -- 47 Jump up ^ Margaret Macmillan , The War That Ended Peace : The Road to 1914 ( 2013 ) ch 2 Jump up ^ Jack H. Hexter , `` The Protestant revival and the Catholic question in England , 1778 -- 1829 . '' Journal of Modern History 8 # 3 ( 1936 ) : 297 -- 319 . JSTOR 1881538 Jump up ^ Cecil Woodham - Smith , The Great Hunger : Ireland 1845 -- 1849 ( 1962 ) Jump up ^ John Crowley et al. Atlas of the Great Irish Famine ( 2012 ) presents broad - ranging coverage . Jump up ^ Alvin Jackson , Ireland 1798 -- 1998 : politics and war ( 1999 ) Jump up ^ Timothy W. Guinnane and Ronald I. Miller . `` The Limits to Land Reform : The Land Acts in Ireland , 1870 -- 1909 * . '' Economic Development and Cultural Change 45 # 3 ( 1997 ) : 591 -- 612 . online . JSTOR 10.1086 / 452292 . doi : 10.1086 / 452292 . Jump up ^ R.C.K. Ensor , England 1870 -- 1914 ( 1936 ) pp 206 -- 7 Jump up ^ Peter Fraser , `` The Liberal Unionist Alliance : Chamberlain , Hartington , and the Conservatives , 1886 -- 1904 . '' English Historical Review 77 # 302 ( 1962 ) : 53 -- 78 . JSTOR 560866 . Jump up ^ Chris Cook ( 2010 ) . A Short History of the Liberal Party : The Road Back to Power . Palgrave Macmillan UK . pp. 24 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Walter L. Arnstein , Queen Victoria ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ Vallone , Lynne ( 2002 ) . `` Victoria '' . History Today . 52 ( 6 ) : 46 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Jasper Ridley , Lord Palmerston ( 1970 ) . Jump up ^ Kenneth Bourne , The foreign policy of Victorian England , 1830 -- 1902 ( 1970 ) . Jump up ^ John Vincent , `` Was Disraeli a failure ? , '' History Today , ( October 1981 ) 31 # 10 pp 5 -- 8 online Jump up ^ Richard Aldous , The Lion and the Unicorn : Gladstone vs. Disraeli ( 2007 ) excerpt and text search Jump up ^ Robert Blake , Disraeli ( 1967 ) Jump up ^ Parry , J.P. ( 2000 ) . `` Disraeli and England '' . Historical Journal . 43 ( 3 ) : 699 -- 728 . doi : 10.1017 / s0018246x99001326 . JSTOR 3020975 . Jump up ^ Marvin Swartz , The Politics of British Foreign Policy in the Era of Disraeli & Gladstone ( 1985 ) Jump up ^ Maurice Cowling , 1867 : Disraeli , Gladstone and revolution ( 1967 ) . Jump up ^ Stephen J. Lee ( 2005 ) . Gladstone and Disraeli . Psychology Press . pp. 73 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Parry , `` Disraeli , Benjamin , earl of Beaconsfield ( 1804 -- 1881 ) '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography ( 2004 ) ; online edn , May 2011 accessed 23 February 2012 doi : 10.1093 / ref : odnb / 7689 Jump up ^ Roy Jenkins , Gladstone : A Biography ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ H.C.G. Matthew , `` Gladstone , William Ewart ( 1809 -- 1898 ) '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography ( 2004 ) ; online edn , May 2011 , doi : 10.1093 / ref : odnb / 10787 Jump up ^ Nancy W. Ellenberger , `` Salisbury '' in David Loades , ed . Reader 's Guide to British History ( 2003 ) 2 : 1154 Jump up ^ David Steele , Lord Salisbury : A Political Biography ( Routledge , 2001 ) p 383 Jump up ^ Robert Blake , The Conservative Party from Peel to Churchill ( 1970 ) , p 132 . Jump up ^ P.T. Marsh , The Discipline of Popular Government : Lord Salisbury 's Domestic Statecraft , 1881 -- 1902 ( Hassocks , Sussex , 1978 ) , p 326 . Jump up ^ Paul Smith , Lord Salisbury on Politics . A Selection from his Articles in the Quarterly Review , 1860 -- 1883 ( Cambridge , 1972 ) , p 1 Jump up ^ H.C.G. Matthew , ed . Gladstone Diaries , ( 1990 ) X , pp cxxxix -- cxl Jump up ^ Maurice Cowling , Religion and Public Doctrine in Modern England ( 2 vol. 1980 -- 85 ) , vol I , p 387 . Jump up ^ Michael Fry , `` Political Change in Britain , August 1914 to December 1916 : Lloyd George Replaces Asquith : The Issues Underlying the Drama . '' Historical Journal 31 # 3 ( 1988 ) : 609 -- 627 . Jump up ^ Martin Pugh , `` Lloyd George , David , 1st Earl Lloyd - George '' in John Cannon ; Robert Crowcroft , eds. ( 2015 ) . The Oxford Companion to British History . p. 565 . Jump up ^ H.C.G. Matthew , `` George V ( 1865 -- 1936 ) '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , ( 2004 ) ; online edn , January 2008 Jump up ^ George Dangerfield , The Strange Death of Liberal England : 1910 -- 1914 ( 1935 ) Jump up ^ Ross McKibbin , Parties and People : England , 1914 -- 1951 ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ For a good survey see I.F.W. Beckett , The Great War : 1914 -- 1918 ( 2nd ed. 2007 ) Jump up ^ Adrian Gregory ( 2008 ) . The Last Great War : British Society and the First World War . Cambridge U.P. Jump up ^ Ian F.W. Beckett , The Home Front , 1914 -- 1918 : How Britain Survived the Great War ( 2006 ) excerpt and text search ^ Jump up to : Arthur Marwick , The Deluge : British Society and the First World War ( 1965 ) Jump up ^ David Stevenson ( 2011 ) . With Our Backs to the Wall : Victory and Defeat in 1918 . Harvard U.P. p. 370 . Jump up ^ Niall Ferguson , The Pity of War ( 1998 ) p 249 Jump up ^ The Great War in figures . Jump up ^ Alan Sharp , The Versailles Settlement : Peacemaking after the First World War , 1919 -- 1923 ( 2nd ed. 2008 ) Jump up ^ Joost Augusteign , ed. , The Irish revolution , 1913 -- 1923 ( Basingstoke , 2002 ) Jump up ^ Thomas Henessy , A History of Northern Ireland , 1920 -- 1996 ( 1998 ) ^ Jump up to : Peter J. Beck , `` Leisure and Sport in Britain . '' in Chris Wrigley , ed. , A Companion to Early Twentieth - Century Britain ( 2008 ) : 453 -- 69 . Jump up ^ John K. Walton , The English seaside resort . A social history 1750 -- 1914 ( 1983 ) . Jump up ^ Peter Haydon , The English pub : a history ( 1994 ) . Jump up ^ John K. Walton , Leisure in Britain , 1780 -- 1939 ( 1983 ) . Jump up ^ Beck , `` Leisure and Sport in Britain . '' p 457 Jump up ^ Charles Barr , All our yesterdays : 90 years of British cinema ( British Film Institute , 1986 ) . Jump up ^ Amy Sargeant , British Cinema : A Critical History ( 2008 ) . Jump up ^ Jeffrey Richards , Age of the Dream Palace : Cinema & Society in Britain 1930 -- 1939 ( 1990 ) . Jump up ^ Walsh , Michael ( 1997 ) . `` Fighting the American Invasion with Cricket , Roses , and Marmalade for Breakfast '' . Velvet Light Trap : A Critical Journal of Film & Television . 40 : 3 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Kevin Gough - Yates , `` Jews and exiles in British cinema . '' The Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook 37 #. 1 ( 1992 ) : 517 -- 541 . Jump up ^ Tobias Hochscherf , The Continental Connection : German - Speaking Émigrés and British Cinema , 1927 -- 45 ( 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Charles Loch Mowat , Britain between the Wars 1918 -- 1940 ( 1955 ) pp 246 -- 50 Jump up ^ Mowat , Britain between the Wars 1918 -- 1940 ( 1955 ) p 242 . Jump up ^ Hendy , David ( 2013 ) . `` Painting with Sound : The Kaleidoscopic World of Lance Sieveking , a British Radio Modernist '' . Twentieth Century British History . 24 ( 2 ) : 169 -- 200 . doi : 10.1093 / tcbh / hws021 . Jump up ^ Huggins , Mike ( 2007 ) , `` BBC Radio and Sport 1922 -- 39 '' , Contemporary British History , 21 ( 4 ) , pp. 491 -- 515 , doi : 10.1080 / 13619460601060512 Jump up ^ Derek Birley , Land of sport and glory : Sport and British society , 1887 -- 1910 ( 1995 ) Jump up ^ Derek Birley , Playing the Game : Sport and British Society , 1914 -- 1945 ( 1995 ) Jump up ^ Cooper , David ( 1999 ) . `` Canadians Declare ' It Is n't Cricket ' : A Century of Rejection of the Imperial Game , 1860 -- 1960 '' . Journal of Sport History . 26 ( 1 ) : 51 -- 81 . JSTOR 43611718 . Jump up ^ Derek Birley , A Social History of English Cricket ( 1999 ) excerpt Jump up ^ Dave Day , Professionals , Amateurs and Performance : Sports Coaching in England , 1789 -- 1914 ( 2012 ) Jump up ^ Cottle , Basil ( 1978 ) . `` Popular Reading And Our Public Libraries : The Abjured Prescription '' . Library Review . 27 : 222 -- 227 . doi : 10.1108 / eb012677 . Jump up ^ Nicholas Joicey , `` A Paperback Guide to Progress : Penguin Books 1935 -- c. 1951 '' Twentieth Century British History 4 # 1 ( 1993 ) : 25 -- 56 . doi : 10.1093 / tcbh / 4.1. 25 . Jump up ^ Joseph McAleer , Popular Reading and Publishing in Britain : 1914 -- 1950 ( 1992 ) . Jump up ^ Joseph McAleer , Passion 's fortune : the story of Mills & Boon ( 1999 ) . Jump up ^ Nicola Humble , The Feminine Middlebrow Novel , 1920s to 1950s : Class , Domesticity , and Bohemianism ( 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Alison Light , Forever England : femininity , literature and conservatism between the wars ( 1991 ) . Jump up ^ Ernest Sackville Turner , Boys Will Be Boys : The Story of Sweeney Todd , Deadwood Dick , Sexton Blake , Billy Bunter , Dick Barton et al. ( 3rd ed. 1975 ) . Jump up ^ Charles Loch Mowat , Britain between the Wars : 1918 -- 1940 ( 1955 ) pp 43 -- 46 Jump up ^ C.L. Mowat , Britain between the Wars : 1918 -- 1940 ( 1955 ) pp 43 -- 46 Jump up ^ Stuart Ball , `` Baldwin , Stanley , first Earl Baldwin of Bewdley ( 1867 -- 1947 ) '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2004 ; online edn , January 2011 doi : 10.1093 / ref : odnb / 30550 Jump up ^ Andrew J. Taylor , `` Stanley Baldwin , Heresthetics and the Realignment of British Politics , '' British Journal of Political Science , ( July 2005 ) , 35 # 3 pp 429 -- 63 . JSTOR 4092239 Jump up ^ Philip Williamson , `` Baldwin 's Reputation : Politics and History , 1937 -- 1967 , '' Historical Journal ( March 2004 ) 47 # 1 pp 127 -- 68 JSTOR 4091548 Jump up ^ Ross McKibbin , Parties and people : England , 1914 -- 1951 ( Oxford , 2010 ) Jump up ^ A.J.P. Taylor , English History , 1915 -- 1945 ( 1965 ) p 176 , quote on p 317 Jump up ^ Garside , W.R. ; Greaves , J.I. ( 1997 ) . `` Rationalisation and Britain 's industrial Malaise : The interwar years revisited '' . Journal of European Economic History . 26 ( 1 ) : 37 -- 68 . Jump up ^ Greaves , Julian ( 2007 ) . `` Managing decline : The political economy of British shipping in the 1930s '' . Journal of Transport History . 28 ( 1 ) : 57 -- 130 . doi : 10.7227 / tjth. 28.1. 5 . Jump up ^ Solomos Solomou and Dimitris Vartis , `` Effective Exchange Rates in Britain , 1920 -- 1930 , '' Journal of Economic History , ( September 2005 ) 65 # 3 pp 850 -- 59 JSTOR 3875020 ^ Jump up to : R.J. Unstead , A Century of Change : 1837 -- Today Jump up ^ B.R. Mitchell , Abstract of British Historical Statistics ( 1962 ) p 68 Jump up ^ Martin Pugh , Speak for Britain ! : A New History of the Labour Party ( 2011 ) pp 100 -- 27 Jump up ^ Medlicott , Contemporary England , pp 223 -- 30 Jump up ^ Alastair Reid , and Steven Tolliday , `` Review : The General Strike , 1926 , '' The Historical Journal ( 1977 ) 20 # 4 pp 1001 -- 12 JSTOR 2638422 Jump up ^ Pugh , Martin ( 2006 ) . `` The General Strike '' . History Today . 56 ( 5 ) : 40 -- 47 . Jump up ^ B.R. Mitchell , Abstract of British Historical Statistics ( 1962 ) pp 116 -- 17 Jump up ^ Richardson , H.W. ( 1969 ) . `` The Economic Significance of the Depression in Britain '' . Journal of Contemporary History . 4 ( 4 ) : 3 -- 19 . doi : 10.1177 / 002200946900400401 . JSTOR 259833 . Jump up ^ Richard Overy ( 2010 ) . The Twilight Years : The Paradox of Britain Between the Wars . Penguin . p. 96 . Jump up ^ Overy , Twilight Years , ch 2 Jump up ^ Samuels , Stuart ( 1966 ) . `` The Left Book Club '' . Journal of Contemporary History . 1 ( 2 ) : 65 -- 86 . JSTOR 259923 . Jump up ^ Perry , Matt ( 2002 ) . `` The Jarrow Crusade 's Return : The ' New Labour Party ' of Jarrow and Ellen Wilkinson , M.P '' . Northern History . 39 ( 2 ) : 265 -- 78 . doi : 10.1179 / 007817202790180576 . Jump up ^ David Faber , Munich , 1938 : Appeasement and World War II ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ Donald Cameron Watt , How War Came : Immediate Origins of the Second World War , 1938 -- 39 ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ Patrick Finney , `` The romance of decline : The historiography of appeasement and British national identity . '' Electronic Journal of International History 1 ( 2000 ) . online Jump up ^ Hughes , J.R.T. ( 1958 ) . `` Financing the British War Effort '' . Journal of Economic History . 18 ( 2 ) : 193 -- 199 . JSTOR 2115103 . Jump up ^ Sidney Pollard , The development of the British economy 1914 -- 1950 ( 1962 and later editions ) pp 339 -- 48 Jump up ^ F.M. Leventhal , Twentieth - Century Britain : an Encyclopedia ( 1995 ) pp 74 -- 75 , 830 Jump up ^ Brian Abel ‐ Smith , `` The Beveridge report : Its origins and outcomes . '' International Social Security Review ( 1992 ) 45 # 1 ‐ 2 pp 5 -- 16 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 246X. 1992. tb00900. x Jump up ^ Angus Calder , The people 's war : Britain , 1939 -- 1945 ( 1969 ) Jump up ^ Lucy Noakes , Women in the British Army : War and the Gentle Sex , 1907 -- 48 ( 2006 ) , pp 61 -- 81 Jump up ^ Alfred F. Havighurst , Britain in Transition : The Twentieth Century ( 1962 ) ch 9 Jump up ^ Harris , Jose ( 1992 ) . `` War and social history : Britain and the home front during the Second World War '' . Contemporary European History . 1 ( 1 ) : 17 -- 35 . doi : 10.1017 / s096077730000504x . JSTOR 20081424 . Jump up ^ Paul Addison . `` The Impact of the Second World War , '' in Paul Addison and Harriet Jones , eds . A Companion to Contemporary Britain : 1939 -- 2000 ( 2005 ) pp 3 -- 22 Jump up ^ Peter Clarke , Hope and Glory : Britain 1900 -- 1990 ( 1996 ) chs 7 , 8 Jump up ^ David Kynaston , Austerity Britain , 1945 -- 1951 ( 2008 ) ch 4 Jump up ^ Ina Zweiniger - Bargielowska , Austerity in Britain : Rationing , Controls , and Consumption , 1939 -- 1955 ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Alfred F. Havighurst , Britain in Transition : The Twentieth Century ( 1962 ) ch 10 ^ Jump up to : Alan Sked and Chris Cook , Post-War Britain : A Political History ( 1979 ) pp 31 -- 34 ^ Jump up to : Samuel H. Beer , British Politics in the Collectivist Age ( 1965 ) pp 188 -- 216 Jump up ^ A companion to contemporary Britain , 1939 -- 2000 by Paul Addison and Harriet Jones Jump up ^ Sandbrook , Dominic ( 26 May 2011 ) . State of Emergency : The Way We Were : Britain , 1970 -- 1974 . Penguin Books Limited , 2011 . ISBN 9780241956915 . Jump up ^ Colin Sparks and John Tulloch , Eds. , Tabloid tales : global debates over media standards Jump up ^ http://www.brunel.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0017/111284/Dave-Ellis,-Swinging-Realism-The-Strange-Case-of-To-Sir,-With-Love-and-Up-the-Junction.pdf Jump up ^ An Economic and Social History of Britain 1760 -- 1970 by Trevor May Jump up ^ http://digital.library.lse.ac.uk/objects/lse:xun775fux Jump up ^ Norman Lowe , Mastering Modern World History , second edition Jump up ^ Patmore , John Allan . Land and Leisure in England & Wales . Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press . ISBN 9780838610244 . Jump up ^ Matthew Hollow ( 2011 ) . ' The Age of Affluence ' : Council Estates and Consumer Society . Jump up ^ Socially Deprived Families in Britain edited by Robert Holman , reprinted edition 1971 , first published in 1970 Jump up ^ Global Labour History : A State of the Art by Jan Lucassen Jump up ^ C.P. Hill , British Economic and Social History 1700 -- 1964 Jump up ^ `` BBC -- Wales -- History '' . www.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ Yesterday 's Britain : The Illustrated Story of How We Lived , Worked and Played in this Century , published by Reader 's Digest Jump up ^ Martin Pugh , Speak for Britain ! A New History of the Labour Party ( London : Random House , 2011 ) , pp 115 -- 16 Jump up ^ A Social History of Housing 1815 -- 1985 by John Burnett Jump up ^ The Labour Government 1964 -- 70 by Brian Lapping Jump up ^ Anthony Sampson , The New Europeans : A guide to the workings , institutions and character of contemporary Western Europe ( 1971 ) Jump up ^ Noel Tracy , The Origins of the Social Democratic Party ( 1983 ) p. 29 Jump up ^ David McDowall , Britain in Close - Up ( 2008 ) ^ Jump up to : Anthony Sampson , The Essential Anatomy of Britain : Democracy in Crisis ( 1993 ) Jump up ^ Nick Bosanquet and Peter Townsend , eds. , Labour and Inequality : A Fabian Study of Labour in Power , 1974 -- 79 ( 1980 ) Jump up ^ Marc Mulholland , Northern Ireland at the Crossroads : Ulster Unionism in the O'Neill Years , 1960 -- 9 ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ Paul Dixon , Northern Ireland : The Politics of War and Peace ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Christopher Farrington , Ulster Unionism and the Peace Process in Northern Ireland ( Palgrave Macmillan , 2006 ) Jump up ^ Baten , Jörg ( 2016 ) . A History of the Global Economy . From 1500 to the Present . Cambridge University Press . p. 29 . ISBN 9781107507180 . Jump up ^ What Needs To Change : New Visions For Britain , edited by Giles Radice Jump up ^ `` Homes less affordable than 50 years ago -- but at least more of them have indoor toilets ! '' . thisismoney.co.uk . Jump up ^ John Newhouse , De Gaulle and the Anglo - Saxons ( 1970 ) , p. 226 . Jump up ^ Andrew Moravcsik , `` De Gaulle Between Grain and Grandeur : The Political Economy of French EC Policy , 1958 -- 1970 ( Part 2 ) . '' Journal of Cold War Studies 2 # 3 ( 2000 ) : 4 -- 68 . online Jump up ^ 1975 : UK embraces Europe in referendum BBC On This Day Jump up ^ `` Ever closer union ? The UK and Europe '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ `` Ever closer union ? The UK and Europe '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ `` UK ratifies the EU Lisbon Treaty '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ ' Huge contrasts ' in devolved NHS BBC News , 28 August 2008 Jump up ^ NHS now four different systems BBC 2 January 2008 Jump up ^ Turnout ' at 80 - year low ' news.bbc.co.uk , 8 June 2001 Jump up ^ Andrew Mumford . The Counter-Insurgency Myth : The British experience of irregular warfare . Routledge . p. 171 . Jump up ^ Andrew Geddes and Jonathan Tonge , Britain decides : the UK general election 2005 ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Choosing Scotland 's Future : A National Conversation : Independence and Responsibility in the Modern World , Annex B Draft Referendum ( Scotland ) Bill The Scottish Government , Publications Jump up ^ MSPs back devolution review body BBC News , 6 December 2007 . Jump up ^ PM backs Scottish powers review BBC News , 17 February 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Holyrood powers planned after Calman review '' . BBC News . 25 November 2009 . Archived from the original on 30 November 2009 . Retrieved 30 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Quinn , Joe ( 30 November 2009 ) . `` SNP reveals vision for independence referendum '' . London : The Independent . Archived from the original on 30 November 2009 . Retrieved 30 November 2009 . Jump up ^ A. Black ( 18 May 2011 ) , `` Scottish election : SNP profile '' , BBC News , archived from the original on 4 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Scottish independence : Cameron gives green light to referendum guardian.co.uk , 8 May 2011 Jump up ^ McLeish reiterates support for devo - max Archived 24 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine . holyrood.com , 17 October 2011 Jump up ^ Salmond gives backing to ' devo max ' ballot choice The Scotsman , 22 October 2011 Jump up ^ FXHistory : historical currency exchange rates From € 1 = > £ 0.73650 to € 1 = > 0.9690 Jump up ^ `` Gordon Brown should say ' sorry ' '' . London : Telegraph.co.uk. 9 March 2009 . Retrieved 9 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Bank of England 's time - out for quantitative easing plan news.bbc.co.uk , 4 February 2010 Jump up ^ Nicholas Allen and John Bartle , eds . Britain at the Polls 2010 ( 2010 ) excerpt and text search Jump up ^ RAF.mod.uk -- Operation Ellamy . Retrieved 20 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` UK military starting Libya return '' . BBC , 28 October 2011 . Retrieved 29 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` UK Insurance Industry welcomes Prime Minister 's Compensation Scheme announcement and pledges help to make the scheme work '' . Association of British Insurers . Archived from the original on 1 March 2012 . Retrieved 11 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth agrees historic change to give sex equality in Royal succession '' . Daily Mail , 28 October 2011 . Retrieved 29 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` British monarchs can soon marry Catholics '' . National Catholic Reporter , 28 October 2011 . Retrieved 29 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` SNP boost as membership soars past 100k mark '' . Glasgow Herald . Newsquest. 22 March 2015 . Retrieved 22 March 2015 . Jump up ^ see BBC `` Results '' May 8 , 2015 Jump up ^ Adam Taylor , `` 4 ways the British elections have changed everything , '' Washington Post 8 May 2015 Jump up ^ Erlanger , Steven ( 23 June 2016 ) . `` Britain Votes to Leave E.U. , Stunning the World '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 24 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Brexit : David Cameron to quit after UK votes to leave EU '' . BBC . 24 June 2016 . Retrieved 24 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EU Brexit referendum : UK ' must not delay leaving ' '' . BBC News . 24 June 2016 . Retrieved 24 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nicola Sturgeon says MSPs at Holyrood could veto Brexit '' . BBC . 26 June 2016 . Retrieved 26 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Matthews , Dylan ( 25 June 2016 ) . `` ' Bracksies ' : how Brexit could wind up not actually happening '' . Vox . Further Reading ( edit ) Further information : Historiography of the United Kingdom § Further reading Oxford Dictionary of National Biography ( 2004 ) online ; short scholarly biographies of all the major people Addison , Paul . No Turning Back : The Peaceful Revolutions of Post-War Britain ( 2011 ) excerpt and text search Arnstein , Walter L. Britain Yesterday and Today : 1830 To the Present ( 2000 ) , university textbook Ashton , T.S. The Industrial Revolution ( 1760 -- 1830 ) ( Oxford UP , 1964 ) online free Bew , John . Clement Attlee : The Man Who Made Modern Britain ( 2017 ) . Black , Jeremy . A history of the British Isles ( Macmillan , 1996 ) Black , Jeremy . The Hanoverians : The History of a Dynasty ( 2004 ) Bright , J. Franck . A History Of England . Period 4 : Growth Of Democracy : Victoria 1837 -- 1880 ( 1893 ) online 608pp ; highly detailed political narrative Bright , J. Franck . A History of England : Period V. Imperial Reaction Victoria 1880 -- 1901 ( vol 5 , 1904 ) ; detailed political narrative ; 295pp ; online ; also another copy Cannon , John , ed . The Oxford Companion to British History ( 2003 ) , historical encyclopedia ; 4000 entries in 1046pp excerpt and text search Childs , David . Britain since 1945 : A Political History ( 2012 ) excerpt and text search Clarke , Peter . Hope and Glory : Britain 1900 -- 2000 ( 2nd ed. 2004 ) 512pp ; excerpt and text search Cook , Chris . The Longman Companion to Britain in the Nineteenth Century 1815 -- 1914 ( 1999 ) Cook , Chris and John Stevenson , eds . Longman Companion to Britain Since 1945 ( 1995 ) 336pp Colley , Linda . Britons : Forging the Nation , 1707 -- 1837 ( Yale U.P. 1992 ) Daunton , M.J. Progress and Poverty : An Economic and Social History of Britain 1700 -- 1850 ( 1995 ) ; Wealth and Welfare : An Economic and Social History of Britain 1851 -- 1951 ( 2007 ) excerpt and text search The Encyclopedia of Britain ( Helicon , 1999 ) , 1015pp ISBN 1 - 85986 - 275 - 6 ; also published as Hutchinson Encyclopedia of Britain Floud , Roderick , and Donald McCloskey , eds . The Economic History of Britain since 1700 ( 1st ed. 2 vol 1981 ; 2nd edition 1994 . Floud , Roderick , Jane Humphries , and Paul Johnson , eds . The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Britain ( 3 vol. 2014 ) ; advanced economic history , heavy on econometrics and statistics ; excerpt Almost entirely different contents from previous Floud - McCloskey book . Gardiner , Juliet . Wartime : Britain 1939 -- 1945 ( 2004 ) ; 782pp ; social history Harrison , Brian . Seeking a Role : The United Kingdom , 1951 -- 1970 ( New Oxford History of England ) ( 2011 ) excerpt and text search ; online Harrison , Brian . Finding a Role ? : The United Kingdom 1970 -- 1990 ( New Oxford History of England ) ( 2011 ) excerpt and text search ; online major scholarly survey Havighurst , Alfred F. Modern England , 1901 -- 1984 ( 2nd ed. 1987 ) online Hilton , Boyd . A Mad , Bad , and Dangerous People ? : England 1783 -- 1846 ( New Oxford History of England ) ( 2008 ) , scholarly synthesis excerpt and text search Holland , R.F. The pursuit of greatness : Britain and the world role , 1900 -- 1970 ( Fontana history of England ) ( 1991 ) Hoppen , Theodore . The Mid-Victorian Generation 1846 -- 1886 ( New Oxford History of England ) ( 2000 ) excerpt and text search Hoppit , Julian . A Land of Liberty ? : England 1689 -- 1727 ( New Oxford History of England ) ( 2002 ) excerpt and text search Jones , J.R. Britain and the World , 1649 -- 1815 ( 1980 ) ; 348pp ; general survey emphasizing rivalry with France Kearney , Hugh . The British Isles : a history of four nations ( Cambridge U.P. , 1989 ) Langford , Paul . A Polite and Commercial People : England 1727 -- 1783 ( New Oxford History of England ) ( 1994 ) excerpt and text search Leventhal , F.M. Twentieth - Century Britain : An Encyclopedia ( 2nd ed. 2002 ) 640pp ; short articles by scholars Lunn , Jon , Vaughne Miller , Ben Smith . `` British foreign policy since 1997 -- Commons Library Research Paper RP08 / 56 ( UK House of Commons , 2008 ) 123pp online McCord , Norman and Bill Purdue . British History , 1815 -- 1914 ( 2nd ed. 2007 ) , 612 pp online , university textbook Marr , Andrew . A History of Modern Britain ( 2009 ) ; also published as The Making of Modern Britain ( 2010 ) , popular history covers 1945 -- 2005 Marshall , Dorothy . Eighteenth - Century England ( 2nd ed. 1974 ) , political and diplomatic history 1714 -- 1784 ; online Marshall , Dorothy . English People in the Eighteenth Century ( 1956 ) , social and economic history ; online Medlicott , W.N. Contemporary England , 1914 -- 1964 ( 2nd ed. 1976 ) Mokyr , Joel . The Enlightened Economy : An Economic History of Britain 1700 -- 1850 ( 2010 ) Morgan , Kenneth O . The Oxford History of Britain ( 2010 ) Newman , Gerald , ed. ( 1997 ) . Britain in the Hanoverian Age , 1714 -- 1837 : An Encyclopedia . Taylor & Francis . online review O'Gorman , Frank . The Long Eighteenth Century : British Political and Social History 1688 -- 1832 ( 1997 ) 415pp Owen , John B . The Eighteenth Century : 1714 -- 1815 ( 1976 ) , survey Otte , T.G. The Makers of British Foreign Policy : From Pitt to Thatcher ( 2002 ) excerpt and text search Pearce , Malcolm , and Geoffrey Stewart . British political history , 1867 -- 2001 : democracy and decline ( Routledge , 2013 ) . Plumb , J.H. England in the Eighteenth Century ( 1950 ) , short older survey by a leading expert . online Pollard , Sidney . The Development of the British Economy , 1914 -- 1990 ( 4th ed. 1991 ) . Pugh , Martin . Speak for Britain ! : A New History of the Labour Party ( 2011 ) excerpt and text search Ramsden , John , ed . The Oxford Companion to Twentieth - Century British Politics ( 2005 ) excerpt and text search Reynolds , David . Britannia Overruled : British Policy and World Power in the Twentieth Century ( 2nd ed. 2000 ) excerpt and text search , major survey of British foreign policy to 1999 . Roberts , Clayton and David F. Roberts . A History of England , Volume 2 : 1688 to the present ( 2013 ) university textbook ; 1985 edition online Royle , Edward . Modern Britain : A Social History 1750 -- 2010 ( 2012 ) Rule , John . Albion 's People : English Society 1714 -- 1815 ( 1992 ) Searle , G.R. A New England ? : Peace and War 1886 -- 1918 ( New Oxford History of England ) ( 2005 ) excerpt and text search Schama , Simon . A History of Britain , Vol. 2 : The Wars of the British , 1603 -- 1776 ( 2001 ) ; A History of Britain : The Fate of Empire 1776 -- 2000 ( 2002 ) Simms , Brendan . Three Victories and a Defeat : The Rise and Fall of the First British Empire , 1714 -- 1783 ( 2008 ) . online Somervell , D.C. The Reign of King George V , ( 1936 ) 550pp ; wide ranging political , social and economic coverage , 1910 -- 35 ; online free Taylor , A.J.P. English History , 1914 -- 1945 ( Oxford History of England ) ( 1965 ) excerpt and text search Thomson , David . England in the 19th Century 1815 -- 1914 ( 1951 ) online 220pp Thompson , F.M.L. , ed . The Cambridge Social History of Britain , 1750 -- 1950 ( 3 vol. 1992 ) , essays by scholars Tombs , Robert , The English and their History ( 2014 online review Ward , A.W. and G.P. Gooch , eds . The Cambridge History of British Foreign Policy , 1783 -- 1919 ( 3 vol , 1921 -- 23 ) , old detailed classic ; vol 1 , 1783 -- 1815 ; vol 2 , 1815 -- 1866 ; vol 3 . 1866 -- 1919 Webb , R.K. Modern England : from the 18th century to the present ( 1968 ) online , very well reviewed textbook Welsh , Frank . The Four nations : a history of the United Kingdom ( Yale U.P. , 2003 ) Willson , David Harris . A history of England ( 4th ed. 1991 ) online 1972 edition , university textbook Woodward , E.L. The Age of Reform , 1815 -- 1870 ( 1938 ) 602pp ; online . a major survey Historiography ( edit ) Addison , Paul and Harriet Jones , eds . A Companion to Contemporary Britain : 1939 -- 2000 ( 2005 ) excerpt and text search Bronstein , Jamie L. and Andrew T. Harris . Empire , State and Society : Britain since 1830 ( 2012 ) , 352pp ; brief university textbook online Cannon , John . The Oxford Companion to British History ( 2nd ed. 2002 ) 1142pp Dickinson , H.T. , ed . A Companion to Eighteenth - Century Britain ( Blackwell , 2006 ) ; 584pp ; essays by 38 experts ; excerpt and text search Elton , G.R. Modern Historians on British History 1485 -- 1945 : A Critical Bibliography 1945 -- 1969 ( 1969 ) , annotated guide to 1000 history books on every major topic , plus book reviews and major scholarly articles . online Furber , Elizabeth Chapin , ed . Changing Views on British History ( 1966 ) Jones , Harriet , and Mark Clapson , eds . The Routledge Companion to Britain in the Twentieth Century ( 2009 ) excerpt and text search Loades , David , ed . Reader 's Guide to British History ( 2 vol 2003 ) , 1610pp Schlatter , Richard , ed . Recent Views on British History : Essays on Historical Writing Since 1966 ( 1984 ) Williams , Chris , ed . A Companion to Nineteenth - Century Britain ( Blackwell , 2006 ) ; 33 essays by experts ; 624pp excerpt and text search Wrigley , Chris , ed . A Companion to Early Twentieth - Century Britain ( Blackwell Companions to British History ) ( 2009 ) excerpt and text search Primary sources ( edit ) English historical documents London : Methuen ; 12 vol covering Middle Ages to 1957 ; reprinted 2011 ; the most comprehensive collection on political , constitutional , economic and social topics Beard , Charles , ed . An introduction to the English historians ( 1906 ) excerpts Cheyney , Edward P. Readings in English History Drawn from the Original Sources Intended to Illustrate a Short History of England ( 1935 ) , 850 pp , strongest on political & constitutional topics Stephenson , Carl and Frederick G. Marcham , eds . Sources of English Constitutional History ( 2nd ed. 1990 ) Weiner , Joel H. ed . Great Britain Foreign Policy & Span of Empire , 1689 -- 1971 ( 4 Vol , 1983 ) , 3425pp Wiener , Joel H. ed . Great Britain : the lion at home ; a documentary history of domestic policy , 1689 -- 1973 ( 4 vol 1974 ) , 1396 pp `` Finding primary resources for modern British history '' Scholarly journals ( edit ) Agricultural History Review Anglican & Episcopal History Albion British Catholic History Britain and the World , formerly British Scholar Contemporary British History English Historical Review First World War Studies The Historical Journal History of Education : Journal of the History of Education Society History Today , popular History Workshop Journal Notes and Records of the Royal Society , history of science Past & Present Journal of British Studies Journal of Scottish Historical Studies , formerly Scottish Economic and Social History Studia Hibernica The Scottish Historical Review Twentieth Century British History Urban History Victorian Studies External links ( edit ) Timelines : Sources from history -- British Library interactive Info Britain.co.uk History of the United Kingdom : Primary Documents British History online Text of 1800 Act of Union Act of Union virtual library Vision of Britain ( hide ) British Isles Terminology Alba Albion Prydain Britain Éire Hibernia Naming dispute Politics Sovereign states Ireland United Kingdom ( England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales ) Crown dependencies Guernsey Jersey Isle of Man Sark Political cooperation Ireland -- United Kingdom relations British -- Irish Council British -- Irish Intergovernmental Conference British -- Irish Parliamentary Assembly Common Travel Area Geography Island groups Channel Islands Islands of the Clyde Great Britain Hebrides Inner Outer Ireland Isle of Man Northern Isles Orkney Shetland Isles of Scilly Lists of islands of Bailiwick of Guernsey Ireland Bailiwick of Jersey Isle of Man United Kingdom England Scotland Wales History Island groups Ireland Current states Ireland United Kingdom England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales Guernsey Jersey Isle of Man Former states Irish Free State Kingdom of England Principality of Wales Kingdom of Great Britain Kingdom of Ireland Kingdom of Scotland United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Society Modern languages Germanic English Scots Celtic Cornish Scottish Gaelic Irish Manx Welsh Romance Auregnais French Guernésiais Jèrriais Sercquiais Other British Sign Language Irish Sign Language Northern Ireland Sign Language Shelta People British Cornish English English Gypsies Irish Irish Travellers Kale Manx Northern Irish Scottish Ulster - Scots Welsh History of Europe Prehistory Paleolithic Europe Neolithic Europe Bronze Age Europe Iron Age Europe Classical antiquity Classical Greece Roman Republic Hellenistic period Roman Empire Early Christianity Crisis of the Third Century Fall of the Western Roman Empire Late antiquity Middle Ages Early Middle Ages Migration Period Christianization Francia Byzantine Empire Maritime republics Viking Age Kievan Rus ' Holy Roman Empire High Middle Ages Feudalism Crusades Mongol invasion Late Middle Ages Hundred Years ' War Kalmar Union Renaissance Early modern Reformation Age of Discovery Baroque Thirty Years ' War Absolute monarchy Ottoman Empire Portuguese Empire Spanish Empire Early modern France Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth Swedish Empire Dutch Republic British Empire Habsburg Monarchy Russian Empire Age of Enlightenment Modern Great Divergence Industrial Revolution French Revolution Napoleonic Wars Nationalism Revolutions of 1848 World War I Russian Revolution Interwar period World War II Cold War European integration See also Art of Europe Genetic history of Europe History of the Mediterranean region History of the European Union History of Western civilization Maritime history of Europe Military history of Europe History of Europe by country Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican City States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Other entities European Union Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_Kingdom&oldid=816035981 '' Categories : History of the United Kingdom Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Use dmy dates from September 2014 Use British English from March 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Íslenska Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 20 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20United%20Kingdom
| 2,170 |
||
why was maryland's act of toleration important
|
While the law did not secure religious freedom , and while it included severe limitations , it was nonetheless a significant milestone . It predates the Enlightenment , which is generally considered to be when the idea of religious freedom took root , and stands as the first legal guarantee of religious tolerance in American and British history . Later laws ensuring religious tolerance and freedom , including the British Act of Toleration of 1689 , the Holy Experiment in Pennsylvania , and laws concerning religion in other colonies such as South Carolina , may have been influenced by its example . According to historian Robert Brugger , `` ... the measure marked a notable departure from Old World oppression . '' It was not until the passage of the signed First Amendment to the Constitution over a century later that religious freedom was enshrined as a fundamental guarantee , but even that document echoes the Toleration Act in its use of the phrase , `` free exercise thereof '' . Thus , despite its lack of a full guarantee of religious freedom or broad - based tolerance , the law is , `` a significant step forward in the struggle for religious liberty . ''
|
Maryland Toleration Act
|
maryland toleration act
|
The Maryland Toleration Act , also known as the Act Concerning Religion , was a law mandating religious tolerance for Trinitarian Christians . It was passed on April 21 , 1649 , by the assembly of the Maryland colony , in St. Mary 's City . It was the second law requiring religious tolerance in the British North American colonies and created one of the pioneer statutes passed by the legislative body of an organized colonial government to guarantee any degree of religious liberty . Specifically , the bill , now usually referred to as the Toleration Act , granted freedom of conscience to all Christians . ( The colony which became Rhode Island passed a series of laws , the first in 1636 , which prohibited religious persecution including against non-Trinitarians ; Rhode Island was also the first government to separate church and state . ) Historians argue that it helped inspire later legal protections for freedom of religion in the United States . The Calvert family , who founded Maryland partly as a refuge for English Catholics , sought enactment of the law to protect Catholic settlers and those of other religions that did not conform to the dominant Anglicanism of Britain and her colonies .
|
The Act allowed freedom of worship for all Trinitarian Christians in Maryland , but sentenced to death anyone who denied the divinity of Jesus . It was revoked in 1654 by William Claiborne , a Virginian who had been appointed as a commissioner by Oliver Cromwell ; he was an Anglican , a Puritan sympathizer , and strongly hostile to the Catholic Religion . When the Calverts regained control of Maryland , the Act was reinstated , before being repealed permanently in 1692 following the events of the Glorious Revolution , and the Protestant Revolution in Maryland . As the first law on religious tolerance in the British North America , it influenced related laws in other colonies and portions of it were echoed in the writing of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution , which enshrined religious freedom in American law . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin of the law 2 Description 3 Repeal and legacy 4 See also 5 External links 6 Footnotes 7 References Origin of the law ( edit ) Cecil Calvert , proprietor of the Maryland colony when the Maryland Toleration Act was passed The Maryland colony was founded by Cecil Calvert in 1634 . Like his father George Calvert , who had originated the efforts that led to the colony 's charter , Cecil Calvert was Catholic at a time when England was dominated by the Anglican Church . The Calverts intended the colony as a haven for Catholics fleeing England and as a source of income for themselves and their descendants . Many of Maryland 's first settlers were Catholic , including at least two Catholic priests , one of whom became the earliest chronicler of the colony 's history . But whatever Calvert 's intentions , Maryland was a colony of an Anglican nation . Its charter had been granted by an Anglican king and seems to have assumed that the Church of England would be its official church . Anglican and later Puritan newcomers quickly came to outnumber the early Catholic settlers . Thus , by 1649 when the law was passed , the colonial assembly was dominated by Protestants , and the law was in effect an act of Protestant tolerance for Catholics , rather than the reverse . From Maryland 's earliest days , Cecil Calvert had enjoined its colonists to leave religious rivalries behind . Along with giving instructions on the establishment and defense of the colony , he asked the men he appointed to lead it to ensure peace between Protestants and Catholics . He also asked the Catholics to practice their faith as privately as possible , so as not to disturb that peace . The Ordinance of 1639 , Maryland 's earliest comprehensive law , expressed a general commitment to the rights of man , but did not specifically detail protections for religious minorities of any kind . Peace prevailed until the English Civil War , which opened religious rifts and threatened Calvert 's control of Maryland . In 1647 , after the death of Governor Leonard Calvert , Protestants seized control of the colony . Cecil Calvert , 2nd Baron Baltimore , quickly regained power , but recognized that religious tolerance not specifically enshrined in law was vulnerable . This recognition was combined with the arrival of a group of Puritans whom Calvert had induced to establish Providence , now Annapolis , by guaranteeing their freedom of worship . Partially to confirm the promises he made to them , Calvert wrote the Maryland Toleration Act and encouraged the colonial assembly to pass it . They did so on April 21 , 1649 . Description ( edit ) The Maryland Toleration Act was an act of tolerance , allowing specific religious groups to practice their religion without being punished , but retaining the ability to revoke that right at any time . It also only granted tolerance to Christians who believed in the Trinity . The law was very explicit in limiting its effects to Christians : ... no person or persons ... professing to believe in Jesus Christ , shall from henceforth be anyways troubled , Molested or discountenanced for or in respect of his or her religion nor in the free exercise thereof within this Province ... -- Maryland Toleration Act , 1649 Settlers who blasphemed by denying either the Trinity or the divinity of Jesus Christ could be punished by execution or the seizure of their lands . That meant that Jews , Unitarians , and other dissenters from Trinitarian Christianity were practicing their religions at risk to their lives . Any person who insulted the Virgin Mary , the apostles , or the evangelists could be whipped , jailed , or fined . Otherwise , Trinitarian Christians ' right to worship was protected . The law outlawed the use of `` heretic '' and other religious insults against them . This attempt to limit the use of religious slurs and insults has been described as the first attempt in the world to limit the use of hate speech . The law was used in at least one attempt to prosecute a non-Christian . In 1658 a Jew named Jacob Lumbrozo was accused of blasphemy after saying that Jesus was not the son of God and that the miracles described in the New Testament were conjuring tricks . Lumbrozo did not deny having said such things , but argued that he had only been responding to questions asked of him . He was held for trial but the case was later dismissed , and he was given full citizenship as a condition of the restoration of Calvert 's rule following the English Civil War . The law had its detractors , even among those groups protected by it . Puritans were concerned that the act and the proprietary government in general were royalist . They were also concerned that by swearing allegiance to Calvert , who was Catholic , they were being required to submit to the Pope , whom they considered to be the antichrist . Some Anglicans also opposed the law , believing that the Church of England should be the colony 's sole established church . Repeal and legacy ( edit ) William Claiborne , who rescinded the Toleration Act when he took over the colony during the reign of Oliver Cromwell In 1654 , only five years after its passage , the Act was repealed . Two years earlier the colony had been seized by Protestants following the execution of King Charles I of England and the outbreak of the English Civil War . In the early stages of that conflict , the colonial assembly of Maryland and its neighbors in Virginia had publicly declared their support for the King . Parliament appointed Protestant commissioners loyal to their cause to subdue the colonies , and two of them , the Virginian William Claiborne and Puritan leader Richard Bennett , took control of the colonial government in St. Mary 's City in 1652 . In addition to repealing the Maryland Toleration Act with the assistance of Protestant assemblymen , Claiborne and Bennett passed a new law barring Catholics from openly practicing their religion . Calvert regained control after making a deal with the colony 's Protestants , and in 1657 the Act was again passed by the colonial assembly . This time , it would last more than thirty years , until 1692 . Following the Glorious Revolution of 1688 in England , when the Catholic King James II of England was deposed and the Protestant William III ascended the throne , a rebellion of Maryland Puritan Protestants overthrew Calvert 's rule . They quickly rescinded the Toleration Act and banned public practice of Catholicism , and it would never be reinstated under colonial rule . In fact , the colony established the Church of England as its official church in 1702 and explicitly barred Catholics from voting in 1718 . The Calvert family regained control over the colony in 1715 , but only after Benedict Calvert converted to Protestantism . His political control remained tenses enough that he did not risk an attempt to reinstate protections for Catholics . It took until the era of the American Revolution for religious tolerance or freedom to again become the practice in Maryland . While the law did not secure religious freedom , and while it included severe limitations , it was nonetheless a significant milestone . It predates the Enlightenment , which is generally considered to be when the idea of religious freedom took root , and stands as the first legal guarantee of religious tolerance in American and British history . Later laws ensuring religious tolerance and freedom , including the British Act of Toleration of 1689 , the Holy Experiment in Pennsylvania , and laws concerning religion in other colonies such as South Carolina , may have been influenced by its example . According to historian Robert Brugger , `` ... the measure marked a notable departure from Old World oppression . '' It was not until the passage of the signed First Amendment to the Constitution over a century later that religious freedom was enshrined as a fundamental guarantee , but even that document echoes the Toleration Act in its use of the phrase , `` free exercise thereof '' . Thus , despite its lack of a full guarantee of religious freedom or broad - based tolerance , the law is , `` a significant step forward in the struggle for religious liberty . '' See also ( edit ) History of religion in the United States External links ( edit ) Original text of the Maryland Toleration Act Yale University law library Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/speccol/sc2200/sc2221/000025/html/intro.html Jump up ^ Brugger , p 5 ^ Jump up to : Holmes , pp 20 -- 22 Jump up ^ Brugger , p 3 Jump up ^ Brugger , p 7 Jump up ^ Hanley , p 325 Jump up ^ Maclear , pp 45 -- 46 ^ Jump up to : Finkelman , p 675 ^ Jump up to : Brugger , p 20 Jump up ^ Toleration Act , paragraph 6 Jump up ^ McConnell , p 17 ^ Jump up to : Underwood , pp 6 -- 7 ^ Jump up to : Brugger , p 22 Jump up ^ Brugger , p 21 Jump up ^ Hoffman , pp 79 -- 80 References ( edit ) Brugger , Robert J. ( 1988 ) . Maryland : A Middle Temperament . Baltimore , Maryland : Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 3399 - X . Finkelman , Paul ( 2006 ) . `` Maryland Toleration Act '' . The Encyclopedia of American Civil Liberties . New York : CRC Press . ISBN 0 - 415 - 94342 - 6 . Hanley , Thomas O'Brien ( 1957 ) . `` Church and State in the Maryland Ordinance of 1639 '' . Church History ( New York : Cambridge University Press on behalf of the American Society of Church History ) 26 ( 4 ) : 325 -- 341 . Retrieved November 14 , 2009 . Hoffman , Ronald ( 2000 ) . Princes of Ireland , Planters of Maryland : A Carroll Saga , 1500 -- 1782 . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 5347 - X . Holmes , David Lynn ( 2006 ) . The Faiths of the Founding Fathers . New York : Oxford University Press US . ISBN 0 - 19 - 530092 - 0 . Maclear , J.F. ( 1995 ) . Church and State in the Modern Age : A Documentary History . New York : Oxford University Press US . ISBN 0 - 19 - 508681 - 3 . McConnell , Michael W. ( 1992 ) . `` America 's First `` Hate Speech '' Regulation `` . Constitutional Commentary ( Minneapolis : University of Minnesota School of Law ) 9 ( 17 ) : 17 -- 23 . Retrieved November 14 , 2009 . `` Maryland Toleration Act '' . Yale University Avalon Project . 1649 . Retrieved November 14 , 2009 . Underwood , James L. and Burke , William Lewis ( 2006 ) . The Dawn of Religious Freedom in South Carolina . Columbia : University of South Carolina Press . ISBN 1 - 57003 - 621 - 7 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maryland_Toleration_Act&oldid=807117391 '' Categories : History of the Thirteen Colonies Colonial Maryland Religion in Maryland Christianity and law in the 17th century 1649 in law 1649 in Maryland St. Mary 's County , Maryland St. Mary 's City , Maryland History of Maryland 1649 in Christianity North America in the English Civil War Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2014 All articles needing additional references Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Italiano Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 00 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland%20Toleration%20Act
| 2,171 |
|
explain dma based data transfer. give various applications in which it can be used
|
Direct memory access
|
direct memory access
|
Direct memory access ( DMA ) is a feature of computer systems that allows certain hardware subsystems to access main system memory ( Random - access memory ) , independent of the central processing unit ( CPU ) .
|
Without DMA , when the CPU is using programmed input / output , it is typically fully occupied for the entire duration of the read or write operation , and is thus unavailable to perform other work . With DMA , the CPU first initiates the transfer , then it does other operations while the transfer is in progress , and it finally receives an interrupt from the DMA controller when the operation is done . This feature is useful at any time that the CPU can not keep up with the rate of data transfer , or when the CPU needs to perform work while waiting for a relatively slow I / O data transfer . Many hardware systems use DMA , including disk drive controllers , graphics cards , network cards and sound cards . DMA is also used for intra-chip data transfer in multi-core processors . Computers that have DMA channels can transfer data to and from devices with much less CPU overhead than computers without DMA channels . Similarly , a processing element inside a multi-core processor can transfer data to and from its local memory without occupying its processor time , allowing computation and data transfer to proceed in parallel . DMA can also be used for `` memory to memory '' copying or moving of data within memory . DMA can offload expensive memory operations , such as large copies or scatter - gather operations , from the CPU to a dedicated DMA engine . An implementation example is the I / O Acceleration Technology . Contents 1 Principles 1.1 Third - party DMA 1.2 Bus mastering 1.3 Transfer types 2 Modes of operation 2.1 Burst mode 2.2 Cycle stealing mode 2.3 Transparent mode 3 Cache coherency 4 Examples 4.1 ISA 4.2 PCI 4.3 I / OAT 4.4 DDIO 4.5 AHB 4.6 Cell 5 Pipelining 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Principles ( edit ) Third - party DMA ( edit ) Standard DMA , also called third - party DMA , uses a DMA controller . A DMA controller can generate memory addresses and initiate memory read or write cycles . It contains several hardware registers that can be written and read by the CPU . These include a memory address register , a byte count register , and one or more control registers . Depending on what features the DMA controller provides , these control registers might specify some combination of the source , the destination , the direction of the transfer ( reading from the I / O device or writing to the I / O device ) , the size of the transfer unit , and / or the number of bytes to transfer in one burst . To carry out an input , output or memory - to - memory operation , the host processor initializes the DMA controller with a count of the number of words to transfer , and the memory address to use . The CPU then commands peripheral device to initiate data transfer . The DMA controller then provides addresses and read / write control lines to the system memory . Each time a byte of data is ready to be transferred between the peripheral device and memory , the DMA controller increments its internal address register until the full block of data is transferred . Bus mastering ( edit ) In a bus mastering system , also known as a first - party DMA system , the CPU and peripherals can each be granted control of the memory bus . Where a peripheral can become bus master , it can directly write to system memory without involvement of the CPU , providing memory address and control signals as required . Some measure must be provided to put the processor into a hold condition so that bus contention does not occur . Transfer types ( edit ) DMA transfers can either transfer one byte at a time or all at once in burst mode . If they transfer a byte at a time , this can allow the CPU to access memory on alternate bus cycles -- this is called cycle stealing since the CPU and either the DMA controller or the bus master contend for memory access . In burst mode DMA , the CPU can be put on hold while the DMA transfer occurs and a full block of possibly hundreds or thousands of bytes can be moved . When memory cycles are much faster than processor cycles , an interleaved DMA cycle is possible , where the DMA controller uses memory while the CPU can not . Modes of operation ( edit ) Burst mode ( edit ) An entire block of data is transferred in one contiguous sequence . Once the DMA controller is granted access to the system bus by the CPU , it transfers all bytes of data in the data block before releasing control of the system buses back to the CPU , but renders the CPU inactive for relatively long periods of time . The mode is also called `` Block Transfer Mode '' . Cycle stealing mode ( edit ) The cycle stealing mode is used in systems in which the CPU should not be disabled for the length of time needed for burst transfer modes . In the cycle stealing mode , the DMA controller obtains access to the system bus the same way as in burst mode , using BR ( Bus Request ) and BG ( Bus Grant ) signals , which are the two signals controlling the interface between the CPU and the DMA controller . However , in cycle stealing mode , after one byte of data transfer , the control of the system bus is deasserted to the CPU via BG . It is then continually requested again via BR , transferring one byte of data per request , until the entire block of data has been transferred . By continually obtaining and releasing the control of the system bus , the DMA controller essentially interleaves instruction and data transfers . The CPU processes an instruction , then the DMA controller transfers one data value , and so on . On the one hand , the data block is not transferred as quickly in cycle stealing mode as in burst mode , but on the other hand the CPU is not idled for as long as in burst mode . Cycle stealing mode is useful for controllers that monitor data in real time . Transparent mode ( edit ) Transparent mode takes the most time to transfer a block of data , yet it is also the most efficient mode in terms of overall system performance . In transparent mode , the DMA controller transfers data only when the CPU is performing operations that do not use the system buses . The primary advantage of transparent mode is that the CPU never stops executing its programs and the DMA transfer is free in terms of time , while the disadvantage is that the hardware needs to determine when the CPU is not using the system buses , which can be complex . Cache coherency ( edit ) Cache incoherence due to DMA DMA can lead to cache coherency problems . Imagine a CPU equipped with a cache and an external memory that can be accessed directly by devices using DMA . When the CPU accesses location X in the memory , the current value will be stored in the cache . Subsequent operations on X will update the cached copy of X , but not the external memory version of X , assuming a write - back cache . If the cache is not flushed to the memory before the next time a device tries to access X , the device will receive a stale value of X . Similarly , if the cached copy of X is not invalidated when a device writes a new value to the memory , then the CPU will operate on a stale value of X . This issue can be addressed in one of two ways in system design : Cache - coherent systems implement a method in hardware whereby external writes are signaled to the cache controller which then performs a cache invalidation for DMA writes or cache flush for DMA reads . Non-coherent systems leave this to software , where the OS must then ensure that the cache lines are flushed before an outgoing DMA transfer is started and invalidated before a memory range affected by an incoming DMA transfer is accessed . The OS must make sure that the memory range is not accessed by any running threads in the meantime . The latter approach introduces some overhead to the DMA operation , as most hardware requires a loop to invalidate each cache line individually . Hybrids also exist , where the secondary L2 cache is coherent while the L1 cache ( typically on - CPU ) is managed by software . Examples ( edit ) ISA ( edit ) In the original IBM PC , there was only one Intel 8237 DMA controller capable of providing four DMA channels ( numbered 0 -- 3 ) , as part of the so - called Industry Standard Architecture , or ISA . These DMA channels performed 8 - bit transfers and could only address the first megabyte of RAM . With the IBM PC / AT , a second 8237 DMA controller was added ( channels 5 -- 7 ; channel 4 is dedicated as a cascade channel for the first 8237 controller ) , and the page register was rewired to address the full 16 MB memory address space of the 80286 CPU . This second controller performed 16 - bit transfers . Due to their lagging performance ( 2.5 Mbit / s ) , these devices have been largely obsolete since the advent of the 80386 processor in 1985 and its capacity for 32 - bit transfers . They are still supported to the extent they are required to support built - in legacy PC hardware on modern machines . The only pieces of legacy hardware that use ISA DMA and are still fairly common are Super I / O devices on motherboards that often integrate a built - in floppy disk controller , an IrDA infrared controller when FIR ( fast infrared ) mode is selected , and a IEEE 1284 parallel port controller when ECP mode is selected . Each DMA channel has a 16 - bit address register and a 16 - bit count register associated with it . To initiate a data transfer the device driver sets up the DMA channel 's address and count registers together with the direction of the data transfer , read or write . It then instructs the DMA hardware to begin the transfer . When the transfer is complete , the device interrupts the CPU . Scatter - gather or vectored I / O DMA allows the transfer of data to and from multiple memory areas in a single DMA transaction . It is equivalent to the chaining together of multiple simple DMA requests . The motivation is to off - load multiple input / output interrupt and data copy tasks from the CPU . DRQ stands for Data request ; DACK for Data acknowledge . These symbols , seen on hardware schematics of computer systems with DMA functionality , represent electronic signaling lines between the CPU and DMA controller . Each DMA channel has one Request and one Acknowledge line . A device that uses DMA must be configured to use both lines of the assigned DMA channel . Standard ISA DMA assignments : DRAM Refresh ( obsolete ) , User hardware , usually sound card 8 - bit DMA Floppy disk controller , Hard disk ( obsoleted by PIO modes , and replaced by UDMA modes ) , Parallel Port ( ECP capable port ) , certain SoundBlaster Clones like the OPTi 928 . Cascade from XT DMA controller , Hard Disk ( PS / 2 only ) , user hardware for all others , usually sound card 16 - bit DMA User hardware . User hardware . PCI ( edit ) A PCI architecture has no central DMA controller , unlike ISA . Instead , any PCI component can request control of the bus ( `` become the bus master '' ) and request to read from and write to system memory . More precisely , a PCI component requests bus ownership from the PCI bus controller ( usually the southbridge in a modern PC design ) , which will arbitrate if several devices request bus ownership simultaneously , since there can only be one bus master at one time . When the component is granted ownership , it will issue normal read and write commands on the PCI bus , which will be claimed by the bus controller and will be forwarded to the memory controller using a scheme which is specific to every chipset . As an example , on a modern AMD Socket AM2 - based PC , the southbridge will forward the transactions to the northbridge ( which is integrated on the CPU die ) using HyperTransport , which will in turn convert them to DDR2 operations and send them out on the DDR2 memory bus . As can be seen , there are quite a number of steps involved in a PCI DMA transfer ; however , that poses little problem , since the PCI device or PCI bus itself are an order of magnitude slower than the rest of the components ( see list of device bandwidths ) . A modern x86 CPU may use more than 4 GB of memory , utilizing Physical Address Extension ( PAE ) , a 36 - bit addressing mode , or the native 64 - bit mode of x86 - 64 CPUs . In such a case , a device using DMA with a 32 - bit address bus is unable to address memory above the 4 GB line . The new Double Address Cycle ( DAC ) mechanism , if implemented on both the PCI bus and the device itself , enables 64 - bit DMA addressing . Otherwise , the operating system would need to work around the problem by either using costly double buffers ( DOS / Windows nomenclature ) also known as bounce buffers ( FreeBSD / Linux ) , or it could use an IOMMU to provide address translation services if one is present . I / OAT ( edit ) As an example of DMA engine incorporated in a general - purpose CPU , newer Intel Xeon chipsets include a DMA engine called I / O Acceleration Technology ( I / OAT ) , which can offload memory copying from the main CPU , freeing it to do other work . In 2006 , Intel 's Linux kernel developer Andrew Grover performed benchmarks using I / OAT to offload network traffic copies and found no more than 10 % improvement in CPU utilization with receiving workloads , and no improvement when transmitting data . DDIO ( edit ) Further performance - oriented enhancements to the DMA mechanism have been introduced in Intel Xeon E5 processors with their Data Direct I / O ( DDIO ) feature , allowing the DMA `` windows '' to reside within CPU caches instead of system RAM . As a result , CPU caches are used as the primary source and destination for I / O , allowing network interface controllers ( NICs ) to talk directly to the caches of local CPUs and avoid costly fetching of the I / O data from system RAM . As a result , DDIO reduces the overall I / O processing latency , allows processing of the I / O to be performed entirely in - cache , prevents the available RAM bandwidth from becoming a performance bottleneck , and lowers the power consumption by allowing RAM to remain longer in low - powered state . AHB ( edit ) Main article : Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture In systems - on - a-chip and embedded systems , typical system bus infrastructure is a complex on - chip bus such as AMBA High - performance Bus . AMBA defines two kinds of AHB components : master and slave . A slave interface is similar to programmed I / O through which the software ( running on embedded CPU , e.g. ARM ) can write / read I / O registers or ( less commonly ) local memory blocks inside the device . A master interface can be used by the device to perform DMA transactions to / from system memory without heavily loading the CPU . Therefore , high bandwidth devices such as network controllers that need to transfer huge amounts of data to / from system memory will have two interface adapters to the AHB : a master and a slave interface . This is because on - chip buses like AHB do not support tri-stating the bus or alternating the direction of any line on the bus . Like PCI , no central DMA controller is required since the DMA is bus - mastering , but an arbiter is required in case of multiple masters present on the system . Internally , a multichannel DMA engine is usually present in the device to perform multiple concurrent scatter - gather operations as programmed by the software . Cell ( edit ) Main article : Cell ( microprocessor ) As an example usage of DMA in a multiprocessor - system - on - chip , IBM / Sony / Toshiba 's Cell processor incorporates a DMA engine for each of its 9 processing elements including one Power processor element ( PPE ) and eight synergistic processor elements ( SPEs ) . Since the SPE 's load / store instructions can read / write only its own local memory , an SPE entirely depends on DMAs to transfer data to and from the main memory and local memories of other SPEs . Thus the DMA acts as a primary means of data transfer among cores inside this CPU ( in contrast to cache - coherent CMP architectures such as Intel 's cancelled general - purpose GPU , Larrabee ) . DMA in Cell is fully cache coherent ( note however local stores of SPEs operated upon by DMA do not act as globally coherent cache in the standard sense ) . In both read ( `` get '' ) and write ( `` put '' ) , a DMA command can transfer either a single block area of size up to 16 KB , or a list of 2 to 2048 such blocks . The DMA command is issued by specifying a pair of a local address and a remote address : for example when a SPE program issues a put DMA command , it specifies an address of its own local memory as the source and a virtual memory address ( pointing to either the main memory or the local memory of another SPE ) as the target , together with a block size . According to an experiment , an effective peak performance of DMA in Cell ( 3 GHz , under uniform traffic ) reaches 200 GB per second . Pipelining ( edit ) Processors with scratchpad memory and DMA ( such as digital signal processors and the Cell processor ) may benefit from software overlapping DMA memory operations with processing , via double buffering or multibuffering . For example , the on - chip memory is split into two buffers ; the processor may be operating on data in one , while the DMA engine is loading and storing data in the other . This allows the system to avoid memory latency and exploit burst transfers , at the expense of needing a predictable memory access pattern . See also ( edit ) Computing portal AT Attachment Blitter Channel I / O DMA attack Polling ( computer science ) Remote direct memory access UDMA Autonomous peripheral operation Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Osborne , Adam ( 1980 ) . An Introduction to Microcomputers : Volume 1 : Basic Concepts ( 2nd ed . ) . Osborne McGraw Hill . pp. 5 -- 64 through 5 -- 93 . ISBN 0931988349 . Jump up ^ Horowitz , Paul ; Hill , Winfield ( 1989 ) . The Art of Electronics ( Second ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 702 . ISBN 0521370957 . Jump up ^ Intel publication 03040 , Aug 1989 Jump up ^ `` Physical Address Extension -- PAE Memory and Windows '' . Microsoft Windows Hardware Development Central . 2005 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ Corbet , Jonathan ( December 8 , 2005 ) . `` Memory copies in hardware '' . LWN.net . Jump up ^ Grover , Andrew ( 2006 - 06 - 01 ) . `` I / OAT on LinuxNet wiki '' . Overview of I / OAT on Linux , with links to several benchmarks . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Intel Data Direct I / O ( Intel DDIO ) : Frequently Asked Questions '' ( PDF ) . Intel . March 2012 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Rashid Khan ( 2015 - 09 - 29 ) . `` Pushing the Limits of Kernel Networking '' . redhat.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Achieving Lowest Latencies at Highest Message Rates with Intel Xeon Processor E5 - 2600 and Solarflare SFN6122F 10 GbE Server Adapter '' ( PDF ) . solarflare.com. 2012 - 06 - 07 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Alexander Duyck ( 2015 - 08 - 19 ) . `` Pushing the Limits of Kernel Networking '' ( PDF ) . linuxfoundation.org . p. 5 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Kistler , Michael ( May 2006 ) . `` Cell Multiprocessor Communication Network '' . Extensive benchmarks of DMA performance in Cell Broadband Engine . References ( edit ) DMA Fundamentals on Various PC Platforms , from A.F. Harvey and Data Acquisition Division Staff NATIONAL INSTRUMENTS mmap ( ) and DMA , from Linux Device Drivers , 2nd Edition , Alessandro Rubini & Jonathan Corbet Memory Mapping and DMA , from Linux Device Drivers , 3rd Edition , Jonathan Corbet , Alessandro Rubini , Greg Kroah - Hartman DMA and Interrupt Handling DMA Modes & Bus Mastering External links ( edit ) Mastering the DMA and IOMMU APIs , Embedded Linux Conference 2014 , San Jose , by Laurent Pinchart Technical and de facto standards for wired computer buses General System bus Front - side bus Back - side bus Daisy chain Control bus Address bus Bus contention Bus mastering Network on a chip Plug and play List of bus bandwidths Standards SS - 50 bus S - 100 bus Multibus Unibus VAXBI MBus STD Bus SMBus Q - Bus Europe Card Bus ISA STEbus Zorro II Zorro III CAMAC FASTBUS LPC HP Precision Bus EISA VME VXI VXS NuBus TURBOchannel MCA SBus VLB PCI PXI HP GSC bus InfiniBand UPA PCI Extended ( PCI - X ) AGP PCI Express ( PCIe ) Direct Media Interface ( DMI ) RapidIO Intel QuickPath Interconnect NVLink HyperTransport Infinity Fabric Intel UltraPath Interconnect Storage ST - 506 ESDI IPI SMD Parallel ATA ( PATA ) SSA DSSI HIPPI Serial ATA ( SATA ) SCSI Parallel SAS Fibre Channel SATAe PCI Express ( via AHCI or NVMe logical device interface ) Peripheral Apple Desktop Bus DCB HP - IL HIL MIDI RS - 232 RS - 422 RS - 423 RS - 485 DMX512 - A IEEE - 488 ( GPIB ) IEEE - 1284 ( parallel port ) UNI / O ACCESS. bus 1 - Wire D2B I2C SPI Parallel SCSI Profibus IEEE 1394 ( FireWire ) USB Camera Link External PCIe Thunderbolt Audio ADAT Lightpipe AES3 Intel HD Audio I2S MADI McASP S / PDIF TOSLINK Portable PC Card ExpressCard Embedded Multidrop bus CoreConnect AMBA Wishbone SLIMbus Interfaces are listed by their speed in the ( roughly ) ascending order , so the interface at the end of each section should be the fastest . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Direct_memory_access&oldid=852142090 '' Categories : Computer memory Motherboard Computer storage buses Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Piemontèis Polski Português Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 July 2018 , at 22 : 42 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct%20memory%20access
| 2,172 |
||
when does agents of shield come back on 2018
|
The fifth season began airing on December 1 , 2017 , and is set to run for 22 episodes on ABC until May 18 , 2018 .
|
May 18 , 2018
|
Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( Season 5 )
|
agents of s. h. i. e. l. d. ( season 5 )
|
The fifth season of the American television series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , based on the Marvel Comics organization S.H.I.E.L.D. ( Strategic Homeland Intervention , Enforcement , and Logistics Division ) , revolves around the character of Phil Coulson and other S.H.I.E.L.D. agents and allies as they try to save humanity . It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) , sharing continuity with the films of the franchise . The season is produced by ABC Studios , Marvel Television , and Mutant Enemy Productions , with Jed Whedon , Maurissa Tancharoen , and Jeffrey Bell serving as showrunners .
|
The season was ordered in May 2017 . Alongside Clark Gregg , who reprises his role as Coulson from the film series , principal cast members Ming - Na Wen , Chloe Bennet , Iain De Caestecker , Elizabeth Henstridge , and Henry Simmons return from previous seasons , while Natalia Cordova - Buckley is promoted to the principal cast after appearing in a recurring role since season three . Due to its broadcast schedule , the season was split into two `` pods '' : the first sees the S.H.I.E.L.D. team transported to the year 2091 ; in the second , they return to the present and attempt to prevent that future . The season also saw Gregg make his directorial debut on the series , and features Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. 's 100th episode , which was promoted with a special commemorative art program . The fifth season began airing on December 1 , 2017 , and is set to run for 22 episodes on ABC until May 18 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episodes 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Notable guests 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.2. 1 First pod 3.2. 2 Second pod 3.3 Casting 3.4 Design 3.5 Filming 3.6 Marvel Cinematic Universe tie - ins 4 Release 4.1 Broadcast 4.2 Marketing 4.2. 1 `` The Road to 100 '' 5 Reception 5.1 Ratings 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 6 References 7 External links Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 89 90 `` Orientation '' Jesse Bochco David Solomon Jed Whedon & Maurissa Tancharoen DJ Doyle December 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 01 ) 2.54 An unknown group seizes Phil Coulson , Melinda May , Daisy Johnson , Jemma Simmons , Alphonso `` Mack '' MacKenzie , and Yo - Yo Rodriguez and transports them to a space station through a monolith ; Leo Fitz is left behind . Upon arrival , the team is heralded by Virgil , who dies soon after . They quickly regroup and meet Deke , who reveals that the space station , known as the Lighthouse , was built nearly ninety years prior to his knowledge . Hoping to send a message back to Earth , May and Simmons discover it is no longer habitable and appears to have been torn apart by a cataclysmic event . At the same time , Coulson discovers that the monolith transported them not through space , but through time . Elsewhere , Mack and Yo - Yo are held captive by the Kree , who maintain control of the station by encouraging bloodshed among its inhabitants . Back in the station , the team attempts to blend in by agreeing to work for Grill and meets Tess , who saves them during the Renewal . Coulson goes with Tess to learn more about Virgil 's message and finds a hidden notebook . Meanwhile , Simmons is taken to meet Kasius , the Kree leader of the station , and is inducted as one of his servants . Later on , Johnson confronts Deke in his framework simulation , where he reveals she is the reason the Earth was torn apart . 91 `` A Life Spent '' Kevin Hooks Nora Zuckerman & Lilla Zuckerman December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) 1.93 In preparation for Lady Basha 's arrival , Simmons is given the task of helping an Inhuman champion control her abilities for her exhibition ceremony . Simmons is successful but becomes distraught when Kasius sells his champion to Lady Basha . While the team adapt to their new jobs , Grill becomes suspicious of the new arrivals and sends one of his men to spy on them . During a space expedition , Coulson , May , Mack , and Tess struggle to make sense of Virgil 's notebook and discover a radio transmission supposedly originating from the Earth 's surface . Grill 's spy reports back , only to be framed as a traitor and exiled to die on Earth . Meanwhile , Yo - Yo helps Johnson get ahold of a Kree tablet to try and save Simmons . However , her mission is thwarted by Deke , who reports her to Kasius . Johnson is captured and taken to become his new champion . 92 `` A Life Earned '' Stan Brooks Drew Z . Greenberg December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) 1.84 Johnson meets Ben , one of Kasius ' other champions , capable of telepathy . Using Ben to corroborate their story , Kasius interrogates Johnson and Simmons about the others . They are able to convince Kasius they came alone , though he remains suspicious . During the interrogation , Ben learns that Kasius intends to destroy the station and everyone on it once he acquires enough profits to leave . Deke returns to the others to gather new information as they learn about the mysterious Level 35 . Recognizing his father 's voice on the radio transmission , Deke agrees to help them gain access to the restricted floor . There , they discover that Kasius is attempting to breed Inhumans . May also discovers Deke lied about Johnson 's whereabouts , but get interrupted by Sinara 's arrival . Coulson leaves with Deke , while May fights her alone . Meanwhile , Grill sends Mack to confront someone who owes him payment . Later , Fitz is revealed to be one of the bidders who have arrived for Johnson 's exhibition . 93 5 `` Rewind '' Jesse Bochco Craig Titley December 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 22 ) 2.40 Shortly after the others are taken from the diner , Fitz is taken into military custody and interrogated by General Hale and her subordinates about the others ' whereabouts , as well as their involvement in the assassination attempt on General Talbot and deaths of Jeffrey Mace and Holden Radcliffe . For the next six months , Fitz is given special privileges to allow him to locate the team , but he fails . With help from Lance Hunter , Fitz escapes the military facility and tracks down Enoch , the man who took the others . Enoch explains that a prophecy foretold these events and takes them to meet Robin , the daughter of Charles Hinton , who expresses her prophetic abilities through drawings . Tracked by the military , Enoch helps them escape to a secret bunker , where Fitz learns that he was left behind so he could save the team . Determined to help them , Fitz and Hunter break back into the same military facility to obtain a cryogenic pod ; they find all their old S.H.I.E.L.D. tech , including the Zephyr , which they use to escape . Using the pod , Fitz is put to sleep for the next 74 years . He is awoken by Enoch , who prepares him for their arrival at the Lighthouse . 94 6 `` Fun & Games '' Clark Gregg Brent Fletcher January 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 05 ) 2.49 Down in the station , the Kree have harvested some of the youth for an unscheduled Terrigenesis ceremony . Flint , a friend of Tess , experiences a successful Terrigenesis and is taken into hiding with the team by Yo - Yo . Tess is killed and hanged for Flint 's disappearance . During a dinner with the other bidders , Fitz quickly proves himself as a formidable character , earning Kasius ' respect . The first exhibition is then held between Ben and May , resulting in May being sent to the surface , while Ben is killed for lying during Johnson 's interrogation . Meanwhile , Grill finds the team and holds them captive , until Flint saves them using geokinesis against Grill , killing him . The unexpected arrival of Kasius ' brother prompts Sinara to battle Johnson for her exhibition . During which , Johnson , Fitz , and Simmons are able to subdue the others and escape . During the escape , Simmons proposes to Fitz . 95 7 `` Together or Not at All '' Brad Turner Matt Owens January 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 12 ) 2.31 Johnson , Fitz , and Simmons are hunted throughout the station and discover the station is being sustained by gravitonium . Fitz is shot during the chase . Deke finds them and takes them to the rest of the team . Reunited , the team plot their escape to the Earth 's surface by using a trawler and Deke 's antigravity device . After learning about Tess ' death , Flint decides to stay on the station to protect the remaining inhabitants . Mack and Yo - Yo agree to stay behind and help him . Coulson , Johnson , Fitz , Simmons , and Deke fly to the surface , but get caught in the gravity storm . Meanwhile , Kasius kills his brother and plots to regain his father 's acceptance by recapturing Johnson with help from Sinara . On the surface , Enoch finds May , but their meeting is cut short by the approaching gravity storm . A mysterious figure takes them to safety , where they are greeted by an elderly Robin . 96 8 `` The Last Day '' Nina Lopez - Corrado James C. Oliver & Sharla Oliver January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) 2.41 Coulson , Johnson , Fitz , Simmons , and Deke survive the crash and reunite with May in the Zephyr . They meet Samuel Voss , an acquaintance of Deke 's father . Up on the Lighthouse , Kasius punishes the inhabitants by cutting off their resources . Flint , Mack , and Yo - Yo go to retrieve the weapons hidden by Fitz and discover Kasius has released the Vrellnexians onto the lower levels . They defeat the Vrellnexians and rescue the remaining inhabitants . On the surface , the team struggle to get answers from Robin and find a machine built into the Zephyr . While Fitz and Simmons attempt to remove Johnson 's inhibitor , May and Coulson find a shard of the time monolith in Voss ' locker . Deke questions Voss about the shard , which belonged to his parents , and gets knocked out . Voss then tries to kill Johnson and impales Robin to prevent her from giving the team answers . Before dying , Robin is comforted by May as she reveals their history and finally tells May how to save the world , which requires Flint . In the past , May is shown taking care of Robin and encouraging Fitz to build his machine so they can travel through time . 97 9 `` Best Laid Plans '' Garry A. Brown George Kitson January 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 26 ) 2.27 As the gravity storm worsens , the team attempt to relaunch the Zephyr . May reveals that using the shard , Flint can recreate the monolith allowing the team to travel back through time . Similar to the Lighthouse , Fitz and Simmons find gravitonium on the Zephyr and realize the designs were manufactured by Fitz himself . On the station , Flint , Mack , and Yo - Yo successfully gain control of the lower levels . Tess is resurrected by Kasius and sent to relay demands for him , who threatens to detonate explosives killing everyone if they are not met . Mack and Yo - Yo retaliate by placing the explosives on Level 35 , the medical floor , which would prevent Kasius from breeding more Inhumans . During a standoff with Kasius , Flint evacuates the inhabitants to the upper levels and uses the remaining explosives to separate them from the lower levels , out of Kasius ' reach . Using the gravity storm to her advantage , May navigates the Zephyr into space as Johnson battles Sinara again , this time killing her . Johnson then contacts Mack while the team are heading for the Lighthouse . Kasius reveals he has his own seer telling him what will happen . 98 10 `` Past Life '' Eric Laneuville DJ Doyle February 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 02 ) 2.22 While Enoch stays on the Zephyr , the team focus on getting to Flint and rescuing the other Inhumans from captivity . Distraught over Sinara 's death , Kasius infects Tye , the Inhuman trainer , with odium , a substance that excites maniacal behavior and sends him after the team . During a fight with Tye , Coulson seemingly gets infected . Kasius ' seer is revealed to be Yo - Yo from the future , one who has lived through the time loop and endured endless torture . She reveals that the team 's ultimate return will bring the end of the world and that the only solution is to let Coulson succumb to his infection . As Flint recreates the monolith , Mack leaves to find Yo - Yo and witnesses her future self 's death by Kasius , who consumes the remaining odium and fights him . With help from Simmons , Mack kills Kasius and reunites with Yo - Yo , who is still alive in their timeline . Deke returns to the Zephyr in time to save Enoch and fix the machine , although seemingly at the cost of both of their lives , as the team returns to the present . 99 11 `` All the Comforts of Home '' Kate Woods Drew Z . Greenberg March 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 02 ) 1.90 Back in their time , the team meets Noah , Enoch 's successor , who has been monitoring the world from the Lighthouse in their absence . Coulson , May , Fitz , Simmons , Mack , and Yo - Yo investigate a beacon emitting from Earth , which fits Voss ' description of the first signs of the end . Reluctant to join the team , Johnson stays behind and discovers that Deke survived the explosion . After he is arrested , Johnson is forced to leave the bunker to save him and prevent him from exposing the team , who are now most wanted . Upon finding the beacon , the team reunites with Agent Piper , who is revealed to be working for General Hale . They are then ambushed by a group of Hale 's robotic soldiers , led by an assassin . During the fight , the assassin attempts to kill Mack with their chakram , but Yo - Yo blocks the attack and loses both her arms . Piper realigns with the team as they retreat to the Lighthouse with the beacon , which detonates as Noah sacrifices himself to save Johnson and Fitz . Later , General Hale criticizes the assassin , revealed to be her daughter , Ruby , for jeopardizing the operation . In Philadelphia , General Hale recruits Carl Creel to join her team , to which he reluctantly agrees . 100 12 `` The Real Deal '' Kevin Tancharoen Jed Whedon & Maurissa Tancharoen & Jeffrey Bell March 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 09 ) 2.04 The destruction of three monoliths caused by the beacon 's explosion creates a dimensional rift that manifests the fears of the team . Using gravitonium , Fitz creates a device capable of sealing the rift ; Coulson volunteers to deliver the device before he collapses . The team finds out about his infection , which is a result of the Ghost Rider burning off the life - sustaining GH. 325 drug within him . The team is forced to accelerate their plan when Yo - Yo is attacked by a manifestation of a Simmons LMD . Coulson sends Deke to the surface to call for backup , then proceeds alone to seal the rift . He encounters a manifestation of Mike Peterson , who claims that Coulson 's experiences are just a dream , and that he is dying on an operating table after the Battle of New York . Coulson overcomes his fear , and is saved by the real Peterson , who responds to Deke 's call and arrives with several other S.H.I.E.L.D. agents . Coulson and Peterson fight off manifestations of Vrellnexians , Lash , and Hive , before managing to contain the rift . Later , the team organize a wedding ceremony for Fitz and Simmons . General Hale , who is investigating sightings of Johnson , finds evidence that Deke is related to Fitz and Simmons . 101 13 `` Principia '' Brad Turner Craig Titley March 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 16 ) 2.07 When the rift begins to reopen , Fitz sends the team to search for more gravitonium . The team hunt down a lead in Baton Rouge ; Mack reunites with his school mate , Tony Caine , who has been helping to redeem scientists coerced into working for Hydra through Cybertek Industries . Caine states that the gravitonium was in transport aboard the Principia , a Cybertek ship that went missing . Deke realizes the gravitonium may have been activated by the lightning storm , sending the Principia into the sky . Following Deke 's theory , the team find the Principia suspended in the atmosphere and discover most of the gravitonium is gone , leaving only a small portion to sustain the ship . As Mack collects the remaining gravitonium , a group of Hale 's robotic soldiers ambush them . The team successfully escapes the ship before it plummets back to Earth . Upon hearing his mother 's saying in an exchange between Simmons and Yo - Yo , Deke realizes Fitz and Simmons are his grandparents . Meanwhile , General Hale continues to form her team by attempting to recruit Werner von Strucker , whose memory had been enhanced after S.H.I.E.L.D. revived him from a vegetative state . While Strucker initially rejects Hale 's offer , Ruby convinces him to stay . 102 14 `` The Devil Complex '' Nina Lopez - Corrado Matt Owens March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) 2.07 When Simmons is attacked by a manifestation of an astronaut , Fitz accelerates work on sealing the rift but struggles to figure out how to compress the gravitonium . Under stress , Fitz encounters his Framework alter ego , The Doctor , who taunts him . On the Zephyr , Coulson , May , and Agent Piper capture General Hale ; however , she reveals she was prepared for such an occasion , and threatens to detonate explosives strapped to Creel if S.H.I.E.L.D. fails to comply . Anton Ivanov arrives , and Coulson agrees to accompany them despite May 's unease . Simmons , Mack , and Yo - Yo are attacked by one of the robots that Mack brought back from the Principia . While dealing with technical malfunctions , Johnson is rendered unconcious by another robot and awakens restrained by The Doctor . Simmons finds Fitz trying to remove Johnson 's inhibitor . She deduces that The Doctor was not a result of the fear dimension , but a projection of Fitz 's internal turmoil . He reprogrammed the robots to isolate Johnson , whose powers he uses to compress the gravitonium and seal the rift completely . Deke attempts to comfort Simmons , while also revealing himself as their grandson . Later , Hale speaks to her superior , who hands her a vial of odium and reminds her of her Hydra allegiance . 103 15 `` Rise and Shine '' Jesse Bochco Iden Baghdadchi March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) 1.88 28 years ago , a young Hale was assigned by Daniel Whitehall to infiltrate the U.S. Air Force , and also to be impregnated via in vitro fertilization with Ruby to create Hydra 's next leader . In the present , Hale fails to convince a recently - awakened Talbot to release Hydra contraband . She also informs Coulson that an alien alliance known as the Confederacy had made contact with Hydra and offered to assist Earth in an impending invasion ; she intends to betray the alliance by using Whitehall 's particle - infusion chamber and gravitonium to create a Destroyer of Worlds . Though she intends for it to be Ruby , she suggests Johnson may be a better fit . Upon hearing this , Coulson denies her offer and reveals his trip to the future , but she does n't believe him . Back at the Lighthouse , May and Johnson struggle to deduce Hale 's motivations and locate Coulson . Johnson , who has been left as the de facto head of S.H.I.E.L.D. , refuses to trust Fitz and goes in search of Robin . Simmons tells Fitz about their relation to Deke , suggesting they will survive despite the odds . 104 16 `` Inside Voices '' Salli Richardson - Whitfield Mark Leitner April 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 06 ) 2.08 Hale attempts to use Creel as a test subject for the particle - infusion chamber , infuriating Ruby who continues to conspire with Strucker in hope of earning her place as the Destroyer of Worlds . Creel 's temporary exposure to the Gravitonium causes him to see memories of Franklin Hall . He determines to get answers from Coulson , who then leads him to Talbot 's cell . Hale sends Ruby to capture Creel and eliminate the other two , but they use the Confederacy 's teleportation device to escape to a snowy mountain area , while Creel remains behind to fight Ruby . Johnson and May locate Robin , who has stopped drawing her visions for some time after seeing her own death in the future . Upon seeing May , Robin begins to draw again , this time showing Coulson and Talbot 's location . Back at the Lighthouse , Simmons convinces Yo - Yo to help her free Fitz in order to pursue possible leads on Hydra 's Gravitonium - powered weapon . Together , they trick Mack into releasing Fitz then lock him up . A flashback to four years ago reveals that Ian Quinn was tricked by Raina into being absorbed by the Gravitonium . 105 17 `` The Honeymoon '' Garry A. Brown James C. Oliver & Sharla Oliver April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) TBD 106 18 `` All Roads Lead ... '' Jennifer Lynch George Kitson April 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 20 ) TBD 107 19 `` Option Two '' Kevin Tancharoen Nora Zuckerman & Lila Zuckerman April 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 27 ) TBD Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. characters Main ( edit ) Clark Gregg as Phil Coulson Ming - Na Wen as Melinda May Chloe Bennet as Daisy Johnson / Quake Iain De Caestecker as Leo Fitz Elizabeth Henstridge as Jemma Simmons Henry Simmons as Alphonso `` Mack '' MacKenzie Natalia Cordova - Buckley as Elena `` Yo - Yo '' Rodriguez Recurring ( edit ) Jeff Ward as Deke Shaw Joel Stoffer as Enoch Eve Harlow as Tess Dominic Rains as Kasius Florence Faivre as Sinara Pruitt Taylor Vince as Grill Coy Stewart as Flint Catherine Dent as Hale Dove Cameron as Ruby Brian Patrick Wade as Carl Creel Briana Venskus as Piper Maximilian Osinski as Davis Spencer Treat Clark as Werner von Strucker Peter Mensah as Qovas Adrian Pasdar as Glenn Talbot Notable guests ( edit ) Lola Glaudini as Polly Hinton Nick Blood as Lance Hunter J. August Richards as Mike Peterson / Deathlok Zach McGowan as Anton Ivanov / The Superior Reed Diamond as Daniel Whitehall Adam Faison as Jasper Sitwell Joey Defore as Wolfgang von Strucker Ruth Negga as Raina David Conrad as Ian Quinn Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In January 2017 , ahead of the mid-season premiere of the fourth season , ABC 's Channing Dungey said that she was `` very bullish '' about S.H.I.E.L.D. 's future , feeling that `` the episodes just keep getting better and stronger '' . The series was renewed for a fifth season of 22 episodes on May 11 , with ABC looking to lower the cost of the series moving forward , by reducing its budget and licensing fee . Asked whether she had considered giving the season a shorter episode order , Dungey noted that every season of the series had been 22 episodes long , and she felt its prior success in delayed viewership and overseas justified continuing that . She added that the `` show has continued to grow creatively every season . I feel like last season ( was ) its strongest creatively yet . I 'm very excited for what we have planned for Season 5 . '' It was reported that Disney , the parent company of Marvel Television , ABC Studios , and ABC , had given a mandate to ABC to renew Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. `` despite the desire by some at the network to end the series '' . Writing ( edit ) In May 2017 , ahead of the fifth season renewal , showrunner and executive producer Jed Whedon said the writers were not sure what would happen in the season , and that it would be `` by the seat of our pants . '' The season explores the ramifications of Phil Coulson making a deal with Ghost Rider at the end of the previous season , as well as the groundwork laid by Aida for humans to fear S.H.I.E.L.D. and Inhumans . Whedon stated , `` The public perception of S.H.I.E.L.D. is at an all - time low , so we have not resolved that , and there will be still more fallout from it . '' Moving beyond the Framework reality established at the end of season four , Tancharoen said the emotional impact from the characters ' experiences would `` be something that resonates throughout the season '' , especially for Fitz and Mack . When asked if the season would be broken into pods as with season four , executive producer Jeffrey Bell said , `` A 22 - episode arc is a lot for people to hold onto . By breaking it up into either smaller arcs or different pods , by introducing a set of antagonists and putting them down , or moving from space to space , our experience has been that it 's something the viewers enjoy , and it makes it a little easier to digest when you 're telling some of these stories . '' However , Whedon noted that it would depend on how the season would be aired as to where the story is broken up . The season ultimately was broken into two pod story arcs , with each pod having a different emphases , but the whole season having an arc `` that will pay off '' . The writers for the season began work at the end of May 2017 . First pod ( edit ) The first pod of the season was informally referred to by the production team as S.H.I.E.L.D. in Space . Ahead of the season premiere , executive producer Maurissa Tancharoen said that `` every year we reset the series , and this year we definitely knew that it would be the most giant reset to date ( with the characters going to space ) . Just creatively across the board for everyone , art direction , all of it , our sets , you 'll see an overhaul . '' On the move to space , Whedon commented , `` Last year was about tearing everybody apart . We spent a lot of time doing that ... So our goal this year was ... putting ( this ) family together in an intense situation ( that ) will end up causing drama internally , inevitably ... we 've spent this many years with them , let 's throw them on the craziest roller coaster adventure we could think of . '' The main characters eventually return home to their time period . Second pod ( edit ) The second pod of the season includes the series ' 100th episode , which Whedon and Tancharoen described as a `` game changer '' that would `` shake up '' the rest of the pod emotionally , to the point that `` nothing will be the same after '' it . Bell added the episode featured `` a device that grows out of our current storyline and plot that allows us to look back and reflect on where we 've come from , turn over a couple cards that people will be excited about and then also celebrate the show and people on it . '' Loeb also felt the episode `` finishes up some stories that perhaps ( viewers ) did n't even know we have n't revealed '' . The episode featured Fitz and Simmons getting married , which Tancharoen said was included because `` it was about damn time . After 100 episodes , they needed to get married . '' Coulson 's deal with Ghost Rider was also revealed , which was to have the Kree serum that revived him after his death be burned off , resulting in his chest wound slowly killing him . Whedon said that Coulson has `` come to terms with it . It 's something he actually had to come to terms with a long time ago when he was discovering the T.A.H.I.T.I. Project and everything that had been done to him . I do n't think he wants to go through any of that again . He 's ready for nature to take its course ... he seems as much at peace with it as you can be considering there 's so much he 's done in a world that thinks he 's dead . '' At the end of February 2018 , the writers were planning the end of the pod , and were planning for the final episode to be able to serve as both a season and series finale , with some elements that could be adjusted based on whether the series was renewed for a sixth season or not . Whedon added , `` we 're ready for if this is the end . We 're definitely going to make it rewarding either way . '' Casting ( edit ) Main cast members Clark Gregg , Ming - Na Wen , Chloe Bennet , Iain De Caestecker , Elizabeth Henstridge , and Henry Simmons return from previous seasons as Phil Coulson , Melinda May , Daisy Johnson / Quake , Leo Fitz , Jemma Simmons , and Alphonso `` Mack '' MacKenzie , respectively . Before the 2017 New York Comic - Con , it was revealed that Natalia Cordova - Buckley had been promoted to series regular for the season , after recurring in the past two seasons as Elena `` Yo - Yo '' Rodriguez . De Caestecker also portrays `` The Doctor '' , the version of Fitz from the Framework reality . In September 2017 , former series regular Nick Blood was announced as returning to reprise his role of Lance Hunter . Blood left the series during the third season , to star in the spin - off series Marvel 's Most Wanted , which never came to fruition . Adrianne Palicki , who portrayed Bobbi Morse and also left in the third season for Most Wanted with Blood , expressed interest in October 2017 in returning to guest star in the season , saying she `` would absolutely come back '' if asked . Also returning from earlier in the series are Joel Stoffer as Enoch , who was simply credited as `` silhouetted man '' in his previous appearance , and Lola Glaudini as Polly Hinton . Polly 's daughter Robin also appears , portrayed by multiple actresses , after the character made an uncredited appearance in `` Ascension '' : Lexy Kolker appears as 7 - years - old Robin , Ava Kolker appears as 12 - year - old Robin , and Willow Hale appears as an older Robin , when she is also known as The Seer . Additional returning actors include Brian Patrick Wade as Carl Creel , J. August Richards as Mike Peterson / Deathlok , Spencer Treat Clark as Werner von Strucker , Zach McGowan as Anton Ivanov / The Superior , Adrian Pasdar as Glenn Talbot , Reed Diamond as Daniel Whitehall , and Raquel Gardner as Carla Talbot , along with Briana Venskus and Maximilian Osinski as S.H.I.E.L.D. agents Piper and Davis . Ruth Negga and David Conrad reprise their roles as Raina and Ian Quinn , respectively , in a flashback sequence set during the events of the season one finale , `` Beginning of the End '' . The characters Lash and Hive return from earlier seasons for the series ' 100th episode . Younger versions of Jasper Sitwell and Wolfgang von Strucker also appear , portrayed by Adam Faison and Joey Defore , respectively . Older versions of the characters had been respectively portrayed by Maximiliano Hernández ( in the MCU films and first season of the series ) and Thomas Kretschmann ( in the MCU films ) . Jeff Ward was cast in a recurring role in August 2017 , and was revealed in October to be portraying Deke Shaw , alongside other newcomers Eve Harlow as Tess , Coy Stewart as Flint , and Pruitt Taylor Vince as Grill . The next month , Marvel revealed that Dove Cameron had joined the season in an unspecified role , which was revealed in January 2018 to be the character Ruby , the daughter of Catherine Dent 's General Hale . Other recurring guests for the season include Dominic Rains as Kasius , Florence Faivre as Sinara , Jay Hunter as a Kree watch commander , Tunisha Hubbard as Ava , Shontae Saldana as Candice Lee , and Peter Mensah as Qovas . Design ( edit ) The title card for the season After leaving the series during the fourth season , costume designer Ann Foley returned for the first two episodes of the fifth season , before handing over to Whitney Galitz , who had assisted her on the previous few seasons , and Christann Chanell . The opening for `` Orientation '' is reminiscent of the sequence for `` 4,722 Hours '' , forgoing the title card and having the typeface silently fading onto the screen . The subsequent episodes of the season feature a title card with the series name against a backdrop of a destroyed Earth . Filming ( edit ) Filming for the season began on July 20 , 2017 . In May 2017 , Gregg expressed interest in directing an episode in the season , and confirmed that September he would be directing an episode , which was the sixth of the season , `` Fun & Games '' . Gregg felt the idea of directing was `` daunting '' as he would need to be doing `` five weeks of double duty '' , needing to act in addition to the various aspects of directing the episode . He reached out to fellow S.H.I.E.L.D. directors Kevin Tancharoen , Billy Gierhart , and Jesse Bochco to get tips on filming for the series . Bennet felt Gregg was able to bring out performances from the cast `` that another director probably would n't have been able to because he knows the characters so well . '' Gregg added that he had `` shorthand with ( the other actors ) about what we want to try to do , ways the script could give us a chance to push us into new territory . They all also have deep and interesting ideas that helped me . '' Gregg also received a deeper appreciation for some of the other departments on the series he normally does not encounter on a regular basis and the work they contribute to each episode . The scene for Fitz and Simmons ' wedding in `` The Real Deal '' was filmed in `` a very remote location '' in Placerita Canyon State Park . Marvel Cinematic Universe tie - ins ( edit ) In terms of having connections to Marvel 's Inhumans , Whedon felt it was doubtful , but noted `` we also want there to be a bigger reward for people who watch all of ( the MCU series ) , so they 'll start to see that there 's lines connecting it . It 's more fun for people who are playing the whole game , but if you do n't , you 'll still have a great rollercoaster ride . '' In November 2017 , Whedon said that the season would not have moved the characters to space if the recent MCU films like Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 and Thor : Ragnarok had not been exploring that part of the MCU , but that this would remain a `` thematic tie '' . He explained that they had moved on from the overt tie - ins with the MCU films that the series utilized in earlier seasons because `` we have our own mythology . That started to be much more interesting to us , and hopefully to the audience , just digging that stuff up . No one wants to come to see our show to see another show . '' Whedon added in March 2018 that the then - upcoming release of Avengers : Infinity War would similarly `` open a new playground '' for the series to explore . The season features the Kree , an alien race that previously appeared in the first , second and third seasons , and in the film Guardians of the Galaxy . The fictional element Gravitonium also returns , having first appeared in the first season . Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) The season began airing in the United States on ABC on December 1 , 2017 , beginning once Inhumans finished airing its episodes . It is set to run for 22 episodes , with a short hiatus for the airing of the 2018 Winter Olympics between `` Past Life '' and `` All the Comforts of Home '' . The season is intended to conclude on May 18 , 2018 . The fifth season moved to a Friday timeslot , alongside the seventh season of ABC 's Once Upon a Time , with ABC chief Channing Dungey explaining , `` We 've turned Friday into more of a destination for our fantasy and science fiction fans . Once Upon a Time and S.H.I.E.L.D. are airing on the same night for the first time , which is giving many fans of both shows what they 've been asking for for a long time . '' Andy Kubitz , executive vice president for program planning and scheduling at ABC , added that ABC had `` confidence that ( the S.H.I.E.L.D. ) core audience ... ( would ) travel with it '' to its new Friday time slot . He continued , `` The great thing about Friday night for these shows is it gives three days of downtime for a lot of these younger viewers to be able to catch up on it . You 've got Saturday and Sunday viewing that will be able to be counted into our C3 to help us monetize it . '' Marketing ( edit ) The main cast of the season appeared at New York Comic Con on October 7 , 2017 , where they promoted the season and debuted the first 20 minutes of the first episode of the season . A shortened version of the footage was released by ABC and Marvel on November 26 , 2017 , as a sneak peek before the season premiere later that week . The cast and executive producers will appear at WonderCon 2018 on March 24 , to promote the rest of the season , and show a sneak peek of an upcoming episode . Marvel released three roundtable discussions in support of the series reaching 100 episodes . Hosted by Patton Oswalt , who has portrayed The Koenigs in the series , the first was released on March 8 , 2018 with the women of the series . The second , which release on March 9 , featured the full cast , while the third debuted on March 12 with the executive producers . All premiered on Marvel.com while also being available on Marvel and the series ' social media platforms and Marvel 's YouTube channel . The executive producers , main cast members except Gregg , and Ward appeared at WonderCon 2018 to promote the remainder of the season and answer fan questions . A clip from the end of `` Rise and Shine '' was also shown . `` The Road to 100 '' ( edit ) In December 2017 , Marvel announced the `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : The Road to 100 '' art program to commemorate the series reaching 100 episodes . The program features five posters , one for each season of the series , representing `` key pivotal moments of each season '' . The art also appeared as variant covers to select titles published by Marvel Comics in March 2018 . Megan Thomas Bradner , Vice President of Development and Production , Live Action at Marvel Television , called reaching 100 episodes `` quite a feat ... and it felt special enough to share with the fans that got us here . By working with some of our favorite comic artists , we felt we could show a large variety of meaningful moments and the characters that helped get us to a 100 . '' She added that the program `` commemorates these creators , the actors , the characters and a hundred amazing stories '' . The first poster , highlighting season one , was created by Dale Keown . It features four panels , showcasing the moment Coulson and Grant Ward approached Skye in her van from the pilot , Coulson learning he survived the Battle of New York from the T.A.H.I.T.I. program and a drug from a half - dissected Kree alien corpse , the moment Grant Ward revealed he was a Hydra agent by killing Victoria Hand , and Fitz giving Simmons the last remaining oxygen tank and declaring his love for her in the season one finale . The second poster , highlighting season two , was created by Daniel Acuña . The scenes depicted are Coulson writing the Inhuman map on a wall ; Daisy coming out of her Terrigenesis ; the S.H.I.E.L.D. team , Bobbi Morse , Lance Hunter , and the `` real S.H.I.E.L.D. '' logo ; and May cradling the deceased body of Katya Belyakov . The third poster , highlighting season three , was created by Nick Bradshaw . The poster shows the S.H.I.E.L.D. team and Hive , along with the Hydra logo breaking the S.H.I.E.L.D. logo and its tentacles covering much of the poster . Specific moments highlighted include Fitz and Simmons after she has been pulled from the portal to Maveth , Coulson killing Ward on Maveth , and the formation of the Secret Warriors . The fourth poster , highlighting season four , was created by Rahzzah . It highlighted the introduction of Ghost Rider , Life Model Decoys ( LMD ) and the Framework reality , Jeffrey Mace sacrificing himself in the Framework , and Coulson 's kiss with the May LMD . The fifth and final poster , highlighting this season , was created by Stonehouse . Flanked on either side are Kasius and Sinara , with the S.H.I.E.L.D. team and Deke in the center in front of the destroyed Earth of the future as well as Fitz reuniting with Simmons . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) 1 / 2 `` Orientation '' December 1 , 2017 0.7 / 3 2.54 0.6 1.72 1.3 4.27 `` A Life Spent '' December 8 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.93 0.7 1.68 1.2 3.61 `` A Life Earned '' December 15 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.84 N / A N / A N / A N / A 5 `` Rewind '' December 22 , 2017 0.6 / 3 2.40 N / A N / A N / A N / A 6 `` Fun & Games '' January 5 , 2018 0.7 / 3 2.49 0.7 N / A 1.4 N / A 7 `` Together or Not at All '' January 12 , 2018 0.6 / 3 2.31 0.7 1.75 1.3 4.07 8 `` The Last Day '' January 19 , 2018 0.6 / 3 2.41 0.8 1.82 1.4 4.23 9 `` Best Laid Plans '' January 26 , 2018 0.6 / 3 2.27 0.6 1.72 1.2 4.00 10 `` Past Life '' February 2 , 2018 0.6 / 3 2.22 0.6 1.74 1.2 3.96 11 `` All the Comforts of Home '' March 2 , 2018 0.5 / 2 1.90 0.7 1.68 1.2 3.58 12 `` The Real Deal '' March 9 , 2018 0.5 / 2 2.04 0.7 1.72 1.2 3.78 13 `` Principia '' March 16 , 2018 0.5 / 2 2.07 0.6 1.58 3.65 14 `` The Devil Complex '' March 23 , 2018 0.5 / 2 2.07 0.7 1.63 1.2 3.70 15 `` Rise and Shine '' March 30 , 2018 0.5 / 2 1.88 TBD TBD TBD TBD 16 `` Inside Voices '' April 6 , 2018 0.6 / 3 2.08 TBD TBD TBD TBD Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports a 100 % approval rating , with an average rating of 7.71 out of 10 , based on 11 reviews . Reviewing the premiere episodes , Merrill Barr of Forbes felt moving the series to space was not a reboot of the series , rather `` a continuation , in some form , of the story set - up at the end of last season . The show is not different . The team is still trying to save the world . They 're just doing it in a new place and new way . Overall , there 's a lot to love about what S.H.I.E.L.D. is doing in the new season . It 's a crazy ride fans are going to be glad they 've stayed aboard for . The `` Agents of Hydra '' run ( at the end of season four ) was a bit weak . The space run is so far proving to be anything but . '' Jon Negroni of We Got This Covered praised the show for its delightful twists and turns and for not relying on what 's already worked , adding that `` it 's a testament to the show 's ongoing experimentation that we can watch these characters get to space and believe that this is far from their final frontier . '' He felt , however , that there was `` little room for pathos and seeds for character development '' and that `` we know almost nothing about where these individuals are at emotionally because of how fast we blazed through the finale . '' Alex McLevy of The A.V. Club praised the move to space , saying that `` if season four was Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. firing on all cylinders , especially during its stellar ' Agents of Hydra ' arc in the Framework , then this is the look of a show that knows it has mastered its storytelling , and is confidently expanding the scope of its ambition . '' Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Category Recipient Result Ref . 2018 TVLine 's Performer of the Week Performance in `` The Last Day '' Ming - Na Wen Nominated Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Visual Effects in a Photoreal Episode Mark Kolpack , Sabrina Arnold , David Rey , Kevin Yuille , Gary D'Amico for `` Orientation , Part 1 '' Nominated Saturn Awards Best Superhero Television Series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Pending References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods ' and ' The Exorcist ' adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2017 . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2017 . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blindspot , ' ' I Love Lucy ' special and others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2017 . Retrieved December 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Child Support , ' ' MacGyver , ' everything else steady : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2018 . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' adjusts up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2018 . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Penn & Teller : Fool Us ' rerun adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2018 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' Blindspot , ' ' Agents of SHIELD , ' all others hold : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2018 . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Hell 's Kitchen ' finale , ' Jane the Virgin , ' all others hold : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods , ' ' Blindspot , ' all others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2018 . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods , ' ' Taken , ' ' Confronting Putin ' adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2018 . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 19 , 2018 ) . `` NCAA Tournament adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2018 . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 26 , 2018 ) . `` NCAA Tournament and ' Dynasty ' adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2018 . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Blindspot ' adjusts up , ' Dynasty ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2018 . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' adjusts up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2018 . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 517 ) `` The Honeymoon '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 518 ) `` All Roads Lead ... '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 519 ) `` Option Two '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` ABC 's `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. '' Star Natalia Cordova - Buckley Upped to Series Regular for Season Five of Hit Series '' ( Press release ) . The Futon Critic . October 5 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2017 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Freeman , Molly ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Writer 's Room Starts Work on Season 5 '' . ScreenRant . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Patten , Dominic ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Ups Natalia Cordova - Buckley To Series Regular For Season 5 -- NY Comic - Con '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2017 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' : Jeff Ward Set To Recur in Season 5 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` Meet the new season 5 Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. cast members -- first look '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 501 / 502 ) `` Orientation , Part One & Part Two '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( January 28 , 2018 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. first look : Dove Cameron 's role revealed ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2018 . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` All the Comforts of Home '' . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2018 . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 512 ) `` The Real Deal '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2018 . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 513 ) `` Principia '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2018 . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 514 ) `` The Devil Complex '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2018 . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 515 ) `` Rise and Shine '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2018 . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 505 ) `` Rewind '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2017 . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Nick Blood returning as Lance Hunter '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( March 9 , 2018 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. bosses on Coulson 's fate , that familial reveal '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2018 . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Damore , Meagan ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` Agents of SHIELD Teases the Debut of a Major Marvel Villain ( Again ) '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2018 . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` ABC chief addresses Scandal - free fall lineup and the future of OUAT '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2017 . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Leslie ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Renews ' Agents of SHIELD , ' ' American Housewife , ' ' Designated Survivor ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2017 . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Fall Schedule : Once Bumped to Friday , black - ish Shifts to Tuesday , Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.M.I.A. '' TVLine . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2017 . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ; McClintock , Pamela ( September 5 , 2017 ) . `` ABC 's Marvel Drama ' Inhumans ' Underwhelms in Imax Bow '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2017 . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( August 6 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Boss on Marvel 's Inhumans Medusa Wig Backlash , Giving Agents of SHIELD a Full Season '' . IGN . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2017 . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Braces for Deep Impact With ' Idol , ' ' Inhuman ' Challenges '' . Variety . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2017 . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. bosses on aftermath of Framework escape '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2017 . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. bosses on those shocking finale twists '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hurley , Laura ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` How The Framework Will Continue To Impact Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. In Season 5 '' . Cinema Blend . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( November 30 , 2017 ) . `` Why Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. is headed to space in season 5 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2017 . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ching , Albert ( November 30 , 2017 ) . `` How Agents of SHIELD Season 5 Ties - In to the Marvel Studios Movies '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2017 . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yehl , Joshua ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` Why Agents of SHIELD Is Going To Space For Season 5 '' . IGN . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bacon , Thomas ( February 3 , 2017 ) . `` The Agents of SHIELD Will Become the World 's Most Wanted '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Bosses Talk Season 5 ( Possibly Series ) Finale : ' If This Is the End , We 're Ready ' '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2018 . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bucksbaum , Sydney ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` How ' Agents of SHIELD ' Made It to 100 Episodes '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2018 . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( March 5 , 2018 ) . `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Team Previews Game - Changing Episode 100 , ' Gorgeous Easter Eggs ' for Fans '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2018 . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McLevy , Alex ( March 23 , 2018 ) . `` S.H.I.E.L.D. goes straight for the heart with the year 's best episode '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2018 . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Massabrook , Nicole ( October 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville ' Star Adrianne Palicki Is Ready For ' Agents of SHIELD ' Return '' . International Business Times . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2017 . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 422 ) `` World 's End '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2017 . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 508 ) `` The Last Day '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2017 . Retrieved December 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Towers , Andrea ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. finale recap : Absolution / Ascension '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2017 . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 507 ) `` Together or Not at All '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2017 . Retrieved December 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Raymond , Nicholas ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` Agents of SHIELD Episode 100 Will Feature Hive & Lash '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2018 . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Declassifying Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : The Hub '' . Marvel.com . October 24 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2014 . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( January 15 , 2014 ) . `` ' Dracula ' Actor to Play Villain in ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2014 . Retrieved January 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Marvel Entertainment ( @ Marvel ) ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` Coulson awaits . Welcome to `` Marvel 's @ AgentsofSHIELD , '' @ DoveCameron ! '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2018 . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Ann Foley ( @ afoley24 ) ( July 30 , 2017 ) . `` I 'm back for the first 2 eps & then @ whitney_hg who assisted me S3 & 4 will be taking over w / help from @ Christann -- They 're gon na do great ! '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Lovett , Jamie ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' Goes to Infinity and Beyond in Season 5 Premiere '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2017 . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rouben , David ( December 9 , 2017 ) . `` Agents of SHIELD season 5 , episode 3 recap : A Life Spent '' . FanSided . Time Inc . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2018 . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wen , Ming - Na ( @ MingNa ) ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` First Day of school with these badass babes ! We 're back ! Season 5 # AgentsofSHIELD '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Tancharoen , Maurissa ( @ MoTancharoen ) ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` # TBT to last year 's # comiccon . We 're on Day 1 of S5 of # agentsofshield but we 're with you in ... '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2017 . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Gregg , Clark ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` This is Clark '' . Reddit ( / r / MarvelStudios subreddit ) . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . I may direct an episode in season 5 . if I do n't pass out from exhaustion just thinking about it . Jump up ^ Gregg , Clark ( @ clarkgregg ) ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` I 'm directing my first one starting this week . # DaisyDatesanAlien '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2017 . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Dinh , Christine ( January 4 , 2018 ) . `` Clark Gregg Shares His Experience On ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Directorial Debut '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2018 . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( January 2 , 2018 ) . `` Clark Gregg Directs His Own `` Mini-Marvel Movie '' In New Agents of SHIELD Episode `` . IGN . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2018 . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Agard , Chancellor ( October 7 , 2017 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. season 5 premiere date revealed at NYCC '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2017 . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovitch , Matt Webb ( March 9 , 2018 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. EPs on Delivering Episode 100 's Surprise ( Spoiler ) , Plus What 's Next for Two Big Reveals '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2018 . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jeffery , Morgan ; McCabe , Joseph ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` Agents of SHIELD boss casts doubt on crossover with Marvel 's Inhumans series '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2017 . Retrieved July 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ramos , Dino - Ray ( March 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Showrunners Talk How ' Infinity War ' Might Affect The ABC Marvel Series -- Wondercon '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2018 . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lovett , Jamie ( October 7 , 2017 ) . `` The Kree Will Return In ' Agents of SHIELD ' Season 5 '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2018 . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Damore , Meagan ( January 12 , 2018 ) . `` Agents of SHIELD Just Teased Earth 's Destruction Links Back to Season 1 '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2018 . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( August 6 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's when Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. will return '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z -- Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. on ABC '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Why Once Upon a Time and Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. are heading to Fridays '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2017 . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ching , Albert ( September 5 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel TV Brings Agents of SHIELD , Punisher and Runaways to NYCC '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2017 . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lenker , Maureen Lee ( November 26 , 2017 ) . `` Watch the first 17 minutes of the new season of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. '' Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AGENTS OF S.H.I.E.L.D. , CLOAK & DAGGER , Animated DEADPOOL Coming to WONDERCON '' . Newsarama . February 28 , 2018 . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2018 . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Matt ; Yehl , Joshua ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` Marvel 's Agents of SHIELD Cast and Creators Look Back After 100 Episodes '' . IGN . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2018 . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Dinh , Christine ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel Debuts ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : The Road To 100 ' Art Program '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2017 . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dinh , Christine ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : The Road to 100 ' : Season 2 Spotlight '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2018 . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dinh , Christine ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : The Road to 100 ' : Season 3 Spotlight '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2018 . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dinh , Christine ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : The Road to 100 ' : Season 4 Spotlight '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2018 . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dinh , Christine ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : The Road to 100 ' : Season 5 Spotlight '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2018 . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` CW crossovers get another bump in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2017 . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' gets a good bump in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2017 . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` Delayed Viewing Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' Winter Premiere Starts 2018 Strong '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2018 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Brave ' goes from low to ... less low : Week 16 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2018 . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Good Doctor ' both double in week 17 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2018 . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' sets NBC records in week 18 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2018 . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Closing the book on the Super Bowl ' This Is Us ' : Week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2018 . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 16 other shows double in week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' leads the week 24 broadcast Live + 7 ratings -- by quite a bit '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2018 . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' goes out on top : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2018 . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' scores highest in week 26 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2018 . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Season 5 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Barr , Merrill ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Season 5 Review : Bonkers But A Lot Of Fun '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Negroni , Jon ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Season 5 Review '' . We Got This Covered . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2018 . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McLevy , Alex ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. brings the gravity in a thrilling outer - space season premiere '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2018 . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Performer of the Week : Sonequa Martin - Green '' . TVLine . January 20 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2018 . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` Visual Effects Society Awards : ' Apes , ' ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Lead Feature Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther , ' ' Walking Dead ' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . General references `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Season 5 Episode Guide '' . TV Guide . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . `` Shows A-Z -- Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. on ABC '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . External Links ( edit ) Official website Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. on IMDb Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. at TV.com S.H.I.E.L.D. Creators : Stan Lee Jack Kirby Characters Executive Directors George W. Bridge Sharon Carter Timothy Dugan Nick Fury Maria Hill Daisy Johnson Norman Osborn Steve Rogers Tony Stark Field Agents Clay Quartermain Victoria Hand Jasper Sitwell Al MacKenzie Mitch Carson Valentina Allegra de Fontaine Jessica Drew Clint Barton Natasha Romanova Barbara Morse Jimmy Woo Alexander Goodwin Pierce John Garrett Nick Fury Jr . Sam Wilson Antagonists A.I.M. H.A.M.M.E.R. Hand Hydra Leviathan Maggia Masters of Evil Mys - Tech Purifiers Secret Empire Squadron Supreme Thunderbolts Taskmaster Zodiac Affiliations Avengers Dark Mighty Secret Howling Commandos Project Livewire Team White ( Secret Warriors ) S.T.R.I.K.E. S.T.A.K.E. S.W.O.R.D. Bases and facilities Camp Hammond Helicarrier Stark Tower The Vault Triskelion Technology and units Life Model Decoy Mandroid SJ3RX ( Red Ronin ) Superhuman Restraint Unit SPIN Tech Iron Patriot Publications Nick Fury , Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. 1965 feature Nick Fury vs. S.H.I.E.L.D. Fury of S.H.I.E.L.D. Kitty Pryde , Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. S.H.I.E.L.D. 2010 series 2014 series Howling Commandos of S.H.I.E.L.D. Agent Carter : S.H.I.E.L.D. 50th Anniversary Fury : S.H.I.E.L.D. 50th Anniversary Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. In other media Marvel Cinematic Universe Phil Coulson Item 47 Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. characters episodes season 1 5 Slingshot Nick Fury : Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. Nick Fury , Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Empyre Related S.H.I.E.L.D. Flying Car Ultimate Nick Fury Peggy Carter Category Marvel Cinematic Universe Feature films Phase One Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor Captain America : The First Avenger The Avengers accolades Phase Two Iron Man 3 Thor : The Dark World Captain America : The Winter Soldier Guardians of the Galaxy Avengers : Age of Ultron Ant - Man Phase Three Captain America : Civil War Doctor Strange Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Spider - Man : Homecoming Thor : Ragnarok Black Panther Avengers : Infinity War production Ant - Man and the Wasp Captain Marvel Untitled Avengers film production Television series ABC Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episodes season 1 5 characters Agent Carter season 1 characters Inhumans `` Behold ... The Inhumans '' `` Those Who Would Destroy Us '' Netflix Daredevil season 1 characters Jessica Jones season 1 characters Luke Cage season 1 characters Iron Fist season 1 characters The Defenders The Punisher season 1 Hulu Runaways `` Reunion '' Freeform Cloak & Dagger Other Most Wanted New Warriors Other media Short films Item 47 Agent Carter All Hail the King Digital series WHIH Newsfront Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Slingshot Tie - in comics Fury 's Big Week Cast and characters Film cast Television series cast Phil Coulson Erik Selvig Trevor Slattery Claire Temple Music Soundtracks Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor Captain America : The First Avenger The Avengers Iron Man 3 Thor : The Dark World Captain America : The Winter Soldier Guardians of the Galaxy Avengers : Age of Ultron Ant - Man Captain America : Civil War Luke Cage Doctor Strange Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Spider - Man : Homecoming Thor : Ragnarok Black Panther Singles `` Live to Rise '' `` All the Stars '' `` King 's Dead '' `` Pray for Me '' MCU - inspired media Video games Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor : God of Thunder Captain America : Super Soldier Iron Man 3 Lego Marvel 's Avengers Other Iron Man Experience Guardians of the Galaxy -- Mission : Breakout ! Team Thor Book Category Portal Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` 0 - 8 - 4 '' `` The Asset '' `` Eye Spy '' `` Girl in the Flower Dress '' `` FZZT '' `` The Hub '' `` The Well '' `` Repairs '' `` The Bridge '' `` The Magical Place '' `` Seeds '' `` T.R.A.C.K.S. '' `` T.A.H.I.T.I. '' `` Yes Men '' `` End of the Beginning '' `` Turn , Turn , Turn '' `` Providence `` The Only Light in the Darkness '' `` Nothing Personal `` Ragtag '' `` Beginning of the End '' Season 2 `` Shadows '' `` Heavy Is the Head '' `` Making Friends and Influencing People '' `` Face My Enemy '' `` A Hen in the Wolf House '' `` A Fractured House '' `` The Writing on the Wall '' `` The Things We Bury '' `` ... Ye Who Enter Here '' `` What They Become '' `` Aftershocks '' `` Who You Really Are '' `` One of Us '' `` Love in the Time of Hydra '' `` One Door Closes '' `` Afterlife '' `` Melinda '' `` The Frenemy of My Enemy '' `` The Dirty Half Dozen '' `` Scars '' `` S.O.S. '' Season 3 `` Laws of Nature '' `` Purpose in the Machine '' `` A Wanted ( Inhu ) man '' `` Devils You Know '' `` 4,722 Hours '' `` Among Us Hide ... '' `` Chaos Theory '' `` Many Heads , One Tale '' `` Closure '' `` Maveth '' `` Bouncing Back '' `` The Inside Man '' `` Parting Shot '' `` Watchdogs '' `` Spacetime '' `` Paradise Lost '' `` The Team '' `` The Singularity '' `` Failed Experiments '' `` Emancipation '' `` Absolution '' `` Ascension '' Season 4 `` The Ghost '' `` Meet the New Boss '' `` Uprising '' `` Let Me Stand Next to Your Fire '' `` Lockup '' `` The Good Samaritan '' `` Deals with Our Devils '' `` The Laws of Inferno Dynamics '' `` Broken Promises '' `` Self Control '' Season 5 See also Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Slingshot Marvel Cinematic Universe portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agents_of_S.H.I.E.L.D._(season_5)&oldid=835682031 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons 2018 American television seasons Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. seasons Hidden categories : Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Polski 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 04 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agents%20of%20S.H.I.E.L.D.%20%28season%205%29
| 2,173 |
when did rocky horror picture show come out
|
The film opened in the United Kingdom at Rialto Theater in London 14 August 1975 and in the United States on 26 September at the UA Westwood in Los Angeles , California . It did well at that location , but not elsewhere . Before the midnight screenings ' success , the film was withdrawn from its eight opening cities due to very small audiences , and its planned New York City opening on Halloween night was cancelled . Fox re-released the film around college campuses on a double - bill with another rock music film parody , Brian De Palma 's Phantom of the Paradise , but again it drew small audiences .
|
1975
|
The Rocky Horror Picture Show
|
the rocky horror picture show
|
The Rocky Horror Picture Show is a 1975 British - American musical comedy horror film directed by Jim Sharman . The screenplay was written by Sharman and Richard O'Brien based on the 1973 musical stage production The Rocky Horror Show , music , book , and lyrics by O'Brien . The production is a parody tribute to the science fiction and horror B movies of the 1930s through to the early 1970s . Along with O'Brien , the film stars Tim Curry , Susan Sarandon , and Barry Bostwick along with cast members from the original Royal Court Theatre , Roxy Theatre , and Belasco Theatre productions .
|
The story centres on a young engaged couple whose car breaks down in the rain near a castle where they seek a telephone to call for help . The castle is occupied by strangers in elaborate costumes celebrating an annual convention . They discover the head of the house is Frank N. Furter , an apparent mad scientist who actually is an alien transvestite who creates a living muscle man in his laboratory . The couple are seduced separately by the mad scientist and eventually released by the servants who take control . The film was shot in the United Kingdom at Bray Studios and on location at an old country estate named Oakley Court , best known for its earlier use by Hammer Film Productions . A number of props and set pieces were reused from the Hammer horror films . Although the film is both a parody of and tribute to many of the kitsch science fiction and horror films , costume designer Sue Blane conducted no research for her designs . Blane stated that costumes from the film have directly affected the development of punk rock fashion trends such as ripped fishnets and dyed hair . Although largely critically panned on initial release , it soon became known as a midnight movie when audiences began participating with the film at the Waverly Theater in New York City in 1976 . Audience members returned to the cinemas frequently and talked back to the screen and began dressing as the characters , spawning similar performance groups across the United States . At almost the same time , fans in costume at the King 's Court Theater in Pittsburgh began performing alongside the film . This `` shadow cast '' mimed the actions on screen above and behind them , while lip - syncing their character 's lines . Still in limited release four decades after its premiere , it is the longest - running theatrical release in film history . It is often shown close to Halloween . Today , the film has a large international following . It was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress in 2005 . The film 's creative team also produced Shock Treatment in 1981 , a standalone feature using the characters of Brad and Janet and featuring some of the same cast . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Concept and development 3.2 Filming and locations 3.3 Costumes , make - up , and props 3.4 Title sequence 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception , reaction and legacy 6.1 Critical reception 6.2 Cult phenomenon 6.2. 1 New York City origins 6.2. 2 Los Angeles , Hollywood 6.2. 3 San Francisco 6.2. 4 Fan following 6.3 Cultural influence 7 Sequels 8 Remake 9 See also 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links Plot ( edit ) A criminologist narrates the tale of the newly engaged couple Brad Majors and Janet Weiss who find themselves lost and with a flat tire on a cold and rainy late November evening , somewhere near Denton , Ohio . Seeking a telephone , the couple walk to a nearby castle where they discover a group of strange and outlandish people who are holding an Annual Transylvanian Convention . They are soon swept into the world of Dr. Frank N. Furter , a self - proclaimed `` sweet transvestite from Transsexual , Transylvania '' . The ensemble of convention attendees also includes servants Riff Raff , his sister Magenta , and a groupie named Columbia . In his lab , Frank claims to have discovered the `` secret to life itself '' . His creation , Rocky , is brought to life . The ensuing celebration is soon interrupted by Eddie ( an ex-delivery boy , both Frank and Columbia 's ex-lover , as well as partial brain donor to Rocky ) who rides out of a deep freeze on a motorcycle . Eddie then proceeds to seduce Columbia , get the Transylvanians dancing and singing and intrigue Brad and Janet . When Rocky starts dancing and enjoying the performance , a jealous Frank kills Eddie with a pick . Columbia screams in horror , devastated by Eddie 's death . Frank justifies killing Eddie as a `` mercy killing '' to Rocky and they depart to the bridal suite . Brad and Janet are shown to separate bedrooms , where each is visited and seduced by Frank , who poses as Brad ( when visiting Janet ) and then as Janet ( when visiting Brad ) . Janet , upset and emotional , wanders off to look for Brad , who she discovers , via a television monitor , is in bed with Frank . She then discovers Rocky , cowering in his birth tank , hiding from Riff Raff , who has been tormenting him . While tending to his wounds , Janet becomes intimate with Rocky , as Magenta and Columbia watch from their bedroom monitor . After discovering that his creation is missing , Frank returns to the lab with Brad and Riff Raff , where Frank learns that an intruder has entered the building . Brad and Janet 's old high school science teacher , Dr. Everett Scott , has come looking for his nephew , Eddie . Frank suspects that Dr. Scott investigates UFOs for the government . Upon learning of Brad and Janet 's connection to Dr. Scott , Frank suspects them of working for him . Frank , Dr. Scott , Brad , and Riff Raff then discover Janet and Rocky together under the sheets in Rocky 's birth tank , upsetting Frank and Brad . Magenta interrupts the reunion by sounding a massive gong and stating that dinner is prepared . Rocky and the guests share an uncomfortable dinner , which they soon realize has been prepared from Eddie 's mutilated remains . Janet runs screaming into Rocky 's arms , provoking Frank to chase her through the halls . Janet , Brad , Dr. Scott , Rocky , and Columbia all meet in Frank 's lab , where Frank captures them with the Medusa Transducer , transforming them into nude statues . After dressing them in cabaret costume , Frank `` unfreezes '' them , and they perform a live cabaret floor show , complete with an RKO tower and a swimming pool , with Frank as the leader . Riff Raff and Magenta interrupt the performance , revealing themselves and Frank to be aliens from the planet Transsexual in the galaxy of Transylvania . They stage a coup and announce a plan to return to their home planet . In the process , they kill Columbia and Frank , who has `` failed his mission '' . An enraged Rocky , impervious to Riff Raff 's laser gun , gathers Frank in his arms , climbs to the top of the tower , and plunges to his death in the pool below . Riff Raff and Magenta release Brad , Janet , and Dr. Scott , then depart by lifting off in the castle itself . The survivors are then left crawling in the dirt , and the narrator concludes that the human race is equivalent to insects crawling on the planet 's surface , `` lost in time , and lost in space ... and meaning . '' Cast ( edit ) Tim Curry as Dr. Frank N. Furter , a scientist . Susan Sarandon as Janet Weiss , a heroine . Barry Bostwick as Brad Majors , a hero . Richard O'Brien as Riff Raff , a handyman . Patricia Quinn as Magenta , a domestic . Nell Campbell as Columbia , a groupie . Jonathan Adams as Dr. Everett V. Scott , a rival scientist . Peter Hinwood as Rocky Horror , a creation . Meat Loaf as Eddie , an ex-delivery boy . Charles Gray as The Criminologist , an expert . Production ( edit ) Concept and development ( edit ) Little Nell , Patricia Quinn , Tim Curry , and Richard O'Brien in `` The Rocky Horror Picture Show '' . All were in the original stage show . Production design by Brian Thomson , costumes by Sue Blane , and musical arrangement by Richard Hartley , all reunited alumni of the London stage production . Richard O'Brien was living as an unemployed actor in London during the early 1970s . He wrote most of The Rocky Horror Show during one winter just to occupy himself . Since his youth , O'Brien had loved science fiction and B horror movies . He wanted to combine elements of the unintentional humour of B horror movies , portentous dialogue of schlock - horror , Steve Reeves muscle flicks , and fifties rock and roll into his musical . O'Brien conceived and wrote the play set against the backdrop of the glam era that had manifested itself throughout British popular culture in the 1970s . Allowing his concept to come into being , O'Brien states `` glam rock allowed me to be myself more '' . O'Brien showed a portion of the unfinished script to Australian director Jim Sharman , who decided to direct it at the small experimental space Upstairs at the Royal Court Theatre , Sloane Square , Chelsea , London , which was used as a project space for new work . O'Brien had appeared briefly in Andrew Lloyd Webber 's Jesus Christ Superstar , directed by Sharman , and the two also worked together in Sam Shepard 's The Unseen Hand . Sharman would bring in production designer Brian Thomson . The original creative team was then rounded out by costume designer Sue Blane , musical director Richard Hartley , and stage producer Michael White , who was brought in to produce . As the musical went into rehearsal , the working title , They Came from Denton High , was changed just before previews at the suggestion of Sharman to The Rocky Horror Show . Having premiered in the small sixty - seat Royal Court Theatre , it quickly moved to larger venues in London , transferring to the 230 - seat Chelsea Classic Cinema on Kings Road on 14 August 1973 , before finding a quasi-permanent home at the 500 - seat King 's Road Theatre from 3 November 1973 , running for six years . The musical made its U.S. debut in Los Angeles in 1974 before being played in New York City as well as other cities . Producer and Ode Records owner Lou Adler attended the London production in the winter of 1973 , escorted by friend Britt Ekland . He immediately decided to purchase the U.S. theatrical rights . His production would be staged at his Roxy Theatre in L.A. In 1975 , The Rocky Horror Show premiered on Broadway at the 1,000 - seat Belasco Theatre . Filming and locations ( edit ) Oakley Court The film was shot at Bray Studios and Oakley Court , a country house near Maidenhead , Berkshire , England , and at Elstree Studios for post production , from 21 October to 19 December 1974 . Oakley Court , built in 1857 in the Victorian Gothic style , is known for a number of Hammer films . Much of the location shooting took place there , although at the time the manor was not in good condition . Much of the cast were from the original London stage production , including Tim Curry , who had decided that Dr Frank N. Furter should speak like the Queen of England , extravagantly posh . Fox insisted on casting the two characters of Brad and Janet with American actors , Barry Bostwick and Susan Sarandon . Filming took place during autumn , which made conditions worse . During filming , Sarandon fell ill with pneumonia . Filming of the laboratory scene and the title character 's creation occurred on 30 October 1974 . The film is both a parody and tribute to many of the science fiction and horror movies from the 1930s up to the 1970s . The film production retains many aspects from the stage version such as production design and music , but adds new scenes not featured in the original stage play . The film 's plot , setting , and style echo those of the Hammer Horror films , which had their own instantly recognizable style ( just as Universal Studios ' horror films did ) . The originally proposed opening sequence was to contain clips of various films mentioned in the lyrics , as well as the first few sequences shot in black and white , but this was deemed too expensive and scrapped . Costumes , make - up , and props ( edit ) In the stage productions , actors generally did their own make - up ; however , for the film , the producers chose Pierre La Roche , who had previously been a make - up artist for Mick Jagger and David Bowie , to redesign the make - up for each character . Production stills were taken by rock photographer Mick Rock , who has published a number of books from his work . In Rocky Horror ; From Concept to Cult , designer Sue Blane discusses the Rocky Horror costumes ' influence on punk music style . `` ( It was a ) big part of the build - up ( to punk ) . '' She states that ripped fishnet stockings , glitter , and coloured hair were directly attributable to Rocky Horror . Gold sequined swallow - tail coat and top hat created and worn by fan Mina Credeur of Houston , Texas for amateur productions of the show . Some of the costumes from the film had been originally used in the stage production . Props and set pieces were reused from old Hammer Horror productions and others . The tank and dummy used for Rocky 's birth originally appeared in The Revenge of Frankenstein ( 1958 ) . These references to earlier productions , in addition to cutting costs , enhanced the cult status of the film . Costume designer Sue Blane was not keen on working for the film until she became aware that Curry , an old friend , was committed to the project . Curry and Blane had worked together in Glasgow 's Citizens Theatre in a production of The Maids , where Curry had worn a woman 's corset in the production . Blane arranged it with the theatre to loan her the corset from the other production for Rocky Horror . Blane admits that she did not conduct research for her designing , had never seen a science fiction film , and is acutely aware that her costumes for Brad and Janet may have been generalizations . `` When I designed Rocky , I never looked at any science fiction movies or comic books . One just automatically knows what spacesuits look like , the same way one intuitively knows how Americans dress . I had never been to the United States , but I had this fixed idea of how people looked there . Americans wore polyester so their clothes would n't crease , and their trousers were a bit too short . Since they 're very keen on sports , white socks and white T - shirts played an integral part in their wardrobe . Of course , since doing Rocky I have been to the United States and admit it was a bit of a generalization , but my ideas worked perfectly for Brad and Janet . '' The budget for the film 's costumes was $1,600 , far more than the stage production budget , but having to double up on costumes for filming was expensive . For filming , corsets for the finale had to be doubled for the pool scene , with one version drying while the other was worn on set . While many of the costumes are exact replicas from the stage productions , other costumes were new to filming , such as Columbia 's gold sequined swallow - tail coat and top hat and Magenta 's maid 's uniform . Blane was amazed by the recreation and understanding of her designs by fans . When she first heard that people were dressing up , she thought it would be tacky , but was surprised to see the depth to which the fans went to recreate her designs . Rocky Horror fan Mina Credeur , who designs costumes and performed as Columbia for Houston 's performance group , states that `` the best part is when everyone leaves with a big smile on their face '' , noting that there 's `` such a kitschiness and campiness that it seems to be winking at you '' . The film still plays at many theatre locations and Rocky Horror costumes are often made for Halloween , although many require much time and effort to make . Title sequence ( edit ) The iconic `` Lips '' poster , with Lorelei Shark 's lips , a parody of the 1975 film poster for Jaws The film starts with the screen fading to black and oversized , disembodied female lips appear overdubbed with a male voice , establishing the androgynous theme to be repeated as the film unfolds . The opening scene and song , `` Science Fiction / Double Feature '' , consists of the lips of Patricia Quinn ( who appears in the film later as the character Magenta ( in addition to the latter , appeared as ' Trixie ' the Usherette in the original London production who sang the song ) ) , but has the vocals of actor and Rocky Horror creator , Richard O'Brien ( who appears as Magenta 's brother Riff Raff ) . The lyrics refer to science fiction and horror films of the past and list several film titles from the 1930s to the 1970s , including The Day the Earth Stood Still , Flash Gordon , The Invisible Man , King Kong , It Came from Outer Space , Doctor X , Forbidden Planet , Tarantula , The Day of the Triffids , Curse of the Demon , and When Worlds Collide . The disembodied lips of model Lorelei Shark are featured on posters and other merchandise for the film , with the tagline `` A Different Set of Jaws '' , a spoof of the poster for the film Jaws ( which was also released in 1975 ) . Music ( edit ) Main article : The Rocky Horror Picture Show ( soundtrack ) The soundtrack was released in 1975 by Ode Records and produced by Richard Hartley . The album peaked at # 49 on the Billboard 200 in 1978 . It reached No. 40 on the Australian albums chart and No. 11 on the New Zealand albums chart . The album is described as the `` definitive version of the ( Rocky Horror ) score . '' `` Science Fiction / Double Feature '' -- The Lips ( those of Patricia Quinn ; voice of Richard O'Brien ) `` Dammit Janet '' -- Brad , Janet , and Chorus `` There 's a Light ( Over at the Frankenstein Place ) '' -- Janet , Brad , Riff Raff , and Chorus `` The Time Warp '' -- Riff Raff , Magenta , The Criminologist , Columbia , and Transylvanians `` Sweet Transvestite '' -- Frank `` The Sword of Damocles '' -- Rocky and Transylvanians `` I Can Make You a Man '' -- Frank with Brad , Janet , Riff Raff , Magenta , and Columbia `` Hot Patootie -- Bless My Soul '' -- Eddie and Transylvanians `` I Can Make You a Man ( Reprise ) '' -- Frank , Janet , and Transylvanians `` Touch - a , Touch - a , Touch - a , Touch Me '' -- Janet with Magenta , Columbia , Rocky , Brad , Frank , and Riff Raff `` Once in a While '' ( deleted scene ) -- Brad `` Eddie '' -- Dr. Scott , The Criminologist , Janet , Columbia , Frank , Rocky , Brad , Riff Raff , and Magenta `` Planet Schmanet Janet ( Wise Up Janet Weiss ) '' -- Frank `` Planet Hot Dog '' -- Janet , Brad , and Dr. Scott `` Rose Tint My World '' -- Columbia , Rocky , Janet , and Brad `` Fanfare / Do n't Dream It , Be It '' -- Frank with Brad , Janet , Rocky , and Columbia `` Wild and Untamed Thing '' -- Frank with Brad , Janet , Rocky , Columbia , and Riff Raff `` I 'm Going Home '' -- Frank and Chorus `` The Time Warp ( Reprise ) '' -- Riff Raff and Magenta `` Super Heroes '' ( only present in the original UK release ) -- Brad , Janet , and Chorus `` Science Fiction / Double Feature ( Reprise ) '' -- The Lips Release ( edit ) London release poster for 14 August 1975 premier The film opened in the United Kingdom at Rialto Theater in London 14 August 1975 and in the United States on 26 September at the UA Westwood in Los Angeles , California . It did well at that location , but not elsewhere . Before the midnight screenings ' success , the film was withdrawn from its eight opening cities due to very small audiences , and its planned New York City opening on Halloween night was cancelled . Fox re-released the film around college campuses on a double - bill with another rock music film parody , Brian De Palma 's Phantom of the Paradise , but again it drew small audiences . With Pink Flamingos ( 1972 ) and Reefer Madness ( 1936 ) making money in midnight showings nationwide , a Fox executive , Tim Deegan , was able to talk distributors into midnight screenings , starting in New York City on April Fools ' Day of 1976 . The cult following started shortly after the film began its midnight run at the Waverly Theater in New York City. , then spread to other counties in NYC , and to Uniondale , L.I. Rocky Horror was not only found in the larger cities but throughout the United States where many attendees would get in free if they arrived in costume . The western division of the film 's release included The U.A. Cinemas in Fresno and Merced , The Cinema J in Sacramento , California , and the Covell in Modesto . In New Orleans , an early organised performance group was active with the release there as well as in such cities as Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , and Chicago ( at the Biograph Theater ) . Before long nearly every screening of the film was accompanied by a live fan cast . 19 January 1978 , opening at the UA Cinema , Merced , California The film is considered to be the longest - running release in film history . It has never been pulled by 20th Century Fox from its original 1975 release , and it continues to play in cinemas . Home media ( edit ) A Super 8 version of selected scenes of the film was made available . In 1983 , Ode Records released `` The Rocky Horror Picture Show , Audience Par - Tic - I - Pation Album '' , recorded at the 8th Street Playhouse . The recording consisted of the film 's audio and the standardised call - backs from the audience . A home video release was made available in 1987 in the UK . In the US , the film ( including documentary footage and extras ) was released on VHS in 1990 , retailing for $89.95 and had its US broadcast premiere on the Fox Broadcasting Company , including audience participation edited into the film , on 25 October 1993 . The film was released on DVD in 2000 for the film 's 25th anniversary . A 35th Anniversary edition Blu - ray was released in the US on 19 October 2010 . The disc includes a newly created 7.1 surround sound mix , the original theatrical mono sound mix , and a 4K / 2K image transfer from the original camera negative . In addition , new content featuring karaoke and a fan performance were included . Reception , reaction and Legacy ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) Chicago Sun - Times critic Roger Ebert noted that when first released , The Rocky Horror Picture Show was `` ignored by pretty much everyone , including the future fanatics who would eventually count the hundreds of times they 'd seen it '' . He considered it more a `` long - running social phenomenon '' than a movie , rating it 2.5 out of 4 stars . Bill Henkin noted that Variety thought that the `` campy hijinks '' of the film seemed labored , and also mentioned that the San Francisco Chronicle 's John Wasserman , who had liked the stage play in London , found the film `` lacking both charm and dramatic impact '' . Newsweek called the film `` tasteless , plotless and pointless '' in 1978 . Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a rating of 80 % based on 41 reviews . A number of contemporary critics find it compelling and enjoyable because of its offbeat and bizarre qualities ; the BBC summarised : `` for those willing to experiment with something a little bit different , a little bit outré , The Rocky Horror Picture Show has a lot to offer '' . The New York Times called it a `` low - budget freak show / cult classic / cultural institution '' and considered the songs featured in the film to be `` catchy '' . Geoff Andrew of Time Out noted that the `` string of hummable songs gives it momentum , Gray 's admirably straight - faced narrator holds it together , and a run on black lingerie takes care of almost everything else '' , rating it 4 out of 5 stars . Dave Kehr of Chicago Reader on the other hand considered the wit to be `` too weak to sustain a film '' and thought that the `` songs all sound the same '' . In 2005 , the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . Cult phenomenon ( edit ) Main article : The Rocky Horror Picture Show cult following New York City origins ( edit ) Dori Hartley and Sal Piro at the Waverly Theatre in New York in 1977 The Rocky Horror Picture Show helped shape conditions of cult film 's transition from art - house to grind - house style . The film developed a cult following in 1976 at the Waverly Theatre in New York , which developed into a standardised ritual . According to J. Hoberman , author of Midnight Movies , it was after five months into the film 's midnight run when lines began to be shouted by the audience . Louis Farese Jr. , a normally quiet teacher who , upon seeing the character Janet place a newspaper over her head to protect herself from rain , yelled , `` Buy an umbrella , you cheap bitch '' . Originally Louis and other Rocky Horror pioneers , including Amy Lazarus , Theresa Krakauskas , and Bill O'Brian , did this to entertain each other , each week trying to come up with something new to make each other laugh . This quickly caught on with other theater goers and thus began this self - proclaimed `` counter point dialogue '' , which became standard practice and was repeated nearly verbatim at each screening . Performance groups became a staple at Rocky Horror screenings due in part to the prominent New York City fan cast . The New York City cast was originally run by former schoolteacher and stand - up comic Sal Piro and his friend Dori Hartley . Dori was one of several performers in a flexible , rotating cast to portray the character of Frank N. Furter , shadowing the film above . The performances of the audience was scripted and actively discouraged improvising , being conformist in a similar way to the repressed characters . On Halloween in 1976 , people attended in costume and talked back to the screen , and by mid-1978 , Rocky Horror was playing in over 50 locations on Fridays and Saturdays at midnight . Newsletters were published by local performance groups , and fans gathered for Rocky Horror conventions . By the end of 1979 , there were twice - weekly showings at over 230 theatres . The National Fan Club was established in 1977 and later merged with the International Fan Club . The fan publication The Transylvanian printed a number of issues , and a semi-regular poster magazine was published as well as an official magazine . Los Angeles , Hollywood ( edit ) D. Garrett Gafford and Terri Hardin , Tiffany Theater Hollywood , 1978 The Los Angeles area performance groups originated in 1977 at the Fox Theatre , where Michael Wolfson won a look - alike contest as Frank N. Furter , and won another at the Tiffany Theater on Sunset Boulevard . Wolfson 's group eventually performed in all of the L.A. area theaters screening Rocky Horror , including the Balboa Theater in Balboa , The Cove at Hermosa Beach , and The Sands in Glendale . He was invited to perform at the Sombrero Playhouse in Phoenix , Arizona . At the Tiffany Theatre , the audience performance cast had the theater 's full cooperation ; the local performers entered early and without charge . The fan playing Frank for this theatre was a transgender performer , D. Garret Gafford , who was out of work in 1978 and trying to raise the funds for a gender reassignment while spending the weekends performing at the Tiffany . San Francisco ( edit ) In 1978 San Francisco , Rocky Horror moved from an earlier location to the Strand Theatre located near the Tenderloin on Market Street . The performance group there , Double Feature / Celluloid Jam , was the first to act out and perform almost the entire film , unlike the New York cast at that time . The Strand cast was put together from former members of an early Berkeley group , disbanded due to less than enthusiastic management . Frank N. Furter was portrayed by Marni Scofidio , who , in 1979 , attracted many of the older performers from Berkeley . Other members included Mishell Erickson and her twin sister Denise Erickson as Columbia and Magenta , Kathy Dolan as Janet , and Linda `` Lou '' Woods as Riff Raff . The Strand group performed at two large science fiction conventions in Los Angeles and San Francisco , were offered a spot at The Mabuhay , a local punk club , and performed for children 's television of Argentina . San Francisco 's Strand Theatre , 1979 . Linda Woods , Marni Scofidio , Denise Erickson , and Jim Curry Fan following ( edit ) Rocky Horror is one of the last few western rites left that pertain to the carnivalesque . Annual Rocky Horror conventions are held in varying locations lasting days . Tucson , Arizona has been host a number of times , including 1999 with `` El Fishnet Fiesta '' , and `` Queens of the Desert '' held in 2006 . Vera Dika wrote that to the fans , Rocky Horror is ritualistic and comparable to a religious event , with a compulsive , repeated cycle of going home and coming back to see the film each weekend . The audience call backs are similar to responses in church during a mass . Many theatre troupes exist across the United States that produce shadow - cast performances where the actors play each part in the film in full costume and props as the movie plays on the big screen in a movie theatre . These showings are typically once a week or once a month on a Saturday at midnight . The film has a global following and remains popular . Sub cultures such as Rocky Horror have also found a place on the internet . Audience participation scripts for many cities are available to download on the Internet . The internet has a number of Rocky Horror fan run websites with various quizzes and information specializing in different content allowing fans to participate at a unique level . Cultural influence ( edit ) The Rocky Horror Picture Show has been featured in a number of other feature films and television series over the years . Episodes of The Simpsons , The Venture Bros. , The Boondocks , Glee , The Drew Carey Show , That ' 70s Show , and American Dad ! spotlight Rocky Horror , as well as films like Vice Squad , Halloween II ( 2009 ) , and The Perks of Being a Wallflower . The 1980 film Fame featured the audience reciting their callback lines to the screen and dancing the Time Warp , the dance from the stage show and film , which has become a novelty dance at parties . `` The Rocky Horror Glee Show '' aired on 26 October 2010 , as part of the second season of the TV series Glee , which recreated several scenes from the film , including the opening credits . It featured Barry Bostwick and Meat Loaf in cameo roles . `` Bisexuality , The Rocky Horror Picture Show , and Me '' , by Elizabeth Reba Weise , is a piece in Bi Any Other Name : Bisexual People Speak Out ( 1991 ) , an anthology edited by Loraine Hutchins and Lani Ka'ahumanu which is one of the seminal books in the history of the modern bisexual rights movement . The Rocky Horror Picture Show remains a cultural phenomenon in both the U.S. and U.K. Cult film participants are often people on the fringe of society that find connection and community at the screenings although the film attracts fans of differing backgrounds all over the world . Comments and jokes shouted out by the audience can also be seen in the `` riffing '' of awful films in Mystery Science Theater 3000 and its spinoffs RiffTrax and Cinematic Titanic . These have also been featured in theatre appearances by the cast , reacting to movies being shown . Sequels ( edit ) In 1981 , Sharman reunited with O'Brien to do Shock Treatment , a stand - alone feature that was not a direct sequel to the original film . This film reunites characters Brad and Janet and was originally conceived and written to depict the characters filmed in normal settings until the production changed to work around a Screen Actor 's Guild strike . The eventual production would now entail the full film being shot entirely within a sound stage and purposely blending that into the story line . Shock Treatment has a cult following but not nearly as strong as the first film , and was a commercial failure in no small part due to the principal cast of Curry , Sarandon and Bostwick not returning . Ten years later , O'Brien wrote another script intended as a direct sequel to the cult classic entitled Revenge of the Old Queen . Producer Michael White had hoped to begin work on the production and described the script as being `` in the same style as the other one . It has reflections of the past in it . '' Although the script has not been published , bootleg copies can be read on the Internet . The script is currently owned by Fox , which produced the two original films . Most individuals associated with the project , including O'Brien , agree that the film will probably never be made , owing to the failure of Shock Treatment and the aging of the cast . In 2014 , it was announced that O'Brien would produce Shock Treatment for the theatrical stage . The production will premiere at the King 's Head theatre in Islington , London in the United Kingdom in the spring of 2015 . Remake ( edit ) Main article : The Rocky Horror Picture Show : Let 's Do the Time Warp Again On 10 April 2015 , it was announced that the Fox Broadcasting Company would air a modern - day reimagining of the film , titled The Rocky Horror Picture Show : Let 's Do the Time Warp Again . On 22 October 2015 , it was announced that the role of Dr. Frank N. Furter would be played by actress Laverne Cox . Ryan McCartan and Victoria Justice play the roles of Brad and Janet , alongside Reeve Carney as Riff Raff and singer / model Staz Nair as Rocky . Adam Lambert portrays Eddie . Tim Curry , who portrayed Dr. Frank N. Furter in the film , portrays The Criminologist . On 1 February 2016 , it was announced that Broadway veteran Annaleigh Ashford would portray Columbia . On 5 February 2016 , Ben Vereen joined the cast as Dr. Everett von Scott . Kenny Ortega , best known for the High School Musical franchise and Michael Jackson 's This Is It , directed , choreographed and executive - produced the remake ; Lou Adler , who was an executive producer of the original film , has the same role for the new film . The film premiered on Fox on 20 October 2016 . See also ( edit ) List of American films of 1975 Cross-dressing in film and television List of films featuring extraterrestrials List of films featuring Frankenstein 's monster References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ROCKY HORROR PICTURE SHOW ( AA ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 17 June 1975 . Retrieved 18 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Armstrong , Richard ; et al. ( 7 November 2007 ) . The Rough Guide to Film . Rough Guides . p. 506 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4053 - 8498 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Rocky Horror Picture Show '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved 11 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Solomon , Aubrey ( 1989 ) . Twentieth Century Fox : A Corporate and Financial History . Scarecrow Press . p. 258 . Jump up ^ Box Office Information for The Rocky Horror Picture Show . The Numbers . Retrieved 25 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Miller ( 2011 ) . Sex , Drugs , Rock & Roll , and Musicals . UPNE . pp. 127 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55553 - 761 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Vera Dika ( 9 June 2003 ) . Recycled Culture in Contemporary Art and Film : The Uses of Nostalgia . Cambridge University Press . pp. 112 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 01631 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Knapp , Raymond ( 2 March 2009 ) . The American Musical and the Performance of Personal Identity . Princeton University Press . pp. 240 ' . ISBN 0 - 691 - 14105 - 3 . Jump up ^ Auslander , Philip ( 2006 ) . Performing Glam Rock : Gender and Theatricality in Popular Music . University of Michigan Press . p. 49 . ^ Jump up to : Reynolds , Simon ( 2016 ) . Shock and Awe : Glam Rock and Its Legacy , from the Seventies to the Twenty - First Century . Faber & Faber . ^ Jump up to : Daniel Eagan ( 26 November 2009 ) . America 's Film Legacy : The Authoritative Guide to the Landmark Movies in the National Film Registry . Continuum International Publishing Group , Limited . pp. 2086 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4411 - 7541 - 0 . Jump up ^ Thomson , Brian , ed. ( 1979 ) The Rocky Horror Scrapbook . New York : Star Fleet Productions , Inc. 6 . Jump up ^ Shuker , Roy ( 1 November 1994 ) . Understanding popular music . Routledge ; annotated edition . p. 160 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 10722 - 8 . Jump up ^ Erik Quisling ; Austin Lowry Williams ( 2003 ) . Straight Whisky : A Living History of Sex , Drugs , and Rock ' n ' Roll on the Sunset Strip . Bonus Books . pp. 245 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56625 - 197 - 6 . Jump up ^ Louis Botto ; Robert Viagas ( 2002 ) . At this Theatre : 100 Years of Broadway Shows , Stories and Stars . Applause / Playbill . pp. 33 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55783 - 566 - 6 . Jump up ^ Paul Newland ( 2010 ) . Do n't Look Now : British Cinema in the 1970s . Intellect Books . pp. 138 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84150 - 320 - 2 . Jump up ^ Williams , sally . `` Elstree Studios . '' . The Free Library . Farlex , Inc . Retrieved 16 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Huckvale , David ( 28 May 2008 ) . Hammer Film Scores and the Musical Avant - Garde . McFarland . p. 150 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 3456 - 5 . Retrieved 30 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Stuart Fisher ( 24 October 2013 ) . British River Navigations : Inland Cuts , Fens , Dikes , Channels and Non-tidal Rivers . A&C Black . pp. 227 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4729 - 0668 - 7 . Jump up ^ Bruce G. Hallenbeck ( 30 April 2009 ) . Comedy - Horror Films : A Chronological History , 1914 -- 2008 . McFarland . pp. 109 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 5378 - 8 . Jump up ^ Henkin ( 1979 ) , p. 16 Jump up ^ Harpole , Charles ( 5 November 1999 ) . History of the American cinema ( 1st ed . ) . Charles Scribner 's Sons . pp. 212 -- 213 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 80463 - 7 . Jump up ^ Hadleigh , Boze ( 1 January 2001 ) . The Lavender ScreenL Updated ( Rev Upd ed . ) . Citadel . p. 132 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8065 - 2199 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Mick Rock '' . Official web site . 921 Associates , LLC. 2011 . Archived from the original on 18 September 2012 . Retrieved 4 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Samantha Michele Riley ( 2008 ) . Becoming the Wig : Mis / identifications and Citationality in Queer Rock Musicals . ProQuest . pp. 22 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 549 - 53382 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Siegel , Robert . `` Making The Rocky Horror Picture Show '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved 27 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Keppler , Nick ( 7 June 2007 ) . `` The Beautiful Creatures '' . Houston Press . Retrieved 28 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Jones , Melanie ( 18 October 2011 ) . `` Rocky Horror Picture Show Costumes : DIY Ideas for Halloween 2011 '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 15 November 2014 . Jump up ^ David Laderman ( 1 March 2010 ) . Punk Slash ! Musicals : Tracking Slip - Sync on Film . University of Texas Press . pp. 32 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 77791 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Kurt Lancaster ; Thomas J. Mikotowicz ( 1 January 2001 ) . Performing the Force : Essays on Immersion Into Science Fiction , Fantasy , and Horror Environments . McFarland . pp. 128 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 0895 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Lorelei Shark Interview -- She IS The Rocky Horror LIPS -- Scott Michaels Dearly Departed online '' . 2016 - 06 - 07 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` The Rocky Horror Picture Show > Charts & Awards '' , AllMusic , Rovi Corporation , retrieved 3 October 2010 Jump up ^ `` The Rocky Horror Picture Show ( album ) '' . Australian charts portal . Hung Medien . Retrieved 3 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Rocky Horror Picture Show ( album ) '' . New Zealand charts portal . Hung Medien . Retrieved 3 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Ruhlmann , William , `` The Rocky Horror Picture Show > Review '' , Allmusic , Rovi Corporation , retrieved 3 October 2010 ^ Jump up to : William A. Henkin ; Bill Henkin ( 1 August 1979 ) . The Rocky Horror Picture Show Book . PENGUIN Group ( USA ) Incorporated . ISBN 978 - 0 - 452 - 26654 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Samuels ( 1983 ) , p. 11 Jump up ^ `` Fox Celebrates 25 Years of Absolute Pleasure , Pop Culture Phenomenon and Midnight Classic '' ( Press release ) . RHPS Official Fan Site. 24 August 2000 . Retrieved 13 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` RHPS regular showtimes '' . Retrieved 13 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Smith , Zach . `` What keeps The Rocky Horror Picture Show flame burning for more than two decades in Raleigh ? '' . Indy Week . Retrieved 13 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Piro & Hess ( 1991 ) , p. 77 Jump up ^ Judith A. Peraino ( 2005 ) . Listening to the Sirens : Musical Technologies of Queer Identity from Homer to Hedwig . University of California Press . pp. 234 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 92174 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` British Board of Film Classification : RHPS '' . Retrieved 14 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Champion , Lindsay ( 14 August 2013 ) . `` Happy Birthday , Dear Rocky ! 38 Freaky Facts About The Rocky Horror Picture Show '' . Broadway.com . Retrieved 27 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` RHPS Official Fan Site : News : Press Release '' . Retrieved 2 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( 1 January 1975 ) . `` The Rocky Horror Picture Show '' . Rogerebert.com . Retrieved 5 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Caroline Joan Picart ( 2 July 2003 ) . Remaking the Frankenstein Myth on Film : Between Laughter and Horror . SUNY Press . pp. 62 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 5770 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` T he Rocky Horror Picture Show '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 5 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Rocky Horror Picture Show '' . BBC . 25 August 2000 . Retrieved 5 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Rocky Horror Picture Show '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 5 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Rocky Horror Picture Show '' . Time Out . Retrieved 5 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Rocky Horror Picture Show '' . Chicago Reader . Retrieved 5 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` National Film Registry Titles 1989 -- 2013 '' . loc.gov . Library of Congress . 20 November 2013 . Archived from the original on 19 April 2012 . Retrieved 18 February 2014 . Jump up ^ L.C. Information Bulletin . Library of Congress . 2006 . p. 43 . ^ Jump up to : Mathijs , Ernest ; Mendik , Xavier ( 1 December 2007 ) . The Cult Film Reader . McGraw - Hill International . pp. 395 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 335 - 21923 - 0 . Jump up ^ Ernest Mathijs ; Jamie Sexton ( 30 March 2012 ) . Cult Cinema . John Wiley & Sons . pp. 101 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4443 - 9642 - 3 . Jump up ^ Overand , William ( 19 July 1978 ) . `` Saturday Night Fervor at the Tiffany Theater '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Jim Stewart ( 2011 ) . Folsom Street Blues : A Memoir of 1970s SoMa and Leatherfolk in Gay San Francisco . Palm Drive Publishing . pp. 109 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 890834 - 03 - 6 . Jump up ^ Jack Santino ( 1994 ) . Halloween and Other Festivals of Death and Life . Univ. of Tennessee Press . pp. 105 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87049 - 813 - 8 . Jump up ^ Gay , Gerald M. ( 13 March 2014 ) . `` ' Rocky Horror ' shines at El Fishnet Fiesta '' . Arizona Daily Star . Retrieved 18 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Transylvanian Concubines '' . www.transylvanianconcubines.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Sins O ' The Flesh -- Where Rocky Horror Lives in Los Angeles ! -- Sins O ' The Flesh '' . Sins O ' The Flesh . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ Bob Batchelor ( December 2011 ) . Cult Pop Culture : How the Fringe Became Mainstream . ABC - CLIO . pp. 52 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 35780 - 0 . Jump up ^ Sharon Marie Ross ( 23 September 2011 ) . Beyond the Box : Television and the Internet . John Wiley & Sons . pp. 31 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4443 - 5865 - 0 . Jump up ^ Lori Ortiz ( 31 March 2011 ) . Disco Dance . ABC - CLIO . pp. 147 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 37747 - 1 . Jump up ^ Delia Silvester ( 21 December 2013 ) . Dance and Movement Sessions for Older People : A Handbook for Activity Coordinators and Carers . Jessica Kingsley Publishers . pp. 47 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85700 - 846 - 6 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( 27 October 2010 ) . `` Sugarland Tops Kings of Leon on Billboard 200 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Bisexual Movements Archived 14 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine . glbtq.com . Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of the Bisexual Movement by Liz A. Highleyman '' . Archived from the original on 26 September 2007 . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` bi any other nam e '' . Jump up ^ Justin Smith ( 28 February 2010 ) . Withnail and Us : Cult Films and Film Cults in British Cinema . I.B. Tauris . pp. 32 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85771 - 793 - 1 . Jump up ^ Betty Jo Tucker ( 2004 ) . Susan Sarandon : A True Maverick . Wheatmark , Inc . pp. 139 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58736 - 300 - 9 . Jump up ^ Charles H. Lippy ( 1 January 2006 ) . Faith in America : Changes , Challenges , New Directions . Greenwood Publishing Group . pp. 2 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 98605 - 6 . Jump up ^ Tony Blackshaw ( 18 July 2013 ) . Routledge Handbook of Leisure Studies . Routledge . pp. 117 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 49559 - 5 . Jump up ^ Robert Cettl ( 12 December 2010 ) . Film Tales . Wider Screenings TM . pp. 94 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9870500 - 0 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Revenge of the Old Quees '' . RockyMusic . Retrieved 15 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Van Gelder , Lawrence ( 13 September 1991 ) . `` ' Rocky Horror ' to ' Queen ' '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 3 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Drees , Rich ( 27 September 2010 ) . `` Script Review : Revenge of the Old Queen '' . Film Buff Online . Retrieved 30 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` As Rocky Horror sequel comes to stage , it seems creator was far ahead of his time Stage The Guardian '' . Retrieved 2 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Rocky Horror Picture Show ' TV Remake In Works At As Fox Special '' . Deadline.com. 10 April 2015 . Retrieved 11 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fox remaking ' Rocky Horror Picture Show ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc. 10 April 2015 . Retrieved 11 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Laverne Cox starring in Rocky Horror remake '' . 21 October 2015 . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Victoria Justice Joins Fox 's ' Rocky Horror Picture Show ' Remake '' . Billboard . The Hollywood Reporter. 4 January 2016 . Retrieved 4 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Adam Lambert to Co-Star in Fox 's ' Rocky Horror Picture Show ' YAHOO News Jump up ^ `` Tim Curry Lands Role in ' Rocky Horror Picture Show ' Remake '' . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Annaleigh Ashford Joins The Rocky Horror Picture Show '' . ComingSoon.net . CraveOnline. 1 February 2016 . Retrieved 2 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Moylan , Brian ( 2016 - 10 - 19 ) . `` The fan rituals that made Rocky Horror Picture Show a cult classic '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is The New Black 's Laverne Cox To Star In Rocky Horror Picture Show Remake '' . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Bibliography ( edit ) Armstrong , Richard ; Charity , Tom ; Hughes , Lloyd ; Winter , Jessica ( 2007 ) . The Rough Guide to Film . London : Rough Guides . p. 506 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4053 - 8498 - 8 . Batchelor , Bob ( 2012 ) . Cult pop culture : how the fringe became mainstream . Santa Barbara , Calif : Praeger . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 35780 - 0 . Blackshaw , Tony ( 2013 ) . Routledge Handbook of Leisure Studies . Hoboken : Taylor and Francis . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 49559 - 5 . Dika , Vera ( 2003 ) . Recycled culture in contemporary art and film : the uses of nostalgia . Cambridge New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 01631 - 5 . Hallenbeck , Bruce ( 2009 ) . Comedy - Horror Films . Jefferson : McFarland . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 3332 - 2 . Harpole , Charles ( 1990 ) . History of the American Cinema . New York : Scribner . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 80463 - 7 . Henkin , Bill ( 1979 ) . The Rocky Horror Picture Show Book . New York : Hawthorn Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8015 - 6436 - 9 . Hitchcock , Susan ( 2007 ) . Frankenstein : a cultural history . New York : W.W. Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 06144 - 4 . Lancaster , Kurt ( 2001 ) . Performing the force : essays on immersion into science fiction , fantasy , and horror environments . Jefferson , N.C : McFarland . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 0895 - 5 . Lippy , Charles ( 2006 ) . Faith in America changes , challenges , new directions . Westport , Conn : Praeger . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 98605 - 6 . Leitch , Thomas ( 2002 ) . Crime Films . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 64671 - 0 . Mathijs , Ernest ( 2011 ) . Cult cinema an introduction . Malden , Mass : John Wiley & Sons Ltd . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4443 - 9642 - 3 . Mathijs , Ernest ( 2008 ) . The cult film reader . Maidenhead , Berkshire , England New York : Open University Press / McGraw - Hill Education . ISBN 978 - 0 - 335 - 21923 - 0 . Miller , Scott ( 2011 ) . Sex , drugs , rock & roll , and musicals . Boston : Northeastern University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55553 - 761 - 6 . Peraino , Judith ( 2006 ) . Listening to the sirens musical technologies of queer identity from Homer to Hedwig . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 92174 - 0 . Picart , Caroline ( 2003 ) . Remaking the Frankenstein myth on film : between laughter and horror . Albany : State University of New York Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 5770 - 2 . Piro , Sal ; Hess , Michael ( 1991 ) . The Official Rocky Horror Picture Show Audience Par - tic - i - pation Guide . London : Stabur Press . ISBN 0 - 941613 - 16 - X . Samuels , Stuart ( 1983 ) . Midnight Movies . New York : Collier Books . ISBN 0 - 02 - 081450 - X . Sandys , Jon ( 2007 ) . Movie Mistakes Take 5 . London : Virgin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7535 - 1113 - 8 . Santino , Jack ( 1994 ) . Halloween and other festivals of death and life . Knoxville : University of Tennessee Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87049 - 813 - 8 . Smith , Justin ( 2010 ) . Withnail and us cult films and film cults in British cinema . London New York : I.B. Tauris Distributed in the United States and Canada exclusively by Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85771 - 793 - 1 . Stewart , Jim ( 2011 ) . Folsom Street blues : a memoir of 1970s SoMa and leatherfolk in gay San Francisco . San Francisco , CA : Palm Drive Pub . ISBN 978 - 1 - 890834 - 03 - 6 . Silvester , Delia ( 2013 ) . Dance and Movement Sessions for Older People A Handbook for Activity Coordinators and Carers . City : Jessica Kingsley Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85700 - 846 - 6 . Tucker , Betty ( 2004 ) . Susan Sarandon : a true maverick . Tucson , Ariz : Hats Off . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58736 - 300 - 9 . Ross , Sharon ( 2011 ) . Beyond the Box Television and the Internet . Chicester : Wiley . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4443 - 5865 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Rocky Horror Picture Show Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Rocky Horror Picture Show . Official website The Rocky Horror Picture Show on IMDb The Rocky Horror Picture Show at Box Office Mojo The Rocky Horror Picture Show at Rotten Tomatoes The Rocky Horror Picture Show at Metacritic The Rocky Horror Picture Show official trailer at YouTube The Rocky Horror Picture Show Stage shows The Rocky Horror Show ( 1973 ) The Rocky Horror Show Live ( 2015 ) Films The Rocky Horror Picture Show ( 1975 ) Soundtrack Shock Treatment ( 1981 ) The Rocky Horror Picture Show : Let 's Do the Time Warp Again ( 2016 ) Soundtrack Songs `` Science Fiction / Double Feature '' `` Dammit Janet '' `` Over at the Frankenstein Place '' `` The Time Warp '' `` Sweet Transvestite '' `` I Can Make You a Man '' `` Hot Patootie -- Bless My Soul '' `` Touch - a , Touch - a , Touch - a , Touch Me '' `` Rose Tint My World '' `` I 'm Going Home '' Video games The Rocky Horror Show ( 1985 ) Rocky Interactive Horror Show ( 1999 ) See also Cult following Sequels and other media The Rocky Horror Punk Rock Show `` The Rocky Horror Glee Show '' ( EP ) A Regular Frankie Fan Sal Piro Films directed by Jim Sharman Shirley Thompson vs. the Aliens ( 1972 ) The Rocky Horror Picture Show ( 1975 ) Summer of Secrets ( 1976 ) The Night the Prowler ( 1978 ) Shock Treatment ( 1981 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Rocky_Horror_Picture_Show&oldid=801443913 '' Categories : 1975 films English - language films Rocky Horror 1970s comedy horror films 1970s LGBT - related films 1970s musical comedy films 1970s musical films 20th Century Fox films British films British comedy horror films British LGBT - related films British musical comedy films Alien visitations in films American films American comedy horror films American LGBT - related films American musical comedy films Cannibalism in fiction Cross-dressing in American films Dance films Films based on musicals Films directed by Jim Sharman Films set in country houses Films set in the 1970s Films shot in Berkshire Incest in film Transgender in film LGBT - related comedy films LGBT - related horror films LGBT - related musical films Mad scientist films United States National Film Registry films Screwball comedy films Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Good articles Use British English from March 2016 Use dmy dates from August 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego Italiano עברית Latina Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 September 2017 , at 18 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Rocky%20Horror%20Picture%20Show
| 2,174 |
who dies in the last episode of season 6 walking dead
|
Last Day on Earth ( the Walking Dead )
|
last day on earth ( the walking dead )
|
`` Last Day on Earth '' is the sixteenth and final episode of the sixth season , and 83rd episode overall of the post-apocalyptic horror television series The Walking Dead , which aired on AMC on April 3 , 2016 . The episode was written by Scott M. Gimple and Matthew Negrete , and directed by Greg Nicotero .
|
This episode marks the first appearance of Jeffrey Dean Morgan as Negan , the mysterious leader of the Saviors that he rules in tyranny . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Production 3 Reception 3.1 Critical reception 3.2 Ratings 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) After Maggie ( Lauren Cohan ) suffers pain from pregnancy , Rick ( Andrew Lincoln ) and the group urgently try to get her to the Hilltop Colony for medical attention from their RV . However , every one of the routes they take is blocked by a progressively larger number of Saviors , led by Simon ( Steven Ogg ) , with increasingly frightening capabilities . Concurrently , Morgan ( Lennie James ) finds Carol ( Melissa McBride ) injured from a cut on her stomach and patches her up . While Morgan goes outside to kill a walker that is making noise , Carol flees and Morgan again pursues on horseback . Roman ( Stuart Greer ) , the Savior who survived her attack , finds Carol first , shooting her in the right arm and leg , stating that she will suffer like his friends did . Morgan shows up just in time to save her , breaking his vow by killing Roman , and encounters two men wearing armor who approach on horseback : one of them is the mysterious survivor from the barn that Morgan saved from Rick . After the strangers offer them help , Morgan agrees to get Carol medical assistance . After nightfall , with time running out , Eugene ( Josh McDermitt ) volunteers to be bait to distract the Saviors by driving the empty RV by himself to lure them while the rest of the group carry Maggie to the Hilltop through the woods on foot . However , as the group carries a very weak Maggie on a stretcher , they end up running into the midst of a large group of Saviors , led by Simon from earlier , who were expecting and waiting for them all to arrive . They have already captured Eugene , along with Glenn ( Steven Yeun ) , Michonne ( Danai Gurira ) , Rosita ( Christian Serratos ) , and a gravely wounded , but alive , Daryl ( Norman Reedus ) . The entire group is disarmed and forced to their knees . As the group kneels helplessly on the ground , a man , holding a baseball bat wrapped in barbed wire , dubbed `` Lucille '' , steps out of the group 's RV . In an intimidating manner , he approaches and greets a nervous Rick , revealing himself to be Negan ( Jeffrey Dean Morgan ) , the totalitarian leader of the Saviors . Unhappy , Negan berates Rick for killing many of his men and then goes on to explain the new world order : the group now works for him and half of their supplies now belong to him . He introduces the group to his barbed - wired baseball bat , dubbed `` Lucille '' , and reveals that the entire set up , including the roadblocks , was simply to decide `` who gets the honor '' of dying as punishment for their actions . When Negan threatens to put Maggie out of her misery , Glenn lunges at him , but is pulled back in line by Dwight ( Austin Amelio ) . Unable to choose a victim , Negan claims to have an idea ; he starts a game of `` eeny , meeny , miny , moe '' , pointing Lucille down the line of survivors as he recites the rhyme . He eventually lands on `` it '' , making his choice . From the victim 's point - of - view , Negan prepares to beat them , telling his men to cut out Carl 's ( Chandler Riggs ) other eye and feed it to Rick should anyone move or say anything . Negan then slams Lucille down onto his victim 's head . To the horror of the other survivors , Negan continues to beat the victim over and over again . Production ( edit ) On November 10 , 2015 , it was announced that Jeffrey Dean Morgan had been cast as Negan and would make his debut in the season finale . This episode is the third in the sixth season to air in an expanded 90 - minute time slot . Director Greg Nicotero confirmed that they filmed two versions of Negan 's introduction -- one for broadcast with toned down language and the other for the Blu - ray release which has swearing to match his speech from the comics . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) Despite mixed reviews for the episode itself , Jeffrey Dean Morgan received praise for his performance as Negan . `` Last Day on Earth '' received mixed reviews from critics . While Jeffrey Dean Morgan 's performance as Negan was praised , the episode was mostly criticized for its pacing and cliffhanger ending . On Rotten Tomatoes , it holds a 43 % with an average rating of 6.55 out of 10 , based on 30 reviews . The critics ' consensus reads : Despite Jeffrey Dean Morgan 's deliciously evil turn as Negan , the meandering `` Last Day on Earth '' -- and its manipulative cliffhanger ending -- make for a disappointing season finale . Matt Fowler of IGN gave it a 7.3 out of 10 in his review and commented , `` For all that ' Last Day on Earth ' was really about , and what was important about it , it went on too long . And then failed to deliver a satisfying exclamation point . Instead , we got another fake out / cliffhanger . A technique this show is absolutely over indulging in . Jeffrey Dean Morgan was terrific as Negan though . '' Zack Handlen of The A.V. Club gave the episode a C , the lowest grade given by the website for the show to date , faulting the episode for awkward , drawn - out writing and forced story arcs which could n't maintain an atmosphere of suspense as they moved inevitably toward a fixed ending everyone knew was coming . Todd VanDerWerff of Vox gave the episode a negative review , calling it the worst episode of the show so far , and commenting , `` The extra-long episode spent its first hour dramatizing all the excitement of your GPS insisting that you take a road you already know is closed , and the last half - hour sank some nicely spooky moments with a too - long monologue and a completely botched cliffhanger . '' However , he gave a positive review on Negan 's introduction . In response to the backlash the cliffhanger received , showrunner Scott M. Gimple said : If you approach it from a place of skepticism or with the idea that there 's some kind of negative or cynical motivation behind it ... it 's difficult to convince you otherwise . I do think we 've done enough on the show and we 've delivered a story that people have enjoyed ( to warrant fans giving ) us the benefit of the doubt . I truly hope that people will see ( the Season 7 premiere ) and feel it justifies the way we 've decided to tell the story . Ratings ( edit ) The episode received a 6.9 rating in the key 18 - 49 demographic with 14.19 million total viewers . This was a significant increase from the previous episode , `` East '' , which received a 5.9 rating and 12.38 million total , but also significantly lower than the ratings for the season 5 finale , which was watched by 15.8 million American viewers with an 18 - 49 rating of 8.2 . Including live + 3 ratings , episode was watched by 18.42 million Americans . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( November 10 , 2015 ) . `` Walking Dead Casts Major Comics Villain Negan '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ross , Dalton ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` The Walking Dead to get expanded 90 minute season finale '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ross , Dalton ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` The Walking Dead director Greg Nicotero says the actors do n't even know who died '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Last Day on Earth '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Matt ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` The Walking Dead : `` Last Day on Earth '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Handlen , Zack ( April 3 , 2016 ) . `` The Walking Dead season finale swings , misses '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff , Todd ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` The Walking Dead season 6 finale : `` Last Day on Earth '' is the worst episode the show has ever done `` . Vox . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` The Walking Dead EP Defends Cliffhanger Ending , Teases Season 7 's ' Boundary - Pushing ' Death Scene '' . TVLine . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 5 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : Walking Dead finale scores its best rating of 2016 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : Walking Dead hits season low on Easter , NCAA strong for TBS '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` The Walking Dead Season 5 Finale is Highest Rated Finale in Series History , Garnering 15.8 Million Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/04/10/cable-live-3-ratings-march-28-april-3-2016/ External links ( edit ) Horror fiction portal Television portal `` Last Day on Earth '' at AMC `` Last Day on Earth '' on IMDb `` Last Day on Earth '' at TV.com ( hide ) The Walking Dead episodes Season 1 `` Days Gone Bye '' `` Guts '' `` Tell It to the Frogs '' `` Vatos '' `` Wildfire '' `` TS - 19 '' Season 2 `` What Lies Ahead '' `` Bloodletting '' `` Save the Last One '' `` Cherokee Rose '' `` Chupacabra '' `` Secrets '' `` Pretty Much Dead Already '' `` Nebraska '' `` Triggerfinger '' `` 18 Miles Out '' `` Judge , Jury , Executioner '' `` Better Angels '' `` Beside the Dying Fire '' Season 3 `` Seed '' `` Sick '' `` Walk with Me '' `` Killer Within '' `` Say the Word '' `` Hounded '' `` When the Dead Come Knocking '' `` Made to Suffer '' `` The Suicide King '' `` Home '' `` I Ai n't a Judas '' `` Clear '' `` Arrow on the Doorpost '' `` Prey '' `` This Sorrowful Life '' `` Welcome to the Tombs '' Season 4 `` 30 Days Without an Accident '' `` Infected '' `` Isolation '' `` Indifference '' `` Internment '' `` Live Bait '' `` Dead Weight '' `` Too Far Gone '' `` After '' `` Inmates '' `` Claimed '' `` Still '' `` Alone '' `` The Grove '' `` Us '' `` A '' Season 5 `` No Sanctuary '' `` Strangers '' `` Four Walls and a Roof '' `` Slabtown '' `` Self Help '' `` Consumed '' `` Crossed '' `` Coda '' `` What Happened and What 's Going On '' `` Them '' `` The Distance '' `` Remember '' `` Forget '' `` Spend '' `` Try '' `` Conquer '' Season 6 `` First Time Again '' `` JSS '' `` Thank You '' `` Here 's Not Here '' `` Now '' `` Always Accountable '' `` Heads Up '' `` Start to Finish '' `` No Way Out '' `` The Next World '' `` Knots Untie '' `` Not Tomorrow Yet '' `` The Same Boat '' `` Twice as Far '' `` East '' `` Last Day on Earth '' Season 7 `` The Day Will Come When You Wo n't Be '' `` The Well '' `` The Cell '' `` Service '' `` Go Getters '' `` Swear '' `` Sing Me a Song '' `` Hearts Still Beating '' `` Rock in the Road '' `` New Best Friends '' `` Hostiles and Calamities '' `` Say Yes '' `` Bury Me Here '' `` The Other Side '' `` Something They Need '' `` The First Day of the Rest of Your Life '' Season 8 `` Mercy '' `` The Damned '' `` Monsters '' `` Some Guy '' `` The Big Scary U '' `` The King , the Widow , and Rick '' `` Time for After '' `` How It 's Gotta Be '' `` Honor '' `` The Lost and the Plunderers '' `` Dead or Alive Or '' `` The Key '' `` Do Not Send Us Astray '' `` Still Gotta Mean Something '' `` Worth '' Webisodes Torn Apart Cold Storage Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Last_Day_on_Earth_(The_Walking_Dead)&oldid=835653936 '' Categories : 2016 American television episodes The Walking Dead ( TV series ) episodes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Português Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 00 : 00 . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last%20Day%20on%20Earth%20%28The%20Walking%20Dead%29
| 2,175 |
||
when did charles dickens publish a christmas carol
|
A Christmas Carol in Prose , Being a Ghost - Story of Christmas , commonly known as A Christmas Carol , is a novella by Charles Dickens , first published in London by Chapman & Hall in 1843 ; the first edition was illustrated by John Leech . A Christmas Carol tells the story of Ebenezer Scrooge , an old miser who is visited by the ghost of his former business partner Jacob Marley and the Ghosts of Christmas Past , Present and Yet to Come . After their visits Scrooge is transformed into a kinder , gentler man .
|
1843
|
A Christmas Carol
|
a christmas carol
|
A Christmas Carol in Prose , Being a Ghost - Story of Christmas , commonly known as A Christmas Carol , is a novella by Charles Dickens , first published in London by Chapman & Hall in 1843 ; the first edition was illustrated by John Leech . A Christmas Carol tells the story of Ebenezer Scrooge , an old miser who is visited by the ghost of his former business partner Jacob Marley and the Ghosts of Christmas Past , Present and Yet to Come . After their visits Scrooge is transformed into a kinder , gentler man .
|
Dickens wrote A Christmas Carol at a time when the British were examining and exploring Christmas traditions from the past , such as carols , as well as new customs such as Christmas trees . He was influenced by experiences from his own past , and from the Christmas stories of other authors , including Washington Irving and Douglas Jerrold . Dickens had written three Christmas stories prior to the novella , and was inspired to write the story following a visit to the Field Lane Ragged school , one of several establishments for London 's half - starved , illiterate street children . The treatment of the poor and the ability of a self - interested man redeeming himself by transforming into a more sympathetic character are the key themes of the story . There is discussion among academics as to whether this was a fully secular story , or if it is a Christian allegory . Published on 19 December , the first edition sold out by Christmas Eve ; by the end of 1844 thirteen editions had been released . Most critics reviewed the novella positively . The story was illicitly copied in January 1844 ; Dickens took action against the publishers , who went bankrupt , further reducing Dickens 's small profits from the publication . He went on to write four other Christmas stories in subsequent years . In 1849 he began public readings of the story which proved so successful he undertook 127 further performances until 1870 , the year of his death . A Christmas Carol has never been out of print and has been translated into several languages ; the story has been adapted many times for film , stage , opera and other media . With A Christmas Carol , Dickens captured the zeitgeist of the mid-Victorian revival of the Christmas holiday . He has been acknowledged as an influence on the modern Western observance of Christmas and inspired several aspects of Christmas , such as family gatherings , seasonal food and drink , dancing , games and a festive generosity of spirit . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 1.1 Stave one 1.2 Stave two 1.3 Stave three 1.4 Stave four 1.5 Stave five 2 Background 2.1 Literary influences 2.2 Social influences 2.3 Writing history 3 Characters 4 Themes 5 Publication 6 Reception 7 Aftermath 8 Performances and adaptations 9 Legacy 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Sources 13.1 Books 13.2 Online resources 13.3 Newspapers , journals and magazines 14 External links Plot ( edit ) `` Marley 's Ghost '' , original illustration by John Leech from the 1843 edition Dickens divided the book into five chapters , which he labelled `` staves '' . Stave one ( edit ) The story begins on a cold and bleak Christmas Eve in London , seven years after the death of Ebenezer Scrooge 's business partner , Jacob Marley . Scrooge , an old miser , hates Christmas and refuses an invitation to Christmas dinner from his nephew Fred . He turns away two men who seek a donation from him in order to provide food and heating for the poor , and only grudgingly allows his overworked , underpaid clerk , Bob Cratchit , Christmas Day off with pay to conform to the social custom . At home that night , Scrooge is visited by Marley 's ghost , who wanders the Earth , entwined by heavy chains and money boxes , forged during a lifetime of greed and selfishness . Marley tells Scrooge that he has one chance to avoid the same fate : he will be visited by three spirits and he must listen to them or be cursed to carry chains of his own , much longer than Marley 's chains . Stave two ( edit ) The first of the spirits , the Ghost of Christmas Past , takes Scrooge to Christmas scenes of Scrooge 's boyhood and youth , reminding him of a time when he was more innocent . The boyhood scenes portray Scrooge 's lonely childhood , his relationship with his beloved sister Fan , and a Christmas party hosted by his first employer , Mr. Fezziwig , who treated Scrooge like a son . They also portray Scrooge 's neglected fiancée Belle , who ends their relationship after she realises that Scrooge will never love her as much as he loves money . Finally , they visit a now - married Belle with her large , happy family on a recent Christmas Eve . Stave three ( edit ) The second spirit , the Ghost of Christmas Present , takes Scrooge to a joy - filled market of people buying the makings of Christmas dinner and celebrations of Christmas in a miner 's cottage and in a lighthouse . Scrooge and the ghost also visit Fred 's Christmas party . A major part of this stave is taken up with Bob Cratchit 's family feast and introduces his youngest son , Tiny Tim , a happy boy with a chronic illness . The spirit informs Scrooge that Tiny Tim will die soon unless the course of events changes . Before disappearing , the spirit shows Scrooge two hideous , emaciated children named Ignorance and Want . He tells Scrooge to beware the former above all and mocks Scrooge 's concern for their welfare . Stave four ( edit ) Scrooge and Bob Cratchit celebrate Christmas in an illustration from Stave Five of the original edition , 1843 . The third spirit , the Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come , shows Scrooge a Christmas Day in the future . The ghost shows him scenes involving the death of a disliked man . The man 's funeral will only be attended by local businessmen if lunch is provided . His charwoman , his laundress , and the local undertaker steal some of his possessions and sell them to a fence . When Scrooge asks the ghost to show anyone who feels any emotion over the man 's death , the ghost can only show him the pleasure of a poor couple in debt to the man , rejoicing that his death gives them more time to put their finances in order . After Scrooge asks to see some tenderness connected with any death , the ghost shows him Bob Cratchit and his family mourning the passing of Tiny Tim . The ghost then shows Scrooge the man 's neglected grave , whose tombstone bears Scrooge 's name . Sobbing , Scrooge pledges to the ghost that he will change his ways to avoid this outcome . Stave five ( edit ) Scrooge awakens on Christmas morning a changed man . He spends the day with Fred 's family and anonymously sends a large turkey to the Cratchit home for Christmas dinner . The following day he gives Cratchit an increase in pay and becomes like another father to Tiny Tim . From then on Scrooge begins to treat everyone with kindness , generosity and compassion , embodying the spirit of Christmas . Background ( edit ) Dickens at the blacking warehouse , as envisioned by Fred Barnard The writer Charles Dickens was born to a respectable family which got into financial difficulties as a result of the spendthrift nature of John , Dickens 's father . In 1824 John was committed to Marshalsea , a debtors ' prison in Southwark , London . Dickens , aged 12 , was forced to pawn his collection of books , leave school and go to work at a shoe - blacking factory , a dirty and rat - infested place . The change in Dickens 's circumstances gave him what his biographer , Michael Slater , described as a `` deep personal and social outrage '' , which heavily influenced his works . At the end of December 1842 Dickens began publishing his novel Martin Chuzzlewit as a monthly serial ; although the novel was his favourite work , sales had been disappointing and he faced financial difficulties . By this time he was a well - established author , having written six major works , as well as several short stories , novellas and other works . Celebrating the Christmas season had been growing in popularity through the Victorian era . Although the Christmas tree had been introduced in Britain during the 18th century , its use was popularised by Queen Victoria and Prince Albert , and their practice was copied in many homes across the country . In the early 19th century there had been a revival of interest in Christmas carols , following a decline in popularity over the previous hundred years . The publication of Davies Gilbert 's 1823 work Some Ancient Christmas Carols , With the Tunes to Which They Were Formerly Sung in the West of England and William Sandys 's 1833 collection Christmas Carols , Ancient and Modern led to a growth in the form 's popularity in Britain . Dickens had an interest in Christmas , and his first story on the subject was `` Christmas Festivities '' , published in Bell 's Weekly Messenger in 1835 ; the story was then published as `` A Christmas Dinner '' in Sketches by Boz ( 1836 ) . `` The Story of the Goblins Who Stole a Sexton '' , another Christmas story , appeared in the 1836 novel The Pickwick Papers , followed by a passage about Christmas in Dickens 's editorial Master Humphrey 's Clock . Literary influences ( edit ) Washington Irving in 1820 Dickens was not the first author to celebrate the Christmas season in literature . Among earlier authors who influenced Dickens was Washington Irving , whose 1819 -- 20 work The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon , Gent . included four essays on old English Christmas traditions that he experienced while staying at Aston Hall near Birmingham . The tales and essays attracted Dickens , and the two authors shared the belief that the staging of a nostalgic English Christmas might help restore the social harmony that had been lost in the modern world . Several works may have had an influence on the writing of A Christmas Carol , including two Douglas Jerrold essays : one from an 1841 issue of Punch , `` How Mr. Chokepear Keeps a Merry Christmas '' and one from 1843 , `` The Beauties of the Police '' . More broadly , Dickens was influenced by fairy tales and nursery stories , which he closely associated with Christmas , because he saw them as stories of conversion and transformation . Social influences ( edit ) Charles Dickens in 1842 , the year before the publication of A Christmas Carol Dickens was touched by the lot of poor children in the middle decades of the 19th century . In early 1843 he toured the Cornish tin mines , where he was angered after seeing children working in appalling conditions . The suffering he witnessed there was reinforced by a visit to the Field Lane Ragged school , one of several London schools set up for the education of the capital 's half - starved , illiterate street children . In February 1843 the Second Report of the Children 's Employment Commission was published . It was a parliamentary report exposing the effects of the Industrial Revolution upon working class children . Horrified by what he read , Dickens planned to publish an inexpensive political pamphlet tentatively titled , An Appeal to the People of England , on behalf of the Poor Man 's Child , but changed his mind , deferring the pamphlet 's production until the end of the year . In March he wrote to Dr. Southwood Smith , one of the four commissioners responsible for the Second Report , about his change in plans : `` you will certainly feel that a Sledge hammer has come down with twenty times the force -- twenty thousand times the force -- I could exert by following out my first idea '' . In a fundraising speech on 5 October 1843 at the Manchester Athenaeum , Dickens urged workers and employers to join together to combat ignorance with educational reform , and realised in the days following that the most effective way to reach the broadest segment of the population with his social concerns about poverty and injustice was to write a deeply felt Christmas narrative rather than polemical pamphlets and essays . Writing History ( edit ) The manuscript of A Christmas Carol - Morgan Library ( 2017 ) John Leech , illustrator of the first edition By mid-1843 Dickens began to suffer from financial problems . Sales of Martin Chuzzlewit were slowing , and his wife , Catherine , was pregnant with the couple 's fifth child . Matters worsened when Chapman & Hall , Martin Chuzzlewit 's publishers , began to talk about reducing his monthly income by £ 50 if sales dropped further . He began to write A Christmas Carol in October 1843 . Michael Slater , Dickens 's biographer , describes the book as being `` written at white heat '' ; it was completed in six weeks , with the final pages written in early December . He built much of the work in his head while taking night - time walks of 15 to 20 miles ( 24 to 32 km ) around London . Slater says that A Christmas Carol was intended to open its readers ' hearts towards those struggling to survive on the lower rungs of the economic ladder and to encourage practical benevolence , but also to warn of the terrible danger to society created by the toleration of widespread ignorance and actual want among the poor . George Cruikshank , the illustrator who had previously worked with Dickens on Sketches by Boz ( 1836 ) and Oliver Twist ( 1838 ) , introduced him to the caricaturist John Leech . By 24 October Dickens invited Leech to work on A Christmas Carol , and four hand - coloured etchings and four black - and - white wood engravings by the artist accompanied the text . Characters ( edit ) John Elwes , also called John the Miser ; one of the models for Scrooge The central character of A Christmas Carol is Ebenezer Scrooge , a miserly London - based moneylender , described in the story as `` a squeezing , wrenching , grasping , scraping , clutching , covetous old sinner ! '' Kelly writes that Scrooge may have been influenced by Dickens 's conflicting feelings for his father , whom he both loved and demonised . This psychological conflict may be responsible for the two radically different Scrooges in the tale -- one a cold , stingy and greedy semi-recluse , the other a benevolent , sociable man . Robert Douglas - Fairhurst , the professor of English literature , considers that in the opening part of the book covering young Scrooge 's lonely and unhappy childhood , and his aspiration for money to avoid poverty `` is something of a self - parody of Dickens 's fears about himself '' ; the post-transformation parts of the book are how Dickens optimistically sees himself . Scrooge could also be based on two misers : the eccentric John Elwes , MP , or Jemmy Wood , the owner of the Gloucester Old Bank who was also known as `` The Gloucester Miser '' . According to the sociologist Frank W. Elwell , Scrooge 's views on the poor are a reflection of those of the demographer and political economist Thomas Malthus , while the miser 's questions `` Are there no prisons ? ... And the Union workhouses ? ... The treadmill and the Poor Law are in full vigour , then ? '' are a reflection of a sarcastic question raised by the Chartist philosopher Thomas Carlyle , `` Are there not treadmills , gibbets ; even hospitals , poor - rates , New Poor - Law ? '' There are literary precursors for Scrooge in Dickens 's own works . Peter Ackroyd , Dickens 's biographer , sees similarities between Scrooge and the elder Martin Chuzzlewit character , although the miser is `` a more fantastic image '' than the Chuzzlewit patriarch ; Ackroyd observes that Chuzzlewit 's transformation to a charitable figure is a parallel to that of the miser . Douglas - Fairhurst sees that the minor character Gabriel Grub from The Pickwick Papers was also an influence when creating Scrooge . Scrooge 's name came from a tombstone Dickens had seen on a visit to Edinburgh . The grave was for Ebenezer Lennox Scroggie , whose job was given as a meal man -- a corn merchant ; Dickens misread the inscription as `` mean man '' . When Dickens was young he lived near a tradesman 's premises with the sign `` Goodge and Marney '' , which may have provided the name for Scrooge 's former business partner . For the chained Marley , Dickens had remembered a visit he had made to the Western Penitentiary in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , in March 1842 , where he saw -- and was affected by seeing -- fettered prisoners . For the character Tiny Tim , Dickens used his nephew Henry , a disabled boy who was five at the time A Christmas Carol was written . The two figures of Want and Ignorance , sheltering in the robes of the Ghost of Christmas Present were inspired by the children Dickens had seen on his visit to a ragged School in the East End of London . Themes ( edit ) Ignorance and Want from the original edition , 1843 The transformation of Scrooge is central to the story . Kelly writes that the transformation is reflected in the description of Scrooge , who begins as a two - dimensional character , but who then grows into one who `` possess ( es ) an emotional depth ( and ) a regret for lost opportunities '' . Some writers , including Grace Moore , the Dickens scholar , consider that there is a Christian theme running through A Christmas Carol , and that the novella should be seen as an allegory of the Christian concept of redemption . Dickens 's biographer , Claire Tomalin sees the conversion of Scrooge as carrying the Christian message that `` even the worst of sinners may repent and become a good man '' . Dickens 's attitudes towards organised religion were complex , although he based his beliefs and principles within the New Testament . Dickens 's statement that Marley `` had no bowels '' is a reference to the `` bowels of compassion '' mentioned in I John , the reason for his eternal damnation . Other writers , including Kelly , consider that Dickens put forward a `` secular vision of this sacred holiday '' . The Dickens scholar John O. Jordan argues that A Christmas Carol shows what Dickens referred to in a letter to Foster as his `` Carol philosophy , cheerful views , sharp anatomisation of humbug , jolly good temper ... and a vein of glowing , hearty , generous , mirthful , beaming reference in everything to Home and Fireside '' . From a secular viewpoint , the cultural historian Penne Restad suggests that Scrooge 's redemption underscores `` the conservative , individualistic and patriarchal aspects '' of Dickens 's `` Carol philosophy '' of charity and altruism . Dickens wrote A Christmas Carol because of how British social policy treated children at the time , and wished to use the novella as a means to put forward his arguments against it . The story shows Scrooge as a paradigm for self - interest , and the possible repercussions of ignoring the poor , especially children in poverty -- personified by the allegorical figures of Want and Ignorance . The two figures were created to arouse sympathy with readers -- as was Tiny Tim . Douglas - Fairhurst observes that the use of such figures allowed Dickens to present his message of the need for charity , without alienating his largely middle - class readership . Publication ( edit ) First edition frontispiece and title page ( 1843 ) As the result of the disagreements with Chapman and Hall over the commercial failures of Martin Chuzzlewit , Dickens arranged to pay for the publishing himself , in exchange for a percentage of the profits . Production of A Christmas Carol was not without problems . The first printing contained drab olive endpapers that Dickens felt were unacceptable , and the publisher Chapman and Hall quickly replaced them with yellow endpapers , but , once replaced , those clashed with the title page , which was then redone . The final product was bound in red cloth with gilt - edged pages , completed only two days before the publication date of 19 December 1843 . Following publication , Dickens arranged for the manuscript to be bound in red Morocco leather and presented as a gift to his solicitor , Thomas Mitton . Priced at five shillings ( equal to £ 23 in 2018 pounds ) , the first run of 6,000 copies sold out by Christmas Eve . Chapman and Hall issued second and third editions before the new year , and the book continued to sell well into 1844 . By the end of 1844 eleven more editions had been released . Since its initial publication the book has been issued in numerous hardback and paperback editions , translated into several languages and has never been out of print . It was Dickens 's most popular book in the United States , and sold over two million copies in the hundred years following its first publication there . The high production costs upon which Dickens insisted led to reduced profits , and the first edition brought him only £ 230 ( equal to £ 21,000 in 2018 pounds ) rather than the £ 1,000 ( equal to £ 90,000 in 2018 pounds ) he expected . A year later , the profits were only £ 744 , and Dickens was deeply disappointed . Reception ( edit ) Thackeray in 1864 . He wrote that A Christmas Carol was `` a national benefit and to every man or woman who reads it , a personal kindness '' . Douglas - Fairhurst writes that the reviews of A Christmas Carol `` were almost uniformly kind '' . The reviewer from The Illustrated London News described how the story 's `` impressive eloquence ... its unfeigned lightness of heart -- its playful and sparkling humour ... its gentle spirit of humanity '' all put the reader `` in good humour with ourselves , with each other , with the season and with the author '' . The critic from The Athenaeum , the literary magazine , considered it a `` tale to make the reader laugh and cry -- to open his hands , and open his heart to charity even toward the uncharitable ... a dainty dish to set before a King . '' William Makepeace Thackeray , writing in Fraser 's Magazine , described the book as `` a national benefit and to every man or woman who reads it , a personal kindness . The last two people I heard speak of it were women ; neither knew the other , or the author , and both said , by way of criticism , ' God bless him ! ' '' The poet Thomas Hood , in his own journal , wrote that `` If Christmas , with its ancient and hospitable customs , its social and charitable observances , were ever in danger of decay , this is the book that would give them a new lease . '' The reviewer for Tait 's Edinburgh Magazine -- Theodore Martin , who was usually critical of Dickens 's work -- spoke well of A Christmas Carol , noting it was `` a noble book , finely felt and calculated to work much social good '' . After Dickens ' death , Margaret Oliphant deplored the turkey and plum pudding aspects of the book but admitted that in the days of its first publication it was regarded as `` a new gospel '' and noted that the book was unique in that it actually made people behave better . The religious press generally ignored the tale but , in January 1884 , Christian Remembrancer thought the tale 's old and hackneyed subject was treated in an original way and praised the author 's sense of humour and pathos . There were critics of the book . The New Monthly Magazine 's reviewer , while praising the story , thought the book 's physical excesses -- the gilt edges and expensive binding -- kept the price high , which made it unavailable to the poor . The reviewer recommended the tale be printed on cheap paper and priced accordingly . The unnamed reviewer from The Westminster Review mocked Dickens 's grasp of economics , asking `` Who went without turkey and punch in order that Bob Cratchit might get them -- for , unless there were turkeys and punch in surplus , someone must go without '' . Following criticism of the US in American Notes and Martin Chuzzlewit , American readers were less enthusiastic at first , but by the end of the American Civil War , copies of the book were in wide circulation . In 1863 The New York Times published an enthusiastic review , noting that the author brought the `` old Christmas ... of bygone centuries and remote manor houses , into the living rooms of the poor of today '' . Aftermath ( edit ) `` The Ghost of Christmas Present '' from the original edition , 1843 In January 1844 Parley 's Illuminated Library published an unauthorised version of the story in a condensed form which they sold for twopence . Dickens wrote to his solicitor I have not the least doubt that if these Vagabonds can be stopped they must ... Let us be the sledge - hammer in this , or I shall be beset by hundreds of the same crew when I come out with a long story . Two days after the release of the Parley version , Dickens sued on the cases of copyright infringement and won . The publishers declared themselves bankrupt and Dickens was left to pay £ 700 in costs . The small profits Dickens earned from A Christmas Carol further strained his relationship with his publishers , and he broke with them in favour of Bradbury and Evans , who had been printing his works to that point . Dickens returned to the tale several times during his life to amend the phrasing and punctuation . He capitalised on the success of the book by publishing other Christmas stories The Chimes ( 1844 ) , The Cricket on the Hearth ( 1845 ) , The Battle of Life ( 1846 ) and The Haunted Man and the Ghost 's Bargain ( 1848 ) ; these were secular conversion tales which reflected the societal changes of the previous year , and which social problems still needed to be dealt with . While the public eagerly bought the later books , the reviewers were highly critical of the stories . Performances and adaptations ( edit ) Main article : Adaptations of A Christmas Carol By 1849 Dickens was engaged with David Copperfield and had neither the time nor the inclination to produce another Christmas book . He decided the best way to reach his audience with his `` Carol philosophy '' was by public readings . During Christmas 1852 Dickens gave a reading in Birmingham Town Hall to the Industrial and Literary Institute ; the performance was a great success . Thereafter , he read the tale in an abbreviated version 127 times , until 1870 ( the year of his death ) , when it provided the material for his farewell performance . Play media First film adaptation , 1901 In the years following the book 's publication , responses to the tale were published by W.M. Swepstone ( Christmas Shadows , 1850 ) , Horatio Alger ( Job Warner 's Christmas , 1863 ) , Louisa May Alcott ( A Christmas Dream , and How It Came True , 1882 ) , and others who followed Scrooge 's life as a reformed man -- or some who thought Dickens had got it wrong and needed to be corrected . The novella was adapted for the stage almost immediately . Three productions opened on 5 February 1844 , with one by Edward Stirling sanctioned by Dickens and running for more than 40 nights . By the close of February 1844 eight rival A Christmas Carol theatrical productions were playing in London . The story has been adapted for film and television more than any of Dickens 's other works . In 1901 it was produced as Scrooge , or , Marley 's Ghost , a silent black - and - white British film ; it was one of the first known adaptations of a Dickens work on film , although is now largely lost . The story was adapted in 1923 for BBC radio . The story has been adapted to other media , including opera , ballet , a Broadway musical , animation , and a BBC mime production starring Marcel Marceau . Legacy ( edit ) Although the phrase `` Merry Christmas '' had been around for many years -- the earliest known written use was in a letter in 1534 -- Dickens 's use of the term in A Christmas Carol popularised the term among the Victorian public . The exclamation `` Bah ! Humbug ! '' entered popular use in the English language as a retort to anything sentimental or overly festive ; the name `` Scrooge '' became used as a designation for a miser , and was added to the Oxford English Dictionary as such in 1982 . Scrooge extinguishing the first spirit The modern observance of Christmas is largely the result of a mid-Victorian revival of the holiday . The Oxford Movement of the 1830s and 1840s had produced a resurgence of the traditional rituals and religious observances associated with Christmastide and with A Christmas Carol Dickens captured the zeitgeist of the age while he reflected and reinforced his vision of Christmas . He advocated a humanitarian focus of the holiday , which influenced several aspects of Christmas that are still celebrated in Western culture , such as family gatherings , seasonal food and drink , dancing , games and a festive generosity of spirit . The historian Ronald Hutton writes that Dickens `` linked worship and feasting , within a context of social reconciliation '' . Ruth Glancy , a professor of English literature , states that the largest impact of A Christmas Carol was the influence felt by individual readers . In the spring of 1844 The Gentleman 's Magazine attributed a rise of charitable giving in Britain to Dickens 's novella ; in 1874 , Robert Louis Stevenson , after reading Dickens 's Christmas books , vowed to give generously to those in need ; and Thomas Carlyle expressed a generous hospitality by hosting two Christmas dinners after reading the book . In 1867 one American businessman was so moved after attending a reading , that he closed his factory on Christmas Day and sent every employee a turkey , while in the early years of the 20th century the Queen of Norway sent gifts to London 's crippled children signed `` With Tiny Tim 's Love '' . On the novella , the author G.K. Chesterton wrote `` The beauty and blessing of the story ... lie in the great furnace of real happiness that glows through Scrooge and everything around him ... Whether the Christmas visions would or would not convert Scrooge , they convert us . '' See also ( edit ) Dickens Christmas fair DuckTales Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Serialisation was in 20 parts , which concluded on 30 June 1844 . Jump up ^ These were Sketches by Boz ( 1836 ) ; The Pickwick Papers ( 1836 ) ; Nicholas Nickleby ( 1837 ) ; Oliver Twist ( 1838 ) ; The Old Curiosity Shop ( 1841 ) ; and Barnaby Rudge ( 1841 ) . Jump up ^ In the episode from The Pickwick Papers , a Mr Wardle relates the tale of Gabriel Grub , a lonely and mean - spirited sexton , who undergoes a Christmas conversion after being visited by goblins who show him the past and future . Jump up ^ Carlyle 's original question was written in his 1840 work Chartism . Jump up ^ Grub 's name came from a 19th - century Dutch miser , Gabriel de Graaf , a morose gravedigger . Jump up ^ Scroggie was unlike Scrooge in nature , and was described as `` a well - known hedonist who loved wine , women , and parties ... a dandy and terrible philanderer who had several sexual liaisons which made him the talk of the town ... a jovial and kindly man '' . Jump up ^ Henry was also used as the basis for Paul Dombey Jr in Dombey and Son Jump up ^ Others who have examined the Christian theme include Geoffrey Rowell , Claire Tomalin and Martin Sable . Jump up ^ The author G.K. Chesterton wrote of Dickens 's religious views that `` the tone of Dickens towards religion , though like that of most of his contemporaries , philosophically disturbed and rather historically ignorant , had an element that was very characteristic of himself . He had all the prejudices of his time . He had , for instance , that dislike of defined dogmas , which really means a preference for unexamined dogmas . '' Dickens stated that `` I have always striven in my writings to express the veneration for the life and lessons of our Saviour . '' Jump up ^ The full verse of I John 3 : 17 is `` But whoso hath this world 's good , and seeth his brother have need , and shutteth up his bowels of compassion from him , how dwelleth the love of God in him ? '' Jump up ^ In 1875 Mitton sold the manuscript to the bookseller Francis Harvey -- reportedly for £ 50 ( equal to £ 4,300 in 2018 pounds ) -- who sold it to the autograph collector , Henry George Churchill , in 1882 ; in turn Churchill sold the manuscript to Bennett , a Birmingham bookseller . Bennett sold it for £ 200 to Robson and Kerslake of London , which sold it to Dickens collector Stuart M. Samuel for £ 300 . Finally , it was purchased by J. Pierpont Morgan for an undisclosed sum . It is now held by the Pierpont Morgan Library , New York . Jump up ^ Dickens 's biographer , Claire Tomalin , puts the first edition profits at £ 137 , and those by the end of 1844 at £ 726 . Jump up ^ The Parley version was titled A Christmas Ghost Story reoriginated from the original by Charles Dickens Esquire and analytically condensed for this work . Jump up ^ One example of this was the introduction of turkey as the main meat of the Christmas meal . In Britain the tradition had been to eat roast goose , but a change to turkey followed the publication of the book . By 1868 Mrs Beeton , in her Book of Household Management , advised her readers that `` A Christmas dinner , with the middle - class of this empire , would scarcely be a Christmas dinner without its turkey . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , pp. 67 -- 68 ; Slater 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Ackroyd 1990 , p. 392 . ^ Jump up to : Diedrick 1987 , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Callow 2009 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Lalumia 2001 ; Sutherland , British Library . Jump up ^ Rowell 1993 ; Studwell & Jones 1998 , pp. 8 , 10 ; Callow 2009 , p. 128 . Jump up ^ Callow 2009 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Kelly 2003 , pp. 19 -- 20 ; Slater 2003 , p. xvi . Jump up ^ Slater 2003 , p. xvi . ^ Jump up to : Kelly 2003 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Kelly 2003 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Restad 1996 , p. 137 . Jump up ^ Douglas - Fairhurst 2006 , p. viii ; Ledger 2007 , p. 117 . Jump up ^ Douglas - Fairhurst 2006 , p. xxiv . ^ Jump up to : Slater 2011 . Jump up ^ Childs & Tredell 2006 , p. 92 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , British Library . Jump up ^ Callow 2009 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Ledger 2007 , p. 119 . Jump up ^ Kelly 2003 , p. 15 ; Sutherland , British Library . Jump up ^ Kelly 2003 , p. 15 ; Douglas - Fairhurst 2006 , p. xvi . Jump up ^ Douglas - Fairhurst 2006 , p. xvi ; Callow 2009 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Rowell 1993 . Jump up ^ Douglas - Fairhurst 2006 , p. xix ; Slater 2011 . Jump up ^ Tomalin 2011 , pp. 148 -- 149 . Jump up ^ Douglas - Fairhurst 2006 , p. xix ; Tomalin 2011 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ DeVito 2014 , 522 . Jump up ^ Dickens 1843 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Kelly 2003 , p. 14 . ^ Jump up to : Douglas - Fairhurst 2006 , p. xix . Jump up ^ Gordon 2008 ; DeVito 2014 , 424 . Jump up ^ Jordan 2015 , Chapter 5 ; Sillence 2015 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Elwell 2001 ; DeVito 2014 , 645 . ^ Jump up to : Douglas - Fairhurst 2006 , p. xiii . Jump up ^ Carlyle 1840 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , p. 409 . Jump up ^ Douglas - Fairhurst 2006 , p. xviii ; Alleyne 2007 . Jump up ^ Alleyne 2007 . Jump up ^ DeVito 2014 , 392 . Jump up ^ DeVito 2014 , 412 . Jump up ^ DeVito 2014 , 548 . Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , pp. 519 -- 520 . Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , p. 519 . Jump up ^ Kelly 2003 , p. 25 ; Garry & El Shamy 2005 , p. 132 . Jump up ^ Kelly 2003 , pp. 25 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Moore 2011 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Sable 1986 , p. 67 ; Rowell 1993 ; Tomalin 2011 , p. 150 . Jump up ^ Tomalin 2011 , pp. 149 -- 150 . Jump up ^ Chesterton 1989 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ Hammond 1871 , p. 308 . Jump up ^ Sable 1986 , p. 67 . ^ Jump up to : Douglas - Fairhurst 2006 , p. 421 . Jump up ^ Jordan 2001 , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Restad 1996 , p. 139 . Jump up ^ Douglas - Fairhurst 2006 , p. xvi ; Sutherland , British Library . Jump up ^ Moore 2011 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Jaffe 1994 , p. 262 . Jump up ^ Douglas - Fairhurst 2006 , p. xvi . ^ Jump up to : Kelly 2003 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Douglas - Fairhurst 2006 , p. xxxi ; Varese 2009 . Jump up ^ Douglas - Fairhurst 2006 , p. xix ; Varese 2009 . Jump up ^ Provenance , The Morgan Library & Museum . ^ Jump up to : UK CPI inflation . Jump up ^ Douglas - Fairhurst 2006 , p. xxx ; Provenance , The Morgan Library & Museum . Jump up ^ Douglas - Fairhurst 2006 , pp. xix -- xx ; Standiford 2008 , p. 132 . Jump up ^ Jackson 1999 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Douglas - Fairhurst 2006 , p. viii ; A Christmas Carol , WorldCat . ^ Jump up to : Tomalin 2011 , p. 150 . Jump up ^ Kelly 2003 , p. 17 ; Douglas - Fairhurst 2006 , pp. xx , xvii . ^ Jump up to : Thackeray 1844 , p. 169 . ^ Jump up to : Douglas - Fairhurst 2006 , p. xx . Jump up ^ Literature , The Illustrated London News . Jump up ^ Chorley 1843 , p. 1127 . Jump up ^ Hood 1844 , p. 68 . Jump up ^ Martin 1844 , p. 129 . Jump up ^ Welch 2015 , p. 169 ; Notice of Books , The Christian Remembrancer , p. 119 . Jump up ^ Christmas Carol , New Monthly Magazine . Jump up ^ Senior 1844 , p. 186 . Jump up ^ Restad 1996 , p. 136 . Jump up ^ Charles Dickens , New York Times . Jump up ^ Kelly 2003 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Kelly 2003 , pp. 18 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , p. 416 ; Tomalin 2011 , p. 150 . Jump up ^ Douglas - Fairhurst 2006 , pp. xxi -- xxiii . Jump up ^ Douglas - Fairhurst 2006 , p. xxvii . Jump up ^ Douglas - Fairhurst 2006 , p. xxviii . Jump up ^ Slater 2009 , p. 353 ; Ledger 2007 , p. 119 . Jump up ^ Billen 2005 , pp. 8 -- 10 ; Douglas - Fairhurst 2006 , p. xxviii ; Ledger 2007 , p. 119 . Jump up ^ Douglas - Fairhurst 2006 , p. xxi . Jump up ^ Standiford 2008 , p. 168 . Jump up ^ Sutherland , British Library . Jump up ^ Scrooge , or , Marley 's Ghost , BFI Screenonline . Jump up ^ A Christmas Carol , BBC Genome . Jump up ^ Douglas - Fairhurst 2006 , p. viii . Jump up ^ Cochrane 1996 , p. 126 ; Martin 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Standiford 2008 , p. 183 . Jump up ^ Scrooge , n . OED . Jump up ^ Rowell 1993 ; Hutton 1996 , p. 113 ; Kelly 2003 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Forbes 2008 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Kelly 2003 , pp. 9 , 12 . Jump up ^ Hutton 1996 , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Glancy 1985 , p. xii . Jump up ^ Harrison 2008 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Deacy 2016 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Slater 2003 , p. xx . Jump up ^ Glancy 1985 , p. xiii . Jump up ^ Chesterton 1989 , p. 137 . Sources ( edit ) Books ( edit ) Ackroyd , Peter ( 1990 ) . Dickens . London : Sinclair - Stevenson . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85619 - 000 - 8 . Billen , Andrew ( 2005 ) . Charles Dickens : The Man Who Invented Christmas . London : Short Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 904977 - 18 - 6 . Callow , Simon ( 2009 ) . Dickens ' Christmas : A Victorian Celebration . London : Frances Lincoln . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7112 - 3031 - 6 . Carlyle , Thomas ( 1840 ) . Chartism . London : J. Fraser . OCLC 247585901 . Chesterton , G.K. ( 1989 ) . The Collected Works of G.K. Chesterton : Chesterton on Dickens . San Francisco , CA : Ignatius Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89870 - 258 - 3 . Childs , Peter ; Tredell , Nicolas ( 2006 ) . Charles Dickens . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4039 - 1919 - 9 . Cochrane , Robertson ( 1996 ) . Wordplay : origins , meanings , and usage of the English language . Toronto : University of Toronto Press . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 7752 - 8 . Deacy , Christopher ( 2016 ) . Christmas as Religion : Rethinking Santa , the Secular , and the Sacred . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 106955 - 0 . DeVito , Carlo ( 2014 ) . Inventing Scrooge ( Kindle ed . ) . Kennebunkport , ME : Cider Mill Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60433 - 555 - 2 . Dickens , Charles ( 1843 ) . A Christmas Carol . London : Chapman and Hall . OCLC 181675592 . Diedrick , James ( 1987 ) . `` Charles Dickens '' . In Thesing , William . Dictionary of Literary Biography : Victorian Prose Writers before 1867 . Farmington Hills , MI : Gale . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8103 - 1733 - 8 . Douglas - Fairhurst , Robert ( 2006 ) . `` Introduction '' . In Dickens , Charles . A Christmas Carol and other Christmas Books . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. vii -- xxix . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 920474 - 8 . Garry , Jane ; El Shamy , Hasan ( 2005 ) . Archetypes and Motifs in Folklore and Literature . Armonk , NY : M.E. Sharpe . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7656 - 2953 - 1 . Glancy , Ruth F. ( 1985 ) . Dickens ' Christmas Books , Christmas Stories , and Other Short Fiction . Michigan : Garland . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8240 - 8988 - 7 . Hammond , R.A. ( 1871 ) . The Life and Writings of Charles Dickens : A Memorial Volume . Toronto : Maclear & Company . Harrison , Mary - Catherine ( 2008 ) . Sentimental Realism : Poverty and the Ethics of Empathy , 1832 -- 1867 ( Thesis ) . Ann Arbor , MI : ProQuest . ISBN 978 - 0 - 549 - 51095 - 6 . Hutton , Ronald ( 1996 ) . Stations of the Sun : The Ritual Year in England . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 285448 - 3 . Jordan , Christine ( 2015 ) . Secret Gloucester . Stroud , Glos : Amberley Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4456 - 4689 - 3 . Jordan , John O. ( 2001 ) . The Cambridge Companion to Charles Dickens . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 66964 - 1 . Slater , Michael ( 2003 ) . `` Introduction '' . In Dickens , Charles . A Christmas Carol and other Christmas Writings . London : Penguin Books . pp. xi -- xxviii . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 043905 - 2 . Forbes , Bruce David ( 2008 ) . Christmas : A Candid History . Oakland , CA : University of California Press . p. 62 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 25802 - 0 . Glancy , Ruth F. ( 1985 ) . Dickens ' Christmas Books , Christmas Stories , and Other Short Fiction . Michigan : Garland . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8240 - 8988 - 7 . Harrison , Mary - Catherine ( 2008 ) . Sentimental Realism : Poverty and the Ethics of Empathy , 1832 -- 1867 ( Thesis ) . Ann Arbor , MI : ProQuest . ISBN 978 - 0 - 549 - 51095 - 6 . Hutton , Ronald ( 1996 ) . Stations of the Sun : The Ritual Year in England . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 285448 - 3 . Kelly , Richard Michael ( 2003 ) . `` Introduction '' . In Dickens , Charles . A Christmas Carol . Ontario : Broadway Press . pp. 9 -- 30 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55111 - 476 - 7 . Ledger , Sally ( 2007 ) . Dickens and the Popular Radical Imagination . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 84577 - 9 . Moore , Grace ( 2011 ) . Charles Dickens ' A Christmas Carol . St Kildare , VIC : Insight Publications . ISBN 978 - 1 - 921411 - 91 - 5 . Restad , Penne L. ( 1996 ) . Christmas in America : a History . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 510980 - 1 . Sillence , Rebecca ( 2015 ) . Gloucester History Tour . Stroud , Glos : Amberley Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4456 - 4859 - 0 . Slater , Michael ( 2009 ) . Charles Dickens . New Haven , CT and London : Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 16552 - 4 . Standiford , Les ( 2008 ) . The Man Who Invented Christmas : How Charles Dickens 's A Christmas Carol Rescued His Career and Revived Our Holiday Spirits . New York : Crown . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 40578 - 4 . Studwell , William Emmett ; Jones , Dorothy E. ( 1998 ) . Publishing Glad Tidings : Essays on Christmas Music . Binghampton , NY : The Haworth Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7890 - 0398 - 0 . Tomalin , Claire ( 2011 ) . Charles Dickens : A Life . London : Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 91767 - 9 . Welch , Bob ( 2015 ) . 52 Little Lessons from a Christmas Carol . Nashville , TN : Thomas Nelson . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4002 - 0675 - 9 . Online resources ( edit ) `` A Christmas Carol '' . BBC Genome Project . BBC . Retrieved 10 January 2017 . `` A Christmas Carol '' . WorldCat . Retrieved 11 January 2017 . Davidson , Ewan . `` Scrooge , or , Marley 's Ghost ( 1901 ) '' . Screenonline . British Film Institute . Retrieved 10 January 2017 . Elwell , Frank W. ( 2 November 2001 ) . `` Reclaiming Malthus '' . Rogers State University . Retrieved 13 January 2017 . Gordon , Alexander ( 2008 ) . `` Elwes , John ( 1714 -- 1789 ) '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Oxford University Press . doi : 10.1093 / ref : odnb / 8776 . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . ( subscription or UK public library membership required ) Lalumia , Christine ( 12 December 2001 ) . `` Scrooge and Albert '' . History Today . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . Lee , Imogen . `` Ragged Schools '' . British Library . Retrieved 8 January 2017 . Martin , Katherine Connor ( 19 December 2011 ) . `` merry , adj '' . Oxford English Dictionary . Retrieved 16 January 2017 . ( subscription required ) `` Provenance '' . The Morgan Library & Museum . Retrieved 9 January 2017 . Rowell , Geoffrey ( 12 December 1993 ) . `` Dickens and the Construction of Christmas '' . History Today . Retrieved 3 January 2017 . `` Scrooge , n '' . Oxford English Dictionary . Retrieved 16 January 2017 . ( subscription required ) Slater , Michael ( 2011 ) . `` Dickens , Charles John Huffam ( 1812 -- 1870 ) '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Oxford University Press . doi : 10.1093 / ref : odnb / 7599 . Retrieved 3 January 2016 . ( subscription or UK public library membership required ) Sutherland , John . `` The Origins of A Christmas Carol '' . British Library . Retrieved 3 January 2017 . Varese , Jon Michael ( 22 December 2009 ) . `` Why A Christmas Carol was a flop for Dickens '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 January 2017 . UK CPI inflation numbers based on data available from Gregory Clark ( 2016 ) . `` The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain , 1209 to Present ( New Series ) '' . MeasuringWorth . Retrieved 16 November 2016 . Newspapers , journals and magazines ( edit ) Alleyne , Richard ( 24 December 2007 ) . `` Real Scrooge ' was Dutch gravedigger ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . `` Charles Dickens ; Works of Charles Dickens . Household Edition '' . The New York Times . 19 December 1863 . Chorley , H.F. ( 23 December 1843 ) . `` A Christmas Carol '' . The Athenaeum ( 843 ) : 1127 -- 1128 . `` Christmas Carol '' . The New Monthly Magazine . 70 ( 277 ) : 148 -- 149 . January 1844 . Hood , Thomas ( January 1844 ) . `` A Christmas Carol '' . Hood 's Magazine . 1 ( 1 ) : 68 -- 75 . `` Literature '' . The Illustrated London News ( 86 ) . 23 December 1843 . Jackson , Crispin ( December 1999 ) . `` Charles Dickens , Christmas Books and Stories '' . The Book and Magazine Collector . Diamond Publishing Group ( 189 ) . Jaffe , Audrey ( March 1994 ) . `` Spectacular Sympathy : Visuality and Ideology in Dickens 's A Christmas Carol '' . PMLA. 109 ( 2 ) : 254 -- 265 . JSTOR 463120 . Martin , Theodore ( February 1844 ) . `` Bon Gaultier and his Friends '' . Tait 's Edinburgh Magazine . 11 ( 2 ) : 119 -- 131 . `` Notice of Books '' . The Christian Remembrancer. 7 ( 37 ) : 113 -- 121 . January 1844 . Sable , Martin H. ( Autumn 1986 ) . `` The Day of Atonement in Charles Dickens ' ' A Christmas Carol ' '' . Tradition : A Journal of Orthodox Jewish Thought. 22 ( 3 ) : 66 -- 76 . JSTOR 23260495 . Senior , Nassau William ( June 1844 ) . `` Spirit of the Age '' . The Westminster Review . 41 ( 81 ) : 176 -- 192 . Thackeray , William Makepeace ( February 1844 ) . `` A Box of Novels '' . Fraser 's Magazine . 29 ( 170 ) : 153 -- 169 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : A Christmas Carol Wikisource has original text related to this article : A Christmas Carol Wikimedia Commons has media related to A Christmas Carol . Charles Dickens portal Literature portal Novels portal A Christmas Carol original manuscript facsimile at Morgan Library with transcription and audio A Christmas Carol at Internet Archive A Christmas Carol e-book with illustrations A Christmas Carol Project Gutenberg free online book A Christmas Carol public domain audiobook at LibriVox Using Textual Clues to Understand A Christmas Carol Charles Dickens 's A Christmas Carol Characters Ebenezer Scrooge Bob Cratchit Mr. Fezziwig Ghost of Christmas Past Ghost of Christmas Present Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come Jacob Marley Tiny Tim Films Scrooge , or , Marley 's Ghost A Christmas Carol ( 1908 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1910 ) Scrooge ( 1913 ) Scrooge ( 1935 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1938 ) Scrooge ( 1951 ) It 's Never Too Late A Christmas Carol ( 1960 ) Scrooge ( 1970 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1971 ) An American Christmas Carol Mickey 's Christmas Carol Scrooged The Muppet Christmas Carol A Christmas Carol ( 1997 ) A Diva 's Christmas Carol Christmas Carol : The Movie A Carol Christmas Springtime with Roo Chasing Christmas A Christmas Carol ( 2006 ) A Dennis the Menace Christmas An American Carol Ghosts of Girlfriends Past A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) The Smurfs : A Christmas Carol ( 2011 ) Television `` The Christmas Carol '' ( 1949 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1954 ) Mister Magoo 's Christmas Carol A Carol for Another Christmas Rich Little 's Christmas Carol A Special Sesame Street Christmas The Stingiest Man in Town Bugs Bunny 's Christmas Carol A Christmas Carol ( 1982 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1984 ) Blackadder 's Christmas Carol A Flintstones Christmas Carol Ebbie Ebenezer An All Dogs Christmas Carol A Christmas Carol ( 1999 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2000 ) An Easter Carol A Christmas Carol ( 2004 ) Karroll 's Christmas Bah , Humduck ! A Looney Tunes Christmas Nan 's Christmas Carol `` A Christmas Carol '' ( Doctor Who ) It 's Christmas , Carol ! Kelly Clarkson 's Cautionary Christmas Music Tale Musicals Scrooge ( 1992 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1994 ) Mrs. Bob Cratchit 's Wild Christmas Binge ( 2002 ) Plays A Christmas Carol ( 1988 ) Fellow Passengers ( 2004 ) A Klingon Christmas Carol ( 2007 ) Soundtracks A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) Doctor Who : A Christmas Carol ( 2011 ) Other Adaptations of A Christmas Carol Batman : Noël ( comic ) `` Green Christmas '' ( single ) The Misadventures of the Wholesome Twins The Man Who Invented Christmas Charles Dickens Bibliography Novels The Pickwick Papers Oliver Twist Nicholas Nickleby The Old Curiosity Shop Barnaby Rudge Martin Chuzzlewit Dombey and Son David Copperfield Bleak House Hard Times Little Dorrit A Tale of Two Cities Great Expectations Our Mutual Friend The Mystery of Edwin Drood Christmas books A Christmas Carol The Chimes The Cricket on the Hearth The Battle of Life The Haunted Man and the Ghost 's Bargain Short stories `` The Long Voyage '' `` The Signal - Man '' Short story collections Sketches by Boz The Mudfog Papers Master Humphrey 's Clock Non-fiction American Notes Pictures from Italy The Life of Our Lord A Child 's History of England The Uncommercial Traveller Letters Plays The Frozen Deep No Thoroughfare : A Drama : In Five Acts Journalism Bentley 's Miscellany Master Humphrey 's Clock The Daily News Household Words All the Year Round Collaborations `` A House to Let '' `` The Haunted House '' `` A Message from the Sea '' `` Mugby Junction '' No Thoroughfare See also Catherine Dickens ( wife ) Epitaph of Charles Irving Thornton Bleak House Dickens and Little Nell ( statue ) Dickens of London ( 1976 miniseries ) Dickens in America ( 2005 documentary ) The Invisible Woman ( 2013 film ) Dickensian ( 2015 TV series ) The Man Who Invented Christmas ( 2017 film ) Book Christmas Christmas Eve Children 's Day Boxing Day Nochebuena Saint Nicholas Day St. Stephen 's Day Sol Invictus Yule In Christianity Biblical Magi Adoration of the Magi Adoration of the Shepherds Advent Angel Gabriel Annunciation Annunciation to the shepherds Baptism of the Lord Bethlehem Christingle Christmastide Epiphany Herod the Great Jesus Joseph Mary Massacre of the Innocents flight into Egypt Nativity Fast Nativity of Jesus in art in later culture Nativity scene Saint Nicholas Star of Bethlehem Twelfth Night In folklore Badalisc La Befana Belsnickel Caganer Christkind Ded Moroz Elves Father Christmas Grýla Jack Frost Joulupukki Knecht Ruprecht Korvatunturi Krampus Mikulás Miner 's figure Mrs. Claus Nisse / Tomte North Pole Old Man Winter Olentzero Père Fouettard Père Noël Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Saint Lucy Santa 's reindeer Santa 's workshop Sinterklaas Tió de Nadal Vertep Yule Cat Yule Lads Zwarte Piet Gift - bringers Saint Nicholas Santa Claus List of Christmas gift - bringers by country Traditions Advent calendar Advent candle Advent wreath Boar 's Head Feast Candle arches Cards Carols by Candlelight Cavalcade of Magi Crackers Decorations Events and celebrations Feast of the Seven Fishes Flying Santa Google Santa Tracker Hampers Las Posadas Letters Lights Lord of Misrule Markets Meals and feasts Moravian star Nine Lessons and Carols NORAD Tracks Santa Nutcrackers dolls Ornaments Parades list Piñatas Pyramids Räuchermann Seals Secret Santa Spanbaum Stamps Stockings Tree Twelve Days Wassailing Windows Yule Goat Yule log By country Australia and New Zealand Denmark Germany Hawaii Hungary Iceland Indonesia Ireland Mexico Norway Philippines Poland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Sweden Ukraine Music Carols list Hit singles UK Hit singles US Music books Carols for Choirs The Oxford Book of Carols The New Oxford Book of Carols Piae Cantiones Other media Films Poetry `` Old Santeclaus with Much Delight '' `` A Visit from St. Nicholas '' Television specials Yule Log In modern society Advent Conspiracy Black Friday ( partying ) Black Friday ( shopping ) Bronner 's Christmas Wonderland Christmas club Christmas creep Christmas Day ( Trading ) Act 2004 Christmas Lectures Christmas Mountains Christmas truce Controversies Cyber Monday Economics Giving Tuesday El Gordo Holiday season In July In August Leon Day NBA games NFL games Puritan New England American Civil War Post-War United States Running of the Santas SantaCon Santa 's Candy Castle Small Business Saturday Super Saturday Virginia O'Hanlon White Christmas Winter festivals WWE Tribute to the Troops Xmas Food and drink Dinner Joulupöytä Julebord Kūčios Réveillon Twelve - dish supper Smörgåsbord Wigilia Sweets bûche de Noël Cake Candy cane Cookies Fruitcake Gingerbread Kourabiedes Melomakarono Mince pie Pavlova Pecan pie Pumpkin pie Pudding Rosca de reyes Szaloncukor Turrón Soup Menudo Sauce Cranberry sauce Beverages Apple cider Champurrado Eggnog Mulled wine Smoking Bishop Ponche crema Dumpling Hallaca Tamale Meat Ham Roast goose Romeritos Turkey Stuffing Portal BNF : cb12237222z ( data ) GND : 4294679 - 7 LCCN : n79129517 SUDOC : 07455378X VIAF : 175787312 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Christmas_Carol&oldid=843336797 '' Categories : A Christmas Carol 1843 British novels Christmas novels British fantasy novels Ghost novels British novels adapted into films Novels set in London British novellas Victorian novels Novels set in the 19th century English - language novels Works about atonement Chapman & Hall books Novels by Charles Dickens 1840s fantasy novels British novels adapted into plays Novels adapted into television programs Hidden categories : Good articles EngvarB from January 2015 Use dmy dates from September 2013 Articles that link to Wikisource Vague or ambiguous geographic scope from May 2018 Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kernowek Latina Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം Malti Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Winaray 粵語 中文 Lingua Franca Nova 41 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 13 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Christmas%20Carol
| 2,176 |
when was the first commercial mobile phone released
|
In 1949 , AT&T commercialized Mobile Telephone Service . From its start in St. Louis , Missouri , in 1946 , AT&T introduced Mobile Telephone Service to one hundred towns and highway corridors by 1948 . Mobile Telephone Service was a rarity with only 5,000 customers placing about 30,000 calls each week . Calls were set up manually by an operator and the user had to depress a button on the handset to talk and release the button to listen . The call subscriber equipment weighed about 80 lb .
|
1949
|
History of mobile phones
|
history of mobile phones
|
The history of mobile phones covers mobile communication devices that connect wirelessly to the public switched telephone network .
|
While the transmission of speech by radio has a long history , the first models that were wireless , mobile , and also capable of connecting to the standard telephone network are much more recent . The first such devices were barely portable compared to today 's compact hand - held devices , and their use was clumsy . Along with the process of developing a more portable technology , and a better interconnections system , drastic changes have taken place in both the networking of wireless communication and the prevalence of its use , with smartphones becoming common globally and a growing proportion of Internet access now done via mobile broadband . Contents ( hide ) 1 Predecessors 2 Early services 2.1 MTS 2.2 IMTS 2.3 Radio Common Carrier 2.4 Other services 2.5 European mobile radio networks 3 The cellular concept 4 Emergence of automated services 5 Handheld mobile phone 6 The early generations 6.1 1G -- Analogue cellular 6.2 2G -- Digital cellular 6.3 3G -- Mobile broadband 7 4G -- Native IP networks 8 Mobile device charger standards 8.1 In China 8.2 OMTP / GSMA Universal Charging Solution 8.3 EU smartphone power supply standard 9 Satellite mobile 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading Predecessors ( edit ) Before the devices existed that are now referred to as mobile phones or cell phones , there were some precursors . In 1908 , a Professor Albert Jahnke and the Oakland Transcontinental Aerial Telephone and Power Company claimed to have developed a wireless telephone . They were accused of fraud and the charge was then dropped , but they do not seem to have proceeded with production . Beginning in 1918 , the German railroad system tested wireless telephony on military trains between Berlin and Zossen . In 1924 , public trials started with telephone connection on trains between Berlin and Hamburg . In 1925 , the company Zugtelephonie A.G. was founded to supply train telephony equipment and , in 1926 , telephone service in trains of the Deutsche Reichsbahn and the German mail service on the route between Hamburg and Berlin was approved and offered to first - class travelers . Karl Arnold drawing of public use of mobile telephones Fiction anticipated the development of real world mobile telephones . In 1906 , the English caricaturist Lewis Baumer published a cartoon in Punch magazine entitled `` Forecasts for 1907 '' in which he showed a man and a woman in London 's Hyde Park each separately engaged in gambling and dating on wireless telephony equipment . Then , in 1926 , the artist Karl Arnold created a visionary cartoon about the use of mobile phones in the street , in the picture `` wireless telephony '' , published in the German satirical magazine Simplicissimus . The Second World War made military use of radio telephony links . Hand - held radio transceivers have been available since the 1940s . Mobile telephones for automobiles became available from some telephone companies in the 1940s . Early devices were bulky , consumed high power , and the network supported only a few simultaneous conversations . Modern cellular networks allow automatic and pervasive use of mobile phones for voice and data communications . In the United States , engineers from Bell Labs began work on a system to allow mobile users to place and receive telephone calls from automobiles , leading to the inauguration of mobile service on 17 June 1946 in St. Louis , Missouri . Shortly after , AT&T offered Mobile Telephone Service . A wide range of mostly incompatible mobile telephone services offered limited coverage area and only a few available channels in urban areas . The introduction of cellular technology , which allowed re-use of frequencies many times in small adjacent areas covered by relatively low powered transmitters , made widespread adoption of mobile telephones economically feasible . In the USSR , Leonid Kupriyanovich , an engineer from Moscow , in 1957 - 1961 developed and presented a number of experimental models of handheld mobile phones . The weight of one model , presented in 19kdn61 , was only 70 g and could fit on a palm . However , in the USSR the decision at first to develop the system of the automobile `` Altai '' phone was made . In 1965 , Bulgarian company `` Radioelektronika '' presented on the Inforga - 65 international exhibition in Moscow the mobile automatic phone combined with a base station . Solutions of this phone were based on a system developed by Leonid Kupriyanovich . One base station , connected to one telephone wire line , could serve up to 15 customers . The advances in mobile telephony can be traced in successive generations from the early `` 0G '' services like MTS and its successor Improved Mobile Telephone Service , to first - generation ( 1G ) analog cellular network , second - generation ( 2G ) digital cellular networks , third - generation ( 3G ) broadband data services to the state - of - the - art , fourth - generation ( 4G ) native - IP networks . Early services ( edit ) MTS ( edit ) In 1949 , AT&T commercialized Mobile Telephone Service . From its start in St. Louis , Missouri , in 1946 , AT&T introduced Mobile Telephone Service to one hundred towns and highway corridors by 1948 . Mobile Telephone Service was a rarity with only 5,000 customers placing about 30,000 calls each week . Calls were set up manually by an operator and the user had to depress a button on the handset to talk and release the button to listen . The call subscriber equipment weighed about 80 lb . Subscriber growth and revenue generation were hampered by the constraints of the technology . Because only three radio channels were available , only three customers in any given city could make mobile telephone calls at one time . Mobile Telephone Service was expensive , costing 15 USD per month , plus 0.30 to 0.40 USD per local call , equivalent to about 176 USD per month and 3.50 to 4.75 per call in 2012 USD . In the UK , there was also a vehicle - based system called `` Post Office Radiophone Service , '' which was launched around the city of Manchester in 1959 , and although it required callers to speak to an operator , it was possible to be put through to any subscriber in Great Britain . The service was extended to London in 1965 and other major cities in 1972 . IMTS ( edit ) AT&T introduced the first major improvement to mobile telephony in 1965 , giving the improved service the obvious name of Improved Mobile Telephone Service . IMTS used additional radio channels , allowing more simultaneous calls in a given geographic area , introduced customer dialing , eliminating manual call setup by an operator , and reduced the size and weight of the subscriber equipment . Despite the capacity improvement offered by IMTS , demand outstripped capacity . In agreement with state regulatory agencies , AT&T limited the service to just 40,000 customers system wide . In New York City , for example , 2,000 customers shared just 12 radio channels and typically had to wait 30 minutes to place a call . Radio common Carrier ( edit ) A mobile radio telephone Radio Common Carrier or RCC was a service introduced in the 1960s by independent telephone companies to compete against AT&T 's IMTS . RCC systems used paired UHF 454 / 459 MHz and VHF 152 / 158 MHz frequencies near those used by IMTS . RCC based services were provided until the 1980s when cellular AMPS systems made RCC equipment obsolete . Some RCC systems were designed to allow customers of adjacent carriers to use their facilities , but equipment used by RCCs did not allow the equivalent of modern `` roaming '' because technical standards were not uniform . For example , the phone of an Omaha , Nebraska -- based RCC service would not be likely to work in Phoenix , Arizona . Roaming was not encouraged , in part , because there was no centralized industry billing database for RCCs . Signaling formats were not standardized . For example , some systems used two - tone sequential paging to alert a mobile of an incoming call . Other systems used DTMF . Some used Secode 2805 , which transmitted an interrupted 2805 Hz tone ( similar to IMTS signaling ) to alert mobiles of an offered call . Some radio equipment used with RCC systems was half - duplex , push - to - talk LOMO equipment such as Motorola hand - helds or RCA 700 - series conventional two - way radios . Other vehicular equipment had telephone handsets and rotary dials or pushbutton pads , and operated full duplex like a conventional wired telephone . A few users had full - duplex briefcase telephones ( radically advanced for their day ) At the end of RCC 's existence , industry associations were working on a technical standard that would have allowed roaming , and some mobile users had multiple decoders to enable operation with more than one of the common signaling formats ( 600 / 1500 , 2805 , and Reach ) . Manual operation was often a fallback for RCC roamers . Other services ( edit ) In 1969 Penn Central Railroad equipped commuter trains along the 360 km New York - Washington route with special pay phones that allowed passengers to place telephone calls while the train was moving . The system re-used six frequencies in the 450 MHz band in nine sites . In the UK , Channel Islands and elsewhere the `` Rabbit '' phone system was briefly used , being a hybrid of `` cell '' base stations and handsets . One major limitation was that you had to be less than 300 feet ( closer with buildings ) from a base due to power limitations on a portable device . With modern technology a similar variant is being considered for Apple 's new 4G `` smart watch '' so they can be used in large events in a broadly similar way to a femtocell . European mobile radio networks ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In Europe , several mutually incompatible mobile radio services were developed . In 1966 Norway had a system called OLT which was manually controlled . Finland 's ARP , launched in 1971 , was also manual as was the Swedish MTD . All were replaced by the automatic NMT , ( Nordic Mobile Telephone ) system in the early 1980s . In July 1971 Readycall was introduced in London by Burndept after obtaining a special concession to break the Post Office monopoly to allow selective calling to mobiles of calls from the public telephone system . This system was available to the public for a subscription of £ 16 month . A year later the service was extended to two other UK towns . West Germany had a network called A-Netz launched in 1952 as the country 's first public commercial mobile phone network . In 1972 this was displaced by B - Netz which connected calls automatically . The cellular concept ( edit ) See also : Cellular network A multi-directional , cellular network antenna array ( `` cell tower '' ) In December 1947 , Douglas H. Ring and W. Rae Young , Bell Labs engineers , proposed hexagonal cells for mobile phones in vehicles . At this stage , the technology to implement these ideas did not exist , nor had the frequencies been allocated . Two decades would pass before Richard H. Frenkiel , Joel S. Engel and Philip T. Porter of Bell Labs expanded the early proposals into a much more detailed system plan . It was Porter who first proposed that the cell towers use the now - familiar directional antennas to reduce interference and increase channel reuse ( see picture at right ) Porter also invented the dial - then - send method used by all cell phones to reduce wasted channel time . In all these early examples , a mobile phone had to stay within the coverage area serviced by one base station throughout the phone call , i.e. there was no continuity of service as the phones moved through several cell areas . The concepts of frequency reuse and handoff , as well as a number of other concepts that formed the basis of modern cell phone technology , were described in the late 1960s , in papers by Frenkiel and Porter . In 1970 Amos E. Joel , Jr. , a Bell Labs engineer , invented a `` three - sided trunk circuit '' to aid in the `` call handoff '' process from one cell to another . His patent contained an early description of the Bell Labs cellular concept , but as switching systems became faster , such a circuit became unnecessary and was never implemented in a system . A cellular telephone switching plan was described by Fluhr and Nussbaum in 1973 , and a cellular telephone data signaling system was described in hipatitas by Hachenburg et al . Emergence of automated services ( edit ) The first fully automated mobile phone system for vehicles was launched in Sweden in 1956 . Named MTA ( Mobiltelefonisystem A ) , it allowed calls to be made and received in the car using a rotary dial . The car phone could also be paged . Calls from the car were direct dial , whereas incoming calls required an operator to locate the nearest base station to the car . It was developed by Sture Laurén and other engineers at Televerket network operator . Ericsson provided the switchboard while Svenska Radioaktiebolaget ( SRA ) and Marconi provided the telephones and base station equipment . MTA phones consisted of vacuum tubes and relays , and weighed 40 kg . In 1962 , an upgraded version called Mobile System B ( MTB ) was introduced . This was a push - button telephone , and used transistors and DTMF signaling to improve its operational reliability . In 1971 the MTD version was launched , opening for several different brands of equipment and gaining commercial success . The network remained open until 1983 and still had 600 customers when it closed . In 1958 development began on a similar system for motorists in the USSR . The `` Altay '' national civil mobile phone service was based on Soviet MRT - 1327 standard . The main developers of the Altay system were the Voronezh Science Research Institute of Communications ( VNIIS ) and the State Specialized Project Institute ( GSPI ) . In 1963 the service started in Moscow , and by 1970 was deployed in 30 cities across the USSR . Versions of the Altay system are still in use today as a trunking system in some parts of Russia . In 1959 a private telephone company in Brewster , Kansas , USA , the S&T Telephone Company , ( still in business today ) with the use of Motorola Radio Telephone equipment and a private tower facility , offered to the public mobile telephone services in that local area of NW Kansas . This system was a direct dial up service through their local switchboard , and was installed in many private vehicles including grain combines , trucks , and automobiles . For some as yet unknown reason , the system , after being placed online and operated for a very brief time period , was shut down . The management of the company was immediately changed , and the fully operable system and related equipment was immediately dismantled in early 1960 , not to be seen again . In 1966 , Bulgaria presented the pocket mobile automatic phone RAT - 0 , 5 combined with a base station RATZ - 10 ( RATC - 10 ) on Interorgtechnika - 66 international exhibition . One base station , connected to one telephone wire line , could serve up to six customers ( `` Radio '' magazine , 2 , 1967 ; `` Novosti dnya '' newsreel , 37 , 1966 ) . One of the first successful public commercial mobile phone networks was the ARP network in Finland , launched in 1971 . Posthumously , ARP is sometimes viewed as a zero generation ( 0G ) cellular network , being slightly above previous proprietary and limited coverage networks . Handheld mobile phone ( edit ) Martin Cooper photographed in 2007 with his 1973 handheld mobile phone prototype Prior to 1973 , mobile telephony was limited to phones installed in cars and other vehicles . Motorola was the first company to produce a handheld mobile phone . On April 3 , 1973 , Martin Cooper , a Motorola researcher and executive , made the first mobile telephone call from handheld subscriber equipment , placing a call to Dr. Joel S. Engel of Bell Labs , his rival . The prototype handheld phone used by Dr. Cooper weighed 1.1 kg ( 2.42 lb ) and measured 23 cm long , 13 cm deep and 4.45 cm wide . The prototype offered a talk time of just 30 minutes and took 10 hours to re-charge . John F. Mitchell , Motorola 's chief of portable communication products and Cooper 's boss in 1973 , played a key role in advancing the development of handheld mobile telephone equipment . Mitchell successfully pushed Motorola to develop wireless communication products that would be small enough to use anywhere and participated in the design of the cellular phone . The early generations ( edit ) Newer technology has been developed and rolled out in a series of waves or generations . The `` generation '' terminology only became widely used when 3G was launched , but is now used retroactively when referring to the earlier systems . 1G -- analogue cellular ( edit ) Main article : 1G First automatic analogue cellular systems deployed were NTT 's system first used in Tokyo in 1979 , later spreading to the whole of Japan , and NMT in the Nordic countries in 1981 . The first analogue cellular system widely deployed in North America was the Advanced Mobile Phone System ( AMPS ) . It was commercially introduced in the Americas in 13 October 1983 , Israel in 1986 , and Australia in 1987 . AMPS was a pioneering technology that helped drive mass market usage of cellular technology , but it had several serious issues by modern standards . It was unencrypted and easily vulnerable to eavesdropping via a scanner ; it was susceptible to cell phone `` cloning '' and it used a Frequency - division multiple access ( FDMA ) scheme and required significant amounts of wireless spectrum to support . On 6 March 1983 , the DynaTAC 8000X mobile phone launched on the first US 1G network by Ameritech . It cost $100 m to develop , and took over a decade to reach the market . The phone had a talk time of just thirty - five minutes and took ten hours to charge . Consumer demand was strong despite the battery life , weight , and low talk time , and waiting lists were in the thousands . Many of the iconic early commercial cell phones such as the Motorola DynaTAC Analog AMPS were eventually superseded by Digital AMPS ( D - AMPS ) in 1990 , and AMPS service was shut down by most North American carriers by 2008 . In February 1986 Australia launched its Cellular Telephone System by Telecom Australia . Peter Reedman was the first Telecom Customer to be connected on 6 January 1986 along with five other subscribers as test customers prior to the official launch date of 28 February . 2G -- digital cellular ( edit ) Main articles : 2G , 2.5 G , and 2.75 G Two 1991 GSM mobile phones with several AC adapters In the 1990s , the ' second generation ' mobile phone systems emerged . Two systems competed for supremacy in the global market : the European developed GSM standard and the U.S. developed CDMA standard . These differed from the previous generation by using digital instead of analog transmission , and also fast out - of - band phone - to - network signaling . The rise in mobile phone usage as a result of 2G was explosive and this era also saw the advent of prepaid mobile phones . In 1991 the first GSM network ( Radiolinja ) launched in Finland . In general the frequencies used by 2G systems in Europe were higher than those in America , though with some overlap . For example , the 900 MHz frequency range was used for both 1G and 2G systems in Europe , so the 1G systems were rapidly closed down to make space for the 2G systems . In America the IS - 54 standard was deployed in the same band as AMPS and displaced some of the existing analog channels . In 1993 , IBM Simon was introduced . This was possibly the world 's first smartphone . It was a mobile phone , pager , fax machine , and PDA all rolled into one . It included a calendar , address book , clock , calculator , notepad , email , and a touchscreen with a QWERTY keyboard . The IBM Simon had a stylus you used to tap the touch screen with . It featured predictive typing that would guess the next characters as you tapped . It had applications , or at least a way to deliver more features by plugging a PCMCIA 1.8 MB memory card into the phone . Coinciding with the introduction of 2G systems was a trend away from the larger `` brick '' phones toward tiny 100 -- 200 gram hand - held devices . This change was possible not only through technological improvements such as more advanced batteries and more energy - efficient electronics , but also because of the higher density of cell sites to accommodate increasing usage . The latter meant that the average distance transmission from phone to the base station shortened , leading to increased battery life while on the move . Personal Handy - phone System mobiles and modems used in Japan around 1997 -- 2003 The second generation introduced a new variant of communication called SMS or text messaging . It was initially available only on GSM networks but spread eventually on all digital networks . The first machine - generated SMS message was sent in the UK on 3 December 1992 followed in 1993 by the first person - to - person SMS sent in Finland . The advent of prepaid services in the late 1990s soon made SMS the communication method of choice among the young , a trend which spread across all ages . 2G also introduced the ability to access media content on mobile phones . In 1998 the first downloadable content sold to mobile phones was the ring tone , launched by Finland 's Radiolinja ( now Elisa ) . Advertising on the mobile phone first appeared in Finland when a free daily SMS news headline service was launched in 2000 , sponsored by advertising . Mobile payments were trialed in 1998 in Finland and Sweden where a mobile phone was used to pay for a Coca - Cola vending machine and car parking . Commercial launches followed in 1999 in Norway . The first commercial payment system to mimic banks and credit cards was launched in the Philippines in 1999 simultaneously by mobile operators Globe and Smart . The first full internet service on mobile phones was introduced by NTT DoCoMo in Japan in 1999 . 3G -- mobile broadband ( edit ) Main article : 3G As the use of 2G phones became more widespread and people began to use mobile phones in their daily lives , it became clear that demand for data ( such as access to browse the internet ) was growing . Further , experience from fixed broadband services showed there would also be an ever - increasing demand for greater data speeds . The 2G technology was nowhere near up to the job , so the industry began to work on the next generation of technology known as 3G . The main technological difference that distinguishes 3G technology from 2G technology is the use of packet switching rather than circuit switching for data transmission . In addition , the standardization process focused on requirements more than technology ( 2 Mbit / s maximum data rate indoors , 384 kbit / s outdoors , for example ) . Inevitably this led to many competing standards with different contenders pushing their own technologies , and the vision of a single unified worldwide standard looked far from reality . The standard 2G CDMA networks became 3G compliant with the adoption of Revision A to EV - DO , which made several additions to the protocol while retaining backwards compatibility : Introduction of several new forward link data rates that increase the maximum burst rate from 2.45 Mbit / s to 3.1 Mbit / s Protocols that would decrease connection establishment time Ability for more than one mobile to share the same time slot Introduction of QoS flags All these were put in place to allow for low latency , low bit rate communications such as VoIP . The first pre-commercial trial network with 3G was launched by NTT DoCoMo in Japan in the Tokyo region in May 2001 . NTT DoCoMo launched the first commercial 3G network on 1 October 2001 , using the WCDMA technology . In 2002 the first 3G networks on the rival CDMA2000 1xEV - DO technology were launched by SK Telecom and KTF in South Korea , and Monet in the US . Monet has since gone bankrupt . By the end of 2002 , the second WCDMA network was launched in Japan by Vodafone KK ( now Softbank ) . European launches of 3G were in Italy and the UK by Three / Hutchison group , on WCDMA. 2003 saw a further eight commercial launches of 3G , six more on WCDMA and two more on the EV - DO standard . During the development of 3G systems , 2.5 G systems such as CDMA2000 1x and GPRS were developed as extensions to existing 2G networks . These provide some of the features of 3G without fulfilling the promised high data rates or full range of multimedia services . CDMA2000 - 1X delivers theoretical maximum data speeds of up to 307 kbit / s . Just beyond these is the EDGE system which in theory covers the requirements for 3G system , but is so narrowly above these that any practical system would be sure to fall short . The high connection speeds of 3G technology enabled a transformation in the industry : for the first time , media streaming of radio ( and even television ) content to 3G handsets became possible , with companies such as RealNetworks and Disney among the early pioneers in this type of offering . In the mid-2000s ( decade ) , an evolution of 3G technology began to be implemented , namely High - Speed Downlink Packet Access ( HSDPA ) . It is an enhanced 3G ( third generation ) mobile telephony communications protocol in the High - Speed Packet Access ( HSPA ) family , also coined 3.5 G , 3G+ or turbo 3G , which allows networks based on Universal Mobile Telecommunications System ( UMTS ) to have higher data transfer speeds and capacity . Current HSDPA deployments support down - link speeds of 1.8 , 3.6 , 7.2 and 14.0 Mbit / s . By the end of 2007 , there were 295 million subscribers on 3G networks worldwide , which reflected 9 % of the total worldwide subscriber base . About two thirds of these were on the WCDMA standard and one third on the EV - DO standard . The 3G telecoms services generated over $120 billion of revenues during 2007 and at many markets the majority of new phones activated were 3G phones . In Japan and South Korea the market no longer supplies phones of the second generation . Although mobile phones had long had the ability to access data networks such as the Internet , it was not until the widespread availability of good quality 3G coverage in the mid-2000s ( decade ) that specialized devices appeared to access the mobile web . The first such devices , known as `` dongles '' , plugged directly into a computer through the USB port . Another new class of device appeared subsequently , the so - called `` compact wireless router '' such as the Novatel MiFi , which makes 3G Internet connectivity available to multiple computers simultaneously over Wi - Fi , rather than just to a single computer via a USB plug - in . Such devices became especially popular for use with laptop computers due to the added portability they bestow . Consequently , some computer manufacturers started to embed the mobile data function directly into the laptop so a dongle or MiFi was n't needed . Instead , the SIM card could be inserted directly into the device itself to access the mobile data services . Such 3G - capable laptops became commonly known as `` netbooks '' . Other types of data - aware devices followed in the netbook 's footsteps . By the beginning of 2010 , E-readers , such as the Amazon Kindle and the Nook from Barnes & Noble , had already become available with embedded wireless Internet , and Apple had announced plans for embedded wireless Internet on its iPad tablet devices later that year . 4G -- native IP networks ( edit ) Main article : 4G By 2009 , it had become clear that , at some point , 3G networks would be overwhelmed by the growth of bandwidth - intensive applications like streaming media . Consequently , the industry began looking to data - optimized 4th - generation technologies , with the promise of speed improvements up to 10-fold over existing 3G technologies . The first two commercially available technologies billed as 4G were the WiMAX standard ( offered in the U.S. by Sprint ) and the LTE standard , first offered in Scandinavia by TeliaSonera . One of the main ways in which 4G differed technologically from 3G was in its elimination of circuit switching , instead employing an all - IP network . Thus , 4G ushered in a treatment of voice calls just like any other type of streaming audio media , utilizing packet switching over Internet , LAN or WAN networks via VoIP . Mobile device charger standards ( edit ) USB power standards for mobile charger Port Current Voltage Power ( max ) Micro-USB 500 mA 5 V 2.5 W 1 A 5 V 5 W 2 A 5 V 10 W Type - C 100 mA to 3 A 5 V 15 W 1.7 A to 3 A 9 V 27 W 1.8 A to 3 A 15 V 45 W 2.25 A to 5 A 20 V 100 W Before a universal charger standard was agreed upon in the late 2000s users needed an adaptor which was often the same brand as their phone to recharge the battery . In China ( edit ) The Micro-USB interface is commonly found on chargers for mobile phones . As of 14 June 2007 , all new mobile phones applying for a license in China are required to use a USB port as a power port for battery charging . This was the first standard to use the convention of shorting D+ and D − . OMTP / GSMA Universal Charging Solution ( edit ) In September 2007 , the Open Mobile Terminal Platform group ( a forum of mobile network operators and manufacturers such as Nokia , Samsung , Motorola , Sony Ericsson , and LG ) announced that its members had agreed on Micro-USB as the future common connector for mobile devices . The GSM Association ( GSMA ) followed suit on 17 February 2009 , and on 22 April 2009 , this was further endorsed by the CTIA -- The Wireless Association , with the International Telecommunication Union ( ITU ) announcing on 22 October 2009 that it had also embraced the Universal Charging Solution as its `` energy - efficient one - charger - fits - all new mobile phone solution , '' and added : `` Based on the Micro-USB interface , UCS chargers will also include a 4 - star or higher efficiency rating -- up to three times more energy - efficient than an unrated charger . '' EU smartphone power supply standard ( edit ) Main article : Common external power supply In June 2009 , many of the world 's largest mobile phone manufacturers signed an EC - sponsored Memorandum of Understanding ( MoU ) , agreeing to make most data - enabled mobile phones marketed in the European Union compatible with a common External Power Supply ( common EPS ) . The EU 's common EPS specification ( EN 62684 : 2010 ) references the USB Battery Charging Specification and is similar to the GSMA / OMTP and Chinese charging solutions . In January 2011 , the International Electrotechnical Commission ( IEC ) released its version of the ( EU 's ) common EPS standard as IEC 62684 : 2011 . Satellite mobile ( edit ) Main article : Satellite phone As well as the now - common cellular phone , there is also the very different approach of connecting directly from the handset to an Earth - orbiting satellite . Such mobile phones can be used in remote areas out of reach of wired networks or where construction of a cellular network is uneconomic . The Inmarsat system is the oldest , originally developed in 1979 for safety of life at sea , and uses a series of satellites in geostationary orbits to cover the majority of the globe . Several smaller operators use the same approach with just one or two satellites to provide a regional service . An alternative approach is to use a series of low Earth orbit satellites much closer to Earth . This is the basis of the Iridium and Globalstar satellite phone services . See also ( edit ) The Mobile Revolution Autopatch History of the prepaid mobile phone History of the telephone List of best - selling mobile phones Personal Communications Service PCS Pager Babylonokia Subscriber identity module Smartphone § History References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wallop , Harry ( 18 Jun 2011 ) . `` Mobilecomputer calls overtake landline calls for first time '' . The Telegraph ( London ) . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wireless Phone Cases Dismissed '' . San Francisco Call . 104 ( 37 ) . 1908 - 07 - 07 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` 1900 '' . deutsches-telefon-museum.eu. 2007 - 12 - 29 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ Informatikzentrum Mobilfunk ( IZMF ) . izmf.de : `` The development of digital mobile communications in Germany '' , retrieved on 2013 - 05 - 30 Jump up ^ Punch Jump up ^ simplicissimus.info : Bild `` Drahtlose Telephonie '' in Simplicissimus , 1926 ( Jg. 31 ) Heft 38 , S. 498. , ( PDF - file ) , retrieved on 2012 - 03 - 14 Jump up ^ Рыбчинский , Юрий ( 1961 ) . РАДИОФОН . Орловская Правда ( in Russian ) ( 12 -- 1961 ) . М. : Орловская Правда . Jump up ^ Мартин Купер был не первым . Олег Измеров ( in Russian ) . Jump up ^ `` Nauka i zhizn '' magazine , 8 , 1957 and 10 , 1958 ; `` Technika - molodezhi '' magazine , 2 , 1959 ; `` Za rulem '' magazine , 12 , 1957 , `` Yuny technik '' magazine , 7 , 1957 , 2 , 1958 and 9 , 1996 ; `` Orlovskaya pravda '' newspaper , 12 , 1961 . Jump up ^ `` Nauka i zhizn '' magazine , 8 , 1965 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1946 : First Mobile Telephone Call '' . corp.att.com . AT&T Intellectual Property . 2011 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Gordon A. Gow , Richard K. Smith Mobile and wireless communications : an introduction , McGraw - Hill International , 2006 ISBN 0 - 335 - 21761 - 3 page 23 Jump up ^ http://www.btplc.com/today/art91356.html Jump up ^ https://books.google.ca/books?id=hsA8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA94&dq=%22radio+common+carrier%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=caK2VL2xG5PVasaPgsgK&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22radio%20common%20carrier%22&f=false The Code of Federal Regulations of the United States of America , 47 CFR1 22.2 , 10 - 1 - 92 Edition , retrieved 2015 Jan 14 Jump up ^ Rabbit ( telecommunications ) Jump up ^ Wirless World July 1971 Jump up ^ 1947 memo by Douglas H. Ring proposing hexagonal cells Archived 7 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine ... ( PDF ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ article by Tom Farley `` Cellular Telephone Basics '' . Privateline.com . Retrieved on 2012 - 12 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : See Amos Joel patent 3,663,762 . Jump up ^ `` Switching hipatitas for a Cellular Mobile Telephone System '' : , Z . Fluhr and E. Nussbaum , IEEE Transactions on Communications volume 21 , # 11 p. 1281 ( 1973 ) Jump up ^ Hachenburg , V. ; Holm , B.D. ; Smith , J.I. ( 1977 ) . `` Data signaling functions for a cellular mobile telephone system '' . IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology . 26 : 82 . doi : 10.1109 / T - VT. 1977.23660 . Jump up ^ Shi , Mingtao ( 2007 ) . Technology Base of mobile cellular operators in Germany and China . Univerlagtuberlin . pp. 55 -- . ISBN 978 - 3 - 7983 - 2057 - 4 . Retrieved 30 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Facts about the Mobile . A Journey through Time . mobilen50ar.se Jump up ^ The first Russian mobile phone . Englishrussia.com ( 2006 - 09 - 18 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ Shiels , Maggie ( 21 April 2003 ) . `` BBC interview with Martin Cooper '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ Martin Cooper , et al. , `` Radio Telephone System '' , US Patent number 3,906,166 ; Filing date : 17 October 1973 ; Issue date : September 1975 ; Assignee Motorola Jump up ^ `` Martin Cooper - The Inventor of the Cell Phone '' . Retrieved 23 March 2012 . Jump up ^ John F. Mitchell Biography . Brophy.net ( 2012 - 08 - 07 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ The Top Giants in Telephony Archived 17 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine ... Historyofthecellphone.com ( 2009 - 06 - 11 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ Who invented the cell phone ? . Brophy.net ( 2012 - 08 - 07 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Motorola Executive Helped spur Cellphone Revolution , Oversaw Ill - fated Iridium Project '' . The Wall Street Journal , 20 -- 21 June 2009 , Jump up ^ `` John F. Mitchell , 1928 -- 2009 : Was president of Motorola from 1980 to ' 95 '' . Chicago Tribune . 17 June 2009 . Retrieved 29 July 2009 . Jump up ^ AT&T article . Corp.att.com ( 1946 - 06 - 17 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` First Cell Phone a True ' Brick ' '' . Associated Press . Retrieved 21 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` This Is the Original Mobile Phone Design Icon '' . Retrieved 21 March 2012 . Jump up ^ A. Kling , Andrew ( 2010 ) . Cell Phones. 27500 Drake Road , Farmington Hills MI 48331 : Lucent Books . pp. 24 -- 26 . Jump up ^ `` Cell Phone Generations 1G , 2G , 3G and now 4G -- Tech Forums '' . Forums.techeblog.com. 25 August 2010 . Retrieved 16 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Before IPhone and Android Came Simon , the First Smartphone '' . Businessweek. 29 June 2012 . Retrieved 16 October 2012 . Jump up ^ 3G and Cellular radio Information . Privateline.com ( 2005 - 01 - 23 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ Gopal , Thawatt ( 11 -- 15 March 2007 ) . `` IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference '' . IEEE : 3262 -- 7 . doi : 10.1109 / WCNC. 2007.601 . ISBN 1 - 4244 - 0658 - 7 . contribution = ignored ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Internet Archive Wayback Machine '' . Web.archive.org. 20 September 2005 . Archived from the original on 28 April 2006 . Retrieved 16 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Gonsalves , Antone ( 19 September 2005 ) . `` RealNetworks Launches Streaming Music on Sprint Phones '' . Informationweek.com . Retrieved 16 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Media Week , 20 September 2005 , 12 : 00 am ( 20 September 2005 ) . `` Disney will offer mobile content -- Media news '' . Media Week . Retrieved 16 October 2012 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Fahd Ahmad Saeed . `` Capacity Limit Problem in 3G Networks '' . Purdue School of Engineering . Retrieved 23 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` VoIP Support in Nokia Devices '' . Archived from the original on 28 May 2009 . Retrieved 16 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Power Rules '' , Universal Serial Bus Power Delivery Specification revision 3.0 , version 1.1 , USB Implementers Forum , retrieved 2017 - 09 - 05 Jump up ^ Cai Yan ( 2007 - 05 - 31 ) . `` China to enforce universal cell phone charger '' . EE Times . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ The Chinese FCC 's technical standard : `` YD / T 1591 - 2006 , Technical Requirements and Test Method of Charger and Interface for Mobile Telecommunication Terminal Equipment '' ( PDF ) ( in Chinese ) . Dian yuan . Jump up ^ Lam , Crystal ; Liu , Harry ( 22 October 2007 ) . `` How to conform to China 's new mobile phone interface standards '' . Wireless Net DesignLine . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Pros seem to outdo cons in new phone charger standard '' . News . 20 September 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Broad Manufacturer Agreement Gives Universal Phone Cable Green Light '' ( Press release ) . OTMP. 17 September 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` Agreement on Mobile phone Standard Charger '' ( Press release ) . GSM World . Jump up ^ `` Common Charging and Local Data Connectivity '' . Open Mobile Terminal Platform. 11 February 2009 . Archived from the original on 29 March 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Universal Charging Solution ~ GSM World '' . GSM world . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Meeting the challenge of the universal charge standard in mobile phones '' . Planet Analog . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` The Wireless Association Announces One Universal Charger Solution to Celebrate Earth Day '' ( Press release ) . CTIA. 2009 - 04 - 22 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` ITU '' ( Press release ) . 2009 - 10 - 22 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` chargers '' . EU : EC . 2009 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Europe gets universal cellphone charger in 2010 '' . Wired. 2009 - 06 - 13 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` One size - fits - all mobile phone charger : IEC publishes first globally relevant standard '' . International Electrotechnical Commission . 2011 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 20 . Further reading ( edit ) Agar , Jon ( 2004 ) . Constant Touch : a Global History of the Mobile Phone . Cambridge : Icon . ISBN 978 - 1840465419 . Farley , Tom ( 2007 ) . `` The Cell - Phone Revolution '' . American Heritage of Invention & Technology . New York : American Heritage . 22 ( 3 ) : 8 -- 19 . ISSN 8756 - 7296 . OCLC 108126426 . BL Shelfmark 0817.734000 . Mobile phones General Features GSM services History Operating system Security Telephony airplane mode Text messaging SMS MMS Spam Tracking Web browsing HTML5 Software Apps Development Distribution Management Cloud computing Commerce Banking Marketing advertising campaigns Payments contactless donating Ticketing Content Blogging Email Gambling Gaming Health Instant messaging Learning Music News Search local Social address book Television Culture Charms Comics Dating Japanese culture Novels Ringtones silent mode Selfie Txtspk Wallpaper Devices Manufacturers 3D phone Camera phone Car phone Feature phone Projector phone Satellite phone Smartphone SIM lock Form factors Bar Flip Phablet Slider Smartwatch Smartphones Android devices rooting BlackBerry 10 iPhone iOS jailbreaking Open - source mobile phones Symbian devices Windows Phone devices Environment and health BlackBerry thumb Driving safety Electronic waste External power supply Phantom vibration syndrome Radiation and health Recycling Law Carrier IQ Use restrictions while driving Legality of recording by civilians Photography and the law Telephone tapping Texting while driving Mobile phones in prison Networking Channel capacity Frequencies Multi-band Network operator list Roaming Signal SIM ( dual SIM ) Standards comparison Tethering VoIP WAP XHTML - MP Generations 0G 1G 2G 3G adoption 3.5 G 4G 4.5 G 5G Telecommunications History Beacon Broadcasting Cable protection system Cable TV Communications satellite Computer network Drums Electrical telegraph Fax Heliographs Hydraulic telegraph Internet Mass media Mobile phone Optical telecommunication Optical telegraphy Pager Photophone Prepaid mobile phone Radio Radiotelephone Satellite communications Semaphore Smartphone Smoke signals Telecommunications history Telautograph Telegraphy Teleprinter ( teletype ) Telephone The Telephone Cases Television Timeline of communication technology Undersea telegraph line Videoconferencing Videophone Videotelephony Whistled language Pioneers Edwin Howard Armstrong John Logie Baird Paul Baran Alexander Graham Bell Tim Berners - Lee Jagadish Chandra Bose Vint Cerf Claude Chappe Donald Davies Lee de Forest Philo Farnsworth Reginald Fessenden Elisha Gray Erna Schneider Hoover Charles K. Kao Hedy Lamarr Innocenzo Manzetti Guglielmo Marconi Antonio Meucci Radia Perlman Alexander Stepanovich Popov Johann Philipp Reis Nikola Tesla Camille Tissot Alfred Vail Charles Wheatstone Vladimir K. Zworykin Transmission media Coaxial cable Free - space optical communication Molecular communication Optical fiber Radio waves Transmission line Network topology and switching Links Nodes Terminal node Network switching ( circuit packet ) Telephone exchange Multiplexing Space - division Frequency - division Time - division Polarization - division Orbital angular - momentum Code - division Networks ARPANET BITNET Cellular network Computer CYCLADES Ethernet FidoNet Internet ISDN LAN Mobile NGN NPL network Public Switched Telephone Radio Telecommunications equipment Television Telex WAN Wireless World Wide Web Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_mobile_phones&oldid=814991825 '' Categories : History of mobile phones Hidden categories : CS1 uses Russian - language script ( ru ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Webarchive template wayback links CS1 errors : chapter ignored CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from November 2017 Articles needing additional references from April 2012 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2010 Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2007 All articles containing potentially dated statements Use dmy dates from June 2013 Talk Search Contents About Wikipedia Català Eesti Español Қазақша Português Română Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 12 December 2017 , at 02 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20mobile%20phones
| 2,177 |
what was the us economy like after ww2
|
The post -- World War II economic expansion , also known as the postwar economic boom , the long boom , and the Golden Age of Capitalism , was a period of strong economic growth beginning after World War II and ending with the 1973 -- 75 recession . The United States , Soviet Union , Western European and East Asian countries in particular experienced unusually high and sustained growth , together with full employment . Contrary to early predictions , this high growth also included many countries that had been devastated by the war , such as Japan ( Japanese post-war economic miracle ) , West Germany and Austria ( Wirtschaftswunder ) , France ( Trente Glorieuses ) , Italy ( Italian economic miracle ) , Greece ( Greek economic miracle ) , Taiwan ( Taiwan Miracle ) and South Korea ( Miracle of the Han River ) .
|
Post -- World War II economic expansion
|
post - - world war ii economic expansion
|
The post -- World War II economic expansion , also known as the postwar economic boom , the long boom , and the Golden Age of Capitalism , was a period of strong economic growth beginning after World War II and ending with the 1973 -- 75 recession . The United States , Soviet Union , Western European and East Asian countries in particular experienced unusually high and sustained growth , together with full employment . Contrary to early predictions , this high growth also included many countries that had been devastated by the war , such as Japan ( Japanese post-war economic miracle ) , West Germany and Austria ( Wirtschaftswunder ) , France ( Trente Glorieuses ) , Italy ( Italian economic miracle ) , Greece ( Greek economic miracle ) , Taiwan ( Taiwan Miracle ) and South Korea ( Miracle of the Han River ) .
|
Contents ( hide ) 1 Terminology 2 Timeline 3 Global economic climate 4 Causes 4.1 Productivity 4.1. 1 New products and services 4.2 Economic aftermath of war 4.3 Keynesian economics 4.3. 1 Infrastructure spending 4.3. 2 Military spending 4.4 Financial repression 4.5 Wealth redistribution 4.6 Low oil prices 4.7 International cooperation 4.7. 1 Institutional arrangements 4.7. 1.1 US Council of Economic Advisers 5 Specific countries 5.1 Belgium 5.2 France 5.3 Italy 5.4 Japan 5.5 Soviet Union 5.6 Sweden 5.7 United Kingdom 5.8 United States 5.9 West Germany 6 Effects 7 Decline 8 See also 9 Notes and references 10 Further reading Terminology ( edit ) In academic literature , the period is frequently referred to as the post -- World War II economic boom , though this term can refer to much shorter booms in particular markets . It is also known as the Long Boom , though this term is generic and can refer to other periods . The golden age of Capitalism is a common name for this period in both academic and economics books . The term is also used in other contexts . In older sources and occasionally in contemporary ones , Golden age of Capitalism can refer to the period of the Second Industrial Revolution from approximately 1870 to 1914 , which also saw rapid economic expansion . Yet another name for the quarter century following the end of World War II is the Age of Marx , though the Soviet Union 's economic statistics were not reliable during this period . Timeline ( edit ) Economist Roger Middleton states that economic historians generally agree on 1950 as the start date for the golden age , while Robert Skidelsky states 1951 is the most recognized start date . Both Skidelsky and Middleton have 1973 as the generally recognized end date , though sometimes the golden age is considered to have ended as early as 1970 . This long term business cycle ended with a number of events in the early 1970s : the collapse of the Bretton Woods monetary system in 1971 the growing international trade in manufactured goods , such as automobiles and electronics the 1973 oil crisis , the 1973 -- 1974 stock market crash , the ensuing 1973 -- 75 recession , and May Day 1975 the deregulation of fixed fees for trading stocks and market based commissions While this is the global period , specific countries experienced business expansions for different periods ; in Taiwan , the Taiwan Miracle lasted into the late 1990s , for instance , while in France the period is referred to as Trente Glorieuses ( 30 glorious ( years ) ) and is considered to extend for the 30 - year period from 1945 to 1975 . Global economic climate ( edit ) In the United States , unemployment fluctuated during the 1950s , but dropped steadily during the 1960s . OECD members enjoyed real GDP growth averaging over 4 % per year in the 1950s , and nearly 5 % per year in the 1960s , compared with 3 % in the 1970s and 2 % in the 1980s . Skidelsky devotes ten pages of his 2009 book Keynes : The Return of the Master to a comparison of the golden age to what he calls the Washington Consensus period , which he dates as spanning 1980 -- 2009 ( 1973 -- 1980 being a transitional period ) : Metric Golden Age Washington Consensus Average global growth 4.8 % 3.2 % Unemployment ( US ) 4.8 % 6.1 % Unemployment ( France ) 1.2 % 9.5 % Unemployment ( Germany ) 3.1 % 7.5 % Unemployment ( Great Britain ) 1.6 % 7.4 % Skidelsky suggests the high global growth during the golden age was especially impressive as during that period Japan was the only major Asian economy enjoying high growth ( Taiwan and South Korea at the time being small economies ) . It was not until later that the world had the exceptional growth of China raising the global average . Skidelsky also reports that inequality was generally decreasing during the golden age , whereas since the Washington Consensus was formed it has been increasing . Globally , the golden age was a time of unusual financial stability , with crises far less frequent and intense than before or after . Martin Wolf reports that between 1945 -- 71 ( 27 years ) the world saw only 38 financial crises , whereas from 1973 -- 97 ( 24 years ) there were 139 . Causes ( edit ) Allied war bonds matured during these years , transferring cash from governments to private households . Productivity ( edit ) See also : Agricultural productivity High productivity growth from before the war continued after the war and until the early 1970s . Manufacturing was aided by automation technologies such as feedback controllers , which appeared in the late 1930s were a fast - growing area of investment following the war . Wholesale and retail trade benefited from new highway systems , distribution warehouses , and material handling equipment such as forklifts and intermodal containers . Oil displaced coal in many applications , particularly in locomotives and ships . In agriculture , the post WW II period saw the widespread introduction of the following : Chemical fertilizers Tractors Combine harvesters High - yielding variety Pesticides New products and services ( edit ) Industries that were created or expanded during the post war period included television , commercial aviation and particularly in the US , computer technology . Economic aftermath of War ( edit ) Economists employing Marxian economic analysis and Crisis theory argue that the period of prosperity was a temporary phase in capitalist development fueled by a revival of capital stock , large pools of labor and raw materials , and technological innovation emerging from the end of the Second World War and the scale of defeats of the international working class . This era of prosperity helped prop up the perspective that the crises and business cycles inherent to capitalism could be solved through macroeconomic Keynesian policies , when in actuality the fundamental instabilities of capitalism had not been resolved . Keynesian economics ( edit ) Many Western governments funded large infrastructure projects during this period . Here the redevelopment of Norrmalm and the Stockholm Metro , Sweden . Keynesian economists argue that the post war expansion was caused by adoption of Keynesian economic policies . Naomi Klein has argued the high growth enjoyed by Europe and America was the result of Keynesian economic policies and in the case of rapidly rising prosperity that this post war period saw in parts of South America , by the influence of developmentalist economics led by Raúl Prebisch . Infrastructure spending ( edit ) One of Eisenhower 's enduring achievements was championing and signing the bill that authorized the Interstate Highway System in 1956 . He justified the project through the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956 as essential to American security during the Cold War . It was believed that large cities would be targets in a possible war , hence the highways were designed to facilitate their evacuation and ease military maneuvers . Military spending ( edit ) Another explanation for this period is the theory of the permanent war economy , which suggests that the large spending on the military helped stabilize the global economy ; this has also been referred to as `` Military Keynesianism '' . Financial repression ( edit ) This period also saw financial repression -- low nominal interest rates and low or negative real interest rates ( nominal rates lower than inflation plus taxation ) , via government policy -- resulting respectively in debt servicing costs being low ( low nominal rates ) and in liquidation of existing debt ( via inflation and taxation ) . This allowed countries ( such as the US and UK ) to both deal with their existing government debt level and reduce the level of debt without needing to direct a high portion of government spending to debt service . Wealth redistribution ( edit ) Historical federal marginal tax rates for income for the lowest and highest income earners in the US Real income in the United States by percentile , normalized to 2007 costs . All social classes grew wealthier during the 1950s and 1960s , but the lower percentiles have only seen marginal improvement since then . Much property was destroyed in war . In the inter-war period , the Great Depression also caused investments to lose value . During both World Wars , progressive taxation and capital levies were introduced , with the generally - stated aim of distributing the sacrifices required by the war more evenly . While tax rates dipped between the wars , they did not return to pre-war levels . Top tax rates increased dramatically , in some cases tenfold . This had a significant effect on both income and wealth distributions . Such policies were commonly referred to as the `` conscription of income '' and `` conscription of wealth '' . `` a fundamental objection to the government 's policy of conscription is that it conscripts human life only , and that it does not attempt to conscript wealth ... '' -- Liberal party election platform , autumn 1917 , Canada The Economist opposed capital levies , but supported `` direct taxation heavy enough to amount to rationing of citizens ' incomes '' . Rationing of goods was also widely used , with the aim of distributing scarce resources efficiently . Rationing was widely done with ration stamps , a second currency that entitled the bearer to buy ( with regular money ) a certain amount of a certain sort of good ( for instance , two ounces of meat , or a certain amount of clothing or fuel ) . Price controls were also used ( for instance , the price of restaurant meals was capped ) . In the post-war period , progressive taxation persisted . Inheritance taxes also had an effect . Rationing in the United Kingdom lasted until 1954 . Allied war bonds matured during the post-war years , transferring cash from governments to private households . Low oil prices ( edit ) The real oil price was low during the post-war decades , with this ending in the 1973 oil crisis . In the 1940s , the price of oil was about $17 , rising to just over $20 during the Korean War ( 1951 -- 1953 ) . During the Vietnam War ( 1950s -- 1970s ) the price of oil slowly declined to under $20 . During the Arab oil embargo of 1973 -- the first oil shock -- the price of oil rapidly rose to double in price . International cooperation ( edit ) Poster for the Marshall Plan See also : Aftermath of World War II Among the causes can be mentioned the rapid normalization of political relations between former Axis powers and the western Allies . After the war , the major powers were determined not to repeat the mistakes of the Great Depression , some of which were ascribed to post -- World War I policy errors . The Marshall Plan for the rebuilding of Europe is most credited for reconciliation , though the immediate post-war situations was more complicated . In 1948 the Marshall Plan pumped over $12 billion to rebuild and modernize Western Europe . The European Coal and Steel Community formed the foundation of what was to become the European Union in later years . Institutional arrangements ( edit ) Institutional economists point to the international institutions established in the post-war period . Structurally , the victorious Allies established the United Nations and the Bretton Woods monetary system , international institutions designed to promote stability . This was achieved through a number of policies , including promoting free trade , instituting the Marshall Plan , and the use of Keynesian economics . US Council of economic Advisers ( edit ) In the United States , the Employment Act of 1946 set the goals of achieving full employment , full production , and stable prices . It also created the Council of Economic Advisers to provide objective economic analysis and advice on the development and implementation of a wide range of domestic and international economic policy issues . In its first 7 years the CEA made five technical advances in policy making : The replacement of a `` cyclical model '' of the economy by a `` growth model , '' The setting of quantitative targets for the economy , Use of the theories of fiscal drag and full - employment budget , Recognition of the need for greater flexibility in taxation , and Replacement of the notion of unemployment as a structural problem by a realization of low aggregate demand . Specific countries ( edit ) The economies of the United States , Japan , West Germany , France , and Italy did particularly well . Japan and West Germany caught up to and exceeded the GDP of the United Kingdom during these years , even as the UK itself was experiencing the greatest absolute prosperity in its history . In France , this period is often looked back to with nostalgia as the Trente Glorieuses , or `` Glorious Thirty '' , while the economies of West Germany and Austria were characterized by Wirtschaftswunder ( economic miracle ) , and in Italy it is called Miracolo economico ( economic miracle ) . Most developing countries also did well in this period . Belgium ( edit ) Main article : Belgian economic miracle Belgium experienced a brief but very rapid economic recovery in the aftermath of World War II . The comparatively light damage sustained by Belgium 's heavy industry during the German occupation and the Europe - wide need for the country 's traditional exports ( steel and coal , textiles , and railway infrastructure ) meant that Belgium became the first European country to regain its pre-war level of output in 1947 . Economic growth in the period was accompanied by low inflation and sharp increases in real living standards . However , lack of capital investment meant that Belgium 's heavy industry was ill - equipped to compete with other European industries in the 1950s . This contributed to the start of deindustrialisation in Wallonia and the emergence of regional economic disparities . France ( edit ) Main article : Trente Glorieuses Between 1947 and 1973 , France went through a boom period ( 5 % growth per year on average ) dubbed by Jean Fourastié Trente Glorieuses - the title of a book published in 1979 . The economic growth occurred mainly due to productivity gains and to an increase in the number of working hours . Indeed , the working population grew very slowly , the `` baby boom '' being offset by the extension of the time dedicated to study . Productivity gains came from catching up with the United States . In 1950 , the average income in France was 55 % of that of an American ; it reached 80 % in 1973 . Among the `` major '' nations , only Japan had faster growth in this era than France . The extended period of transformation and modernization also involved an increasing internationalization of the French economy . France by the 1980s had become a leading world economic power and the world 's fourth - largest exporter of manufactured products . It became Europe 's largest agricultural producer and exporter , accounting for more than 10 percent of world trade in such goods by the 1980s . The service sector grew rapidly and became the largest sector , generating a large foreign - trade surplus , chiefly from the earnings from tourism . Italy ( edit ) Main article : Italian economic miracle The Italian economy experienced very variable growth . In the 1950s and early 1960s the Italian economy boomed , with record high growth - rates , including 6.4 % in 1959 , 5.8 % in 1960 , 6.8 % in 1961 , and 6.1 % in 1962 . This rapid and sustained growth was due to the ambitions of several Italian businesspeople , the opening of new industries ( helped by the discovery of hydrocarbons , made for iron and steel , in the Po valley ) , re-construction and the modernisation of most Italian cities , such as Milan , Rome and Turin , and the aid given to the country after World War II ( notably through the Marshall Plan ) . Japan ( edit ) Main article : Japanese economic miracle A transistor radio made by Sanyo in 1959 . Japan manufactured much of the world 's consumer electronics during this period . After 1950 Japan 's economy recovered from the war damage and began to boom , with the fastest growth rates in the world . Given a boost by the Korean War , in which it acted as a major supplier to the UN force , Japan 's economy embarked on a prolonged period of extremely rapid growth , led by the manufacturing sectors . Japan emerged as a significant power in many economic spheres , including steel working , car manufacturing and the manufacturing of electronics . Japan rapidly caught up with the West in foreign trade , GNP , and general quality of life . The high economic growth and political tranquility of the mid to late 1960s were slowed by the quadrupling of oil prices in 1973 . Almost completely dependent on imports for petroleum , Japan experienced its first recession since World War II . Another serious problem was Japan 's growing trade surplus , which reached record heights . The United States pressured Japan to remedy the imbalance , demanding that Tokyo raise the value of the yen and open its markets further to facilitate more imports from the United States . Soviet Union ( edit ) In the 1950s the Soviet Union , having reconstructed the ruins left by the war , experienced a decade of prosperous , undisturbed , and rapid economic growth , with significant technological achievements most notably the first earth satellite . The nation ranked in the top 15 most prosperous countries . However , the growth slowed and ended by 1960 , as the Khrushchev regime poured resources into large military and space projects , and the civilian sector languished . While every other major nation greatly expanded its service sector , that sector in the Soviet Union ( medicine , for example ) was given low priority . Following Khrushchev 's ouster , and the appointment of a collective leadership led by Leonid Brezhnev and Alexei Kosygin , the economy was revitalised . The economy continued to grow apace during the mid-to - late 1960s , during the Eighth Five - Year Plan . However , economic growth began to falter during the early to mid-1970s , beginning the Era of Stagnation . Sweden ( edit ) Main article : Record years Sweden emerged almost unharmed from World War II , and experienced tremendous economic growth until the early 1970s , as Social Democratic Prime Minister Tage Erlander held his office from 1946 to 1969 . Sweden used to be a country of emigrants until the 1930s , but the demand for labor spurred immigration to Sweden , especially from Finland and countries like Greece , Italy and Yugoslavia . Urbanization was fast , and housing shortage in urban areas was imminent until the Million Programme was launched in the 1960s . United Kingdom ( edit ) The national debt of the United Kingdom was at a record high percentage of the GDP as the war ended , but was largely repaid by 1975 . A 1957 speech by UK Prime Minister Harold Macmillan captures what the golden age felt like , even before the brightest years which were to come in the 1960s . `` Let us be frank about it : most of our people have never had it so good . Go round the country , go to the industrial towns , go to the farms and you will see a state of prosperity such as we have never had in my lifetime -- nor indeed in the history of this country . '' Unemployment figures show that unemployment was significantly lower during the Golden Age than before or after : Epoch Date range Percentage of British labour force unemployed . Pre-Golden Age 1921 -- 1938 13.4 Golden Age 1950 -- 1969 1.6 Post-Golden Age 1970 -- 1993 6.7 In addition to superior economic performance , other social indexes were higher in the golden age ; for example the proportion of Britain 's population saying they are `` very happy '' has fallen from 52 % in 1957 to just 36 % in 2005 . United States ( edit ) Main article : Economic history of the United States § Postwar prosperity : 1945 -- 1973 See also : Economic stagnation § End of stagnation in the U.S. after the Great Depression The period from the end of World War II to the early 1970s was one of the greatest eras of economic expansion in world history . In the US , Gross Domestic Product increased from $228 billion in 1945 to just under $1.7 trillion in 1975 . By 1975 , the US economy represented some 35 % of the entire world industrial output , and the US economy was over 3 times larger than that of Japan , the next largest economy . $200 billion in war bonds matured , and the G.I. Bill financed a well - educated work force . The middle class swelled , as did GDP and productivity . The US underwent its own golden age of economic growth . This growth was distributed fairly evenly across the economic classes , which some attribute to the strength of labor unions in this period -- labor union membership peaked during the 1950s . Much of the growth came from the movement of low - income farm workers into better - paying jobs in the towns and cities -- a process largely completed by 1960 . Libertarian historian Burton W. Folsom Jr. argues that under the leadership of Senator Walter George , Congress ended most economic controls , cut taxes , slashed spending , and expected entrepreneurs to create the jobs needed for the returning soldiers . The predicted postwar depression never happened and the economy , grew rapidly as unemployment stabilized at 3.9 percent . West Germany ( edit ) Main article : Wirtschaftswunder Assembly of the Volkswagen Beetle in West Germany West Germany , under Chancellor Konrad Adenauer and economic minister Ludwig Ehrhard , saw prolonged economic growth beginning in the early 1950s . Journalists dubbed it the Wirtschaftswunder or `` Economic Miracle '' . Industrial production doubled from 1950 to 1957 , and gross national product grew at a rate of 9 or 10 % per year , providing the engine for economic growth of all of Western Europe . Labor union 's support of the new policies , postponed wage increases , minimized strikes , supported technological modernization , and a policy of co-determination ( Mitbestimmung ) , which involved a satisfactory grievance resolution system and required the representation of workers on the boards of large corporations , all contributed to such a prolonged economic growth . The recovery was accelerated by the currency reform of June 1948 , US gifts of $1.4 billion Marshall Plan aid , the breaking down of old trade barriers and traditional practices , and the opening of the global market . West Germany gained legitimacy and respect , as it shed the horrible reputation Germany had gained under the Nazis . West Germany played a central role in the creation of European cooperation ; it joined NATO in 1955 and was a founding member of the European Economic Community in 1958 . Effects ( edit ) The increased free time of adolescents caused the rise of youth subcultures such as Mods . The post-war economic boom had many social , cultural , and political effects ( not least of which was the demographic bulge termed the baby boom ) . Movements and phenomena associated with this period include the height of the Cold War , postmodernism , decolonisation , a marked increase in consumerism , the welfare state , the space race , the Non-Aligned Movement , import substitution , counterculture of the 1960s , opposition to the Vietnam War , the Civil Rights Movement , the sexual revolution , the beginning of second - wave feminism , and a nuclear arms race . In the United States , the middle - class began a mass migration away from the cities and towards the suburbs . Thus , it can be summed up as a period of prosperity in which most people could enjoy a job for life , a house and a family . In the West , there emerged a near - complete consensus against strong ideology and a belief that technocratic and scientific solutions could be found to most of humanity 's problems , a view advanced by US President John F. Kennedy in 1962 . This optimism was symbolized through such events as the 1964 New York World 's Fair , and Lyndon B. Johnson 's Great Society programs , which aimed at eliminating poverty in the United States . Decline ( edit ) The sharp rise in oil prices ( due to the 1973 oil crisis ) hastened the transition to the post-industrial economy , and a multitude of social problems began to emerge . During the 1970s steel crisis , demand for steel declined , and the Western world faced competition from newly industrialized countries . This was especially harsh for mining and steel districts such as the North American Rust Belt and the West German Ruhr area . See also ( edit ) Post-war consensus , in Britain Four Asian Tigers Mexican miracle Spanish miracle Nixon shock Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://m.oxfordscholarship.com/mobile/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198287414.001.0001/acprof-9780198287414 Jump up ^ Desai , Meghnad ( 2002 ) . Marx 's Revenge : The Resurgence of Capitalism and the Death of Statist Socialism , . Verso . p. 216 . ISBN 1 - 85984 - 429 - 4 . Jump up ^ Ball , Terence ; Bellamy , Richard Paul ( 2002 ) . The Cambridge history of twentieth - century political thought . Cambridge University Press . p. 45 . ISBN 1 - 85984 - 429 - 4 . Jump up ^ Middleton , Roger ( 2000 ) . The British Economy Since 1945 . Palgrave Macmillan . p. 3 . ISBN 0 - 333 - 68483 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Skidelsky , Robert ( 2009 ) . Keynes : The Return of the Master . Allen Lane . pp. 116 , 126 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84614 - 258 - 1 . Jump up ^ Marglin , Stephen A. ; Schor , Juliet B . The Golden Age of Capitalism . Clarendon Press . p. 1 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ Wolf , Martin ( 2009 ) . `` 3 '' . Fixing Global Finance . Yale University Press . p. 31 . Jump up ^ Field , Alexander J. ( 2011 ) . A Great Leap Forward : 1930s Depression and U.S. Economic Growth . New Haven , London : Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 15109 - 1 . Jump up ^ Bjork , Gordon J. ( 1999 ) . The Way It Worked and Why It Wo n't : Structural Change and the Slowdown of U.S. Economic Growth . Westport , CT ; London : Praeger . pp. 2 , 67 . ISBN 0 - 275 - 96532 - 5 . Jump up ^ Grübler , Arnulf ( 1990 ) . The Rise and Fall of Infrastructures : Dynamics of Evolution and Technological Change in Transport ( PDF ) . Heidelberg and New York : Physica - Verlag . p. 87 Jump up ^ Yaffe , David ; Bullock , Paul ( 1979 ) . `` Inflation , the Crisis and the Post-War Boom '' . Revolutionary Communist No. 3 / 4 ( Second Edition ) , November 1979 . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Panitch , Leo ; Miliband , Ralph ( 1992 ) . `` The New World Order and the Socialist Agenda '' . The Socialist Register . Retrieved October 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Klein , Naomi ( 2008 ) . The Shock Doctrine . Penguin . p. 55 . Jump up ^ `` The cracks are showing '' . The Economist . June 26 , 2008 . Retrieved October 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ The Liquidation of Government Debt , Reinhart , Carmen M. & Sbrancia , M. Belen Jump up ^ `` U.S. Federal Individual Income Tax Rates History , 1913 -- 2011 '' . Tax Foundation . 9 September 2011 . Archived from the original on 16 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : https://web.stanford.edu/group/scheve-research/cgi-bin/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/ScheveStasavage_IO_2010.pdf ^ Jump up to : http://www.history.ac.uk/ihr/Focus/War/londonRation.html Jump up ^ https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/8-facts-about-clothes-rationing-in-britain-during-the-second-world-war Jump up ^ Salant , Walter S. `` Some Intellectual Contributions of the Truman Council of Economic Advisers to Policy - Making , '' History of Political Economy , 1973 , Vol. 5 Issue 1 , pp 36 -- 49 Jump up ^ P. Sicsic , and C. Wyplosz . `` France : 1945 - 92 . '' in Economic Growth in Europe since 1945 , edited by N. Crafts and G. Toniolo . ( Cambridge University Press , 1996 ) Jump up ^ Andrea Boltho , `` Economic Policy in France and Italy since the War : Different Stances , Different Outcomes ? , '' Journal of Economic Issues 35 # 3 ( 2001 ) pp 713 + online Jump up ^ Vera Zamagni , Vera , The economic history of Italy 1860 - 1990 ( Oxford University Press , 1993 ) Jump up ^ Giangiacomo Nardozzi , `` The Italian '' Economic Miracle `` . Rivista di storia economica ( 2003 ) 19 $2 pp : 139 - 180 , in English . Jump up ^ James L. McClain , Japan : A Modern History ( 2002 ) pp 562 - 98 Jump up ^ Hans Brinckmann , and Ysbrand Rogge . Showa Japan : The Post-War Golden Age and Its Troubled Legacy ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Gur Ofer , The service sector in Soviet economic growth ( 1973 ) p. 21 online ^ Jump up to : Sandle , Mark ; Bacon , Edwin ( 2002 ) . Brezhnev Reconsidered . Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 44 -- 45 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 333 - 79463 - 0 . Jump up ^ Brown , Archie ( 2009 ) . The Rise & Fall of Communism . Bodley Head . p. 403 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84595 - 067 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` 1957 : Britons ' have never had it so good ' '' . BBC . 1957 - 07 - 20 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ Sloman , John ( 2004 ) . Economics . Penguin . p. 811 . Jump up ^ Mark Easton ( 2006 - 05 - 02 ) . `` Britain 's happiness in decline '' . BBC . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ Nigel Healey , ed. , Britain 's Economic Miracle : Myth or Reality ? ( 1992 ) excerpt Jump up ^ Countries GDP 1975 : GDP annual comparison , CountryEconomy.com Jump up ^ French , Michael . US Economic History Since 1945 ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ Burton W. Folsom ; Anita Folsom ( 2011 ) . FDR Goes to War : How Expanded Executive Power , Spiraling National Debt , and Restricted Civil Liberties Shaped Wartime America . Simon and Schuster . p. 311 . Jump up ^ James Ciment ( 2015 ) . Postwar America : An Encyclopedia of Social , Political , Cultural , and Economic History . Routledge . p. 419 . Jump up ^ Jurgen Weber , Germany , 1945 - 1990 ( Central European University Press , 2004 ) pp. 37 - 60 Jump up ^ Friedrich Fürstenberg , `` West German Experience with Industrial Democracy , '' Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science Vol. 431 , ( May , 1977 ) , pp. 44 -- 53 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Detlef Junker , ed. , The United States and Germany in the Era of the Cold War , 1945 - 1968 ( Cambridge University Press , 2004 ) vol 1 : 291 - 309 Further reading ( edit ) Brinckmann , Hans , and Ysbrand Rogge . Showa Japan : The Post-War Golden Age and Its Troubled Legacy ( 2008 ) Bullock , Paul and Yaffe , David ( 1975 ) Inflation , the Crisis and the Post-War Boom RC 3 / 4 November 1975 , RCG Crafts , N. and G. Toniolo , eds . Economic Growth in Europe since 1945 ( Cambridge University Press , 1996 ) Cairncross , Frances ; Cairncross , Alec ( 1994 ) , The Legacy of the Golden Age : 1960s and Their Economic Consequences , Routledge Marglin , Stephen A. ; Schor , Juliet B. ( 1992 ) , The Golden Age of Capitalism : Reinterpreting the Postwar Experience , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 828741 - 4 Webber , Michael John ; Rigby , David L. ( 1996 ) , The golden age illusion : rethinking postwar capitalism Yarrow , Andrew L. `` The big postwar story : Abundance and the rise of economic journalism . '' Journalism History 32.2 ( 2006 ) : 58 + online Cold War USA USSR ANZUS NATO Non-Aligned Movement SEATO Warsaw Pact Cold War II 1940s Morgenthau Plan Hukbalahap Rebellion Dekemvriana Percentages agreement Yalta Conference Guerrilla war in the Baltic states Forest Brothers Operation Priboi Operation Jungle Occupation of the Baltic states Cursed soldiers Operation Unthinkable Operation Downfall Potsdam Conference Gouzenko Affair Division of Korea Operation Masterdom Operation Beleaguer Operation Blacklist Forty Iran crisis of 1946 Greek Civil War Baruch Plan Corfu Channel incident Turkish Straits crisis Restatement of Policy on Germany First Indochina War Truman Doctrine Asian Relations Conference May 1947 Crises Marshall Plan Comecon 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état Tito -- Stalin Split Berlin Blockade Western betrayal Iron Curtain Eastern Bloc Western Bloc Chinese Civil War ( Second round ) Malayan Emergency Albanian Subversion 1950s Papua conflict Bamboo Curtain Korean War McCarthyism Egyptian Revolution of 1952 1953 Iranian coup d'état Uprising of 1953 in East Germany Dirty War ( Mexico ) Bricker Amendment 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état Partition of Vietnam Vietnam War First Taiwan Strait Crisis Geneva Summit ( 1955 ) Bandung Conference Poznań 1956 protests Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Suez Crisis `` We will bury you '' Operation Gladio Arab Cold War Syrian Crisis of 1957 1958 Lebanon crisis Iraqi 14 July Revolution Sputnik crisis Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 1959 Tibetan uprising Cuban Revolution Kitchen Debate Sino - Soviet split 1960s Congo Crisis 1960 U-2 incident Bay of Pigs Invasion 1960 Turkish coup d'état Soviet -- Albanian split Berlin Crisis of 1961 Berlin Wall Portuguese Colonial War Angolan War of Independence Guinea - Bissau War of Independence Mozambican War of Independence Cuban Missile Crisis Sino - Indian War Communist insurgency in Sarawak Iraqi Ramadan Revolution Eritrean War of Independence Sand War North Yemen Civil War Aden Emergency 1963 Syrian coup d'état Vietnam War Shifta War Guatemalan Civil War Colombian conflict Nicaraguan Revolution 1964 Brazilian coup d'état Dominican Civil War South African Border War Transition to the New Order Domino theory ASEAN Declaration Laotian Civil War 1966 Syrian coup d'état Argentine Revolution Korean DMZ Conflict Greek military junta of 1967 -- 74 Years of Lead ( Italy ) USS Pueblo incident Six - Day War War of Attrition Dhofar Rebellion Al - Wadiah War Protests of 1968 French May Tlatelolco massacre Cultural Revolution Prague Spring 1968 Polish political crisis Communist insurgency in Malaysia Invasion of Czechoslovakia Iraqi Ba'athist Revolution Goulash Communism Sino - Soviet border conflict CPP -- NPA -- NDF rebellion Corrective Move 1970s Détente Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Black September in Jordan Corrective Movement ( Syria ) Cambodian Civil War Koza riot Realpolitik Ping - pong diplomacy Uganda -- Tanzania War 1971 Turkish military memorandum Corrective Revolution ( Egypt ) Four Power Agreement on Berlin Bangladesh Liberation War 1972 Nixon visit to China North Yemen - South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 Yemenite War of 1972 NDF Rebellion Eritrean Civil Wars 1973 Chilean coup d'état Yom Kippur War 1973 oil crisis Carnation Revolution Spanish transition Metapolitefsi Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Rhodesian Bush War Angolan Civil War Mozambican Civil War Oromo conflict Ogaden War Ethiopian Civil War Lebanese Civil War Sino - Albanian split Cambodian -- Vietnamese War Sino - Vietnamese War Operation Condor Dirty War ( Argentina ) 1976 Argentine coup d'état Korean Air Lines Flight 902 Yemenite War of 1979 Grand Mosque seizure Iranian Revolution Saur Revolution New Jewel Movement 1979 Herat uprising Seven Days to the River Rhine Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union 1980s Soviet -- Afghan War 1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 1980 Turkish coup d'état Peruvian conflict Casamance conflict Ugandan Bush War Lord 's Resistance Army insurgency Eritrean Civil Wars 1982 Ethiopian -- Somali Border War Ndogboyosoi War United States invasion of Grenada Able Archer 83 Star Wars Iran -- Iraq War Somali Rebellion 1986 Black Sea incident 1988 Black Sea bumping incident South Yemen Civil War Bougainville Civil War 8888 Uprising Solidarity Soviet reaction Contras Central American crisis RYAN Korean Air Lines Flight 007 People Power Revolution Glasnost Perestroika Nagorno - Karabakh War Afghan Civil War United States invasion of Panama 1988 Polish strikes Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 Revolutions of 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall Velvet Revolution Romanian Revolution Peaceful Revolution Die Wende 1990s Mongolian Revolution of 1990 German reunification Yemeni unification Fall of communism in Albania Breakup of Yugoslavia Dissolution of the Soviet Union Dissolution of Czechoslovakia Frozen conflicts Abkhazia China - Taiwan Korea Nagorno - Karabakh South Ossetia Transnistria Sino - Indian border dispute North Borneo dispute Foreign policy Truman Doctrine Containment Eisenhower Doctrine Domino theory Hallstein Doctrine Kennedy Doctrine Peaceful coexistence Ostpolitik Johnson Doctrine Brezhnev Doctrine Nixon Doctrine Ulbricht Doctrine Carter Doctrine Reagan Doctrine Rollback Sovereignty of Puerto Rico during the Cold War Ideologies Capitalism Chicago school Keynesianism Monetarism Neoclassical economics Reaganomics Supply - side economics Thatcherism Communism Marxism -- Leninism Castroism Eurocommunism Guevarism Hoxhaism Juche Maoism Trotskyism Naxalism Stalinism Titoism Other Fascism Islamism Liberal democracy Social democracy Third - Worldism White supremacy Apartheid Organizations ASEAN CIA Comecon EEC KGB MI6 Non-Aligned Movement SAARC Safari Club Stasi Propaganda Active measures Crusade for Freedom Izvestia Pravda Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty Red Scare TASS Voice of America Voice of Russia Races Arms race Nuclear arms race Space Race See also Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War Soviet espionage in the United States Soviet Union -- United States relations USSR -- USA summits Russian espionage in the United States American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation Russia -- NATO relations Brinkmanship CIA and the Cultural Cold War Cold War II Commons Portal Timeline List of conflicts Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Post -- World_War_II_economic_expansion&oldid = 842343738 '' Categories : Economic booms Gold standard Post -- World War II economic booms Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2016 Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from May 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Euskara Português Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 21 May 2018 , at 20 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post%25E2%2580%2593World%20War%20II%20economic%20expansion
| 2,178 |
|
you gotta serve somebody by bob dylan
|
Gotta Serve Somebody
|
gotta serve somebody
|
`` Gotta Serve Somebody '' is a song by Bob Dylan from his 1979 studio album Slow Train Coming . It won the Grammy Award for Best Rock Vocal Performance by a Male in 1979 . The song was recorded in May of that year at Muscle Shoals Sound Studios in Sheffield , Alabama . It stands as Dylan 's latest hit single , peaking at # 24 on the Billboard Magazine Hot 100 singles chart . The b - side , `` Trouble in Mind '' was a Dylan original that was recorded for `` Gotta Serve Somebody '' ' s parent album but was ultimately left off it .
|
As of 2015 the song still enjoys airplay , and has been covered by Mavis Staples , Etta James , Willie Nelson and various blues musicians including Tommy Castro . The song was featured in the movie The Ultimate Gift , in an episode of `` The Sopranos '' . and most recently in an episode of `` Billions . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 1979 - The 22nd Annual Grammy Awards - Grammy.com '' . Grammy.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Readers ' Poll : The 10 Worst Bob Dylan Songs '' . rollingstone.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 06 . Bob Dylan ( discography ) Studio albums Bob Dylan The Freewheelin ' Bob Dylan The Times They Are a-Changin ' Another Side of Bob Dylan Bringing It All Back Home Highway 61 Revisited Blonde on Blonde John Wesley Harding Nashville Skyline Self Portrait New Morning Pat Garrett & Billy the Kid Dylan Planet Waves Blood on the Tracks The Basement Tapes Desire Street - Legal Slow Train Coming Saved Shot of Love Infidels Empire Burlesque Knocked Out Loaded Down in the Groove Oh Mercy Under the Red Sky Good as I Been to You World Gone Wrong Time Out of Mind Love and Theft Modern Times Together Through Life Christmas in the Heart Tempest Shadows in the Night Fallen Angels Triplicate Live albums Before the Flood Hard Rain Bob Dylan at Budokan Real Live Dylan & the Dead The 30th Anniversary Concert Celebration MTV Unplugged Live 1961 -- 2000 : Thirty - Nine Years of Great Concert Performances Live at The Gaslight 1962 Live at Carnegie Hall 1963 In Concert -- Brandeis University 1963 The 1966 Live Recordings Compilations Bob Dylan 's Greatest Hits Bob Dylan 's Greatest Hits Vol. II Masterpieces Biograph Bob Dylan 's Greatest Hits Volume 3 The Best of Bob Dylan ( 1997 ) The Best of Bob Dylan , Vol. 2 The Essential Bob Dylan Bob Dylan : The Collection The Best of Bob Dylan ( 2005 ) Blues Dylan The Original Mono Recordings The 50th Anniversary Collection Bob Dylan : The Complete Album Collection Vol . One The 50th Anniversary Collection 1963 The 50th Anniversary Collection 1964 Bootlegs Great White Wonder List of Basement Tapes songs ( 1967 , 1975 ) The Bootleg Series Volumes 1 -- 3 ( Rare & Unreleased ) 1961 -- 1991 Volume 4 : The Royal Albert Hall concert Vol. 5 : Bob Dylan Live 1975 , The Rolling Thunder Revue Vol. 6 : Bob Dylan Live 1964 , Concert at Philharmonic Hall Vol. 7 : No Direction Home : The Soundtrack Vol. 8 : Tell Tale Signs : Rare and Unreleased 1989 -- 2006 Vol. 9 : The Witmark Demos : 1962 -- 1964 Vol. 10 : Another Self Portrait ( 1969 -- 1971 ) Vol. 11 : The Basement Tapes Complete Vol. 12 : The Cutting Edge 1965 -- 1966 Vol. 13 : Trouble No More 1979 -- 1981 Concert tours England Tour ( 1965 ) World Tour ( 1966 ) Tour with The Band ( 1974 ) Rolling Thunder Revue ( 1975 -- 1976 ) World Tour ( 1978 ) Gospel Tour ( 1979 -- 1980 ) World Tour ( 1981 ) European Tour ( 1984 ) True Confessions Tour ( 1986 ) Tour with the Grateful Dead ( 1987 ) Temples in Flames Tour ( 1987 ) Never Ending Tour 1988 1989 1990 1991 1993 2017 Films Madhouse on Castle Street Dont Look Back Eat the Document Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid Renaldo and Clara Hearts of Fire Masked and Anonymous No Direction Home I 'm Not There 65 Revisited The Other Side of the Mirror : Bob Dylan Live at the Newport Folk Festival 1963 -- 1965 Inside Llewyn Davis Writings Tarantula Writings and Drawings Chronicles : Volume One Books about Dylan The Bob Dylan Encyclopedia Bob Dylan , Performing Artist Invisible Republic The Cambridge Companion to Bob Dylan Related Sara Dylan ( first wife ) Carolyn Dennis ( second wife ) Jesse Dylan ( son ) Jakob Dylan ( son ) Awards Bibliography Songs written by Dylan The Band Electric Dylan controversy Theme Time Radio Hour Traveling Wilburys Artists who have covered Dylan songs Chimes of Freedom ( album ) The Lost Notebooks of Hank Williams Lost on the River : The New Basement Tapes Related topics Songs recorded by Dylan Suze Rotolo American folk music revival The Telegraph magazine Book Portal Bob Dylan singles discography 1960s 1962 `` Mixed - Up Confusion '' / `` Corrina , Corrina '' 1963 `` Blowin ' in the Wind '' / `` Do n't Think Twice , It 's All Right '' 1965 `` The Times They Are a-Changin ' '' / `` Honey , Just Allow Me One More Chance '' `` Maggie 's Farm '' / `` On the Road Again '' `` Subterranean Homesick Blues '' / `` She Belongs to Me '' `` Like a Rolling Stone '' / `` Gates of Eden `` Positively 4th Street '' / `` From a Buick 6 '' `` Can You Please Crawl Out Your Window ? '' / `` Highway 61 Revisited '' 1966 `` One of Us Must Know ( Sooner or Later ) '' / `` Queen Jane Approximately '' `` Rainy Day Women ♯ 12 & 35 '' / `` Pledging My Time '' `` I Want You '' / `` Just Like Tom Thumb 's Blues '' ( live with The Hawks ) `` Just Like a Woman '' / `` Obviously 5 Believers '' 1967 `` Leopard - Skin Pill - Box Hat '' / `` Most Likely You Go Your Way And I 'll Go Mine '' `` If You Gotta Go , Go Now '' / `` To Ramona '' ( only in Europe ) 1968 `` Drifter 's Escape '' / `` John Wesley Harding '' `` All Along the Watchtower '' / `` I 'll Be Your Baby Tonight '' 1969 `` I Threw It All Away '' / `` Drifter 's Escape '' `` Lay Lady Lay '' / `` Peggy Day '' `` Tonight I 'll Be Staying Here with You '' / `` Country Pie '' 1970s 1970 `` If Not for You '' / `` New Morning '' `` Wigwam '' / `` Copper Kettle '' 1971 `` Watching the River Flow '' / `` Spanish is the Loving Tongue '' `` George Jackson '' ( band version ) / `` George Jackson '' ( acoustic version ) 1973 `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' / `` Turkey Chase '' ( instrumental from Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid ) `` A Fool Such as I '' / `` Lily of the West '' `` On a Night Like This '' / `` You Angel You '' `` Something There Is About You '' / `` Tough Mama '' `` Most Likely You Go Your Way ( And I 'll Go Mine ) '' ( live with The Band ) `` All Along the Watchtower '' / `` It Ai n't Me Babe '' `` Tangled Up in Blue '' / `` If You See Her , Say Hello '' `` Million Dollar Bash '' / `` Tears of Rage '' `` Hurricane '' ( Part 1 ) / `` Hurricane '' ( Part 2 ) 1976 `` Mozambique '' / `` Oh Sister '' `` Stuck Inside of Mobile With the Memphis Blues Again '' ( live ) / `` Rita May '' 1978 `` Baby , Stop Crying '' / `` We Better Talk This Over '' `` Changing of the Guards '' / `` Señor ( Tales of Yankee Power ) '' `` Is Your Love In Vain ? '' / `` We Better Talk This Over '' 1979 `` Maggie 's Farm ( live ) / `` All Along the Watchtower '' `` Forever Young '' ( live ) / `` All Along the Watchtower '' / `` I Want You '' `` Man Gave Names to All the Animals '' / `` When You Gonna Wake Up ? '' `` Gotta Serve Somebody '' / `` Trouble in Mind '' `` Precious Angel '' / `` Trouble in Mind '' 1980s 1980 `` Slow Train '' / `` Do Right to Me Baby '' `` Solid Rock '' / `` Covenant Woman '' `` Saved '' / `` Are You Ready ? '' 1981 `` Heart of Mine '' / `` Let It Be Me '' `` Dead Man , Dead Man '' / `` Lenny Bruce '' `` Union Sundown '' / `` Angel Flying too Close to the Ground '' `` I and I '' / `` Angel Flying too Close to the Ground '' `` Sweetheart Like You '' / `` Union Sundown '' 1984 `` Jokerman '' / `` Isis '' 1985 `` Tight Connection to My Heart ( Has Anybody Seen My Love ) '' / `` We Better Talk this Over '' `` When the Night Comes Falling from the Sky '' / `` Emotionally Yours '' 1986 `` Band of the Hand '' / `` Joe 's Death '' ( Michael Rubini ) `` Got My Mind Made Up '' / `` The Usual '' 1988 `` Silvio '' / `` Driftin ' too Far from the Shore '' 1989 `` Everything Is Broken '' / `` Death is Not the End '' `` Slow Train '' ( live with The Grateful Dead ) 1990s 1990 `` Political World '' / `` Ring Them Bells '' ( only in the UK and Australia ) `` Most of the Time '' / `` Most of the Time ( edit piece ) `` Unbelievable '' / `` 10,000 Men '' 1991 `` Series of Dreams '' / `` Seven Curses '' `` Blind Willie McTell '' / `` It Takes a Lot to Laugh , It Takes a Train to Cry '' ( from The Bootleg Series Volumes 1 - 3 ) `` Step it Up and Go '' -- ( no b - side ) 1993 `` My Back Pages '' ( with Roger McGuinn , Tom Petty , Neil Young , Eric Clapton , George Harrison ) -- ( no b - side ) 1995 `` Dignity '' ( live on MTV Unplugged ) / `` A Hard Rain 's a-Gonna Fall '' ( live version ) `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' / `` John Brown '' ( both live on MTV Unplugged ) 1998 `` Not Dark Yet '' / `` Tombstone Blues '' ( live ) / `` Ballad of a Thin Man '' ( live ) / `` Boots of Spanish Leather '' ( live ) `` Love Sick '' / `` Tombstone Blues '' ( live ) 2000s 2000 `` Things Have Changed '' / `` Make You Feel My Love '' ( live ) / `` Hurricane '' / `` Song to Woody '' ( live ) 2006 `` Someday Baby '' / `` Someday Baby '' ( edit piece ) `` Rollin ' and Tumblin ' '' / `` Not Dark Yet '' / `` High Water ( for Charley Patton ) '' 2007 `` Most Likely You Go Your Way ( And I 'll Go Mine ) '' ( Mark Ronson remix version ) / `` Most Likely You Go Your Way ( And I 'll Go Mine ) '' ( album version ) 2008 `` Dreamin ' of You '' ( edit piece ) / `` Dreamin ' of You '' ( album version ) 2009 `` Beyond Here Lies Nothin ' '' / `` Down Along the Cove '' ( live ) `` I Feel a Change Comin ' On '' / `` I Feel a Change Comin ' On '' ( edit piece ) `` Must Be Santa '' / `` ' Twas the Night Before Christmas '' 2010s `` The Times They Are a-Changin ' '' ( demo version ) / `` Like a Rolling Stone '' 2012 `` Duquesne Whistle '' 2013 `` Wigwam '' ( demo version ) / `` Thirsty Boots '' Book : Bob Dylan Category : Bob Dylan Portal : Bob Dylan WikiProject : Bob Dylan Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gotta_Serve_Somebody&oldid=797774325 '' Categories : 1979 singles Songs written by Bob Dylan Bob Dylan songs Grateful Dead songs 1979 songs List songs Song recordings produced by Barry Beckett Grammy Award for Best Male Rock Vocal Performance Etta James songs Song recordings produced by Jerry Wexler Columbia Records singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk About Wikipedia Español Italiano 日本 語 Polski Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2017 , at 03 : 06 . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotta%20Serve%20Somebody
| 2,179 |
||
highest grade in bar exam in the philippines
|
Philippine bar examination
|
philippine bar examination
|
The Philippine Bar Examination is the professional licensure examination for lawyers in the Philippines . The exam is exclusively administered by the Supreme Court of the Philippines through the Supreme Court Bar Examination Committee .
|
Contents ( hide ) 1 Brief history 2 Admission requirements 3 Committee of Bar Examiners 4 Bar review programs 5 Coverage 6 Grading system 6.1 Passing average vs. Passing rate 6.2 Passing percentage trends ( 1978 - 2016 ) 6.3 Law school passing rates 6.4 Role of the Supreme Court , Criticisms 6.5 Bar topnotchers 6.5. 1 Highest and lowest topnotcher grades 6.5. 2 Highest scores in specific bar subjects 7 Increasing difficulty 8 Waiting period 9 Admission of successful bar examinees 10 Controversies 11 Bar Topnotchers List 11.1 Famous bar topnotchers 11.1. 1 Presidents and Vice-Presidents 11.1. 2 Supreme Court and Court of Appeals Justices 11.1. 3 Senators and Representatives 11.1. 4 Appointees and career service officials 11.1. 5 Local officials 11.1. 6 Academe 11.1. 7 Private Sector 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Brief history ( edit ) The first Philippine Bar Exams was conducted in 1901 with only thirteen ( 13 ) examinees . The third Philippine Bar Exam took place in 1903 but the results were released in 1905 . Jose I. Quintos obtained the highest rating of 96.33 % , Sergio Osmena , Sr. was second with 95.66 % , F. Salas was third with 94.5 % and Manuel L. Quezon fourth with 87.83 % . The first bar exam in 1901 has only 13 examinees , while the 2008 bar examination is the 107th ( given per Article 8 , Section 5 , 1987 Constitution ) . The 2001 bar exam had the highest number of passers -- 1,266 out of 3,849 examinees , or 32.89 % , while 2006 had the highest examinees -. 6,187 . However , the Supreme Court of the Philippines ' Office of the Bar Confidant announced that ( a new and official record of ) 6,533 law graduates will take the 2008 Bar examinations . No examination took place in 1942 and 1943 due to the outbreak of World War II . The most notable was the 1999 bar examinations which recorded the lowest passing rate of 16.59 % or with a total number of 660 successful examinees . Also , the 2003 bar exam was marred by controversy when the Court ordered a retake of the Mercantile law due to questionnaire leakage . In 2005 , the High Tribunal implemented the `` five - strike '' rule , which disqualifies five - time flunkers from taking future bar exams . Admission requirements ( edit ) A bar candidate must meet the following academic qualifications : Holder of a professional degree in law from a recognized law school in the Philippines Holder of a bachelor 's degree with academic credits in certain required subjects from a recognized college or university in the Philippines or abroad . He or she should also meet certain non-academic requisites : A Filipino citizen . At least twenty - one ( 21 ) years of age . A resident of the Philippines . Satisfactory evidence of good moral character ( usually a certificate from the dean of law school or an immediate superior at work ) . No charges involving moral turpitude have been filed against the candidate or are pending in any court in the Philippines . In March 2010 the Philippine Supreme Court Issued Bar Matter 1153 amending provisions in sec 5 and 6 of rule 138 of the rules of court now allowing Filipino foreign law school graduates to take the bar exam provided that they comply with the following : a . completion of all courses leading to a degree of Bachelor of laws or its equivalent b . recognition or accreditation of the law school by proper authority c. completion of all fourth year subjects in a program of a law school duly accredited by the Philippine Government d. present proof of completing a separate bachelor 's degree Committee of bar Examiners ( edit ) The Supreme Court appoints memberships in the Committee of Bar Examiners , the official task force for formulating bar exam questions , instituting policy directives , executing procedures , grading bar examination papers , and releasing the results of the annual bar examination . The committee is chaired by an incumbent Justice of the Supreme Court , who is designated by the Supreme Court to serve for a term of one year . The members of the committee includes eight ( 8 ) members of the Integrated Bar of the Philippines , who also hold office for a term of one year . While the Justice who shall act as Chairman is immediately known , committee members must exert every effort to conceal their identities until the oath - taking of the successful bar examinees , approximately six months after the bar exam . Bar review programs ( edit ) Candidates who meet all the admission requirements usually enroll in special review classes after graduating from law school . These programs are held from April to September in law schools , colleges , universities , and review centers . Program schedule , content , and delivery differs from one review program to another . Lecturers in these programs are called bar reviewers . They are usually full - time professors and part - time professorial lecturers in law schools and universities . Most review programs invite incumbent and retired justices and high ranking public officials both as a marketing tool and as a program innovation . Coverage ( edit ) The examination covers the following topics and their associated subtopic , popularly known as the bar subjects : Political and Public International Law Labor and Social Legislation Civil Law Taxation Mercantile Law Criminal Law Remedial Law Legal Ethics and Practical Exercises Grading system ( edit ) The eight bar subjects are separately graded . Each subject contributes to the general average in the following proportion : Subject Weight ' Civil Law 15 % Labor Law and Social Legislation 10 % Mercantile Law 15 % Criminal Law 10 % Political and International Law 15 % Taxation 10 % Remedial Law 20 % Legal Ethics and Practical Exercises 5 % The passing average fixed by law is 75 % , with no grade falling below 50 % in any bar subject . Passing average vs. passing rate ( edit ) The passing average is the minimum grade in the exam required to be admitted to the practice of law . The passing rate is the proportion of total number of bar passers in relation to the total number of bar examinees . It is usually computed on two levels -- the national level ( national bar passing rate ) , and the law school level ( law school passing rate ) . In the past , passing averages were considerably lower to admit more new lawyers ( i.e. 69 % in 1947 , 69.45 % in 1946 , 70 % in 1948 ) . Since 1982 , the passing average has been fixed at 75 % . This has led to a dramatic decrease in the national passing rate of bar examinees , from an all - time high of 75.17 % in 1954 to an all - time low of 16.59 % in 1999 ( all - time low should have been the single digit 5 % national passing rate for the 2007 bar examination if the Supreme Court did not lower the passing average to 70 % and lowered the disqualification rate in 3 subjects ) . In recent years , the annual national bar passing rate ranges from 20 % to 30 % . Passing percentage trends ( 1978 - 2016 ) ( edit ) Year Passing Percentage , a total of or 2016 59.06 % ( 3,747 out of 6,344 ) 2015 26 . 21 % ( 1,731 out of 7,146 ) 2014 18.82 % ( 1,126 out of 5,984 ) 2013 22.18 % ( 1,174 out of 5,293 ) 2012 17.76 % ( 949 out of 5,343 ) 2011 31.95 % ( 1,913 out of 5,987 ) 20.26 % ( 982 out of 4,847 ) 2005 27.22 % ( 1,526 out of 5,607 ) 2000 20.84 % ( 979 out of 4,698 ) 1995 30.90 % ( 987 out of 3,194 ) 1990 27.94 % ( 866 out of 3,100 ) 1985 25.78 % ( 701 out of 2,719 ) 1980 33.61 % ( 605 out of 1,800 ) 1978 56.93 % ( 1,076 out of 1,890 ) Law School passing rates ( edit ) The most recent ranking ( December 2015 ) for the top ten law schools in the Philippines by the Legal Education Board is based on the cumulative performance of law schools in the 2012 , 2013 and 2014 Bar Examinations . The list only included law schools which had 20 or more examinees : University of the Philippines ( 73.71 % ) Ateneo de Manila University ( 67.55 % ) San Beda College - Manila ( 67.13 % ) University of San Carlos ( 58.00 % ) Ateneo de Davao University ( 53.02 % ) University of Santo Tomas ( 43.98 % ) University of Cebu ( 41.49 % ) San Beda College - Alabang ( 39.10 % ) Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila ( 35.80 % ) Xavier University - Ateneo de Cagayan ( 32.20 % ) Role of the Supreme Court , criticisms ( edit ) In 2007 , only 5 % ( of the 5,626 who took the 2007 tests , or less than 300 ) got the passing grade of 75 % . Thus , the Supreme Court adjusted the standard to 70 % and the disqualification rate in 3 subjects ( civil , labor and criminal law ) from 50 to 45 % . Accordingly , 1,289 or 22.91 % , `` passed . '' This passing grade reduction is highly unusual , since it last happened in the 1981 exam when the passing grade was lowered to 72.5 % . Prior to 1982 , the passing mark jumped unpredictably from year to year : 69.45 percent in 1946 ; 69 in 1947 ; 70 in 1948 , 1963 , 1972 and 1974 ; 71 in 1961 ; 71.5 in 1953 , 1964 and 1965 ; 72 in 1957 , 1958 , 1959 , 1960 and 1967 ; 72.5 in 1954 , 1962 and 1981 ; 73 in 1950 , 1956 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1975 , 1978 and 1980 ; 73.5 in 1955 and 1979 ; 74 in 1949 , 1951 , 1952 , 1966 , 1971 , 1973 and 1977 ; and 74.5 in 1976 . In 1954 , the Court lowered the passing grade to 72.5 % , even if the passing percentage was already at its highest at 75.17 % . In 1999 , moves to lower the passing grade to 74 % failed , after Justice Fidel Purisima , bar committee chairman failed to disclose that his nephew took the examination . He was censured and his honoraria was reduced to half . Bar topnotchers ( edit ) Bar topnotchers are bar examinees who garnered the highest bar exam grades in a particular year . Every year , the Supreme Court releases the bar top ten list . The list contains the names of bar examinees who obtained the ten highest grades . It is possible for more than ten examinees to place in the top ten because numerical ties in the computation of grades usually occur . From 1913 to 2016 , schools which have produced bar topnotchers ( 1st placers ) are as follows : University of the Philippines College of Law - forty - eight ( 48 ) bar topnotchers Ateneo de Manila Law School - twenty - one ( 21 ) bar topnotchers San Beda College of Law - eight ( 8 ) bar topnotchers Philippine Law School - five ( 5 ) bar topnotchers Far Eastern University Institute of Law - four ( 4 ) bar topnotchers University of Manila College of Law - four ( 4 ) bar topnotchers University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Civil Law - three ( 3 ) bar topnotchers University of the Cordilleras ( formerly Baguio Colleges Foundation ) College of Law - two ( 2 ) bar topnotchers Manila Law College Foundation ( formerly Escuela de Derecho de Manila ) - one ( 1 ) bar topnotcher Manuel L. Quezon University College of Law - one ( 1 ) bar topnotcher Holy Name University ( formerly Divine Word College of Tagbilaran ) - one ( 1 ) bar topnotcher University of the East College of Law - one ( 1 ) bar topnotcher San Sebastian College - Recoletos - one ( 1 ) bar topnotcher Notre Dame University ( Philippines ) - one ( 1 ) bar topnotcher University of San Carlos School of Law and Governance - one ( 1 ) bar topnotcher Two bar examinees topped the bar exams without officially graduating from any Philippine law school : Jose W. Diokno - former Senator of the Philippines ; 1st placer , 1945 bar exams . Mr. Diokno , who tied for Number One with former Senate President Jovito Salonga in the 1945 Bar Exams , would have graduated from the University of Santo Tomas had not World War II supervened . Mr. Diokno 's success in the bar exams is further underscored by the fact that he was also under - age and that he also placed number 1 in the 1940 CPA Board exams which he took while in law school , summa cum laude after graduating from then De La Salle College at the age of 17 . This double number 1 feat may never be paralleled . The closest may have been Cesar L. Villanueva ( from the Ateneo Law School ) who placed second in the 1981 Bar Exams and sixth place in the 1982 CPA Board Exams and Reginald Laco ( from the De La Salle Lipa Law School ) who placed fourth in the 2015 Bar Exams and second in the 2009 CPA Board Exams . Carolina C. Griño - Aquino - former Associate Justice of the Supreme Court ; 1st placer , 1950 bar exams . Ms. Aquino ( who later became the wife of Mr. Ramon Aquino , 6th placer in 1939 Bar Exams ) was a special student of the UP College of Law , where she finished her last two years of law school having taken her first two years of law school at the Colegio de San Agustin in Iloilo . Ms. Aquino was advised to take her last two years of law school in UP by Colegio de San Agustin Law Dean Felipe Ysmael . Coincidentally , Mr. Ysmael ( a UP Law graduate himself ) placed number 1 in the 1917 Bar Exams . Since Ms. Aquino only took her last two years of law at UP , she ca n't be certified as an official UP law graduate . Both spouses Aquino ( in addition to being topnotchers ) also served as Justices of the Supreme Court . In the past , non-law school graduates were allowed to take the bar . However , the Revised Rules of Court and Supreme Court Circulars allow Filipino graduates of Philippine law schools ( and subject to certain conditions , Filipino graduates of foreign law schools ) to take the bar , necessarily excluding non-law graduates and foreigners who have law degrees from taking part in the exercise . While not a guarantee for topping the bar , academic excellence in law school is a good indicator of an examinee 's fortune in the bar exams . Ateneo Law School 's only summa cum laude graduate , Claudio Teehankee , placed number one in the 1940 Bar Exams . It is worth noting that Teehankee 's son , Manuel Antonio , followed in his footsteps by graduating at the top of his Ateneo Law School class ( albeit , not as summa cum laude ) and placing first in the 1983 bar exams . Claudio 's nephew , Enrique ( a cum laude graduate from the UP College of Law ) , also placed number one in the 1976 bar exams . Claudio eventually became Supreme Court Chief Justice , Manuel was formerly Department of Justice Undersecretary and Ambassador and Permanent Representative to the World Trade Organization in Geneva , Switzerland while Enrique is a successful private practitioner . This father - son - nephew feat has yet to ( and , perhaps , may never ) be equalled in the annals of Philippine Bar . For siblings , the closest is when Manuel B. Zamora , Jr. placed third in the 1961 Bar Exams and younger brother Ronaldo placed first in the 1969 Bar Exams . The UST Faculty of Civil Law 's sole summa cum laude graduate , Roberto B. Concepcion , placed first in the 1924 Bar Exams . He later served as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court . The San Beda College of Law 's sole magna cum laude graduate , Florenz Regalado , ranked 1st in the 1954 Bar exams with a mark of 96.70 % . The record is the highest average in the Philippine Bar Examinations , to date . Regalado later served as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court . The UP College of Law ( which has yet to produce a summa cum laude graduate ) had five of its seventeen magna cum laude graduates ( the College of Law first conferred the honor to Rafael Dinglasan in 1925 and , to date , last conferred the same honor to Dionne Marie Sanchez in 2007 ) place number one in their respective bar exams : Rafael Dinglasan in 1925 , Lorenzo Sumulong in 1929 , Deogracias Eufemio in 1962 , Roberto San Jose in 1966 and Ronaldo Zamora in 1969 . Dinglasan became a Judge of the Court of First Instance of Manila , Sumulong became Senator of the Republic and a renowned statesman , Eufemio and San Jose established their respective successful private law practices while Zamora became Executive Secretary to then President Joseph Estrada and is currently the Minority Leader in the House of Representatives . Highest and lowest topnotcher grades ( edit ) A standard was created in 1940 , when Claudio Teehankee ( future Supreme Court Chief Justice ) , from the Ateneo Law School , got a grade of 94.35 % when he topped the examinations . This record was obliterated four years later in 1944 when Jovito Salonga and Jose W. Diokno tied with the highest score of 95.3 % . This was the first time that first place ended in a tie . When they took the 1944 Bar Exams , Atty . Salonga was an undergraduate at the UP College of Law while Atty . Diokno ( future Senator ) was an undergraduate of the University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Civil Law . After passing the bar , Atty . Salonga ( future Senate President ) went back to UP to complete his bacholer 's degree in law , earning it in 1946 . The only other instance of a tie at first place of the bar exams was when Edwin Enrile ( salutatorian of his Ateneo Law School class ) and Florin Hilbay ( an honor student of the UP College of Law ) both garnered the same score in 1999 . Atty . Enrile served as Deputy Executive Secretary to President Gloria Arroyo and as a Professorial Lecturer at the Ateneo Law School while Atty . Hilbay is a Professor of Law at the UP College of Law and the current Solicitor General . After another four years , the `` bar '' was raised a few notches when Manuel G. Montecillo of the Far Eastern University Institute of Law got a grade of 95.50 % when he bested all the bar examinees of 1948 . The following year , another record was set when Anacleto C. Mañgaser , an alumnus of the Philippine Law School , got a grade of 95.85 % when he topped the 1949 bar exams . The lowest grade was obtained by Ateneo Law School 's Mercedita L. Ona , 83.55 % , 2007 , which erased the prior record of 84.10 % , obtained by Adolfo Brillantes of Escuela de Derecho de Manila ( now Manila Law College Foundation ) in 1920 . Atty . Ona was the just the latest of women first placers . In 1930 , Tecla San Andres ( an alumna of the UP College of Law and future Senator ) broke the proverbial `` glass ceiling '' when she became the first woman to top the bar with a grade of 89.4 % . Ameurfina A. Melencio ( also an alumna of the UP College of Law and who later became a Justice of the Supreme Court ) has the highest grade of all female bar topnotchers in recorded history , when she obtained a 93.85 % rating in 1947 . Below is a listing of all 100 first - placers ( from 1913 to 2014 ) ranked from highest to lowest in terms of rating obtained . It should be noted however that bar ratings are not exactly comparable from year - to - year as the difficulty of the exams varies through the years . Highest scores in specific bar subjects ( edit ) While no bar examinee has ever reached a 100 % general average , several bar examinees have garnered perfect and near - perfect grades in specific bar subjects . In 1930 , Tecla San Andres - Ziga ( future Senator ) of the University of the Philippines got a grade of 99 % in Remedial Law . She also placed number one in the bar exams of the same year . In 1949 , Anacleto C. Mañgaser of the Philippine Law School earned 100 % in Mercantile Law , and placed 1st in the bar exams of that year . His average of 95.85 % broke all prior records before it was bested by Florenz Regalado in 1954 . Mañgaser 's bar rating remains the second highest validated average of all time . In 1953 , Juan Ponce Enrile ( future Defense Minister and Senate President ) of the University of the Philippines College of Law , where he graduated salutatorian and cum laude , earned 100 % in Mercantile Law and placed 11th in the bar exams of that year . In 1955 , Raul Gonzales ( future Congressman , Secretary of Justice and Chief Presidential Legal Counsel ) of the University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Civil Law earned 99 % in Remedial Law and 95 % in International Law . However , he did not place in the top ten . In 1973 , Renato Franciso ( Executive Judge of RTC Malolos , Bulacan ) of the Ateneo de Manila Law School obtained a perfect score of 100 % in Criminal Law . In 1997 , Maria Celia H. Fernandez of the University of the Philippines College of Law , where she graduated salutatorian and cum laude , earned 100 % in Legal Ethics and emerged as the year 's bar topnotcher . In 2001 , Rodolfo Ma . A. Ponferrada , that year 's valedictorian of the University of the Philippines College of Law , obtained a perfect score of 100 % in Remedial Law , the highest weighted of the bar subjects . The difference ( 3.75 % ) between his final bar examination score ( 93.80 % ) and that of the second - placer , Jesus Paolo U. Protacio ( 90.05 % ) , that year 's valedictorian of the Ateneo de Manila Law School and who got a perfect score of 100 % in Criminal Law , is the highest of all time . Notably , that year 's valedictorian of the San Beda College of Law , Adonis V. Gabriel , obtained a perfect score of 100 % in Political Law and placed 8th ( 88.25 % ) . The 3.75 % difference between No. 1 and No. 2 eclipsed the previous highest difference of 2.10 % registered in 1966 when Roberto V. San Jose ( valedictorian of the UP College of Law ) garnered a grade of 90.6 % versus the 88.5 % of the tied second placers , Ruben F. Balane ( salutatorian of the UP College of Law ) and Pablo S. Trillana III ( valedictorian of the San Beda College of Law ) . In 2005 , Gladys V. Gervacio of the University of Perpetual Help - Rizal earned a perfect 100 % in two bar subjects -- Legal Ethics and Labor Law . She placed 6th in the bar exams of that year . In 2011 , she passed the California State Bar examinations . In 2017 , Nia Rachelle M. Gonzales of the University of Batangas earned a 100 % rating in Remedial Law . Increasing difficulty ( edit ) The difficulty of the recent bar examinations , compared to exams of the past , can be attributed to the following factors : The growing volume of Philippine case and statutory laws is unprecedented . Laws , jurisprudence , and legal doctrines of the past constitute only a small fraction of contemporary Philippine legal materials , which are increasing on a daily basis . The 75 % passing average with no grade lower than 50 % in any subject is already fixed by law . Actual candidates who scored 74.99 % in the general average were not admitted to the practice of law , unless they retake the bar exams . The Three - Failure Rule is now in place . Candidates who have failed the bar exams for three times are not permitted to take another bar exam until they re-enroll and pass regular fourth - year review classes and attend a pre-bar review course in an approved law school . The Five - Strike Rule is implemented since 2005 . The rule limits to five the number of times a candidate may take the Bar exams . The rule disqualifies a candidate after failing in three examinations . However , he is permitted to take fourth and fifth examinations if he successfully completes a one - year refresher course for each examination . The four - year bachelor 's degree is required before admission to law school . Hence , every bar examinee has to hold at least two degrees -- one in law and one in another field . In the past , law schools readily admit high school graduates and two - year Associate in Arts degree holders . After the end of the Second World War , the passing rate in the succeeding years was remarkably high , ranging from 56 to 72 % percent . However , after Associate Justice J.B.L. Reyes , a noted scholar , was appointed Chairman of the 1955 Bar Examinations , the passing rate for that year dropped dramatically to 26.8 % , with a mortality rate of 73.2 % . That ratio has been invariably maintained in the 50 + years since . Waiting period ( edit ) The largely essay - type exams are manually checked by members of the Committee of Bar Examiners . Candidates have to wait from the last Sunday of the bar exams in September up to the date of the release of results , which traditionally happens before or during the Holy Week ( the last week of March or the first week of April ) of the following year . During this period , candidates ( who already hold law and bachelor 's degrees ) may opt to work in law firms and courts as legal researchers , teach in liberal arts and business colleges , function in companies and organizations using their pre-law degrees ( i.e. Communication Arts , Accounting , Economics , Journalism , etc . ) , help run the family business , or take a long vacation . Admission of successful bar examinees ( edit ) The Office of the Bar Confidant of the Philippine Supreme Court releases the Official List of Successful Bar Examinees , usually during the last week of March or the first week of April of every year . Candidates whose names appear in the list are required to take and subscribe before the Supreme Court the corresponding Oath of Office . Candidates shall take an Oath of Office and sign their names in the Roll of Attorneys of the Supreme Court . The oath - taking is usually held in May at the Philippine International Convention Center ( PICC ) with a formal program where all Justices of the Supreme Court , sitting en banc , formally approve the applications of the successful bar candidates . The eight bar examiners are officially introduced to the public . A message to the newly inducted lawyers is delivered by one of the justices . Candidates who made the bar top ten list are also introduced and honored . The deans of all Philippine law schools are requested to attend the ceremony and grace the front seats of the plenary hall . Controversies ( edit ) In the 1930s , a distant relative of Imelda Romualdez Marcos who was a Justice in the High Court resigned after a controversy involving the bar examinations . Justice Ramon Fernandez was forced to protect his name and honor when he resigned because of a bar examination scandal . On November 23 , 1979 , the High Court , per Justice Pacifico de Castro ordered new examinations in labor and social legislation and taxation . On May 7 , 1982 , 12 of the Supreme Court 's 14 justices resigned amid expose `` that the court fixed the bar - examination score of a member 's son so that he would pass . '' Justice Vicente Ericta was accused to have personally approached the bar chairman to inquire whether his ( Ericta 's ) son passed the bar . Ferdinand Marcos accepted the resignations and appointed the new Justices . Chief Justice Enrique Fernando wept at a news conference as he accepted responsibility for rechecking and changing the exam score of Gustavo Ericta , son of Justice Vicente Ericta . Associate Justice Fidel Purisima , chairman of the bar committee , did not disclose that he had a nephew who was taking the bar examination in that year . He was merely censured and his honoraria as bar examiner were forfeited . On September 24 , 2003 , the Supreme Court , per a bleary - eyed Associate Justice Jose Vitug , annulled the tests results on mercantile law after `` confirmation of what could be the most widespread case of cheating in the 104 - year - old bar exams '' . Bar topnotchers list ( edit ) The Office of the Bar Confidant releases an official Bar Topnotchers list together with the list of names of all successful bar examinees . The Bar Topnotchers list contains the names of the candidates who garnered the highest general averages in the bar exam for that year . The highest ranking candidate in the list is known as the bar topnotcher . The list has always been the subject of much media attention and public speculation . Making a place in the list is widely regarded as an important life achievement , an attractive professional qualification , and a necessary improvement in a lawyer 's professional and social status . The Supreme Court officially recognized Florenz D. Regalado 's ( San Beda College ) score of 96.7 % in the 1954 Bar Examinations as the highest score ever to be made in the Philippine Bar while the lowest grade was obtained by Ateneo Law School 's Mercedita L. Ona with a rating of 83.55 % in 2007 . There was a tie in 1944 and 1999 while there were two topnotchers in 1946 as the bar examination took place twice in that year . Year Name Average School Hometown 1901 1902 1903 Jose L. Quintos 96.33 Escuela de Derecho Baliuag , Bulacan 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 Manuel A. Roxas 92 University of the Philippines Roxas City , Capiz 1914 Manuel C. Goyena 93 University of the Philippines 1915 Francisco Villanueva , Jr . 90 University of the Philippines Manila , Metro Manila 1916 Paulino Gullas 93 University of the Philippines Cebu City , Cebu 1917 Felipe Ysmael 92 University of the Philippines Iloilo City , Iloilo 1918 Alejo Labrador 87 University of the Philippines San Narciso , Zambales 1919 Gregorio Anonas 87 Philippine Law School Iba , Zambales 1920 Adolfo Brillantes 84.1 Escuela de Derecho Bangued , Abra 1921 Pablo C. Payawal 89.1 University of the Philippines San Miguel , Bulacan 1922 Amando L. Velilla 89.1 University of the Philippines 1923 Roque V. Desquitado 90.9 University of the Philippines Bantayan , Cebu 1924 Roberto R. Concepcion 89.1 University of Santo Tomas Manila , Metro Manila 1925 Rafael Dinglasan 91.1 University of the Philippines Roxas City , Capiz 1926 Eugeniano Perez 88.1 Philippine Law School Mandaue , Cebu 1927 Cesar Kintanar 87.7 University of the Philippines Argao , Cebu 1928 Filomeno B. Pascual 90.3 Philippine Law School Sagay , Negros Occidental 1929 Lorenzo S. Sumulong 92.5 University of the Philippines Antipolo , Rizal 1930 Tecla San Andres 89.4 University of the Philippines Naga , Camarines Sur 1931 Jose N. Leuterio 89.4 University of the Philippines Boac , Marinduque 1932 Hermenegildo Atienza 93 University of the Philippines Manila , Metro Manila 1933 Lope C. Quimbo 92.45 University of Manila Calbiga , Samar 1934 Marciano P. Catral 89.7 Philippine Law School 1935 Enrique Estrellado 91.7 University of the Philippines San Pablo , Laguna 1936 Diosdado P. Macapagal 89.85 University of Santo Tomas Lubao , Pampanga 1937 Cecilia A. Muñoz - Palma 92.6 University of the Philippines Bauan , Batangas 1938 Emmanuel N. Pelaez 91.3 University of Manila Medina , Misamis Oriental 1939 Ferdinand E. Marcos 92.35 University of the Philippines Sarrat , Ilocos Norte 1940 Claudio Teehankee 94.35 Ateneo de Manila University Manila , Metro Manila 1941 Emmet P.D. Shea 90.2 University of the Philippines 1944 Jovito R. Salonga Jose W. Diokno 95.3 University of the Philippines Special ( University of Santo Tomas ) Pasig , Metro Manila Manila , Metro Manila 1946 Gregoria T. Cruz - ( August , 1946 ) Pedro L. Yap - ( November , 1946 ) 92.25 91.7 University of the Philippines University of the Philippines Manila , Metro Manila San Isidro , Leyte 1947 Ameurfina A. Melencio - Herrera 93.85 University of the Philippines Manila , Metro Manila 1948 Manuel G. Montecillo 95.5 Far Eastern University Liliw , Laguna 1949 Anacleto C. Mañgaser 95.85 Philippine Law School Caba , La Union 1950 Carolina C. Griño 92.05 Special ( Colegio de San Agustin and University of the Philippines ) Leganes , Iloilo 1951 Vicente R. Acsay 92.25 University of Manila Bugasong , Antique 1952 Pedro Samson C. Animas 94.25 University of the Philippines Ozamiz , Misamis Occidental 1953 Leonardo A. Amores 94.05 University of Manila Roxas City , Capiz 1954 Florenz D. Regalado 96.7 San Beda College Concepcion , Iloilo 1955 Tomas P. Matic , Jr . 90.55 Far Eastern University Concepcion , Tarlac 1956 Francisco C. Catral 90.2 San Beda College Lal - lo , Cagayan 1957 Gregorio R. Castillo 89.15 University of the Philippines Buhi , Camarines Sur 1958 Manuel G. Abello 89.25 University of the Philippines Isabela , Negros Occidental 1959 Agustin O. Benitez 89.2 Far Eastern University Cabadbaran , Agusan del Norte 1960 Ismael Andres 91.7 Manuel L. Quezon University Looc , Romblon 1961 Avelino V. Cruz 90.95 San Beda College Pasig , Metro Manila 1962 Deogracias G. Eufemio 90.8 University of the Philippines Manila , Metro Manila 1963 Cornelio C. Gison 86.35 Ateneo de Manila University Arevalo , Iloilo City 1964 Jesus P. Castelo 88.4 San Beda College San Isidro , Nueva Ecija 1965 Victor S. de la Serna 89.8 San Beda College Tagbilaran , Bohol 1966 Roberto V. San Jose 90.6 University of the Philippines Manila , Metro Manila 1967 Rodolfo D. Robles 89.6 San Beda College Tiaong , Quezon 1968 Oscar B. Glovasa 87.45 Divine Word College of Tagbilaran Cogon , Tagbilaran , Bohol 1969 Ronaldo B. Zamora 87.3 University of the Philippines Calumpit , Bulacan 1970 Romulo D. San Juan 87.5 Far Eastern University San Jacinto , Masbate 1971 Henry R. Villarica 92.4 University of the Philippines Meycauayan , Bulacan 1972 Januario B. Soller , Jr . 87.13 Ateneo de Manila University Manila , Metro Manila 1973 Vicente R. Solis 90.3 Ateneo de Manila University Zamboanga City , Zamboanga del Sur Arturo D. Brion 91.65 Ateneo de Manila University San Pablo , Laguna Nicanor B. Padilla , Jr . 86.7 University of the East Cebu City , Cebu 1976 Enrique Y . Teehankee 90.8 University of the Philippines Manila , Metro Manila 1977 Virgilio B. Gesmundo 91.8 Ateneo de Manila University San Pablo , Laguna 1978 Cosme D. Rosell 92.475 University of the Philippines Daanbantayan , Cebu 1979 Gregorio M. Batiller , Jr . 91.4 Ateneo de Manila University Davao City , Davao del Sur 1980 Rafael R. Lagos 89.75 University of the Philippines Manila , Metro Manila 1981 Irene Ragodon - Guevarra 90.95 Ateneo de Manila University Manila , Metro Manila 1982 Ray C. Espinosa 90.95 Ateneo de Manila University Manila , Metro Manila Manuel Antonio J. Teehankee 91.4 Ateneo de Manila University Manila , Metro Manila 1984 Richard M. Chiu 92.85 Ateneo de Manila University Dumaguete , Negros Oriental 1985 Janette Susan L. Peña 89.4 University of the Philippines San Juan , Metro Manila 1986 Laurence L. Go 88.6 Ateneo de Manila University Pagadian , Zamboanga del Sur Mario P. Victoriano 88.55 Ateneo de Manila University Dumaguete , Negros Oriental 1988 Maria Yvette O. Navarro 88.12 University of the Philippines Manila , Metro Manila 1989 Gilberto Eduardo Gerardo C. Teodoro , Jr . 86.185 University of the Philippines Manila , Metro Manila 1990 Aquilino L. Pimentel III 89.85 University of the Philippines Cagayan de Oro City , Misamis Oriental 1991 Joseph P. San Pedro 89.95 Ateneo de Manila University Malolos , Bulacan 1992 Jayme A. Sy , Jr . 87 Ateneo de Manila University Sagay , Negros Occidental 1993 Anna Leah Fidelis T. Castañeda 88.325 Ateneo de Manila University Manila , Metro Manila 1994 Francisco Noel R. Fernandez 89.2 University of the Philippines Butuan , Agusan del Norte 1995 Leonor Y . Dicdican 91.2 University of the Philippines Davao City , Davao del Sur Patricia - Ann T. Prodigalidad 90.6 University of the Philippines Brooklyn , New York , USA 1997 Ma . Cecilia H. Fernandez 90.025 University of the Philippines Makati , Metro Manila 1998 Janet B. Abuel 91.8 Baguio Colleges Foundation Dagupan , Pangasinan 1999 Edwin R. Enrile Florin T. Hilbay 88.5 Ateneo de Manila University University of the Philippines Naga , Camarines Sur Manila , Metro Manila 2000 Eliseo M. Zuñiga , Jr . 90.6 University of the Philippines Mandaluyong , Metro Manila 2001 Rodolfo Ma . A. Ponferrada 93.8 University of the Philippines Quezon City , Metro Manila 2002 Arlene M. Maneja 92.9 University of Santo Tomas Quezon City , Metro Manila 2003 Aeneas Eli S. Diaz 88.53 Ateneo de Manila University Sorsogon City , Sorsogon January A. Sanchez 87.45 University of the Philippines Santa Maria , Bulacan 2005 Joan A. De Venecia 87.2 University of the Philippines Dagupan , Pangasinan 2006 Noel Neil Q. Malimban 87.6 University of the Cordilleras Baguio City , Benguet 2007 Mercedita L. Ona 83.55 Ateneo de Manila University San Jose , Batangas 2008 Judy A. Lardizabal 85.7 San Sebastian College Imus , Cavite 2009 Reinier Paul R. Yebra 84.8 San Beda College Daet , Camarines Norte Cesareo Antonio S. Singzon Jr . 89 Ateneo de Manila University Catbalogan , Samar 2011 Raoul Angelo D. Atadero 85.536 Ateneo de Manila University Quezon City , Metro Manila 2012 Ignatius Michael D. Ingles 85.64 Ateneo de Manila University Quezon City , Metro Manila 2013 Nielson G. Pangan 85.8 University of the Philippines Manila , Metro Manila 2014 Irene Mae B. Alcobilla 85.5 San Beda College San Remigio , Antique 2015 Rachel Angeli B. Miranda 87.4 University of the Philippines Quezon City , Metro Manila 2016 Karen Mae L. Calam 89.05 University of San Carlos Kalilangan , Bukidnon Below is a listing of all 104 first - placers ( from 1913 to 2015 ) ranked from highest to lowest in terms of rating obtained . It should be noted however that bar ratings are not exactly comparable from year - to - year as the difficulty of the exams varies through the years . Rank Year Name Average School Hometown 1st 1954 Florenz D. Regalado 96.7 San Beda College Concepcion , Iloilo 2nd 1903 Jose L. Quintos 96.33 Escuela de Derecho Baliuag , Bulacan 3rd 1949 Anacleto C. Mañgaser 95.85 Philippine Law School Caba , La Union 4th 1948 Manuel G. Montecillo 95.5 Far Eastern University Liliw , Laguna 5th 1944 Jovito R. Salonga Jose W. Diokno 95.3 University of the Philippines Special ( University of Santo Tomas ) Pasig , Metro Manila Manila , Metro Manila 7th 1940 Claudio Teehankee 94.35 Ateneo de Manila University Manila , Metro Manila 8th 1952 Pedro Samson C. Animas 94.25 University of the Philippines Ozamiz , Misamis Occidental 9th 1953 Leonardo A. Amores 94.05 University of Manila Roxas City , Capiz 10th 1947 Ameurfina A. Melencio - Herrera 93.85 University of the Philippines Manila , Metro Manila 11th 2001 Rodolfo Ma . A. Ponferrada 93.8 University of the Philippines Quezon City , Metro Manila 12th ( tie ) 1914 Manuel C. Goyena 93 University of the Philippines 12th ( tie ) 1916 Paulino Gullas 93 University of the Philippines Cebu City , Cebu 12th ( tie ) 1932 Hermenegildo Atienza 93 University of the Philippines Manila , Metro Manila 15th 2002 Arlene M. Maneja 92.9 University of Santo Tomas Quezon City , Metro Manila 16th 1984 Richard M. Chiu 92.85 Ateneo de Manila University Dumaguete , Negros Oriental 17th 1937 Cecilia A. Muñoz - Palma 92.6 University of the Philippines Bauan , Batangas 18th 1929 Lorenzo S. Sumulong 92.5 University of the Philippines Antipolo , Rizal 19th 1978 Cosme D. Rosell 92.475 University of the Philippines Daanbantayan , Cebu 20th 1933 Lope C. Quimbo 92.45 University of Manila Calbiga , Samar 21st 1971 Henry R. Villarica 92.4 University of the Philippines Meycauayan , Bulacan 22nd 1939 Ferdinand E. Marcos 92.35 University of the Philippines Sarrat , Ilocos Norte 23rd ( tie ) 1951 Vicente R. Acsay 92.25 University of Manila Bugasong , Antique 23rd ( tie ) 1946 Gregoria T. Cruz - ( August , 1946 ) 92.25 University of the Philippines Manila , Metro Manila 25th 1950 Carolina C. Griño 92.05 Special ( Colegio de San Agustin and University of the Philippines ) Leganes , Iloilo 26th ( tie ) 1913 Manuel A. Roxas 92 University of the Philippines Roxas City , Capiz 26th ( tie ) 1917 Felipe Ysmael 92 University of the Philippines Iloilo City , Iloilo 28th ( tie ) 1977 Virgilio B. Gesmundo 91.8 Ateneo de Manila University San Pablo , Laguna 28th ( tie ) 1998 Janet B. Abuel 91.8 Baguio Colleges Foundation Dagupan , Pangasinan 30th ( tie ) 1935 Enrique Estrellado 91.7 University of the Philippines San Pablo , Laguna 30th ( tie ) 1960 Ismael Andres 91.7 Manuel L. Quezon University Looc , Romblon 30th ( tie ) 1946 Pedro L. Yap - ( November , 1946 ) 91.7 University of the Philippines San Isidro , Leyte 33rd Arturo D. Brion 91.65 Ateneo de Manila University San Pablo , Laguna 34th ( tie ) 1979 Gregorio M. Batiller , Jr . 91.4 Ateneo de Manila University Davao City , Davao del Sur 34th ( tie ) Manuel Antonio J. Teehankee 91.4 Ateneo de Manila University Manila , Metro Manila 36th 1938 Emmanuel N. Pelaez 91.3 University of Manila Medina , Misamis Oriental 37th 1995 Leonor Y . Dicdican 91.2 University of the Philippines Davao City , Davao del Sur 38th 1925 Rafael Dinglasan 91.1 University of the Philippines Roxas City , Capiz 39th ( tie ) 1961 Avelino V. Cruz 90.95 San Beda College Pasig , Metro Manila 39th ( tie ) 1981 Irene Ragodon - Guevarra 90.95 Ateneo de Manila University Manila , Metro Manila 39th ( tie ) 1982 Ray C. Espinosa 90.95 Ateneo de Manila University Manila , Metro Manila 42nd 1923 Roque V. Desquitado 90.9 University of the Philippines Bantayan , Cebu 43rd ( tie ) 1962 Deogracias G. Eufemio 90.8 University of the Philippines Manila , Metro Manila 43rd ( tie ) 1976 Enrique Y . Teehankee 90.8 University of the Philippines Manila , Metro Manila 45th ( tie ) 1966 Roberto V. San Jose 90.6 University of the Philippines Manila , Metro Manila 45th ( tie ) Patricia - Ann T. Prodigalidad 90.6 University of the Philippines Brooklyn , New York , USA 45th ( tie ) 2000 Eliseo M. Zuñiga , Jr . 90.6 University of the Philippines Mandaluyong , Metro Manila 48th 1955 Tomas P. Matic , Jr . 90.55 Far Eastern University Concepcion , Tarlac 49th ( tie ) 1928 Filomeno B. Pascual 90.3 Philippine Law School Sagay , Negros Occidental 49th ( tie ) 1973 Vicente R. Solis 90.3 Ateneo de Manila University Zamboanga City , Zamboanga del Sur 51st ( tie ) 1941 Emmet P.D. Shea 90.2 University of the Philippines 51st ( tie ) 1956 Francisco C. Catral 90.2 San Beda College Lal - lo , Cagayan 53rd 1997 Ma . Cecilia H. Fernandez 90.025 University of the Philippines Makati , Metro Manila 54th 1915 Francisco Villanueva , Jr . 90 University of the Philippines Manila , Metro Manila 55th 1991 Joseph P. San Pedro 89.95 Ateneo de Manila University Malolos , Bulacan 56th ( tie ) 1936 Diosdado P. Macapagal 89.85 University of Santo Tomas Lubao , Pampanga 56th ( tie ) 1990 Aquilino L. Pimentel III 89.85 University of the Philippines Cagayan de Oro City , Misamis Oriental 58th 1965 Victor S. de la Serna 89.8 San Beda College Tagbilaran , Bohol 59th 1980 Rafael R. Lagos 89.75 University of the Philippines Manila , Metro Manila 60th 1934 Marciano P. Catral 89.7 Philippine Law School 61st 1967 Rodolfo D. Robles 89.6 San Beda College Tiaong , Quezon 62nd ( tie ) 1930 Tecla San Andres 89.4 University of the Philippines Naga , Camarines Sur 62nd ( tie ) 1931 Jose N. Leuterio 89.4 University of the Philippines Boac , Marinduque 62nd ( tie ) 1985 Janette Susan L. Peña 89.4 University of the Philippines San Juan , Metro Manila 65th 1958 Manuel G. Abello 89.25 University of the Philippines Isabela , Negros Occidental 66th ( tie ) 1959 Agustin O. Benitez 89.2 Far Eastern University Cabadbaran , Agusan del Norte 66th ( tie ) 1994 Francisco Noel R. Fernandez 89.2 University of the Philippines Butuan , Agusan del Norte 68th 1957 Gregorio R. Castillo 89.15 University of the Philippines Buhi , Camarines Sur 69th ( tie ) 1921 Pablo C. Payawal 89.1 University of the Philippines San Miguel , Bulacan 69th ( tie ) 1922 Amando L. Velilla 89.1 University of the Philippines 69th ( tie ) 1924 Roberto R. Concepcion 89.1 University of Santo Tomas Manila , Metro Manila 72nd 2016 Karen Mae L. Calam 89.05 University of San Carlos Kalilangan , Bukidnon 73rd Cesareo Antonio S. Singzon Jr . 89 Ateneo de Manila University Catbalogan , Samar 74th 1986 Laurence L. Go 88.6 Ateneo de Manila University Pagadian , Zamboanga del Sur 75th Mario P. Victoriano 88.55 Ateneo de Manila University Dumaguete , Negros Oriental 76th 2003 Aeneas Eli S. Diaz 88.53 Ateneo de Manila University Sorsogon City , Sorsogon 77th 1999 Edwin R. Enrile Florin T. Hilbay 88.5 Ateneo de Manila University University of the Philippines Naga , Camarines Sur Manila , Metro Manila 78th 1964 Jesus P. Castelo 88.4 San Beda College San Isidro , Nueva Ecija 79th 1993 Anna Leah Fidelis T. Castañeda 88.325 Ateneo de Manila University Manila , Metro Manila 80th 1988 Maria Yvette O. Navarro 88.12 University of the Philippines Manila , Metro Manila 81st 1926 Eugeniano Perez 88.1 Philippine Law School Mandaue , Cebu 82nd 1927 Cesar Kintanar 87.7 University of the Philippines Argao , Cebu 83rd 2006 Noel Neil Q. Malimban 87.6 University of the Cordilleras Baguio City , Benguet 84th 1970 Romulo D. San Juan 87.5 Far Eastern University San Jacinto , Masbate 85th ( tie ) 1968 Oscar B. Glovasa 87.45 Divine Word College of Tagbilaran Cogon , Tagbilaran , Bohol 85th ( tie ) January A. Sanchez 87.45 University of the Philippines Santa Maria , Bulacan 87th 2015 Rachel Angeli B. Miranda 87.4 University of the Philippines Quezon City , Metro Manila 88th 1969 Ronaldo B. Zamora 87.3 University of the Philippines Calumpit , Bulacan 89th 2005 Joan A. De Venecia 87.2 University of the Philippines Dagupan , Pangasinan 90th 1972 Januario B. Soller , Jr . 87.13 Ateneo de Manila University Manila , Metro Manila 91st ( tie ) 1918 Alejo Labrador 87 University of the Philippines San Narciso , Zambales 91st ( tie ) 1919 Gregorio Anonas 87 Philippine Law School Iba , Zambales 91st ( tie ) 1992 Jayme A. Sy , Jr . 87 Ateneo de Manila University Sagay , Negros Occidental 94th Nicanor B. Padilla , Jr . 86.7 University of the East Cebu City , Cebu 95th 1963 Cornelio C. Gison 86.35 Ateneo de Manila University Arevalo , Iloilo City 96th 1989 Gilberto Eduardo Gerardo C. Teodoro , Jr . 86.185 University of the Philippines Manila , Metro Manila 97th 2013 Nielson G. Pangan 85.8 University of the Philippines Manila , Metro Manila 98th 2008 Judy A. Lardizabal 85.7 San Sebastian College Imus , Cavite 99th 2012 Ignatius Michael D. Ingles 85.64 Ateneo de Manila University Quezon City , Metro Manila 100th 2011 Raoul Angelo D. Atadero 85.536 Ateneo de Manila University Quezon City , Metro Manila 101st 2014 Irene Mae B. Alcobilla 85.5 San Beda College San Remigio , Antique 102nd 2009 Reinier Paul R. Yebra 84.8 San Beda College Daet , Camarines Norte 103rd 1920 Adolfo Brillantes 84.1 Escuela de Derecho Bangued , Abra 104th 2007 Mercedita L. Ona 83.55 Ateneo de Manila University San Jose , Batangas Famous bar topnotchers ( edit ) Prominent lawyers who made the bar top ten include : Presidents and Vice-Presidents ( edit ) Manuel A. Roxas - fifth President of the Philippines ; 1st placer ( 92 % ) , 1913 Bar Exams ( UP ) Diosdado P. Macapagal - ninth President of the Philippines ; 1st placer ( 89.85 % ) , 1936 Bar Exams ( UST ) Ferdinand E. Marcos - tenth President of the Philippines ; 1st placer ( 92.35 % ) - 1939 Bar Exams , Topnotcher ( UP ) . José P. Laurel - third President of the Philippines ; 2nd placer , 1915 Bar Exams ( UP ) Elpidio C. Quirino - sixth President of the Philippines ; 2nd placer , 1915 Bar Exams ( UP ) Sergio S. Osmeña - fifth President of the Philippines ; 2nd placer , 1903 Bar Exams ( UST ) Manuel L. Quezon - second President of the Philippines ; 4th placer , 1903 Bar Exams ( UST ) Carlos P. García - eighth President of the Philippines ; 7th placer , 1923 Bar Exams ( PLS ) Emmanuel N. Pelaez - former Vice-President of the Philippines ; 1st placer , 1938 Bar Exams ( UM ) Arturo M. Tolentino - former Vice-President of the Philippines ; 2nd placer , 1934 Bar Exams ( UP ) In the 2010 presidential elections , candidate Gilberto Teodoro ( an alumnus of the University of the Philippines ) placed first in the 1989 Bar Exams , with a grade of 86.185 % . He was fourth in the elections , losing to Benigno S. Aquino III . A lawyer , Jejomar C. Binay ( also from UP ) , won the Vice-presidency when he bested former Senator Manuel A. Roxas II . Supreme Court and Court of Appeals Justices ( edit ) José Yulo - 6th Philippine Chief Justice ; 3rd placer , 1913 Bar Exams ( UP College of Law ) Ricardo Paras - 8th Philippine Chief Justice ; 2nd placer , 1913 Bar Exams ( UP College of Law ) César Bengzon - 9th Philippine Chief Justice ; 2nd placer , 1919 Bar Exams ( UP College of Law ) Roberto Concepcion - 10th Philippine Chief Justice ; 1st placer , 1924 Bar Exams ( UST Faculty of Civil Law ) Querube Makalintal - 11th Philippine Chief Justice ; 7th placer , 1933 Bar Exams ( UP College of Civil Law ) Ramon Aquino - 15th Philippine Chief Justice ; 9th placer , 1939 Bar Exams ( UP College of Law ) Claudio Teehankee - 16th Philippine Chief Justice ; 1st placer , 1940 Bar Exams ( Ateneo Law School ) Pedro Yap - 17th Philippine Chief Justice ; 1st placer , 1946 Bar Exams ( UP College of Law ) Andres Narvasa - 19th Philippine Chief Justice ; 2nd placer , 1951 Bar Exams ( UST Faculty of Civil Law ) Artemio Panganiban - 21st Philippine Chief Justice ; 6th placer , 1960 Bar Exams ( FEU Institute of Law ) José P. Laurel - former Philippine Supreme Court Justice ; 2nd placer , 1915 Bar Exams J.B.L. Reyes - former Philippine Supreme Court Justice ; 6th placer , 1922 Bar Exams Ambrosio Padilla - former Philippine Supreme Court Justice ; 3rd placer , 1934 Bar Exams Cecilia Muñoz Palma - former Philippine Supreme Court Justice ; 1st placer , 1937 Bar Exams Rafael C. Climaco - former Philippine Court of Appeals Justice ; 5th placer , 1939 Bar Exams ( Ferdinand Marcos placed 1st ) Ameurfina Melencio - Herrera - former Philippine Supreme Court Justice ; 1st placer , 1947 Bar Exams Irene Cortes - former Philippine Supreme Court Justice ; 9th placer , 1948 Bar Exams Carolina C. Griño - Aquino - former Philippine Supreme Court Justice ; 1st placer , 1950 Bar Exams Isagani R. Cruz - former Philippine Supreme Court Justice ; 8th placer , 1951 Bar Exams Florentino P. Feliciano - former Philippine Supreme Court Justice and Chair , WTO Appellate Tribunal ; 6th placer , 1952 Bar Exams Florenz Regalado - former Philippine Supreme Court Justice ; 1st placer , 1954 Bar Exams Adolfo Azcuna - Philippine Supreme Court Justice ; 4th placer , 1962 Bar Exams Antonio Eduardo Nachura - Philippine Supreme Court Justice ; 7th placer , 1967 Bar Exams Presbitero Velasco , Jr . - Philippine Supreme Court Justice ; 6th placer , 1971 Bar Exams Antonio Carpio - Philippine Supreme Court Justice ; 6th placer , 1975 Bar Exams Arturo D. Brion - Philippine Supreme Court Justice ; former Philippine Court of Appeals Justice ; 1st placer , 1974 Bar Exams Bienvenido V. Reyes - former Philippine Court of Appeals Presiding Justice ; 5th placer , 1954 Bar Exams Salome A. Montoya - former Philippine Court of Appeals Presiding Justice ; 6th placer , 1954 Bar Exams Alicia V. Sempio - Diy - former Philippine Court of Appeals Justice ; 5th placer , 1950 Bar Exams Oscar M. Herrera - former Philippine Court of Appeals Justice ; 8th placer , 1953 Bar Exams Demetrio Demetria - former Philippine Court of Appeals Justice ; 2nd placer , 1964 Bar Exams Mario Guariña III - former Philippine Court of Appeals Justice ; 2nd placer , 1967 Bar Exams Lucas Bersamin - Philippine Court of Appeals Justice ; 9th placer , 1973 Bar Exams Celia Librea - Leagogo - Philippine Court of Appeals Justice ; 5th placer , 1981 Bar Exams Senators and Representatives ( edit ) Manuel A. Roxas - former Philippine Senate President and Speaker of the House of Representatives ; 1st placer , 1913 Bar Exams Manuel L. Quezon - former Philippine Senate President ; 4th placer , 1903 Bar Exams Arturo M. Tolentino - former Philippine Senate President ; 2nd placer , 1934 Bar Exams Ferdinand E. Marcos - former Philippine Senate President ; 1st placer , 1939 Bar Exams Jovito Salonga - former Philippine Senate President ; 1st placer , 1944 Bar Exams Neptali Gonzales - former Philippine Senate President ; 9th placer , 1949 Bar Exams Ernesto M. Maceda - former Philippine Senate President ; 10th placer , 1956 Bar Exams Franklin M. Drilon - former Philippine Senate President ; 3rd placer , 1969 Bar Exams Lorenzo Sumulong - former Philippine Senator ; 1st placer , 1929 Bar Exams Jose W. Diokno - former Philippine Senator ; 1st placer , 1944 Bar Exams Rene Saguisag - former Philippine Senator ; 6th placer , 1963 Bar Exams Aquilino Pimentel III ( Koko Pimentel ) - Philippine Senator ; 1st placer , 1990 Bar Exams Sergio S. Osmeña - former Speaker of the House of Representatives ; 2nd placer , 1903 Bar Exams Jose Yulo - former Speaker of the House of Representatives ; 3rd placer , 1913 Bar Exams Aguedo F. Agbayani - former Pangasinan Representative ; 5th placer , 1947 Bar Exams Antonio Eduardo Nachura - former Samar Representative ; 7th placer , 1967 Bar Exams Ronaldo Zamora - San Juan Representative ; 1st placer , 1969 Bar Exams Prospero Nograles - Speaker of the House of Representatives ; 2nd placer , 1971 Bar Exams Arturo D. Brion - Assemblyman , Philippine National Assembly ; 1st placer , 1974 Bar Exams Gilberto Eduardo Gerardo C. Teodoro , Jr. - former Tarlac Representative ; 1st placer , 1989 Bar Exams José P. Laurel - former Senator ; 2nd Placer 1915 Mylene J. Garcia - Albano - Davao City 2nd District - House of Representatives ; 3rd placer , 1990 Bar Exams Appointees and career service officials ( edit ) Roberto Concepcion - Member , 1986 Constitutional Commission ; 1st placer , 1924 Bar Exams Lorenzo Sumulong - Member , 1986 Constitutional Commission ; 1st placer , 1929 Bar Exams Arturo Tolentino - Member , Philippine Civil Code Commission ; former Minister of Foreign Affairs ; 2nd placer , 1934 Bar Exams Ambrosio Padilla - Member , 1986 Constitutional Commission ; 3rd placer , 1934 Bar Exams Diosdado Macapagal - President , Philippine Constitutional Convention of 1971 ; 1st placer , 1936 Bar Exams Cecilia Muñoz - Palma - President , Philippine Constitutional Commission of 1986 ; Chairperson , Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office ; 1st placer , 1937 Bar Exams Jovito Salonga - former Chairman , Presidential Commission on Good Government ; 1st placer , 1944 Bar Exams Ameurfina Melencio - Herrera - Chancellor , Philippine Judicial Academy ; Chairperson , Legal Publications Committee , Supreme Court Centenary Celebrations ; 1st placer , 1947 Bar Exams Alicia V. Sempio - Dy - Member , Philippine Civil Code Revision Committee ; former Commissioner , National Commission on Women ; 5th placer , 1950 Bar Exams Andres Narvasa - Chairman , Preparatory Commission for Constitutional Reform ; 2nd placer , 1951 Bar Exams Gabriel Singson - former Governor of the Central Bank of the Philippines ; 2nd placer , 1952 Bar Exams Florentino Feliciano - Chairman , Feliciano Commission investigating the Oakwood Mutiny ; 6th placer , 1952 Bar Exams Florenz D. Regalado - Member , 1986 Constitutional Commission ; 1st placer , 1954 Bar Exams Jose Nolledo - Delegate , 1971 Constitutional Convention & Member , 1986 Constitutional Commission ; 3rd placer , 1958 Bar Exams Haydee Yorac - former Chairperson , Presidential Commission on Good Government ; former Commissioner , Commission on Elections ; 8th placer , 1962 Bar Exams Adolfo Azcuna - Member , 1986 Constitutional Commission ; 4th placer , 1962 Bar Exams Joaquin G. Bernas - Member , 1986 Constitutional Commission ; Member , Feliciano Commission investigating the Oakwood mutiny ; 9th placer , 1962 Bar Exam Anacleto C. Mañgaser ( var . Mangaser ) - former Chairman , Reparations Commission ; 1st placer , 1949 Bar Exams Romeo C. de la Cruz -- former Solicitor General ; 9th placer , 1957 Bar Exams Sergio A. Apostol - Chief Presidential Legal Counsel ; 7th placer , 1958 Bar Exams Ismael G. Khan Jr. - former Spokesperson , Philippine Supreme Court ; 6th placer , 1959 Bar Exams Antonio Eduardo Nachura - former Solicitor General ; 7th placer , 1967 Bar Exams Fulgencio S. Factoran , Jr. - former Executive Secretary ; 9th placer , 1967 Bar Exams Jose Mario Buñag - former Bureau of Internal Revenue Commissioner ; 2nd placer , 1968 Bar Exams Ronaldo B. Zamora - former Executive Secretary ; 1st placer , 1969 Bar Exams Franklin Drilon - former Secretary of Labor and Employment ; 3rd placer , 1969 Bar Exams Jesus Dureza - Presidential Peace Adviser and Mindanao Super Region In - charge ; 10th placer , 1973 Bar Exams Arturo D. Brion - Secretary of Labor and Employment ; 1st placer , 1974 Bar Exams Antonio Carpio - former Chief Presidential Legal Counsel ; 6th placer , 1975 Bar Exams Avelino Cruz , Jr. - former Secretary of National Defense ; 7th placer , 1977 Bar Exams Simeon Marcelo - former Philippine Ombudsman ; 5th placer , 1979 Bar Exams Manuel Antonio J. Teehankee - former Undersecretary of Justice ; Ambassador to the World Trade Organization ; 1st placer , 1983 Bar Exams Leila de Lima - current Secretary of Justice ; former Commission on Human Rights ( CHR ) Chairperson ; 8th placer , 1985 Bar Exams Antonio M. Bernardo - former Bureau of Customs Commissioner ; 2nd placer , 1988 Bar Exams Gilberto Eduardo Gerardo C. Teodoro , Jr . - Secretary of National Defense ; 1st placer , 1989 Bar Exams Persida V. Rueda - Acosta - Chief Public Attorney of the Philippines ; 5th placer , 1989 Bar Exams Ruben Carranza , Jr . - Commissioner , Presidential Commission on Good Government ; 8th placer , 1990 Bar Exams Maria Celia H. Fernandez - former Chief , Presidential Management Staff ; 1st placer , 1997 Bar Exams Janet T. Abuel - Regional Director , Department of Budget and Management ; 1st placer , 1998 Bar Exams Edwin R. Enrile - former Assistant Executive Secretary , Office of the President ; Deputy Executive Secretary , Office of the President ; 1st placer , 1999 Bar Exams Rodolfo Ma . A. Ponferrada - former Assistant Chief of Staff , Office of the Vice President ; 1st placer , 2001 Bar Exams Pablito V. Sanidad , Sr. - former Deputy Minister of the Department of Labor and Employment ; 8th placer , 1967 Bar Exams Local officials ( edit ) Aguedo F. Agbayani - former Governor of Pangasinan ; 5th placer , 1947 Bar Exams Pablo P. Garcia - former Governor of Cebu ; 3rd placer , 1951 Bar Exams Juanito Remulla , Sr. - former Governor of Cavite ; 4th placer , 1956 Bar Exams Isidoro E. Real , Jr. - former Governor / Congressman of Zamboanga del Sur ; 7th placer , 1961 Bar Exams Roldan Dalman - former Governor of Zamboanga del Norte ; former Presidential Assistant for Regional Concerns , Western Mindanao 6th placer , 1975 Bar Exams Douglas RA . Cagas - incumbent Governor / former Congressman of Davao Del Sur ; 4th placer 1967 Bar Exams Rodolfo C. Farinas - Former Governor / incumbent Congressman of Ilocos Norte / Incumbent Majority Leader ; 8th Placer 1978 Bar Exams Henry R. Villarica - Incumbent Mayor of Meycauayan City ; 1st Placer 1971 Bar Exams Pablito V. Sanidad Sr. - Former Vice Governor of Ilocos Sur ; 8th place 1967 Bar Exams Academe ( edit ) Joaquin G. Bernas - former President , Ateneo de Manila University ; Dean Emeritus , Ateneo Law School ; 9th placer , 1962 Bar Exam Jovito Salonga - former Dean , Far Eastern University Institute of Law ; 1st placer , 1944 Bar Exams Neptali Gonzales - former Dean , Far Eastern University Institute of Law ; 9th placer , 1949 Bar Exams Andres Narvasa - former Dean , University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Civil Law ; 2nd placer , 1951 Bar Exams Norberto S. Gonzales - Dean , Manuel L. Quezon University School of Law ; 5th placer , 1958 Bar Exams Custodio O. Parlade - President Emeritus , Philippine Dispute Resolution Centre ; Lecturer and Bar Reviewer ; 4th placer , 1959 Bar Exams Agustin O. Benitez - former Dean , University of the East College of Law ; 1st placer , 1959 bar Exams Virgilio B. Jara - Dean , San Beda College of Law 5th placer , 1962 Bar Exams Cesar L. Villanueva - Dean , Ateneo Law School ; 2nd placer , 1981 Bar Exams Jose Jesus G. Laurel - former Dean , Lyceum of the Philippines College of Law ; 6th placer , 1981 Bar Exams Roy Joseph M. Rafols - former Dean , Palawan State University College of Law ; 2nd placer , 1984 Bar Exams Pacifico N. Castro - Law Professor and Bar Reviewer ; 8th placer , 1954 Bar Exams Manuel T. Muro - Law Professor and Bar Reviewer , former Trial Court Judge ; 6th placer , 1955 Bar Exams Antonio H. Abad , Jr . - Law Professor and Bar Reviewer ; former Dean of the FEU Institute of Law and presently Dean of the Adamson University College of Law ; 10th Placer , 1963 Bar Examinations Roberto San Jose - Law Professor and Bar Reviewer ; 1st placer , 1966 Bar Exams Ruben F. Balane - Law Professor and Bar Reviewer ; 2nd placer , 1966 Bar Exams Hildegardo F. Iñigo - former Dean , Ateneo de Davao University College of Law and Bar Reviewer , 8th placer , 1966 Bar Exams Jacinto D. Jimenez ( Jack Jimenez ) - Law Professor and Bar Reviewer ; 3rd placer , 1968 Bar Exams Arturo de Castro - Law Professor and Bar Reviewer ; 3rd placer , 1970 Bar Exams Rene Gorospe - Law Professor and Bar Reviewer ; 2nd placer , 1979 Bar Exams Manuel J. Laserna , Jr . - Law Professor and Bar Reviewer ( Far Eastern University , Manila , 1985 - 2006 ) ; 3rd placer , 1984 Bar Exams ( 90.95 % ) ; trial lawyer ; Bar leader ; founder of the Las Pinas City Bar Association ( 2001 ) ; and managing partner of the Laserna Cueva - Mercader & Associates Law Offices ( LCM Law , Las Pinas City ) . Abelardo T. Domondon - Law Professor and Bar Reviewer ; 4th placer , 1985 Bar Exams , graduate of Adamson University College of Law Roberto A. Gana - Law Professor and Bar Reviewer ; 5th placer , 1986 Bar Exams Jose Maria G. Hofileña - Law Professor and Bar Reviewer ; 10th placer , 1987 Bar Exams Michael G. Aguinaldo - Law Professor ; 7th placer , 1992 Bar Exams Anna Leah Fidelis T. Castañeda - Law Professor ; 1st placer , 1993 Bar Exams Shirley F. Alinea - UP Law ( 6th Place , 1996 Bar Exams ) - Law Professor ( UE , Lyceum , San Sebastian ) Maria Socorro Z . Manguiat - Law Professor ; 10th placer , 1993 Bar Exams Maria Paz Romana S. Angeles - Law Professor ; 10 placer , 1994 Bar Exams Carla E. Santamaria - Seña - Law Professor ; 5th placer , 1995 Bar Exams Ralph A. Sarmiento - Dean , University of St. La Salle College of Law ; International Law Bar Reviewer ; 10th placer , 1997 Bar Exams Shennan A. Sy - Law Professor ; 6th placer , 1995 Bar Exams Arnold De Vera - Law Professor ; 8th placer , 1987 Bar Exams Rhett Emmanuel C. Serfino - Practicing Lawyer ; Professor and Bar Reviewer ( MLQU , PUP , Universidad De Manila ) ; 3rd placer , 1997 Bar Exams Florin T. Hilbay - Law Professor ; 1st placer , 1999 Bar Exams Rodolfo Ma . A. Ponferrada - Professor of Law ( UP and Ateneo ) ; 1st placer , 2001 Bar Exams Solomon F. Lumba - Professor of Law ( UP ) ; 4th placer , 2001 Bar Exams Adonis V. Gabriel - Professor of Law ( SBC ) ; 8th placer , 2001 Bar Exams Samson S. Alcantara - Practicing Lawyer ; Professor and Bar Reviewer ( MLQU ) ; Author - Philippine Labor and Social Legislation ; 3rd placer , Bar Exams Connie Chu - Professor ( Ateneo ) , 2nd Place , 2002 Bar Exams Ma . Ngina Chan - Gonzaga - Professor ( Ateneo ) , 4th Place , 2002 Bar Exams Michelle Juan - Professor ( Ateneo , FEU - DLSU , PLM ) , 4th Place , 2002 Bar Exams Nyerson Dexter Tito Q. Tualla - Corporate Attorney , TransCo ; Civil Law Lecturer , Manuel L. Quezon University ; 4th placer , 2005 Bar Exams Pedro Jose F. Bernardo - Professor ( Ateneo , FEU - DLSU , PLP ) , 8th Place , 2005 Bar Exams Noel Neil Q. Malimban - Business Law Lecturer and Reviewer , University of the Cordilleras ; 1st placer , 2006 Bar Exams Guillermo A. Villasor , Jr . - Former Dean , University of Negros Occidental - Recoletos School of Law ; 10th placer , 1979 Bar Exams Marforth T. Fua - Law Professor ( SBC , PLP ) , 8th place , 2007 Bar Exams Teodoro Almase - Dean , University of the Visayas , 4th place Pablito V. Sanidad Sr. - Dean , University of Baguio , 8th place , 1967 Bar Exams Private Sector ( edit ) Manuel Montecillo - Name Partner , Siguion Reyna Montecillo & Ongsiako ( oldest law firm ) ; 1st placer , 1948 Bar Exams Manuel S. Abello - Founding Partner , Angara Abello Concepcion Regala & Cruz ( ACCRALAW ) ; 1st placer , 1958 Bar Exams Nelly Favis - Villafuerte - Editor , Manila Bulletin ; 7th placer , 1959 Bar Exams Avelino V. Cruz - Founding Partner , ACCRALAW ; youngest to top the bar , 1st placer , 1962 Bar Exams Mercedita V. Santiago - Nolledo - Corporate Secretary , Ayala Corporation ; 2nd placer , 1965 Bar Exams Rodolfo D. Robles - General practitioner ; 1st placer , 1967 Bar Exams Januario B. Soller Jr . - Co-founder , Soller Chain of Pawnshops ; 1st placer , 1972 Bar Exams Jesus M. Manalastas - Name Partner , PECABAR Law Firm ; 2nd placer , 1972 Bar Exams Victor P. Lazatin - Senior Partner , ACCRALAW ; 3rd placer , 1972 Bar Exams Barbara Anne Migallos - Name Partner , Roco Buñag Kapunan Migallos Law Firm ; Co-founder , Migallos & Luna Law Office ; 3rd placer , 1979 Bar Exams Mario Luz Bautista - Co-founder , Poblador Bautista Reyes Law Firm ; 6th placer , 1979 Bar Exams Arthur Lim - Commission on Election Commissioner ; former National President , Integrated Bar of the Philippines ; 3rd placer , 1981 Bar Exams Ray C. Espinosa - Partner , SyCip Salazar Hernandez & Gatmaitan ; Executive Director , Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company ; President and CEO , ePLDT ; President and CEO , Associated Broadcasting Corporation ; Vice Chairman , Philweb Corporation ; 1st placer , 1982 Bar Exams Agerico T. Paras - Founding Partner and Managing Partner , Paras and Manlapaz Lawyers ; 6th placer , 1983 Bar Exams Menardo L. Guevarra - Co-founder , Serapio Guevarra Medialdea Law Firm ; 2nd placer , 1985 Bar Exams Hever M. Bascon , Jr . - Steptoe & Johnson LLP , 5th placer , 1987 Bar Exams Marlon Manuel - Director , SALIGAN ( non-profit legal assistance group ) ; 5th placer , 1994 Bar Exams Patricia - ann T. Prodigalidad - Partner , ACCRALAW ; 1st placer , 1996 Bar Exams Maria Celia H. Fernandez - In - house counsel , Yuchengco group of companies ; 1st placer , 1997 Bar Exams Jose Raulito E. Paras - Partner , Andres Marcelo Padernal Guerrero & Paras ; 5th placer , 1997 Bar Exams Eliseo M. Zuñiga Jr . - Partner , Quisumbing Torres Law Firm ; 1st placer , 2000 Bar Exams Valerie Feria Amante - Legal Division Head , Jollibee Group of Companies ; 7th placer , 2000 Bar Exams Rodolfo Ma . A. Ponferrada - Associate , SyCip Salazar Hernandez & Gatmaitan ; 1st placer , 2001 Bar Exams Ma . Theresa U. Ballelos - Associate , Quisumbing Torres Law Firm ; 6th placer , 2001 Bar Exams Arlene Maneja - Associate , Siguion Reyna Montecillo & Ongsiako ; 1st placer , 2002 Bar Exams Aeneas Eli S. Diaz - Associate , Villaraza & Angangco ; 1st placer , 2003 Bar Exams January A. Sanchez - Consultant , Asian Development Bank ; 1st placer , 2004 Bar Exams Joan A. De Venecia - Associate , SyCip Salazar Hernandez & Gatmaitan ; 1st placer , 2005 Bar Exams Noel Neil Q. Malimban - Associate , Castillo Laman Tan Pantaleon & San Jose ; 1st placer , 2006 Bar Exams Filemon Ray L. Javier - Associate , Quisumbing Torres Law Firm ; 2nd placer , 2010 Bar Exams See also ( edit ) 2010 Philippine Bar exam bombing Legal education in the Philippines References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court of the Philippines '' . sc.judiciary.gov.ph . Jump up ^ `` Record 6,533 to take 2008 Bar Exams - SC '' . Jump up ^ `` Inquirer.net , First bar exam in RP held in 1901 , with 13 test takers '' . Jump up ^ `` Inquirer.net , 1,289 pass bar exams '' . ^ Jump up to : Section 5 , Rule 138 , Revised Rules of Court . ^ Jump up to : Section 6 , Rule 138 , Revised Rules of Court . Jump up ^ Section 2 , Rule 138 , Revised Rules of Court . ^ Jump up to : Section 12 , Rule 138 , Revised Rules of Court . Jump up ^ Rufus Rodriguez . Slaying the Bar Exams Dragon . Rex Bookstore , 2002 . ^ Jump up to : Rufus B. Rodriguez . Slaying the Bar Exams Dragon . Rex Bookstore , 2002 . ^ Jump up to : Section 14 , Rule 138 , Revised Rules of Court . ^ Jump up to : Bar Passing Percentage from 1946 - 2003 . The Practice : Business & Leisure Magazine for Lawyers . August -- September 2004 Issue . Jump up ^ Admin . `` RESULTS : Over 59 % pass 2016 bar exam '' . Jump up ^ `` Bar exam results 2015 : Full list '' . Jump up ^ Admin . `` Top 10 List : UP grad tops October 2013 bar exam '' . ^ Jump up to : Admin . `` October 2013 Philippine Bar Exam Results - passers , topnotchers '' . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 best performing law schools in the Philippines '' . ABS-CBNNews.com . ABS - CBN News . December 2 , 2015 . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2016 . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Inquirer.net , With Due Respect , How Arroyo can help produce better lawyers '' . ^ Jump up to : List of Bar Topnotchers from 1913 to 2006 , Office of the Bar Confidant , Supreme Court of the Philippines . ^ Jump up to : Manila Times , 12 April 2008 Jump up ^ `` zxq.net '' . filipinoheritage.zxq.net . Jump up ^ IRPA , DLSU ITS , DLSU STRATCOM , DLSU . `` De La Salle University : DLSU : Home '' . www.dlsu.edu.ph . Jump up ^ News , ABS - CBN. `` 2014 Bar 4th placer is 2009 CPA exams 2nd placer '' . Jump up ^ http://www.businessmirror.com.ph/home/life/6339-balancing-the-scales-what-its-like-to-have-two-supreme-court-justices-for-parents.html Jump up ^ `` Home - San Beda '' . www.sanbeda.edu.ph . Jump up ^ Florenz Regalado Jump up ^ `` Women outshine men in RP bar exams '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Senator Juan Ponce Enrile - Senate of the Philippines '' . www.senate.gov.ph . Jump up ^ Cruz , Miguel . `` Bar Topnotchers 1970 - 2000 '' . Inquirer . Inquirer . Retrieved June 12 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Business Mirror , 1 April 2008 Jump up ^ Rufus B. Rodriguez . Legal Research . Rex Bookstore , 2002 . Jump up ^ Supreme Court resolution in Bar Matter No. 1161 . 2005 . Jump up ^ JBL : Selected Speeches and Essays in Honor of Justice Jose B.L. Reyes , p. 57 - 58 Jump up ^ Ricardo B. Teruel . Practical Lawyering in the Philippines . Revised Edition . Central Professional Books , 1999 . Jump up ^ Section 17 , Rule 138 , Revised Rules of Court . Jump up ^ Section 19 , Rule 138 , Revised Rules of Court . Jump up ^ http://www.malaya.com.ph/apr23/busi7.htm Jump up ^ `` AROUND THE WORLD ; 12 Philippine Justices Resign in Scandal '' . www.query.nytimes.com ... Since the 1982 `` Ericta Scandal '' , it was only in 2008 that the Court relaxed the fixed rules on passing grades amid the inhibitions of 5 Justices whose relatives took the exams . Jump up ^ `` sun star , Bar leakage extends exams by one Sunday '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Results of the Philippine Bar Exams . '' TV Patrol World , ABS - CBN , March 2006 . Jump up ^ Roll of Attorneys of the Supreme Court , June 2007 . Jump up ^ Faculty and alumni list , Ateneo School of Law , June 2007 . Jump up ^ Faculty and alumni list , FEU Institute of Law , June 2007 . Jump up ^ Faculty and alumni list , Lyceum of the Philippines College of Law , June 2007 . Jump up ^ Faculty and alumni list , MLQU College of Law , June 2007 . Jump up ^ Faculty and alumni list , San Beda College of Law , June 2007 . Jump up ^ Faculty and alumni list , San Sebastian College - Recoletos College of Law , June 2007 . Jump up ^ Faculty and alumni list , UE College of Law , June 2007 . Jump up ^ Faculty and alumni list , UP College of Law , June 2007 . Jump up ^ Faculty and alumni list , UST Faculty of Civil Law , June 2007 . External links ( edit ) 2015 Bar Exam Results Supreme Court of the Philippines Integrated Bar of the Philippines Integrated Bar of the Philippines - Negros Oriental Chapter Chief Justice Artemio Panganiban , With Due Respect , How to pass , nay , top the bar exams Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Bar_Examination&oldid=803444407 '' Categories : Philippine law Legal education in the Philippines Bar examinations Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009 Philippines articles missing geocoordinate data All articles needing coordinates Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 October 2017 , at 15 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine%20Bar%20Examination
| 2,180 |
||
covers of will you still love me tomorrow
|
Will You Love Me Tomorrow
|
will you love me tomorrow
|
`` Will You Love Me Tomorrow '' , also known as `` Will You Still Love Me Tomorrow '' , is a song written by Gerry Goffin and Carole King . It was originally recorded in 1960 by the Shirelles , who took their single to number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart . The song is also notable for being the first song by a black all - girl group to reach number one in the United States . It has since been recorded by many artists over the years , including a 1971 version by co-writer Carole King .
|
Contents ( hide ) 1 The Shirelles ' version 1.1 Background 1.2 Reception 1.3 Answer songs 2 Carole King version 2.1 Background 2.2 Personnel 3 Other versions 4 See also 5 References 6 External links The Shirelles ' version ( edit ) Background ( edit ) In 1960 , the American girl group the Shirelles released the first version of the song as Scepter single 1211 , with `` Boys '' on the B - side . The single 's first pressing was labelled simply `` Tomorrow '' , then lengthened later . When first presented with the song , lead singer Shirley Owens ( later known as Shirley Alston - Reeves ) did not want to record it , because she thought it was `` too country . '' She relented after a string arrangement was added . However , Owens recalled on Jim Parsons ' syndicated oldies radio program , Shake Rattle Showtime , that some radio stations had banned the record because they had felt the lyrics were too sexually charged . The song is in AABA form . Reception ( edit ) This version of the song , with session musicians Paul Griffin on piano and Gary Chester on drums , as of 2009 was ranked as the 162nd greatest song of all time , as well as the best song of 1960 , by Acclaimed Music . It was ranked at # 126 among Rolling Stone ' s list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time . Billboard named the song # 3 on their list of 100 Greatest Girl Group Songs of All Time . The song later appeared on the soundtracks of Michael Apted 's Stardust and Emile Ardolino 's Dirty Dancing . Answer songs ( edit ) Bertell Dache , a black demo singer for the Brill Building songwriters , recorded an answer song entitled `` Not just Tomorrow , But Always '' . It has been claimed by some historians that Dache was a pseudonym for Epic recording artist Tony Orlando , whose recording of the original song had not been released as Don Kirshner thought the lyric was convincing only as sung by a woman . However , an ad for United Artists Records which appeared in Billboard during 1961 featured a photo of the singer which indicated that Dache was not Tony Orlando . The Satintones , an early Motown group , also recorded an answer song called `` Tomorrow and Always , '' which used the same melody as the original but initially neglected to credit King and Goffin . Following a threat of litigation , later pressings of the record included proper credit . Eventually , it was withdrawn and replaced with a different song . The Satintones ' versions are included in the box set The Complete Motown Singles , Volume 1 : 1959 -- 1961 . Carole King version ( edit ) Background ( edit ) In 1971 Carole King , the co-writer of the song , recorded a version of `` Will You Love Me Tomorrow '' for her landmark studio album Tapestry , with Joni Mitchell and James Taylor on background vocals . King 's version of the song was taken at a considerably slower tempo and with a more contemplative , melancholy feel than in the Shirelles original recording . It gained considerable album - oriented rock airplay due to the large - scale commercial success of the album . The song became a feature of King 's live shows . Taylor recreated his part during their joint arena - based Troubadour Reunion Tour of 2010 . In the 2013 Broadway Beautiful : The Carole King Musical , the song is featured in part four times : once during its writing , once during King recording a demo of it , then with the Shirelles performing it , and then King singing and playing it later during an especially bad time in her marriage with Goffin . No other song is featured as frequently in the musical . Personnel ( edit ) Carole King -- piano , vocals Additional musicians Danny `` Kootch '' Kortchmar -- acoustic guitar Russ Kunkel -- drums Charles `` Charlie '' Larkey -- bass guitar Joni Mitchell -- background vocals James Taylor -- acoustic guitar , backing vocals Other versions ( edit ) Dusty Springfield recorded the song for her 1964 debut solo album A Girl Called Dusty . She also recorded a version with French lyrics entitled Demain tu peux changer for her 1965 EP Mademoiselle Dusty , which included four songs she had previously recorded in English . Brenda Lee released her version in 1961 as a single . Helen Shapiro recorded a version for her 1962 album ' Tops ' with Me . Little Eva released a version on her 1962 album Llllloco - Motion . Cher recorded a version for her 1966 album Chér . Jackie DeShannon recorded a version for her 1966 album Are You Ready for This ? . Sandy Posey recorded the song for her 1968 album Looking at You . The Four Seasons had a number 24 hit with the song on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1968 . Linda Ronstadt released a version on her 1970 album , Silk Purse . It reached number 98 in Cash Box and ( Bubbled Under to ) number 111 in Billboard . Roberta Flack 's version hit number 76 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1972 as `` Will You Still Love Me Tomorrow '' . Melanie Safka reached number 82 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1973 and reached the top 40 in the United Kingdom in 1974 . Jody Miller made the charts with a remake of the song in 1975 . Morningside Drive released a dance version of the song in 1975 , which reached number 33 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Dana Valery recorded a dance version that hit number 95 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1976 . Dave Mason had a number 39 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1978 with his remake . It was his final top 40 hit on that chart . Laura Nyro recorded a version which was released on her posthumous 2001 album Angel In the Dark . Laura Branigan recorded a cover of the song on her 1984 album Self Control . The Bee Gees recorded a cover for the Carole King tribute album Tapestry Revisited : A Tribute to Carole King in 1995 . Inger Marie Gundersen recorded a cover of the song on her 2004 album Make This Moment Amy Winehouse recorded a cover of the song in 2004 for the soundtrack to Bridget Jones : The Edge of Reason ( film ) , and a further version that was released in 2011 on her posthumous album Lioness : Hidden Treasures . Leslie Grace released a bachata version in 2012 which became her debut single . Her version peaked at number one on the Billboard Tropical Songs chart and number one on the Latin Airplay chart , becoming the youngest female artist to do so . See also ( edit ) List of Hot 100 number - one singles of 1961 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred , The Billboard Book of Number One Hits , Billboard Books , 1992 Jump up ^ Covach , John ( 2005 ) , `` Form in Rock Music : A Primer '' , in Stein , Deborah , Engaging Music : Essays in Music Analysis , New York : Oxford University Press , p. 70 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 517010 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Acclaimed Music Top 3000 songs '' . Acclaimedmusic.net. 27 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Girl Group Songs of All Time : Critics ' Picks '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Will You Love Me Tomorrow by The Shirelles Songfacts '' . Songfacts.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ spotify Jump up ^ Ramirez , Rauly ( 2012 - 10 - 16 ) . `` Leslie Grace Youngest Woman To Top Latin Airplay Chart '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 21 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics The Shirelles Shirley Owens Doris Coley Addie Harris Beverly Lee Albums Tonight 's the Night Baby It 's You Foolish Little Girl Singles `` Tonight 's the Night '' `` Will You Love Me Tomorrow '' `` Dedicated to the One I Love '' `` Mama Said '' `` Big John ( Ai n't You Gonna Marry Me ) '' `` Baby It 's You '' `` Soldier Boy '' `` Welcome Home , Baby '' `` Everybody Loves a Lover '' `` Foolish Little Girl '' Related topics `` Boys '' Baby It 's You ! The Musical Book : The Shirelles The Four Seasons Frankie Valli Tommy DeVito Bob Gaudio Nick Massi Charles Calello Joe Long Albums Sherry & 11 Others ( 1962 ) The 4 Seasons Greetings ( 1962 ) Golden Hits of the 4 Seasons ( 1963 ) Working My Way Back to You and More Great New Hits ( 1966 ) The Genuine Imitation Life Gazette ( 1969 ) Chameleon ( 1972 ) Who Loves You ( 1975 ) The Very Best of Frankie Valli & The Four Seasons ( 2002 ) Singles `` Bermuda '' `` Sherry '' `` Big Girls Do n't Cry '' `` Santa Claus Is Coming to Town '' `` Walk Like a Man '' `` Ai n't That a Shame '' `` Candy Girl '' `` New Mexican Rose '' `` Dawn ( Go Away ) '' `` Stay '' `` Ronnie '' `` Alone ( Why Must I Be Alone ) '' `` Rag Doll '' `` Silence Is Golden '' `` Save It for Me '' `` Sincerely '' `` Big Man in Town '' `` I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus '' `` Bye , Bye , Baby ( Baby Goodbye ) '' `` Since I Do n't Have You '' `` Girl Come Running '' `` The Sun Ai n't Gonna Shine ( Anymore ) '' `` Let 's Hang On ! '' `` Do n't Think Twice '' `` Working My Way Back to You '' `` Opus 17 ( Do n't You Worry ' bout Me ) '' `` On the Good Ship Lollipop '' `` I 've Got You Under My Skin '' `` The Proud One '' `` Tell It to the Rain '' `` Beggin ' '' `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' `` C'mon Marianne '' `` Lonesome Road '' `` Watch the Flowers Grow '' `` Will You Love Me Tomorrow '' `` My Eyes Adored You '' `` Our Day Will Come '' `` Who Loves You '' `` December , 1963 ( Oh , What a Night ) '' `` Silver Star '' `` Grease '' Related topics Discography Members Albums Songs The Four Lovers The Wonder Who ? Bob Crewe `` Ces soirées - là '' Jersey Boys : Original Broadway Cast Recording Jersey Boys ( musical ) Jersey Boys ( film ) Book : The Four Seasons Carole King Studio albums Writer Tapestry Music Rhymes & Reasons Fantasy Wrap Around Joy Thoroughbred Simple Things Welcome Home Touch the Sky Pearls : Songs of Goffin and King One to One Speeding Time City Streets Colour of Your Dreams Love Makes the World Compilations Her Greatest Hits : Songs of Long Ago The Legendary Demos Live albums In Concert The Carnegie Hall Concert : June 18 , 1971 The Living Room Tour Live at the Troubadour Other albums A Holiday Carole Singles `` It Might as Well Rain Until September '' `` It 's Too Late '' / `` I Feel the Earth Move '' `` So Far Away '' / `` Smackwater Jack '' `` You 've Got a Friend '' / `` Beautiful '' ( Scandinavia only ) `` Sweet Seasons '' `` Been to Canaan '' `` Jazzman '' `` Nightingale '' `` Only Love Is Real '' `` One Fine Day '' `` Now and Forever '' Other songs `` Was n't Born to Follow '' `` Goin ' Back `` I Ca n't Hear You No More '' `` Up on the Roof '' `` Where You Lead '' `` Will You Love Me Tomorrow '' `` It 's Going to Take Some Time '' `` Some Kind of Wonderful '' `` ( You Make Me Feel Like ) A Natural Woman '' Related articles Discography Troubadour Reunion Tour A Natural Woman : A Memoir Tapestry Revisited : A Tribute to Carole King Beautiful : The Carole King Musical Book Dave Mason Studio albums 1967 Mr. Fantasy ( With Traffic ) 1968 Traffic ( With Traffic ) 1969 Last Exit ( With Traffic ) 1970 Alone Together 1971 Dave Mason & Cass Elliot 1972 Headkeeper 1973 It 's Like You Never Left 1974 Dave Mason 1975 Split Coconut 1977 Let It Flow 1978 Mariposa De Oro 1980 Old Crest on a New Wave 1987 Two Hearts 1987 Some Assembly Required 2008 26 Letters -- 12 Notes 2014 Future 's Past Live albums 1971 Welcome to the Canteen ( With Traffic ) 1973 Dave Mason Is Alive 1976 Certified Live 1999 Live : 40,000 Headmen Tour ( w / Jim Capaldi ) 2002 Live at Perkins ' Palace ( originally recorded 1981 ) 2002 Dave Mason : Live at Sunrise 2007 XM Live Compilations 1972 Scrapbook 1974 The Best of Dave Mason 1975 At His Best 1978 The Very Best of Dave Mason 1981 The Best of Dave Mason 1995 Long Lost Friend : The Very Best of Dave Mason 1999 Ultimate Collection 2006 The Definitive Collection 2016 The Columbia Years : The Definitive Anthology Singles 1968 `` Just for You '' b / w `` Little Woman '' 1970 `` Only You Know and I Know '' US # 42 1970 `` Satin Red and Black Velvet Woman '' US # 97 ( was only a 45 rpm B - side until it was released on the Ultimate Collection CD in 1999 ) 1972 `` To Be Free '' US # 121 1977 `` So High ( Rock Me Baby and Roll Me Away ) '' US # 89 1977 `` We Just Disagree '' US No. 12 , US AC No. 19 1978 `` Mystic Traveller '' 1978 `` Do n't It Make You Wonder '' 1978 `` Let It Go , Let It Flow '' US No. 45 1978 `` Will You Still Love Me Tomorrow ? '' US No. 39 1980 `` Save Me '' ( with Michael Jackson ) US No. 71 1987 `` Something In The Heart '' US Mainstream Rock No. 24 1988 `` Dreams I Dream '' ( duet with Phoebe Snow ) US AC No. 11 Other Notable Appearances 1968 Electric Ladyland 1968 Beggars Banquet 1969 Lily the Pink 1970 All Things Must Pass 1970 On Tour with Eric Clapton 1971 Motel Shot 1971 Songs for Beginners 1972 Graham Nash David Crosby 1972 Oh How We Danced 1974 Wild Tales 1974 Phoebe Snow 1975 Venus and Mars 1976 You Ca n't Argue with a Sick Mind ) ) 1978 Thoroughfare Gap 1979 Gimme Some Neck 1979 Skatetown , U.S.A. 1983 Airborne 1995 Time Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Will_You_Love_Me_Tomorrow&oldid=844739461 '' Categories : 1960 songs 1961 singles 1968 singles Carole King songs The Shirelles songs Linda Ronstadt songs Amy Winehouse songs Melanie Safka songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Tropical Songs number - one singles Songs with lyrics by Gerry Goffin Songs written by Carole King Bachata songs Scepter Records singles 1960 singles 2012 singles Pop standards Top Stop Music singles Song recordings produced by Bill Szymczyk Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2016 All articles needing additional references Use mdy dates from July 2011 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 June 2018 , at 20 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will%20You%20Love%20Me%20Tomorrow
| 2,181 |
||
when does the new season of walking dead star
|
The Walking Dead ( season 7 )
|
the walking dead ( season 7 )
|
The seventh season of The Walking Dead , an American post-apocalyptic horror television series on AMC , premiered on October 23 , 2016 , and concluded on April 2 , 2017 , consisting of 16 episodes . Developed for television by Frank Darabont , the series is based on the eponymous series of comic books by Robert Kirkman , Tony Moore , and Charlie Adlard . The executive producers are Kirkman , David Alpert , Scott M. Gimple , Greg Nicotero , Tom Luse , and Gale Anne Hurd , with Gimple as showrunner for the fourth consecutive season . The seventh season received generally positive reviews by critics . It was nominated for multiple awards and won three , including Best Horror Television Series for the second consecutive year , at the 43rd Saturn Awards .
|
This season adapts material from issues # 100 -- 114 of the comic book series and focuses on the oppressive group of survivors known as the Saviors , led by the vindictive Negan ( Jeffrey Dean Morgan ) . Negan uses numbers , power and lethal brutality to coerce Rick Grimes ( Andrew Lincoln ) , his group of survivors , and the Alexandria Safe - Zone to make regular offerings of supplies and weapons for the Saviors . Eventually , Rick and his group seek allies to help them confront Negan , including members of the survivor communities of the Hilltop , the Kingdom , Oceanside , and the Scavengers , who have had their own dealings with Negan and the Saviors . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main cast 1.1. 1 Starring 1.1. 2 Also starring 1.2 Supporting cast 1.2. 1 Alexandria Safe - Zone 1.2. 2 The Hilltop Colony 1.2. 3 The Saviors 1.2. 4 The Kingdom 1.2. 5 Oceanside 1.2. 6 The Scavengers 2 Production 3 Episodes 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Accolades 4.3 Ratings 5 Home media 6 References 7 External links Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of The Walking Dead ( TV series ) characters The primary characters of the seventh season , from `` The Well '' onwards , include ( from left to right ) : Sasha , Daryl , Tara , Michonne , Gabriel , Carol , Rick , Carl , Maggie , Jesus , Rosita , Morgan , and Aaron ; Absent : Eugene , Negan , Spencer , Dwight , and Gregory Main cast ( edit ) The seventh season features twenty series regulars overall . For the season premiere , Jeffrey Dean Morgan and Austin Amelio were promoted to series regular status , with Morgan added to the opening credits and Amelio listed under `` Also starring '' . After the first episode aired , the cast faced numerous changes : Steven Yeun and Michael Cudlitz were removed from the opening credits , while Alanna Masterson , Josh McDermitt and Christian Serratos were added to the opening credits , respectively , after previously being credited as `` Also starring '' , in the second episode onwards . Tom Payne and Xander Berkeley were also promoted to series regulars in the second episode and beyond . Starring ( edit ) Andrew Lincoln as Rick Grimes , the series ' protagonist and leader of Alexandria , who is forced to adapt under the rule of Negan . Norman Reedus as Daryl Dixon , the group 's primary hunter and a recruiter for Alexandria . Steven Yeun as Glenn Rhee , Maggie 's resourceful husband , who stands as the group 's moral compass . Lauren Cohan as Maggie Rhee , Glenn 's strong - willed and pregnant wife . Chandler Riggs as Carl Grimes , Rick 's teenage son , who struggles to maintain his renewed morality that he achieved from residing in Alexandria . Danai Gurira as Michonne , a katana - wielding warrior , who has opened up from her previous solitary life and has recently begun a relationship with Rick . Melissa McBride as Carol Peletier , an empowered member of the group , whose several tragedies force her to question her ruthless methods . Michael Cudlitz as Sgt . Abraham Ford , a former military sergeant , whose reevaluation of his life led him to break up with Rosita and pursue Sasha . Lennie James as Morgan Jones , the first survivor Rick had ever encountered , who is questioning the pacifist philosophy he had adopted . Sonequa Martin - Green as Sasha Williams , a former firefighter , Abraham 's girlfriend and a guard of Alexandria , who has overcome various traumas . Alanna Masterson as Tara Chambler , a caring member of the group , who found a community named Oceanside and struggles to keep it a secret . Josh McDermitt as Eugene Porter , a survivor , who struggles to prove his worth to the group after lying to them about knowing a possible cure to the walker virus . Christian Serratos as Rosita Espinosa , a pragmatic and protective member of the group , and ex-girlfriend of Abraham . Jeffrey Dean Morgan as Negan , the manipulative and totalitarian leader of the Saviors who served as the primary antagonist of the season . Also starring ( edit ) Seth Gilliam as Gabriel Stokes , a priest , who has managed to earn the group 's trust after previously betraying them . Ross Marquand as Aaron , an Alexandrian recruiter , who brought Rick 's group to Alexandria and serves as a bridge between the two factions . Austin Nichols as Spencer Monroe , a guard of Alexandria and the only surviving member of his family . Austin Amelio as Dwight , a ruthless , reluctant member of the Saviors and one of Negan 's top lieutenants , who forms a hostile rivalry with Daryl . Tom Payne as Paul `` Jesus '' Rovia , a scout for the Hilltop Colony , who introduced Rick 's group to their compound . Xander Berkeley as Gregory , the selfish and arrogant leader of the Hilltop Colony . Supporting cast ( edit ) Alexandria Safe - Zone ( edit ) Katelyn Nacon as Enid , an isolated teenager residing in Alexandria , who forms a special bond with Maggie and is starting to show feelings for Carl Jason Douglas as Tobin , the foreman of Alexandria 's construction crew , who had a brief relationship with Carol . Corey Hawkins as Heath , a supply runner for Alexandria who went missing . Ann Mahoney as Olivia , an Alexandria resident , who is in charge of the community 's food and armory . Jordan Woods - Robinson as Eric Raleigh , Aaron 's boyfriend and his former recruiting partner . Kenric Green as Scott , a supply runner in Alexandria . Ted Huckabee as Bruce , a member of Alexandria 's construction crew . Dahlia Legault as Francine , a member of Alexandria 's construction crew . The Hilltop Colony ( edit ) R. Keith Harris as Dr. Harlan Carson , the doctor of the Hilltop Colony . James Chen as Kal , a guard of the Hilltop Colony . Peter Luis Zimmerman as Eduardo , a guard of the Hilltop Colony . Jeremy Palko as Andy , a resident of the Hilltop Colony . Karen Ceesay as Bertie , a resident of the Hilltop Colony . Brett Gentile as Freddie , a resident of the Hilltop Colony . Ilan Srulovicz as Wesley , a resident of the Hilltop Colony . The Saviors ( edit ) Christine Evangelista as Sherry , Dwight 's ex-wife and now one of Negan 's harem . Steven Ogg as Simon , Negan 's right - hand man . Joshua Hoover as Fat Joey , a member of the Saviors . Elizabeth Ludlow as Arat , one of Negan 's top lieutenants . Tim Parati as Dr. Emmett Carson , the doctor of the Sanctuary . Aerli Austen as Isabelle , a member of the Saviors . Lindsley Register as Laura , one of Negan 's top lieutenants . Martinez as David , a sexually deviant member of the Saviors . Mike Seal as Gary , a member of the Saviors . Brian Stapf as Roy , a member of the Saviors . Jayson Warner Smith as Gavin , one of Negan 's top lieutenants , who extorts the Kingdom . Joshua Mikel as Jared , a hostile member of the Saviors who works with Gavin and forms a hostile rivalry with Richard . Autumn Dial as Amber , one of Negan 's harem . Elyse Nicole DuFour as Frankie , one of Negan 's harem . Chloe Aktas as Tanya , one of Negan 's harem . Griffin Freeman as Mark , a member of the Saviors and Amber 's ex-boyfriend . The Kingdom ( edit ) Khary Payton as King Ezekiel , a former zookeeper and the flamboyant leader of the Kingdom . Logan Miller as Benjamin , a young resident of the Kingdom , who forms a bond with Morgan . Cooper Andrews as Jerry , Ezekiel 's bodyguard . Karl Makinen as Richard , one of Ezekiel 's top soldiers . Kerry Cahill as Dianne , one of Ezekiel 's top soldiers . Daniel Newman as Daniel , one of Ezekiel 's top soldiers . Carlos Navarro as Alvaro , one of Ezekiel 's top soldiers . Macsen Lintz as Henry , a resident of the Kingdom and Benjamin 's younger brother . Jason Burkey as Kevin , a resident of the Kingdom . Nadine Marissa as Nabila , a resident of the Kingdom . Oceanside ( edit ) Deborah May as Natania , the vigilant leader of Oceanside . Sydney Park as Cyndie , a member of Oceanside and Natania 's maternal granddaughter . Mimi Kirkland as Rachel , an aggressive young member of Oceanside . Briana Venskus as Beatrice , a top member of Oceanside . Nicole Barré as Kathy , a top member of Oceanside . The Scavengers ( edit ) Pollyanna McIntosh as Jadis , the impassive leader of the Scavengers . Thomas Francis Murphy as Brion , a superior member of the Scavengers . Sabrina Gennarino as Tamiel , a superior member of the Scavengers and the right - hand of Jadis . Anja Akstin as Farron , a member of the Scavengers . Gino Crognale as Winslow , a zombificated and armored member of the Scavengers with swords and spikes shoved through it , who fights Rick in a garbage pit . Cast notes * ^ 1 Steven Yeun and Michael Cudlitz are only credited as main cast members in the season premiere . Cudlitz makes a re-appearance in the season finale as a special guest . Production ( edit ) The promotional poster for the season at the San Diego Comic - Con The Walking Dead was renewed by AMC for a 16 - episode seventh season on October 30 , 2015 . Filming for season 7 began in Georgia on May 2 , 2016 and concluded on November 18 , 2016 . Actors Jeffrey Dean Morgan , Xander Berkeley , Tom Payne , and Austin Amelio were all promoted to series regulars for the seventh season , after having recurring roles in the sixth season . The seventh season has featured several extended episodes , running longer than its usual 43 - minute running time ( without commercials ) . Extended episodes have ranged from 46 to 62 minutes in length . The finale was dedicated in memory of American comic artist Bernie Wrightson , who died on March 18 , 2017 . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of The Walking Dead episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 84 `` The Day Will Come When You Wo n't Be '' Greg Nicotero Scott M. Gimple October 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 23 ) 17.03 Negan 's victim is revealed to be Abraham , who is beaten to death in front of Rick 's group . Daryl punches Negan out of anger , prompting Negan to also murder Glenn . After several tests , Negan ultimately breaks Rick 's resolve by nearly forcing him to hack off Carl 's arm . Negan and his crew then leave with Daryl as hostage , while Sasha volunteers to take Maggie to Hilltop to recover , along with the bodies of Glenn and Abraham . 85 `` The Well '' Greg Nicotero Matthew Negrete October 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 30 ) 12.46 Carol and Morgan arrive at the Kingdom , a well - established community run by flamboyant former zookeeper `` King '' Ezekiel . The Kingdom , like Hilltop , has been producing for the Saviors under the threat of violence , although Ezekiel has kept this arrangement secret from most residents of the Kingdom . Carol recuperates and eagerly prepares to abandon the community , but opts to stay in an isolated house nearby after bonding with Ezekiel . 86 `` The Cell '' Alrick Riley Angela Kang November 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 06 ) 11.72 Daryl is locked in a cell at the Sanctuary , where Negan and Dwight constantly torture him in an effort to break him down to obedience . Negan sends Dwight on a mission to retrieve an escaped Savior , who says he would rather die than return to the Sanctuary . Dwight , therefore , ultimately mercy - kills the man . Daryl is given the opportunity to become a Savior but adamantly refuses . 87 `` Service '' David Boyd Corey Reed November 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 13 ) 11.40 As the grieving survivors struggle to come to terms with life under Negan 's rule , Negan and the Saviors arrive at Alexandria days ahead of schedule for their first offering and take most of Alexandria 's furniture and medicine , and all their firearms . Feeling powerless , Rick informs the survivors that he is no longer in charge and they must learn to live by Negan 's terms . Rosita finds an empty cartridge case and brings it to Eugene , tasking him to craft a loaded cartridge for a gun she found in the woods . 88 5 `` Go Getters '' Darnell Martin Channing Powell November 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 20 ) 11.00 Carl accompanies Enid to Hilltop to visit Maggie , who is recovering there with Sasha . Gregory is furious with Maggie and Sasha for not fulfilling their deal to kill the Saviors , and demands they leave . However , after they help defend Hilltop from a walker attack , Jesus convinces Gregory to let them stay . While the Saviors raid Hilltop 's supplies , Sasha asks Jesus if he can find where Negan lives , which he agrees to do . Jesus then sneaks onto one of the Saviors ' trucks , where he finds Carl hiding . 89 6 `` Swear '' Michael E. Satrazemis David Leslie Johnson November 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 27 ) 10.40 Two weeks after the attack at the Saviors ' satellite station outpost , Tara is separated from Heath when she falls off a bridge during a walker attack . She washes up on a beach , where she is revived by a girl named Cyndie . Tara follows Cyndie to her community , Oceanside , a secluded group consisting of heavily - armed women and children ; any men in the group had been slaughtered by the Saviors . Cyndie helps Tara find her way back to Alexandria and makes her swear to never mention Oceanside to anyone . 90 7 `` Sing Me a Song '' Rosemary Rodriguez Angela Kang & Corey Reed December 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 04 ) 10.48 Upon nearing the Sanctuary , Jesus jumps off the Saviors ' truck to recon the area , but Carl stays behind to kill Negan on his own . Dwight subdues Carl , but Negan is impressed by Carl 's bravery and tours him around Sanctuary . Rosita and Eugene manage to craft a live cartridge , while Spencer scavenges for supplies in the woods . Upon returning to Alexandria , the trio finds Negan and the Saviors are there . 91 8 `` Hearts Still Beating '' Michael E. Satrazemis Matthew Negrete & Channing Powell December 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 11 ) 10.58 With help from Jesus and an anonymous source , Daryl finally escapes from the Sanctuary . During a discussion about Rick 's leadership , Negan guts and kills Spencer , enraging Rosita , who shoots at Negan but hits Lucille instead . As punishment , Arat kills Olivia . Negan and the Saviors then leave with Eugene as hostage . After a talk with Michonne , Rick is finally motivated to fight the Saviors . Rick 's group travels to Hilltop to reunite with Maggie , Sasha , and Enid ; Daryl and Jesus emerge , and the group embraces . 92 9 `` Rock in the Road '' Greg Nicotero Angela Kang February 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 12 ) 12.00 After Hilltop rallies behind Rick 's group in the fight against the Saviors , Jesus introduces the group to the Kingdom , where they meet `` King '' Ezekiel and reunite with Morgan . Although Ezekiel hesitates to join the proposed alliance , he offers Daryl asylum at the Kingdom . In Alexandria , a group of Saviors raids the community in search of Daryl but leaves after they are unable to find him . Rick 's group pursues Father Gabriel , who had taken the group 's supplies and left clues leading to a dilapidated yard . Upon their arrival , the group is surrounded by the Scavengers . 93 10 `` New Best Friends '' Jeffrey F. January Channing Powell February 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 19 ) 11.08 Rick manages to convince the Scavengers to join Alexandria in the fight against the Saviors , but their leader , Jadis , demands Rick 's group deliver them guns in exchange for their assistance . Richard plans to have Carol killed by the Saviors , believing that her death would motivate Ezekiel to fight . When Daryl learns of Richard 's plans , he threatens to kill him should Carol be harmed in any way . After reuniting with Carol and lying to her about Glenn and Abraham 's fates , Daryl travels to Hilltop to prepare for battle against the Saviors . 94 11 `` Hostiles and Calamities '' Kari Skogland David Leslie Johnson February 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 26 ) 10.42 Eugene settles in quickly at the Sanctuary , as he 's rewarded for his intelligence and willingness to submit to Negan 's demands . Eugene bonds with two of Negan 's wives . At their request , he makes poison capsules ; however , he refuses to give them the capsules after learning of their intentions to kill Negan . Dwight discovers a note from Sherry that reveals she helped Daryl escape from the Sanctuary and then fled to parts unknown . Dwight frames Dr. Emmett Carson for Daryl and Sherry 's disappearances , leading Negan to murder Carson by hurling him into a furnace . 95 12 `` Say Yes '' Greg Nicotero Matthew Negrete March 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 05 ) 10.16 Rick and Michonne embark on a hunt for guns to bring to the Scavengers and find an abandoned school carnival , where they acquire dozens of guns . They bring the guns back to the Scavengers , but Jadis is unsatisfied and demands more . Tara contemplates whether or not to tell Rick about Oceanside , knowing Rick 's group 's need for weapons and reinforcements . Frustrated with the delay , Rosita travels to Hilltop and meets with Sasha ; they make a pact to kill Negan together . 96 13 `` Bury Me Here '' Alrick Riley Scott M. Gimple March 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 12 ) 10.68 Ezekiel and his group meet the Saviors for the Kingdom 's weekly tribute . After the Saviors notice a single cantaloupe is missing , Jared shoots Benjamin , who bleeds to death . Morgan , who finds the missing cantaloupe hidden in the street and learns that Richard sabotaged the drop - off in an effort to get himself killed and become a martyr for war , strangles Richard to death for causing Benjamin 's murder . Morgan reveals the truth about Glenn , Abraham , Spencer , and Olivia to Carol , leading her to return to the Kingdom prepared to fight the Saviors alongside Ezekiel . 97 14 `` The Other Side '' Michael E. Satrazemis Angela Kang March 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 19 ) 10.32 The Saviors raid Hilltop unexpectedly , forcing Daryl and Maggie into hiding ; the Saviors leave with Dr. Harlan Carson in tow to replace his now - deceased brother as their doctor . While sneaking into the Sanctuary on a secret mission , Sasha and Rosita encounter Eugene and urge him to escape , but he refuses . Sasha then locks Rosita out , telling her to go back to Alexandria because the group needs her . As Sasha breaks into the Sanctuary to kill Negan herself , Rosita flees and notices someone watching her . 98 15 `` Something They Need '' Michael Slovis Corey Reed March 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 26 ) 10.54 Tara leads the group to Oceanside in hopes of convincing that community to join the fight against the Saviors . Natania refuses to have her people fight but ultimately capitulates to Rick 's group 's demands to take their guns . After imprisoning Sasha , Negan reveals he is aware of Rick 's plans to fight him and encourages Sasha to join him . She confides in Eugene and asks him for a weapon , then a way to kill herself ; in response , he gives her one of the poison capsules he had made . Upon their return to Alexandria , Rick 's group is greeted by Rosita , who after running into Dwight while fleeing the Sanctuary , reveals Dwight 's intentions of helping take down Negan . 99 16 `` The First Day of the Rest of Your Life '' Greg Nicotero Scott M. Gimple & Angela Kang & Matthew Negrete April 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 02 ) 11.31 Negan and the Saviors travel to Alexandria with Sasha in a coffin as a gimmick to confront Rick . On the way , Sasha commits suicide with the poison capsule Eugene had given her . At Alexandria , the Scavengers double - cross Rick 's group , revealing they 've been dealing with Negan all along . After a standoff , a gun fight ensues , with the unexpected arrival of Kingdom and Hilltop fighters forcing Negan and the Saviors and the Scavengers to retreat . Alexandria , the Kingdom , and Hilltop are hit badly , but are prepared for all - out war against their enemies , while the undead Sasha is put down by Maggie and Jesus . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The seventh season of The Walking Dead has received favorable reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the season holds a score of 63 % with an average rating of 6.97 out of 10 , based on 10 reviews , and an average episode score of 77 % . The site 's critical consensus reads : `` Increased character depth and effective world - building helps The Walking Dead overcome a tiresome reliance on excessive , gratuitous violence . '' The first episode of the season , `` The Day Will Come When You Wo n't Be '' , received criticism for the amount of violence depicted in the episode , with one writer calling it the equivalent of `` torture porn '' . Subsequently , the first half of the seventh season has seen some of the show 's lowest critical ratings . The show 's executive producer Gale Anne Hurd claimed that in light of the negative feedback , they tamed some of the more gruesome scenes that were in episodes being filmed for the second half of the season . Hurd said that `` this is not a show that 's torture porn ... Let 's make sure we do n't cross that line '' . However , this claim was countered by executive producers Scott M. Gimple and Greg Nicotero . Gimple said that the violence used in the episode was `` pronounced for a reason '' , specifically that `` there was a purpose of traumatizing these characters to a point where maybe they would have been docile for the rest of their lives '' , but noted that he felt that this episode should n't represent `` the base level of violence that necessarily should be on the show '' . On Rotten Tomatoes , it holds a 69 % with an average rating of 7.12 out of 10 , based on 48 reviews . The site 's consensus reads : The flashback - laden `` The Day Will Come When You Wo n't Be '' is slow to deliver the payoff from last season 's finale -- but ultimately delivers with sadistic acts of gut - wrenching violence that will push Walking Dead fans to their limit . The Walking Dead ( season 7 ) : Critical reception by episode Season 7 ( 2016 -- 17 ) : Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes Accolades ( edit ) See also : List of awards and nominations received by The Walking Dead For the 43rd Saturn Awards , the seventh season of The Walking Dead received seven nominations and three wins . The wins were for Best Horror Television Series , Best Actor on Television ( Andrew Lincoln ) , and Best Guest Starring Role on Television ( Jeffrey Dean Morgan ) . The nominations were for Best Supporting Actor on Television ( Norman Reedus ) , Best Supporting Actress on Television ( Danai Gurira and Melissa McBride ) , and Best Performance by a Younger Actor in a Television Series ( Chandler Riggs ) . The first half of the season was nominated for Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Television Series at the 23rd Screen Actors Guild Awards . Additionally , for his portrayal of Negan , Jeffrey Dean Morgan earned himself a nomination and win for Best Guest Performer in a Drama Series at the 7th Critics ' Choice Television Awards for the first half of the season , in addition to his guest appearance in the season six finale , `` Last Day on Earth '' . Morgan was also nominated at the 26th MTV Movie & TV Awards for Best Actor in a TV Show and Best Villain , winning the latter . Ratings ( edit ) The Walking Dead 's seventh - season premiere ( `` The Day Will Come When You Wo n't Be '' ) received 17.03 million viewers in its initial broadcast on AMC in the United States . The viewership steadily declined every week after the premiere , until the seventh episode ( `` Sing Me a Song '' ) , with the sixth episode ( `` Swear '' ) of the season dropping to 10.40 million viewers , the lowest rating the show has had since season three . Viewing increased to 12 million viewers in the ninth episode ( `` Rock in the Road '' ) , following this viewing decreased with the twelfth episode ( `` Say Yes '' ) reaching a season low with 10.16 million viewers . No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` The Day Will Come When You Wo n't Be '' October 23 , 2016 8.4 17.03 2.3 4.50 10.7 21.53 `` The Well '' October 30 , 2016 6.1 12.46 2.9 5.49 9.0 17.95 `` The Cell '' November 6 , 2016 5.7 11.72 2.9 5.49 8.6 17.21 `` Service '' November 13 , 2016 5.4 11.40 2.3 4.32 7.7 15.72 5 `` Go Getters '' November 20 , 2016 5.2 11.00 2.7 5.31 7.9 16.31 6 `` Swear '' November 27 , 2016 4.9 10.40 2.5 4.69 7.4 15.10 7 `` Sing Me a Song '' December 4 , 2016 5.0 10.48 2.7 5.29 7.7 15.78 8 `` Hearts Still Beating '' December 11 , 2016 5.1 10.58 2.8 5.42 7.9 16.02 9 `` Rock in the Road '' February 12 , 2017 5.7 12.00 2.5 4.82 8.2 16.84 10 `` New Best Friends '' February 19 , 2017 5.3 11.08 2.6 5.08 7.9 16.17 11 `` Hostiles and Calamities '' February 26 , 2017 5.0 10.43 2.7 5.32 7.7 15.76 12 `` Say Yes '' March 5 , 2017 4.7 10.16 1.9 3.50 6.6 13.67 13 `` Bury Me Here '' March 12 , 2017 4.9 10.68 2.0 3.74 6.9 14.43 14 `` The Other Side '' March 19 , 2017 4.7 10.32 2.3 4.45 7.0 14.78 15 `` Something They Need '' March 26 , 2017 4.9 10.54 4.22 7.0 14.77 16 `` The First Day of the Rest of Your Life '' April 2 , 2017 5.4 11.31 2.6 5.09 8.0 16.42 ^ 1 Live + 7 ratings were not available , so Live + 3 ratings have been used instead . Home Media ( edit ) The season was released on Blu - ray and DVD in region 1 on August 22 , 2017 . The season will also be released in region 2 on September 25 , 2017 , and in region 4 on September 27 , 2017 . The `` Limited Edition Spike Walker Statue '' set , which is exclusive to Amazon.com and will be available in October 2017 , was created by McFarlane Toys to pay homage to the zombie character featured in the `` New Best Friends '' episode in season 7 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Terri ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Comic - Con 2016 : The Walking Dead Reveals Season 7 Trailer , Premiere Date and Ezekiel '' . IGN . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Walking Dead : Episode Guide '' . Screener . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Siegel , Lucas ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel , Star Wars , The Walking Dead win big at 2017 Saturn Awards '' . Syfy Wire . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Snierson , Dan ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Comic - Con : Walking Dead season 7 trailer introduces Ezekiel and Shiva '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( July 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' Promotes 4 to Series Regular for Season 7 ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Wigler , Josh ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' : What the Comic - Con Trailer Reveals About Season 7 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Magliocchetti , Geoff ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` 7 Takeaways from The Walking Dead 's Season 7 Trailer '' . SportsGrid . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( October 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' at NYCC : A Bloody Comic Book Moment Is Teased in New Look at Season 7 Premiere '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Comic - Con : ' Walking Dead ' Casts Kingdom Leader Ezekiel '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( October 30 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' Renewed for Seventh Season '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Russ ( April 27 , 2016 ) . `` The Walking Dead Season 7 Starts Filming On May 2 '' . Comic Book . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` The Walking Dead Season 7 Wraps Production Today '' . Comic Book . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( November 24 , 2016 ) . `` The Walking Dead Midseason Finale Episode Gets Extended Run Time '' . Comic Book . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Walking Dead , Season 7 '' . iTunes . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stolworthy , Jacob ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` The Walking Dead season 7 finale : Who is Bernie Wrightson , the person episode 16 was dedicated to ? '' . The Independent . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' premiere kills it with second - highest ratings ever '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' takes a bigger - than - usual hit in episode 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Walking Dead ' down but stays on top , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' returns lower '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Westworld ' ticks up as ' Walking Dead ' slips a little more '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Librarians ' returns slightly lower , ' Walking Dead ' dips a bit more '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 30 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' hits a 4 - year low '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 6 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Westworld ' ends with season highs , ' Walking Dead ' stops 5 - week slide '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Walking Dead ' fall finale ticks up , trails prior seasons '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' improves in its return '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' leads , ' Big Little Lies ' has OK premiere '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Walking Dead ' dips vs. Oscars but remains dominant '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 7 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Walking Dead ' at lowest point since Season 2 , ' Feud ' has decent premiere for FX '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' rebounds a little , ' Feud ' slips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Into the Badlands ' returns lower , but also higher '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Big Little Lies ' hits season high , ' Into the Badlands ' improves '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' finale lowest since Season 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Walking Dead : Season 7 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jeffries , Stuart ( October 24 , 2016 ) . `` The Walking Dead season seven premiere : The Day Will Come When You Wo n't Be '' . The Guardian . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Liebermen , David ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' Tamed Some Gruesome Scenes Following Viewer Protests '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ross , Dalton ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` The Walking Dead producers claim they did not tone down violence due to backlash '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Day Will Come When You Wo n't Be '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 23rd Screen Actors Guild Awards : NOMINEES AND RECIPIENTS '' . Screen Actors Guild . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ A. Lincoln , Ross ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` Critics ' Choice TV Nominations Unveiled '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ A. Lincoln , Ross ; Grobar , Matt ( December 11 , 2016 ) . `` 2016 Critics ' Choice Awards : ' La La Land ' Leads With 8 Wins Including Best Picture ; Donald Glover Unveils Lando Calrissian ' Stache '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petit , Stephanie ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` Get Out Leads the Nominations for MTV 's First Ever Movie & TV Awards '' . People . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` The Walking Dead 's Jeffrey Dean Morgan Wins Best Villain At MTV Awards '' . Comic Book . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Walking Dead Suffers Another Huge Ratings Drop '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' premiere , ' AHS : Roanoke ' dominate cable Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 17 -- 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Walking Dead , ' ' Atlanta , ' ' AHS ' cable Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 24 -- 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Walking Dead , ' ' American Horror Story ' again rule the cable Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 31 - Nov. 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 20 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' vaults past election coverage in cable Live + 3 ratings for Nov. 7 -- 13 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead 's ' DVR numbers are down too : Cable Live + 7 ratings for Nov. 14 -- 20 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` Down but still on top : ' Walking Dead ' leads cable Live + 7 ratings for Nov. 21 -- 27 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' dominates cable Live + 7 ratings for Nov. 28 - Dec. 4 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Vikings , ' ' Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' join ' Walking Dead ' atop cable Live + 7 ratings for Dec. 5 -- 11 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Legion ' premiere scores strong gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for Feb. 6 - 12 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Taboo ' triples in adults 18 - 49 : Cable Live + 7 ratings for Feb. 13 - 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' makes its lead even bigger in cable Live + 7 ratings for Feb. 20 - 26 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Feud ' both behind and ahead of recent FX debuts : Cable Live + 3 ratings for Feb. 27 - March 5 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Americans ' premiere triples in cable Live + 7 ratings for March 6 -- 12 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' makes up for losses in cable Live + 7 ratings for March 13 -- 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Major Crimes ' makes major gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for March 20 -- 26 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Underground ' makes a big leap in cable Live + 7 ratings for March 27 - April 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` The Walking Dead - Official Lionsgate / Anchor Bay Press Release for ' The Complete 7th Season ' '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Walking Dead Season 7 ( Blu - ray ) ( 2017 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Walking Dead : Season 7 '' . EzyDVD . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` The Walking Dead - ' The Complete 7th Season : Limited Edition ' Blu - ray Release '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Horror fiction portal Television portal Official website List of The Walking Dead episodes on IMDb List of The Walking Dead episodes at TV.com The Walking Dead Robert Kirkman Tony Moore Charlie Adlard Comic books The Walking Dead Television series The Walking Dead Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 Accolades Soundtrack Vol. 1 Talking Dead Fear the Walking Dead Episodes Season 1 Web series The Walking Dead Torn Apart Cold Storage The Oath Fear the Walking Dead Flight 462 Passage Video games The Walking Dead Season One `` 400 Days '' Two Michonne Three : A New Frontier Other games Survival Instinct Road to Survival Novels Rise of the Governor The Road to Woodbury The Fall of the Governor Descent Invasion Search and Destroy Characters Lists Comic book series Television series Aaron Amy Jessie Anderson Andrea Axel Tara Chambler Clementine Daryl Dixon Merle Dixon Dwight Rosita Espinosa Lee Everett Ezekiel Abraham Ford Gareth The Governor Gregory Beth Greene Hershel Greene Maggie Greene Carl Grimes Lori Grimes Rick Grimes Dale Horvath Morgan Jones Lilly Milton Mamet Caesar Martinez Deanna Monroe Paul `` Jesus '' Monroe Michonne Negan Olivia The Prisoners Carol Peletier Sophia Peletier Eugene Porter Glenn Rhee Lizzie and Mika Samuels Gabriel Stokes Bob Stookey T - Dog Shane Walsh Sasha Williams Tyreese Williams Category The Walking Dead episodes Season 1 `` Days Gone Bye '' `` Guts '' `` Tell It to the Frogs '' `` Vatos '' `` Wildfire '' `` TS - 19 '' Season 2 `` What Lies Ahead '' `` Bloodletting '' `` Save the Last One '' `` Cherokee Rose '' `` Chupacabra '' `` Secrets '' `` Pretty Much Dead Already '' `` Nebraska '' `` Triggerfinger '' `` 18 Miles Out '' `` Judge , Jury , Executioner '' `` Better Angels '' `` Beside the Dying Fire '' Season 3 `` Seed '' `` Sick '' `` Walk with Me '' `` Killer Within '' `` Say the Word '' `` Hounded '' `` When the Dead Come Knocking '' `` Made to Suffer '' `` The Suicide King '' `` Home '' `` I Ai n't a Judas '' `` Clear '' `` Arrow on the Doorpost '' `` Prey '' `` This Sorrowful Life '' `` Welcome to the Tombs '' Season 4 `` 30 Days Without an Accident '' `` Infected '' `` Isolation '' `` Indifference '' `` Internment '' `` Live Bait '' `` Dead Weight '' `` Too Far Gone '' `` After '' `` Inmates '' `` Claimed '' `` Still '' `` Alone '' `` The Grove '' `` Us '' `` A '' Season 5 `` No Sanctuary '' `` Strangers '' `` Four Walls and a Roof '' `` Slabtown '' `` Self Help '' `` Consumed '' `` Crossed '' `` Coda '' `` What Happened and What 's Going On '' `` Them '' `` The Distance '' `` Remember '' `` Forget '' `` Spend '' `` Try '' `` Conquer '' Season 6 `` First Time Again '' `` JSS '' `` Thank You '' `` Here 's Not Here '' `` Now '' `` Always Accountable '' `` Heads Up '' `` Start to Finish '' `` No Way Out '' `` The Next World '' `` Knots Untie '' `` Not Tomorrow Yet '' `` The Same Boat '' `` Twice as Far '' `` East '' `` Last Day on Earth '' Season 7 `` The Day Will Come When You Wo n't Be '' `` The Well '' `` The Cell '' `` Service '' `` Go Getters '' `` Swear '' `` Sing Me a Song '' `` Hearts Still Beating '' `` Rock in the Road '' `` New Best Friends '' `` Hostiles and Calamities '' `` Say Yes '' `` Bury Me Here '' `` The Other Side '' `` Something They Need '' `` The First Day of the Rest of Your Life '' Season 8 Webisodes Torn Apart Cold Storage The Oath Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Walking_Dead_(season_7)&oldid=804871170 '' Categories : 2016 American television seasons 2017 American television seasons The Walking Dead ( TV series ) episodes Hidden categories : Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Português Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 16 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Walking%20Dead%20%28season%207%29
| 2,182 |
||
who does madonna play in a league of their own
|
Dottie and Kit head out to Harvey Field in Chicago for the tryout . There they meet a pair of New Yorkers , taxi dancer `` All the Way '' Mae Mordabito ( Madonna ) and her best friend , bouncer Doris Murphy ( Rosie O'Donnell ) , along with soft - spoken right fielder Evelyn Gardner ( Bitty Schram ) , illiterate , shy left fielder Shirley Baker ( Ann Cusack ) , pitcher / shortstop and former Miss Georgia beauty queen Ellen Sue Gotlander ( Freddie Simpson ) , gentle left field / relief pitcher Betty `` Spaghetti '' Horn ( Tracy Reiner ) , homely second baseman Marla Hooch ( Megan Cavanagh ) , who was scouted by Ernie , Dottie and Kit in Fort Collins , Colorado , first baseman Helen Haley ( Anne Ramsay ) , and Saskatchewan native Alice `` Skeeter '' Gaspers ( Renée Coleman ) . They and eight others are selected to form the Rockford Peaches , while 48 others are split among the Racine Belles , Kenosha Comets , and South Bend Blue Sox .
|
taxi dancer `` All the Way '' Mae Mordabito
|
A League of Their Own
|
a league of their own
|
A League of Their Own is a 1992 American sports comedy - drama film that tells a fictionalized account of the real - life All - American Girls Professional Baseball League ( AAGPBL ) . Directed by Penny Marshall , the film stars Geena Davis , Tom Hanks , Madonna , and Lori Petty . The screenplay was written by Lowell Ganz and Babaloo Mandel from a story by Kelly Candaele and Kim Wilson .
|
In 2012 , A League of Their Own was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Rockford Peaches 2.2 Others 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Locations 3.3 Soundtrack 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 4.3 AFI lists 4.4 20th anniversary 5 Spin - offs 5.1 Television 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1988 , Dottie Hinson ( Geena Davis ) attends the opening of the new All - American Girls Professional Baseball League ( AAGPBL ) exhibit at the Baseball Hall of Fame . She sees many of her former teammates and friends , prompting a flashback to 1943 . When World War II threatens to shut down Major League Baseball , candy magnate and Cubs owner Walter Harvey ( Garry Marshall ) persuades his fellow owners to bankroll a women 's league . Ira Lowenstein ( David Strathairn ) is put in charge , and Ernie Capadino ( Jon Lovitz ) is sent out to recruit players . Capadino attends an industrial - league softball game in rural Oregon and likes what he sees in Dottie , the catcher for a local dairy 's team . Dottie turns down Capadino 's offer , happy with her simple farm life while waiting for her husband Bob ( Bill Pullman ) to come back from the war . Her sister and teammate , Kit ( Lori Petty ) , however , is desperate to get away and make something of herself . Capadino is not impressed by Kit 's hitting performance , but agrees to take her along if she can change Dottie 's mind . Dottie agrees , but only for her sister 's sake . Dottie and Kit head out to Harvey Field in Chicago for the tryout . There they meet a pair of New Yorkers , taxi dancer `` All the Way '' Mae Mordabito ( Madonna ) and her best friend , bouncer Doris Murphy ( Rosie O'Donnell ) , along with soft - spoken right fielder Evelyn Gardner ( Bitty Schram ) , illiterate , shy left fielder Shirley Baker ( Ann Cusack ) , pitcher / shortstop and former Miss Georgia beauty queen Ellen Sue Gotlander ( Freddie Simpson ) , gentle left field / relief pitcher Betty `` Spaghetti '' Horn ( Tracy Reiner ) , homely second baseman Marla Hooch ( Megan Cavanagh ) , who was scouted by Ernie , Dottie and Kit in Fort Collins , Colorado , first baseman Helen Haley ( Anne Ramsay ) , and Saskatchewan native Alice `` Skeeter '' Gaspers ( Renée Coleman ) . They and eight others are selected to form the Rockford Peaches , while 48 others are split among the Racine Belles , Kenosha Comets , and South Bend Blue Sox . The Peaches are managed by Jimmy Dugan ( Tom Hanks ) , a former marquee Cubs slugger who initially treats the whole thing as a joke . The league attracts little interest at first . With a Life magazine photographer in the stands , Lowenstein begs the players to do something spectacular . Dottie obliges when a ball is popped up behind home plate , catching it while doing a split . The resulting photograph makes the magazine cover . A publicity campaign draws more people to the ballgames , but the owners remain unconvinced . Due to Kit 's and Dottie 's sibling rivalry , Kit is traded to the Peaches ' rival , the Racine Belles . The Peaches end the season qualifying for the league 's World Series . In the locker room , Jimmy gives Betty a telegram that informs her her husband was killed in action in the Pacific Theater . The grief - stricken Betty leaves the team . Later that evening , Dottie receives a surprise when Bob , who was serving in Italy , shows up , having been discharged from the Army . The following morning , Jimmy discovers that Dottie is going home with Bob . Unable to persuade her to at least play in the World Series , he tells her she will regret her decision . The Peaches and Belles meet in the World Series , which reaches a seventh and deciding game . Dottie , having reconsidered during the drive back to Oregon , is the catcher for the Peaches , while Kit is the starting pitcher for the Belles . With the Belles leading by a run in the top of the ninth , Dottie drives in the go - ahead run . Kit is the final batter . Under immense pressure , she gets a hit and , ignoring the third base coach 's sign to stop , scores the winning run by knocking her sister over at the plate and dislodging the ball from Dottie 's hand . The sellout crowd convinces Harvey to give Lowenstein the owners ' support . After the game , the sisters reconcile before Dottie leaves . Back in the present , Dottie is reunited with several other players , including Kit . The fates of several of the characters are revealed : Jimmy , Bob , and Evelyn have died , while Marla has been married to Nelson , a man she met in a bar , for over 40 years . The original Peaches sing a team song composed by Evelyn and pose for a group photo . Cast ( edit ) Rockford Peaches ( edit ) Geena Davis as Dorothy `` Dottie '' Hinson ( # 8 , catcher / assistant manager ) Lynn Cartwright as Older Dottie Tom Hanks as Jimmy Dugan ( manager ) Madonna as `` All the Way '' Mae Mordabito ( # 5 , center field ) Eunice Anderson as Older Mae Lori Petty as Kit Keller ( # 23 , pitcher ) Kathleen Butler as Older Kit Rosie O'Donnell as Doris Murphy ( # 22 , third base ) Vera Johnson as Older Doris Anne Ramsay as Helen Haley ( # 15 , first base ) Barbara Pilavin as Older Helen Megan Cavanagh as Marla Hooch ( # 32 , second base ) Patricia Wilson as Older Marla Freddie Simpson as Ellen Sue Gotlander ( # 1 , shortstop / pitcher ) Eugenia McLin as Older Ellen Sue Tracy Reiner as Betty `` Spaghetti '' Horn ( # 7 , left field / relief pitcher ) Betty Miller as Older Betty Bitty Schram as Evelyn Gardner ( # 17 , right field ) Renée Coleman ( credited as Renee Coleman ) -- Alice `` Skeeter '' Gaspers ( # 18 , left field / center field / catcher ) Shirley Burkovich as Older Alice Ann Cusack as Shirley Baker ( # 11 , left field ) Barbara Erwin as Older Shirley Robin Knight as Linda `` Beans '' Babbitt ( shortstop ) Patti Pelton as Marbleann Wilkinson ( second base ) Kelli Simpkins as Beverly Dixon ( # 4 , outfield ) Connie Pounds - Taylor as Connie Calhoun ( Outfield ) On MLB Network 's Costas at the Movies in 2013 , director Penny Marshall talked about her initial interest in Demi Moore for the part of Dottie Hinson , saying : `` Demi Moore , I liked , but by the time we came around , she was pregnant . '' Others ( edit ) Jon Lovitz as Ernie Capadino , AAGPBL scout David Strathairn as Ira Lowenstein , AAGPBL general manager Marvin Einhorn as Older Ira Garry Marshall as Walter Harvey , candy bar mogul and AAGPBL founder Julie Croteau as Helen Haley ( baseball double for Anne Ramsay ) Bill Pullman as Bob Hinson , Dottie 's husband Janet Jones as Racine pitcher Téa Leoni as Racine first baseman Don S. Davis as Charlie Collins , Racine coach Eddie Jones as Dave Hooch , Marla 's father Justin Scheller as Stillwell Gardner , Evelyn 's son Mark Holton as Older Stillwell . He attends the Peaches ' reunion at the Baseball Hall of Fame on behalf of his mother who had died . Pauline Brailsford as Miss Cuthburt , Rockford chaperone Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Director Penny Marshall was inspired to make the film after viewing the 1987 documentary about the AAGPBL entitled `` A League of their Own '' , on television . She had never heard of the league before , and contacted the film 's creators Kelly Candaele and Kim Wilson to collaborate with the scriptwriters Babaloo Mandel and Lowell Ganz on producing a screenplay for 20th Century Fox . Fox eventually passed on the script and Marshall signed with Sony Pictures , who were eager to produce the film . Locations ( edit ) Filming the game scenes involved many physical mishaps : Anne Ramsay ( Helen Haley ) broke her nose with a baseball mitt while trying to catch a ball and the huge bruise seen in the film on actress Renee Coleman 's thigh was real . Discussing the skirts they wore playing baseball in the film , Geena Davis said on MLB Network 's Costas at the Movies in 2013 , `` Some of our real cast , from sliding into home , had ripped the skin off their legs . It was nutty . '' Soundtrack ( edit ) A League of Their Own : Music From The Motion Picture Soundtrack album by various artists Released June 30 , 1992 Genre Soundtrack Length 43 : 44 Label Columbia Records Producer Various Singles from A League of Their Own `` This Used to Be My Playground '' Released : June 16 , 1992 `` Now and Forever '' Released : July 1992 A League of Their Own soundtrack was released on CD and cassette tape by Columbia Records on June 30 , 1992 . The album peaked at # 159 on the US Billboard 200 albums chart on July 25 , 1992 . Although Madonna contributed `` This Used to Be My Playground '' to the film , featured over the closing credits , her recording was not included on the soundtrack album for contractual reasons . Track listing `` Now and Forever '' -- Performed by Carole King `` Choo Choo Ch'Boogie '' -- Performed by The Manhattan Transfer `` It 's Only a Paper Moon '' -- Performed by James Taylor `` In a Sentimental Mood '' -- Performed by Billy Joel `` Two Sleepy People '' -- Performed by Art Garfunkel `` I Did n't Know What Time It Was '' -- Performed by James Taylor `` On the Sunny Side of the Street '' -- Performed by The Manhattan Transfer `` Flying Home '' -- Performed by Doc 's Rhythm Cats `` Life Goes On '' -- Performed by Hans Zimmer `` The Final Game '' -- Performed by Hans Zimmer `` The All - American Girls Professional Baseball League Song '' -- Performed by The Rockford Peaches Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) The film was released on July 1 , 1992 , and grossed $13.2 million in its first weekend , finishing second at the box office behind Batman Returns . In its second weekend it dropped just 15 % , making $11.5 million and finishing first . It ended up being a commercial success , making $107.5 million in the United States , and $24.9 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $132.4 million , against a production budget of $40 million budget . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 78 % based on 60 reviews , with an average rating of 7 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Sentimental and light , but still thoroughly charming , A League of Their Own is buoyed by solid performances from a wonderful cast . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating to reviews , the film has a weighted average score 67 out of 100 , based 20 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale . The film was well received by critics , who praised the cast and their performances . AFI lists ( edit ) The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists : 2005 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes : Jimmy Dugan : `` There 's no crying in baseball ! '' -- # 54 2006 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers -- Nominated 2008 : AFI 's 10 Top 10 : Nominated Sports Film On December 19 , 2012 , it was announced that the film would be preserved as part of the United States National Film Registry . 20th Anniversary ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) With 2012 marking the 20th year since the film 's release , A League of Their Own was released as a 20th Anniversary Edition Blu - ray on October 16 , 2012 . Forty - seven former players of the AAGPBL reunited in New York to celebrate the film and the real women who inspired it . Events included a trip to Cooperstown for a special program at the National Baseball Hall of Fame , reminiscent of the film 's final scene depicting members of the AAGPBL and family coming together to witness the honoring of the Women 's Professional Baseball League . The reunion wrapped up with a game of softball held at Alliance Bank Stadium in nearby Syracuse . Former players also made an appearance at Bosse Field in Evansville , Indiana , on June 6 , 2012 , where many of the film 's game scenes were filmed . Bosse Field still retains many of the `` Racine Belles '' themes from the movie . The event included an outdoor screening of the film as well as a scene - setting display of cars featured in the film . In addition to Bosse Field , the production used Huntingburg , Indiana 's League Stadium , another Southwestern Indiana field older than Bosse that was renovated for the film . Spin - offs ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Main article : A League of Their Own ( TV series ) A short - lived series of the same title based on the film aired on CBS in April 1993 , with Garry Marshall , Megan Cavanagh , Tracy Reiner , and Jon Lovitz reprising their roles . Only five of the six episodes made were broadcast . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` A League of Their Own ( 1992 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . September 29 , 1992 . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ King , Susan . `` National Film Registry selects 25 films for preservation '' Los Angeles Times ( December 19 , 2012 ) Jump up ^ `` Penny Marshall '' . Costas at the Movies . MLB Network . January 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ESPNW Staff ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` An Oral History of ' A League of their Own ' on its 25th Anniversary '' . espn.com . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ESPNW Staff ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` An Oral History of ' A League of their Own ' on its 25th Anniversary '' . espn.com . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Demi Moore in ' A League of Their Own ? ' Almost happened '' . Newsday . March 7 , 2010 . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ A League of Their Own soundtrack - The Billboard 200 , retrieved June 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Madonna : A League of Their Own soundtrack , retrieved June 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A League of Their Own ( 1992 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A League of Their Own reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A League of Their Own -- CinemaScore '' . CinemaScore . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kronke , David ( July 2 , 1992 ) . `` Penny Marshall pitches ' League of Their Own ' agenda '' . The Dispatch . Lexington , NC . Los Angeles Daily News . p. 4C . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ White , Sue ( October 26 , 2011 ) . `` ' A League of Their Own ' brings former ballplayer to the Riverside Saginaw Film Festival '' . MLive . MLive Media Group . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sidewater , Nancy ( April 23 , 2004 ) . `` DVD Q&A -- Penny Marshall '' . Entertainment Weekly . Entertainment Weekly Inc. ( 761 ) . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A League of Their Own '' . Fort - Worth Star - Telegram . June 30 , 1992 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Rachlin , Jill ( February 12 , 1993 ) . `` A League of Their Own Review Reviews and News '' . Entertainment Weekly . Entertainment Weekly , Inc. ( 157 ) . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 10 Top 10 Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Breakfast at Tiffany 's added to film archive '' . BBC News . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kekis , John ( September 23 , 2013 ) . `` Women Remain in League of Their Own '' . The Chronicle Herald . Retrieved October 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Prell , Jon ( June 12 , 2012 ) . `` A League Of Their Own Comes Home To Bosse Field On June 22 '' . Evansville Courier & Press . Retrieved October 31 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Baseball portal Film portal Wikiquote has quotations related to : A League of Their Own A League of Their Own on IMDb A League of Their Own at Rotten Tomatoes A League of Their Own at the TCM Movie Database A League of Their Own at AllMovie A League of Their Own at the American Film Institute Catalog A League of Their Own at Box Office Mojo ESPN.com -- Page 2 -- Reel Life : ' A League of Their Own ' Movie stills Films directed by Penny Marshall Jumpin ' Jack Flash ( 1986 ) Big ( 1988 ) Awakenings ( 1990 ) A League of Their Own ( 1992 ) Renaissance Man ( 1994 ) The Preacher 's Wife ( 1996 ) Riding in Cars with Boys ( 2001 ) All - American Girls Professional Baseball League Teams Battle Creek Belles Chicago Colleens Fort Wayne Daisies Grand Rapids Chicks Kalamazoo Lassies Kenosha Comets Milwaukee Chicks Minneapolis Millerettes Muskegon Belles Muskegon Lassies Peoria Redwings Racine Belles Rockford Peaches South Bend Blue Sox Springfield Sallies Seasons 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 Awards and recognition All - Star Team Player of the Year Batting records Fielding records Pitching records Related articles List of managers List of players Rules of play A League of Their Own ( film ) A League of Their Own ( TV series ) Arthur Meyerhoff Philip K. Wrigley Chicago Cubs Formerly the Chicago White Stockings , Chicago Colts and the Chicago Orphans Based in Chicago , Illinois Franchise History Seasons Awards Records No - hitters Players Managers Owners and executives Broadcasters Opening Day starting pitchers First - round draft picks Ballparks 23rd Street Grounds Lakefront Park West Side Park I South Side Park West Side Park II Wrigley Field renovations Culture Tinker to Evers to Chance Bleacher Bums Wrigley Rooftops Wrigleyville Wayne Messmer Ronnie Woo Woo Yosh Kawano Mike Royko Harry Caray Holy Cow ! Grant DePorter Wrigley Company Wrigley Field ivy Hey Hey Holy Mackerel Bill Holden The Heckler Arne Harris `` Go , Cubs , Go '' `` Sweet Home Chicago '' `` All the Way '' `` Sirius '' Cubs Win Flag Eamus Catuli Addison Red Line Station Sheridan Red Line Station Clark Street Addison Street Elmer , the Great Rookie of the Year This Old Cub The Natural ( 1984 film ) Taking Care of Business ( 1990 film ) A League of Their Own Take Me Out to the Ball Game The Cubs Fan 's Guide To Happiness Pat Pieper The Cubby Bear Harry Caray 's Italian Steakhouse Bohemian National Cemetery Columbarium Clark Back to the Future Part II Lore Curse of the Billy Goat Ex-Cubs Factor Babe Ruth 's called shot Steve Bartman incident Gatorade Glove Play Homer in the Gloamin ' The Sandberg Game Fall of ' 69 1998 home run chase Brock for Broglio Merkle 's Boner Worst to First Monday saves the American flag College of Coaches Ken Hubbs Billy Jurges incident 1998 NL Wild Card tie - breaker game 2015 NL Wild Card Game 2015 NL Division Series 2016 NL Championship Series 2016 World Series Rivalries Milwaukee Brewers St. Louis Cardinals Chicago White Sox Key personnel Owner : Family of Joe Ricketts ; operated by Tom Ricketts President of Baseball Operations : Theo Epstein General Manager : Jed Hoyer Manager : Joe Maddon World Series championships ( 3 ) 1907 1908 2016 National League championships ( 17 ) 1876 1880 1881 1882 1885 1886 1906 1907 1908 1910 1918 1929 1932 1935 1938 1945 2016 Division championships East ( 2 ) 1984 1989 Central ( 5 ) 2003 2007 2008 2016 2017 Wild Card ( 2 ) 1998 2015 Minor league affiliates Iowa Cubs ( AAA ) Tennessee Smokies ( AA ) Myrtle Beach Pelicans ( A Adv . ) South Bend Cubs ( A ) Eugene Emeralds ( Short - A ) Arizona League Cubs ( Rookie ) DSL Cubs 1 ( Rookie ) DSL Cubs 2 ( Rookie ) Broadcasting Television NBC Sports Chicago WGN Sports ( WGN - TV ) WLS - TV Radio Radio network WSCR Broadcasters Len Kasper Jim Deshaies Pat Hughes Ron Coomer Seasons ( 145 ) 1870s 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880s 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890s 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1989 1990s 1998 1999 2000s 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_League_of_Their_Own&oldid=835100767 '' Categories : 1992 films English - language films 1990s comedy - drama films 1990s sports comedy films All - American Girls Professional Baseball League American baseball films American comedy - drama films American sports comedy films American films Columbia Pictures films Feminist films Films about women 's sports Films adapted into television programs Films directed by Penny Marshall Films produced by Robert Greenhut Films scored by Hans Zimmer Films set in the 1940s Films set in Chicago Films set in Indiana Films set on the home front during World War II Screenplays by Babaloo Mandel Screenplays by Lowell Ganz Sports drama films Sports films based on actual events United States National Film Registry films Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Use mdy dates from January 2018 Use American English from July 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Film articles using image size parameter Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Articles needing additional references from December 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული მარგალური Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Svenska 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 15 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20League%20of%20Their%20Own
| 2,183 |
who is the starting quarterback for san francisco
|
Season ( s ) Quarterback ( s ) 2017 Brian Hoyer ( 6 ) / C.J. Beathard ( 1 ) 2016 Blaine Gabbert ( 5 ) / Colin Kaepernick ( 11 ) 2015 Colin Kaepernick ( 8 ) / Blaine Gabbert ( 8 ) 2014 Colin Kaepernick ( 16 ) 2013 Colin Kaepernick ( 16 ) 2012 Alex Smith ( 9 ) / Colin Kaepernick ( 7 ) 2011 Alex Smith ( 16 ) Alex Smith ( 10 ) / Troy Smith ( 6 ) 2009 Alex Smith ( 10 ) / Shaun Hill ( 6 ) 2008 Shaun Hill ( 8 ) / J.T. O'Sullivan ( 8 ) 2007 Alex Smith ( 7 ) / Trent Dilfer ( 6 ) / Shaun Hill ( 2 ) / Chris Weinke ( 1 ) 2006 Alex Smith ( 16 ) 2005 Alex Smith ( 7 ) / Tim Rattay ( 4 ) / Ken Dorsey ( 3 ) / Cody Pickett ( 2 ) Tim Rattay ( 9 ) / Ken Dorsey ( 7 ) 2003 Jeff Garcia ( 13 ) / Tim Rattay ( 3 ) 2002 Jeff Garcia ( 16 ) 2001 Jeff Garcia ( 16 ) 2000 Jeff Garcia ( 16 ) 1999 Jeff Garcia ( 10 ) / Steve Stenstrom ( 3 ) / Steve Young ( 3 ) 1998 Steve Young ( 15 ) / Ty Detmer ( 1 ) 1997 Steve Young ( 15 ) / Jim Druckenmiller ( 1 ) Steve Young ( 12 ) / Elvis Grbac ( 4 ) 1995 Steve Young ( 11 ) / Elvis Grbac ( 5 ) 1994 Steve Young ( 16 ) 1993 Steve Young ( 16 ) 1992 Steve Young ( 16 ) 1991 Steve Young ( 10 ) / Steve Bono ( 6 ) 1990 Joe Montana ( 15 ) / Steve Young ( 1 ) 1989 Joe Montana ( 13 ) / Steve Young ( 3 ) 1988 Joe Montana ( 13 ) / Steve Young ( 3 ) Joe Montana ( 11 ) / Steve Young ( 3 ) / Bob Gagliano ( 1 ) 1986 Joe Montana ( 8 ) / Jeff Kemp ( 6 ) / Mike Moroski ( 2 ) 1985 Joe Montana ( 15 ) / Matt Cavanaugh ( 1 ) 1984 Joe Montana ( 15 ) / Matt Cavanaugh ( 1 ) Joe Montana ( 16 ) 1982 Joe Montana ( 9 ) 1981 Joe Montana ( 16 ) 1980 Steve DeBerg ( 9 ) / Joe Montana ( 7 ) 1979 Steve DeBerg ( 15 ) / Joe Montana ( 1 ) 1978 Steve DeBerg ( 11 ) / Scott Bull ( 5 ) 1977 Jim Plunkett ( 14 ) 1976 Jim Plunkett ( 12 ) / Scott Bull ( 2 ) Norm Snead ( 7 ) / Steve Spurrier ( 6 ) / Tom Owen ( 1 ) Tom Owen ( 7 ) / Joe Reed ( 4 ) / Dennis Morrison ( 2 ) / Norm Snead ( 1 ) 1973 John Brodie ( 6 ) / Steve Spurrier ( 5 ) / Joe Reed ( 3 ) 1972 Steve Spurrier ( 9 ) / John Brodie ( 5 ) 1971 John Brodie ( 14 ) 1970 John Brodie ( 14 ) 1969 John Brodie ( 10 ) / Steve Spurrier ( 4 ) 1968 John Brodie ( 14 ) 1967 John Brodie ( 10 ) / George Mira ( 2 ) / Steve Spurrier ( 2 ) 1966 John Brodie ( 13 ) / George Mira ( 1 ) 1965 John Brodie ( 13 ) / George Mira ( 1 ) 1964 John Brodie ( 12 ) / George Mira ( 2 ) 1963 Lamar McHan ( 9 ) / John Brodie ( 3 ) / Bob Waters ( 2 ) 1962 John Brodie ( 14 ) 1961 John Brodie ( 14 ) 1960 John Brodie ( 8 ) / Y.A. Tittle ( 4 ) 1959 Y.A. Tittle ( 10 ) / John Brodie ( 2 ) 1958 Y.A. Tittle ( 6 ) / John Brodie ( 6 ) 1957 Y.A. Tittle ( 11 ) / John Brodie ( 1 ) 1956 Y.A. Tittle ( 8 ) / Earl Morrall ( 4 ) 1955 Y.A. Tittle ( 12 ) 1954 Y.A. Tittle ( 11 ) / Jim Cason ( 1 ) 1953 Y.A. Tittle ( 10 ) / Jim Powers ( 2 ) 1952 Frankie Albert ( 7 ) / Y.A. Tittle ( 5 ) 1951 Frankie Albert ( 11 ) / Y.A. Tittle ( 1 ) 1950 Frankie Albert ( 12 ) 1949 Frankie Albert 1948 Frankie Albert 1947 Frankie Albert 1946 Frankie Albert
|
Brian Hoyer|C.J. Beathard
|
List of San Francisco 49ers starting quarterbacks
|
list of san francisco 49ers starting quarterbacks
|
These quarterbacks have started at least one game for the San Francisco 49ers of the National Football League . They are listed in order of the date of each player 's first start at quarterback for the 49ers .
|
Contents ( hide ) 1 Starting quarterbacks 1.1 Regular season 1.2 Postseason 2 Most games as starting quarterback 3 Team career passing records 4 See also Starting quarterbacks ( edit ) Blaine Gabbert ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Troy Smith ( 2010 ) J.T. O'Sullivan ( 2008 ) Shaun Hill ( 2007 -- 2009 ) Trent Dilfer ( 2007 ) Alex Smith ( 2005 -- 2007 , 2009 -- 2012 ) Steve Young ( 1987 -- 1999 ) Joe Montana ( 1979 -- 1990 ) John Brodie ( 1957 -- 1973 ) Y.A. Tittle ( 1951 -- 1960 ) The number of games they started during the season is listed to the right in parentheses . Regular season ( edit ) Season ( s ) Quarterback ( s ) 2017 Brian Hoyer ( 6 ) / C.J. Beathard ( 1 ) 2016 Blaine Gabbert ( 5 ) / Colin Kaepernick ( 11 ) 2015 Colin Kaepernick ( 8 ) / Blaine Gabbert ( 8 ) 2014 Colin Kaepernick ( 16 ) 2013 Colin Kaepernick ( 16 ) 2012 Alex Smith ( 9 ) / Colin Kaepernick ( 7 ) 2011 Alex Smith ( 16 ) Alex Smith ( 10 ) / Troy Smith ( 6 ) 2009 Alex Smith ( 10 ) / Shaun Hill ( 6 ) 2008 Shaun Hill ( 8 ) / J.T. O'Sullivan ( 8 ) 2007 Alex Smith ( 7 ) / Trent Dilfer ( 6 ) / Shaun Hill ( 2 ) / Chris Weinke ( 1 ) 2006 Alex Smith ( 16 ) 2005 Alex Smith ( 7 ) / Tim Rattay ( 4 ) / Ken Dorsey ( 3 ) / Cody Pickett ( 2 ) Tim Rattay ( 9 ) / Ken Dorsey ( 7 ) 2003 Jeff Garcia ( 13 ) / Tim Rattay ( 3 ) 2002 Jeff Garcia ( 16 ) 2001 Jeff Garcia ( 16 ) 2000 Jeff Garcia ( 16 ) 1999 Jeff Garcia ( 10 ) / Steve Stenstrom ( 3 ) / Steve Young ( 3 ) 1998 Steve Young ( 15 ) / Ty Detmer ( 1 ) 1997 Steve Young ( 15 ) / Jim Druckenmiller ( 1 ) Steve Young ( 12 ) / Elvis Grbac ( 4 ) 1995 Steve Young ( 11 ) / Elvis Grbac ( 5 ) 1994 Steve Young ( 16 ) 1993 Steve Young ( 16 ) 1992 Steve Young ( 16 ) 1991 Steve Young ( 10 ) / Steve Bono ( 6 ) 1990 Joe Montana ( 15 ) / Steve Young ( 1 ) 1989 Joe Montana ( 13 ) / Steve Young ( 3 ) 1988 Joe Montana ( 13 ) / Steve Young ( 3 ) Joe Montana ( 11 ) / Steve Young ( 3 ) / Bob Gagliano ( 1 ) 1986 Joe Montana ( 8 ) / Jeff Kemp ( 6 ) / Mike Moroski ( 2 ) 1985 Joe Montana ( 15 ) / Matt Cavanaugh ( 1 ) 1984 Joe Montana ( 15 ) / Matt Cavanaugh ( 1 ) Joe Montana ( 16 ) 1982 Joe Montana ( 9 ) 1981 Joe Montana ( 16 ) 1980 Steve DeBerg ( 9 ) / Joe Montana ( 7 ) 1979 Steve DeBerg ( 15 ) / Joe Montana ( 1 ) 1978 Steve DeBerg ( 11 ) / Scott Bull ( 5 ) 1977 Jim Plunkett ( 14 ) 1976 Jim Plunkett ( 12 ) / Scott Bull ( 2 ) Norm Snead ( 7 ) / Steve Spurrier ( 6 ) / Tom Owen ( 1 ) Tom Owen ( 7 ) / Joe Reed ( 4 ) / Dennis Morrison ( 2 ) / Norm Snead ( 1 ) 1973 John Brodie ( 6 ) / Steve Spurrier ( 5 ) / Joe Reed ( 3 ) 1972 Steve Spurrier ( 9 ) / John Brodie ( 5 ) 1971 John Brodie ( 14 ) 1970 John Brodie ( 14 ) 1969 John Brodie ( 10 ) / Steve Spurrier ( 4 ) 1968 John Brodie ( 14 ) 1967 John Brodie ( 10 ) / George Mira ( 2 ) / Steve Spurrier ( 2 ) 1966 John Brodie ( 13 ) / George Mira ( 1 ) 1965 John Brodie ( 13 ) / George Mira ( 1 ) 1964 John Brodie ( 12 ) / George Mira ( 2 ) 1963 Lamar McHan ( 9 ) / John Brodie ( 3 ) / Bob Waters ( 2 ) 1962 John Brodie ( 14 ) 1961 John Brodie ( 14 ) 1960 John Brodie ( 8 ) / Y.A. Tittle ( 4 ) 1959 Y.A. Tittle ( 10 ) / John Brodie ( 2 ) 1958 Y.A. Tittle ( 6 ) / John Brodie ( 6 ) 1957 Y.A. Tittle ( 11 ) / John Brodie ( 1 ) 1956 Y.A. Tittle ( 8 ) / Earl Morrall ( 4 ) 1955 Y.A. Tittle ( 12 ) 1954 Y.A. Tittle ( 11 ) / Jim Cason ( 1 ) 1953 Y.A. Tittle ( 10 ) / Jim Powers ( 2 ) 1952 Frankie Albert ( 7 ) / Y.A. Tittle ( 5 ) 1951 Frankie Albert ( 11 ) / Y.A. Tittle ( 1 ) 1950 Frankie Albert ( 12 ) 1949 Frankie Albert 1948 Frankie Albert 1947 Frankie Albert 1946 Frankie Albert Postseason ( edit ) In the NFL era ( since 1950 season ) Season Quarterback ( s ) 1957 Y.A. Tittle ( 0 - 1 ) 1970 John Brodie ( 1 - 1 ) 1971 John Brodie ( 1 - 1 ) 1972 John Brodie ( 0 - 1 ) 1981 Joe Montana ( 3 - 0 ) Joe Montana ( 1 - 1 ) 1984 Joe Montana ( 3 - 0 ) 1985 Joe Montana ( 0 - 1 ) 1986 Joe Montana ( 0 - 1 ) Joe Montana ( 0 - 1 ) 1988 Joe Montana ( 3 - 0 ) 1989 Joe Montana ( 3 - 0 ) 1990 Joe Montana ( 1 - 1 ) 1992 Steve Young ( 1 - 1 ) 1993 Steve Young ( 1 - 1 ) 1994 Steve Young ( 3 - 0 ) 1995 Steve Young ( 0 - 1 ) Steve Young ( 1 - 1 ) 1997 Steve Young ( 1 - 1 ) 1998 Steve Young ( 1 - 1 ) 2001 Jeff Garcia ( 0 - 1 ) 2002 Jeff Garcia ( 1 - 1 ) 2011 Alex Smith ( 1 - 1 ) 2012 Colin Kaepernick ( 2 - 1 ) 2013 Colin Kaepernick ( 2 - 1 ) Most games as starting quarterback ( edit ) These quarterbacks have the most starts for the 49ers in regular season games in the NFL era ( since 1950 season ) . Name GP Games played GS Games started Number of wins as starting quarterback Number of losses as starting quarterback Number of ties as starting quarterback Pct Winning Percentage as starting quarterback Name Period GP GS % Brodie , John 1957 - 1973 201 159 74 77 8 . 491 Montana , Joe 1979 - 1992 167 139 100 39 - . 719 Young , Steve 1987 - 1999 150 124 91 33 - . 734 Tittle , Y.A. 1951 - 1960 112 79 46 31 . 595 Smith , Alex 2005 - 2012 80 75 38 36 . 513 Garcia , Jeff 1999 - 2003 74 71 35 36 - . 493 Team career passing records ( edit ) In the NFL era ( since 1950 season ) Name Comp Att % Yds TD Int Montana , Joe 2,929 4,600 63.7 % 35,124 244 123 Brodie , John 2,469 4,491 55.0 % 31,548 214 224 Young , Steve 2,400 3,648 65.8 % 29,907 221 86 Garcia , Jeff 1,449 2,360 61.4 % 16,408 113 56 Smith , Alex 1,290 2,177 59.3 % 14,280 81 63 Tittle , Y.A. 1,226 2,194 55.9 % 16,016 108 134 See also ( edit ) Lists of NFL starting quarterbacks San Francisco 49ers Founded in 1946 Based and headquartered in Santa Clara , California Franchise Franchise Team history Coaches Players Seasons Logo and uniform history Starting quarterbacks Draft history Broadcasters Stadiums Kezar Stadium Candlestick Park Levi 's Stadium Culture Sourdough Sam San Francisco Gold Rush West Coast offense KGO KNBR Lore The Catch Joe Cool Million Dollar Backfield Snowball Game Harbaugh Bowl Rivalries Los Angeles Rams Seattle Seahawks Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Key figures Eddie DeBartolo Denise DeBartolo York Jed York John York Gideon Yu Division championships ( 19 ) 1970 1971 1972 1981 1984 1986 1988 1989 1990 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 2002 2011 2012 Conference championships ( 6 ) 1981 1984 1988 1989 1994 2012 League championships ( 5 ) 1981 ( XVI ) 1984 ( XIX ) 1988 ( XXIII ) 1989 ( XXIV ) 1994 ( XXIX ) Retired numbers 8 12 16 34 37 39 70 58 70 80 87 BW Mr. D Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1950 -- present ) Conference : National Football Conference Division : West Division Former league affiliation All - America Football Conference ( 1946 -- 1949 ) Seasons ( 72 ) 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold San Francisco 49ers starting quarterbacks Frankie Albert ( 1946 -- 1952 ) Y.A. Tittle ( 1951 -- 1960 ) Jim Powers ( 1953 ) Jim Cason ( 1954 ) Earl Morrall ( 1956 ) John Brodie ( 1957 -- 1973 ) Lamar McHan ( 1963 ) Bob Waters ( 1963 ) George Mira ( 1964 -- 1967 ) Steve Spurrier ( 1967 , 1969 , 1972 -- 1973 , 1975 ) Joe Reed ( 1973 -- 1974 ) Tom Owen ( 1974 -- 1975 ) Dennis Morrison ( 1974 ) Norm Snead ( 1974 -- 1975 ) Jim Plunkett ( 1976 -- 1977 ) Scott Bull ( 1976 , 1978 ) Steve DeBerg ( 1978 -- 1980 ) Joe Montana ( 1979 -- 1990 ) Matt Cavanaugh ( 1984 -- 1985 ) Jeff Kemp ( 1986 ) Mike Moroski ( 1986 ) Steve Young ( 1987 -- 1999 ) Bob Gagliano ( 1987 ) Steve Bono ( 1991 ) Elvis Grbac ( 1995 -- 1996 ) Jim Druckenmiller ( 1997 ) Ty Detmer ( 1998 ) Steve Stenstrom ( 1999 ) Jeff Garcia ( 1999 -- 2003 ) Tim Rattay ( 2003 -- 2005 ) Ken Dorsey ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Alex Smith ( 2005 -- 2007 , 2009 -- 2012 ) Cody Pickett ( 2005 ) Trent Dilfer ( 2007 ) Shaun Hill ( 2007 -- 2009 ) Chris Weinke ( 2007 ) J.T. O'Sullivan ( 2008 ) Troy Smith ( 2010 ) Colin Kaepernick ( 2012 -- 2016 ) Blaine Gabbert ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Brian Hoyer ( 2017 ) C.J. Beathard ( 2017 -- present ) List of starting quarterbacks in the National Football League ( as of Week 7 of the 2017 NFL season ) American Football Conference AFC East AFC North AFC South AFC West Tyrod Taylor ( Buffalo Bills ) Jay Cutler ( Miami Dolphins ) Tom Brady ( New England Patriots ) Josh McCown ( New York Jets ) Joe Flacco ( Baltimore Ravens ) Andy Dalton ( Cincinnati Bengals ) DeShone Kizer ( Cleveland Browns ) Ben Roethlisberger ( Pittsburgh Steelers ) Deshaun Watson ( Houston Texans ) Jacoby Brissett ( Indianapolis Colts ) Blake Bortles ( Jacksonville Jaguars ) Marcus Mariota ( Tennessee Titans ) Trevor Siemian ( Denver Broncos ) Alex Smith ( Kansas City Chiefs ) Derek Carr ( Oakland Raiders ) Philip Rivers ( Los Angeles Chargers ) National Football Conference NFC East NFC North NFC South NFC West Dak Prescott ( Dallas Cowboys ) Eli Manning ( New York Giants ) Carson Wentz ( Philadelphia Eagles ) Kirk Cousins ( Washington Redskins ) Mitchell Trubisky ( Chicago Bears ) Matthew Stafford ( Detroit Lions ) Brett Hundley ( Green Bay Packers ) Case Keenum ( Minnesota Vikings ) Matt Ryan ( Atlanta Falcons ) Cam Newton ( Carolina Panthers ) Drew Brees ( New Orleans Saints ) Jameis Winston ( Tampa Bay Buccaneers ) Carson Palmer ( Arizona Cardinals ) Jared Goff ( Los Angeles Rams ) C.J. Beathard ( San Francisco 49ers ) Russell Wilson ( Seattle Seahawks ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_San_Francisco_49ers_starting_quarterbacks&oldid=806467113 '' Categories : Lists of National Football League quarterbacks San Francisco 49ers players San Francisco 49ers lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 22 October 2017 , at 06 : 05 . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20San%20Francisco%2049ers%20starting%20quarterbacks
| 2,184 |
who is the adulterous woman in the bible
|
Jesus and the woman taken in adultery
|
jesus and the woman taken in adultery
|
Jesus and the woman taken in adultery ( or Pericope Adulterae / pəˈrɪkəpi əˈdʌltəri / , Pericope de Adultera ) is a passage ( pericope ) found in the Gospel of John 7 : 53 -- 8 : 11 , that has been the subject of much scholarly discussion .
|
In the passage , Jesus has sat down in the temple to teach some of the people , after he spent the previous night at the Mount of Olives . A group of scribes and Pharisees confront Jesus , interrupting his teaching session . They bring in a woman , accusing her of committing adultery , claiming she was caught in the very act . They ask Jesus whether the punishment for someone like her should be stoning , as prescribed by Mosaic Law . Jesus first ignores the interruption and writes on the ground as though he does not hear them . But when the woman 's accusers continue their challenge , he states that the one who is without sin is the one who should cast the first stone . The accusers and congregants depart , leaving Jesus alone with the woman . Jesus asks the woman if anyone has condemned her . She answers that no one has condemned her . Jesus says that he , too , does not condemn her , and tells her to go and sin no more . Although nothing in the story contradicts anything else in the Gospels , many analysts of the Greek text and manuscripts of the Gospel of John have argued that it was `` certainly not part of the original text of St. John 's Gospel . '' The Jerusalem Bible claims `` the author of this passage is not John '' . Leo the Great ( bishop of Rome , or Pope , from 440 -- 61 ) , cited the passage in his 62nd Sermon , mentioning that Jesus said `` to the adulteress who was brought to him , ' Neither will I condemn you ; go and sin no more . ' '' In the early 400s , Saint Augustine used the passage extensively , and from his writings , it is also clear that his contemporary Faustus ( considered by many to be a heretic ) also used it . The Council of Trent , held between 1545 and 1563 , declared that the Latin Vulgate ( the Gospels of which were produced by Jerome in 383 , based on Greek manuscripts which Jerome considered ancient at that time , and which contains the passage ) was authentic and authoritative . In terms of simple quantities , 1,495 Greek manuscripts include the pericope adulterae ( or part of it , supporting the inclusion of the passage as a whole ) , and 267 do not include it . Among those 267 , however , are some manuscripts which are exceptionally early and which most textual analysts consider the most important . The subject of Jesus ' writing on the ground was fairly common in art , especially from the Renaissance onwards , with examples by artists including those by Pieter Bruegel and Rembrandt . There was a medieval tradition , originating in a comment attributed to Ambrose , that the words written were terra terram accusat ( `` earth accuses earth '' ; a reference to the end of verse Genesis 3 : 19 : `` for dust you are and to dust you will return '' ) , which is shown in some depictions in art , for example , the Codex Egberti . This is very probably a matter of guesswork based on Jeremiah 17 : 13 . There have been other speculations about what Jesus wrote . Contents 1 The passage 2 Interpretation 3 Mosaic Law 4 Textual history 5 History of textual criticism on John 7 : 53 -- 8 : 11 6 Authorship 6.1 Arguments against Johannine authorship 6.2 Arguments for Johannine authorship 7 Manuscript evidence 8 Some of the textual variants 9 See also 9.1 Other questioned passages 9.2 Sortable articles 10 References 11 External links The passage ( edit ) John 7 : 53 -- 8 : 11 in the New Revised Standard Version : Then each of them went home , while Jesus went to the Mount of Olives . Early in the morning he came again to the temple . All the people came to him and he sat down and began to teach them . The scribes and the Pharisees brought a woman who had been caught in adultery ; and making her stand before all of them , they said to him , `` Teacher , this woman was caught in the very act of committing adultery . Now in the law Moses commanded us to stone such women . Now what do you say ? '' They said this to test him , so that they might have some charge to bring against him . Jesus bent down and wrote with his finger on the ground . When they kept on questioning him , he straightened up and said to them , `` Let anyone among you who is without sin be the first to throw a stone at her . '' And once again he bent down and wrote on the ground . When they heard it , they went away , one by one , beginning with the elders ; and Jesus was left alone with the woman standing before him . Jesus straightened up and said to her , `` Woman , where are they ? Has no one condemned you ? '' She said , `` No one , sir . '' And Jesus said , `` Neither do I condemn you . Go your way , and from now on do not sin again . '' Interpretation ( edit ) This episode , and its message of mercy and forgiveness balanced with a call to holy living , have endured in Christian thought . Both `` let him who is without sin , cast the first stone '' and `` go , and sin no more '' have found their way into common usage . The English idiomatic phrase to `` cast the first stone '' is derived from this passage . The passage has been taken as confirmation of Jesus ' ability to write , otherwise only suggested by implication in the Gospels , but the word `` εγραφεν '' in John 8 : 8 could mean `` draw '' as well as `` write '' . Mosaic law ( edit ) Deuteronomy 22 : 22 -- 24 states : If a man is found lying with a woman married to a husband , then both of them shall die -- the man that lay with the woman , and the woman ; so you shall put away the evil from Israel . If a young woman who is a virgin is betrothed to a husband , and a man finds her in the city and lies with her , then you shall bring them both out to the gate of that city , and you shall stone them to death with stones , the young woman because she did not cry out in the city , and the man because he humbled his neighbor 's wife ; so you shall put away the evil from among you . In this passage and also in Leviticus 20 : 10 , `` death is fixed as the penalty of adultery '' , applicable to both the man and the woman concerned . However , `` stoning as the form of death is only specified when a betrothed virgin is violated '' . Textual history ( edit ) John 7 : 52 -- 8 : 12 in Codex Vaticanus ( c. 350 AD ) : lines 1&2 end 7 : 52 ; lines 3&4 start 8 : 12 . Rodolpho Bernardelli : Christ and the Adulterous Woman , 1881 . Museu Nacional de Belas Artes The pericope is not found in most of the early Greek Gospel manuscripts . It is not in P , and it is not in P , both of which have been assigned to the late 100s or early 200s . Nor is it in two important manuscripts produced in the early / mid 300s , Sinaiticus and Vaticanus . The first surviving Greek manuscript to contain the pericope is the Latin / Greek diglot Codex Bezae , produced in the 400s or 500s ( but displaying a form of text which has affinities with `` Western '' readings used in the 100s and 200s ) . Codex Bezae is also the earliest surviving Latin manuscript to contain it . Out of 23 Old Latin manuscripts of John 7 -- 8 , seventeen contain at least part of the pericope , and represent at least three transmission - streams in which it was included . According to Eusebius of Caesarea ( in his Ecclesiastical History , composed in the early 300s ) , Papias ( circa AD 110 ) refers to a story of Jesus and a woman `` accused of many sins '' as being found in the Gospel of the Hebrews , which might refer to this passage or to one like it . In the Syriac Didascalia Apostolorum , composed in the mid-200s , the author , in the course of instructing bishops to exercise a measure of clemency , states that a bishop who does not receive a repentant person would be doing wrong -- `` for you do not obey our Savior and our God , to do as He also did with her that had sinned , whom the elders set before Him , and leaving the judgment in His hands , departed . But He , the searcher of hearts , asked her and said to her , ' Have the elders condemned thee , my daughter ? ' She said to Him , ' No , Lord . ' And He said unto her , ' Go your way ; neither do I condemn thee . ' In Him therefore , our Savior and King and God , be your pattern , O bishops . '' The Constitutions of the Holy Apostles Book II. 24 , composed c. 380 , echoes the Didascalia Apostolorum , alongside a utilization of Luke 7 : 47 . Codex Fuldensis , which was produced in AD 546 , and which , in the Gospels , features an unusual arrangement of the text that was found in an earlier document , contains the adulterae pericope , in the form in which it was written in the Vulgate . More significantly , Codex Fuldensis also preserves the chapter - headings of its earlier source - document ( thought by some researchers to echo the Diatessaron produced by Tatian in the 170 's ) , and the title of chapter # 120 refers specifically to the woman taken in adultery . The important codices L and Delta do not contain the pericope adulterae , but between John 7 : 52 and 8 : 12 , each contains a distinct blank space , as a sort of memorial left by the scribe to signify remembrance of the absent passage . Pacian of Barcelona ( bishop from 365 -- 391 ) , in the course of making a rhetorical challenge , opposes cruelty as he sarcastically endorses it : `` O Novatians , why do you delay to ask an eye for an eye ? ... Kill the thief . Stone the petulant . Choose not to read in the Gospel that the Lord spared even the adulteress who confessed , when none had condemned her . '' Pacian was a contemporary of the scribes who made Codex Sinaiticus . The writer known as Ambrosiaster , c. 370 / 380 , mentioned the occasion when Jesus `` spared her who had been apprehended in adultery . '' The unknown author of the composition `` Apologia David '' ( thought by some analysts to be Ambrose , but more probably not ) mentioned that people could be initially taken aback by the passage in which `` we see an adulteress presented to Christ and sent away without condemnation . '' Later in the same composition he referred to this episode as a `` lection '' in the Gospels , indicating that it was part of the annual cycle of readings used in the church - services . Peter Chrysologus , writing in Ravenna c. 450 , clearly cited the pericope adulterae in his Sermon 115 . Sedulius and Gelasius also clearly used the passage . Prosper of Aquitaine , and Quodvultdeus of Carthage , in the mid-400s , utilized the passage . A text called the Second Epistle of Pope Callistus section 6 contains a quote that may be from John 8 : 11 -- `` Let him see to it that he sin no more , that the sentence of the Gospel may abide in him : `` Go , and sin no more . '' '' However this text also appears to quote from eighth - century writings and therefore is most likely spurious . Until recently , it was thought that no Greek Church Father had taken note of the passage before the 1100s . However , in 1941 a large collection of the writings of Didymus the Blind ( c. 313 -- 398 ) was discovered in Egypt , in which Didymus states that `` We find in certain gospels '' an episode in which a woman was accused of a sin , and was about to be stoned , but Jesus intervened `` and said to those who were about to cast stones , ' He who has not sinned , let him take a stone and throw it . If anyone is conscious in himself not to have sinned , let him take a stone and smite her . ' And no one dared , '' and so forth . This is far from a direct quotation , but it may be a loose summary of the episode . Barring the possibility that Didymus was referring to some other Gospel than the four - Gospel collection that was typically used in the churches in his time , this reference appears to establish that the passage was present in its usual place in some Greek manuscripts known in Alexandria and elsewhere from the 300s onwards . In Codex Vaticanus , which was produced in the early 300s , perhaps in Egypt ( or in Caesarea , by copyists using exemplars from Egypt ) , the text is marked at the end of John chapter 7 with an `` umlaut '' in the margin , indicating that an alternative reading was known at this point . ( However , the date of these umlauts , or distigmai , is a matter of some debate . ) This codex also has an umlaut alongside blank space following the end of the Gospel of John , which may convey that whoever added the umlaut was aware of additional text following the end of John 21 -- which is where the pericope adulterae is found in the f - 1 group of manuscripts . Jerome , writing around 417 , reports that the pericope adulterae was found in its usual place in `` many Greek and Latin manuscripts '' in Rome and the Latin West . This is confirmed by some Latin Fathers of the 300s and 400s , including Ambrose of Milan , and Augustine . The latter claimed that the passage may have been improperly excluded from some manuscripts in order to avoid the impression that Christ had sanctioned adultery : Certain persons of little faith , or rather enemies of the true faith , fearing , I suppose , lest their wives should be given impunity in sinning , removed from their manuscripts the Lord 's act of forgiveness toward the adulteress , as if he who had said , Sin no more , had granted permission to sin . History of Textual Criticism on John 7 : 53 -- 8 : 11 ( edit ) Codex Sangallensis 48 with the blanked space for the pericope John 7 : 53 -- 8 : 11 The first to systematically apply the critical marks of the Alexandrian critics was Origen : In the Septuagint column ( Origen ) used the system of diacritical marks which was in use with the Alexandrian critics of Homer , especially Aristarchus , marking with an obelus under different forms , as ``. / . '' , called lemniscus , and `` / . '' , called a hypolemniscus , those passages of the Septuagint which had nothing to correspond to in Hebrew , and inserting , chiefly from Theodotion under an asterisk ( * ) , those which were missing in the Septuagint ; in both cases a metobelus ( Y ) marked the end of the notation . Early textual critics familiar with the use and meaning of these marks in classical Greek works like Homer , interpreted the signs to mean that the section ( John 7 : 53 -- 8 : 11 ) was an interpolation and not an original part of the Gospel . During the 16th century , Western European scholars -- both Catholic and Protestant -- sought to recover the most correct Greek text of the New Testament , rather than relying on the Vulgate Latin translation . At this time , it was noticed that a number of early manuscripts containing John 's Gospel lacked John 7 : 53 -- 8 : 11 inclusive ; and also that some manuscripts containing the verses marked them with critical signs , usually a lemniscus or asterisk . It was also noted that , in the lectionary of the Greek church , the Gospel - reading for Pentecost runs from John 7 : 37 to 8 : 12 , but skips over the twelve verses of this pericope . Beginning with Lachmann ( in Germany , 1840 ) , reservations about the pericope became more strongly argued in the modern period , and these opinions were carried into the English world by Samuel Davidson ( 1848 -- 51 ) , Tregelles ( 1862 ) , and others ; the argument against the verses being given body and final expression in Hort ( 1886 ) . Those opposing the authenticity of the verses as part of John are represented in the 20th century by men like Cadbury ( 1917 ) , Colwell ( 1935 ) , and Metzger ( 1971 ) . According to 19th - century text critics Henry Alford and F.H.A. Scrivener the passage was added by John in a second edition of the Gospel along with 5 : 3.4 and the 21st chapter . On the other hand , a number of scholars have strongly defended the Johannine authorship of these verses . This group of critics is typified by such scholars as Nolan ( 1865 ) , and Burgon ( 1886 ) , and Hoskier ( 1920 ) . More recently it has been defended by O.T. Fuller ( 1978 ) , and is included in the Greek New Testaments compiled by Wilbur Pickering ( 1980 / 2014 ) , Hodges & Farstad ( 1982 / 1985 ) , and Robinson & Pierpont ( 2005 ) . Rather than endorsing Augustine 's theory that some men had removed the passage due to a concern that it would be used by their wives as a pretense to commit adultery , Burgon proposed ( but did not develop in detail ) a theory that the passage had been lost due to a misunderstanding of a feature in the lection - system of the early church . The theory that the passage was original , but was lost due to its treatment in an early lection - cycle , explains not only its absence from some manuscripts , but also its appearance in the f - 1 ( Caesarean ) group of manuscripts at the end of John , and its appearance in the f - 13 group after Luke 21 : 38 . The same mechanism accounts for the movement of the passage , in a smattering of manuscripts , to precede John 7 : 37 , and ( in a few others ) to follow John 8 : 12 . One form of this theory is that at a very early date , an annual lection - cycle was developed for the major feast - days ; in this lection - cycle , a specific segment of the Gospel of John was assigned to be read at Pentecost ( which was celebrated by the Christian church from its beginning , having been adopted from Judaism ) : John 7 : 37 -- 52 , plus 8 : 12 ( in order to close the reading on a positive note ) . This is still the form of the lection for Pentecost in the Byzantine lectionary - cycle , attested in hundreds of copies . In an early copy used by a lector ( the person designated to read Scripture in early church - services ) , marks were added to signify that the reader was to stop at the end of 7 : 52 , and skip to the beginning of 8 : 12 . When a professional copyist , unfamiliar with the lection - cycle , used such a copy as his exemplar , he misunderstood the marks as if they meant that he , the copyist , should skip from the end of 7 : 52 to the beginning of 8 : 12 , and thus the passage was dutifully skipped , and was lost , in a very influential transmission - line . Another form of this theory is that a very early copyist , preparing a Gospels - codex for liturgical use , transplanted the section to the end of John as a practical step , so as to simplify the lector 's task on Pentecost ( so that the lector would not have to pause to find the final portion of the lection ) , and after the section was thus transplanted , it dropped out altogether from the Alexandrian transmission - line which is represented by the oldest manuscripts , and from related branches ( including one which later yielded , or influenced , the Syriac Peshitta ) . The transplantation of the passage , in a few manuscripts , to precede John 7 : 37 , or to follow 8 : 12 , is a scribal adaptation intended to simplify things for the lector by presenting the lection for Pentecost as one uninterrupted segment of text . Likwise , in the f - 13 group of manuscripts , the pericope adulterae has been transplanted out of the Gospel of John , and has been placed at the end of Luke 21 , so as to conveniently arrange the reading for Saint Pelagia 's feast - day ( October 8 ) near Luke 21 : 12 -- 19 , the lection for Saints Sergius and Bacchus ( October 7 ) . Inasmuch as all these movements of the passage are different effects of the lection - cycle , the complete absence of the passage , it is proposed , is just one more example of this phenomenon -- albeit attested in manuscripts earlier than the earliest clear evidence of a lection - cycle in which this passage was read at Pentecost . Defenders of the genuineness of the passage have also noted the following : In some of the early manuscripts in which the pericope adulterae does not appear after John 7 : 52 ( such as P66 and P75 and Codex N ) , the final page of the Gospel of John has not survived , making it impossible to see whether or not the passage had been transplanted to the end of the book . Some medieval manuscripts in which the pericope adulterae does not appear after John 7 : 52 ( such as Codex Lambda , and several minuscules ) mention that the passage was found in ancient copies . In minuscule 565 and related copies , a note states that although the pericope adulterae was found following John 7 : 52 , it was moved to the end of the Gospel of John . Several of these manuscripts also feature the `` Jerusalem Colophon '' which states that they were descended from , or proof - read with , ancient copies at Jerusalem . Palestinian Aramaic evidence clearly shows that before it was made , the pericope adulterae had been transferred to the end of the Gospel of John . In many of the manuscripts in which asterisks or other marks appear in the margin alongside the passage , the marks do not accompany 7 : 52 -- 8 : 2 , but only 8 : 3 -- 11 , thus indicating where to find the lection for the Feast - day of St. Pelagia ; the notion that the asterisks in these copies were intended to express scribal doubt is a misunderstanding of the lectionary apparatus . Without 7 : 53 -- 8 : 11 in the text , John 's narrative shifts abruptly from a scene in which the religious leaders are gathered in their own meeting ( in 7 : 52 ) , to a scene ( in 8 : 12 -- 20 ) in which Jesus is teaching in the temple - treasury . It is intrinsically unlikely that anyone would begin a `` floating '' anecdote with the sentence , `` And everyone went to his own house . '' Almost all modern critical translations include the pericope adulterae at John 7 : 53 -- 8 : 11 ( exceptions being the New English Bible and Revised English Bible , which relocate it after the end of the Gospel ) ; but most others enclose it in brackets , and / or add a footnote mentioning the absence of the passage in the oldest witnesses ( NRSV , NJB , NIV , GNT , NASB ) . Authorship ( edit ) Papyrus 66 without text of John 7 : 53 -- 8 : 12 Arguments against Johannine authorship ( edit ) Bishop J.B. Lightfoot wrote that absence of the passage from the earliest manuscripts , combined with the occurrence of stylistic characteristics atypical of John , together implied that the passage was an interpolation . Nevertheless , he considered the story to be authentic history . As a result , based on Eusebius ' mention that the writings of Papias contained a story `` about a woman falsely accused before the Lord of many sins '' ( H.E. 3.39 ) , he argued that this section originally was part of Papias ' Interpretations of the Sayings of the Lord , and included it in his collection of Papias ' fragments . Bart D. Ehrman concurs in Misquoting Jesus , adding that the passage contains many words and phrases otherwise alien to John 's writing . However , Michael W. Holmes has pointed out that it is not certain `` that Papias knew the story in precisely this form , inasmuch as it now appears that at least two independent stories about Jesus and a sinful woman circulated among Christians in the first two centuries of the church , so that the traditional form found in many New Testament manuscripts may well represent a conflation of two independent shorter , earlier versions of the incident . '' Kyle R. Hughes has argued that one of these earlier versions is in fact very similar in style , form , and content to the Lukan special material ( the so - called `` L '' source ) , suggesting that the core of this tradition is in fact rooted in very early Christian ( though not Johannine ) memory . Arguments for Johannine authorship ( edit ) There is clear reference to the pericope adulterae in the primitive Christian church in the Syriac Didascalia Apostolorum. ( II , 24 , 6 ; ed . Funk I , 93 . ) Zane C. Hodges and Arthur L. Farstad argue for Johannine authorship of the pericope . They suggest there are points of similarity between the pericope 's style and the style of the rest of the gospel . They claim that the details of the encounter fit very well into the context of the surrounding verses . They argue that the pericope 's appearance in the majority of manuscripts , if not in the oldest ones , is evidence of its authenticity . Manuscript evidence ( edit ) John 7 : 52 -- 8 : 12 in Codex Sinaiticus Both Novum Testamentum Graece ( NA27 ) and the United Bible Societies ( UBS4 ) provide critical text for the pericope , but mark this off with ( ( double brackets ) ) , indicating that the pericope is regarded as a later addition to the text . However , UBS4 rates its reconstruction of the wording of the pericope as ( A ) , meaning `` virtually certain '' to reflect the original text of the addition . ( In NA28 , however , a reading in Second Peter 2 : 18 that had been ranked `` A '' ( `` virtually certain '' ) was rejected and replaced with a rival reading . ) Exclude pericope . Papyri 66 ( c. 200 ) and 75 ( early 3rd century ) ; Codices Sinaiticus and Vaticanus ( 4th century ) , also apparently Alexandrinus and Ephraemi ( 5th ) , Codices Washingtonianus and Borgianus also from the 5th century , Regius from the 8th ( but with a blank space expressing the copyist 's awareness of the passage ) , Athous Lavrensis ( c. 800 ) , Petropolitanus Purpureus , Macedoniensis , Sangallensis ( with a distinct blank space ) and Koridethi from the 9th century and Monacensis from the 10th ; Uncials 0141 and 0211 ; Minuscules 3 , 12 , 15 , 21 , 22 , 32 , 33 , 36 , 39 , 44 , 49 , 63 , 72 , 87 , 96 , 97 , 106 , 108 , 124 , 131 , 134 , 139 , 151 , 157 , 169 , 209 , 213 , 228 , 297 , 388 , 391 , 401 , 416 , 445 , 488 , 496 , 499 , 501 , 523 , 537 , 542 , 554 , 565 , 578 , 584 , 703 , 719 , 723 , 730 , 731 , 736 , 741 , 742 , 768 , 770 , 772 , 773 , 776 , 777 , 780 , 799 , 800 , 817 , 827 , 828 , 843 , 896 , 989 , 1077 , 1080 , 1100 , 1178 , 1230 , 1241 , 1242 , 1253 , 1333 , 2106 , 2193 , 2768 and 2907 ; the majority of lectionaries ; some Old Latin , the majority of the Syriac , the Sahidic dialect of the Coptic , the Garima Gospels and other Ethiopic witnesses , the Gothic , some Armenian , Georgian mss. of Adysh ( 9th century ) ; Diatessaron ( 2nd century ) ; apparently Clement of Alexandria ( died 215 ) , other Church Fathers namely Tertullian ( died 220 ) , Origen ( died 254 ) , Cyprian ( died 258 ) , John Chrysostom ( died 407 ) , Nonnus ( died 431 ) , Cyril of Alexandria ( died 444 ) and Cosmas ( died 550 ) . Shorter pericope exclude . Minuscule 759 contains John 7 : 53 -- 8 : 2 but excludes 8 : 3 -- 11 . Shorter pericope include ( 8 : 3 -- 11 ). l 4 , l 67 , l 69 , l 70 , l 71 , l 75 , l 81 , l 89 , l 90 , l 98 , l 101 , l 107 , l 125 , l 126 , l 139 , l 146 , l 185 , l 211 , l 217 , l 229 , l 267 , l 280 , l 282 , l 287 , l 376 , l 381 , l 386 , l 390 , l 396 , l 398 , l 402 , l 405 , l 409 , l 417 , l 422 , l 430 , l 431 , l 435 ( 8 : 2 -- 11 ) , l 462 , l 464 , l 465 , l 520 ( 8 : 2 -- 11 ) . Include pericope . Codex Bezae ( 5th century ) , Codex Basilensis A.N. III . 12 ( 8th century ) , 9th century Codices Boreelianus , Seidelianus I , Seidelianus II , Cyprius , Campianus , Nanianus , also Tischendorfianus IV from the 10th , Codex Petropolitanus ; Minuscule 28 , 318 , 700 , 892 , 1009 , 1010 , 1071 , 1079 , 1195 , 1216 , 1344 , 1365 , 1546 , 1646 , 2148 , 2174 ; the Byzantine majority text ; l 79 , l 100 ( John 8 : 1 -- 11 ) , l 118 , l 130 ( 8 : 1 -- 11 ) , l 221 , l 274 , l 281 , l 411 , l 421 , l 429 ( 8 : 1 -- 11 ) , l 442 ( 8 : 1 -- 11 ) , l 445 ( 8 : 1 -- 11 ) , l 459 ; the majority of the Old Latin , the Vulgate ( Codex Fuldensis ) , some Syriac , the Bohairic dialect of the Coptic , some Armenian , Didascalia ( 3rd century ) , Didymus the Blind ( 4th century ) , Ambrosiaster ( 4th century ) , Ambrose ( died 397 ) , Jerome ( died 420 ) , Augustine ( died 430 ) . Question pericope . Marked with asterisks ( * ) or obeli ( ÷ ) . Codex Vaticanus 354 ( S ) and the Minuscules 4 , 8 , 14 , 18 , 24 , 35 , 83 , 95 ( questionable scholion ) , 109 , 125 , 141 , 148 , 156 , 161 , 164 , 165 , 166 , 167 , 178 , 179 , 200 , 202 , 285 , 338 , 348 , 363 , 367 , 376 , 386 , 407 , 443 , 478 , 479 , 510 , 532 , 547 , 553 , 645 , 655 , 656 , 661 , 662 , 685 , 757 , 758 , 763 , 769 , 781 , 797 , 801 , 824 , 825 , 829 , 844 , 845 , 867 , 873 , 897 , 922 , 1073 , 1092 ( later hand ) , 1187 , 1189 , 1443 and 1445 include entire pericope from 7 : 53 ; the menologion of Lectionary 185 includes 8 : 1ff ; Codex Basilensis ( E ) includes 8 : 2ff ; Codex Tischendorfianus III ( Λ ) and Petropolitanus ( П ) also the menologia of Lectionaries l 86 , l 211 , l 1579 and l 1761 include 8 : 3ff . Minuscule 807 is a manuscript with a Catena , but only in John 7 : 53 -- 8 : 11 without catena . It is a characteristic of late Byzantine manuscripts conforming to the sub-type Family K , that this pericope is marked with obeli ; although Maurice Robinson argues that these marks are intended to remind lectors that these verses are to be omitted from the Gospel lection for Pentecost , not to question the authenticity of the passage . Shorter pericope questioned ( 8 : 3 -- 11 ) . Marked with asterisks ( * ) or obeli ( ÷ ) . 707 Relocate pericope . Family 1 , minuscules 20 , 37 , 135 , 207 , 301 , 347 , and nearly all Armenian translations place the pericope after John 21 : 25 ; Family 13 place it after Luke 24 : 53 ; a corrector to Minuscule 1333 added 8 : 3 -- 11 after Luke 24 : 53 ; and Minuscule 225 includes the pericope after John 7 : 36 . Minuscule 129 , 135 , 259 , 470 , 564 , 831 , 1076 , 1078 , and 1356 place John 8 : 3 -- 11 after John 21 : 25 . 788 and Minuscule 826 placed pericope after Luke 21 : 38 Added by a later hand . Codex Ebnerianus , 284 , 431 , 461 , 470 , 578 , 2174 . The pericope was never read as a part of the lesson for the Pentecost cycle , but John 8 : 3 -- 8 : 11 was reserved for the festivals of such saints as Theodora , September 18 , or Pelagia , October 8 . Some of the textual variants ( edit ) 8 : 3 -- επι αμαρτια γυναικα ) γυναικα επι μοιχεια -- D 8 : 4 -- εκπειραζοντες αυτον οι ιερεις ινα εχωσιν κατηγοριαν αυτου -- D 8 : 5 -- λιθαζειν ) λιθοβολεισθαι -- K Π 8 : 6 -- ενος εκαστου αυτων τας αμαρτιας -- 264 8 : 6 -- μὴ προσποιούμενος -- K 8 : 7 -- ανακυψας ) αναβλεψας -- Κ Γ ) U Λ f 700 8 : 8 -- κατω κυψας -- f 8 : 8 -- ενος εκαστου αυτων τας αμαρτιας -- U , 73 , 95 , 331 , 413 , 700 8 : 9 -- και υπο της συνειδησεως αλεγχομενοι εξρχοντο εις καθ ' εις -- K 8 : 9 -- εως των εσχατων -- U Λ f 8 : 10 -- και μηδενα θασαμενος πλην της γυναικος -- K 8 : 11 -- τουτο δε ειπαν πειραζοντες αυτον ινα εχωσιν κατηγοριαν κατ αυτου -- M See also ( edit ) Parable of the Two Debtors Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jesus Christ and the woman taken in adultery . Other questioned passages ( edit ) Comma Johanneum The Longer Ending of Mark Matthew 16 : 2b -- 3 Christ 's agony at Gethsemane John 5 : 3b - 4 Doxology to the Lord 's Prayer Luke 22 : 19b - 20 Sortable articles ( edit ) List of omitted Bible verses John 21 Textual criticism References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Classical Latin : ( peˈrikope aˈdulterai ) Jump up ^ Deuteronomy 22 : 24 Jump up ^ ' Pericope adulterae ' , in FL Cross ( ed . ) , The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church , ( New York : Oxford University Press , 2005 ) . Jump up ^ Jerusalem Bible , reference at John 7 : 53 Jump up ^ `` Council of Trent Session 4 , Dec. 1 '' . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ This phrase terra terram accusat is also given in the Gospel Book of Hitda of Maschede and a ninth - century glossa , Codex Sangelensis 292 , and a sermon by Jacobus de Voragine attributes the use of these words to Ambrose and Augustine , and other phrases to the Glossa Ordinaria and John Chrysostom , who is usually considered as not referencing the Pericope . -- see Knust , Jennifer ; Wasserman , Tommy , `` Earth accuses earth : tracing what Jesus wrote on the ground '' , Harvard Theological Review , October 01 , 2010 Jump up ^ E.g. , Britni Danielle , `` Cast the First Stone : Why Are We So Judgmental ? '' , Clutch , Feb 21 , 2011 Jump up ^ E.g. , Mudiga Affe , Gbenga Adeniji , and Etim Ekpimah , `` Go and sin no more , priest tells Bode George Archived 2011 - 03 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . '' , The Punch , 27 Feb 2011 . Jump up ^ Phrase Finder is copyright Gary Martin , 1996 -- 2015 . All rights reserved . `` To cast the first stone '' . phrases.org.uk . Jump up ^ An uncommon usage , evidently not found in the LXX , but supported in Liddell & Scott 's Greek - English Lexicon ( 8th ed. , NY , 1897 ) s.v. γραμμα , page 317 col. 2 , citing ( among others ) Herodotus ( repeatedly ) including 2 : 73 ( `` I have not seen one except in an illustration '' ) & 4 : 36 ( `` drawing a map '' ) . See also , Chris Keith , The Pericope Adulterae , the Gospel of John , and the Literacy of Jesus ( 2009 , Leiden , Neth. , Brill ) page 19 . Jump up ^ Expositor 's Greek Testament on John 8 , accessed 9 May 2016 Jump up ^ The Early Church Fathers Volume 7 by Philip Schaff ( public domain ) pp. 388 -- 390 , 408 Jump up ^ Clontz , T.E. and J. , `` The Comprehensive New Testament '' , Cornerstone Publications ( 2008 ) , p. 571 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 9778737 - 1 - 5 Jump up ^ The Early church Fathers Volume 8 : The Twelve Patriarchs , Excerpts and Epistles , The Clementia , Apocrypha , Decretals , Memoirs of Edessa and Syriac Documents , Remains of the First by Philip Schaff ( public domain ) pp. 607 , 618 Jump up ^ `` Sed hoc videlicet infidelium sensus exhorret , ita ut nonnulli modicae fidei vel potius inimici verae fidei , credo , metuentes peccandi impunitatem dari mulieribus suis , illud , quod de adulterae indulgentia Dominus fecit , auferrent de codicibus suis , quasi permissionem peccandi tribuerit qui dixit : Iam deinceps noli peccare , aut ideo non debuerit mulier a medico Deo illius peccati remissione sanari , ne offenderentur insani . '' Augustine , De Adulterinis Conjugiis 2 : 6 -- 7 . Cited in Wieland Willker , A Textual Commentary on the Greek Gospels Archived 2011 - 04 - 09 at the Wayback Machine. , Vol . 4b , p. 10 . Jump up ^ `` New Schaff - Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge , Vol. II : Basilica -- Chambers '' . ccel.org . Jump up ^ S.P. Tregelles , An Introduction to the Critical Study and Knowledge of the Holy Scripture ( London 1856 ) , pp. 465 -- 468 . Jump up ^ Bruce M. Metzger , A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament , Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft , Stuttgart 2001 , pp. 187 -- 189 . Jump up ^ F.H.A. Scrivener . `` A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament ( 3rd edition , 1883 , London ) '' . p. 610 . Jump up ^ `` The passages which touch Christian sentiment , or history , or morals , and which are affected by textual differences , though less rare than the former , are still very few . Of these , the pericope of the woman taken in adultery holds the first place of importance . In this case a deference to the most ancient authorities , as well as a consideration of internal evidence , might seem to involve immediate loss . The best solution may be to place the passage in brackets , for the purpose of showing , not , indeed , that it contains an untrue narrative ( for , whencesoever it comes , it seems to bear on its face the highest credentials of authentic history ) , but that evidence external and internal is against its being regarded as an integral portion of the original Gospel of St. John . '' J.B. Lightfoot , R.C. Trench , C.J. Ellicott , The Revision of the English Version of the NT , intro . P. Schaff , ( Harper & Bro . NY , 1873 ) Online at CCEL ( Christian Classic Ethereal Library ) Jump up ^ Bart D. Ehrman in Misquoting Jesus , ( HarperCollins . NY , 2005 ) , p. 65 Jump up ^ Michael W. Holmes in The Apostolic Fathers in English ( Grand Rapids : Baker Academic , 2006 ) , p. 304 Jump up ^ Kyle R. Hughes , `` The Lukan Special Material and the Tradition History of the Pericope Adulterae , '' Novum Testamentum 55.3 ( 2013 ) : 232 -- 251 Jump up ^ `` If it is not an original part of the Fourth Gospel , its writer would have to be viewed as a skilled Johannine imitator , and its placement in this context as the shrewdest piece of interpolation in literary history ! '' The Greek New Testament According to the Majority Text with Apparatus : Second Edition , by Zane C. Hodges ( Editor ) , Arthur L. Farstad ( Editor ) Publisher : Thomas Nelson ; ISBN 0 - 8407 - 4963 - 5 Jump up ^ Describing its use of double brackets UBS4 states that they `` enclose passages that are regarded as later additions to the text , but are of evident antiquity and importance . '' Jump up ^ F.H.A. Scrivener , A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament ( 1894 ) , vol. II , p. 367 . External links ( edit ) John 7 : 53 -- 8 : 11 ( NIV ) John 7 : 53 - 8 : 11 ( KJV ) Pericope Adulterae in Manuscript Comparator -- allows two or more New Testament manuscript editions ' readings of the passage to be compared in side - by - side and unified views ( similar to diff output ) The Pericope de Adultera Homepage Site dedicated to proving that the passage is authentic , with links to a wide range of scholarly published material on both sides about all aspects of this text , and dozens of new articles . Jesus and the Adulteress , a detailed study by Wieland Willker . Concerning the Story of the Adulteress in the Eighth Chapter of John , list marginal notes from several versions , extended discussion taken from Samuel P. Tregelles , lists extended excerpts from An Account of the Printed Text of the Greek New Testament ( London , 1854 ) , F.H.A. Scrivener , A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament ( 4th edition . London , 1894 ) , Bruce Metzger , A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament ( Stuttgart , 1971 ) , Raymond E. Brown , The Gospel According to John ( i -- xii ) , in the Anchor Bible series ( Garden City , New York : Doubleday , 1966 ) . The Woman Taken In Adultery ( John 7 : 53 -- 8 : 11 ) , in defense of the pericope de adultera by Edward F. Hills , taken from chapter 6 of his book , The King James Version Defended , 4th edition ( Des Moines : Christian Research Press , 1984 ) . David Robert Palmer , John 5 : 3b and the Pericope Adulterae Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jesus_and_the_woman_taken_in_adultery&oldid=855637162 '' Categories : Biblical criticism Doctrines and teachings of Jesus Gospel episodes Gospel of John Women in the New Testament Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Pages with numeric Bible version references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latina Nederlands Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски ไทย Tiếng Việt 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 August 2018 , at 19 : 37 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus%20and%20the%20woman%20taken%20in%20adultery
| 2,185 |
||
episode list the irregular at magic high school
|
No . Title Original airdate `` Enrollment Part I '' `` Nyūgaku - hen Wan '' ( 入学 編 I ) April 5 , 2014 In 2095 , Tatsuya Shiba and his sister Miyuki enroll at the First Private Magic University Affiliated High School , but due to the difference in their grades in the practical exam , Miyuki is placed in the Course 1 curriculum with the other students who have demonstrated high magical skills , ( informally known as `` Blooms '' ) while Tatsuya , on the other hand , having scored poorly on the practical exam is assigned to the Course 2 curriculum ( insultingly called `` Weeds '' by Course 1 students ) even though he placed first in the theoretical exam . Tatsuya becomes acquainted with several Course 2 students including Erika Chiba , Leo Saijo and Mizuki Shibata . The chasm between the Weeds and Blooms leads to a confrontation when a number of Miyuki 's classmates object to her hanging around with her brother and his new friends . Violence seems imminent but the magic sequence is disrupted by the student council president as she arrives with the chairman of the disciplinary committee . `` Enrollment Part II '' `` Nyūgaku - hen Tsū '' ( 入学 編 II ) April 12 , 2014 Tatsuya 's skills and wits have earned him and his sister the scrutiny of Mayumi Saegusa , Student Council president and Mari Watanabe , leader of the Public Morals Committee . Mayumi invites Miyuki to join the Student Council as the first year representative but she initially declines and puts her brother 's name forward . Upon learning that by school regulation , year representatives must be Course 1 students , she accepts . Not wanting to waste his talents , Mari proposes that Tatsuya be the Student Council 's nominee for a vacant position on the Public Morals Committee , which President Saegusa agrees to . At a meeting later that day , Student Council vice-president Hanzo Gyoubushoujo Hattori opposes Tatsuya 's nomination which prompts Miyuki to defend him . Hanzo reprimands her for her seeming bias towards her brother which causes Tatsuya to challenge him to a magic duel . Tatsuya easily defeats Hanzo , much to the surprise of the Student Council . `` Enrollment Part III '' `` Nyūgaku - hen Surī '' ( 入学 編 III ) April 19 , 2014 The Council can not reconcile Tatsuya 's flawless victory in his duel with Hanzo with his poor showing in the practical exam . Once he regains consciousness , Hanzo tacitly withdraws his objection to Tatsuya 's nomination by apologizing to Miyuki . Mari introduces Tatsuya to the other members of the Public Morals Committee , who note the fact that he 's a Course 2 student , but warmly welcome him on learning of his victory over the previously undefeated Hanzo . To his dismay , Mari informs Tatsuya that Shun Morisaki , the Course 1 student who started the altercation on their first day , is also joining the Committee on a faculty recommendation . His first taste of action involves a confrontation between the kendo club and kenjutsu club . The head of the kenjutsu club , who combines magic with swordplay , forces Sayaka Mibu , a member of the kendo club and Weed , to spar . When he loses , he uses magic in a follow - up attack , in contravention of the rules . Tatsuya steps in and arrests him but is assaulted by the rest of the kenjutsu club who refuse to acknowledge his authority just because he is a Weed . `` Enrollment Part IV '' `` Nyūgaku - hen Fō '' ( 入学 編 IV ) April 26 , 2014 Tatsuya is approached by Sayaka Mibu , who wants his cooperation in a plan to put an end to the discrimination between the Blooms and Weeds at the school . He refrains from giving an immediate answer . His suspicions that she is being manipulated by someone else with ulterior motives are aroused when she is unable to give him proper answers to his questions . `` Enrollment Part V '' `` Nyūgaku - hen Faibu '' ( 入学 編 V ) May 3 , 2014 Tatsuya rejects Sayaka 's offer and a group of Weeds led by her lock themselves in the broadcast room , creating a commotion at school . Mayumi elects to listen to their demands and discuss them in front of the student body . Debating the school 's position by herself , she is about to arrange a compromise with the Weeds when the school gets suddenly attacked by terrorists . 6 `` Enrollment Part VI '' `` Nyūgaku - hen Shikkusu '' ( 入学 編 VI ) May 10 , 2014 The Student Council and Public Morals Committee defeat the terrorists and find out that the attack was merely a cover for an information raid on the school 's computer library . Tatsuya and his friends are tasked with countering the raid . They defeat the terrorists , including Sayaka , and take them into custody . After learning of Sayaka 's reasons for cooperating with Blanche , the terrorist organization behind the attack , Tatsuya decides to attack the enemy hideout in order to help clear her name and strike back at them for using her and invading the school . 7 `` Enrollment Part VII '' `` Nyūgaku - hen Sebun '' ( 入学 編 VII ) May 17 , 2014 Tatsuya and his friends storm Blanche 's hideout where they confront the group 's leader , who confirms that he had manipulated Sayaka 's memory to attack the school . Despite a number of traps , the students are able to subdue the terrorists with no apparent injuries . After Sayaka is discharged from the hospital , Tatsuya and Miyuki 's normal school life moves on . 8 `` Nine Schools Competition Part I '' `` Kyūkōsen - hen Wan '' ( 九 校 戦 編 I ) May 24 , 2014 The inter-school sporting event known as the `` Nine Schools Competition '' is just around the corner , and Tatsuya , in recognition of his superior magic - tuning skills , is named to the engineering squad , over the objections of a number of Course 1 students . After school , Tatsuya surprises his sister when he presents her with a magic tool he developed that allows a person to fly , a feat that no one has never done before . 9 `` Nine Schools Competition Part II '' `` Kyūkōsen - hen Tsū '' ( 九 校 戦 編 II ) May 31 , 2014 Tatsuya and Miyuki pay a visit to Four Leaves Technology , where Tatsuya unveils his flying CAD to Ushiyama , the other half of the genius magic engineer Taurus Silver . After a brief encounter with their father , the siblings set out for the Competition , but on the way there , a traffic accident occurs , putting the students in danger . 10 `` Nine Schools Competition Part III '' `` Kyūkōsen - hen Surī '' ( 九 校 戦 編 III ) June 7 , 2014 Tatsuya , Miyuki , and Katsuto Jyumonji act to prevent the car from ramming into the bus . From traces that he is able to find , Tatsuya speculates that the incident was set up to look like a traffic accident but was instead a suicide attack . On arriving at their hotel , Tatsuya and Miyuki are surprised to find Erika and Mizuki present . The event opens with a banquet where the students from the nine competing schools mingle , unaware that unknown enemies are about to turn the competition topsy - turvy . 11 `` Nine Schools Competition Part IV '' `` Kyūkōsen - hen Fō '' ( 九 校 戦 編 IV ) June 14 , 2014 The Nine Schools Competition begins and Tatsuya puts his tuning skills into practice in order to help his teammates performance , while staying on watch for further disturbances . 12 `` Nine Schools Competition Part V '' `` Kyūkōsen - hen Faibu '' ( 九 校 戦 編 V ) June 21 , 2014 One of Tatsuya 's team member Mari Watanabe is involved in a serious accident during the competition and the other students increase their vigilance after Saegusa , Mayumi , and Tatsuya reveal that she was actually a victim of sabotage . 13 `` Nine Schools Competition Part VI '' `` Kyūkōsen - hen Shikkusu '' ( 九 校 戦 編 VI ) June 28 , 2014 The `` No Head Dragon '' , an criminal syndicate is eager to interfere in the competition for the sake of their profits and the First High School is their main target . Meanwhile , the students under Tatsuya 's care are doing better than expected in their events , drawing the attention of those who still ca n't acknowledge his talent just because he is a Course 2 student as well as First High School 's main rivals from Third High School . 14 `` Nine Schools Competition Part VII '' `` Kyūkōsen - hen Sebun '' ( 九 校 戦 編 VII ) July 5 , 2014 The Nine Schools Competition proceeds without further incident until the 1st High School Monolith Code 's junior participants get seriously injured due to foul play . Appointed by Mayumi , Tatsuya is requested to compete and agrees to it after Juumonji 's persuasion . 15 `` Nine Schools Competition Part VIII '' `` Kyūkōsen - hen Eito '' ( 九 校 戦 編 VIII ) July 12 , 2014 Tatsuya enters the competition with his friends Leonhard Saijo and Mikihiko Yoshida in the `` Monolith Code '' event . While watching out for No Head Dragon 's interference , Tatsuya proceeds to win the match using his strategies and they smoothly reach the final match against the 3rd High school 's geniuses Red prince Masaki and Cardinal George . 16 `` Nine Schools Competition Part IX '' `` Kyūkōsen - hen Nain '' ( 九 校 戦 編 IX ) July 19 , 2014 Tatsuya and Masaki 's teams face off in the final match . Despite knowing that with the rules standing , Masaki 's abilities surpass his , Tatsuya confronts him head on , resulting in a spectacular duel . Making a critical mistake , Masaki breaks the rules by accidentally using a lethal attack on Tatsuya . Tatsuya takes the brunt of the attack and is seriously wounded . However , he uses his self - restoration to recover his injuries and while Masaki 's still in trance , Tatsuya incapacitates him with a point - blank range magic . Meanwhile , Mikihiko faces off against Cardinal George in a lengthy duel , Mikihiko finally defeats George , but is on the verge of losing to the third member of Masaki 's team , when Leo manages to deliver the final blow , allowing First High to win the match . 17 `` Nine Schools Competition Part X '' `` Kyūkōsen - hen Ten '' ( 九 校 戦 編 X ) July 26 , 2014 Desperate with the recent developments , No Head Dragon start interfering with the competition directly , risking the lives of the players . A 1st high Mirage Bat participant ends up in an accident which causes physical trauma and consequently loses her magical abilities . Tatsuya remains vigilant to stop further accident and snaps when Miyuki 's CAD is sabotaged in front of his eyes . After resolving the problem , Miyuki 's Mirage Bat event starts and she has a hard time maintaining the leads . Miyuki requests her brother 's permission to use Taurus Silver 's fly magic sequence and wins the event with no critical mistakes . 18 `` Nine Schools Competition Part XI '' `` Kyūkōsen - hen Irebun '' ( 九 校 戦 編 XI ) August 2 , 2014 During Miyuki 's event victory celebration , Tatsuya snipes the meeting of the No Head Dragon high - ranking members by casting his diassembly magic from an adjacent building . After learning the name of the organization 's head , Richard Sun , Tatsuya proceeds to kill everyone present at the meeting , mostly influenced by his feelings for his sister . On the next day , the competition ends with Jyumonji single - handedly winning the Monolith Code event , confirming the championship for First High School . After Mayumi and Jyumonji discuss the long - term effects that Tatsuya 's victory over Masaki ( the probable future head of the Ten Master Clans ) as the reputation of the Ten Master Clans could be tarnished , Tatsuya is asked by Jyumonji to join the Ten Master Clans by marrying Mayumi or one of her sisters . 19 `` Yokohama Disturbance Part I '' `` Yokohama Sōran - hen Wan '' ( 横浜 騒乱 編 I ) August 9 , 2014 Following his feats in the Nine Schools Competition , Tatsuya is scouted to participate in another important event , the `` Magic Thesis Competition '' and his team has only eleven days left to produce the applicable material before the deadline . Back at home , Tatsuya and Miyuki have an encounter with their step mother , who enlists Tatsuya 's help to replicate an elusive relic that can change the history of magic forever , but a new group of enemies appear , intending to steal it . 20 `` Yokohama Disturbance Part II '' `` Yokohama Sōran - hen Tsū '' ( 横浜 騒乱 編 II ) August 16 , 2014 While gathering the necessary material for the thesis , Tatsuya and his friends start their own investigation on those who are stalking him and was trying to hack him + his Four Leaves company . 21 `` Yokohama Disturbance Part III '' `` Yokohama Sōran - hen Surī '' ( 横浜 騒乱 編 III ) August 23 , 2014 The Magic Thesis Competition team meets continued success in developing their project , though Erika , Mikihiko , and Leo apprehend a fleeing student , Chiaki Hirakawa , who is revealed to be working as a spy against the First High team . Chiaki admits to working against Tatsuya personally , passionately believing that he is responsible for Kobayakawa 's accident during the Mirage Bat event of the Nine Schools Competition . Erika and Leo take a day off together to train Leo how to use lethal magic , with Erika believing that the conflict will more likely escalate to kill or be killed . Mikihiko chases after an embarrassed Mizuki , unintentionally bumping into an ominous figure dressed in a First High student uniform . 22 `` Yokohama Disturbance Part IV '' `` Yokohama Sōran - hen Fō '' ( 横浜 騒乱 編 IV ) August 30 , 2014 Lu Gonghu 's attempt to remove Chiaki is thwarted by Watanabe and Naotsugu Chiba . Mr. Zhou visits Chiaki and appears to cast a memory alteration magic so that she will forget about his involvement with her . Saegusa , Watanabe , and Tatsuya go to the detention facility and elicit a confession from Sekimoto on his intention ( and unsuccessful attempt ) to steal the Magic Thesis project data and locate the relic . Lu Gonghu appears again , apparently to silence Sekimoto , but is defeated by the three and taken into custody . 23 `` Yokohama Disturbance Part V '' `` Yokohama Sōran - hen Faibu '' ( 横浜 騒乱 編 V ) September 6 , 2014 Chen Xiangshan appeals to Mr. Zhou for help freeing Lu Gonghu . Under condition that Chen promises to avoid Chinatown during his operation , Lu Gonghu is broken out . Ichihara visits Chioda and manipulates her to hold onto her feelings of bitterness for Tatsuya , believing that her capabilities will be important for 1st High future . Further questioning revealed that Sekimoto was operating against the Magic Thesis team under mind control by an adversary organization . At the convention , Juumonji elects to increase security and have all Joint Security Force members wear a bulletproof vest . The First High Magic Thesis team successfully delivers their presentation . Cardinal George congratulates Tatsuya backstage and claims that his school will defeat them . Before they can begin their presentation however , the convention center is attacked . 24 `` Yokohama Disturbance Part VI '' `` Yokohama Sōran - hen Shikkusu '' ( 横浜 騒乱 編 VI ) September 13 , 2014 The conventional joint defense forces engage the assaulting teams but are bogged down by slow progress with evacuating the students , but discover that the attack is being launched from an unidentified disguised ship anchored in the harbor . Armed assailants assault the main hall , but are easily countered by Tatsuya after he inspires the other students to fight back . Cardinal George confronts Tatsuya on using a top - secret technique used by STARS called Molecular Divider , but Tatsuya ignores him , saying that he does n't have time to explain himself . Asuza casts a charm to calm everyone in the hall , and the evacuation begins to an underground shelter via an emergency underground tunnel . Tatsuya 's group lead the counterattack against the main terrorist force attacking the convention center . Shizuku uses her family 's privilege to take the group to a VIP conference room so they can use the network to get a better idea on what 's going on outside , then meet with the rest of the First High student council members in the green room to discuss their next move . The group deciphers the enemy 's motive to be to raid the Magic Association 's main database . Just as the group decides to evacuate to the shelter with everyone else , Major Kazama and Fujibayashi arrive and dispatches new orders to Tatsuya , revealing to everyone 's great surprise that he is a JSDF special operative . Major Kazama tells everyone that this is confidential information , and his status must remain secret . Miyuki unlocks the seals on Tatsuya 's powers and sends him to answer the JSDF 's call to defend the city . 25 `` Yokohama Disturbance Part VII '' `` Yokohama Sōran - hen Sebun '' ( 横浜 騒乱 編 VII ) September 20 , 2014 Crimson Prince brutally kills the terrorists while his allies prepare a bus for their escape aboveground . Meanwhile , evacuation underground continues through the tunnels despite resistance , Mr. Tsuzura prevents a collapsed ceiling causes by Great Asian Alliance 's war machines . Mayumi and Shizuku call their fathers to send helicopters to evacuate the personnels who were unable to reach the bunker , and everyone is extracted . Tatsuya takes to the skies in the flight suit , which R&D had improved beyond his own design , and begins by destroying the attackers ' recon drones . The battle for the city continues , with notable First High members and Crimson Prince fighting back the attackers . In another group , while they were escaping , an ambush attack causes Kirihara 's leg to be blown off and Kei pierced by shrapnel while protecting their girlfriend . Miyuki arrives , eliminating the attackers and calls for Tatsuya , who uses his magic to restore both Kirihara and Kei before departing to support another area . 26 `` Yokohama Disturbance Part VIII '' `` Yokohama Sōran - hen Eito '' ( 横浜 騒乱 編 VIII ) September 27 , 2014 The episode starts with Tatsuya and other airborne comrades obliterating an enemy mechanized battalion . Some enemy soldiers recognize him as Mahesvara , a demon from 3 years ago who appears for revenge when his sister and mother was critically injured . Meanwhile , Jummonji leads the magicians from Magic Branch Association charasmatically , resulting in the enemy retreating . The Crimson Prince reaches the Chinatown of Zhou Gongjin and demands that he surrender the escapees , to which Zhou agrees and assures The Prince that he had also been victimized . The scene then moves to the Saegusa helicopter . The students in the helicopter are very curious about Tatsuya 's magic , which healed Kei and Kirihara 's wounds . Miyuki explains Tatsuya 's magic Regrowth , as well as its price : the user has to endure the same pain as the person healed , in a condensed form . Later , they defeat Lu Gong - Hu and his employer at the branch of Magic Association building . The battle proceeds with the airborne troops and the magicians led by Jummonji , sandwiching the enemy from 2 sides , successfully obliterating most of the enemies . Some manage to escape to the camouflaged ship , though . Later , Major Kazama authorizes Tatsuya to activate Strategic Class Magic , Material Burst , which converts mass into energy . Tatsuya uses Material Burst on the retreating Great Asian Alliance 's navy , completely annihilating them . Furthermore , he also casts Material Burst onto the Great Asian Alliance departing Navy battalions and their harbor using satellite view and ends the war before it even begin . The event is referred to as ' Scorched Halloween ' , the day where magic is recognized as the strongest weapon and magicians begin their era of glory and suffering . The episode ends , with Maya Yotsuba inviting Kazama and the Shiba siblings to visit her on the same day , while Tatsuya hugs Miyuki , on his return .
|
List of the Irregular at magic High school episodes
|
list of the irregular at magic high school episodes
|
The Irregular at Magic High School is a 2014 science fiction Japanese 26 - episode anime series covering the first 7 volumes ( excluding volume 5 ) of the light novel series of the same name written by Tsutomu Satō .
|
The anime is produced by Madhouse and directed by Manabu Ono , along with original character designs by Kana Ishida and soundtrack music by Taku Iwasaki . The series ran on Tokyo MX , GTV , and GYT in Japan from April 5 to September 27 , 2014 with later airings on MBS , CTC , tvk , TVS , TVA , TVQ , TVh , AT - X , BS11 . The anime has been licensed for streaming by Aniplex of America . The series uses four pieces of theme music : two opening themes and two ending themes . The first opening theme is `` Rising Hope '' by LiSA while the first ending theme is `` Millenario . '' by Elisa . The second opening theme is `` Grilleto '' by Garnidelia while the second ending theme is `` Mirror '' by Rei Yasuda . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episode list 2 Notes 3 References 4 External links Episode list ( edit ) No . Title Original airdate `` Enrollment Part I '' `` Nyūgaku - hen Wan '' ( 入学 編 I ) April 5 , 2014 In 2095 , Tatsuya Shiba and his sister Miyuki enroll at the First Private Magic University Affiliated High School , but due to the difference in their grades in the practical exam , Miyuki is placed in the Course 1 curriculum with the other students who have demonstrated high magical skills , ( informally known as `` Blooms '' ) while Tatsuya , on the other hand , having scored poorly on the practical exam is assigned to the Course 2 curriculum ( insultingly called `` Weeds '' by Course 1 students ) even though he placed first in the theoretical exam . Tatsuya becomes acquainted with several Course 2 students including Erika Chiba , Leo Saijo and Mizuki Shibata . The chasm between the Weeds and Blooms leads to a confrontation when a number of Miyuki 's classmates object to her hanging around with her brother and his new friends . Violence seems imminent but the magic sequence is disrupted by the student council president as she arrives with the chairman of the disciplinary committee . `` Enrollment Part II '' `` Nyūgaku - hen Tsū '' ( 入学 編 II ) April 12 , 2014 Tatsuya 's skills and wits have earned him and his sister the scrutiny of Mayumi Saegusa , Student Council president and Mari Watanabe , leader of the Public Morals Committee . Mayumi invites Miyuki to join the Student Council as the first year representative but she initially declines and puts her brother 's name forward . Upon learning that by school regulation , year representatives must be Course 1 students , she accepts . Not wanting to waste his talents , Mari proposes that Tatsuya be the Student Council 's nominee for a vacant position on the Public Morals Committee , which President Saegusa agrees to . At a meeting later that day , Student Council vice-president Hanzo Gyoubushoujo Hattori opposes Tatsuya 's nomination which prompts Miyuki to defend him . Hanzo reprimands her for her seeming bias towards her brother which causes Tatsuya to challenge him to a magic duel . Tatsuya easily defeats Hanzo , much to the surprise of the Student Council . `` Enrollment Part III '' `` Nyūgaku - hen Surī '' ( 入学 編 III ) April 19 , 2014 The Council can not reconcile Tatsuya 's flawless victory in his duel with Hanzo with his poor showing in the practical exam . Once he regains consciousness , Hanzo tacitly withdraws his objection to Tatsuya 's nomination by apologizing to Miyuki . Mari introduces Tatsuya to the other members of the Public Morals Committee , who note the fact that he 's a Course 2 student , but warmly welcome him on learning of his victory over the previously undefeated Hanzo . To his dismay , Mari informs Tatsuya that Shun Morisaki , the Course 1 student who started the altercation on their first day , is also joining the Committee on a faculty recommendation . His first taste of action involves a confrontation between the kendo club and kenjutsu club . The head of the kenjutsu club , who combines magic with swordplay , forces Sayaka Mibu , a member of the kendo club and Weed , to spar . When he loses , he uses magic in a follow - up attack , in contravention of the rules . Tatsuya steps in and arrests him but is assaulted by the rest of the kenjutsu club who refuse to acknowledge his authority just because he is a Weed . `` Enrollment Part IV '' `` Nyūgaku - hen Fō '' ( 入学 編 IV ) April 26 , 2014 Tatsuya is approached by Sayaka Mibu , who wants his cooperation in a plan to put an end to the discrimination between the Blooms and Weeds at the school . He refrains from giving an immediate answer . His suspicions that she is being manipulated by someone else with ulterior motives are aroused when she is unable to give him proper answers to his questions . `` Enrollment Part V '' `` Nyūgaku - hen Faibu '' ( 入学 編 V ) May 3 , 2014 Tatsuya rejects Sayaka 's offer and a group of Weeds led by her lock themselves in the broadcast room , creating a commotion at school . Mayumi elects to listen to their demands and discuss them in front of the student body . Debating the school 's position by herself , she is about to arrange a compromise with the Weeds when the school gets suddenly attacked by terrorists . 6 `` Enrollment Part VI '' `` Nyūgaku - hen Shikkusu '' ( 入学 編 VI ) May 10 , 2014 The Student Council and Public Morals Committee defeat the terrorists and find out that the attack was merely a cover for an information raid on the school 's computer library . Tatsuya and his friends are tasked with countering the raid . They defeat the terrorists , including Sayaka , and take them into custody . After learning of Sayaka 's reasons for cooperating with Blanche , the terrorist organization behind the attack , Tatsuya decides to attack the enemy hideout in order to help clear her name and strike back at them for using her and invading the school . 7 `` Enrollment Part VII '' `` Nyūgaku - hen Sebun '' ( 入学 編 VII ) May 17 , 2014 Tatsuya and his friends storm Blanche 's hideout where they confront the group 's leader , who confirms that he had manipulated Sayaka 's memory to attack the school . Despite a number of traps , the students are able to subdue the terrorists with no apparent injuries . After Sayaka is discharged from the hospital , Tatsuya and Miyuki 's normal school life moves on . 8 `` Nine Schools Competition Part I '' `` Kyūkōsen - hen Wan '' ( 九 校 戦 編 I ) May 24 , 2014 The inter-school sporting event known as the `` Nine Schools Competition '' is just around the corner , and Tatsuya , in recognition of his superior magic - tuning skills , is named to the engineering squad , over the objections of a number of Course 1 students . After school , Tatsuya surprises his sister when he presents her with a magic tool he developed that allows a person to fly , a feat that no one has never done before . 9 `` Nine Schools Competition Part II '' `` Kyūkōsen - hen Tsū '' ( 九 校 戦 編 II ) May 31 , 2014 Tatsuya and Miyuki pay a visit to Four Leaves Technology , where Tatsuya unveils his flying CAD to Ushiyama , the other half of the genius magic engineer Taurus Silver . After a brief encounter with their father , the siblings set out for the Competition , but on the way there , a traffic accident occurs , putting the students in danger . 10 `` Nine Schools Competition Part III '' `` Kyūkōsen - hen Surī '' ( 九 校 戦 編 III ) June 7 , 2014 Tatsuya , Miyuki , and Katsuto Jyumonji act to prevent the car from ramming into the bus . From traces that he is able to find , Tatsuya speculates that the incident was set up to look like a traffic accident but was instead a suicide attack . On arriving at their hotel , Tatsuya and Miyuki are surprised to find Erika and Mizuki present . The event opens with a banquet where the students from the nine competing schools mingle , unaware that unknown enemies are about to turn the competition topsy - turvy . 11 `` Nine Schools Competition Part IV '' `` Kyūkōsen - hen Fō '' ( 九 校 戦 編 IV ) June 14 , 2014 The Nine Schools Competition begins and Tatsuya puts his tuning skills into practice in order to help his teammates performance , while staying on watch for further disturbances . 12 `` Nine Schools Competition Part V '' `` Kyūkōsen - hen Faibu '' ( 九 校 戦 編 V ) June 21 , 2014 One of Tatsuya 's team member Mari Watanabe is involved in a serious accident during the competition and the other students increase their vigilance after Saegusa , Mayumi , and Tatsuya reveal that she was actually a victim of sabotage . 13 `` Nine Schools Competition Part VI '' `` Kyūkōsen - hen Shikkusu '' ( 九 校 戦 編 VI ) June 28 , 2014 The `` No Head Dragon '' , an criminal syndicate is eager to interfere in the competition for the sake of their profits and the First High School is their main target . Meanwhile , the students under Tatsuya 's care are doing better than expected in their events , drawing the attention of those who still ca n't acknowledge his talent just because he is a Course 2 student as well as First High School 's main rivals from Third High School . 14 `` Nine Schools Competition Part VII '' `` Kyūkōsen - hen Sebun '' ( 九 校 戦 編 VII ) July 5 , 2014 The Nine Schools Competition proceeds without further incident until the 1st High School Monolith Code 's junior participants get seriously injured due to foul play . Appointed by Mayumi , Tatsuya is requested to compete and agrees to it after Juumonji 's persuasion . 15 `` Nine Schools Competition Part VIII '' `` Kyūkōsen - hen Eito '' ( 九 校 戦 編 VIII ) July 12 , 2014 Tatsuya enters the competition with his friends Leonhard Saijo and Mikihiko Yoshida in the `` Monolith Code '' event . While watching out for No Head Dragon 's interference , Tatsuya proceeds to win the match using his strategies and they smoothly reach the final match against the 3rd High school 's geniuses Red prince Masaki and Cardinal George . 16 `` Nine Schools Competition Part IX '' `` Kyūkōsen - hen Nain '' ( 九 校 戦 編 IX ) July 19 , 2014 Tatsuya and Masaki 's teams face off in the final match . Despite knowing that with the rules standing , Masaki 's abilities surpass his , Tatsuya confronts him head on , resulting in a spectacular duel . Making a critical mistake , Masaki breaks the rules by accidentally using a lethal attack on Tatsuya . Tatsuya takes the brunt of the attack and is seriously wounded . However , he uses his self - restoration to recover his injuries and while Masaki 's still in trance , Tatsuya incapacitates him with a point - blank range magic . Meanwhile , Mikihiko faces off against Cardinal George in a lengthy duel , Mikihiko finally defeats George , but is on the verge of losing to the third member of Masaki 's team , when Leo manages to deliver the final blow , allowing First High to win the match . 17 `` Nine Schools Competition Part X '' `` Kyūkōsen - hen Ten '' ( 九 校 戦 編 X ) July 26 , 2014 Desperate with the recent developments , No Head Dragon start interfering with the competition directly , risking the lives of the players . A 1st high Mirage Bat participant ends up in an accident which causes physical trauma and consequently loses her magical abilities . Tatsuya remains vigilant to stop further accident and snaps when Miyuki 's CAD is sabotaged in front of his eyes . After resolving the problem , Miyuki 's Mirage Bat event starts and she has a hard time maintaining the leads . Miyuki requests her brother 's permission to use Taurus Silver 's fly magic sequence and wins the event with no critical mistakes . 18 `` Nine Schools Competition Part XI '' `` Kyūkōsen - hen Irebun '' ( 九 校 戦 編 XI ) August 2 , 2014 During Miyuki 's event victory celebration , Tatsuya snipes the meeting of the No Head Dragon high - ranking members by casting his diassembly magic from an adjacent building . After learning the name of the organization 's head , Richard Sun , Tatsuya proceeds to kill everyone present at the meeting , mostly influenced by his feelings for his sister . On the next day , the competition ends with Jyumonji single - handedly winning the Monolith Code event , confirming the championship for First High School . After Mayumi and Jyumonji discuss the long - term effects that Tatsuya 's victory over Masaki ( the probable future head of the Ten Master Clans ) as the reputation of the Ten Master Clans could be tarnished , Tatsuya is asked by Jyumonji to join the Ten Master Clans by marrying Mayumi or one of her sisters . 19 `` Yokohama Disturbance Part I '' `` Yokohama Sōran - hen Wan '' ( 横浜 騒乱 編 I ) August 9 , 2014 Following his feats in the Nine Schools Competition , Tatsuya is scouted to participate in another important event , the `` Magic Thesis Competition '' and his team has only eleven days left to produce the applicable material before the deadline . Back at home , Tatsuya and Miyuki have an encounter with their step mother , who enlists Tatsuya 's help to replicate an elusive relic that can change the history of magic forever , but a new group of enemies appear , intending to steal it . 20 `` Yokohama Disturbance Part II '' `` Yokohama Sōran - hen Tsū '' ( 横浜 騒乱 編 II ) August 16 , 2014 While gathering the necessary material for the thesis , Tatsuya and his friends start their own investigation on those who are stalking him and was trying to hack him + his Four Leaves company . 21 `` Yokohama Disturbance Part III '' `` Yokohama Sōran - hen Surī '' ( 横浜 騒乱 編 III ) August 23 , 2014 The Magic Thesis Competition team meets continued success in developing their project , though Erika , Mikihiko , and Leo apprehend a fleeing student , Chiaki Hirakawa , who is revealed to be working as a spy against the First High team . Chiaki admits to working against Tatsuya personally , passionately believing that he is responsible for Kobayakawa 's accident during the Mirage Bat event of the Nine Schools Competition . Erika and Leo take a day off together to train Leo how to use lethal magic , with Erika believing that the conflict will more likely escalate to kill or be killed . Mikihiko chases after an embarrassed Mizuki , unintentionally bumping into an ominous figure dressed in a First High student uniform . 22 `` Yokohama Disturbance Part IV '' `` Yokohama Sōran - hen Fō '' ( 横浜 騒乱 編 IV ) August 30 , 2014 Lu Gonghu 's attempt to remove Chiaki is thwarted by Watanabe and Naotsugu Chiba . Mr. Zhou visits Chiaki and appears to cast a memory alteration magic so that she will forget about his involvement with her . Saegusa , Watanabe , and Tatsuya go to the detention facility and elicit a confession from Sekimoto on his intention ( and unsuccessful attempt ) to steal the Magic Thesis project data and locate the relic . Lu Gonghu appears again , apparently to silence Sekimoto , but is defeated by the three and taken into custody . 23 `` Yokohama Disturbance Part V '' `` Yokohama Sōran - hen Faibu '' ( 横浜 騒乱 編 V ) September 6 , 2014 Chen Xiangshan appeals to Mr. Zhou for help freeing Lu Gonghu . Under condition that Chen promises to avoid Chinatown during his operation , Lu Gonghu is broken out . Ichihara visits Chioda and manipulates her to hold onto her feelings of bitterness for Tatsuya , believing that her capabilities will be important for 1st High future . Further questioning revealed that Sekimoto was operating against the Magic Thesis team under mind control by an adversary organization . At the convention , Juumonji elects to increase security and have all Joint Security Force members wear a bulletproof vest . The First High Magic Thesis team successfully delivers their presentation . Cardinal George congratulates Tatsuya backstage and claims that his school will defeat them . Before they can begin their presentation however , the convention center is attacked . 24 `` Yokohama Disturbance Part VI '' `` Yokohama Sōran - hen Shikkusu '' ( 横浜 騒乱 編 VI ) September 13 , 2014 The conventional joint defense forces engage the assaulting teams but are bogged down by slow progress with evacuating the students , but discover that the attack is being launched from an unidentified disguised ship anchored in the harbor . Armed assailants assault the main hall , but are easily countered by Tatsuya after he inspires the other students to fight back . Cardinal George confronts Tatsuya on using a top - secret technique used by STARS called Molecular Divider , but Tatsuya ignores him , saying that he does n't have time to explain himself . Asuza casts a charm to calm everyone in the hall , and the evacuation begins to an underground shelter via an emergency underground tunnel . Tatsuya 's group lead the counterattack against the main terrorist force attacking the convention center . Shizuku uses her family 's privilege to take the group to a VIP conference room so they can use the network to get a better idea on what 's going on outside , then meet with the rest of the First High student council members in the green room to discuss their next move . The group deciphers the enemy 's motive to be to raid the Magic Association 's main database . Just as the group decides to evacuate to the shelter with everyone else , Major Kazama and Fujibayashi arrive and dispatches new orders to Tatsuya , revealing to everyone 's great surprise that he is a JSDF special operative . Major Kazama tells everyone that this is confidential information , and his status must remain secret . Miyuki unlocks the seals on Tatsuya 's powers and sends him to answer the JSDF 's call to defend the city . 25 `` Yokohama Disturbance Part VII '' `` Yokohama Sōran - hen Sebun '' ( 横浜 騒乱 編 VII ) September 20 , 2014 Crimson Prince brutally kills the terrorists while his allies prepare a bus for their escape aboveground . Meanwhile , evacuation underground continues through the tunnels despite resistance , Mr. Tsuzura prevents a collapsed ceiling causes by Great Asian Alliance 's war machines . Mayumi and Shizuku call their fathers to send helicopters to evacuate the personnels who were unable to reach the bunker , and everyone is extracted . Tatsuya takes to the skies in the flight suit , which R&D had improved beyond his own design , and begins by destroying the attackers ' recon drones . The battle for the city continues , with notable First High members and Crimson Prince fighting back the attackers . In another group , while they were escaping , an ambush attack causes Kirihara 's leg to be blown off and Kei pierced by shrapnel while protecting their girlfriend . Miyuki arrives , eliminating the attackers and calls for Tatsuya , who uses his magic to restore both Kirihara and Kei before departing to support another area . 26 `` Yokohama Disturbance Part VIII '' `` Yokohama Sōran - hen Eito '' ( 横浜 騒乱 編 VIII ) September 27 , 2014 The episode starts with Tatsuya and other airborne comrades obliterating an enemy mechanized battalion . Some enemy soldiers recognize him as Mahesvara , a demon from 3 years ago who appears for revenge when his sister and mother was critically injured . Meanwhile , Jummonji leads the magicians from Magic Branch Association charasmatically , resulting in the enemy retreating . The Crimson Prince reaches the Chinatown of Zhou Gongjin and demands that he surrender the escapees , to which Zhou agrees and assures The Prince that he had also been victimized . The scene then moves to the Saegusa helicopter . The students in the helicopter are very curious about Tatsuya 's magic , which healed Kei and Kirihara 's wounds . Miyuki explains Tatsuya 's magic Regrowth , as well as its price : the user has to endure the same pain as the person healed , in a condensed form . Later , they defeat Lu Gong - Hu and his employer at the branch of Magic Association building . The battle proceeds with the airborne troops and the magicians led by Jummonji , sandwiching the enemy from 2 sides , successfully obliterating most of the enemies . Some manage to escape to the camouflaged ship , though . Later , Major Kazama authorizes Tatsuya to activate Strategic Class Magic , Material Burst , which converts mass into energy . Tatsuya uses Material Burst on the retreating Great Asian Alliance 's navy , completely annihilating them . Furthermore , he also casts Material Burst onto the Great Asian Alliance departing Navy battalions and their harbor using satellite view and ends the war before it even begin . The event is referred to as ' Scorched Halloween ' , the day where magic is recognized as the strongest weapon and magicians begin their era of glory and suffering . The episode ends , with Maya Yotsuba inviting Kazama and the Shiba siblings to visit her on the same day , while Tatsuya hugs Miyuki , on his return . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ As The Irregular at Magic High School aired in Tokyo MX 's E ! TV block on Saturdays , 24 : 30 ( Sundays , 00 : 30 a.m. JST ) , the premiere technically occurred on Sunday , April 6 , 2014 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The irregular at magic high school TV Anime Slated for April '' . Anime News Network . December 11 , 2013 . Retrieved August 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ アニメ 化 が 発表 され た 『 魔法 科 高校 の 劣等 生 』 の プロモーション 映像 が 到着 ! 動く 司 波 兄妹 を その 目 で 見よ ! ! ( in Japanese ) . dengekionline.com . Jump up ^ `` Irregular at Magic High School Anime 's Ad Streamed , More Cast Announced '' . Anime News Network . December 31 , 2013 . Retrieved August 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 『 魔法 科 高校 の 劣等 生 』 の 放送 スケジュール が 判明 ! さらに 新 キー ビジュアル も 公開 ( in Japanese ) . Dengeki Online . March 16 , 2014 . Retrieved March 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` On Air '' . アニメ 『 魔法 科 高校 の 劣等 生 』 ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2014 . Retrieved March 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Aniplex USA to Stream The irregular at Magic High School , Mushishi : The Next Chapter '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 22 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` LiSA to Perform Irregular at Magic High School Anime 's Opening Theme '' . Anime News Network . January 3 , 2014 . Retrieved January 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Irregular at Magic High School Anime 's New Ad Announces ELISA 's Ending Song '' . Anime News Network . February 1 , 2014 . Retrieved February 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` GARNiDELiA , Rei Yasuda Perform The irregular at magic high school 's New Songs '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved June 18 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Official anime website ( in Japanese ) Official anime website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Irregular_at_Magic_High_School_episodes&oldid=825914545 '' Categories : Lists of anime episodes Hidden categories : CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Articles with Japanese - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Edit links This page was last edited on 16 February 2018 , at 03 : 46 . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20The%20Irregular%20at%20Magic%20High%20School%20episodes
| 2,186 |
|
when did master p play for the toronto raptors
|
Percy had a contract with two different NBA teams in the late 1990s : the Charlotte Hornets during the 1998 pre-season , and the Toronto Raptors in 1999 pre-season . However , Miller would n't play for either team after the conclusions of each pre-season . He also played in the Continental Basketball Association ( CBA ) for the Fort Wayne Fury and the International Basketball League ( 1999 - 2001 ) for the San Diego Stingrays . In 2004 , he played for the ABA 's Las Vegas Rattlers and Long Beach Jam . He took part in the 2008 McDonald 's NBA All - Star Celebrity Game and scored 17 points .
|
1999 pre-season
|
Master P
|
master p
|
Percy Robert Miller , known by his stage name Master P or his business name P. Miller is an American rapper , actor , businessman , record producer , philanthropist , and former basketball player . He is the founder of the record label No Limit Records , which was relaunched as New No Limit Records through Universal Records and Koch Records , then again as Guttar Music Entertainment , and currently , No Limit Forever Records . He is the founder and CEO of P. Miller Enterprises and Better Black Television , which was a short - lived online television network .
|
Miller gained fame in the mid-1990s with the success of his hip hop music group TRU as well as his fifth solo rap album Ice Cream Man , which contained his first single `` Mr. Ice Cream Man '' . In 1997 , after the success of one of his biggest singles to date , `` Make ' Em Say Uhh ! '' , went double platinum , Miller grew further in popularity . Then Miller released his second platinum album Ghetto D. He starred in his own street film , mostly based on his life , I 'm Bout It . In 1998 , P. Miller released his most successful album to date , MP Da Last Don . The album was also based on a film that Miller produced , which came out earlier that year with the same name . The album hit number 1 on the Billboard Top 200 chart , selling over 400,000 copies in a week . The album was certified 4 × platinum , with over four million copies sold , making it Miller 's highest selling album . In 1999 , Miller released his eighth album , Only God Can Judge Me . It was not as successful as his previous album , though it reached a gold certification . Miller also starred in the movie I Got the Hook Up , with A.J. Johnson , and created the soundtrack of the same name . On November 28 , 2000 , he released his ninth album , Ghetto Postage , which sold 500,000 copies , but it did not compare to his earlier more successful releases . In the early 2000s , as No Limit Records popularity was slowly declining , so was Miller 's . Miller re-launched No Limit Records as New No Limit Records . In 2001 Miller released his tenth album titled Game Face . In 2003 , Miller starred in the film Lockdown . In 2004 , Miller released his eleventh album , Good Side , Bad Side ; it charted number 1 on the Billboard Independent Albums chart and sold 300,000 copies . The same year , Miller released his first independent album Living Legend : Certified D - Boy on his new label Guttar Music . In 2013 , Forbes estimated Miller 's net worth at nearly $350 million , which put him as the third - richest figure in hip hop at the time . On December 6 , 2013 , Miller released his thirteenth studio album The Gift on his newly founded label No Limit Forever Records . On November 27 , 2015 , Miller released his fourteenth album , titled Empire , from the Hood to Hollywood . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Music career 2.1 Early works 2.2 1995 -- 2000 : Return to New Orleans and mainstream success 2.3 2001 -- 2005 : The New No Limit 2.4 2005 -- 2007 : Guttar Music 2.5 2010 -- present : No Limit Forever and current works 3 Business career 3.1 Income 4 Other ventures 4.1 Film and television career 4.2 Basketball career 4.3 Writing 5 Controversy 5.1 `` Brick to a Million '' 6 Musical style 6.1 Rapping technique 7 Legacy 8 Accolades and honors 9 Personal life 9.1 Philanthropy 9.2 Family 9.3 Politics 10 Discography 10.1 Studio albums 11 Filmography 11.1 Films 11.2 Television 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Early life ( edit ) Percy Robert Miller was born and raised in New Orleans in the Calliope Projects . He is the oldest out of five children . He has one sister , Germaine , and three brothers : Kevin , and platinum - selling rap artists Corey `` C - Murder '' & Vyshonne `` Silkk The Shocker '' Miller . He attended Booker T. Washington High School & Warren Easton High School . Having played on the basketball team , Miller then attended the University of Houston on an athletic scholarship , but he dropped out months into his freshman year and transferred to Merritt College in Oakland , California to major in business administration . After the death of his grandfather , Miller inherited $10,000 as part of a malpractice settlement . Miller opened a record store in Richmond , California , called No Limit Records , which later became the foundation for his own record label of the same name . On February 15 , 1990 , Master P released the cassette tape Mind Of A Psychopath . His brother Kevin Miller was killed that same year in New Orleans . This increased the motivation of Master P to become a successful entrepreneur to change his life and save his family . Music career ( edit ) Early works ( edit ) On February 12 , 1991 , Master P released his debut studio album Get Away Clean which was quickly followed by his second album Mama 's Bad Boy , in April 1992 . Both albums were released through In - A-Minute Records . In 1993 , Master P released his first collaboration album with his group TRU titled Who 's da Killer ? Master P released his third studio album The Ghettos Tryin to Kill Me ! on March 18 , 1994 ; it was later re-released in 1997 as a limited edition under Priority . That same year Master P collaborated on the No Limit compilation albums West Coast Bad Boyz , Vol. 1 : Anotha Level of the Game & West Coast Bad Boyz : High fo Xmas . On June 6 , 1995 , Master P released his fourth studio album 99 Ways to Die . Master P and TRU released their third album True in 1995 , which was the group 's first major release after two independent albums . The album reached number 25 on the Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums and number 14 on the Top Heatseekers . The album was known for its first single and one of Master P 's best known songs `` I 'm Bout ' It , Bout It '' . He also worked on the compilation album , Down South Hustlers : Bouncin ' and Swingin ' during that year . 1995 -- 2000 : Return to New Orleans and mainstream success ( edit ) In 1995 , Master P moved from California back to New Orleans to relocate No Limit Records with a slew of new artists and in - house producers Beats By the Pound . On April 16 , 1996 , Master P released his fifth album Ice Cream Man . It contained the hit single Mr. Ice Cream Man , which accelerated Master P 's rise to fame . Later in 1996 , Master P returned with TRU to work on Tru 2 da Game , which would not be released until February 18 , 1997 . At that time TRU was reduced to a trio with just Master P alongside his brothers C - Murder and Silkk the Shocker . On September 2 , 1997 , Master P released his breakthrough album , Ghetto D . The first week sales of the album were the highest of any of Master P 's albums , selling over 761,000 copies , and it went on to go certified triple platinum . It contained the hit single `` Make ' Em Say Uhh ! '' , Master P 's highest charting single to date . The song earned him an MTV Video Music Award nomination the following year for `` Best Rap Video '' , but lost to Will Smith 's `` Gettin ' Jiggy Wit It '' . On June 2 , 1998 , P. Miller released his seventh and best - selling album to date MP Da Last Don . Master P released a film of the same name earlier that year . The album debuted at number 1 on the Billboard Top 200 charts selling over 400,000 copies in its first week , and went on to sell over four million copies . On October 26 , 1999 Master P. Miller released his eighth studio album Only God Can Judge Me , which contained his single `` Step To Dis '' . The album went certified gold , selling over 500,000 copies . In 1999 , Master P & TRU released their fifth studio album Da Crime Family . On November 28 , 2000 , he released his ninth studio album Ghetto Postage which contained his hit singles `` Bout Dat '' and `` Souljas '' . Also in 2000 , Master P and his new group 504 Boyz released their debut album Goodfellas , which peaked at number 1 on the Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums and contained their hit single , `` Wobble Wobble '' . 2001 -- 2005 : the New No Limit ( edit ) On December 18 , 2001 , Master P released his tenth studio album Game Face , the first Master P album released on The New No Limit , which had a partnership with Universal Records . In 2002 , The 504 Boyz released their second album Ballers . Both albums charted high on the Hip - Hop charts , but shortly after , No Limit began to decline in popularity . Record sales as well as roster changes and lawsuits caused No Limit Records to file for bankruptcy on December 17 , 2003 . Master P 's eleventh album , titled Good Side , Bad Side , was released on March 23 , 2004 through Koch Records , debuting at number 1 on the Billboard Independent Albums chart . Master P and TRU released their last album The Truth in 2005 followed by Master P 's twelfth studio album Ghetto Bill Vol. 1 . 2005 -- 2007 : Guttar music ( edit ) In 2005 , Master P and his son Romeo Miller formed the independent label Guttar Music . On November 29 , 2005 , P. Miller released his first independent album Living Legend : Certified D - Boy on Guttar Music . Master P and 504 Boyz also released their last album titled Hurricane Katrina : We Gon Bounce Back that year , and it was dedicated to the victims of Hurricane Katrina . In April , 2006 , Master P released a compilation album America 's Most Luved Bad Guy . In 2007 , Master P released a collaboration album with Romeo titled Hip Hop History that sold 32,000 copies worldwide . 2010 -- present : No Limit Forever and current works ( edit ) On December 6 , 2010 , it was announced that Master P was going on a new tour with his brother Silkk The Shocker and his son Romeo titled No Limit Forever International . On February 8 , 2011 , Master P was featured on rapper Gucci Mane 's track titled `` Brinks '' . It was his first recorded song in over four years . In early 2012 , Master P started to re brand his label with fresh new talent from the streets , including Graphic Designer @ Hitmayne4Hire / HITGPX to revision the tanks look and bring back that `` NO LIMIT '' look with modern style to all future projects and promotions . On 10 August 2012 , he performed at Detroit , MI rap duo Insane Clown Posse 's 12th Annual `` Gathering of the Juggalos '' concert . On November 16 , 2011 Master P released his first mixtape and first solo project in over 6 years , titled TMZ ( Too Many Zeros ) . On August 2 , 2012 it was announced that Master P was working on his thirteenth studio album Boss Of All Bosses . On September 17 , 2012 Master P released snippet of an upcoming single titled `` Friends With Benefits '' featuring Houston rapper / singer Kirko Bangz . On January 16 , 2013 , Master P released his second official mixtape titled Al Capone as promotion for his Boss Of All Bosses album . Then on February 12 , 2013 Master P released his first collaboration mixtape titled New World Order with his new group , Louie V. Mob , which includes himself , Atlanta rapper Alley Boy , and Washington , DC rapper Fat Trel . On August 6 , 2013 , Master P released his third official mixtape titled Famous Again as promotion for his Boss Of All Bosses album , it featured appearances from Rome , Silkk The Shocker , Dee - 1 , Young Louie , Play Beezy , Gangsta , Howie T , Clyde Carson , Game , Chief Keef , Fat Trel , Alley Boy , Problem , Wiz Khalifa , Tyga , and Chris Brown , as well as production from 1500 & Nothin , Young Bugatti , Stiv Schneider , The Composer , and JB . On December 6 , 2013 , Master P released his thirteenth album titled The Gift . On January 23 , 2014 , it was announced that The Gift would be re-released on February 21 , 2014 , as a Video album with a music video for every song , and that it would be titled The Platinum Gift . On February 6 , 2014 , it was announced that Master P was working on two new albums , Ice Cream Man 2 , which is a sequel to his critically acclaimed debut major label album Ice Cream Man , and Boss Of All Bosses . On February 28 , 2014 Miller released his fourth mixtape The Gift Vol. 1 : Return of The Ice Cream Man . On January 5 , 2015 Master P released his second collaboration mixtape titled We All We Got with his new group Money Mafia , which includes himself , his son Maserati Rome , Ace B , Young Junne , Eastwood , Gangsta , Play Beezy , Calliope Popeye , Flight Boy , and No Limit Forever in - house producer Blaq N Mild . The mixtape would also include a surprise feature from fellow well - known New Orleans rapper Lil Wayne , on the track `` Power '' . On February 9 , 2015 Master P released his third collaboration mixtape titled # CP3 with his No Limit Forever artist and fellow New Orleans rapper Ace B. On April 20 , 2015 Master P released his fourth collaboration mixtape titled Hustlin with his group Money Mafia . On June 4 , 2015 it was announced that Master P 's newest group Money Mafia would be releasing their debut album in 2015 titled Rarri Boys . On June 8 , 2015 Master P along with Money Mafia would release their first single from Rarri Boys titled `` Bonita '' . On July 16 , 2015 Master P released his fifth collaboration mixtape titled The Luciano Family with his group Money Mafia . On October 7 , 2015 Master P would reveal the cover art 's & announced that there would be three sequel album installments to his critically acclaimed debut major label album Ice Cream Man titled Ice Cream Man 2 : The Streets , Ice Cream Man 3 : The Hustle , Ice Cream Man 4 : The Lifestyle that will be released all on the same day . On October 13 , 2015 Master P would reveal & announced the cover art , release date & track list to his upcoming new album titled Empire that will be released on November 28 , 2015 . On November 27 , 2015 Master P would release his fourteenth album titled Empire , from the Hood to Hollywood it would feature guest appearance 's from Krazy , Lil Wayne , Maserati Rome , Money Mafia , Ace B , BlaqNmilD , Fame - O & Luccianos , it would be released via his label No Limit Forever Records & Globy House Records . On February 23 , 2016 Master P would release a new single titled `` Funeral '' it would feature his new group No Limit Boys members Ace B & Angelo Nano . On March 2 , 2016 Master P would release a new single titled `` Middle Finga '' . On March 16 , 2016 Miller released his fifth mixtape titled Middle Finga . On March 18 , 2016 during an interview Master P would announce he was working on a new album titled The Grind Do n't Stop with his new group No Limit Boys & he would also announce his new tour titled the Pop - Up Tour . On March 28 , 2016 it was announced that Master P 's newest group No Limit Boys formerly Money Mafia would be releasing their debut album in 2016 titled No Limit Boys . On August 21 , 2016 , Master P released his sixth official mixtape titled The G Mixtape , it featured appearances from 2 Chainz , A $ AP Ferg , E-40 , The Game , Gucci Mane , Jeremih , Lil Wayne , Nipsey Hussle , No Limit Boys , Rick Ross , Usher , Travis Scott & Yo Gotti . On October 27 , 2016 , Master P released his seventh official mixtape titled Louisiana Hot Sauce , it featured appearances from fellow No Limit Forever artist Ace B , Angelo Nano , Cymphonique , Gangsta , J Slugg , Lambo , Moe Roy , Play Beezy , Romeo & Young Vee . On January 6 , 2017 Master P released his sixth collaboration mixtape titled We All We Got with his group No Limit Boys . Business career ( edit ) Aside from being a rapper , Master P has also enjoyed a successful career as an entrepreneur and investor . After the death of his grandfather , Miller inherited $10,000 as part of a malpractice settlement and opened a record store in Richmond , California called No Limit Records , which later became the foundation for his own record label of the same name . He has since parlayed his $10,000 initial seed capital investment into a $250 million business empire spanning a wide variety of industries . As a businessman , Miller was known for his frugality and keeping business expenses down and profit margins high . His shrewd business acumen allowed Miller to take his profits from one venture to bankroll the next venture . Miller was one of the first rappers to notice and take advantage of the retail potential of the music industry . As an investor , Master P was one of the first rappers to build a business and financial empire by investing in a wide range of business and investment ventures from a variety of industries . He has since invested the millions of dollars he made from his No Limit record company into a travel agency , a Foot Locker retail outlet , real estate , stocks , film , music , and television production , toy making , a phone sex company , clothing , telecommunications , a jewellery line , auto accessories , book and magazine publishing , car rims , fast food franchises , and gas stations . His sports management agency No Limit Communications , a joint venture with marketing guru Djuan Edgerton , was a success . His conglomerate company , No Limit Enterprises became a financial powerhouse . His real estate investment and property management company , the New Orleans - based PM Properties controls over 100 properties across the United States . According to Black Enterprise magazine , No Limit Enterprises grossed $110 million in revenue in 1998 alone . This level of success inspired other rappers to branch out into other business ventures and investments . Miller also has his own line of beverages , called `` Make ' Em Say Ughh ! '' energy drinks . Miller has also made a foray into mass media , where he founded Better Black Television , a cable television network in November 2010 based in New Orleans , making him the first rapper to establish a cable television network . Rappers had historically focused more on the artistic and glamorous side of hip hop music while paying very little attention to the business , investment and financial aspects . All that changed in 1996 when Master P signed a music distribution deal with Priority Records , one where No Limit Records would retain 100 % ownership of their master recordings and keep 85 % of their record 's sales while giving Priority 15 % in return for pressing and distribution which allows No Limit to profit from future sales such as catalogs and reissues . Master P went on to make hundreds of millions of dollars from this deal . Additionally , Master P invented many innovative marketing techniques . According to Wendy Day , CEO of the Rap Coalition , `` Master P had a whole marketing movement . He was the first person to market the way a corporate entity like IBM would market to their clientele . '' Whereas the traditional model for marketing records was to spend millions of dollars on expensive videos and air play , Miller did n't have such a luxury . As an independent artist , Miller had to find a way to sell , market and build platinum record selling demand on a limited recording budget . He was known for keeping upfront business expenses down and profit margins high . He began selling tapes out the trunk of his car in every city and town in America where there was potential demand for his music . He gave out free samples to people with expensive cars and had them playing his music throughout their neighborhoods . This street level guerrilla marketing technique set the foundation to build a larger fanbase for the future . After signing his deal with Priority , Miller began a high volume business model of cranking out as many records as possible , as frequently as possible . He branded all his albums , so that the No Limit brand became more important than the actual artist 's name . Miller cross-promoted all his artists and albums inside the album covers . He also used pen and pixel graphics and Mafia - inspired themes to make his albums stand out using Photoshop . He offered 20 songs per album , whereas most albums offered 15 or less , as Miller learned that customers wanted more for their money . He turned his artists into Marvel comic book - like characters rather than just rappers . He made sure his artists were number one on SoundScan every time they released an album , to build the perception of popularity . He used inexpensive videos to promote his artists and he cross-promoted albums using films and vice versa and tied them altogether as a package . Brand image and identity became more important than just music quality . Miller 's record labels have sold 75 million records as a result of his innovative marketing and branding strategies . As founder and CEO of No Limit Entertainment , Miller at one time presided over a business empire that included his conglomerate No Limit Enterprises , No Limit Records , Bout It Inc. , No Limit Clothing , No Limit Communications , No Limit Films , No Limit Sports Management , P.M. Properties , and Advantage Travel . Miller represented former NFL running back Ricky Williams when he was drafted by the New Orleans Saints , however the deal was rated the worst contract for a player in NFL History by ESPN . Miller also manages the music , film , and television career of his son , rap star Romeo Miller , as well as pop star Forrest Lipton and Atlanta rapper Gucci Mane . Miller was also the executive television producer for his teenage daughter Cymphonique 's Nickelodeon Show , How To Rock , and the co-creator Romeo ! , the hit Nickelodeon television show that stars his son . Income ( edit ) In 1998 , Miller ranked 10th on Forbes magazine 's list of America 's 40 highest paid entertainers , with an estimated income of $56.5 million . In 2009 , he earned more than $661 million , making him the highest paid hip hop entertainer in the world at the time . In 2013 , Miller 's wealth is estimated to be $350 million , making him one of the wealthiest figures on the American hip hop scene . Other ventures ( edit ) Film and television career ( edit ) Since 1997 , Master P has been in numerous feature and straight to DVD films , and in television shows . His filmography includes Uncle P , Uncle Willy 's Family , Soccer Mom , Gone in 60 Seconds , Toxic , Foolish , and I Got the Hook Up . In 1999 , he had a small run in World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) , where he led a professional wrestling stable called The No Limit Soldiers in a feud with Curt Hennig 's The West Texas Rednecks . Master P also starred in Romeo ! alongside his son Romeo Miller on the children 's network Nickelodeon from 2003 to 2006 . He was also a contestant on Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. season 2 ) , replacing Romeo who dropped out due to an injury . He partnered with Ashly DelGrosso and received a total score of 8 out of 30 for his pasodoble , the lowest score in the show 's history . He was eliminated on Week 4 . In 2008 , Miller has also made history as the first hip - hop entrepreneur to own a cable television network , Better Black Television ( or BBTV011 , which was meant to promote positive messages and content to the African American culture ) . The network was launched in 2009 . Executives include Denzel Washington , Derek Anderson of the Charlotte Bobcats , DJ Kool Herc , and Bo Derek . As part of the BBTV project , Miller and Romeo teamed up to develop a children 's cartoon titled ' Gee Gee The Giraffe . The show is true to the duo 's mission to produce positive , educational , and entertaining content for African - American children . Animation has been employed by the Millers on prior occasions such as their February 2008 cartoon version of their music video for the song `` Black History . '' As reported in March 2011 , Miller planned to star in a new film with his protégé Gucci Mane , titled Get Money . The film , set for release through No Limit , would be based on Miller 's book of the same name . On June 10 , 2015 , it was announced that Master P and his family , would be starring in their own reality show titled Master P 's Family Empire . It is scheduled to be aired on Reelz sometime in November . Basketball career ( edit ) Percy had a contract with two different NBA teams in the late 1990s : the Charlotte Hornets during the 1998 pre-season , and the Toronto Raptors in 1999 pre-season . However , Miller would n't play for either team after the conclusions of each pre-season . He also played in the Continental Basketball Association ( CBA ) for the Fort Wayne Fury and the International Basketball League ( 1999 - 2001 ) for the San Diego Stingrays . In 2004 , he played for the ABA 's Las Vegas Rattlers and Long Beach Jam . He took part in the 2008 McDonald 's NBA All - Star Celebrity Game and scored 17 points . In 2017 , Miller began a new basketball league called Global Mixed Gender Basketball ( GMGB ) , with him also owning the New Orleans Gators franchise for the newly developed league . The new league is the first professional basketball league to promote unified play between men and women . Well known names involved with the league 's inaugural season include male stars Metta World Peace , Carlos Boozer , and Caron Butler , as well as female star basketball players like Brittney Griner , Cappie Pondexter , and Angel McCoughtry , with Lisa Leslie coaching the Gators . The league debuted on September 23 the same year with a match in Las Vegas , Nevada at the Cox Pavilion between the Gators and the Atlanta Heirs . Alongside those two teams , the league currently has seven teams ready for establishment . Writing ( edit ) On September 1 , 2007 , Miller released his first book , titled Guaranteed Success . Controversy ( edit ) `` Brick to a million '' ( edit ) On Master P 's track `` Brick to a Million '' , with Fat Trel and Alley Boy , Master P rapped lyrics that many interpreted as a diss to Kanye West and Lil Wayne . On the song , he raps , `` New hittas wearing dresses , f it , I ai n't scared to address it , Gangstas on skateboards , I 'm at the house breaking headboards , Real stand up . '' During an interview with Power 106 's Big Boy 's Neighborhood , Master P cleared up misconceptions about the lyrics , stating that he was not addressing those rappers in particular but was instead talking about a radio station employee who told him he was finished . `` Even that , that ai n't a diss . I never made a diss record . Like I said , a lot of people , if you feel salty behind that , then I could say if the shoe fit well , I 'm not afraid to address it , '' he said . `` I just feel like in Hip Hop , we 've got to stick to whether we 're going to be real or we not . Like I said , I 'm just addressing what I see . To be honest with you , that particular song was n't about nobody in Hip Hop but I think people taking it like that . This was one of these guys that worked at the radio station and did n't believe in me and told me it was over for me . He ridin ' up on a skateboard and got a little mini-skirt on . This a new dude into the business , and he telling me it 's over for me . '' Master P , who was rumored to have issues with Cash Money Records back in the day , said that if the rappers took offense to the song , they might want to rethink their choices . But he insists that he has no beef with either of them . `` If you feel guilty about something , then that 's something you need to address about with yourself , '' he said . `` Y'all got ta realize , we really from the streets . If there really was a feud , there would have been a problem . But I got love for Baby and them , Lil Wayne . They come from where I come from . It 's always been a competition . Everybody want to be the best . '' Musical style ( edit ) Rapping technique ( edit ) Miller has been known for his deep - toned , aggressive enunciation and his story - telling rhymes focusing on poverty , social injustice , drugs and drug dealing , police brutality , and hope . Miller is also known for his catchy melody hooks . Miller is also known for carrying a theme for each of his albums and his unique musical ability to connect with his audience . Legacy ( edit ) Miller has been known for not only his music but mostly for his business acumen , due to creating and branding his highly successful independent record label No Limit Records , as well as his other business ventures . Miller is held in high esteem by other rappers as well . During an interview after meeting Miller , Atlanta rapper 2 Chainz stated , `` This is my first time meeting ( him ) . I just want to let him know how he influenced the whole South in Hip - Hop . '' 2 Chainz went on , `` We used to argue people like they ai n't understand why we appreciated Master P and his music . It was more than that . I felt like it was his grind , his hustle . He actually put music out like every week . I even heard stories about some of the songs never even being mixed before . It was just about giving the fans what they needed . And he the reason why a lot of us are here , including myself . '' . Accolades and Honors ( edit ) In 1999 , Master P won the award for `` Favorite Rap / Hip - Hop Artist '' at the American Music Awards . In 2005 Miller was ranked at number 36 by VH1 in their list of 50 Greatest Hip Hop Artists . On September 29 , 2008 Miller 's single `` Make Em Say Ugh '' would be ranked at number 94 by VH1 in their list of 100 Greatest Hip - Hop Songs . BET named Miller number 28 in ' The Most Influential Rappers of All Time ' . BET would also list Miller as one of ' The 25 Influential Black Music Execs ' . In November , 2011 Miller 's son Romeo Miller would perform at the 2010 Hip Hop Honors , along with his brother Valentino Miller , his cousins Lil ' D and Black Don , and his uncle Silkk The Shocker , as well as Trina , Gucci Mane , and Mystikal to honor Master P and No Limit Records . On December 11 , 2012 , DJ 5150 and DJ Hektik released a tribute mixtape to Master P titled Uptown Veteran . On July 10 , 2013 , Miller was inducted into the Louisiana Music Hall of Fame , making him the first hip hop artist to be inducted . On January 20 , 2015 , Montreal R&B / Hip Hop artist Xav released a song with Master P called `` Bout It Bout It '' , from his upcoming Zeeky EP , paying homage to Master P 's 1995 international hit . The music video , which also features Master P , premiered on Vibe.com the same day . On June 9 , 2016 , fellow well known American artist Usher would release a new single titled `` No Limit '' , from his album Hard II Love , the song would reference & pay homage to Master P 's 1998 international hit `` Make ' Em Say Uhh ! '' & Master P 's No Limit Records release Ghetto D , Master P would also be featured on the official remix of the song titled `` No Limit ( G - Mix ) '' with 2 Chainz , A $ AP Ferg , Gucci Mane & Travis Scott . Personal life ( edit ) Philanthropy ( edit ) Miller has dedicated his time to communities through P. Miller Youth Centers and his P. Miller Food Foundation for the Homeless . On July 12 , 2005 , Willie W. Herenton Jr , the mayor of Memphis , Tennessee presented Miller with the key to the city . On April 27 , 2010 Miller along with his son Romeo was awarded the Certificate of Special Recognition , from Congress member Maxine Waters . In November 2016 Robert Pack and Percy Miller ( Master P ) formed Team H.O.P.E. NOLA , an acronym for `` Helping Our Players Excel . '' The players are 20 at - risk males ages 12 -- 15 chosen from schools in New Orleans that selected the participants for coaching on practical life matters . Family ( edit ) In 1989 he married Sonya with whom he has seven children , including Percy Romeo Miller , Jr . , Valentino Miller . They divorced in 2014 . Rappers Silkk the Shocker and C - Murder are his brothers . Producer , singer and rapper Mo B. Dick is his cousin . Politics ( edit ) In late 2007 , Miller got actively involved in politics , whereby he supported and encouraged voter participation . Miller was an early supporter for the candidacy of Illinois senator and subsequent U.S. president Barack Obama . On December 30 , 2010 it was announced that Miller and his son Romeo would attend and host an event with Michelle Obama for Anti-Obesity . Discography ( edit ) Main article : Master P discography See also : 504 Boyz discography and TRU discography Studio albums ( edit ) Get Away Clean ( 1991 ) Mama 's Bad Boy ( 1992 ) The Ghettos Tryin to Kill Me ! ( 1994 ) 99 Ways to Die ( 1995 ) Ice Cream Man ( 1996 ) Ghetto D ( 1997 ) MP da Last Don ( 1998 ) Only God Can Judge Me ( 1999 ) Ghetto Postage ( 2000 ) Game Face ( 2001 ) Good Side , Bad Side ( 2004 ) Ghetto Bill ( 2005 ) Living Legend : Certified D - Boy ( 2005 ) The Gift ( 2013 ) Empire , from the Hood to Hollywood ( 2015 ) Intelligent Hoodlum ( 2017 ) Filmography ( edit ) Films ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes I 'm Bout It Perry McKnight Main role 1998 MP Da Last Don Nino Main role I Got the Hook Up Black Main role The Players Club Guy Supporting Role 1999 Hot Boyz Moe Supporting role Foolish Quentin `` Fifty Dollah '' Waise Main role No Tomorrow Maker Main role 2000 Track Down Brad Supporting role Gone in 60 Seconds Johnnie B . Cameo Lockdown Clean Up Main role 2002 Undisputed Gat Boyz Rapper 1 Cameo 2003 Dark Blue Maniac Supporting role Death of a Dynasty Himself Main role Hollywood Homicide Julius Armas Supporting role Scary Movie 3 Himself Cameo Uncle P Uncle P Main role Still Bout It Perry McKnight Main role 2006 Repos Tee Main role 2007 Toxic Angel Supporting role 2007 Paroled Big Al Main Role 2007 Black Supaman Bernard Jr . Main Role 2008 Internet Dating Trey Supporting role 2008 Soccer Mom Wally Main role 2011 Knock Knock Killer Pimp P Supporting role 2016 The Ice Cream Man : King of the South Master P Main role TBA Repos 2 Tee Main role Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1999 Linc 's Himself Lovers and Other Traitors 1999 Malcolm & Eddie Mister O 1 episode , season 3 episode 17 `` Bad Fellas '' 2000 Louis Theroux 's Weird Weekends As himself 1 episode , series 3 episode 6 `` Gangsta Rap '' 2000 Moesha Patience 4 Episodes 2000 Roseanne Himself 2001 Dark Angel Duvailer 1 episode , season 1 episode 10 `` Art Attack '' 2001 The Hughleys Himself I 'm Dreaming of a Slight Christmas 2001 Oz Curtis Bennett 1 episode , season 4 episode 14 `` Orpheus Descending '' 2002 MADtv Himself Season 7 : Episode 19 2002 Girlfriends Himself X Does Not Mark The Spot 2003 Doggy Fizzle Televizzle Himself Season 1 : Episode 5 2003 -- 2006 Romeo ! Percy Miller Main role CSI : NY Kevin Vick 1 episode , season 1 episode 4 `` Grand Master '' 2006 Dancing with the Stars : Season 2 Contestant Competed after his son Romeo was unable to compete due to an injury 2009 Robot Chicken Nicks Friend President Evil 2009 No Excuses As himself 1 episode 2015 -- present Master P 's Family Empire As himself 2016 -- present Growing Up Hip Hop As himself See also ( edit ) Universal Music Group GoDigital Media Group References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Brian Warner ( 18 March 2013 ) . `` How Master P Turned $10,000 Into A $250 Million Business Empire '' . Celebrity Net Worth . Jump up ^ Golianopoulos , Thomas ( 6 August 2016 ) . `` The Missed Shot That Was Master P 's NBA Career '' . Complex . Retrieved 13 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` Master P Biography '' . allmusic.com . Retrieved August 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Master P '' . biography.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved August 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` WATCH THE GATHERING OF THE JUGGALOS ALL WEEKEND ON PSYCHOPATHICLIVE.COM ! '' . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ Master P -- TMZ ( Too Many Zeros ) Hosted By DJ Greg Street & No Limit Records . Livemixtapes.com . Retrieved on 2013 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Master P `` The Godfather '' Album ( coming soon ) TruTankSoldiers.com -- No Limit Forever Records . TruTankSoldiers.com ( 2012 - 08 - 02 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Master P feat . Kirko Bangz Friends with Benifits TruTankSoldiers.com -- No Limit Forever Records . TruTankSoldiers.com ( 2012 - 09 - 17 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ BREAKING HEAT : @ MasterPMiller Ft . @ KirkoBangz `` Freinds With Benifits '' . AllHipHop.com ( 2012 - 09 - 17 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Master P Songs -- Friends With Benefits ( Full Version . HotNewHipHop ( 2012 - 09 - 23 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Master P feat . Kirko Bangz `` Friends With Benefits '' ( Radio ) on YouTube ( 2012 - 09 - 17 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Master P on Kobe Bryant , `` Family Empire '' , And More ! ( Full Interview ) -- BigBoyTV `` . TruTankSoldiers . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Master P -- Al Capone '' . LiveMixtapes . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Master P -- Al Capone Hosted by No Limit '' . DatPiff . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Eastwood -- Revelations / Block Sheep Mixtape Intro ( Video ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Louie V Mob -- New World Order '' . LiveMixtapes . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Louie V Mob -- New World Order Hosted by No Limit '' . DatPiff . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Master P -- Famous Again '' . LiveMixtapes . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Master P -- Famous Again Hosted by No Limit Forever '' . DatPiff . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . Jump up ^ HipHopDX ( 6 August 2013 ) . `` Master P `` Famous Again '' Cover Art , Tracklist , Download & Mixtape Stream `` . HipHopDX . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Master P Offering $10,000 To A Lucky Fan Who Buys His Album ' The Gift ' -- XXL '' . XXL . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . Jump up ^ on 12 January 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 12 ) . `` MUSIC : Master P Makes History with the First Hip Hop Visual Album TruTankSoldiers.com -- No Limit Forever Records '' . TruTankSoldiers.com . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ on 23 January 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 23 ) . `` VIDEO : Master P `` Lonely Road '' Official Music Video -- New Video Album Drops Feb 21st 2014 TruTankSoldiers.com - No Limit Forever Records `` . TruTankSoldiers.com . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ on 06 February 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 06 ) . `` Master P Announces 10K Gift Album Golden Ticket Winner , Plus New Video Album and Mixtape @ masterpmiller TruTankSoldiers.com -- No Limit Forever Records '' . TruTankSoldiers.com . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Master P -- The Gift : Return Of The Ice Cream Man Hosted by DJ Swamp Izzo '' . DatPiff . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Philip Cheek . `` Master P -- The Gift ( Return Of The Ice Cream Man ) '' . HotNewHipHop . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Master P -- The Gift ( Return Of The Ice Cream Man ) '' . LiveMixtapes . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Money Mafia -- We All We Got Hosted by No Limit Forever '' . DatPiff . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Rose Lilah . `` Money Mafia -- We All We Got '' . HotNewHipHop . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Money Mafia -- We All We Got '' . LiveMixtapes . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lil Wayne And Master P Are After ' Power ' On Gritty New Collaboration -- MTV '' . MTV News . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Rose Lilah . `` Master P & Ace B -- CP3 '' . HotNewHipHop . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Master P & Ace B -- # CP3 '' . LiveMixtapes . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Master P -- Hustlin Hosted by Dj BlaqNmild '' . DatPiff . Jump up ^ Patrick Lyons ( 20 April 2015 ) . `` Money Mafia -- Hustlin -- Download & Listen ( New Mixtape ) '' . HotNewHipHop . Jump up ^ `` Master P & Money Mafia -- Hustlin '' . LiveMixtapes . Jump up ^ `` Money Mafia -- No Limit Forever -- Summer 2015 Trailer '' . moneymafiamob.com . Archived from the original on 2015 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Bonita -- Money Mafia ( Download Now ) & Official Video Trailer '' . moneymafiamob.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ Master P ft . Money Mafia -- `` Bonita '' . YouTube . 16 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Master P & Money Mafia -- The Luciano Family Hosted by DJ BlaqNmilD '' . DatPiff . Jump up ^ `` Money Mafia & Master P -- The Luciano Family '' . LiveMixtapes . Jump up ^ `` '' Luciano Family '' Mixtape `` . SoundCloud . Jump up ^ `` Plugged '' ( news ) Master P announces New 3 Album `` ICE CREAM MAN '' Trilogy , Cover Art Leak and Much More . ) `` . pluggedentertainmentmagazine.com . Jump up ^ Allhiphop . `` AllHipHop.com : Hip - Hop News , Rumors , Music & Videos '' EXCLUSIVE : Master P Reveals Release Date , Tracklist & Cover Art For ' Empire ' Album `` . AllHipHop.com : Hip - Hop News , Rumors , Music & Videos . Jump up ^ `` Master P to release new album , # Empire , on the same day as reality show premiere '' . Hip Hop Vibe . Jump up ^ Trevor Smith ( 13 October 2015 ) . `` Master P Reveals `` Empire '' Artwork , Tracklist & Release Date `` . HotNewHipHop . Jump up ^ `` Plugged '' Master P Kicks off New TV show Premier with a New `` Master P -- EMPIRE ALBUM '' Nov 28Th 2015 `` . pluggedentertainmentmagazine.com . Jump up ^ `` Empire , from the Hood to Hollywood '' . iTunes . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Empire from the Hood to Hollywood : Master P : MP3 Downloads '' . Jump up ^ `` Master P : Empire from the Hood to Hollywood -- Music on Google Play '' . Jump up ^ `` Funeral ( feat . No Limit Boys , Ace B & Angelo Nano ) -- Single by Master P on Apple Music '' . Jump up ^ `` Funeral ( feat . No Limit Boys , Ace B & Angelo Nano ) -- Single by Master P on Apple Music '' . Jump up ^ `` Middle Finga ( feat . No Limit Boys ) -- Single by Master P on Apple Music '' . Jump up ^ `` Middle Finga ( feat . No Limit Boys ) -- Single by Master P on Apple Music '' . Jump up ^ `` Master P -- Middle Finga Hosted by EsCo '' . Jump up ^ http://hiphopdx.com , HipHopDX - . `` Master P Making `` History Twice '' With `` Pop - Up Tour '' `` . Jump up ^ http://hiphopdx.com , HipHopDX -. `` 17 Things You Need To Know About Master P & No Limit Boys '' . Jump up ^ `` Master P -- The G Mixtape '' . Jump up ^ `` Master P -- The G Mixtape -- Download & Listen ( New Mixtape ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Master P -- The G Mixtape -- NoDJ '' . Jump up ^ `` The G Mixtape by Master P on Apple Music '' . Jump up ^ `` The G Mixtape '' -- via Amazon . Jump up ^ `` Master P -- Louisiana Hot Sauce Hosted by No Limit Forever '' . Jump up ^ `` Master P -- Louisiana Hot Sauce -- No Limit Forever '' . Jump up ^ `` MASTER P & Various Artists -- We All We Got Hosted by No Limit Records '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Master P '' . Black Enterprise . December 1999 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Master P '' . Encyclopedia . Retrieved 18 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Emmett George Price . Hip Hop Culture . p. 70 . Jump up ^ Antonio J. Newell ( February 13 , 2016 ) . `` How Is Master P 's Net Worth Still Ranked As One Of Rap 's Top 5 Highest Paid ? '' . Inquisitr . Retrieved 18 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jay - Z And Master P : A Tale Of Two Empires '' . Bamm.tv . Retrieved 18 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : NEIL STRAUSS ( May 13 , 1998 ) . `` How a Gangsta Rapper Turns Entrepreneur ; At 28 , Master P Has Created One Of the Biggest Independent Labels '' . New York Times . Retrieved 9 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kyle Harvey ( April 24 , 2014 ) . `` Master P 's wife reportedly wants $67 million in divorce case '' . MSNBC . Retrieved 28 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Better Black Television '' . Marketwatch. 2008 . Archived from the original on 9 September 2013 . Retrieved 9 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Master P -- Biography '' . Biography.com . Retrieved 9 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Thomas Neumann ( February 19 , 2009 ) . `` The worst contracts in NFL history '' . ESPN . Jump up ^ Chris Richburg ( November 20 , 2006 ) . `` Master P Hits Wall Street With New Book ' Guaranteed Success ' '' . Allhiphop . Retrieved 28 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Master P Net Worth : How Much Does He Make ? -- The Urban Daily '' . The Urban Daily . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Master P Net Worth '' . TheRichest . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SOHH.com -- Diddy , Jay - Z & Master P Top `` 20 Richest Rappers Alive Today '' List -- For The Best In Hip - Hop / Urban News -- SOHH.com `` . For The Best In Hip - Hop / Urban News -- SOHH.com. 12 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Master P 's Family Empire ' Coming To Reelz Network -- Vibe '' . Vibe . Jump up ^ Rosen , Craig ( 1999 - 01 - 29 ) `` Master P : Takes ' A Long , Long , Long Shot ' At The NBA '' . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 01 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) . music.yahoo.com Jump up ^ Rosen , Craig ( 1999 - 09 - 16 ) `` Master P : The Rapper Becomes a Raptor '' . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 01 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) . music.yahoo.com Jump up ^ `` New Orleans Stars Win 2008 Celebrity Game '' . Nba.com. 2008 - 02 - 16 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ http://www.globalmixedgenderbasketball.com Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/Guaranteed-Success-Percy-Master-Miller/dp/1601621132 Jump up ^ `` Master P Clarifies Alleged Kanye West & Lil Wayne Diss Track '' . Hiphopdx . Feb 5 , 2013 . Retrieved 14 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 03 - 15 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Jason Birchmeier . `` Ice Cream Man -- Master P -- Songs , Reviews , Credits , Awards -- AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Master P '' . Archived from the original on 2 October 2007 . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` How a Gangsta Rapper Turns Entrepreneur ; At 28 , Master P Has Created One Of the Biggest Independent Labels '' . The New York Times . 13 May 1998 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Birthday , Master P ! '' . XXL . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Master P : The Forgotten Hip Hop Mogul '' . Hip Hop Vibe . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : 2 Chainz Has A Fan Moment With Master P at 2013 BET Awards '' . Vibe . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ep. 068 -- 50 Greatest Hip Hop Artists ( 50 - 1 ) ( 2 Hours ) -- The Greatest -- Episode Summary , Highlights , and Recaps -- VH1.com '' . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` VH1 's 100 Greatest Hip - Hop Songs '' . Stereogum . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.bet.com/music/photos/2011/09/50-most-influential-rappers.photo2.html#!090611-music-most-influential-rappers-master-p Jump up ^ `` 25 Influential Black Music Execs '' . BET.com. 3 June 2013 . Archived from the original on 30 January 2015 . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` '' 2010 : Hip Hop Honors Tribute Performance : Master P '' Show Clip `` . VH1 . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2012 . Retrieved November 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mixtape Release Dates : Papoose , Master P , Red Cafe , Birdman '' . HipHop DX . Retrieved 3 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Master P Becomes First Rapper Inducted Into The Louisiana Music Hall of Fame '' . XXL . Jump up ^ `` Premiere : XAV Feat . Master P ' Bout It Bout It ' ( Video ) '' . Vibe . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Video Premiere : XAV -- Bout It Bout It ( Feat . Master P ) '' . BlakMusicFirst . Archived from the original on 30 January 2015 . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . Jump up ^ HipHopDX ( 5 August 2008 ) . `` Memphis Mayor Presents Master P With Key To The City '' . HipHopDX . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Romeo , Master P Help Launch Healthy Lifestyle Tour Aimed at Kids in Los Angeles '' . BallerStatus.com . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . Jump up ^ http://hiphopdx.com , HipHopDX - . `` Master P Addresses Divorce With Sonya Miller '' . HipHopDX . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Master P -- Family , Family Tree '' . www.celebfamily.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Master P. Endorses Barack Obama ; Issues Challenge To Media -- HipHop-Elements.com '' . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AllHipHop '' Master P. Pays Oprah A Visit ; Attends Barack Obama Fundraiser `` . AllHipHop . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Wes Barrett . `` Rap Artists Master P , Lil ' Romeo to Promote Michelle Obama Anti-Obesity Initiative '' . Fox News . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official Promo Site - Tru Tank Soldiers Master P 's channel on YouTube Master P on IMDb Master P Studio albums Get Away Clean Mama 's Bad Boy The Ghettos Tryin to Kill Me ! 99 Ways to Die Ice Cream Man Ghetto D MP da Last Don Only God Can Judge Me Ghetto Postage Game Face Good Side , Bad Side Ghetto Bill The Gift Empire Ice Cream Man 2 : The Streets Ice Cream Man 3 : The Hustle Ice Cream Man 4 : The Lifestyle Boss of All Bosses Independent albums Living Legend : Certified D - Boy Soundtrack albums I 'm Bout It I Got the Hook Up Foolish Collaboration albums Hip Hop History Compilation Albums West Coast Bad Boyz , Vol. 1 : Anotha Level of the Game West Coast Bad Boyz : High fo Xmas Down South Hustlers : Bouncin ' and Swingin ' West Coast Bad Boyz II In tha Beginning ... There Was Rap Mean Green : Major Players Compilation We Ca n't Be Stopped Who U Wit ? West Coast Bad Boyz , Vol. 3 : Poppin ' Collars Remix Classics The Best of Master P The Ultimate Master P America 's Most Luved Bad Guy Featuring ... Master P Singles `` Mr. Ice Cream Man '' `` I Miss My Homies '' `` Make ' Em Say Uhh ! '' `` I Need Dubs '' `` Friends with Benefits '' `` Lonely Road '' `` 23 '' Collaboration singles `` Hoody Hooo '' `` Tru Homies '' Featured singles `` Just Be Straight with Me '' `` Let 's Ride '' `` Lay Low '' `` 2 - Way '' `` Choppa Style '' Related Articles Discography No Limit Records TRU 504 Boyz Guttar Music Entertainment Founders P. Miller Romeo Miller Soundtrack releases God 's Gift : Music from the Motion Picture ( 2006 ) Guttar Music Films God 's Gift ( 2006 ) No Limit Records Compilation releases West Coast Bad Boyz , Vol. 1 ( 1994 ) High Fo Xmas ( 1994 ) Down South Hustlers ( 1995 ) West Coast Bad Boyz , Vol. II ( 1997 ) Mean Green ( 1998 ) We Ca n't Be Stopped ( 1998 ) Who U Wit ? ( 1999 ) West Coast Bad Boyz , Vol . III ( 2001 ) Soundtrack releases I 'm Bout It ( 1997 ) I Got the Hook - Up ( 1998 ) Foolish ( 1999 ) No Limit Films I 'm Bout It ( 1997 ) Da Game of Life ( 1998 ) I Got the Hook - Up ( 1998 ) MP da Last Don ( 1998 ) No Tomorrow ( 1999 ) Foolish ( 1999 ) Hot Boyz ( 2000 ) Lockdown ( 2000 ) No Limit Comedy Anthony Johnson Eddie Griffin Sheryl Underwood No Limit Sports Paul Pierce Darius Miles Quentin Richardson Ricky Davis Ricky Williams Ron Mercer Laron Profit Related articles SOLAR Records Priority Records No Limit Forever Records Universal Records Koch Records GND : 135124603 ISNI : 0000 0000 5516 5516 LCCN : no98097247 MusicBrainz : a5bd836d - 8d8f - 48a5 - b0b7 - dbb18b3264dd VIAF : 22339831 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Master_P&oldid=843342240 '' Categories : 1969 births Living people 20th - century American businesspeople 20th - century American musicians 20th - century American writers 21st - century American businesspeople 21st - century American musicians 21st - century American writers African - American businesspeople African - American film producers African - American investors African - American male actors African - American male rappers African - American non-fiction writers African - American television producers African - American record producers African - American screenwriters African - American songwriters American drink industry businesspeople American book publishers ( people ) American business writers American chief executives in the media industry American chief executives of food industry companies American communications businesspeople American fashion businesspeople American finance and investment writers American hip hop record producers American magazine publishers ( people ) American male film actors American male television actors American male voice actors American marketing businesspeople American mass media owners American media company founders American motivational speakers American motivational writers American music industry executives American music managers American music publishers ( people ) American music video directors American nonprofit chief executives American philanthropists American real estate businesspeople American reality television producers American retail chief executives American self - help writers American sex industry businesspeople American sports agents American stock traders American talent agents American television executives Businesspeople from New Orleans Businesspeople in telecommunications Film producers from California Fort Wayne Fury players Gangsta rappers Long Beach Jam players Male actors from New Orleans Merritt College alumni Nightclub owners People from Richmond , California Priority Records artists Rappers from New Orleans Songwriters from California Songwriters from Louisiana Southern hip hop musicians University of Houston people Warren Easton High School alumni Writers from New Orleans Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2015 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Türkçe 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 14 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master%20P
| 2,187 |
countries with no extradition treaties with the us
|
Extradition law in the United States
|
extradition law in the united states
|
Extradition law in the United States is the formal process by which a fugitive found in the United States is surrendered to another country or state for trial or punishment . For foreign countries , the process is regulated by treaty and conducted between the federal government of the United States and the government of a foreign country . The process is considerably different from interstate or intrastate extradition . Florida , Alaska , and Hawaii do not extradite for a misdemeanor conviction that was convicted in the US , as of 2010 . Some felonies are an exception in American law such as a crime that is violent in nature , or a sexual offense , or felony driving while intoxicated ; they will entail extradition from all states in the United States . Theft charges and small drug crimes are the exception ; for instance , if a minor crime is committed in Florida , a person apprehended in Idaho will not be extradited back to the original crime 's jurisdiction . Federal charges are governed by US federal law and most states , with the exceptions of South Carolina and Missouri , have adopted the Uniform Criminal Extradition Act . In practice , Florida , Alaska , and Hawaii typically do not extradite if the crime in question is not a felony because of the associated costs of transporting the suspect and the housing fees that must be paid to the jurisdiction in which he is held until transported .
|
Contents ( hide ) 1 Interstate extradition 2 International extradition 2.1 Extradition from the United States 2.1. 1 Habeas Corpus in International Extradition 2.2 Extradition to the United States 3 References 4 External links Interstate extradition ( edit ) The Extradition Clause in the US Constitution requires states , upon demand of another state , to deliver a fugitive from justice who has committed a `` treason , felony or other crime '' to the state from which the fugitive has fled . 18 U.S.C. § 3182 sets the process by which an executive of a state , district , or territory of the United States must arrest and turn over a fugitive from another state , district , or territory . For a person to be extradited interstate , 18 U.S.C. § 3182 requires : An executive authority demand of the jurisdiction to which a person that is a fugitive from justice has fled . The requesting executive must also produce a copy of an indictment found or an affidavit made before a magistrate of any state or territory . The document must charge the fugitive demanded with having committed treason , felony , or other crime , and it must be certified as authentic by the governor or chief magistrate of the state or territory from where the person so charged has fled . The executive receiving the request must then cause the fugitive to be arrested and secure and to notify the requesting executive authority or agent to receive the fugitive . An agent of the executive of the state demanding extradition must appear to receive the prisoner , which must occur within 30 days from time of arrest , or the prisoner may be released . Some states allow longer waiting periods , of up to 90 days . Cases of kidnapping by a parent to another state see automatic involvement by the US Marshals Service . In Kentucky v. Dennison , decided in 1860 , the Supreme Court held that , although the governor of the asylum state had a constitutional duty to return a fugitive to the demanding state , the federal courts had no authority to enforce this duty . As a result , for more than 100 years , the governor of one state was deemed to have discretion on whether or not he / she would comply with another state 's request for extradition . In a 1987 case , Puerto Rico v. Branstad , the Court overruled Dennison , and held that the governor of the asylum state has no discretion in performing his or her duty to extradite , whether that duty arises under the Extradition Clause of the Constitution or under the Extradition Act ( 18 U.S.C. § 3182 ) , and that a federal court may enforce the governor 's duty to return the fugitive to the demanding state . There are only four grounds upon which the Governor of the asylum state may deny another state 's request for extradition : ( 1 ) the extradition documents facially are not in order ; ( 2 ) the person has not been charged with a crime in the demanding state ; ( 3 ) the person is not the person named in the extradition documents ; or ( 4 ) the person is not a fugitive . There appears to be at least one additional exception : if the fugitive is under sentence in the asylum state , he need not be extradited until his punishment in the asylum state is completed . International extradition ( edit ) Further information : List of United States extradition treaties The United States ( shown in purple ) has extradition treaties with the countries shown in light blue The United States has extradition treaties with more than 100 countries . Of the treaties most are dual criminality treaties with the remaining being list treaties . A list of countries with which the United States has an extradition treaty relationship can be found in the Federal Criminal Code and Rules , following 18 U.S.C. § 3181 , but this list may not be completely accurate . ( This list is reproduced as the list of United States extradition treaties . ) The United States maintains diplomatic relations but , according to the above - mentioned list , does not have extradition treaties with the following countries : Afghanistan Algeria Andorra Angola Bahrain Bangladesh Belarus Botswana Brunei Burkina Faso Burma Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad China ( except Hong Kong ) Comoros Congo ( Kinshasa ) Djibouti Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Guinea Guinea - Bissau Indonesia Ivory Coast Kazakhstan Kuwait Laos Lebanon Libya Madagascar Maldives Mali Marshall Islands Mauritania Micronesia Moldova Mongolia Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nepal Niger Oman Qatar Russia Rwanda Samoa São Tomé & Príncipe Saudi Arabia Senegal Somalia Sudan South Sudan Togo Tunisia Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vanuatu Vatican City Vietnam Yemen And the countries formerly part of Yugoslavia : Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Kosovo Macedonia Montenegro Serbia As well as these countries that have no diplomatic relations with the United States : Bhutan Iran ( relations severed in 1980 ) North Korea Syria ( relations suspended in 2012 ) Even the partially recognized countries that have no diplomatic relations with but not recognized by the United States : Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland South Ossetia Taiwan Transnistria Extradition from the United States ( edit ) Generally under United States law ( 18 U.S.C. § 3184 ) , extradition may be granted only pursuant to a treaty . Some countries grant extradition without a treaty , but every such country requires an offer of reciprocity when extradition is accorded in the absence of a treaty . Further , the 1996 amendments to 18 U.S.C. 3181 and 3184 permit the United States to extradite , without regard to the existence of a treaty , persons ( other than citizens , nationals or permanent residents of the United States ) who have committed crimes of violence against nationals of the United States in foreign countries . All extradition treaties in force require foreign requests for extradition to be submitted through diplomatic channels , usually from the country 's embassy in Washington to the Department of State . Many treaties also require that requests for provisional arrest be submitted through diplomatic channels , although some permit provisional arrest requests to be sent directly to the Department of Justice . The Department of State reviews foreign extradition demands to identify any potential foreign policy problems and to ensure that there is a treaty in force between the United States and the country making the request , that the crime or crimes are extraditable offenses , and that the supporting documents are properly certified in accordance with 18 U.S.C. § 3190 . If the request is in proper order , an attorney in the State Department 's Office of the Legal Adviser prepares a certificate attesting to the existence of the treaty , that the crime or crimes are extraditable offenses , and that the supporting documents are properly certified in accordance with 18 U.S.C. § 3190 , and forwards it with the original request to the Justice Department 's Office of International Affairs ( `` OIA '' ) . Once the OIA receives a foreign extradition request , it reviews the request for sufficiency and forwards sufficient requests to the United States Attorney 's Office for the judicial district in which the fugitive is located . The U.S. Attorney 's office then obtains a warrant , and the fugitive is arrested and brought before the magistrate judge or the US district judge . The government opposes bond in extradition cases . Unless the fugitive waives his or her right to a hearing , the court will hold a hearing pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3184 to determine whether the fugitive is extraditable . If the court finds the fugitive to be extraditable , it enters an order of extraditability and certifies the record to the Secretary of State , who decides whether to surrender the fugitive to the requesting government . OIA notifies the foreign government and arranges for the transfer of the fugitive to the agents appointed by the requesting country to receive him or her . Although the order following the extradition hearing is not appealable ( by either the fugitive or the government ) , the fugitive may petition for a writ of habeas corpus as soon as the order is issued . The district court 's decision on the writ is subject to appeal , and the extradition may be stayed if the court so orders . Habeas corpus in International extradition ( edit ) Habeas corpus is a legal procedure initiated by an individual to test the legality of his detention by the government . To benefit from habeas corpus , the affected person , or someone on his behalf , must file a petition for relief before a court with jurisdiction . The procedure is contained in 28 U.S.C. § 2241 et . seq . When the habeas petition contests the decision of an extradition magistrate , the individual must argue that his detention and surrender to a foreign country violates the United States Constitution , the applicable extradition treaty , or a federal statute . Because orders of extradition can not be appealed , the only means for an individual to have them reviewed is to file a request for a writ of habeas corpus . The government , on the other hand , may renew its request if the original one is denied . Habeas corpus review by a district court is generally available whenever an individual `` is in custody in violation of the Constitution or laws or treaties of the United States , '' and is provided for several different types of detention in addition to extradition , such as detention after a criminal conviction , and for military purposes . As part of its habeas review , the court will normally accept the factual findings of the extradition magistrate , while legal issues are considered anew . The scope of review of a writ of habeas corpus in extradition is meant to be limited . It is settled to cover at least inquiries on whether : ( 1 ) the extradition magistrate acquired jurisdiction over the individual and the matter ; ( 2 ) the crime for which extradition is sought is included within the treaty as an extraditable offense , and ( 3 ) whether there is probable cause to commit the relator to trial . Many courts , however , have adopted an `` expanded '' scope of habeas review that additionally considers issues about the violation of constitutional rights . Petitioners in extradition cases may contest the legality of their detention though a habeas proceeding by arguing , for example , that the extradition treaty is not in force , that the alleged crime constitutes political behavior subject to exception , that the determination of extraditability by the magistrate has not been made according to the requirements of the applicable United States statutes and treaty , that the extradition procedure does not comply with the Constitution , and that the relator has not been formally charged . Even though the decision of the extradition magistrate can not be appealed , the habeas corpus determination by the district court is subject to appeal to the corresponding circuit court . Thereafter , review may be sought through certiorari to the Supreme Court . Extradition to the United States ( edit ) The federal structure of the United States can pose particular problems with respect to extraditions when the police power and the power of foreign relations are held at different levels of the federal hierarchy . For instance , in the United States , most criminal prosecutions occur at the state level , and most foreign relations occur at the federal level . In fact , under the United States Constitution , foreign countries may not have official treaty relations with sub-national units such as individual states ; rather , they may have treaty relations only with the federal government . As a result , a state that wishes to prosecute an individual located in a foreign country must direct its extradition request through the federal government , which will negotiate the extradition with the foreign country . However , due to the constraints of federalism , any conditions on the extradition accepted by the federal government -- such as not to impose the death penalty -- are not binding on individual states . In the case of Soering v. United Kingdom , the European Court of Human Rights ruled that the United Kingdom was not permitted under its treaty obligations to extradite an individual to the United States , because the United States ' federal government was constitutionally unable to offer binding assurances that the death penalty would not be sought in Virginia courts . Ultimately , the Commonwealth of Virginia itself had to offer assurances to the federal government , which passed those assurances on to the United Kingdom , which extradited the individual to the United States . Additional problems can arise due to differing criteria for crimes . For instance , in the United States , crossing state lines is a prerequisite for certain federal crimes ( otherwise crimes such as murder are handled by state governments except in certain circumstances such as the killing of a federal official ) . This transportation clause is absent from the laws of many countries . Extradition treaties or subsequent diplomatic correspondence often include language providing that such criteria should not be taken into account when checking if the crime is one in the country from which extradition should apply . To clarify the above point , if a person in the United States crosses the borders of the United States to go to another country , then that person has crossed a federal border , and federal law would apply in addition to state law . Crossing state lines ( within the U.S. ) in committing a crime could also create federal jurisdiction . In addition , travel by airplane in the United States subjects one to federal law , as all airports are subject to federal jurisdiction . It is unlawful for U.S. citizens to enter or exit the United States without a valid U.S. passport or Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative -- compliant passport - replacement document , or without an exception or waiver . An application is required for the issuance of a passport . If a fugitive being extradited to the United States refuses to sign a passport application , the consular officer can sign it `` without recourse '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ 65 U.S. ( 24 How . ) 66 ( 1860 ) Jump up ^ 483 U.S. 219 ( 1987 ) Jump up ^ See also , Alabama ex rel . its Governor & Attorney General v. Engler , 85 F. 3d 1205 ( 6th Cir. 1996 ) ( Governor of Michigan directed to return a fugitive to Alabama ) Jump up ^ 85 F. 3d at 1208 . Jump up ^ See People ex rel . Focarile ex rel . McNeil v. Goord , 12 Misc . 3d 981 , 819 N.Y.S. 2d 815 ( Sup. 2006 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` 9 - 15.100 International Extradition and Related Matters : Definition and General Principles '' . United States Attorneys ' Manual . U.S. Department of Justice . Retrieved 11 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Criminal Resource Manual : 612 Role of the Department of State in Foreign Extradition Requests '' . United States Attorneys ' Manual . Title 9 : Criminal Division . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Department of Justice . 21 June 2010 . Retrieved 1 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 9 - 15.700 International Extradition and Related Matters : Foreign Extradition Requests '' . United States Attorneys ' Manual . U.S. Department of Justice . Retrieved 11 June 2013 . Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 2241 et . seq . Jump up ^ See M. Cherif Bassiouni , International Extradition 933 - 44 ( 2014 ) . Jump up ^ Collins v. Miller , 252 U.S. 364 , 369 ( 1920 ) ( `` proceeding before a committing magistrate in international extradition is not subject to correction by appeal . '' ) ; In re Mackin , 668 F. 2d 122 , 127 - 28 ( 2nd Cir. 1981 ) ( citing over a dozen cases supporting such proposition ) . Jump up ^ Collins v. Loisel , 262 U.S. 426 , 429 ( 1923 ) ( double jeopardy not applicable to extradition orders ) ; Brown v. Allen , 344 U.S. 443 , 458 ( 1953 ) ( res judicata not applicable to habeas proceedings ) . Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 2241 ( c ) ( 3 ) . Jump up ^ Ornelas v. Ruiz , 161 U.S. 502 , 509 ( 1896 ) ( factual findings reviewed for clear error ) ; Ordinola v. Hackman , 478 F. 3d 588 , 599 ( 4th Cir. 2007 ) ( factual findings by extradition magistrate deserve deference by habeas court ) . But see Artemio Rivera , The Consideration of Factual Issues in Extradition Habeas , 83 U. Cin . L. Rev. 809 ( 2015 ) for a discussion of the proper scope of habeas corpus in international extradition , and a criticism of the standard of review for factual issues . Jump up ^ Sacirbey v. Guccione , 589 F. 3d 52 , 63 ( 2nd Cir. 2009 ) ; Noriega v. Pastrana , 564 F. 3d 1290 , 1294 ( 11th Cir. 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Terliden v. Ames , 184 U.S. 270 , 278 ( 1902 ) ( `` The settled rule is that the writ of habeas corpus can not perform the office of a writ of error ... '' ) . Jump up ^ Ornelas v. Ruiz , 161 U.S. 502 , 508 - 09 ( 1896 ) ; Fernandez v. Phillips , 268 U.S. 311 , 312 ( 1925 ) . Jump up ^ See In re Burt , 737 F. 2d 1477 ( 7th Cir. 1984 ) ; Plaster v. United States , 720 F. 2d 340 ( 4th Cir. 1983 ) . Jump up ^ Noriega v. Pastrana , 564 F. 3d 1290 , 1295 ( 11th Cir. 2009 ) ( `` ( t ) he issue of whether the treaty of extradition has no force because another treaty or law prevents its operation '' is a fundamental one reviewable through a writ of habeas corpus . ) Jump up ^ Quinn v. Robinson , 783 F. 2d 776,786 - 87 ( 9th Cir. 1986 ) ; Eain v. Wilkes , 641 F. 2d 504 , 520 ( 7th Cir. 1981 ) . Jump up ^ See 28 U.S.C. § 2241 ( c ) ( 3 ) ( habeas review available when the prisoner is `` in custody in violation of the Constitution or laws or treaties of the United States . '' ) ; Skaftouros v. United States , 667 F. 3d 144 , 158 ( 2nd Cir. 2011 ) ( `` despite the narrow scope of habeas review in the extradition context , it is nevertheless our duty to ensure that the applicable provisions of the treaty and the governing American statutes are complied with . '' ) . Jump up ^ In re Burt , 737 F. 2d 1477 , 1484 ( 7th Cir. 1984 ) . Jump up ^ Sacirbey v. Guccione , 589 F. 3d 52 , 64 n . 16 ( 2nd Cir. 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Wilson , Steven Harmon , ed. ( 2012 ) . The U.S. Justice System : An Encyclopedia . Santa Barbara , Cal. : ABC - CLIO . p. 527 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 304 - 0 . LCCN 2011041731 . OCLC 773670169 . The political structure of countries , such as the federal structure of the United States , can bring about an additional difficulty in extradition proceedings , inasmuch as the governments of foreign nations have official relations only with the federal governments , not with the governments of a country 's constituent states . It is not always clear whether an extradition agreement with the federal government is also binding to the states when a matter of state jurisdiction is involved . Jump up ^ Capassakis , Evelyn ( 1981 ) . `` Passport Revocations or Denials on the Ground of National Security and Foreign Policy '' . Fordham L. Rev. 49 ( 6 ) : 1178 -- 1196 . Jump up ^ § 215 of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 ( currently codified at 8 U.S.C. § 1185 ) Jump up ^ 22 C.F.R. 53 Jump up ^ 22 U.S.C. § 213 Jump up ^ U.S. Department of State Foreign Affairs Manual . 7 FAM 1625.5 ( e ) ; 7 FAM 1636 ( b ) ; 7 FAM 1351 Appendix N ( a ) ( 2 ) . External links ( edit ) Chapter 209 of the United States Code - Extradition 9 - 15.000 Criminal Resource Manual - International Extradition and Related Matters from the United States Attorneys ' Manual Organization of American States - Extradition U.S. Department of State - Independent States in the World hide Extradition law by country Australia China Nigeria Philippines United States with Mexico Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Extradition_law_in_the_United_States&oldid=843258184 '' Categories : United States criminal procedure Extradition law Foreign relations of the United States Extradition in the United States Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 23 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extradition%20law%20in%20the%20United%20States
| 2,188 |
||
technical training centre chittaranjan locomotive works chittaranjan west bengal
|
Chittaranjan locomotive Works
|
chittaranjan locomotive works
|
Chittaranjan Locomotive Works is a state - owned electric locomotive manufacturer based in India . It is located at Chittaranjan in Asansol with an ancillary unit in Dankuni . It is one of the largest locomotive manufacturers in the world .
|
WAP5 made at CLW , Chittaranjan Contents 1 Overview 2 History 3 Products 3.1 Locomotives 3.2 Traction Motors 4 Record Production in 2017 - 18 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Overview ( edit ) Founded in 1950 , the Indian Railways - owned industrial unit is named after the Indian freedom - fighter Chittaranjan Das . The manufacturing unit was established at a place close to the Chittaranjan railway station . The 18.34 km ( 4,530 acres ) township , which included the factory , 191 km ( 119 mi ) of roadways , 43 schools , 9131 staff quarters , 8 clinics ( including a 200 - bed hospital ) and 7 markets , was built at a cost of ₹ 140 million ( US $1.9 million ) and had a population of over 80,000 . The factory commenced the production of steam locomotives on 26 January , 1950 ( the date when India formally declared itself a Republic ) , in collaboration with the North British Locomotive Company . On 1 November , 1950 , Indian President Dr. Rajendra Prasad formally dedicated the first steam rail - engine produced by the company ( a WG class locomotive bearing the registration number 8401 ) to the freedom fighter Deshbandhu Chittranjan Das . The name of the nearby railway station Mihijam was also changed to Chittaranjan . Many of the specialized machinery required for steam locomotive manufacture was obtained from the Vulcan Foundry in England , previously a major supplier of locomotives to India , which at this time was moving from building steam locomotives to diesel . In the post-1968s , the factory began to manufacture diesel - hydraulic locomotives . The production of steam and diesel locomotives were discontinued in 1973 and 1994 respectively . The company has since been manufacturing only electric rail - engines . It is now the only government electric loco producing factory in India . The factory obtains its iron & steel from IISCO Steel Plant , Asansol and Tata Steel , Jamshedpur and hydel power from Maithon Dam . The township under CLW is bordered by high boundaries and 3 main gates , and guarded by Railway Protection Force ( RPF ) , Railway Protection Special Force ( RPSF ) and also West Bengal police . History ( edit ) CLW 60 years painting on WAP7 The planners of the nation with their prudence planned to set up a loco building factory in the eastern part of a country . In the late 1930s , a committee consisting of M / s Humphries and Shrinivasan was constituted to consider the possibility of establishing a locomotive manufacture unit and its economic facilities . The initial project at Chandmari , a place east to Kalyani in the state of West Bengal , could not mature due to partition , which inevitably necessitated a change of site . This present site at Chittaranjan was chosen after a fresh survey and for this the approval of Railway board was obtained in 1947 . Chittaranjan Locomotive Works ( CLW ) started producing locomotives from the year 1950 , the same year the township was formally established. Starting with steam engines , CLW now produces state - of - the - arts Electrical engines capable of running at 160 km / h and upgradable up to 225 km / h . Products ( edit ) Locomotives ( edit ) WAP - 7 : 6120 hp , 25 kV AC , Broad Gauge ( B.G. ) , passenger locomotive , 140 km / hr , 3 - phase technology . WAP - 5 : 5440 hp , 25 kV AC , Broad Gauge ( B.G. ) , passenger locomotive , 160 km / hr / 200 km / hr , 3 - phase technology WAG - 9 : 6120 hp , 25 kV AC , Broad Gauge ( B.G. ) , freight locomotive , 100 km / hr , 3 - phase technology WAG - 7 : 5000 hp , 25 kV AC , Broad Gauge ( B.G. ) , 1.676 m , freight locomotive , 100 km / hr , Tap changer / DC Traction Motor technology WAP - 4 : 5060 hp , 25 kV AC , Broad Gauge ( B.G. ) , 1.676 m , passenger locomotive , Max . Operating speed 140 km / hr , Tap changer / DC Traction Motor technology Traction motors ( edit ) I 3 - PHASE TRACTION MOTOR TYPE 6FRA6068 & 6FXA 7059 : 3 - Phase Traction Motors type 6FRA6068 for WAG - 9 and WAP - 7 locomotives & 6FXA7059 for WAP - 5 locomotive are being manufactured indigenously by CLW since the financial year 1998 - 99 & 1999 - 2000 respectively . With the production of 3 - phase Traction Motor , CLW has entered the era of state - of - the - art , 3 - phase technology II HITACHI TRACTION MOTOR TYPE HS15250A : Hitachi Traction Motor is one of the most critical and vital equipments in conventional Electric locomotives type WAG - 7 & WAP - 4 under production at CLW . The production of Hitachi T M ( \ displaystyle TM ) is now completely stabilized . Record production in 2017 - 18 ( edit ) For the financial year 2017 - 18 , CLW was set a target of building 350 electric locomotives by the Railway Board . Working along with its Dankuni ancillary unit , CLW met that target on 31 March 2018 , the last day of the financial year . This constituted a record for the largest number of electric locomotives manufactured in the country in a single year . See also ( edit ) List of locomotive builders References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gudgin , D.S.E. ( 1976 ) . Vulcan Foundry Locomotives 1832 -- 1956 . Truro : Bradford Barton . p. 93 . ISBN 0 - 85153 - 215 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` About Chittaranjan Locomotive Works '' . Chittaranjan Locomotive Works . Jump up ^ Gupta , Jayanta ( 2 April 2018 ) . `` Chittaranjan Loco makes record 350 electric engines in a year '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 24 June 2018 . External links ( edit ) Chittaranjan Locomotive Works ( CLW ) Company website Coordinates : 23 ° 51 ′ 32 '' N 86 ° 54 ′ 40 '' E / 23.85891 ° N 86.91111 ° E / 23.85891 ; 86.91111 Indian Railways Authority Ministry of Railways Railway Board Related organisations BWE BSC Braithwaite & Co . CCI DFCCI HSRI IRFC IRCTC Ircon International KRC MRVC RVNL RailTel RITES CORE COFMOW RDSO CRIS RRCB RLDA Zones Central Railway East Central Railway East Coast Railway Eastern Railway North Central Railway North Eastern Railway North Western Railway Northeast Frontier Railway Northern Railway South Central Railway South East Central Railway South Eastern Railway South Western Railway Southern Railway West Central Railway Western Railway Konkan Railway Rolling stock ICF coaches LHB coaches Locomotives of India MEMU Wagon numbering system in India Manufacturing units Chittaranjan Locomotive Works , Chittaranjan Diesel Locomotive Factory , Marhowra Diesel Locomotive Works , Varanasi Diesel - Loco Modernisation Works , Patiala Electric Locomotive Factory , Madhepura Integral Coach Factory , Chennai Modern Coach Factory , Raebareli Rail Coach Factory , Kapurthala Rail Wheel Factory , Bengaluru Rail Wheel Plant , Bela Railway depots Diesel Abu Road Agra Bandra Marshalling Yard Bhagat ki Kothi Ernakulam Erode Golden Rock Gooty Guntakal Kalyan Mhow Pune Samastipur Ratlam Vatwa Phulera Kurla Itarsi Tughlakabad Raipur Tondiarpet Kazipet Maula Ali Krishnarajapuram Vishakhapatnam Shakurbasti Ludhiana Lucknow Mughalsarai Jhansi Gwalior Izzatnagar Malda Town Siliguri Howrah Andal Burdwan Jamalpur Patratu Samastipur Kharagpur Bondamunda Bokaro Steel City Neral Hubli Electric Ajni Bhusawal Kalyan Angul Visakhapatnam Mughal Sarai Asansol Howrah Jhansi Gonda Ghaziabad Khanalampura Ludhiana Vijayawada Kazipet Lalaguda Bhilai Bokaro Steel City Bondamunda Santragachi Tatanagar Arakkonam Erode Royapuram Itarsi New Katni Tuglakabad Valsad Vadodara Gomoh MEMU Kollam Vadodara Bhilai Rajahmundry Asansol Palakkad EMU Mumbai Central Kandivali Virar Rajahmundry Sanpada Kalwa Tambaram Avadi Maula Ali Ghaziabad Gholsapur Barasat Bandel Howrah Sealdah Sonarpur Tikiapara Panskura Kharagpur Kurla Shakurbasti Main lines and suburban lines Chennai Suburban Railway Chennai MRTS Delhi Suburban Railway Howrah -- Allahabad -- Mumbai line Howrah -- Chennai main line Howrah -- Delhi main line Howrah -- Gaya -- Delhi line Howrah -- Nagpur -- Mumbai line Hyderabad MMTS Kolkata Suburban Railway Mumbai -- Chennai line Mumbai Suburban Railway New Delhi -- Chennai main line New Delhi -- Mumbai main line Pune Suburban Railway Passenger trains Slow Trains Fast Passenger MEMU Slow Passenger Suburban trains Express Speed Express / Mail trains Intercity Express Jan Sadharan Express Kavi Guru Express Superfast Express Speed Antyodaya Express AC Express Double Decker Express Garib Rath Express Intercity Express Jan Shatabdi Express Mahamana Express Premium Express ( Suvidha Express ) Rajya Rani Express Sampark Kranti Express Superfast Express / Mail Trains Swatantra Sainani Vivek Express Yuva Express Semi-High Speed Duronto Gatimaan Express Humsafar Express Rajdhani Express Shatabdi Express Tejas Express Uday Express Luxury trains Fairy Queen Deccan Odyssey Maharajas ' Express Palace on Wheels Royal Orient Train Royal Rajasthan on Wheels Golden Chariot Mahaparinirvan Express Special trains Lifeline Express Red Ribbon Express Sanskriti Express Science Express Training institutes Indian Railway Institute of Civil Engineering Indian Railway Institute of Electrical Engineering Indian Railways Institute of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Indian Railway Institute of Signal Engineering and Telecommunications Indian Railway Institute of Transportation Management Railway Protection Force Academy Railway Staff College Trade unions All India Station Masters ' Association ( AISMA ) All India Railwaymen 's Federation ( AIRF ) All India Railway Employees ' Confederation ( AIREC ) Related articles Railway Budget Railway Schools Last vehicle board RailRadar Indian Railways Fan Club Templates Portal WikiProject Railways in the North - east and Eastern India National network / trunk lines Howrah -- Delhi main line Howrah -- Allahabad -- Mumbai line Howrah -- Nagpur -- Mumbai line Howrah -- Chennai main line Sahibganj loop Grand chord Howrah -- New Jalpaiguri line Barauni -- Guwahati line Howrah -- Gaya -- Delhi line Branch lines / sections Ahmadpur -- Katwa line Andal -- Sainthia branch line Asansol -- Gaya section Asansol -- Patna section Asansol -- Tatanagar -- Kharagpur line Bairabi -- Sairang line Bakhtiyarpur -- Tilaiya line Bankura -- Masagram line Bardhaman -- Asansol section Bardhaman -- Katwa line Barauni -- Katihar section Barauni -- Gorakhpur , Raxaul and Jainagar lines Barauni -- Samastipur section Barharwa -- Azimganj -- Katwa loop Darjeeling Himalayan Railway Eklakhi -- Balurghat branch line Fatuha -- Tilaiya line Gaya -- Kiul line Gaya -- Mughalsarai section Guwahati -- Lumding section Haldibari -- New Jalpaiguri line Jasidih -- Dumka -- Rampurhat line Jharsuguda -- Vizianagaram line Railways in Jharia Coalfield Katihar -- Siliguri line Kharagpur -- Bankura -- Adra line Kharagpur -- Puri line Khurda Road -- Visakhapatnam section Lalgola and Gede branch lines Lumding -- Sabroom section Lumding -- Dibrugarh section Madhupur -- Giridih -- Koderma line Mokama -- Barauni section Muzaffarpur -- Gorakhpur line ( via Hajipur , Raxaul and Sitamarhi ) Muzaffarpur -- Gorakhpur main line Muzaffarpur -- Sitamarhi section Muzaffarpur -- Hajipur section Netaji S.C. Bose Gomoh -- Hatia line New Bongaigaon -- Guwahati section New Jalpaiguri -- Alipurduar -- Samuktala Road line New Jalpaiguri -- New Bongaigaon section New Mal -- Changrabandha -- New Cooch Behar line Patna -- Gaya line Patna -- Mughalsarai section Rangia -- Murkongselek section Samastipur -- Muzaffarpur section Tatanagar -- Bilaspur section Lines around Kolkata Howrah -- Bardhaman main line Howrah -- Bardhaman chord Sheoraphuli -- Bishnupur branch line Sealdah -- Ranaghat line Sealdah -- Hasnabad -- Bangaon -- Ranaghat line Sealdah South lines Howrah -- Kharagpur line Santragachi -- Amta branch line Monorail Aizawl Monorail Kolkata Monorail Patna Monorail Defunct lines revived / under revival Ahmedpur Katwa Railway Bankura Damodar Railway Barasat - Basirhat Light Railway Burdwan Katwa Railway Bukhtiarpur Bihar Light Railway Futwah - Islampur Light Railway Defunct lines Bengal Provincial Railway Cherra Companyganj State Railways Dhanbad -- Chandrapura line East Coast State Railway Kalighat Falta Railway Mayurbhanj State Railway Patna -- Digha Ghat line Production units / workshops Chittaranjan Locomotive Works Bharat Bhari Udyog Nigam Braithwaite & Co . Burn Standard Company Bharat Wagon and Engineering Braithwaite , Burn & Jessop Construction Company Carriage Repair Workshop , Harnaut Transit points with Bangladesh Active Singhabad -- Rohanpur Radhikapur -- Biral Gede -- Darshana Petrapole -- Benapole Defunct Mahisasan -- Shahbajpur Changrabandha -- Burimari Haldibari -- Chilahati Gitaldaha -- Mogalhat Indian railheads near India -- Nepal border Raxaul Bairgania Jainagar Jogbani Laukaha Bazar Thakurganj Railway companies East Indian Railway Company Bengal Nagpur Railway Eastern Bengal Railway Assam Bengal Railway Bengal Dooars Railway Cooch Behar State Railway Indian Branch Railway Company Martin 's Light Railways Eastern Railway East Central Railway South Eastern Railway East Coast Railway Northeast Frontier Railway North Eastern Railway See also Indian Railways Bholu ( mascot ) Suburban rail in India Kolkata Suburban Railway North - east Indian railways during World War II Railways in India portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chittaranjan_Locomotive_Works&oldid=865788169 '' Categories : Chittaranjan Locomotive Works Locomotive manufacturers of India 1947 establishments in India Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1947 Economy of West Bengal Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Deutsch മലയാളം मराठी ଓଡ଼ିଆ தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2018 , at 04 : 18 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittaranjan%20Locomotive%20Works
| 2,189 |
||
who does cameron boyce play on jake and the neverland pirates
|
Jake and the Never Land Pirates ( also known as Captain Jake and the Never Land Pirates in the fourth season and associated merchandise ) is an Annie Award - winning musical and interactive American children 's animated television series shown on Disney Junior . It is based on Disney 's Peter Pan franchise , which in turn is based on the famous book and play by British author J.M. Barrie . It is the first Disney Junior original show following the switch from Playhouse Disney . It stars Sean Ryan Fox from Henry Danger , Megan Richie , Jadon Sand , David Arquette , Corey Burton , Jeff Bennett , Loren Hoskins and Dee Bradley Baker . The title character Jake was previously voiced by Colin Ford , and then later by Cameron Boyce , while Izzy was voiced for the first three seasons by Madison Pettis and Cubby was voiced by Jonathan Morgan Heit . The series is created by Disney veteran Bobs Gannaway , whose works include another Disney Junior series , Mickey Mouse Clubhouse , and films such as Secret of the Wings , The Pirate Fairy and Planes : Fire & Rescue . The last episode aired on November 6 , 2016 .
|
Jake
|
Jake and the Never Land Pirates
|
jake and the never land pirates
|
Jake and the Never Land Pirates ( also known as Captain Jake and the Never Land Pirates in the fourth season and associated merchandise ) is an Annie Award - winning musical and interactive American children 's animated television series shown on Disney Junior . It is based on Disney 's Peter Pan franchise , which in turn is based on the famous book and play by British author J.M. Barrie . It is the first Disney Junior original show following the switch from Playhouse Disney . It stars Sean Ryan Fox from Henry Danger , Megan Richie , Jadon Sand , David Arquette , Corey Burton , Jeff Bennett , Loren Hoskins and Dee Bradley Baker . The title character Jake was previously voiced by Colin Ford , and then later by Cameron Boyce , while Izzy was voiced for the first three seasons by Madison Pettis and Cubby was voiced by Jonathan Morgan Heit . The series is created by Disney veteran Bobs Gannaway , whose works include another Disney Junior series , Mickey Mouse Clubhouse , and films such as Secret of the Wings , The Pirate Fairy and Planes : Fire & Rescue . The last episode aired on November 6 , 2016 .
|
The series focuses on a band of young pirates consisting of Jake , Izzy , Cubby , and their parrot Skully , who continuously spend their days competing against Captain Hook and Mr. Smee for treasure . But Jake and his crew beat Hook and Smee , and throw them to the sea . Captain Hook and Mr. Smee gets chased away by Hook 's fear nemesis , Tick - Tock the Crocodile and Jake and his crew wins for treasure . They are often accompanied by several characters including their living pirate ship , Bucky , and their mermaid friend , Marina . At the American International Toy Fair in New York City , Disney announced a film based on the series , premiered on September 19 , 2012 , entitled Jake and the Never Land Pirates : Bucky 's Great Race . The film was later downgraded to a special episode renamed Jake and the Never Land Pirates : Jake Saves Bucky . The series entered its fourth and final season on September 14 , 2015 . which is titled `` Captain Jake and the Never Land Pirates '' . The show ran until November 6 , 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Episodes 4 Music 5 Reception 5.1 Awards and nominations 6 Broadcast 7 Merchandise 7.1 Video games 7.2 DVD releases 8 Spin - offs 9 See also 10 Notes 11 External links Premise ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( February 2011 ) The show revolves around a group of three children ; Captain Jake , Izzy , and Cubby ( two boys and a girl ) who are pirates in Never Land , looking for treasure . Their main obstacles are Captain Hook , Mr. Smee , and Tick - Tock the Crocodile from Disney 's Peter Pan franchise . Captain Hook usually sees Jake and his crew doing something fun and steals it from them , and Jake and his crew have to get it back . After they succeed , Jake and his crew count their gold doubloons ( which they receive after solving puzzles , or `` pirate problems '' ) and put them in their treasure chest known as the `` Team Treasure Chest '' . The first season of the series followed more `` playful '' conflicts , such as Jake and the crew getting their basketball back from Captain Hook , or Captian Jake and the crew taking back their stolen skateboard . The second season gave a larger scale to the adventure in the show , now having the characters find a lost city of gold , and an ancient pirate pyramid . Almost every episode contains two eleven - minute animated segments , followed by a live - action song by the Never Land Pirate Band . The singing characters `` Sharky '' and `` Bones '' appear in both animated and live action forms . Characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Captain Jake Voiced by : Colin Ford ( episodes 1 -- 36 , 38 -- 40 , and 56 ) Sean Ryan Fox ( episode 60 -- season 4 ) , Riley Thomas Stewart ( understudy , Jake 's Buccaneer Blast ; season 4 -- present ) , and Gabe Eggerling ( season 4 -- present ) . Jake is the protagonist of the series and leader of the Never Land Pirates . He is Captain Hook 's main pirate rival . One of his catchphrases is `` Yo ho , let 's go ! '' , and he is shown using a telescope and steering the ship in the opening . He wears a red bandanna and later covers it with a blue captain 's hat . He consistently wears brown boots and white shirts . He wears blue pants and later black pants . He had a wooden sword called the Forever Sword ( cut from the Forever Tree , which was given to him by Peter Pan . He has also briefly used a transformable Mega-Mecha Sword and golden Destiny Sword . As a captain he later uses a metal one called the Mighty Captain 's Sword . It is able to cut through metal padlocks , heat up to cut through ice bars , shoot heat beams , and deflect cold or energy blasts . Both cutlasses have a crossguard on the hilt , but his newer metal sword has a larger pommel and no knuckle - bow on the side . Jake also acquires an invisibility ring , and has used Izzy 's pixie dust to fly . His parents are never seen or mentioned . He is 8 - year - old . Izzy Voiced by : Madison Pettis ( Seasons 1 -- 3 through Battle for the Book ) , Chelsea Boyce ( Jake 's Buccaneer Blast , Season 4 -- present ) Izzy is currently the only girl pirate in the main group and acts as second - in - command to Jake . She has a small sack of pixie dust , which was given to her at an unknown point by the fairies ( Tinker Bell and her friends ) . The team uses the pixie dust only for emergencies . However , there had been episodes when pixie dust is not used at all especially in `` No Returns '' . Her catchphrase is `` Yay hey , no way ! '' She is 6 - year - old . Cubby Voiced by : Jonathan Morgan Heit ( Season 1 -- 3 ) , Jadon Sand ( Jake 's Buccaneer Blast , Season 4 -- present ) Cubby is the youngest of the group with his catchphrase , `` Aww , coconuts ! '' He has the map of Never Land and is shown manning the crow 's nest in the opening . Cubby is not a member of the `` Lost Boys '' , despite the fact he physically resembles the Cubby of the group . Cubby 's personality is rather timid and he is not very confident in himself . Sometimes , he can be clumsy , and is Jake 's best friend . He is 5 - year - old . Skully Voiced by : David Arquette ( speaking ) and Loren Hoskins ( singing ) Skully is a small , green parrot who acts like a guardian to the team . He is usually shown wearing a black bandanna with white skulls on it . He keeps a lookout for Captain Hook and Mr. Smee . Captain James Bartholomew Hook Voiced by : Corey Burton Captain Hook is Never Land 's resident pirate captain and Peter Pan 's nemesis . Hook is commander of the galleon `` The Jolly Roger '' . Legendary for his cruelty to his enemies as well as his own men , Captain Hook has trouble holding onto a permanent crew . In fact , at the moment , he only has three members of crew , the rest of his crew was never seen or appeared in the show . He speaks with an English accent . Mr. Smee Voiced by : Jeff Bennett Mr. Smee is Captain Hook 's first mate . Sharky and Bones Voiced by : Loren Hoskins and Kevin Hendrickson ( singing ) / Jeff Bennett ( speaking ) Sharky and Bones are members of Captain Hook 's pirate crew . They usually spend time performing musical numbers rather than advancing the plot , acting as troubadours . Live action versions appear at the end of the show and they perform an original song . Marina the Mermaid Voiced by : Ariel Winter A young mermaid who lives in the ocean around Never Land with the rest of her people . Unlike some of her sisters , who tend to be snobbish , selfish , vain and downright cruel , Marina is sweet , gentle and kind to the young pirates . She often shows them the secrets of the Never Sea she finds . Marina and Izzy are very close friends , and may even be the same age . Marina also has a little sister named Stormy , and has a crush on Jake . Tick - Tock the Crocodile Voiced by : Dee Bradley Baker The very same crocodile that devoured Captain Hook 's left hand after Peter Pan cuts it off in a sword fight some years ago . Tick - Tock loved the taste of Captain Hook 's hand so well that he has followed the Jolly Roger ever since , licking his chops as he imagines the rest of his meal . And he also swallowed an alarm clock that goes tick - tock to warn Captain Hook . Recurring ( edit ) Russi Taylor -- Never Bird -- A former sidekick of Captain Hook whom she soon betrays and joins forces with Jake and his crew . Loren Hoskins -- Sandy the Starfish -- Marina the Mermaid 's singing pet starfish with the ability to heal with a special song . Tori Spelling -- Pirate Princess Patricia -- A legendary pirate who was cursed and shipwrecked in a hidden grotto but was later rescued by Jake and his crew . Lisa Loeb -- Winger -- Skully 's close friend who reveals to be the princess of the Sky Bird Kingdom . Adam West -- Wise Old Parrot -- An aged scarlet macaw and ruler of the Sky Bird Kingdom . Sharon Osbourne -- Mama Hook -- Captain Hook 's mother . Jane Kaczmarek -- Red Jessica -- A swashbuckling pirate with whom Captain Hook falls in love . Josh Duhamel -- Captain Flynn -- A pirate who became stranded on the Never Land desert with his ship The Barracuda but rescued by Jake and the Never Land Pirates . Adam Wylie -- Peter Pan -- Captain Hook 's nemesis and the leader of Never Land ( specifically the `` Lost Boys '' , who never appeared in the show ) . He has been mentioned numerous times throughout the series , and made an appearance in the special episodes `` Peter Pan Returns '' , `` Jake Saves Bucky '' , `` Never Land Rescue '' , and `` Battle for the Book '' . Allisyn Ashley Arm -- Stormy -- Marina 's lazy , yet , well - meaning younger sister . She may or may not have feelings for Cubby . Carol Kane -- Sea Witch -- An evil witch who wants to turn the Pirate Princess into gold , but when Izzy stops her , she later turns into a good witch . Tiffani Thiessen -- Misty the Wonderful Witch -- A good witch who tends to be the Pirate Princess ' neighbor . Jerry O'Connell -- Pip the Pirate Genie -- A genie who used to resided in a ship - in - the - bottle . Rhys Darby -- Percy the Penguin -- A penguin who Jake and his crew help to get his group to their colony . Teri Hatcher -- Beatrice Le Beak -- A sneaky pirate who steals things from Captain Hook . Dee Bradley Baker -- Various animals of Neverland Leigh - Allyn Baker -- Queen Coralie -- Mermaid ruler of Neptune City Jack McBrayer -- Wander the Friendly Pirate Mummy Bill Farmer -- Ghostly Bob Maia Mitchell -- Wendy Darling -- Wendy appears in `` Battle for the Book '' . Elliot Reeve -- John Darling -- John appears in `` Battle for the Book '' . Colby Mulgrew -- Michael Darling -- Michael appears in `` Battle for the Book '' . Estelle Harris -- Peg - Leg Peg appears in `` Pirate Ghost Story '' . David Tennant -- Dread , an evil genie . Malcolm MacDowell -- Lord Fathom , an evil Merwizard . Mark Hamill -- ShiverJack , a villainous sorcerer with ice - themed powers . Tony Hale -- Dr. Undergear , a mad inventor . Christian Slater -- The Grim Buccaneer , a shadowy and swift pirate . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Jake and the Never Land Pirates episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 25 February 14 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 14 ) February 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 13 ) 36 February 24 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 24 ) December 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 06 ) 34 January 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 03 ) July 31 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 31 ) 19 September 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 19 ) November 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 06 ) Music ( edit ) The show 's musical elements are handled by Loren Hoskins and Kevin Hendrickson , who were emailed by the show 's creator Bobs Gannaway , asking if they would be interested in creating songs for the show . According to Hoskins , Gannaway `` just wanted good music to listen to while he was writing the pilot '' . Gannaway searched `` pirate music for kids '' online and found his way to Captain Bogg and Salty , listening to their songs while working on the script . He introduced the band to Jay Stutler , vice president of music at Disney Television Animation . `` We 're in charge of creating every note of music for the show . We create the underscore . We sit in the studio and record the background music that comes in and out . '' The music for the show has been praised for being enjoyable for both the children , and the adult caretakers . Three soundtracks have been released featuring songs from the show . Reception ( edit ) The series has received generally mixed reviews . A review in Variety called it `` part video game , part interactive cartoon , part advertisement for ' Peter Pan ' merchandise '' . The Los Angeles Times gave a mixed review of the show 's portrayal of Captain Hook compared to the classic Peter Pan , stating that the character `` has been laundered -- reasonably enough , yet sadly as well -- into a shell of his former self , too silly to be frightening , not even a decent bully , just a kind of ( much ) older boy who wants to steal your toys . '' Common Sense Media rated it `` on '' for ages 3 and older , praising the educational content , role models , and especially the messages of the show , and expressing only mild concern about the moderate violence . As the flagship of the newly launched Disney Junior channel , the series was rated the most - watched program among boys ages 2 -- 5 during its first few weeks on the air , with 2.9 million viewers , including 1.1 million ages 2 -- 5 , and over 600,000 women ages 18 -- 49 ( presumed to be mothers and other caregivers ) . On July 27 , the series was awarded # 2 of the Best TV Shows 2011 list . The character Jake has too received positive reviews . The character has been thought of as a `` classic Disney character '' , lovable and entertaining addition . He has quickly become an icon at Disney 's Hollywood Studios from the popular Disney Junior Live as well as being added on the park 's entrance drawings . The atmosphere character can be seen at the Hollywood And Vine character breakfast and the Animation courtyard , while at Disney California Adventure , Jake can be found on Hollywood Boulevard in Hollywood Land . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Award Category Nominee Result Annie Award Best Animated TV Production -- Preschool Won Young Artist Award Best Performance in a Voice - Over Role -- Young Actor Colin Ford Won Daytime Emmy Award Outstanding Casting for an Animated Series or Special Brian Mathias and Aaron Drown Nominated Outstanding Pre-School Children 's Animated Program Rob LaDuca , Bradley Bowlen and Mark Seidenberg Nominated Outstanding Casting for an Animated Series or Special Abbie D'Andrea and Brian Mathias Nominated Outstanding Individual in Animation Jairo Lizarazu -- background layout designer Won Broadcast ( edit ) The series airs worldwide on Disney Junior . It premiered on May 6 , 2011 in Canada , on May 7 , 2011 in the United Kingdom and Ireland , on May 29 , 2011 in Australia and New Zealand , on June 1 , 2011 in South Africa , on July 4 , 2011 in India , on July 11 , 2011 in Southeast Asia , and on April 29 , 2013 in Zimbabwe . Merchandise ( edit ) Upon the initial release of the series onwards , there has been a high demand for toys , games , and other merchandise from the show . At the American International Toy Fair in New York City , Disney announced a line of toys to be released in the summer of 2012 . Video games ( edit ) On May 24 , 2012 , the Jake 's Never Land Pirate School app is released on the iPad and Android devices . A variety of other video games are based on the series including : Big Air Adventure a 5 - series crossover of title characters from Doc McStuffins , Henry Hugglemonster , Miles from Tomorrowland , and Sofia the First Bucky 's Never Sea Hunt Cave of Mystery Go Bananas Golden Pirate Pumpkin Patch Hook Yer Pirate Name Hook 's Merry Winter Treasure Hunt Izzy 's Flying Adventure Jake and the Never Land Pirates Sand Pirates Never Land Games Shadow Shenanigans Sharky and Bones Pirate Rock Super Pirate Powers The Great Pirate Pyramid Rainbow Wand Color Quest Jake 's Story Quest DVD releases ( edit ) Collection Included episodes Release date Yo Ho , Mateys Away ! `` Hats Off to Hook / Escape from Belch Mountain '' , `` Hide the Hideout ! / The Old Shell Game '' , `` Izzy 's Pirate Puzzle / The Never Land Games '' , `` Off The Hook ! / Never Say Never ! '' , `` Cubby 's Sunken Treasure / Cubby 's Goldfish '' , `` Happy Hook Day ! / No Returns ! '' , `` The Sky 's The Limit ! / Bucky Makes a Splash '' September 27 , 2011 Peter Pan Returns `` Peter Pan Returns '' Full Length Adventure , `` The Elephant Surprise ! / Jake 's Jungle Groove '' , `` The Pirate Pup ! / Pirate Rock ! '' , `` The Sword and the Stone / Jake 's Home Run '' , `` The Pirate Princess / The Rainbow Wand '' , `` Mama Hook Knows Best ! / Pixie Dust Away '' April 3 , 2012 Jake Saves Bucky `` Jake Saves Bucky '' Full Length Adventure , `` Peter 's Musical Pipes / The Never Night Star '' , `` Captain Hook 's Hooks / Mr. Smee 's Pet '' , `` Race - Around Rock ! / Captain Hook is Missing ! '' , `` Captain Hook 's Lagoon / Undersea Bucky ! '' October 16 , 2012 Neverland Rescue `` Neverland Rescue '' Full Length Adventure , `` It 's a Pirate Picnic / The Key to Skull Rock `` , `` The Golden Twilight Treasure / Rock The Croc ! '' , `` Jake and Sneaky Le Beak / Cubby the Brave '' , `` Jake 's Special Delivery / Seahorse Saddle - Up ! '' November 19 , 2013 Battle for the Book `` Battle for the Book '' Full Length Adventure , `` Treasure Of The Pirate Mummy 's Tomb / Mystery Of The Missing Treasure ! '' , `` Pirate Genie Tales '' Full Length Adventure , `` Captain Gizmo / Jake 's Pirate Swap Meet '' , `` Sleeping Mermaid / Jake 's Mega-Mecha Sword '' January 6 , 2015 The Great Never Sea Conquest `` The Great Never Sea Conquest '' Full Length Adventure , `` Into the Heart of Coldness / The Remarkable Beardini ! '' , `` Escape From Ghost Island / The Island of Doctor Undergear '' , `` Rise of the Pirate Pharaoh / The Golden Hook '' , `` The Mystery of the Mighty Colossus / The Doubloon Monsoon '' , `` Shark Attack ! / Captain Hook 's Colossal Collision '' January 12 , 2016 Spin - offs ( edit ) On July 27 , 2012 , Disney announced a spin - off series of the show centering Skully . The show is titled Playing With Skully , and is a collection of short cartoons that aired on September 19 , 2012 . Another short series entitled Jake 's Never Land Pirate School premiered on November 26 , 2012 . The third spin - off , Mama Hook Knows Best ! premiered on September 29 , 2013 , starring Sharon Osbourne as Mama Hook . The fourth spin - off entitled , Jake 's Buccaneer Blast premiered on October 26 , 2014 , as the first Lego Duplo adventure . See also ( edit ) Never Land Pirate Band Tree Fu Tom Candle Cove Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Captain Jake and the Never Land Pirates Figure Play Set '' . Jump up ^ ' Jake and the Never Land Pirates ' Season Three to Debut January 3 on Disney Channel Jump up ^ ' Sofia the First ' , ' Doc McStuffins ' and ' Jake and the Never Land Pirates ' Renewed By Disney Channel Jump up ^ `` The Sword and the Stone '' . Jake and the Never Land Pirates . Jump up ^ `` Jake 's Mega-Mecha Sword '' . Jake and the Never Land Pirates . Jump up ^ `` Never Land Rescue '' . Jake and the Never Land Pirates . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Sharky and Bones from the Never Land Pirate Band -- interview for Moms and Dads '' . YouTube . 2011 - 08 - 22 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ Rob Owen , Special to The Oregonian . `` Two Portland performers provide music for Disney 's ' Jake and the Never Land Pirates ' '' . OregonLive.com . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Jake & The Never Land Pirates : Music '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Jake and the Never Land Pirates - iTunes - Apple ( scroll down to `` Top Albums and Songs by The Never Land Pirate Band '' ) `` . iTunes . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ Brian Lowry ( February 15 , 2011 ) . `` Jake and the Never Land Pirates '' . Variety . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ Robert Lloyd ( February 15 , 2011 ) . `` Television review : ' Jake and the Never Land Pirates ' '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Jake and the Never Land Pirates '' . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ Disney press release ( 2011 - 04 - 13 ) . `` Jake and the Never Land Pirates Hit Series Highs on April 9 '' . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Best TV Shows 2011 '' . Screenjunkies.com. 2011 - 07 - 14 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Jake 's Never Land Pirate School on the App Store on iTunes '' . Itunes.apple.com. 2012 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ http://disneyjunior.disney.com/jake-and-the-never-land-pirates/games Jump up ^ http://disneyjunior.disney.com/big-air-adventure Jump up ^ http://disneyjunior.disney.com/bucky-s-never-sea-hunt Jump up ^ http://disneyjunior.disney.com/cave-of-mystery Jump up ^ http://disneyjunior.disney.com/go-bananas Jump up ^ http://disneyjunior.disney.com/golden-pirate-pumpkin-patch Jump up ^ http://disneyjunior.disney.com/hook-yer-pirate-name Jump up ^ http://disneyjunior.disney.com/hook-s-merry-winter-treasure-hunt Jump up ^ http://disneyjunior.disney.com/izzy-s-flying-adventure Jump up ^ http://disneyjunior.disney.com/jake-and-the-never-land-pirates-sand-pirates Jump up ^ http://disneyjunior.disney.com/never-land-games Jump up ^ http://disneyjunior.disney.com/shadow-shenanigans Jump up ^ http://disneyjunior.disney.com/sharky-and-bones-pirate-rock Jump up ^ http://disneyjunior.disney.com/super-pirate-powers Jump up ^ http://disneyjunior.disney.com/the-great-pirate-pyramid Jump up ^ http://disneyjunior.disney.com/rainbow-wand-color-quest Jump up ^ http://disneyjunior.disney.com/jake-s-story-quest Jump up ^ `` Jake & the Never Land Pirates : Peter Pan Returns ( Two - Disc DVD + Digital Copy Combo ) : Jake & The Never Land Pirates : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Jake and the Never Land Pirates Products Disney Movies '' . Disneydvd.disney.go.com . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ Brown , Sophie ( 2012 - 07 - 27 ) . `` GeekMom Exclusive : Jake and the Neverland Pirates New Primetime Special GeekMom '' . Wired.com . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Kitchen Table : Tune into Disney Channel for Jake and The Never Land Pirates '' . Kitchentable4.com. 2012 - 11 - 21 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 01 . External links ( edit ) Official website Jake and the Never Land Pirates on IMDb Jake And The Never Land Pirates at the Big Cartoon DataBase Disney Channel information on Jake and the Never Land Pirates Preceded by N / A Disney Junior Shows 2011 Succeeded by Babar and the Adventures of Badou J.M. Barrie 's Peter Pan Characters and setting Main Peter Pan Wendy Darling Captain Hook Mr. Smee Tinker Bell Tiger Lily Other Neverland Lost Boys Pixie Hollow Cast members Literary adaptations Official books / plays The Little White Bird Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens Peter and Wendy ( play , book ) Peter Pan in Scarlet Starcatchers books Peter and the Starcatchers Peter and the Shadow Thieves Peter and the Secret of Rundoon Peter and the Sword of Mercy The Bridge to Never Land Never Land Books Film adaptations Peter Pan films Peter Pan ( 1924 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Peter Pan ( 1988 ) Hook Return to Never Land Neverland Peter Pan ( 2003 ) Pan Tinker Bell films Tinker Bell Tinker Bell and the Lost Treasure Tinker Bell and the Great Fairy Rescue Pixie Hollow Games Secret of the Wings Pixie Hollow Bake Off The Pirate Fairy Tinker Bell and the Legend of the NeverBeast Adaptations Television 1976 musical The Adventures of Peter Pan Peter Pan & the Pirates Jake and the Never Land Pirates Once Upon a Time Neverland Peter Pan Live ! Peter and Wendy Stage 1950 musical 1954 musical Peter Pan : A Musical Adventure Peter and the Starcatcher Peter Pan 360 Peter and Alice Finding Neverland ( musical ) Wendy & Peter Pan Peter Pan Goes Wrong Disney 's Peter Pan Jr . Video games Peter Pan and the Pirates Peter Pan : Adventures in Never Land Kingdom Hearts Hook Prose The Child Thief Graphic novels Peter Pank Lost Girls Marvel Fairy Tales Music Albums The Wendy Trilogy Faith , Trust , and Pixie Dust `` Lost Boy '' ( Ruth B song ) Somewhere in Neverland `` Peter Pan '' ( Kelsea Ballerini song ) Attractions Disney on Ice Fantasmic ! Peter Pan 's Flight ( ride ) Pixie Hollow Allusions Never Never Land Biographies The Lost Boys Finding Neverland Related Llewelyn Davies boys Peter Pan syndrome / Wendy dilemma Peter Pan copyright Disney franchise Peter Pan statue Category Disney Junior original programming Original series Doc McStuffins The Lion Guard Miles from Tomorrowland Sofia the First Goldie & Bear Mickey and the Roadster Racers Puppy Dog Pals Acquired series Kate & Mim - Mim The Octonauts P. King Duckling PJ Masks Re-running series Special Agent Oso Handy Manny Henry Hugglemonster Imagination Movers Little Einsteins Jake and the Never Land Pirates My Friends Tigger & Pooh Mickey Mouse Clubhouse Sheriff Callie 's Wild West Original short series Minnie 's Bow - Toons Nina Needs to Go ! Small Potatoes Whisker Haven Tales with the Palace Pets Returning short series Can You Teach My Alligator Manners ? Cars Toons Choo Choo Soul Chuggington : Badge Quest Go , Baby ! Handy Manny 's School for Tools Happy Monster Band Tasty Time with ZeFronk Where Is Warehouse Mouse ? Shanna 's Show Original future programming Vampirina Fancy Nancy See also Disney Junior -- Live on Stage ! Disney movies Disney Channel Playhouse Disney Soapnet Disney Television Animation List of programs broadcast by Toon Disney and List of programs broadcast by Disney Junior Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jake_and_the_Never_Land_Pirates&oldid=801464756 '' Categories : 2011 American television series debuts 2016 American television series endings Disney Channel shows American children 's adventure television series American children 's animated television series American children 's fantasy television series American musical television series 2010s American animated television series Preschool education television series Animated fantasy television series Animated musical television series English - language television programs Flash television shows Flash cartoons Television series by Disney Television Animation Peter Pan television series Disney 's Peter Pan Television series based on Disney movies Television series with live action and animation Television programs featuring anthropomorphic characters Television series about friendship Hidden categories : Pages using infobox television with editor parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Articles to be expanded from February 2011 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 September 2017 , at 20 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake%20and%20the%20Never%20Land%20Pirates
| 2,190 |
show me a map of norway and sweden
|
Norway
|
norway
|
Kingdom of Norway Kongeriket Norge ( Norwegian Bokmål ) Kongeriket Noreg ( Norwegian Nynorsk ) Norgga gonagasriika ( Northern Sami ) Flag Coat of arms Motto : Enige og tro inntil Dovre faller ( Norwegian Bokmål ) Einige og tru inntil Dovre fell ( Norwegian Nynorsk ) `` United and loyal until the mountains of Dovre crumble '' Anthem : Ja , vi elsker dette landet ( de facto ) ( `` Yes , we love this country '' ) Royal anthem : Kongesangen ( `` The King 's Song '' ) Show globe Show map of Europe Show all Location of the Kingdom of Norway ( green ) in Europe ( green & dark grey ) Location of the Kingdom of Norway and its integral overseas areas and dependencies : Svalbard , Jan Mayen , Bouvet Island , Peter I Island , and Queen Maud Land Capital and largest city Oslo 59 ° 56 ′ N 10 ° 41 ′ E / 59.933 ° N 10.683 ° E / 59.933 ; 10.683 Official languages Norwegian ( Bokmål Nynorsk ) Sami ( Northern Lule Southern ) Official minority languages Kven Romani Romanes Writing system Latin Ethnic groups Norwegian Indigenous status : Sami Minority status : Jewish Traveller Forest Finn Romani Kven Demonym Norwegian Government Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy Monarch Harald V Prime Minister Erna Solberg President of the Storting Tone W. Trøen Chief Justice Toril Marie Øie Legislature Storting History State established prior unification 872 Kingdom of Norway ( Greatest indep . extent ) 1263 Kalmar Union 1397 Denmark - Norway 1524 Re-established state 25 February 1814 Constitution 17 May 1814 Sweden - Norway 4 November 1814 Dissolution of Sweden - Norway 7 June 1905 German occupation 9 April 1940 Reichskommissariat Norwegen 24 April 1940 National Government 1 February 1942 Restoration from German occupation 8 May 1945 Area Total 385,203 km ( 148,728 sq mi ) ( 67th ) Water ( % ) 5.2 Population 2018 estimate 5,302,778 Density 15.8 / km ( 40.9 / sq mi ) ( 213th ) GDP ( PPP ) 2018 estimate Total $397 billion ( 46th ) Per capita $74,065 ( 4th ) GDP ( nominal ) 2018 estimate Total $443 billion ( 22nd ) Per capita $82,711 ( 3rd ) Gini ( 2014 ) 23.5 low 1st HDI ( 2015 ) 0.949 very high 1st Currency Norwegian krone ( NOK ) Time zone CET ( UTC + 1 ) Summer ( DST ) CEST ( UTC + 2 ) Date format dd. mm. yyyy Drives on the right Calling code + 47 ISO 3166 code NO Internet TLD . no Does not include Svalbard and Jan Mayen . ( With the territories , it is the 61st largest country at 385,178 square kilometers ) This percentage is for the mainland , Svalbard , and Jan Mayen . This percentage counts glaciers as `` land '' . It 's calculated as 19,940.14 / ( 365,246.17 + 19,940.14 ) . Two more TLDs have been assigned , but are not used : . sj for Svalbard and Jan Mayen ; . bv for Bouvet Island . Norway ( Norwegian : Norge ( Bokmål ) or Noreg ( Nynorsk ) ; Northern Sami : Norga ) , officially the Kingdom of Norway , is a unitary sovereign state in Northwestern Europe whose core territory comprises the western and northernmost portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula ; the remote island of Jan Mayen and the archipelago of Svalbard are also part of the Kingdom of Norway . The Antarctic Peter I Island and the sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island are dependent territories and thus not considered part of the Kingdom . Norway also lays claim to a section of Antarctica known as Queen Maud Land . Norway has a total area of 385,252 square kilometres ( 148,747 sq mi ) and a population of 5,302,778 ( as of April 2018 ) . The country shares a long eastern border with Sweden ( 1,619 km or 1,006 mi long ) . Norway is bordered by Finland and Russia to the north - east , and the Skagerrak strait to the south , with Denmark on the other side . Norway has an extensive coastline , facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea . King Harald V of the Dano - German House of Glücksburg is the current King of Norway . Erna Solberg became Prime Minister in 2013 , and was reelected in September 2017 . Erna Solberg replaced Jens Stoltenberg who was the Prime Minister between 2000 and 2001 and 2005 -- 2013 . A constitutional monarchy , Norway divides state power between the Parliament , the cabinet and the Supreme Court , as determined by the 1814 Constitution . The kingdom was established as a merger of a large number of petty kingdoms . By the traditional count from the year 872 , the kingdom has existed continuously for 1,145 years , and the list of Norwegian monarchs includes over sixty kings and earls . From 1537 to 1814 Norway was a part of the Kingdom of Denmark , and 1814 to 1905 in a personal union with the Kingdom of Sweden . Norway has both administrative and political subdivisions on two levels : counties and municipalities . The Sámi people have a certain amount of self - determination and influence over traditional territories through the Sámi Parliament and the Finnmark Act . Norway maintains close ties with both the European Union and the United States . Norway is a founding member of the United Nations , NATO , the European Free Trade Association , the Council of Europe , the Antarctic Treaty , and the Nordic Council ; a member of the European Economic Area , the WTO , and the OECD ; and a part of the Schengen Area . Norway maintains the Nordic welfare model with universal health care and a comprehensive social security system , and its values are rooted in egalitarian ideals . The Norwegian state has large ownership positions in key industrial sectors , having extensive reserves of petroleum , natural gas , minerals , lumber , seafood , and fresh water . The petroleum industry accounts for around a quarter of the country 's gross domestic product ( GDP ) . On a per - capita basis , Norway is the world 's largest producer of oil and natural gas outside the Middle East . The country has the fourth - highest per capita income in the world on the World Bank and IMF lists . On the CIA 's GDP ( PPP ) per capita list ( 2015 estimate ) which includes autonomous territories and regions , Norway ranks as number eleven . It has the world 's largest sovereign wealth fund , with a value of USD 1 trillion . Norway has had the highest Human Development Index ranking in the world since 2009 , a position also held previously between 2001 and 2006 . It also has the highest inequality - adjusted ranking . Norway ranked first on the World Happiness Report for 2017 , and currently ranks first on the OECD Better Life Index , the Index of Public Integrity , and the Democracy Index . Norway has one of the lowest crime rates in the world . Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Prehistory 2.2 Bronze Age 2.3 Iron Age 2.4 Migration period 2.5 Viking Age 2.6 Civil war and Norway at its greatest extent 2.7 Kalmar Union 2.8 Union with Denmark 2.9 Union with Sweden 2.10 Dissolution of the union 2.11 First and Second World Wars 2.12 Post-World War II history 3 Geography 3.1 Climate 3.2 Biodiversity 3.3 Environment 4 Politics and government 4.1 Administrative divisions 4.2 Largest cities 4.3 Judicial system and law enforcement 4.4 Foreign relations 4.5 Military 5 Economy 5.1 Resources 5.2 Transport 6 Demographics 6.1 Languages 6.2 Population 6.3 Migration 6.4 Religion 6.5 Health 6.6 Education 7 Culture 7.1 Human rights 7.2 Cinema 7.3 Music 7.4 Literature 7.5 Research 7.6 Architecture 7.7 Art 7.8 Cuisine 7.9 Sports 8 International rankings 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Bibliography 13 External links Etymology ( edit ) Opening of Ohthere 's Old English account , translated : `` Ohthere told his lord Ælfrede king that he lived northmost of all Norwegians ... '' Norway has two official names : Norge in Bokmål and Noreg in Nynorsk . The English name Norway comes from the Old English word Norþweg mentioned in 880 , meaning `` northern way '' or `` way leading to the north '' , which is how the Anglo - Saxons referred to the coastline of Atlantic Norway . The Anglo - Saxons of Britain also referred to the kingdom of Norway in 880 as Norðmanna land . There is some disagreement about whether the native name of Norway originally had the same etymology as the English form . According to the traditional undisputed view , the first component was originally norðr , a cognate of English north , so the full name was Norðr vegr , `` the way northwards '' , referring to the sailing route along the Norwegian coast , and contrasting with suðrvegar `` southern way '' ( from Old Norse suðr ) for ( Germany ) , and austrvegr `` eastern way '' ( from austr ) for the Baltic . According to another theory , the first component was a word nór , meaning `` narrow '' or `` northern '' , referring to the inner - archipelago sailing route through the land ( `` narrow way '' ) . The interpretation as `` northern '' , as reflected in the English and Latin forms of the name , would then have been due to later folk etymology . This latter view originated with philologist Niels Halvorsen Trønnes in 1847 ; since 2016 it as also advocated by language student and activist Klaus Johan Myrvoll and was adopted by philology professor Michael Schulte . The form Nore is still used in placenames such as the village of Nore and lake Norefjorden in Buskerud county , and still has the same meaning . Among other arguments in favour of the theory , it is pointed out that the word has a long vowel in Skaldic poetry and is not attested with in any native Norse texts or inscriptions ( the earliest runic attestations have the spellings nuruiak and nuriki ) . This resurrected theory has received some pushback by other scholars on various grounds , e. g . the uncontroversial presence of the element norðr in the ethnonym norðrmaðr `` Norseman , Norwegian person '' ( modern Norwegian nordmann ) , and the adjective norrǿnn `` northern , Norse , Norwegian '' , as well as the very early attestations of the Latin and Anglo - Saxon forms with . In a Latin manuscript of 849 , the name Northuagia is mentioned , while a French chronicle of c. 900 uses the names Northwegia and Norwegia . When Ohthere of Hålogaland visited King Alfred the Great in England in the end of the ninth century , the land was called Norðwegr ( lit . `` Northway '' ) and norðmanna land ( lit . `` Northmen 's land '' ) . The adjective Norwegian , recorded from c. 1600 , is derived from the latinisation of the name as Norwegia ; in the adjective Norwegian , the Old English spelling ' - weg ' has survived . Old Norse norðmaðr was Latinized as Nortmannus in the ninth century to mean `` Norseman '' and also `` Viking '' , giving rise to the name of the Normans . After Norway had become Christian , Noregr and Noregi had become the most common forms , but during the 15th century , the newer forms Noreg ( h ) and Norg ( h ) e , found in medieval Icelandic manuscripts , took over and have survived until the modern day . History ( edit ) Main articles : History of Norway and History of Scandinavia Prehistory ( edit ) Main article : Scandinavian prehistory Nordic Bronze Age rock carvings at Steinkjer , Central Norway The first inhabitants were the Ahrensburg culture ( 11th to 10th millennia BC ) , which was a late Upper Paleolithic culture during the Younger Dryas , the last period of cold at the end of the Weichselian glaciation . The culture is named after the village of Ahrensburg , 25 km ( 15.53 mi ) north - east of Hamburg in the German state of Schleswig - Holstein , where wooden arrow shafts and clubs have been excavated . The earliest traces of human occupation in Norway are found along the coast , where the huge ice shelf of the last ice age first melted between 11,000 and 8,000 BC . The oldest finds are stone tools dating from 9,500 to 6,000 BC , discovered in Finnmark ( Komsa culture ) in the north and Rogaland ( Fosna culture ) in the south - west . However , theories about two altogether different cultures ( the Komsa culture north of the Arctic Circle being one and the Fosna culture from Trøndelag to Oslofjord being the other ) were rendered obsolete in the 1970s . More recent finds along the entire coast revealed to archaeologists that the difference between the two can simply be ascribed to different types of tools and not to different cultures . Coastal fauna provided a means of livelihood for fishermen and hunters , who may have made their way along the southern coast about 10,000 BC when the interior was still covered with ice . It is now thought that these so - called `` Arctic '' peoples came from the south and followed the coast northward considerably later . In the southern part of the country are dwelling sites dating from about 5,000 BC . Finds from these sites give a clearer idea of the life of the hunting and fishing peoples . The implements vary in shape and mostly are made of different kinds of stone ; those of later periods are more skilfully made . Rock carvings ( i.e. petroglyphs ) have been found , usually near hunting and fishing grounds . They represent game such as deer , reindeer , elk , bears , birds , seals , whales , and fish ( especially salmon and halibut ) , all of which were vital to the way of life of the coastal peoples . The carvings at Alta in Finnmark , the largest in Scandinavia , were made at sea level from 4,200 to 500 BC and mark the progression of the land as the sea rose after the last ice age ended ( Rock carvings at Alta ) . Bronze Age ( edit ) Main article : Nordic Bronze Age Locations of the Germanic tribes described by Jordanes in Norway Between 3000 and 2500 BC , new settlers ( Corded Ware culture ) arrived in eastern Norway . They were Indo - European farmers who grew grain and kept cows and sheep . The hunting - fishing population of the west coast was also gradually replaced by farmers , though hunting and fishing remained useful secondary means of livelihood . From about 1500 BC , bronze was gradually introduced , but the use of stone implements continued ; Norway had few riches to barter for bronze goods , and the few finds consist mostly of elaborate weapons and brooches that only chieftains could afford . Huge burial cairns built close to the sea as far north as Harstad and also inland in the south are characteristic of this period . The motifs of the rock carvings differ from those typical of the Stone Age . Representations of the Sun , animals , trees , weapons , ships , and people are all strongly stylised . Thousands of rock carvings from this period depict ships , and the large stone burial monuments known as stone ships , suggest that ships and seafaring played an important role in the culture at large . The depicted ships most likely represent sewn plank built canoes used for warfare , fishing and trade . These ship types may have their origin as far back as the neolithic period and they continue into the Pre-Roman Iron Age , as exemplified by the Hjortspring boat . Iron Age ( edit ) Main article : Iron Age Scandinavia Little has been found dating from the early Iron Age ( the last 500 years BC ) . The dead were cremated , and their graves contain few burial goods . During the first four centuries AD the people of Norway were in contact with Roman - occupied Gaul . About 70 Roman bronze cauldrons , often used as burial urns , have been found . Contact with the civilised countries farther south brought a knowledge of runes ; the oldest known Norwegian runic inscription dates from the 3rd century . At this time , the amount of settled area in the country increased , a development that can be traced by coordinated studies of topography , archaeology , and place - names . The oldest root names , such as nes , vik , and bø ( `` cape , '' `` bay , '' and `` farm '' ) , are of great antiquity , dating perhaps from the Bronze Age , whereas the earliest of the groups of compound names with the suffixes vin ( `` meadow '' ) or heim ( `` settlement '' ) , as in Bjǫrgvin ( Bergen ) or Sǿheim ( Seim ) , usually date from the 1st century AD . Archaeologists first made the decision to divide the Iron Age of Northern Europe into distinct pre-Roman and Roman Iron Ages after Emil Vedel unearthed a number of Iron Age artefacts in 1866 on the island of Bornholm . They did not exhibit the same permeating Roman influence seen in most other artefacts from the early centuries AD , indicating that parts of northern Europe had not yet come into contact with the Romans at the beginning of the Iron Age . Migration period ( edit ) Main article : Migration period See also : Petty kingdoms of Norway Viking swords found in Norway , preserved at Bergen Museum The destruction of the Western Roman Empire by the Germanic peoples in the 5th century is characterised by rich finds , including tribal chiefs ' graves containing magnificent weapons and gold objects . Hill forts were built on precipitous rocks for defence . Excavation has revealed stone foundations of farmhouses 18 to 27 metres ( 59 to 89 ft ) long -- one even 46 metres ( 151 feet ) long -- the roofs of which were supported on wooden posts . These houses were family homesteads where several generations lived together , with people and cattle under one roof . These states were based on either clans or tribes ( e.g. , the Horder of Hordaland in western Norway ) . By the 9th century , each of these small states had things ( local or regional assemblies ) , for negotiating and settling disputes . The thing meeting places , each eventually with a hörgr ( open - air sanctuary ) or a heathen hof ( temple ; literally `` hill '' ) , were usually situated on the oldest and best farms , which belonged to the chieftains and wealthiest farmers . The regional things united to form even larger units : assemblies of deputy yeomen from several regions . In this way , the lagting ( assemblies for negotiations and lawmaking ) developed . The Gulating had its meeting place by Sognefjord and may have been the centre of an aristocratic confederation along the western fjords and islands called the Gulatingslag . The Frostating was the assembly for the leaders in the Trondheimsfjord area ; the Earls of Lade , near Trondheim , seem to have enlarged the Frostatingslag by adding the coastland from Romsdalsfjord to Lofoten . Viking Age ( edit ) Main article : Viking Age See also : Unification of Norway and Hereditary Kingdom of Norway The Oseberg ship at the Viking Ship Museum in Oslo , Norway The Gjermundbu helmet found in Buskerud is the only known reconstructable Viking Age helmet From the 8th to the 10th century , the wider Scandinavian region was the source of Vikings . The looting of the monastery at Lindisfarne in Northeast England in 793 by Norse people has long been regarded as the event which marked the beginning of the Viking Age . This age was characterised by expansion and emigration by Viking seafarers . They colonised , raided , and traded in all parts of Europe . Norwegian Viking explorers first discovered Iceland by accident in the 9th century when heading for the Faroe Islands , and eventually came across Vinland , known today as Newfoundland , in Canada . The Vikings from Norway were most active in the northern and western British Isles and eastern North America isles . According to tradition , Harald Fairhair unified them into one in 872 after the Battle of Hafrsfjord in Stavanger , thus becoming the first king of a united Norway . Harald 's realm was mainly a South Norwegian coastal state . Fairhair ruled with a strong hand and according to the sagas , many Norwegians left the country to live in Iceland , the Faroe Islands , Greenland , and parts of Britain and Ireland . The modern - day Irish cities of Dublin , Limerick and Waterford were founded by Norwegian settlers . Norwegian , Danish and Swedish expansion during the Viking age between 800 -- 1050 Norse traditions were slowly replaced by Christian ones in the late 10th and early 11th centuries . One of the most important sources for the history of the 11th century Vikings is the treaty between the Icelanders and Olaf Haraldsson , king of Norway circa 1015 to 1028 . This is largely attributed to the missionary kings Olav Tryggvasson and St. Olav . Haakon the Good was Norway 's first Christian king , in the mid-10th century , though his attempt to introduce the religion was rejected . Born sometime in between 963 -- 969 , Olav Tryggvasson set off raiding in England with 390 ships . He attacked London during this raiding . Arriving back in Norway in 995 , Olav landed in Moster . There he built a church which became the first Christian church ever built in Norway . From Moster , Olav sailed north to Trondheim where he was proclaimed King of Norway by the Eyrathing in 995 . Feudalism never really developed in Norway or Sweden , as it did in the rest of Europe . However , the administration of government took on a very conservative feudal character . The Hanseatic League forced the royalty to cede to them greater and greater concessions over foreign trade and the economy . The League had this hold over the royalty because of the loans the Hansa had made to the royalty and the large debt the kings were carrying . The League 's monopolistic control over the economy of Norway put pressure on all classes , especially the peasantry , to the degree that no real burgher class existed in Norway . Civil war and Norway at its Greatest extent ( edit ) Main article : Kingdom of Norway ( 872 -- 1397 ) See also : Greater Norway and Civil war era in Norway Norwegian Kingdom at its greatest extent , 1200s From the 1040s to 1130 the country was at peace . In 1130 the civil war era broke out on the basis of unclear succession laws , which allowed all the king 's sons to rule jointly . For periods there could be peace , before a lesser son allied himself with a chieftain and started a new conflict . The Archdiocese of Nidaros was created in 1152 and attempted to control the appointment of kings . The church inevitably had to take sides in the conflicts , with the civil wars also becoming an issue regarding the church 's influence of the king . The wars ended in 1217 with the appointment of Håkon Håkonsson , who introduced clear law of succession . From 1000 to 1300 the population increased from 150,000 to 400,000 , resulting both in more land being cleared and the subdivision of farms . While in the Viking Age all farmers owned their own land , by 1300 seventy percent of the land was owned by the king , the church , or the aristocracy . This was a gradual process which took place because of farmers borrowing money in poor times and not being able to repay . However , tenants always remained free men and the large distances and often scattered ownership meant that they enjoyed much more freedom than continental serfs . In the 13th century about twenty percent of a farmer 's yield went to the king , church and landowners . The 14th century is described as Norway 's Golden Age , with peace and increase in trade , especially with the British Islands , although Germany became increasingly important towards the end of the century . Throughout the High Middle Ages the king established Norway as a sovereign state with a central administration and local representatives . In 1349 the Black Death spread to Norway and had within a year killed a third of the population . Later plagues reduced the population to half the starting point by 1400 . Many communities were entirely wiped out , resulting in an abundance of land , allowing farmers to switch to more animal husbandry . The reduction in taxes weakened the king 's position , and many aristocrats lost the basis for their surplus , reducing some to mere farmers . High tithes to church made it increasingly powerful and the archbishop became a member of the Council of State . Bryggen in Bergen , once the center of trade in Norway under the Hanseatic League trade network , now preserved as a World Heritage Site The Hanseatic League took control over Norwegian trade during the 14th century and established a trading center in Bergen . In 1380 Olaf Haakonsson inherited both the Norwegian and Danish thrones , creating a union between the two countries . In 1397 , under Margaret I , the Kalmar Union was created between the three Scandinavian countries . She waged war against the Germans , resulting in a trade blockade and higher taxation on Norwegians , which resulted in a rebellion . However , the Norwegian Council of State was too weak to pull out of the union . Margaret pursued a centralising policy which inevitably favoured Denmark , because it had a greater population than Norway and Sweden combined . Margaret also granted trade privileges to the Hanseatic merchants of Lübeck in Bergen in return for recognition of her right to rule , and these hurt the Norwegian economy . The Hanseatic merchants formed a state within a state in Bergen for generations . Even worse were the pirates , the `` Victual Brothers '' , who launched three devastating raids on the port ( the last in 1427 ) . Norway slipped ever more to the background under the Oldenburg dynasty ( established 1448 ) . There was one revolt under Knut Alvsson in 1502 . Norwegians had some affection for King Christian II , who resided in the country for several years . Norway took no part in the events which led to Swedish independence from Denmark in the 1520s . Kalmar Union ( edit ) Main article : Kalmar Union Upon the death of Haakon V ( King of Norway ) in 1319 , Magnus Erikson , at just three years old , inherited the throne as King Magnus VII of Norway . At the same time , a movement to make Magnus King of Sweden proved successful , and both the kings of Sweden and of Denmark were elected to the throne by their respective nobles , Thus , with his election to the throne of Sweden , both Sweden and Norway were united under King Magnus VII . In 1349 , the Black Death radically altered Norway , killing between 50 % and 60 % of its population and leaving it in a period of social and economic decline . The plague left Norway very poor . Although the death rate was comparable with the rest of Europe , economic recovery took much longer because of the small , scattered population . Even before the plague , the population was only about 500,000 . After the plague , many farms lay idle while the population slowly increased . However , the few surviving farms ' tenants found their bargaining positions with their landlords greatly strengthened . Old map of Norway c. 1660 AD King Magnus VII ruled Norway until 1350 , when his son , Haakon , was placed on the throne as Haakon VI . In 1363 , Haakon VI married Margaret , the daughter of King Valdemar IV of Denmark . Upon the death of Haakon VI , in 1379 , his son , Olaf IV , was only 10 years old . Olaf had already been elected to the throne of Denmark on 3 May 1376 . Thus , upon Olaf 's accession to the throne of Norway , Denmark and Norway entered personal union . Olaf 's mother and Haakon 's widow , Queen Margaret , managed the foreign affairs of Denmark and Norway during the minority of Olaf IV . Margaret was working toward a union of Sweden with Denmark and Norway by having Olaf elected to the Swedish throne . She was on the verge of achieving this goal when Olaf IV suddenly died . However , Denmark made Margaret temporary ruler upon the death of Olaf . On 2 February 1388 , Norway followed suit and crowned Margaret . Queen Margaret knew that her power would be more secure if she were able to find a king to rule in her place . She settled on Eric of Pomerania , grandson of her sister . Thus at an all - Scandinavian meeting held at Kalmar , Erik of Pomerania was crowned king of all three Scandinavian countries . Thus , royal politics resulted in personal unions between the Nordic countries , eventually bringing the thrones of Norway , Denmark , and Sweden under the control of Queen Margaret when the country entered into the Kalmar Union . Union with Denmark ( edit ) Main article : Denmark -- Norway After Sweden broke out of the Kalmar Union in 1521 , Norway tried to follow suit , but the subsequent rebellion was defeated , and Norway remained in a union with Denmark until 1814 , a total of 434 years . During the national romanticism of the 19th century , this period was by some referred to as the `` 400 - Year Night '' , since all of the kingdom 's royal , intellectual , and administrative power was centred in Copenhagen in Denmark . In fact , it was a period of great prosperity and progress for Norway , especially in terms of shipping and foreign trade , and it also secured the country 's revival from the demographic catastrophe it suffered in the Black Death . Based on the respective natural resources , Denmark -- Norway was in fact a very good match since Denmark supported Norway 's needs for grain and food supplies , and Norway supplied Denmark with timber , metal , and fish . The Battle of the Sound between an allied Dano - Norwegian -- Dutch fleet and the Swedish navy , 8 November 1658 ( 29 October OS ) With the introduction of Protestantism in 1536 , the archbishopric in Trondheim was dissolved , and Norway lost its independence , and effectually became a colony of Denmark . The Church 's incomes and possessions were instead redirected to the court in Copenhagen . Norway lost the steady stream of pilgrims to the relics of St. Olav at the Nidaros shrine , and with them , much of the contact with cultural and economic life in the rest of Europe . Eventually restored as a kingdom ( albeit in legislative union with Denmark ) in 1661 , Norway saw its land area decrease in the 17th century with the loss of the provinces Båhuslen , Jemtland , and Herjedalen to Sweden , as the result of a number of disastrous wars with Sweden . In the north , however , its territory was increased by the acquisition of the northern provinces of Troms and Finnmark , at the expense of Sweden and Russia . The famine of 1695 -- 1696 killed roughly 10 % of Norway 's population . The harvest failed in Scandinavia at least nine times between 1740 and 1800 , with great loss of life . Union with Sweden ( edit ) Main article : United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway See also : Norwegian protectorate and Norwegian romantic nationalism The 1814 constitutional assembly , painted by Oscar Wergeland After Denmark -- Norway was attacked by the United Kingdom at the Battle of Copenhagen , it entered into an alliance with Napoleon , with the war leading to dire conditions and mass starvation in 1812 . As the Danish kingdom found itself on the losing side in 1814 , it was forced , under terms of the Treaty of Kiel , to cede Norway to the king of Sweden , while the old Norwegian provinces of Iceland , Greenland , and the Faroe Islands remained with the Danish crown . Norway took this opportunity to declare independence , adopted a constitution based on American and French models , and elected the Crown Prince of Denmark and Norway , Christian Frederick , as king on 17 May 1814 . This is the famous Syttende Mai ( Seventeenth of May ) holiday celebrated by Norwegians and Norwegian - Americans alike . Syttende Mai is also called Norwegian Constitution Day . Norwegian opposition to the great powers ' decision to link Norway with Sweden caused the Norwegian -- Swedish War to break out as Sweden tried to subdue Norway by military means . As Sweden 's military was not strong enough to defeat the Norwegian forces outright , and Norway 's treasury was not large enough to support a protracted war , and as British and Russian navies blockaded the Norwegian coast , the belligerents were forced to negotiate the Convention of Moss . According to the terms of the convention , Christian Frederik abdicated the Norwegian throne and authorised the Parliament of Norway to make the necessary constitutional amendments to allow for the personal union that Norway was forced to accept . On 4 November 1814 , the Parliament ( Storting ) elected Charles XIII of Sweden as king of Norway , thereby establishing the union with Sweden . Under this arrangement , Norway kept its liberal constitution and its own independent institutions , except for the foreign service . Following the recession caused by the Napoleonic Wars , economic development of Norway remained slow until economic growth began around 1830 . Harvesting of oats in Jølster , c. 1890 This period also saw the rise of the Norwegian romantic nationalism , as Norwegians sought to define and express a distinct national character . The movement covered all branches of culture , including literature ( Henrik Wergeland ( 1808 -- 1845 ) , Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson ( 1832 -- 1910 ) , Peter Christen Asbjørnsen ( 1812 -- 1845 ) , Jørgen Moe ( 1813 -- 1882 ) ) , painting ( Hans Gude ( 1825 -- 1903 ) , Adolph Tidemand ( 1814 -- 1876 ) ) , music ( Edvard Grieg ( 1843 -- 1907 ) ) , and even language policy , where attempts to define a native written language for Norway led to today 's two official written forms for Norwegian : Bokmål and Nynorsk . King Charles III John , who came to the throne of Norway and Sweden in 1818 , was the second king following Norway 's break from Denmark and the union with Sweden . Charles John was a complex man whose long reign extended to 1844 . He protected the constitution and liberties of Norway and Sweden during the age of Metternich . As such , he was regarded as a liberal monarch for that age . However , he was ruthless in his use of paid informers , the secret police and restrictions on the freedom of the press to put down public movements for reform -- especially the Norwegian national independence movement . The Romantic Era that followed the reign of King Charles III John brought some significant social and political reforms . In 1854 , women won the right to inherit property in their own right , just like men . In 1863 , the last trace of keeping unmarried women in the status of minors was removed . Furthermore , women were then eligible for different occupations , particularly the common school teacher . By mid-century , Norway 's democracy was limited by modern standards : Voting was limited to officials , property owners , leaseholders and burghers of incorporated towns . A Sami family in Norway , c. 1900 Still , Norway remained a conservative society . Life in Norway ( especially economic life ) was `` dominated by the aristocracy of professional men who filled most of the important posts in the central government '' . There was no strong bourgeosie class in Norway to demand a breakdown of this aristocratic control of the economy . Thus , even while revolution swept over most of the countries of Europe in 1848 , Norway was largely unaffected by revolts that year . Marcus Thrane was a Utopian socialist . He made his appeal to the labouring classes urging a change of social structure `` from below upwards . '' In 1848 , he organised a labour society in Drammen . In just a few months , this society had a membership of 500 and was publishing its own newspaper . Within two years , 300 societies had been organised all over Norway , with a total membership of 20,000 persons . The membership was drawn from the lower classes of both urban and rural areas ; for the first time these two groups felt they had a common cause . In the end , the revolt was easily crushed ; Thrane was captured and in 1855 , after four years in jail , was sentenced to three additional years for crimes against the safety of the state . Upon his release , Marcus Thrane attempted unsuccessfully to revitalise his movement , but after the death of his wife , he migrated to the United States . In 1898 , all men were granted universal suffrage , followed by all women in 1913 . A bride from Hardanger , c. 1900 Dissolution of the Union ( edit ) Main articles : Union dissolution referendum and Dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden Christian Michelsen , a shipping magnate and statesman , and Prime Minister of Norway from 1905 to 1907 , played a central role in the peaceful separation of Norway from Sweden on 7 June 1905 . A national referendum confirmed the people 's preference for a monarchy over a republic . No Norwegian could legitimately claim the throne because none was able to prove relationship to medieval royalty and in European tradition royal or `` blue '' blood is a precondition for laying claim to the throne . The government offered the throne of Norway to a prince of the Dano - German royal house of Schleswig - Holstein - Sonderburg - Glücksburg . Prince Carl of Denmark was unanimously elected king by the Norwegian Parliament , the first king of a fully independent Norway in 508 years ( 1397 : Kalmar Union ) ; he took the name Haakon VII . In 1905 , the country welcomed the prince from neighbouring Denmark , his wife Maud of Wales and their young son to re-establish Norway 's royal house . Following centuries of close ties between Norway and Denmark , a prince from the latter was the obvious choice for a European prince who could best relate to the Norwegian people . First and second world wars ( edit ) See also : German occupation of Norway , Reichskommissariat Norwegen , and Quisling regime Scenes from the Norwegian Campaign in 1940 Throughout the First World War , Norway was in principle a neutral country . In reality , however , Norway had been pressured by the British to hand over increasingly large parts of its large merchant fleet to the British at low rates , as well as to join the trade blockade against Germany . Norwegian merchant marine ships , often with Norwegian sailors still on board , were then sailing under the British flag and at risk of being sunk by German submarines . Thus , many Norwegian sailors and ships were lost . Thereafter , the world ranking of the Norwegian merchant navy fell from fourth place to sixth in the world . Norway also proclaimed its neutrality during the Second World War , but despite this , it was invaded by German forces on 9 April 1940 . Although Norway was unprepared for the German surprise attack ( see : Battle of Drøbak Sound , Norwegian Campaign , and Invasion of Norway ) , military and naval resistance lasted for two months . Norwegian armed forces in the north launched an offensive against the German forces in the Battles of Narvik , until they were forced to surrender on 10 June after losing British support which had been diverted to France during the German invasion of France . King Haakon and the Norwegian government escaped to Rotherhithe in London . Throughout the war they sent inspirational radio speeches and supported clandestine military actions in Norway against the Germans . On the day of the invasion , the leader of the small National - Socialist party Nasjonal Samling , Vidkun Quisling , tried to seize power , but was forced by the German occupiers to step aside . Real power was wielded by the leader of the German occupation authority , Reichskommissar Josef Terboven . Quisling , as minister president , later formed a collaborationist government under German control . Up to 15,000 Norwegians volunteered to fight in German units , including the Waffen - SS . Norwegian fighter pilots in the United Kingdom during World War II The fraction of the Norwegian population that supported Germany was traditionally smaller than in Sweden , but greater than is generally appreciated today . It included a number of prominent personalities such as Knut Hamsun . The concept of a `` Germanic Union '' of member states fit well into their thoroughly nationalist - patriotic ideology . Many Norwegians and persons of Norwegian descent joined the Allied forces as well as the Free Norwegian Forces . In June 1940 , a small group had left Norway following their king to Britain . This group included 13 ships , five aircraft , and 500 men from the Royal Norwegian Navy . By the end of the war , the force had grown to 58 ships and 7,500 men in service in the Royal Norwegian Navy , 5 squadrons of aircraft ( including Spitfires , Sunderland flying boats and Mosquitos ) in the newly formed Norwegian Air Force , and land forces including the Norwegian Independent Company 1 and 5 Troop as well as No. 10 Commandos . During the five years of German occupation , Norwegians built a resistance movement which fought the German occupation forces with both civil disobedience and armed resistance including the destruction of Norsk Hydro 's heavy water plant and stockpile of heavy water at Vemork , which crippled the German nuclear programme ( see : Norwegian heavy water sabotage ) . More important to the Allied war effort , however , was the role of the Norwegian Merchant Marine . At the time of the invasion , Norway had the fourth - largest merchant marine fleet in the world . It was led by the Norwegian shipping company Nortraship under the Allies throughout the war and took part in every war operation from the evacuation of Dunkirk to the Normandy landings . Each December Norway gives a Christmas tree to the United Kingdom as thanks for the British assistance during the Second World War . A ceremony takes place to erect the tree in London 's Trafalgar Square . Post-world war II history ( edit ) From 1945 to 1962 , the Labour Party held an absolute majority in the parliament . The government , led by prime minister Einar Gerhardsen , embarked on a program inspired by Keynesian economics , emphasising state financed industrialisation and co-operation between trade unions and employers ' organisations . Many measures of state control of the economy imposed during the war were continued , although the rationing of dairy products was lifted in 1949 , while price control and rationing of housing and cars continued as long as until 1960 . Since the 1970s oil production has helped to expand the Norwegian economy and finance the Norwegian state . ( Statfjord oil field ) The wartime alliance with the United Kingdom and the United States was continued in the post-war years . Although pursuing the goal of a socialist economy , the Labour Party distanced itself from the Communists ( especially after the Communists ' seizure of power in Czechoslovakia in 1948 ) , and strengthened its foreign policy and defence policy ties with the US . Norway received Marshall Plan aid from the United States starting in 1947 , joined the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OEEC ) one year later , and became a founding member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) in 1949 . The first oil was discovered at the small Balder field in 1967 , production only began in 1999 . In 1969 , the Phillips Petroleum Company discovered petroleum resources at the Ekofisk field west of Norway . In 1973 , the Norwegian government founded the State oil company , Statoil . Oil production did not provide net income until the early 1980s because of the large capital investment that was required to establish the country 's petroleum industry . Around 1975 , both the proportion and absolute number of workers in industry peaked . Since then labour - intensive industries and services like factory mass production and shipping have largely been outsourced . Norway was a founding member of the European Free Trade Association ( EFTA ) . Norway was twice invited to join the European Union , but ultimately declined to join after referendums that failed by narrow margins in 1972 and 1994 . Town Hall Square in Oslo filled with people with roses mourning the victims of the Utøya massacre , 22 July 2011 In 1981 , a Conservative government led by Kåre Willoch replaced the Labour Party with a policy of stimulating the stagflated economy with tax cuts , economic liberalisation , deregulation of markets , and measures to curb record - high inflation ( 13.6 % in 1981 ) . Norway 's first female prime minister , Gro Harlem Brundtland of the Labour party , continued many of the reforms of her conservative predecessor , while backing traditional Labour concerns such as social security , high taxes , the industrialisation of nature , and feminism . By the late 1990s , Norway had paid off its foreign debt and had started accumulating a sovereign wealth fund . Since the 1990s , a divisive question in politics has been how much of the income from petroleum production the government should spend , and how much it should save . In 2011 , Norway suffered two terrorist attacks on the same day conducted by Anders Behring Breivik which struck the government quarter in Oslo and a summer camp of the Labour party 's youth movement at Utøya island , resulting in 77 deaths and 319 wounded . The 2013 Norwegian parliamentary election brought a more conservative government to power , with the Conservative Party and the Progress Party winning 43 % of the electorate 's votes . Geography ( edit ) Main articles : Geography of Norway and Geology of Norway A satellite image of continental Norway in winter Norway 's core territory comprises the western and northernmost portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula ; the remote island of Jan Mayen and the archipelago of Svalbard are also part of the Kingdom of Norway . The Antarctic Peter I Island and the sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island are dependent territories and thus not considered part of the Kingdom . Norway also lays claim to a section of Antarctica known as Queen Maud Land . From the Middle ages to 1814 Norway was part of the Danish kingdom . Norwegian possessions in the North Atlantic , Faroe Islands , Greenland , and Iceland , remained Danish when Norway was passed to Sweden at the Treaty of Kiel . Norway also comprised Bohuslän until 1658 , Jämtland and Härjedalen until 1645 , Shetland and Orkney until 1468 , and the Hebrides and Isle of Man until the Treaty of Perth in 1266 . Norway comprises the western and northernmost part of Scandinavia in Northern Europe . Norway lies between latitudes 57 ° and 81 ° N , and longitudes 4 ° and 32 ° E. Norway is the northernmost of the Nordic countries and if Svalbard is included also the easternmost . Vardø at 31 ° 10 ' 07 '' east of Greenwich lies further east than St. Petersburg and Istanbul . Norway includes the northernmost point on the European mainland . The rugged coastline is broken by huge fjords and thousands of islands . The coastal baseline is 2,532 kilometres ( 1,573 mi ) . The coastline of the mainland including fjords stretches 28,953 kilometres ( 17,991 mi ) , when islands are included the coastline has been estimated to 100,915 kilometres ( 62,706 mi ) . Norway shares a 1,619 - kilometre ( 1,006 mi ) land border with Sweden , 727 kilometres ( 452 mi ) with Finland , and 196 kilometres ( 122 mi ) with Russia to the east . To the north , west and south , Norway is bordered by the Barents Sea , the Norwegian Sea , the North Sea , and Skagerrak . The Scandinavian Mountains form much of the border with Sweden . Reine in Lofoten , Northern Norway The tallest vertical rock face in Europe , Trollveggen and Trollryggen over the river Rauma in Romsdalen valley . Ringedalsvatnet lake and Trolltunga cliff Norwegian lowland landscape near the Gaulosen branch of Trondheimsfjord At 385,252 square kilometres ( 148,747 sq mi ) ( including Svalbard and Jan Mayen ) ( and 323,802 square kilometres ( 125,021 sq mi ) without ) , much of the country is dominated by mountainous or high terrain , with a great variety of natural features caused by prehistoric glaciers and varied topography . The most noticeable of these are the fjords : deep grooves cut into the land flooded by the sea following the end of the Ice Age . Sognefjorden is the world 's second deepest fjord , and the world 's longest at 204 kilometres ( 127 mi ) . Hornindalsvatnet is the deepest lake in all Europe . Norway has about 400,000 lakes . There are registred 239,057 islands . Permafrost can be found all year in the higher mountain areas and in the interior of Finnmark county . Numerous glaciers are found in Norway . The land is mostly made of hard granite and gneiss rock , but slate , sandstone , and limestone are also common , and the lowest elevations contain marine deposits . Because of the Gulf Stream and prevailing westerlies , Norway experiences higher temperatures and more precipitation than expected at such northern latitudes , especially along the coast . The mainland experiences four distinct seasons , with colder winters and less precipitation inland . The northernmost part has a mostly maritime Subarctic climate , while Svalbard has an Arctic tundra climate . Because of the large latitudinal range of the country and the varied topography and climate , Norway has a larger number of different habitats than almost any other European country . There are approximately 60,000 species in Norway and adjacent waters ( excluding bacteria and virus ) . The Norwegian Shelf large marine ecosystem is considered highly productive . Climate ( edit ) Sandefjord is a resort town which has Norway 's highest number of annual cloud - free days . Langeby Beach , 1966 . The southern and western parts of Norway , fully exposed to Atlantic storm fronts , experience more precipitation and have milder winters than the eastern and far northern parts . Areas to the east of the coastal mountains are in a rain shadow , and have lower rain and snow totals than the west . The lowlands around Oslo have the warmest and sunniest summers , but also cold weather and snow in wintertime . Because of Norway 's high latitude , there are large seasonal variations in daylight . From late May to late July , the sun never completely descends beneath the horizon in areas north of the Arctic Circle ( hence Norway 's description as the `` Land of the Midnight sun '' ) , and the rest of the country experiences up to 20 hours of daylight per day . Conversely , from late November to late January , the sun never rises above the horizon in the north , and daylight hours are very short in the rest of the country . The coastal climate of Norway is exceptionally mild compared with areas on similar latitudes elsewhere in the world , with the Gulf Stream passing directly offshore the northern areas of the Atlantic coast , continuously warming the region in the winter . Temperature anomalies found in coastal locations are exceptional , with Røst and Værøy lacking a meteorological winter in spite of being north of the Arctic Circle . The Gulf Stream has this effect only on the northern parts of Norway , not in the south , despite what is commonly believed . The northern coast of Norway would thus be ice - covered if not for the Gulf Stream . As a side - effect , the Scandinavian Mountains prevent continental winds from reaching the coastline , causing very cool summers throughout Atlantic Norway . Oslo has more of a continental climate , similar to Sweden 's . The mountain ranges have subarctic and tundra climates . There is also very high rainfall in areas exposed to the Atlantic , such as Bergen . Oslo , in comparison , is dry , being in a rain shadow . Skjåk in Oppland county is also in the rain shadow and is one of the driest places with 278 millimetres ( 10.9 inches ) precipitation annually . Finnmarksvidda and the interior valleys of Troms and Nordland also receive less than 300 millimetres ( 12 inches ) annually . Longyearbyen is the driest place in Norway with 190 millimetres ( 7.5 inches ) . Parts of southeastern Norway including parts of Mjøsa have warm - summer humid continental climates ( Köppen Dfb ) , while the more southern and western coasts are mostly of the oceanic climate ( Cfb ) . Further inland in southeastern and northern Norway , the subarctic climate ( Dfc ) dominates ; this is especially true for areas in the rain shadow of the Scandinavian Mountains . Some of the inner valleys of Oppland get so little precipitation annually , thanks to the rain shadow effect , that they meet the requirements for dry - summer subarctic climates ( Dsc ) . In higher altitudes , close to the coasts of southern and western Norway , one can find the rare subpolar oceanic climate ( Cfc ) . This climate is also common in Northern Norway , but there usually in lower altitudes , all the way down to sea level . A small part of the northernmost coast of Norway has the tundra / alpine / polar climate ( ET ) . Large parts of Norway are covered by mountains and high altitude plateaus , many of which also exhibit the tundra / alpine / polar climate ( ET ) . hide Climate data for Oslo - Blindern ( Köppen Dfb ) ( 1961 -- 1990 ) , Norway Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 12.5 ( 54.5 ) 12.8 ( 55 ) 17.0 ( 62.6 ) 21.8 ( 71.2 ) 27.7 ( 81.9 ) 32.2 ( 90 ) 30.5 ( 86.9 ) 34.2 ( 93.6 ) 24.9 ( 76.8 ) 21.0 ( 69.8 ) 14.4 ( 57.9 ) 12.4 ( 54.3 ) 34.2 ( 93.6 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) − 1.8 ( 28.8 ) − 0.9 ( 30.4 ) 3.5 ( 38.3 ) 9.1 ( 48.4 ) 15.8 ( 60.4 ) 20.4 ( 68.7 ) 21.5 ( 70.7 ) 20.1 ( 68.2 ) 15.1 ( 59.2 ) 9.3 ( 48.7 ) 3.2 ( 37.8 ) − 0.5 ( 31.1 ) 9.6 ( 49.2 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) − 4.3 ( 24.3 ) − 4.0 ( 24.8 ) − 0.2 ( 31.6 ) 4.5 ( 40.1 ) 10.8 ( 51.4 ) 15.2 ( 59.4 ) 16.4 ( 61.5 ) 15.2 ( 59.4 ) 10.8 ( 51.4 ) 6.3 ( 43.3 ) 0.7 ( 33.3 ) − 3.1 ( 26.4 ) 5.7 ( 42.2 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) − 6.8 ( 19.8 ) − 6.8 ( 19.8 ) − 3.3 ( 26.1 ) 0.8 ( 33.4 ) 6.5 ( 43.7 ) 10.6 ( 51.1 ) 12.2 ( 54 ) 11.3 ( 52.3 ) 7.5 ( 45.5 ) 3.8 ( 38.8 ) − 1.5 ( 29.3 ) − 5.6 ( 21.9 ) 2.4 ( 36.3 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) − 24.3 ( − 11.7 ) − 24.9 ( − 12.8 ) − 20.2 ( − 4.4 ) − 9.8 ( 14.4 ) − 2.7 ( 27.1 ) 1.4 ( 34.5 ) 5.0 ( 41 ) 3.7 ( 38.7 ) − 2 ( 28 ) − 7.4 ( 18.7 ) − 16 ( 3 ) − 20.8 ( − 5.4 ) − 24.9 ( − 12.8 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 49 ( 1.93 ) 36 ( 1.42 ) 47 ( 1.85 ) 41 ( 1.61 ) 53 ( 2.09 ) 65 ( 2.56 ) 81 ( 3.19 ) 89 ( 3.5 ) 90 ( 3.54 ) 84 ( 3.31 ) 73 ( 2.87 ) 55 ( 2.17 ) 763 ( 30.04 ) Average precipitation days 6 6 5 5 7 7 8 7 8 8 6 77 Mean monthly sunshine hours 40 76 126 178 220 250 246 216 144 86 51 35 1,668 Source # 1 : Norwegian Meteorological Institute eklima.met.no Source # 2 : Met.no ( precipitation > 3 mm ) hide Climate data for Bergen ( Köppen Cfb ) , 1961 -- 1990 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 16.9 ( 62.4 ) 13.2 ( 55.8 ) 17.2 ( 63 ) 22.5 ( 72.5 ) 27.6 ( 81.7 ) 29.9 ( 85.8 ) 31.8 ( 89.2 ) 31.0 ( 87.8 ) 27.1 ( 80.8 ) 23.1 ( 73.6 ) 17.9 ( 64.2 ) 13.9 ( 57 ) 31.8 ( 89.2 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 4.4 ( 39.9 ) 4.8 ( 40.6 ) 7.1 ( 44.8 ) 11.5 ( 52.7 ) 14.9 ( 58.8 ) 18.0 ( 64.4 ) 20.7 ( 69.3 ) 19.4 ( 66.9 ) 15.9 ( 60.6 ) 12.2 ( 54 ) 8.2 ( 46.8 ) 4.9 ( 40.8 ) 11.8 ( 53.3 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) 2.2 ( 36 ) 2.1 ( 35.8 ) 3.8 ( 38.8 ) 7.4 ( 45.3 ) 10.6 ( 51.1 ) 13.5 ( 56.3 ) 16.4 ( 61.5 ) 15.3 ( 59.5 ) 12.5 ( 54.5 ) 9.1 ( 48.4 ) 5.7 ( 42.3 ) 2.7 ( 36.9 ) 8.4 ( 47.2 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 0.1 ( 32.2 ) − 0.1 ( 31.8 ) ( 34 ) 4.0 ( 39.2 ) 6.9 ( 44.4 ) 9.9 ( 49.8 ) 13.2 ( 55.8 ) 12.4 ( 54.3 ) 9.9 ( 49.8 ) 6.5 ( 43.7 ) 3.6 ( 38.5 ) 0.5 ( 32.9 ) 5.7 ( 42.2 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) − 16.3 ( 2.7 ) − 13.4 ( 7.9 ) − 11.3 ( 11.7 ) − 0.5 ( 31.1 ) − 0.1 ( 31.8 ) 0.8 ( 33.4 ) 2.5 ( 36.5 ) 2.5 ( 36.5 ) 0.0 ( 32 ) − 5.5 ( 22.1 ) − 10 ( 14 ) − 13 ( 9 ) − 16.3 ( 2.7 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 190 ( 7.48 ) 152 ( 5.98 ) 170 ( 6.69 ) 114 ( 4.49 ) 106 ( 4.17 ) 132 ( 5.2 ) 148 ( 5.83 ) 190 ( 7.48 ) 283 ( 11.14 ) 271 ( 10.67 ) 259 ( 10.2 ) 235 ( 9.25 ) 2,250 ( 88.58 ) Average rainy days ( ≥ 1 mm ) 20 15 17 13 14 11 15 17 20 22 17 21 202 Average relative humidity ( % ) 78 76 73 72 72 76 77 78 79 79 78 79 76 Mean monthly sunshine hours 19 56 94 147 186 189 167 144 86 60 27 12 1,187 Source # 1 : http://sharki.oslo.dnmi.no/pls/portal/BATCH_ORDER.PORTLET_UTIL.Download_BLob?p_BatchId=666089&p_IntervalId=1351224(eklima.no ) ( high and low temperatures ) , NOAA ( all else , except extremes ) Source # 2 : Voodoo Skies for extremes hide Climate data for Brønnøysund ( Köppen Cfc ) , 1960 -- 1990 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) − 1.1 ( 30 ) − 0.6 ( 30.9 ) 0.9 ( 33.6 ) 3.7 ( 38.7 ) 8.4 ( 47.1 ) 11.2 ( 52.2 ) 13.1 ( 55.6 ) 13.0 ( 55.4 ) 9.8 ( 49.6 ) 6.6 ( 43.9 ) 2.2 ( 36 ) − 0.1 ( 31.8 ) 5.6 ( 42.1 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 138 ( 5.43 ) 102 ( 4.02 ) 114 ( 4.49 ) 97 ( 3.82 ) 66 ( 2.6 ) 83 ( 3.27 ) 123 ( 4.84 ) 113 ( 4.45 ) 180 ( 7.09 ) 192 ( 7.56 ) 145 ( 5.71 ) 157 ( 6.18 ) 1,510 ( 59.45 ) Source : Meteorologisk Institutt hide Climate data for Rena - Haugedalen ( Köppen Dfc ) ( 1961 -- 1990 ) , Norway Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° C ( ° F ) − 7.1 ( 19.2 ) − 4.4 ( 24.1 ) 2.4 ( 36.3 ) 7.8 ( 46 ) 15.2 ( 59.4 ) 20.2 ( 68.4 ) 20.9 ( 69.6 ) 18.9 ( 66 ) 13.3 ( 55.9 ) 6.6 ( 43.9 ) − 1 ( 30 ) − 5.7 ( 21.7 ) 7.3 ( 45 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) − 11.2 ( 11.8 ) − 9.6 ( 14.7 ) − 3.7 ( 25.3 ) 1.7 ( 35.1 ) 8.2 ( 46.8 ) 13.2 ( 55.8 ) 14.4 ( 57.9 ) 12.5 ( 54.5 ) 7.7 ( 45.9 ) 2.9 ( 37.2 ) − 4.3 ( 24.3 ) − 9.3 ( 15.3 ) 1.9 ( 35.4 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) − 15.6 ( 3.9 ) − 14.6 ( 5.7 ) − 9.6 ( 14.7 ) − 4 ( 25 ) 1.0 ( 33.8 ) 5.9 ( 42.6 ) 7.6 ( 45.7 ) 6.3 ( 43.3 ) 2.9 ( 37.2 ) − 0.6 ( 30.9 ) − 7.7 ( 18.1 ) − 13.4 ( 7.9 ) − 3.5 ( 25.7 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 50 ( 1.97 ) 38 ( 1.5 ) 40 ( 1.57 ) 42 ( 1.65 ) 62 ( 2.44 ) 78 ( 3.07 ) 90 ( 3.54 ) 79 ( 3.11 ) 85 ( 3.35 ) 80 ( 3.15 ) 67 ( 2.64 ) 55 ( 2.17 ) 766 ( 30.16 ) Source : Biodiversity ( edit ) The Arctic fox has its habitat in high elevation ranges on the mainland as well as on Svalbard . The total number of species include 16,000 species of insects ( probably 4,000 more species yet to be described ) , 20,000 species of algae , 1,800 species of lichen , 1,050 species of mosses , 2,800 species of vascular plants , up to 7,000 species of fungi , 450 species of birds ( 250 species nesting in Norway ) , 90 species of mammals , 45 fresh - water species of fish , 150 salt - water species of fish , 1,000 species of fresh - water invertebrates , and 3,500 species of salt - water invertebrates . About 40,000 of these species have been described by science . The red list of 2010 encompasses 4,599 species . Cold - water coral reefs in Skagerak off of the southern coast of Norway . Seventeen species are listed mainly because they are endangered on a global scale , such as the European beaver , even if the population in Norway is not seen as endangered . The number of threatened and near - threatened species equals to 3,682 ; it includes 418 fungi species , many of which are closely associated with the small remaining areas of old - growth forests , 36 bird species , and 16 species of mammals . In 2010 , 2,398 species were listed as endangered or vulnerable ; of these were 1250 listed as vulnerable ( VU ) , 871 as endangered ( EN ) , and 276 species as critically endangered ( CR ) , among which were the grey wolf , the Arctic fox ( healthy population on Svalbard ) and the pool frog . The largest predator in Norwegian waters is the sperm whale , and the largest fish is the basking shark . The largest predator on land is the polar bear , while the brown bear is the largest predator on the Norwegian mainland . The largest land animal on the mainland is the elk ( American English : moose ) . The elk in Norway is known for its size and strength and is often called skogens konge , `` king of the forest '' . Environment ( edit ) Attractive and dramatic scenery and landscape are found throughout Norway . The west coast of southern Norway and the coast of northern Norway present some of the most visually impressive coastal sceneries in the world . National Geographic has listed the Norwegian fjords as the world 's top tourist attraction . The country is also home to the natural phenomena of the Midnight sun ( during summer ) , as well as the Aurora borealis known also as the Northern lights . The 2016 Environmental Performance Index from Yale University , Columbia University and the World Economic Forum put Norway in seventeenth place , immediately below Croatia and Switzerland . The index is based on environmental risks to human health , habitat loss , and changes in CO2 emissions . The index notes over-exploitation of fisheries , but not Norway 's whaling or oil exports . A summer evening view from Sande over Lovatnet in Stryn , Sogn og Fjordane , in 2013 Politics and government ( edit ) Main articles : Politics of Norway and Law of Norway See also : Norwegian parliamentary election , 2017 The Royal Palace in Oslo . King Harald V and Queen Sonja of Norway ( reigning since 1991 ) in 2012 . The Storting is the Parliament of Norway . Prime Minister of Norway Erna Solberg ( since 2013 ) and U.S. President Donald Trump in 2018 . Norway is considered to be one of the most developed democracies and states of justice in the world . From 1814 , c. 45 % of men ( 25 years and older ) had the right to vote , whereas the United Kingdom had c. 20 % ( 1832 ) , Sweden c. 5 % ( 1866 ) , and Belgium c. 1.15 % ( 1840 ) . Since 2010 , Norway has been classified as the world 's most democratic country by the Democracy Index . According to the Constitution of Norway , which was adopted on 17 May 1814 and inspired by the United States Declaration of Independence and French Revolution of 1776 and 1789 , respectively , Norway is a unitary constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system of government , wherein the King of Norway is the head of state and the prime minister is the head of government . Power is separated among the legislative , executive and judicial branches of government , as defined by the Constitution , which serves as the country 's supreme legal document . The monarch officially retains executive power . But following the introduction of a parliamentary system of government , the duties of the monarch have since become strictly representative and ceremonial , such as the formal appointment and dismissal of the Prime Minister and other ministers in the executive government . Accordingly , the Monarch is commander - in - chief of the Norwegian Armed Forces , and serves as chief diplomatic official abroad and as a symbol of unity . Harald V of the House of Schleswig - Holstein - Sonderburg - Glücksburg was crowned King of Norway in 1991 , the first since the 14th century who has been born in the country . Haakon , Crown Prince of Norway , is the legal and rightful heir to the throne and the Kingdom . In practice , the Prime Minister exercises the executive powers . Constitutionally , legislative power is vested with both the government and the Parliament of Norway , but the latter is the supreme legislature and a unicameral body . Norway is fundamentally structured as a representative democracy . The Parliament can pass a law by simple majority of the 169 representatives , who are elected on the basis of proportional representation from 19 constituencies for four - year terms . 150 are elected directly from the 19 constituencies , and an additional 19 seats ( `` levelling seats '' ) are allocated on a nationwide basis to make the representation in parliament correspond better with the popular vote for the political parties . A 4 % election threshold is required for a party to gain levelling seats in Parliament . There are a total of 169 members of parliament . The Parliament of Norway , called the Stortinget ( meaning Grand Assembly ) , ratifies national treaties developed by the executive branch . It can impeach members of the government if their acts are declared unconstitutional . If an indicted suspect is impeached , Parliament has the power to remove the person from office . The position of prime minister , Norway 's head of government , is allocated to the member of Parliament who can obtain the confidence of a majority in Parliament , usually the current leader of the largest political party or , more effectively , through a coalition of parties . A single party generally does not have sufficient political power in terms of the number of seats to form a government on its own . Norway has often been ruled by minority governments . The prime minister nominates the cabinet , traditionally drawn from members of the same political party or parties in the Storting , making up the government . The PM organises the executive government and exercises its power as vested by the Constitution . Norway has a state church , the Lutheran Church of Norway , which has in recent years gradually been granted more internal autonomy in day - to - day affairs , but which still has a special constitutional status . Formerly , the PM had to have more than half the members of cabinet be members of the Church of Norway , meaning at least ten out of the 19 ministries . This rule was however removed in 2012 . The issue of separation of church and state in Norway has been increasingly controversial , as many people believe it is time to change this , to reflect the growing diversity in the population . A part of this is the evolution of the public school subject Christianity , a required subject since 1739 . Even the state 's loss in a battle at the European Court of Human Rights at Strasbourg in 2007 did not settle the matter . As of 1 January 2017 , the Church of Norway is a separate legal entity , and no longer a branch of the civil service . Through the Council of State , a privy council presided over by the monarch , the prime minister and the cabinet meet at the Royal Palace and formally consult the Monarch . All government bills need the formal approval by the monarch before and after introduction to Parliament . The Council reviews and approves all of the monarch 's actions as head of state . Although all government and parliamentary acts are decided beforehand , the privy council is an example of symbolic gesture the king retains . Members of the Storting are directly elected from party - lists proportional representation in nineteen plural - member constituencies in a national multi-party system . Historically , both the Norwegian Labour Party and Conservative Party have played leading political roles . In the early 21st century , the Labour Party has been in power since the 2005 election , in a Red -- Green Coalition with the Socialist Left Party and the Centre Party . Since 2005 , both the Conservative Party and the Progress Party have won numerous seats in the Parliament , but not sufficient in the 2009 general election to overthrow the coalition . Commentators have pointed to the poor co-operation between the opposition parties , including the Liberals and the Christian Democrats . Jens Stoltenberg , the leader of the Labour Party , continued to have the necessary majority through his multi-party alliance to continue as PM until 2013 . In national elections in September 2013 , voters ended eight years of Labor rule . Two political parties , Høyre and Fremskrittspartiet , elected on promises of tax cuts , more spending on infrastructure and education , better services and stricter rules on immigration , formed a government . Coming at a time when Norway 's economy is in good condition with low unemployment , the rise of the right appeared to be based on other issues . Erna Solberg became prime minister , the second female prime minister after Brundtland and the first conservative prime minister since Syse . Solberg said her win was `` a historic election victory for the right - wing parties '' . Administrative divisions ( edit ) Main articles : Administrative divisions of Norway , Counties of Norway , Municipalities of Norway , List of towns and cities in Norway , and Dependencies of Norway See also : Sápmi ( area ) Norway , a unitary state , is divided into eighteen first - level administrative counties ( fylke ) . The counties are administrated through directly elected county assemblies who elect the County Governor . Additionally , the King and government are represented in every county by a fylkesmann , who effectively acts as a Governor . As such , the Government is directly represented at a local level through the County Governors ' offices . The counties are then sub-divided into 422 - second - level municipalities ( kommuner ) , which in turn are administrated by directly elected municipal council , headed by a mayor and a small executive cabinet . The capital of Oslo is considered both a county and a municipality . Norway has two integral overseas territories : Jan Mayen and Svalbard , the only developed island in the archipelago of the same name , located miles away to the north . There are three Antarctic and Subantarctic dependencies : Bouvet Island , Peter I Island , and Queen Maud Land . On most maps , there had been an unclaimed area between Queen Maud Land and the South Pole until 12 June 2015 when Norway formally annexed that area . A geopolitical map of Norway , showing the 19 fylker , the Svalbard ( Spitsbergen ) and Jan Mayen islands , which are part of the Norwegian kingdom 96 settlements have city status in Norway . In most cases , the city borders are coterminous with the borders of their respective municipalities . Often , Norwegian city municipalities include large areas that are not developed ; for example , Oslo municipality contains large forests , located north and south - east of the city , and over half of Bergen municipality consists of mountainous areas . Norway and its overseas administrative divisions The counties of Norway are : County ( fylke ) Administrative centre Most populous municipality Geographical region Østfold Sarpsborg Fredrikstad Eastern Norway Akershus Oslo Bærum Eastern Norway Oslo City of Oslo Oslo Eastern Norway Hedmark Hamar Ringsaker Eastern Norway Oppland Lillehammer Gjøvik Eastern Norway Buskerud Drammen Drammen Eastern Norway Vestfold Tønsberg Sandefjord Eastern Norway Telemark Skien Skien Eastern Norway Aust - Agder Arendal Arendal Southern Norway Vest - Agder Kristiansand Kristiansand Southern Norway Rogaland Stavanger Stavanger Western Norway Hordaland Bergen Bergen Western Norway Sogn og Fjordane Hermansverk Førde Western Norway Møre og Romsdal Molde Ålesund Western Norway Trøndelag Steinkjer Trondheim Trøndelag Nordland Bodø Bodø Northern Norway Troms Tromsø Tromsø Northern Norway Finnmark Vadsø Alta Northern Norway Largest cities ( edit ) Largest cities or towns in Norway According to Statistics 2017 Rank Name County Pop . Rank Name County Pop . Oslo Bergen Oslo Oslo 988,873 11 Moss Østfold 46,618 Stavanger / Sandnes Trondheim Bergen Hordaland 254,235 12 Haugesund Rogaland 44,830 Stavanger / Sandnes Rogaland 220,943 13 Sandefjord Vestfold 43,595 Trondheim Trøndelag 180,557 14 Arendal Aust - Agder 43,084 5 Drammen Buskerud 116,446 15 Bodø Nordland 40,705 6 Fredrikstad / Sarpsborg Østfold 111,267 16 Tromsø Troms 38,980 7 Porsgrunn / Skien Telemark 92,753 17 Hamar Hedmark 27,324 8 Kristiansand Vest - Agder 61,536 18 Halden Østfold 25,300 9 Ålesund Møre og Romsdal 52,163 19 Larvik Vestfold 24,208 10 Tønsberg Vestfold 51,571 20 Askøy Hordaland 23,194 Judicial system and law enforcement ( edit ) Main article : Judiciary of Norway Norway uses a civil law system where laws are created and amended in Parliament and the system regulated through the Courts of justice of Norway . It consists of the Supreme Court of 20 permanent judges and a Chief Justice , appellate courts , city and district courts , and conciliation councils . The judiciary is independent of executive and legislative branches . While the Prime Minister nominates Supreme Court Justices for office , their nomination must be approved by Parliament and formally confirmed by the Monarch in the Council of State . Usually , judges attached to regular courts are formally appointed by the Monarch on the advice of the Prime Minister . The Courts ' strict and formal mission is to regulate the Norwegian judicial system , interpret the Constitution , and as such implement the legislation adopted by Parliament . In its judicial reviews , it monitors the legislative and executive branches to ensure that they comply with provisions of enacted legislation . The law is enforced in Norway by the Norwegian Police Service . It is a Unified National Police Service made up of 27 Police Districts and several specialist agencies , such as Norwegian National Authority for the Investigation and Prosecution of Economic and Environmental Crime , known as Økokrim ; and the National Criminal Investigation Service , known as Kripos , each headed by a chief of police . The Police Service is headed by the National Police Directorate , which reports to the Ministry of Justice and the Police . The Police Directorate is headed by a National Police Commissioner . The only exception is the Norwegian Police Security Agency , whose head answers directly to the Ministry of Justice and the Police . Norway abolished the death penalty for regular criminal acts in 1902 . The legislature abolished the death penalty for high treason in war and war - crimes in 1979 . Reporters Without Borders , in its 2007 Worldwide Press Freedom Index , ranked Norway at a shared first place ( along with Iceland ) out of 169 countries . In general , the legal and institutional framework in Norway is characterised by a high degree of transparency , accountability and integrity , and the perception and the occurrence of corruption are very low . Norway has ratified all relevant international anti-corruption conventions , and its standards of implementation and enforcement of anti-corruption legislation are considered very high by many international anti-corruption working groups such as the OECD Anti-Bribery Working Group . However , there are some isolated cases showing that some municipalities have abused their position in public procurement processes . Norwegian prisons are humane , rather than tough , with emphasis on rehabilitation . At 20 % , Norway 's re-conviction rate is among the lowest in the world . Foreign Relations ( edit ) Main article : Foreign relations of Norway See also : Norway and the European Union and Whaling in Norway Royal Norwegian Navy Fridtjof Nansen class frigate Norway maintains embassies in 82 countries . 60 countries maintain an embassy in Norway , all of them in the capital , Oslo . Norway is a founding member of the United Nations ( UN ) , the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) , the Council of Europe and the European Free Trade Association ( EFTA ) . Norway issued applications for accession to the European Union ( EU ) and its predecessors in 1962 , 1967 and 1992 , respectively . While Denmark , Sweden and Finland obtained membership , the Norwegian electorate rejected the treaties of accession in referenda in 1972 and 1994 . After the 1994 referendum , Norway maintained its membership in the European Economic Area ( EEA ) , an arrangement granting the country access to the internal market of the Union , on the condition that Norway implements the Union 's pieces of legislation which are deemed relevant ( of which there were approximately seven thousand by 2010 ) Successive Norwegian governments have , since 1994 , requested participation in parts of the EU 's co-operation that go beyond the provisions of the EEA agreement . Non-voting participation by Norway has been granted in , for instance , the Union 's Common Security and Defence Policy , the Schengen Agreement , and the European Defence Agency , as well as 19 separate programmes . Norway contributes to international development . In addition , it participated in the 1990s brokering of the Oslo Accords , an attempt to resolve the Israeli -- Palestinian conflict . These were unsuccessful . Military ( edit ) Main article : Norwegian Armed Forces The first Norwegian F - 35 Lightning II lands at Luke Air Force Base Norwegian Leopard tanks in the snow in Målselv The Norwegian Armed Forces numbers about 25,000 personnel , including civilian employees . According to 2009 mobilisation plans , full mobilisation produces approximately 83,000 combatant personnel . Norway has conscription ( including 6 -- 12 months of training ) ; in 2013 , the country became the first in Europe and NATO to draft women as well as men . However , due to less need for conscripts after the Cold War ended with the break - up of the Soviet Union , few people have to serve if they are not motivated . The Armed Forces are subordinate to the Norwegian Ministry of Defence . The Commander - in - Chief is King Harald V . The military of Norway is divided into the following branches : the Norwegian Army , the Royal Norwegian Navy , the Royal Norwegian Air Force , the Norwegian Cyber Defence Force and the Home Guard . In response to its being overrun by Germany in 1940 , the country was one of the founding nations of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) on 4 April 1949 . At present , Norway contributes in the International Security Assistance Force ( ISAF ) in Afghanistan . Additionally , Norway has contributed in several missions in contexts of the United Nations , NATO , and the Common Security and Defence Policy of the European Union . Economy ( edit ) Main articles : Economy of Norway , Energy in Norway , European Economic Area , and Exclusive economic zone § Norway Graphical depiction of Norway 's product exports in 28 colour - coded categories . GDP and GDP growth Norwegians enjoy the second - highest GDP per - capita among European countries ( after Luxembourg ) , and the sixth - highest GDP ( PPP ) per - capita in the world . Today , Norway ranks as the second - wealthiest country in the world in monetary value , with the largest capital reserve per capita of any nation . According to the CIA World Factbook , Norway is a net external creditor of debt . Norway maintained first place in the world in the UNDP Human Development Index ( HDI ) for six consecutive years ( 2001 -- 2006 ) , and then reclaimed this position in 2009 , through 2015 . The standard of living in Norway is among the highest in the world . Foreign Policy magazine ranks Norway last in its Failed States Index for 2009 , judging Norway to be the world 's most well - functioning and stable country . The OECD ranks Norway fourth in the 2013 equalised Better Life Index and third in intergenerational earnings elasticity . Norway 's claimed economic zones The Norwegian economy is an example of a mixed economy , a prosperous capitalist welfare state and social democracy country featuring a combination of free market activity and large state ownership in certain key sectors . Public health care in Norway is free ( after an annual charge of around 2000 kroner for those over 16 ) , and parents have 46 weeks paid parental leave . The state income derived from natural resources includes a significant contribution from petroleum production . Norway has an unemployment rate of 4.8 % , with 68 % of the population aged 15 -- 74 employed . People in the labour force are either employed or looking for work . 9.5 % of the population aged 18 -- 66 receive a disability pension and 30 % of the labour force are employed by the government , the highest in the OECD . The hourly productivity levels , as well as average hourly wages in Norway , are among the highest in the world . The egalitarian values of Norwegian society have kept the wage difference between the lowest paid worker and the CEO of most companies as much less than in comparable western economies . This is also evident in Norway 's low Gini coefficient . The state has large ownership positions in key industrial sectors , such as the strategic petroleum sector ( Statoil ) , hydroelectric energy production ( Statkraft ) , aluminium production ( Norsk Hydro ) , the largest Norwegian bank ( DNB ) , and telecommunication provider ( Telenor ) . Through these big companies , the government controls approximately 30 % of the stock values at the Oslo Stock Exchange . When non-listed companies are included , the state has even higher share in ownership ( mainly from direct oil licence ownership ) . Norway is a major shipping nation and has the world 's 6th largest merchant fleet , with 1,412 Norwegian - owned merchant vessels . By referendums in 1972 and 1994 , Norwegians rejected proposals to join the European Union ( EU ) . However , Norway , together with Iceland and Liechtenstein , participates in the European Union 's single market through the European Economic Area ( EEA ) agreement . The EEA Treaty between the European Union countries and the EFTA countries -- transposed into Norwegian law via `` EØS - loven '' -- describes the procedures for implementing European Union rules in Norway and the other EFTA countries . Norway is a highly integrated member of most sectors of the EU internal market . Some sectors , such as agriculture , oil and fish , are not wholly covered by the EEA Treaty . Norway has also acceded to the Schengen Agreement and several other intergovernmental agreements among the EU member states . The country is richly endowed with natural resources including petroleum , hydropower , fish , forests , and minerals . Large reserves of petroleum and natural gas were discovered in the 1960s , which led to a boom in the economy . Norway has obtained one of the highest standards of living in the world in part by having a large amount of natural resources compared to the size of the population . In 2011 , 28 % of state revenues were generated from the petroleum industry . Norway is the first country which banned cutting of trees ( deforestation ) , in order to prevent rain forests from vanishing . The country declared its intention at the UN Climate Summit in 2014 , alongside Great Britain and Germany . Crops , that are typically linked to forests ' destruction are timber , soy , palm oil and beef . Now Norway has to find new way to provide these essential products without exerting negative influence on its environment . Resources ( edit ) Agriculture is a significant sector , in spite of the mountainous landscape ( Flakstad ) Stockfish has been exported from Lofoten in Norway for at least 1,000 years Fish industry Norway is also the world 's second - largest exporter of fish ( in value , after China ) . Hydroelectric plants generate roughly 98 -- 99 % of Norway 's electric power , more than any other country in the world . Mineral resources Norway contains significant mineral resources , and in 2013 , its mineral production was valued at US $1.5 billion ( Norwegian Geological Survey data ) . The most valuable minerals are calcium carbonate ( limestone ) , building stone , nepheline syenite , olivine , iron , titanium , and nickel . Oil industry Oil production has been central to the Norwegian economy since the 1970s , with a dominating state ownership ( Heidrun oil field ) Export revenues from oil and gas have risen to almost 50 % of total exports and constitute more than 20 % of the GDP . Norway is the fifth - largest oil exporter and third - largest gas exporter in the world , but it is not a member of OPEC . In 1995 , the Norwegian government established the sovereign wealth fund ( `` Government Pension Fund -- Global '' ) , which would be funded with oil revenues , including taxes , dividends , sales revenues and licensing fees . This was intended to reduce overheating in the economy from oil revenues , minimise uncertainty from volatility in oil price , and provide a cushion to compensate for expenses associated with the ageing of the population . The government controls its petroleum resources through a combination of state ownership in major operators in the oil fields ( with approximately 62 % ownership in Statoil in 2007 ) and the fully state - owned Petoro , which has a market value of about twice Statoil , and SDFI . Finally , the government controls licensing of exploration and production of fields . The fund invests in developed financial markets outside Norway . The budgetary rule ( Handlingsregelen ) is to spend no more than 4 % of the fund each year ( assumed to be the normal yield from the fund ) . In March 2017 , the Government Pension Fund controlled assets were valued at approximately US $913 billion ( equal to US $182,000 per capita ) , which is about 178 % of Norway 's current GDP . It is the largest sovereign wealth fund in the world . The fund controls about 1.3 % of all listed shares in Europe , and more than 1 % of all the publicly traded shares in the world . The Norwegian Central Bank operates investment offices in London , New York , and Shanghai . Guidelines implemented in 2007 allow the fund to invest up to 60 % of the capital in shares ( maximum of 40 % prior ) , while the rest may be placed in bonds and real - estate . As the stock markets tumbled in September 2008 , the fund was able to buy more shares at low prices . In this way , the losses incurred by the market turmoil was recuperated by November 2009 . Other nations with economies based on natural resources , such as Russia , are trying to learn from Norway by establishing similar funds . The investment choices of the Norwegian fund are directed by ethical guidelines ; for example , the fund is not allowed to invest in companies that produce parts for nuclear weapons . Norway 's highly transparent investment scheme is lauded by the international community . The future size of the fund is closely linked to the price of oil and to developments in international financial markets . In 2000 , the government sold one - third of the state - owned oil company Statoil in an IPO . The next year , the main telecom supplier , Telenor , was listed on Oslo Stock Exchange . The state also owns significant shares of Norway 's largest bank , DnB NOR and the airline SAS . Since 2000 , economic growth has been rapid , pushing unemployment down to levels not seen since the early 1980s ( unemployment in 2007 : 1.3 % ) . The international financial crisis has primarily affected the industrial sector , but unemployment has remained low , and was at 3.3 % ( 86,000 people ) in August 2011 . In contrast to Norway , Sweden had substantially higher actual and projected unemployment numbers as a result of the recession . Thousands of mainly young Swedes migrated to Norway for work during these years , which is easy , as the labour market and social security systems overlap in the Nordic Countries . In the first quarter of 2009 , the GNP of Norway surpassed Sweden 's for the first time in history , although its population is half the size . Oil fields Between 1966 and 2013 , Norwegian companies drilled 5085 oil wells , mostly in the North Sea . Of these 3672 are utviklingsbrønner ( regular production ) ; 1413 are letebrønner ( exploration ) ; and 1405 have been terminated ( avsluttet ) . Oil fields not yet in production phase include : Wisting Central -- calculated size in 2013 , 65 -- 156 million barrels of oil and 10 to 40 billion cubic feet ( 0.28 to 1.13 billion cubic metres ) , ( utvinnbar ) of gas . and the Castberg Oil Field ( Castberg - feltet ) -- calculated size 540 million barrels of oil , and 2 to 7 billion cubic feet ( 57 to 198 million cubic metres ) ( utvinnbar ) of gas . Both oil fields are located in the Barents Sea . Transport ( edit ) Main articles : Transport in Norway , Rail transport in Norway , and List of airports in Norway E6 highway at Brattlikollen outskirts of Oslo Due to the low population density , narrow shape and long coastlines of Norway , its public transport is less developed than in many European countries , especially outside the major cities . The country has long - standing water transport traditions , but the Norwegian Ministry of Transport and Communications has in recent years implemented rail , road , and air transport through numerous subsidiaries to develop the country 's infrastructure . Under discussion is development of a new high - speed rail system between the nation 's largest cities . Norway 's main railway network consists of 4,114 kilometres ( 2,556 mi ) of standard gauge lines , of which 242 kilometres ( 150 mi ) is double track and 64 kilometres ( 40 mi ) high - speed rail ( 210 km / h ) while 62 % is electrified at 15 kV 16 ⁄ Hz AC . The railways transported 56,827,000 passengers 2,956 million passenger - kilometres and 24,783,000 tonnes of cargo 3,414 million tonne - kilometres . The entire network is owned by the Norwegian National Rail Administration . All domestic passenger trains except the Airport Express Train are operated by Norges Statsbaner ( NSB ) . Several companies operate freight trains . Investment in new infrastructure and maintenance is financed through the state budget , and subsidies are provided for passenger train operations . NSB operates long - haul trains , including night trains , regional services and four commuter train systems , around Oslo , Trondheim , Bergen and Stavanger . Visualization of Oslo Airport , Gardermoen as of 2017 after the latest expansion and renovation Norway has approximately 92,946 kilometres ( 57,754 mi ) of road network , of which 72,033 kilometres ( 44,759 mi ) are paved and 664 kilometres ( 413 mi ) are motorway . The four tiers of road routes are national , county , municipal and private , with national and primary county roads numbered en route . The most important national routes are part of the European route scheme . The two most prominent are the E6 going north - south through the entire country , and the E39 , which follows the West Coast . National and county roads are managed by the Norwegian Public Roads Administration . Norway has the world 's largest registered stock of plug - in electric vehicles per capita . In March 2014 , Norway became the first country where over 1 in every 100 passenger cars on the roads is a plug - in electric . The plug - in electric segment market share of new car sales is also the highest in the world . According to a report by Dagens Næringsliv in June 2016 , the country would like to ban all gasoline and diesel powered vehicles as early as 2025 . In June 2017 , 42 % of new cars registered were electric . Of the 97 airports in Norway , 52 are public , and 46 are operated by the state - owned Avinor . Seven airports have more than one million passengers annually . A total of 41,089,675 passengers passed through Norwegian airports in 2007 , of whom 13,397,458 were international . The central gateway to Norway by air is Oslo Airport , Gardermoen . Located about 35 kilometres ( 22 mi ) northeast of Oslo , it is hub for the two major Norwegian airlines : Scandinavian Airlines and Norwegian Air Shuttle , and for regional aircraft from Western Norway . There are departures to most European countries and some intercontinental destinations . A direct high - speed train connects to Oslo Central Station every 10 minutes for a 20 min ride . Demographics ( edit ) Main article : Demographics of Norway Languages ( edit ) Main article : Languages of Norway See also : Norwegian language and Sami languages Distribution of Norwegian dialect groups : North Norwegian ( yellow ) , Trøndelag Norwegian ( navy blue ) , West Norwegian ( orange ) and East Norwegian ( pale blue ) . Norwegian and Sami are the two official languages of Norway . The North Germanic Norwegian language has two official written forms , Bokmål and Nynorsk . Both are used in public administration , schools , churches , and media . Bokmål is the written language used by a large majority of about 80 -- 85 % . Around 95 % of the population speak Norwegian as their first or native language , although many speak dialects that may differ significantly from the written languages . All Norwegian dialects are mutually intelligible , although listeners with limited exposure to dialects other than their own may struggle to understand certain phrases and pronunciations in some other dialects . Several Uralic Sami languages are spoken and written throughout the country , especially in the north , by some members of the Sami people . ( Estimates suggest that about one third of the Norwegian Sami speak a Sami language . ) Speakers have a right to be educated and to receive communication from the government in their own language in a special forvaltningsområde ( administrative area ) for Sami languages . The Kven minority historically spoke the Uralic Kven language ( considered a separate language in Norway , but generally perceived as a Finnish dialect in Finland ) . Today the majority of ethnic Kven have little or no knowledge of the language . According to the Kainun institutti , `` The typical modern Kven is a Norwegian - speaking Norwegian who knows his genealogy . '' As Norway has ratified the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages ( ECRML ) the Kven language together with Romani and Scandoromani language has become officially recognised minority languages . Some supporters have also advocated making Norwegian Sign Language an official language of the country . In the 19th and 20th centuries , the Norwegian language was subject to strong political and cultural controversies . This led to the development of Nynorsk in the 19th century and to the formation of alternative spelling standards in the 20th century . Norwegian is similar to the other languages in Scandinavia : Swedish and Danish . All three languages are to a degree mutually intelligible and can be , and commonly are , employed in communication among inhabitants of the Scandinavian countries . As a result of the co-operation within the Nordic Council , inhabitants of all Nordic countries , including Iceland and Finland , have the right to communicate with Norwegian authorities in their own language . Students who are children of immigrant parents are encouraged to learn the Norwegian language . The Norwegian government offers language instructional courses for immigrants wishing to obtain Norwegian citizenship . With increasing concern about assimilating immigrants , since 1 September 2008 , the government has required that an applicant for Norwegian citizenship give evidence of proficiency in either Norwegian or in one of the Sami languages , or give proof of having attended classes in Norwegian for 300 hours , or meet the language requirements for university studies in Norway ( that is , by being proficient in one of the Scandinavian languages ) . The primary foreign language taught in Norwegian schools is English , considered an international language since the post-WWII era . The majority of the population is fairly fluent in English , especially those born after World War II . German , French and Spanish are also commonly taught as second or , more often , third languages . Russian , Japanese , Italian , Latin , and rarely Chinese ( Mandarin ) are offered in some schools , mostly in the cities . Traditionally , English , German and French were considered the main foreign languages in Norway . These languages , for instance , were used on Norwegian passports until the 1990s , and university students have a general right to use these languages when submitting their theses . Population ( edit ) Historical population Year Pop . ± % p.a. 1500 140,000 -- 1665 440,000 + 0.70 % 1735 616,109 + 0.48 % 1801 883,603 + 0.55 % 1855 1,490,047 + 0.97 % 1900 2,240,032 + 0.91 % 1950 3,278,546 + 0.76 % 2000 4,478,497 + 0.63 % 4,858,199 + 0.82 % 2013 5,096,300 + 1.61 % 2060 ( projected ) 7,032,687 + 0.69 % Source : Statistics Norway . Ethnic woman in Norwegian local geographic environment at Voss near Gudvangen in 1959 Demographics in Norway Norway 's population was 5,096,300 people in October 2013 . Norwegians are an ethnic North Germanic people . Since the late 20th century , Norway has attracted immigrants from southern and central Europe , the Mideast , Africa , Asia and beyond . In 2012 , an official study showed that 86 % of the total population have at least one parent who was born in Norway . More than 710,000 individuals ( 13 % ) are immigrants and their descendants ; there are 117,000 children of immigrants , born in Norway . Of these 710,000 immigrants and their descendants : 323,000 ( 39 % ) have a Western background ( Australia , North America , elsewhere in Europe ) 505,000 ( 61 % ) have a non-Western background ( primarily Morocco , Somalia , Iraq and Kurdistan federal region , Pakistan and Iran including Kurdistan Province ) . In 2013 , the Norwegian government said that 14 % of the Norwegian population were immigrants or children of two immigrant parents . About 6 % of the immigrant population come from EU , North America and Australia , and about 8.1 % come from Asia , Africa and Latin America . In 2012 , of the total 660,000 with immigrant background , 407,262 had Norwegian citizenship ( 62.2 % ) . Immigrants have settled in all Norwegian municipalities . The cities or municipalities with the highest share of immigrants in 2012 were Oslo ( 32 % ) and Drammen ( 27 % ) . The share in Stavanger was 16 % . According to Reuters , Oslo is the `` fastest growing city in Europe because of increased immigration '' . In recent years , immigration has accounted for most of Norway 's population growth . In 2011 , 16 % of newborn children were of immigrant background . The Sami people are indigenous to the Far North and have traditionally inhabited central and northern parts of Norway and Sweden , as well as areas in northern Finland and in Russia on the Kola Peninsula . Another national minority are the Kven people , descendants of Finnish - speaking people who migrated to northern Norway from the 18th up to the 20th century . From the 19th century up to the 1970s , the Norwegian government tried to assimilate both the Sami and the Kven , encouraging them to adopt the majority language , culture and religion . Because of this `` Norwegianization process '' , many families of Sami or Kven ancestry now identify as ethnic Norwegian . Migration ( edit ) Minneapolis -- Saint Paul has the largest concentration of ethnic Norwegians outside Norway , at 470,000 . Emigration Main articles : Norwegian diaspora and Norwegian Americans Particularly in the 19th century , when economic conditions were difficult in Norway , tens of thousands of people migrated to the United States and Canada , where they could work and buy land in frontier areas . Many went to the Midwest and Pacific Northwest . In 2006 , according to the US Census Bureau , almost 4.7 million persons identified as Norwegian Americans , which was larger than the population of ethnic Norwegians in Norway itself . In the 2011 Canadian census , 452,705 Canadian citizens identified as having Norwegian ancestry . Immigration Main article : Immigration to Norway On 1 January 2013 , the number of immigrants or children of two immigrants residing in Norway was 710,465 , or 14.1 % of the total population , up from 183,000 in 1992 . Yearly immigration has increased since 2005 . While yearly net immigration in 2001 -- 2005 was on average 13,613 , it increased to 37,541 between 2006 and 2010 , and in 2011 net immigration reached 47,032 . This is mostly because of increased immigration by residents of the EU , in particular from Poland . In 2012 , the immigrant community ( which includes immigrants and children born in Norway of immigrant parents ) grew by 55,300 , a record high . Net immigration from abroad reached 47,300 ( 300 higher than in 2011 ) , while immigration accounted for 72 % of Norway 's population growth . 17 % of newborn children were born to immigrant parents . Children of Pakistani , Somali and Vietnamese parents made up the largest groups of all Norwegians born to immigrant parents . Largest immigrant groups ( 1st and 2nd generation ) : National background Population Poland 97,196 Lithuania 37,638 Sweden 36,315 Somalia 28,696 Germany 24,601 Iraq including Kurdistan region 22,493 Syria 20,823 Philippines 20,537 Pakistan 19,973 Eritrea 19,957 Pakistani Norwegians are the largest non-European minority group in Norway . Most of their 32,700 members live in and around Oslo . The Iraqi and Somali immigrant populations have increased significantly in recent years . After the enlargement of the EU in 2004 , a wave of immigrants arrived from Central and Northern Europe , particularly Poland , Sweden and Lithuania . The fastest growing immigrant groups in 2011 in absolute numbers were from Poland , Lithuania and Sweden . The policies of immigration and integration have been the subject of much debate in Norway . Religion ( edit ) This section may be too long to read and navigate comfortably . Please consider splitting content into sub-articles , condensing it , or adding or removing subheadings . ( January 2018 ) Main article : Religion in Norway The Nidaros Cathedral in Trondheim The Heddal stave church in Notodden , the largest stave church in Norway Separation of church and state happened significantly later in Norway than in most of Europe and is not yet complete . In 2012 , the Norwegian parliament voted to grant the Church of Norway greater autonomy , a decision which was confirmed in a constitutional amendment on 21 May 2012 . Until 2012 parliamentary officials were required to be members of the Evangelical - Lutheran Church of Norway , and at least half of all government ministers had to be a member of the state church . As state church , the Church of Norway 's clergy were viewed as state employees , and the central and regional church administrations were part of the state administration . Members of the Royal family are required to be members of the Lutheran church . On 1 January 2017 , Norway made the church independent of the state , but retained the Church 's status as the `` people 's church '' . Most Norwegians are registered at baptism as members of the Church of Norway , which has been Norway 's state church since its establishment . In recent years the church has been granted increasing internal autonomy , but it retains its special constitutional status and other special ties to the state , and the constitution requires that the reigning monarch must be a member and states that the country 's values are based on its Christian and humanist heritage . Many remain in the church to participate in the community and practices such as baptism , confirmation , marriage and burial rites . About 70.6 % of Norwegians were members of the Church of Norway in 2017 . In 2017 , about 53.6 % of all newborns were baptised and about 57.9 % of all 15 - year - old persons were confirmed in the church . In the early 1990s , studies estimated that between 4.7 % and 5.3 % of Norwegians attended church on a weekly basis . This figure has dropped to about 2 % . In 2010 , 10 % of the population was religiously unaffiliated , while another 9 % , were members of religious communities outside the Church of Norway . Other Christian denominations total about 4.9 % of the population , the largest of which is the Roman Catholic Church , with 83,000 members , according to 2009 government statistics . The Aftenposten ( Norwegian , The Evening Post ) in October 2012 reported there were about 115,234 registered Roman Catholics in Norway ; the reporter estimated that the total number of people with a Roman Catholic background may be 170,000 -- 200,000 or higher . Others include Pentecostals ( 39,600 ) , the Evangelical Lutheran Free Church of Norway ( 19,600 ) , Methodists ( 11,000 ) , Baptists ( 9,900 ) , Eastern Orthodox ( 9,900 ) , Brunstad Christian Church ( 6,800 ) , Seventh - day Adventists ( 5,100 ) , Assyrians and Chaldeans , and others . The Swedish , Finnish and Icelandic Lutheran congregations in Norway have about 27,500 members in total . Other Christian denominations comprise less than 1 % each , including 4,000 members in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints and 12,000 Jehovah 's Witnesses . The Baitun Nasr Mosque on the outskirts of Oslo is the largest mosque in Norway Among non-Christian religions , Islam is the largest , with 132,135 registered members ( 2014 ) , and probably fewer than 200,000 in total . It is practised mainly by Somali , Arab , Bosniak , Kurdish and Turkish immigrants , as well as Norwegians of Pakistani descent . Other religions comprise less than 1 % each , including 819 adherents of Judaism . Indian immigrants introduced Hinduism to Norway , which in 2011 has slightly more than 5,900 adherents , or 1 % of non-Lutheran Norwegians . Sikhism has approximately 3,000 adherents , with most living in Oslo , which has two gurdwaras . Sikhs first came to Norway in the early 1970s . The troubles in Punjab after Operation Blue Star and riots committed against Sikhs in India after the assassination of Indira Gandhi led to an increase in Sikh refugees moving to Norway . Drammen also has a sizeable population of Sikhs ; the largest gurdwara in north Europe was built in Lier . There are eleven Buddhist organisations , grouped under the Buddhistforbundet organisation , with slightly over 14,000 members , which make up 0.2 % of the population . The Baha'i religion has slightly more than 1,000 adherents . Around 1.7 % ( 84,500 ) of Norwegians belong to the secular Norwegian Humanist Association . From 2006 to 2011 , the fastest - growing religious communities in Norway were Eastern Orthodox Christianity and Oriental Orthodox Christianity , which grew in membership by 80 % ; however , their share of the total population remains small , at 0.2 % . It is associated with the huge immigration from Eritrea and Ethiopia , and to a lesser extent from Central and Eastern European and Middle Eastern countries . Other fast - growing religions were the Roman Catholic Church ( 78.7 % ) , Hinduism ( 59.6 % ) , Islam ( 48.1 % ) , and Buddhism ( 46.7 % ) . As in other Scandinavian countries , the ancient Norse followed a form of native Germanic paganism known as Norse paganism . By the end of the 11th century , when Norway had been Christianised , the indigenous Norse religion and practices were prohibited . Remnants of the native religion and beliefs of Norway survive today in the form of names , referential names of cities and locations , the days of the week , and other parts of everyday language . Modern interest in the old ways has led to a revival of pagan religious practices in the form of Åsatru . The Norwegian Åsatrufellesskapet Bifrost formed in 1996 ; in 2011 , the fellowship had about 300 members . Foreningen Forn Sed was formed in 1999 and has been recognised by the Norwegian government . The Sami minority retained their shamanistic religion well into the 18th century , when most converted to Christianity under the influence of Dano - Norwegian Lutheran missionaries . Although some insist that `` indigenous Sami religion had effectively been eradicated , ' athropologist Gutorm Gjessing 's Changing Lapps ( 1954 ) argues that the Samis `` were outwardly and to all practical purposes converted to Christianity , but at the subconscious and unconscious level , the shamistic frenzy survived , more or less latent , only awaiting the necessary stimulus to break out into the open . '' Today there is a renewed appreciation for the Sami traditional way of life , which has led to a revival of Noaidevuohta . Some Norwegian and Sami celebrities are reported to visit shamans for guidance . According to the 2010 Eurobarometer Poll , 22 % of Norwegian citizens responded that `` they believe there is a God '' , 44 % responded that `` they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force '' and 29 % responded that `` they do n't believe there is any sort of spirit , God or life force '' . Five percent gave no response . Health ( edit ) Main article : Health in Norway Norway was awarded first place according to the UN 's Human Development Index ( HDI ) for 2013 . In the 1800s , by contrast , poverty and communicable diseases dominated in Norway together with famines and epidemics . From the 1900s , improvements in public health occurred as a result of development in several areas such as social and living conditions , changes in disease and medical outbreaks , establishment of the health care system , and emphasis on public health matters . Vaccination and increased treatment opportunities with antibiotics resulted in great improvements within the Norwegian population . Improved hygiene and better nutrition were factors that contributed to improved health . The disease pattern in Norway changed from communicable diseases to non-communicable diseases and chronic diseases as cardiovascular disease . Inequalities and social differences are still present in public health in Norway today . In 2013 the infant mortality rate was 2.5 per 1,000 live births among children under the age of one . For girls it was 2.7 and for boys 2.3 , which is the lowest infant mortality rate for boys ever recorded in Norway . Education ( edit ) Main article : Education in Norway The main building of the Norwegian University of Science and Technology in Trondheim Higher education in Norway is offered by a range of seven universities , five specialised colleges , 25 university colleges as well as a range of private colleges . Education follows the Bologna Process involving Bachelor ( 3 years ) , Master ( 2 years ) and PhD ( 3 years ) degrees . Acceptance is offered after finishing upper secondary school with general study competence . Public education is virtually free , regardless of nationality . The academic year has two semesters , from August to December and from January to June . The ultimate responsibility for the education lies with the Norwegian Ministry of Education and Research . Culture ( edit ) Main article : Culture of Norway Bryggen in Bergen is on the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites The Norwegian farm culture continues to play a role in contemporary Norwegian culture . In the 19th century , it inspired a strong romantic nationalistic movement , which is still visible in the Norwegian language and media . Norwegian culture blossomed with nationalist efforts to achieve an independent identity in the areas of literature , art and music . This continues today in the performing arts and as a result of government support for exhibitions , cultural projects and artwork . Traditional Norwegian farmer 's costumes , known as folkedrakt , and modern costumes inspired by those costumes , known as bunad , are widely used on special occasions . Human rights ( edit ) Norway has been considered a progressive country , which has adopted legislation and policies to support women 's rights , minority rights , and LGBT rights . As early as 1884 , 171 of the leading figures , among them five Prime Ministers for the Liberal Party and the Conservative Party , co-founded the Norwegian Association for Women 's Rights . They successfully campaigned for women 's right to education , women 's suffrage , the right to work , and other gender equality policies . From the 1970s , gender equality also came high on the state agenda , with the establishment of a public body to promote gender equality , which evolved into the Gender Equality and Anti-Discrimination Ombud . Civil society organisations also continue to play an important role , and the women 's rights organisations are today organised in the Norwegian Women 's Lobby umbrella organisation . In 1990 , the Norwegian constitution was amended to grant absolute primogeniture to the Norwegian throne , meaning that the eldest child , regardless of gender , takes precedence in the line of succession . As it was not retroactive , the current successor to the throne is the eldest son of the King , rather than his eldest child . The Norwegian constitution Article 6 states that `` For those born before the year 1990 it shall ... be the case that a male shall take precedence over a female . '' The Sami people have for centuries been the subject of discrimination and abuse by the dominant cultures in Scandinavia and Russia , those countries claiming possession of Sami lands . The Sami people have never been a single community in a single region of Lapland . Norway has been greatly criticised by the international community for the politics of Norwegianization of and discrimination against the indigenous population of the country . Nevertheless , Norway was , in 1990 , the first country to recognise ILO - convention 169 on indigenous people recommended by the UN . In regard to LGBT rights , Norway was the first country in the world to enact an anti-discrimination law protecting the rights of gays and lesbians . In 1993 , Norway became the second country to legalise civil union partnerships for same - sex couples , and on 1 January 2009 Norway became the sixth country to grant full marriage equality to same - sex couples . As a promoter of human rights , Norway has held the annual Oslo Freedom Forum conference , a gathering described by The Economist as `` on its way to becoming a human - rights equivalent of the Davos economic forum . '' Cinema ( edit ) Main article : Cinema of Norway The Norwegian cinema has received international recognition . The documentary film Kon - Tiki ( 1950 ) won an Academy Award . In 1959 , Arne Skouen 's Nine Lives was nominated , but failed to win . Another notable film is Flåklypa Grand Prix ( English : Pinchcliffe Grand Prix ) , an animated feature film directed by Ivo Caprino . The film was released in 1975 and is based on characters from Norwegian cartoonist Kjell Aukrust . It is the most widely seen Norwegian film of all time . Nils Gaup 's Pathfinder ( 1987 ) , the story of the Sami , was nominated for an Oscar . Berit Nesheim 's The Other Side of Sunday was nominated for an Oscar in 1997 . Since the 1990s , the film industry has thrived , producing up to 20 feature films each year . Particular successes were Kristin Lavransdatter , based on a novel by a Nobel Prize winner ; The Telegraphist and Gurin with the Foxtail . Knut Erik Jensen was among the more successful new directors , together with Erik Skjoldbjærg , who is remembered for Insomnia . The country has also been used as filming location for several Hollywood and other international productions , including The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) , for which the producers used Hardangerjøkulen glacier as a filming location for scenes of the ice planet Hoth . It included a memorable battle in the snow . The films Die Another Day , The Golden Compass , Spies Like Us and Heroes of Telemark , as well as the TV series Lilyhammer and Vikings also had scenes set in Norway . A short film , The Spirit of Norway was featured at Maelstrom at Norway Pavilion at Epcot located within Walt Disney World Resort in Florida in the United States . The attraction and the film ceased their operations on 5 October 2014 . Music ( edit ) Main article : Music of Norway Edvard Grieg , composer and pianist The classical music of the romantic composers Edvard Grieg , Rikard Nordraak and Johan Svendsen is internationally known , as is the modern music of Arne Nordheim . Norway 's classical performers include Leif Ove Andsnes , one of the world 's more famous pianists ; Truls Mørk , an outstanding cellist ; and the great Wagnerian soprano Kirsten Flagstad . Norwegian black metal , a form of rock music in Norway , has been an influence in world music since the late 20th century . Since the 1990s , Norway 's export of black metal , a lo - fi , dark and raw form of heavy metal , has been developed by such bands as Emperor , Darkthrone , Gorgoroth , Mayhem , Burzum , and Immortal . More recently bands such as Enslaved , Kvelertak , Dimmu Borgir and Satyricon have evolved the genre into the present day while still garnering worldwide fans . Controversial events associated with the black metal movement in the early 1990s included several church burnings and two prominent murder cases . The jazz scene in Norway is thriving . Jan Garbarek , Terje Rypdal , Mari Boine , Arild Andersen , and Bugge Wesseltoft are internationally recognised while Paal Nilssen - Love , Supersilent , Jaga Jazzist and Wibutee are becoming world - class artists of the younger generation . Hardingfele , the `` Hardanger fiddle '' , a Norwegian instrument Norway has a strong folk music tradition which remains popular to this day . Among the most prominent folk musicians are Hardanger fiddlers Andrea Een , Olav Jørgen Hegge and Annbjørg Lien , and the vocalists Agnes Buen Garnås , Kirsten Bråten Berg and Odd Nordstoga . Other internationally recognised bands are A-ha , Röyksopp , Ylvis . A-ha initially rose to global fame during the mid-1980s . In the 1990s and 2000s , the group maintained its popularity domestically , and has remained successful outside Norway , especially in Germany , Switzerland , France , and Brazil . Some of the most memorable female solo artists from Norway are Astrid S , Adelén , Julie Bergan , Maria Mena , Tone Damli , Margaret Berger , Lene Marlin , Christel Alsos , Maria Arredondo , Lene Nystrøm vocalist of the popular Danish dance band Aqua and Marion Raven & Marit Larsen both former members of the defunct pop - rock band M2M . In recent years , various Norwegian songwriters and production teams have contributed to the music of other international artists . The Norwegian production team Stargate has produced songs for Rihanna , Beyoncé , Shakira , Jennifer Lopez and Lionel Richie , among others . Espen Lind has written and produced songs for Beyoncé , Lionel Richie and Leona Lewis , among others . Lene Marlin has written songs for Rihanna and Lovebugs . Ina Wroldsen has written songs for artists such as Demi Lovato , Shakira , Inna , Sophie Ellis - Bextor , One Direction and The Saturdays among others . Norway enjoys many music festivals throughout the year , all over the country . Norway is the host of one of the world 's biggest extreme sport festivals with music , Ekstremsportveko -- a festival held annually in Voss . Oslo is the host of many festivals , such as Øyafestivalen and by : Larm . Oslo used to have a summer parade similar to the German Love Parade . In 1992 , the city of Oslo wanted to adopt the French music festival Fête de la Musique . Fredrik Carl Størmer established the festival . Even in its first year , `` Musikkens Dag '' gathered thousands of people and artists in the streets of Oslo . `` Musikkens Dag '' is now renamed Musikkfest Oslo . Literature ( edit ) Main article : Norwegian literature See also : List of Norwegian writers Knut Hamsun , author The history of Norwegian literature starts with the pagan Eddaic poems and skaldic verse of the 9th and 10th centuries , with poets such as Bragi Boddason and Eyvindr skáldaspillir . The arrival of Christianity around the year 1000 brought Norway into contact with European mediaeval learning , hagiography and history writing . Merged with native oral tradition and Icelandic influence , this influenced the literature written in the late 12th and early 13th centuries . Major works of that period include Historia Norwegiæ , Þiðrekssaga and Konungs skuggsjá . Little Norwegian literature came out of the period of the Scandinavian Union and the subsequent Dano - Norwegian union ( 1387 -- 1814 ) , with some notable exceptions such as Petter Dass and Ludvig Holberg . In his play Peer Gynt , Ibsen characterised this period as `` Twice two hundred years of darkness / brooded o'er the race of monkeys . '' The first line of this couplet is frequently quoted . During the union with Denmark , the government imposed using only written Danish , which decreased the writing of Norwegian literature . Henrik Ibsen Two major events precipitated a major resurgence in Norwegian literature : in 1811 a Norwegian university was established in Christiania . Secondly , seized by the spirit of revolution following the American and French revolutions , the Norwegians created their first Constitution in 1814 . Strong authors were inspired who became recognised first in Scandinavia , and then worldwide ; among them were Henrik Wergeland , Peter Christen Asbjørnsen , Jørgen Moe and Camilla Collett . By the late 19th century , in the Golden Age of Norwegian literature , the so - called `` Great Four '' emerged : Henrik Ibsen , Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson , Alexander Kielland , and Jonas Lie . Bjørnson 's `` peasant novels '' , such as Ein glad gut ( A Happy Boy ) and Synnøve Solbakken , are typical of the Norwegian romantic nationalism of their day . Kielland 's novels and short stories are mostly naturalistic . Although an important contributor to early romantic nationalism , ( especially Peer Gynt ) , Henrik Ibsen is better known for his pioneering realistic dramas such as The Wild Duck and A Doll 's House . They caused an uproar because of his candid portrayals of the middle classes , complete with infidelity , unhappy marriages , and corrupt businessmen . In the 20th century , three Norwegian novelists were awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature : Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson in 1903 , Knut Hamsun for the book Markens grøde ( `` Growth of the Soil '' ) in 1920 , and Sigrid Undset ( known for Kristinlavransdatter ) in 1928 . Writers such as the following also made important contributions : Dag Solstad , Jon Fosse , Cora Sandel , Olav Duun , Olav H. Hauge , Gunvor Hofmo , Stein Mehren , Kjell Askildsen , Hans Herbjørnsrud , Aksel Sandemose , Bergljot Hobæk Haff , Jostein Gaarder , Erik Fosnes Hansen , Jens Bjørneboe , Kjartan Fløgstad , Lars Saabye Christensen , Johan Borgen , Herbjørg Wassmo , Jan Erik Vold , Rolf Jacobsen , Olaf Bull , Jan Kjærstad , Georg Johannesen , Tarjei Vesaas , Sigurd Hoel , Arnulf Øverland , Karl Ove Knausgård and Johan Falkberget . Research ( edit ) Internationally recognised Norwegian scientists include the mathematicians Niels Henrik Abel , Sophus Lie and Atle Selberg , physical chemist Lars Onsager , physicist Ivar Giaever , chemists Odd Hassel , Peter Waage , and Cato Maximilian Guldberg . In the 20th century , Norwegian academics have been pioneering in many social sciences , including criminology , sociology and peace and conflict studies . Prominent academics include Arne Næss , a philosopher and founder of deep ecology ; Johan Galtung , the founder of peace studies ; Nils Christie and Thomas Mathiesen , criminologists ; Fredrik Barth , a social anthropologist ; Vilhelm Aubert , Harriet Holter and Erik Grønseth , sociologists ; Tove Stang Dahl , a pioneer of women 's law ; Stein Rokkan , a political scientist ; and economists Ragnar Frisch , Trygve Haavelmo , and Finn E. Kydland . In 2014 , the two Norwegian scientists May - Britt Moser and Edvard Moser won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine along with John O'Keefe . They won the prize for their groundbreaking work identifying the cells that make up a positioning system in the human brain , our `` in - built GPS '' . Architecture ( edit ) Main article : Architecture of Norway The Urnes Stave Church has been listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site . With expansive forests , Norway has long had a tradition of building in wood . Many of today 's most interesting new buildings are made of wood , reflecting the strong appeal that this material continues to hold for Norwegian designers and builders . Dalen Hotel in Telemark built in Dragon Style , a style of design architecture that originated during the Norwegian romantic nationalism . With Norway 's conversion to Christianity some 1,000 years ago , churches were built . Stonework architecture was introduced from Europe for the most important structures , beginning with the construction of Nidaros Cathedral in Trondheim . In the early Middle Ages , wooden stave churches were constructed throughout Norway . Some of them have survived ; they represent Norway 's most unusual contribution to architectural history . A fine example , Urnes Stave Church in inner Sognefjord , is on UNESCO 's World Heritage List . Another notable example of wooden architecture is the buildings at Bryggen Wharf in Bergen , also on the list for World Cultural Heritage sites , consisting of a row of tall , narrow wooden structures along the quayside . The 17th - century town of Røros , designated in 1980 as a UNESCO World Heritage Site , has narrow streets and wooden houses . In the 17th century , under the Danish monarchy , cities and villages such as Kongsberg and Røros were established . The city Kongsberg had a church built in the Baroque style . Traditional wooden buildings that were constructed in Røros have survived . After Norway 's union with Denmark was dissolved in 1814 , Oslo became the capital . The architect Christian H. Grosch designed the earliest parts of the University of Oslo , the Oslo Stock Exchange , and many other buildings and churches constructed in that early national period . At the beginning of the 20th century , the city of Ålesund was rebuilt in the Art Nouveau style , influenced by styles of France . The 1930s , when functionalism dominated , became a strong period for Norwegian architecture . It is only since the late 20th century that Norwegian architects have achieved international renown . One of the most striking modern buildings in Norway is the Sami Parliament in Kárášjohka , designed by Stein Halvorson and Christian Sundby . Its debating chamber , in timber , is an abstract version of a lavvo , the traditional tent used by the nomadic Sami people . Art ( edit ) Main article : Norwegian art Brudeferd i Hardanger by Adolph Tidemand og Hans Gude , 1848 For an extended period , the Norwegian art scene was dominated by artwork from Germany and Holland as well as by the influence of Copenhagen . It was in the 19th century that a truly Norwegian era began , first with portraits , later with impressive landscapes . Johan Christian Dahl ( 1788 -- 1857 ) , originally from the Dresden school , eventually returned to paint the landscapes of western Norway , defining Norwegian painting for the first time . '' Norway 's newly found independence from Denmark encouraged painters to develop their Norwegian identity , especially with landscape painting by artists such as Kitty Kielland , a female painter who studied under Hans Gude , and Harriet Backer , another pioneer among female artists , influenced by impressionism . Frits Thaulow , an impressionist , was influenced by the art scene in Paris as was Christian Krohg , a realist painter , famous for his paintings of prostitutes . Of particular note is Edvard Munch , a symbolist / expressionist painter who became world - famous for The Scream which is said to represent the anxiety of modern man . Other artists of note include Harald Sohlberg , a neo-romantic painter remembered for his paintings of Røros , and Odd Nerdrum , a figurative painter who maintains that his work is not art , but kitsch . Cuisine ( edit ) Main article : Norwegian cuisine Norway 's culinary traditions show the influence of long seafaring and farming traditions , with salmon ( fresh and cured ) , herring ( pickled or marinated ) , trout , codfish , and other seafood , balanced by cheeses ( such as brunost ) , dairy products , and breads ( predominantly dark / darker ) . Lefse is a Norwegian potato flatbread , usually topped with large amounts of butter and sugar , most common around Christmas . Some traditional Norwegian dishes include lutefisk , smalahove , pinnekjøtt , raspeball , and fårikål . Some quirky Norwegian speciality is rakefisk , which is a fermented trout , consumed with thin flatbread ( flatbrød , not lefse ) and sour cream . And the most popular pastry among all population is vaffel . It is different from Belgian in taste and consistency and is served with sour cream , brown cheese , butter and sugar , or strawberry or raspberry jam , which can all be mixed or eaten separately . Sports ( edit ) See also : Football in Norway Skier Marit Bjørgen from Norway is the most successful Winter Olympian of all time , with 15 medals Sports are a central part of Norwegian culture , and popular sports include association football , biathlon , cross-country skiing , ski jumping , speed skating , and , to a lesser degree , ice hockey and handball . Association football is the most popular sport in Norway in terms of active membership . In 2014 -- 2015 polling , football ranked far behind biathlon and cross-country skiing in terms of popularity as spectator sports . Ice hockey is the biggest indoor sport . The women 's handball national team has won several titles , including two Summer Olympics championships ( 2008 , 2012 ) , three World Championships ( 1999 , 2011 , 2015 ) , and six European Championship ( 1998 , 2004 , 2006 , 2008 , 2010 , 2014 ) . In association football , the Norwegian women 's national team has won the FIFA Women 's World Cup in 1995 and the Olympic Football Tournament in 2000 . The women 's team also has two UEFA European Women 's Championship titles ( 1987 , 1993 ) . The Norwegian men 's national football team has participated three times in the FIFA World Cup ( 1938 , 1994 , 1998 ) , and once in the European Championship ( 2000 ) . The highest FIFA ranking Norway has achieved is 2nd , a position it has held twice , in 1993 and in 1995 . Chess is also gaining popularity in Norway . Magnus Carlsen is the current world champion . There are about 10 Grandmasters and 29 International Masters in Norway . Ski jumping hill Holmenkollbakken in Oslo during the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2011 Bandy is a traditional sport in Norway and the country is one of the four founders of Federation of International Bandy . In terms of licensed athletes , it is the second biggest winter sport in the world . As of January 2018 , the men 's national team has captured one silver and one bronze , while the women 's national team has managed five bronzes at the World Championships . Norway first participated at the Olympic Games in 1900 , and has sent athletes to compete in every Games since then , except for the sparsely attended 1904 Games and the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow when they participated in the American - led boycott . Norway leads the overall medal tables at the Winter Olympic Games with considerable margin . Famous Norwegian winter sport athletes includes biathlete Ole Einar Bjørndalen , speed skaters Johan Olav Koss and Hjalmar Andersen , figure skater Sonja Henie and cross country skiers Marit Bjørgen and Bjørn Dæhlie . Norway has hosted the Games on two occasions : 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer International rankings ( edit ) The following are international rankings of Norway , including those measuring life quality , health care quality , stability , press freedom , and income . Index Rank Countries reviewed World Happiness Report 2017 157 Human Development Index 2016 188 Inequality - adjusted Human Development Index 2015 151 OECD Better Life Index 2016 38 Index of Public Integrity 2016 105 Democracy Index 2016 167 Save the Children State of the World 's Mothers report 2015 179 Press Freedom Index 2017 180 Legatum Prosperity Index 2017 149 Fragile States Index 2016 178 Gallup gross median household income 2013 131 Median equivalent adult income 2009 -- 2014 35 International Property Rights Index 2015 129 Net international investment position of creditor nations per capita 2015 18 Global Gender Gap Report 2017 144 Euro health consumer index 2016 35 Corruption Perceptions Index 2017 180 Networked Readiness Index 2016 139 EF English Proficiency Index 2015 70 Total health expenditure per capita 2014 5 190 Household final consumption expenditure per capita 2013 5 163 Ease of doing business index 2016 6 180 Global Peace Index 2017 14 163 Globalization Index 2015 18 207 Logistics Performance Index 2016 22 160 Index of Economic Freedom 2016 27 167 See also ( edit ) Outline of Norway Aristocracy of Norway Historical capitals of Norway Geography portal Europe portal Norway portal Arctic portal NATO portal Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Spitsbergen Treaty ( also known as the Svalbard Treaty ) of 9 February 1920 recognises Norway 's full and absolute sovereignty over the arctic archipelago of Spitsbergen ( now called Svalbard ) . Jump up ^ The Spitsbergen Treaty ( also known as the Svalbard Treaty ) of 9 February 1920 recognises Norway 's full and absolute sovereignty over the arctic archipelago of Spitsbergen ( now called Svalbard ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Språk i Norge -- Store norske leksikon '' . Jump up ^ `` Minoritetsspråk '' . Språkrådet . Jump up ^ kirkedepartementet , Fornyings - , administrasjons - og ( 16 June 2006 ) . `` Samer '' . Regjeringen.no . Jump up ^ inkluderingsdepartementet , Arbeids - og ( 16 June 2006 ) . `` Nasjonale minoriteter '' . Regjeringen.no . Jump up ^ regjeringen.no ( 5 July 2011 ) . `` The Re-establishing of a Norwegian State '' . Government.no . Jump up ^ `` Demographic Yearbook -- Table 3 : Population by sex , rate of population increase , surface area and density '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Statistics Division . 2012 . Retrieved 4 September 2017 . http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012.htm Jump up ^ `` Population , 2018 '' . Statistics Norway . Retrieved 13 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Norway '' . International Monetary Fund . Jump up ^ `` Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income ( source : SILC ) '' . Eurostat Data Explorer . Retrieved 4 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 Human Development Report '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Development Programme. 2016 . Retrieved 21 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : National Research Council ( U.S. ) . Polar Research Board ( 1986 ) . Antarctic treaty system : an assessment . National Academies Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 309 - 03640 - 5 . Retrieved 24 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Population '' . Statistics Norway . 1 April 2018 . Retrieved 13 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Norway , Study in . `` Norwegian Society / Living in Norway / StudyinNorway / Home -- Study in Norway '' . www.studyinnorway.no . Jump up ^ `` UPDATE 1 - Statistics Norway raises ' 07 GDP outlook , cuts ' 08 '' . Reuters. 6 September 2007 . Retrieved 8 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Country Comparison : : Crude oil -- production '' . CIA -- The World Factbook . Retrieved 16 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Country Comparison : : Natural gas -- production '' . CIA -- The World Factbook . Retrieved 16 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Richest Countries '' . forbes.com . Retrieved 12 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook '' . Central Intelligence Agency Library . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Holter , Mikael ( 27 June 2017 ) . `` The World 's Biggest Wealth Fund Hits $1 Trillion '' . Bloomberg L.P . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Human development indices 2008 '' ( PDF ) . Human Development Report . hdr.undp.org. 18 December 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 December 2008 . Retrieved 12 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Human Development Index 2009 '' ( PDF ) . Human Development Report . hdr.undp.org. 5 October 2009 . Retrieved 5 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Human Development Report 2011 '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . Retrieved 2 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Norway top country in human well - being . United Press International , 15 March 2013 . Retrieved 27 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Rankin , Jennifer ( 20 March 2017 ) . `` Happiness is on the wane in the US , UN global report finds '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 20 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Democracy Index 2016 '' . eiu.com . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Norway , Study in . `` Why Norway ? / Living in Norway / StudyinNorway / Home -- Study in Norway '' . www.studyinnorway.no . ^ Jump up to : `` Nomino 6 : 6 '' . Nomino . Season 2 ( in Norwegian ) . 4 October 2016 . Event occurs at 22 : 18 . NRK . Retrieved 5 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sår tvil om Norges opphav '' ( in Norwegian ) . Forskning.no for Universitetet i Agder . ^ Jump up to : Heide , Eldar , 2017 : `` Noregr tyder nok vegen mot nord , likevel ''. Namn og nemne , 2016 . Vol 33 , 13 -- 37 . ^ Jump up to : Sigurðsson and Riisøy : Norsk historie 800 -- 1536 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ `` Etymologie de Normand '' ( in French ) . Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales . Archived from the original on 30 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Passarino , G ; Cavalleri , G.L. ; Lin , A.A. ; Cavalli - Sforza , L.L. ; Børresen - Dale , A.L. ; Underhill , P.A. ( 2002 ) . `` Different genetic components in the Norwegian population revealed by the analysis of mtDNA and Y chromosome polymorphisms '' . European Journal of Human Genetics . 10 ( 9 ) : 521 -- 529 . doi : 10.1038 / sj. ejhg. 5200834 . PMID 12173029 . Jump up ^ Ling 2008 . Elevated Rock Art . GOTARC Serie B. Gothenburg Archaeological Thesis 49 . Department of Archaeology and Ancient History , University of Gothenburg , Goumlteborg , 2008 . ISBN 978 - 91 - 85245 - 34 - 5 . Jump up ^ Vedel , Bornholms Oldtidsminder og Oldsager , ( Copenhagen 1886 ) . Jump up ^ `` Age of the vikings '' . loststory . Retrieved 17 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Vinland Archeology '' . naturalhistory.si.edu . Retrieved 11 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Larsen , p. 83 . Jump up ^ Foster , R.F. ( 2001 ) The Oxford History of Ireland . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 280202 - X Jump up ^ Jones , Gwyn , A history of the Vikings ( Oxford 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Larsen , p. 95 . Jump up ^ Larsen , p. 201 . Jump up ^ Stenersen : 36 Jump up ^ Stenersen : 38 Jump up ^ Stenersen : 39 Jump up ^ Stenersen : 37 Jump up ^ Stenersen : 41 Jump up ^ Stenersen : 44 ^ Jump up to : Stenersen : 45 Jump up ^ Stenersen : 46 Jump up ^ Derry p. 75 Jump up ^ Derry pp. 77 -- 78 Jump up ^ Derry p. 77 Jump up ^ Derry pp. 81 -- 82 Jump up ^ Derry pp. 83 -- 84 Jump up ^ Larsen , p. 192 . Jump up ^ Oeding , P ( 1990 ) . `` The black death in Norway '' . Tidsskrift for den Norske laegeforening : tidsskrift for praktisk medicin , ny raekke. 110 ( 17 ) : 2204 -- 2208 . PMID 2197762 . ^ Jump up to : `` Black Death ( pandemic ) '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 23 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Larsen , pp. 202 -- 203 . Jump up ^ Larsen , p. 195 Jump up ^ Larsen , p. 197 Jump up ^ `` Finding the family in medieval and early modern Scotland '' . Elizabeth Ewan , Janay Nugent ( 2008 ) . Ashgate Publishing . p. 153 . ISBN 0 - 7546 - 6049 - 4 Jump up ^ `` The savage wars of peace : England , Japan and the Malthusian trap '' . Alan Macfarlane ( 1997 ) . p. 63 . ISBN 0 - 631 - 18117 - 2 Jump up ^ Treaty of Kiel , 14 January 1814 . Jump up ^ Nicolson , Harold ( 1946 ) . The Congress of Vienna ; a study in allied unity , 1812 -- 1822 . Constable & co . ltd . p. 295 . The British Government sought to overcome this reluctance by assisting Russia in blockading the coast of Norway Jump up ^ Larsen , p. 572 . Jump up ^ Larsen , p. 423 . Jump up ^ Franklin D. Scott , Sweden : the Nation 's History ( University of Minnesota Press : Minneapolis , 1977 ) p. 380 . Jump up ^ Larsen , p. 432 . Jump up ^ Larsen , p. 431 . Jump up ^ Larsen , p. 412 . ^ Jump up to : See `` The Civil War in Switzerland '' by Frederick Engels contained in Marx & Engels , Collected Works : Volume 6 ( International Publishers , New York , 1976 ) p. 368 . Jump up ^ Larsen , p. 433 . Jump up ^ `` Marcus Møller Thrane -- Norwegian journalist and socialist '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ Larsen , p. 510 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegian volunteers in the Wehrmacht and SS '' . Nuav.net. 9 April 1940 . Retrieved 5 April 2010 . Jump up ^ PM to light London tree . Aftenposten. 5 December 2007 Jump up ^ `` Balder -- Norsk Oljemuseum '' . www.norskolje.museum.no . Jump up ^ `` Norwegian minister Espen Eide urges UK caution on quitting EU '' . BBC . 23 December 2012 . Retrieved 23 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Holmesland , Arthur m. fl. : Norge , Oslo : Aschehoug , 1973 . Jump up ^ Kiel - traktaten . Danish translation 1814 . Nasjonalbiblioteket / National Library of Norway , read 2 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Schei , Liv K. : Orkenøyene , Oslo : Grøndahl , 1985 . Jump up ^ Helle , Knut & Knut Mykland : Norge blir en stat. 1130 - 1319 . Bergen : Universitetsforlaget , 1964 . ^ Jump up to : Thuesen , Nils Petter ; Thorsnæs , Geir ; Røvik , Sissel ( 2018 - 05 - 14 ) , `` Norge '' , Store norske leksikon ( in Norwegian ) , retrieved 2018 - 07 - 05 Jump up ^ `` Norge i nord , sør , øst og vest '' . Kartverket ( in Norwegian Bokmål ) . 2013 - 03 - 08 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ https://www.nina.no/Aktuelt/Nyhetsartikkel/ArticleId/4071/Fuglefjellet-skal-laere-folk-sjofuglene-a-kjenne Jump up ^ `` Explore North Cape , Europe 's northernmost point '' . The Independent . December 14 , 2017 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Statistisk årbok 2013 : Geografisk oversikt '' . www.ssb.no . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Central Intelligence Agency . `` Norway '' . The World Factbook . Retrieved 20 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Minifacts about Norway 2009 : 2 . Geography , climate and environment '' . Statistics Norway . Retrieved 25 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Strøm , Kaare ( 1959 ) . Innsjøenes verden . Oslo : Universitetsforlaget . Jump up ^ Rogstad , Lars ( 1985 ) . OPPLEGG FOR RESSURSREGNSKAP FOR VANN notat . Oslo : SSB / Statistics Norway . Jump up ^ `` Norwegian Shelf ecosystem '' . Eoearth.org . Archived from the original on 1 November 2012 . Retrieved 30 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Bertelsen , Hans Kristian ( 1985 ) . Sandefjord : A modern city with vast potential . Grafisk Studio . Page 4 . ISBN 82 - 90636 - 00 - 8 . Jump up ^ Berman , Martha ( 1995 ) . Fielding 's Scandinavia . Fielding Worldwide . Page 240 . ISBN 9781569520499 . ^ Jump up to : Met.no . `` Climate in Norway ( English ) '' . Archived from the original on 20 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Books Google . `` Selected climatic data for a global set of standard stations for vegetation '' . Jump up ^ `` Climate mythology : The Gulf Stream , European climate and Abrupt Change '' . Jump up ^ NRK ( 21 August 2016 ) . `` Norske steder blant de tørreste i Europa ( Places in Norway among the driest in Europe ) '' . NRK . Retrieved 26 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Climate of Norway : Temperature , Climate graph , Climate table for Norway - Climate-Data.org '' . Jump up ^ A study behind the updated maps of Köppen - Geiger climate classification . `` Updated world map of the Koppen - Geiger climate classification '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Website with maps . `` World map of Köppen - Geiger climate classification updated '' . Archived from the original on 5 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Normaler for Brønnøy '' . met.no . Archived from the original on 16 July 2012 . Retrieved 7 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` World Weather Information Service -- Bergen '' . World Meteorological Organization . Retrieved 27 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BERGEN -- FLORIDA Climate Normals : Temperature 2005 -- 2014 , all other data 1961 -- 1990 '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 16 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Google Domains Hosted Site '' . Archived from the original on 1 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegian Met . Institute '' . Archived from the original on 19 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NOU 2004 '' . Regjeringen.no . Archived from the original on 11 May 2008 . Retrieved 30 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Norwegian Red List 2010 . Artsdatabanken.no Jump up ^ `` WWF -- Norway 's forest heritage under threat '' Archived 18 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine ... panda.org. 15 April 2003 Jump up ^ `` 25 Reasons Norway Is The Greatest Place On Earth '' . The Huffington Post . 7 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Hamashige , Hope . `` Best , Worst World Heritage Sites Ranked '' . National Geographic News . Retrieved 25 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Planet , Lonely ( 2 August 2010 ) . `` Norway : come for the sun , stay for the light show -- Lonely Planet '' . Lonely Planet . Retrieved 11 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Global Metrics for the Environment '' ( PDF ) . epi.yale.edu . January 2016 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 October 2017 . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Environmental Performance Index ( excel / xls ) '' . epi.yale.edu . January 2016 . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Wong , Curtis M. ( 14 December 2010 ) . World 's Top Democratic Governments : Economist Intelligence Unit 's Democracy Index 2010 ( PHOTOS ) . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 27 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Sida / Så arbetar vi / EIU_Democracy_Index_Dec2011. pdf Democracy index 2011 . Economist Intelligence Unit Retrieved 27 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Kavitha A. ( 21 March 2013 ) . Democracy Index 2013 : Global Democracy At A Standstill , The Economist Intelligence Unit 's Annual Report Shows . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 27 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution -- Complete text '' . The Storting 's Information Corner. 2011 . Archived from the original on 29 August 2011 . Retrieved 9 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The King 's constitutional role '' . The Royal Court of Norway . Retrieved 24 April 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Monarchy '' . Norway.org. 24 June 2010 . Archived from the original on 22 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Storting '' . Norway.org. 10 June 2009 . Archived from the original on 26 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Nordsieck , Wolfram ( 2011 ) . `` Parties and Elections in Europe '' . parties-and-elections.de . Archived from the original on 3 September 2011 . Retrieved 10 September 2011 . Storting , 4 - year term , 4 % threshold ( supplementary seats ) Jump up ^ `` The Government '' . Norway.org. 10 June 2009 . Archived from the original on 3 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` itemid '' : % 5b `` 001 - 81356 '' % 5d ) `` CASE OF FOLGERØ AND OTHERS v. NORWAY '' . 29 June 2007 . Retrieved 17 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` På statskirkens siste dag '' . Dagen.no ( in Norwegian ) . Retrieved 4 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Form of Government '' . Norway.org. 10 September 2009 . Archived from the original on 22 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Political System of Norway '' . 123independenceday.com . Retrieved 27 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Political System '' . Norway.org. 18 November 2009 . Archived from the original on 12 April 2010 . Retrieved 27 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Bevanger , Lars ( 10 September 2013 ) . `` Norway election : Erna Solberg to form new government '' . BBC . Retrieved 15 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Local Government '' . Norway.org. 10 June 2009 . Archived from the original on 11 June 2010 . Retrieved 27 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Rapp , Ole Magnus ( 21 September 2015 ) . `` Norge utvider Dronning Maud Land helt frem til Sydpolen '' . Aftenposten ( in Norwegian ) . Oslo , Norway : Aftenposten . Retrieved 22 September 2015 . ... formålet med anneksjonen var å legge under seg det landet som til nå ligger herreløst og som ingen andre enn nordmenn har kartlagt og gransket . Norske myndigheter har derfor ikke motsatt seg at noen tolker det norske kravet slik at det går helt opp til og inkluderer polpunktet . ^ Jump up to : `` The Judiciary '' . Norway.org. 10 June 2009 . Archived from the original on 26 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Worldwide Press Freedom Index 2007 , Reporters Without Borders . Jump up ^ `` Global Corruption Barometer 2013 - Norway '' . Transparency International . Archived from the original on 21 October 2014 . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Anders Breivik : Just how cushy are Norwegian prisons ? BBC Jump up ^ `` List of Norwegian embassies at the website of the Norwegian ministry of foreign affairs '' . Web.archive.org. 6 February 2008 . Archived from the original on 6 February 2008 . Retrieved 12 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Refleksjoner fra Brussel -- Hospitering ved Sørlandets Europakontor -- Vest - Agder Fylkeskommune '' . Intportal.vaf.no. 4 January 2010 . Archived from the original on 6 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` EU - programmer '' . Eu-norge.org. 30 June 2009 . Archived from the original on 1 May 2011 . Retrieved 29 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NDF official numbers '' . NDF . Archived from the original on 12 April 2009 . Retrieved 22 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Gwladys Fouche and Balazs Koranyi ( 14 June 2013 ) : `` Norway becomes first NATO country to draft women into military '' , Reuters . Retrieved 15 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Forsvarsnett : Norwegian forces abroad '' . mil.no . Archived from the original on 29 September 2008 . Retrieved 2 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Baltais , Simon ( 2010 ) . `` Environment And Economy : Can They Co-Exist In The `` Smart State '' ? `` . Issues . 91 : 21 -- 24 . Jump up ^ A Family Affair : Intergenerational Social Mobility across OECD Countries . OECD , 2010 . Retrieved 27 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` OECD Better Life Index '' . OECD . Retrieved 27 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NAV -- Foreldrepenger ved fødsel '' . Nav.no. 2011 . Archived from the original on 26 February 2010 . Retrieved 18 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Labour force survey , seasonally - adjusted figures , September 2016 '' . Statistics Norway . September 2016 . Retrieved 17 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Labour force survey -- About the statistics -- SSB '' . Ssb.no. 30 October 2013 . Retrieved 15 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Yearbook of Norway 2013 , Table 144 : National Insurance . Disability pension , by county . 31 December 2012 '' . Ssb.no. 31 December 2012 . Retrieved 15 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dette er Norge '' ( in Norwegian ) . Statistics Norway . Retrieved 2 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Bureau of Labor Statistics . `` International Comparisons of GDP per Capita and per Hour , 1960 -- 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Division of International Labor Comparisons . Retrieved 16 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hourly Compensation Costs , U.S. Dollars and U.S. = 100 . '' United States Department of Labor : Bureau of Labor Statistics , 21 December 2011 . Web . 18 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Central Intelligence Agency . `` Country Comparison : Distribution of Family Income -- GINI Index '' . The World Factbook . Retrieved 20 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` EØS - loven -- EØSl . Lov om gjennomføring i norsk rett av hoveddelen i avtale om Det europeiske økonomiske samarbeidsområde ( EØS ) m.v. ( EØS - loven ) '' . Lovdata.no . Retrieved 14 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Norway , '' U.S. Department of State Jump up ^ `` Norway becomes first country to ban deforestation '' . Jump up ^ `` FAO Globefish global trends 2006 '' . Archived from the original on 10 October 2017 . Retrieved 8 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Mener Norge bør satse på våpen når oljen tar slutt -- VG Nett om Stoltenberg - regjeringen '' . Vg.no . Retrieved 7 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Binge and purge '' . The Economist. 22 January 2009 . Retrieved 30 January 2009 . 98 -- 99 % of Norway 's electricity comes from hydroelectric plants . Jump up ^ `` Mineral Resources in Norway in 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Secondary Industries '' . This is Norway . Statistics Norway . 15 March 2009 . p. 40 . Retrieved 24 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Stanley Reed ( 24 June 2014 ) . `` Norway 's Sovereign Wealth Fund Ramps Up Investment Plans '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 27 April 2015 . The fund , the world 's largest sovereign wealth fund ... ^ Jump up to : Ole Mathismoen ( 5 August 2013 ) Aftenposten p. 5 ^ Jump up to : Lindeberg , Anne . `` Her er Norges nye oljeprovins '' . Dn.no . Retrieved 12 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gass - og oljefunn nord for Snøhvitfeltet i Barentshavet -- 7220 / 8 - 1 '' . Npd.no. 1 April 2011 . Retrieved 12 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Norwegian Ministry of Transport and Communication , 2003 : 3 Jump up ^ `` Majority in Favor of High - Speed Trains '' . Theforeigner.no . Retrieved 23 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The vast majority said yes ( high - speed trains ) , thanks to lyntog '' . Google . Retrieved 23 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Norwegian National Rail Administration , 2008 : 4 ^ Jump up to : Norwegian National Rail Administration . `` About '' . Archived from the original on 16 December 2007 . Retrieved 15 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Norwegian National Rail Administration , 2008 : 13 Jump up ^ Norwegian National Rail Administration , 2008 : 16 Jump up ^ Norwegian Ministry of Transport . `` Kollektivtransport '' ( in Norwegian ) . Retrieved 15 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Norges Statsbaner . `` Train facts '' . Archived from the original on 12 June 2008 . Retrieved 15 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Norwegian Ministry of Transport and Communications , 2003 : 15 Jump up ^ `` Electric cars take off in Norway '' . The Independent . Agence France - Presse. 15 May 2011 . Archived from the original on 17 May 2011 . Retrieved 9 October 2011 . Jump up ^ European Association for Battery , Hybrid and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles ( AVERE ) ( 3 September 2012 ) . `` Norwegian Parliament extends electric car initiatives until 2018 '' . AVERE . Retrieved 10 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Hannisdahl , Ole Henrik ( 9 January 2012 ) . `` Eventyrlig elbilsalg i 2011 '' ( Adventurous electric vehicle sales in 2011 ) ( in Norwegian ) . Grønn bil . Archived from the original on 7 February 2012 . Retrieved 14 January 2012 . See table `` Elbilsalg i 2011 fordelt på måned og merke '' ( Electric vehicle sales in 2011 , by month and brand ) to see monthly sales for 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Elbilsalget i mars slo alle rekorder '' ( Electric vehicle sales in March broke all records ) ( in Norwegian ) . Grønn bil. 2 April 2014 . Archived from the original on 5 April 2014 . Retrieved 3 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Cobb , Jeff ( 16 January 2014 ) . `` Top 6 Plug - In Vehicle Adopting Countries '' . HybridCars.com . Retrieved 28 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Siu , Jason ( 6 June 2016 ) . `` Norway Wants to Make Gas - Powered Cars Illegal by 2025 '' . AutoGuide.com . VerticalScope Inc . Retrieved 7 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Electric cars reach record 42 % of Norway 's total new car sales with boost from Tesla Model X Electrek '' . Electrek.co. 4 July 2017 . Retrieved 23 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Avinor ( 2008 ) . `` 2007 Passasjerer '' ( in Norwegian ) . Archived from the original on 28 December 2010 . Retrieved 15 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Avinor . `` About Avinor '' . Archived from the original on 31 March 2008 . Retrieved 15 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Scandinavian Airlines System . `` Rutekart '' . Archived from the original on 28 June 2012 . Retrieved 15 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Norwegian Air Shuttle . `` Route Map '' . Archived from the original on 14 July 2008 . Retrieved 15 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Widerøe . `` Våre destinasjoner '' . Archived from the original on 15 August 2008 . Retrieved 15 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Oslo Lufthavn . `` Car '' . Archived from the original on 1 June 2008 . Retrieved 15 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Oslo Lufthavn . `` International scheduled routes from Oslo '' . Archived from the original on 14 July 2008 . Retrieved 15 July 2008 . Jump up ^ https://snl.no/ språk_i_Norge Jump up ^ Norges grunnlov , § 108 ( Constitution of Norway , article 108 , mention the Sami language specifically ) Jump up ^ kirkedepartementet , Kultur - og ( 27 June 2008 ) . `` St. meld . nr. 35 ( 2007 -- 2008 ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Nordens språk med røtter og føtter -- Samiske språk '' . Eplads.norden.org . Retrieved 26 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lov om Sametinget og andre samiske rettsforhold ( sameloven ) -- Lovdata '' . lovdata.no . Jump up ^ `` NOU 1995 : 18 -- Ny lovgivning om opplæring '' . Kunnskapsdepartementet . Archived from the original on 27 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kvener -- Kainun institutti -- Kvensk institutt '' . Kvenskinstitutt.no . Retrieved 26 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Minoritetsspråkpakten '' . Fornyings - , administrasjons - og kirkedepartementet . Jump up ^ `` St. meld . nr. 35 ( 2007 -- 2008 ) -- Mål og meining '' . Kulturdepartementet . Archived from the original on 27 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` St. meld . nr. 35 . Mål og meining : Ein heilskapleg norsk språkpolitikk '' . Kultur - og kirkedepartementet. 27 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Tegnspråk blir offisielt språk '' . NRK. 26 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Tabell 0 Hele landet . Folkemengde 1 . januar og endringer i året. 1951 '' ( in Norwegian ) . Statistics Norway . Retrieved 27 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Population 1 January . Registered 2010 . Projected 2011 -- 2060 in fourteen variants. 1 000 '' . Statistics Norway . Archived from the original on 16 October 2011 . Retrieved 27 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Persons with immigrant background by immigration category , country background and gender . 1 January 2012 ( Corrected 30 April 2012 ) . ssb.no ^ Jump up to : Questions about immigrant - related statistics ( 20 June 2013 ) . `` Key figures Immigration and immigrants -- SSB '' . Ssb.no . Retrieved 15 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : 12 prosent av befolkningen er innvandrere Statistics Norway ( in Norwegian ) retrieved 26 April 2013 Jump up ^ `` Three categories of immigration background , country of birth and citizenship by country background and sex . 1 January 2012 '' . Statistics Norway . 26 April 2012 . Retrieved 27 April 2012 . Archived 7 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Innvandrere og norskfødte med innvandrerforeldre , 25 April 2013 Statistics Norway . Retrieved 30 December 2013 Jump up ^ Hare , Sophie . `` Factbox -- facts about Norway '' , Reuters. 22 July 2011 . Retrieved 22 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Eivind Bråstad Jensen . 1991 . Fra fornorskningspolitikk mot kulturelt mangfold . Nordkalott - Forlaget . Jump up ^ I. Bjørklund , T. Brantenberg , H. Eidheim , J.A. Kalstad and D. Storm. 2002 . Australian Indigenous Law Reporter ( AILR ) 1 7 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Bureau , U.S. Census . `` American FactFinder -- Results '' . factfinder.census.gov . Jump up ^ `` Population : Key figures for the population '' . ssb.no . Jump up ^ Statistics Canada . `` 2011 National Household Survey : Data tables '' . Retrieved 11 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Netto innvandring , etter land . 1966 -- 2011 '' ( in Norwegian ) . Statistics Norway . Archived from the original on 20 November 2012 . Retrieved 2 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Ladegaard , Isac ( 7 May 2012 ) . `` Polish workers get stuck in stereotype '' . Science Nordic . Jump up ^ `` Population and quarterly changes , Q4 2012 '' . Statistics Norway . 21 February 2013 . Retrieved 24 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Immigrants and Norwegian - born to immigrant parents , 1 January 2012 '' . Statistics Norway . 26 April 2012 . Retrieved 24 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Immigrants and Norwegian - born to immigrant parents , 1 January 2017 '' . Statistics Norway . 2 March 2017 . Retrieved 9 June 2017 . See Table 3 `` Population by immigrant category and country background '' , sum of columns `` Immigrants '' and `` Norwegian - born to immigrant parents '' . Jump up ^ `` Population 1 January 2011 and 2012 and changes in 2011 , by immigration category and country background '' . Statistics Norway . 2012 . Retrieved 24 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Fraser , Sean ( 15 May 2012 ) . `` Norway abolishes state - sponsored Church of Norway '' . Digital Journal . Retrieved 20 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Norway and its national church part ways '' . Jump up ^ På vei mot ny kirkeordning Den Norske Kirke . Retrieved : 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Norwegian Church passes milestone in modification of its links with State Church Times , 6 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Church of Norway , 2017 4 June 2018 Statistics Norway Jump up ^ `` The People in the Church '' . dawnnorge.no . Archived from the original on 15 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` KOSTRA ( Municipality - State - Reporting ) : Church '' . Statistics Norway . Retrieved 29 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Church of Norway . Church services and participants , by diocese. 2005 -- 2009 ( Corrected 28 June 2010 ) '' . Statistics Norway . 28 June 2010 . Retrieved 7 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` More members in religious and philosophical communities '' . Statistics Norway . Retrieved 8 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Members of Christian communities outside the Church of Norway '' . Statistics Norway . Retrieved 21 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Andreas Sletteholm : `` Nå er det flere katolikker enn muslimer i Norge '' , Aftenposten , 3 December 2012 Jump up ^ Ahmadiyya Mosques Around the World : A Pictorial Presentation . Khilafat Centenary Edition ; The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community . 2008 . p. 228 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 882494 - 51 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Church of Norway and other religious and philosophical communities '' . Statistics Norway . Retrieved 9 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Members of religious and life - stance communities outside the Church of Norway , by religion / life stance '' . Statistics Norway . Retrieved 21 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Religious communities and life stance communities '' . Statistics Norway . Retrieved 9 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Alan . `` The Decline of the Sami People 's Indigenous Religion '' . Sami Culture . Retrieved 23 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Gjessing , Gutorm ( 1954 ) . Changing Lapps : A Study in Culture Relations in Northernmost Norway . Copenhagen : Ejnar Munksgaard . p. 27 . Jump up ^ `` Shamanism Approved as a Religion in Norway '' . Tnp.no. 15 March 2012 . Retrieved 12 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Geir Kvarme gikk til sjaman for å få balanse '' . Kjendis.no . Retrieved 22 September 2012 . Jump up ^ AV : ellen kongsnes . `` Samisk sjaman skapte oljefeber '' . Aftenbladet.no . Retrieved 22 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Special Eurobarometer , biotechnology , page 204 '' ( PDF ) . October 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 30 April 2011 . Jump up ^ United Nations . Human Development Report 2013 . United Nations Development Programme ( UNDP ) . ISBN 978 - 92 - 1 - 126340 - 4 . Jump up ^ Nordhagen , R ; Major , E ; Tverdal , A ; Irgens , L ; Graff - Iversen , S ( 2014 ) . `` Folkehelse i Norge 1814 -- 2014 '' . Folkehelseinstituttet . Retrieved 2 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Deaths -- SSB '' . ssb.no . Jump up ^ `` Norway -- Implementation of the elements of the Bologna Process '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 February 2004 . Retrieved 30 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tuition fees '' . Studyinnorway.no. 27 August 2008 . Archived from the original on 19 July 2011 . Retrieved 23 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Norway 's Culture '' , Encarta . Webcitation.org . Archived from the original on 31 October 2009 . Retrieved 15 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Aslaug Moksnes . Likestilling eller særstilling ? Norsk kvinnesaksforening 1884 -- 1913 ( p. 35 ) , Gyldendal Norsk Forlag , 1984 , ISBN 82 - 05 - 15356 - 6 Jump up ^ `` The Constitution -- Complete text '' . Stortinget.no . Archived from the original on 29 June 2011 . Retrieved 23 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Toivanen , Reetta ; et al. ( 2003 ) . Götz , Norbert , ed . Civil Society in the Baltic Sea Region . Ashgate Publishing , Ltd . pp. 205 -- 216 . ISBN 0 - 7546 - 3317 - 9 . Jump up ^ The Sami of Northern Europe ' However , as with many indigenous peoples , the Sami in Norway have suffered a past dominated by discrimination , particularly regarding religion and language . ' United Nations Regional Information Centre for Western Europe . Retrieved 31 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Journal of Indigenous People Rights . Issue No. 3 / 2005 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 12 February 2015 . Retrieved 31 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Human rights : A crowded field '' . The Economist. 27 May 2010 . Retrieved 23 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A brief history of Norwegian film '' . Norway Official Website . Retrieved 8 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegian Film Commission '' . Norwegianfilm.com . Archived from the original on 26 April 2012 . Retrieved 22 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Culture '' . Studyinnorway.no. 26 March 2007 . Archived from the original on 19 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Folk Music from Norway . The official site of Norway Jump up ^ `` Ylvis '' . Archived from the original on 18 December 2014 . Retrieved 26 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physiologi or Medicine 2014 '' . The Official Website of the Nobel Prize . Retrieved 2 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The evolution of Norwegian architecture '' . The official site of Norway . Archived from the original on 6 June 2013 . Retrieved 20 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Burgher , Leslie . `` Norwegian Architecture '' . Leslie Burgher website . Archived from the original on 12 October 2010 . Retrieved 30 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Haverkamp , Frode . Hans Fredrik Gude : From National Romanticism to Realism in Landscape ( in Norwegian ) . Jump up ^ `` Norwegian Artists '' . Artcyclopedia.com . Retrieved 23 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Countries and Their Cultures , Norway '' . Everyculture.com. 4 September 2010 . Retrieved 23 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Knock - out fra Northug & co '' . Dagbladet. 22 June 2015 . Retrieved 22 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Stor interesse for ishockey '' . NRK. 13 April 2013 . Retrieved 11 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA / Coca - Cola World Ranking '' . FIFA. 22 June 2015 . Retrieved 22 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Carlsen er verdensmester : -- Jeg er lykkelig og lettet '' . NRK. 22 June 2015 . Retrieved 22 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bandy destined for the Olympic Winter Games ! '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Index of Public Integrity '' . 2016 . Jump up ^ solutions , EIU digital . `` Democracy Index 2016 -- The Economist Intelligence Unit '' . Jump up ^ `` The Urban Disadvantage '' ( PDF ) . Save the Children State of the World 's Mothers report . Save the Children . 2015 . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Legatum Prosperity Index '' . ( www.li.com LI.com ) and ( www.prosperity.com Prosperity.com ) . Legatum Institute . 2017 . Retrieved 9 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Global Gender Gap Report 2017 '' . weforum.org . World Economic Forum . Retrieved 9 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Euro Health Consumer Index '' ( PDF ) . Outcomes in EHCI 2015 . Health Consumer Powerhouse. 2015 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 June 2017 . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Corruption Perceptions Index 2017 '' . transparency.org . Transparency International . Retrieved 9 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Networked Readiness Index '' . weforum.org . Jump up ^ `` EF English Proficiency Index -- A comprehensive ranking of countries by English skills '' . ef.com . Jump up ^ `` Logistics Performance Index '' . The World Bank . Bibliography ( edit ) Larsen , Karen ( 1948 ) . A History of Norway . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Norway . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Norway . Wikinews has related news : Norway Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article Norway . Norway.no , Norway 's official portal Norway at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Statistics Norway State of the Environment Norway `` Norway '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Norway entry at Encyclopædia Britannica Norway from UCB Libraries GovPubs Norway profile from the BBC News Norway.info , official foreign portal of the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs Wikimedia Atlas of Norway Geographic data related to Norway at OpenStreetMap Official facts about Norway VisitNorway.com , official travel guide to Norway . vifanord -- a digital library that provides scientific information on the Nordic and Baltic countries as well as the Baltic region as a whole . About Norway in Hebrew National Anthem of Norway on YouTube Key Development Forecasts for Norway from International Futures World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Norway Norway articles History Stone Age Bronze Age Petty kingdoms Viking Age Unification High Middle Ages Kingdom of Norway ( 872 -- 1397 ) Hereditary Kingdom of Norway Kalmar Union Denmark -- Norway Kingdom of Norway ( 1814 ) Sweden -- Norway End of the union World War II Reichskommissariat Quisling regime Norwegian government - in - exile 1945 -- 2000 21st century Geography Climate Extreme points Islands Lakes Mammals Mountains Municipalities Cities Protected areas Rivers Politics Administrative divisions National budget Constitution Correctional service Courts Customs Elections Flag flying days Foreign relations Governments Health care services LGBT history Military Monarchy Parliament Police Political parties Prime Minister Vinmonopolet Economy Energy Fisheries Government Pension Fund Industry Mining Natural gas Krone ( currency ) National bank Norwegian paradox Oil Renewable energy Stock Exchange Taxation Tourism Transport Whaling Society Crime Demographics Education Ethnic groups Immigration Languages Norwegians Pensions Religion Culture Architecture Art Bunad ( clothing ) Christmas ( season ) Cinema Cuisine Jante law Music Norwegian language Literature Media Prostitution Public holidays Sport Romantic nationalism Symbols Anthem Coat of arms Flags national flag Mottos Name of Norway Outline Portal Geographic locale Nordic countries States Denmark Finland Iceland Norway Sweden Territories Åland Islands Faroe Islands Greenland Svalbard Climate of the Nordic countries Comparison of the Nordic countries Nordic Council Nordic Cross flag Subdivisions of the Nordic countries Sovereign states and dependencies of Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican City States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies Denmark Faroe Islands autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark United Kingdom Akrotiri and Dhekelia Sovereign Base Areas Gibraltar British Overseas Territory Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Crown dependencies Special areas of internal sovereignty Finland Åland Islands autonomous region subject to the Åland Convention of 1921 Norway Svalbard unincorporated area subject to the Svalbard Treaty United Kingdom Northern Ireland country of the United Kingdom subject to the British - Irish Agreement Oceanic islands within the vicinity of Europe are usually grouped with the continent even though they are not situated on its continental shelf . Some countries completely outside the conventional geographical boundaries of Europe are commonly associated with the continent due to ethnological links . International organizations Council of Europe Institutions Secretary General Committee of Ministers Parliamentary Assembly Congress Court of Human Rights Commissioner for Human Rights Commission for the Efficiency of Justice Commission against Racism and Intolerance Members Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Observers Canada Holy See Israel Japan Mexico United States Sovereign Military Order of Malta Former members Czechoslovakia ( 1991 -- 1992 ) Saar ( assoc. 1950 -- 1956 ) Serbia and Montenegro ( 2003 -- 2006 ) Provisionally referred to by the Council of Europe as `` the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia '' ; see Macedonia naming dispute . Nordic Council Members Denmark Finland Iceland Norway Sweden Associates Åland Islands Faroe Islands Greenland Observers Estonia ( accession ) Latvia Lithuania Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) History Convention on the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Guidelines Multinational Enterprises Testing of Chemicals North Atlantic Treaty Organization History North Atlantic Treaty Summit Operations Enlargement Structure Council Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe Air Command Land Command Maritime Command JFC Brunssum JFC Naples Allied Command Transformation Parliamentary Assembly Standardization Agreement People Secretary General Chairman of the Military Committee Supreme Allied Commander Europe Supreme Allied Commander Transformation Members Albania Belgium Bulgaria Canada Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Turkey United Kingdom United States Multilateral relations Atlantic Treaty Association Euro - Atlantic Partnership Council Mediterranean Dialogue Istanbul Cooperation Initiative Partnership for Peace Portal Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe ( OSCE ) Members Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Canada Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Holy See Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Mongolia Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Tajikistan Turkey Turkmenistan Ukraine United Kingdom United States Uzbekistan Partners for Cooperation Afghanistan Algeria Australia Egypt Israel Japan Jordan Morocco South Korea Thailand Tunisia Bodies and posts Parliamentary Assembly ODIHR Commissioner on National Minorities Representative on Freedom of the Media World Trade Organization System Accession and membership Appellate Body Dispute Settlement Body International Trade Centre Chronology of key events Issues Criticism Doha Development Round Singapore issues Quota Elimination Peace Clause Agreements General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Agriculture Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures Technical Barriers to Trade Trade Related Investment Measures Trade in Services Trade - Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights Government Procurement Information Technology Marrakech Agreement Doha Declaration Bali Package Ministerial Conferences 1st ( 1996 ) 2nd ( 1998 ) 3rd ( 1999 ) 4th ( 2001 ) 5th ( 2003 ) 6th ( 2005 ) 7th ( 2009 ) 8th ( 2011 ) 9th ( 2013 ) 10th ( 2015 ) 11th ( 2017 ) People Roberto Azevêdo ( Director - General ) Pascal Lamy Supachai Panitchpakdi Alejandro Jara Rufus Yerxa Members Afghanistan Albania Algeria Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Australia Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belize Benin Bolivia Botswana Brazil Brunei Burkina Faso Burma Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Costa Rica Côte d'Ivoire Cuba Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Fiji Gabon The Gambia Georgia Ghana Grenada Guatemala Guinea Guinea - Bissau Guyana Haiti Honduras Hong Kong Iceland India Indonesia Israel Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lesotho Liberia Liechtenstein Macau Macedonia Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Moldova Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nepal New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Norway Oman Pakistan Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Qatar Russia Rwanda St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa Saudi Arabia Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Solomon Islands South Africa Sri Lanka Suriname Swaziland Switzerland Tajikistan Taiwan Tanzania Thailand Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United States Uruguay Venezuela Vietnam Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe European Union Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden United Kingdom Special administrative regions of the People 's Republic of China , participates as `` Hong Kong , China '' and `` Macao China '' . Officially the Republic of China , participates as `` Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan , Penghu , Kinmen and Matsu '' , and `` Chinese Taipei '' in short . BIBSYS : 90052905 BNE : XX451946 BNF : cb11865124d ( data ) GND : 4042640 - 3 HDS : 3365 ISNI : 0000 0001 2298 9524 LCCN : n79021528 NARA : 10035813 NDL : 00568689 NKC : ge130191 SUDOC : 026396009 VIAF : 155855229 Coordinates : 61 ° N 8 ° E / 61 ° N 8 ° E / 61 ; 8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norway&oldid=857089004 '' Categories : Norway Northern European countries Member states of NATO Member states of the Council of Europe Member states of the United Nations Scandinavian countries States and territories established in the 870s States and territories established in 1814 Countries in Europe Christian states 872 establishments Hidden categories : CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Norwegian Bokmål - language sources ( nb ) Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2017 Articles with dead external links from June 2018 Articles with Norwegian - language external links Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages EngvarB from November 2016 Use dmy dates from May 2018 Articles containing Bokmål - language text Articles containing Nynorsk - language text Articles containing Northern Sami - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from June 2018 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2013 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles that may be too long from January 2018 Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with HDS identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Wikinews Wikiquote Wikivoyage Languages Acèh Адыгэбзэ Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Akan Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Аҧсшәа Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Armãneashti Arpetan Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Авар Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bamanankan বাংলা Bahasa Banjar Bân - lâm - gú Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Bislama Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chamoru Chavacano de Zamboanga Chi - Chewa ChiShona ChiTumbuka Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deitsch Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Diné bizaad Dolnoserbski ཇོང ་ ཁ Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Эрзянь Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara Eʋegbe فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Fulfulde Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gagauz Gàidhlig Galego 贛 語 Gĩkũyũ ગુજરાતી 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî Хальмг 한국어 Hausa Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Igbo Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Iñupiak Ирон IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kalaallisut ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kernowek Kinyarwanda Kirundi Kiswahili Коми Kongo Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Кырык мары Ladino Лезги ລາວ لۊری شومالی Latgaļu Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lingála Livvinkarjala La . lojban . Luganda Lumbaart Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti Māori मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Mirandés Мокшень Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Dorerin Naoero Na Vosa Vakaviti Nederlands Nedersaksies Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Napulitano Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norfuk / Pitkern Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Novial Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ पालि Pälzisch پنجابی Papiamentu پښتو Patois Перем Коми ភាសា ខ្មែរ Picard Piemontèis Tok Pisin Plattdüütsch Polski Ποντιακά Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Reo tahiti Ripoarisch Română Romani Rumantsch Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Gagana Samoa संस्कृतम् Sängö Sardu Scots Seeltersk Sesotho Sesotho sa Leboa Setswana Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English SiSwati Slovenčina Slovenščina Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Sranantongo Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు Tetun ไทย Тоҷикӣ Lea faka - Tonga ᏣᎳᎩ Tsetsêhestâhese Tshivenda Türkçe Türkmençe Twi Тыва дыл Удмурт Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Walon 文言 West - Vlams Winaray Wolof 吴语 Xitsonga ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 डोटेली ГӀалгӀай Kabɩyɛ Lingua Franca Nova 268 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 14 : 00 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway
| 2,191 |
|||
where did dami im come in eurovision 2017
|
In the Eurovision Song Contest 2016 , Im was announced to perform in second semi-final . Im performed tenth in the running order and successfully progressed to the final with the highest score and top ranking of her semi-final . As this was the first time Australia competed in the semi-final stage , Im became the first ever Australian representative to progress from the semi-final to the final . In the final , Im performed 13th in the running order and achieved the top score of 320 points from the national jury . Ultimately , she received 191 points from televoting and was announced to have gained 511 points in total , placing 2nd in the Eurovision Song Contest 2016 . Im 's second place score is the highest score ever achieved by an Australian representative . Following the contest , Im 's single `` Sound of Silence '' charted at number 3 on the ARIA charts and gained huge success across Europe with Im 's single selling over fifty five thousand copies worldwide , and has also achieved two Gold certificated for her single from the ARIA Charts and the Swedish Recording Industry Association charts respectively . Also `` Sound of Silence '' charted within the top fifteen in Finland and Belgium -- a first for Im in her singing career , the single also charted for the first time in Im 's career on the UK Charts , the Spanish , German and Austrian charts . This single is Im 's most successful in her career to date . In October 2016 , Im released her first post-Eurovision single , `` Fighting for Love '' . In 2017 , it was announced through various social media that THE. mgmt has signed Im to a special arrangement modeling contract with the agency .
|
second place
|
Dami Im
|
dami im
|
Dami Im ( Hangul : 임다 미 ; RR : Im Dami , IPA : ( im ‿ da. mi ) , English : / ˌdɑːmi ˈɪm / DAH - mee IM ; born 17 October 1988 ) is a Korean - born Australian singer - songwriter , multi-instrumentalist performing artist . Im is known for achieving the highest Eurovision score for Australia .
|
Im emigrated to Australia from South Korea with her family at the age of nine . She won the fifth season of The X Factor Australia and subsequently received a recording contract with Sony Music Australia and managed by Ken Outch at Parade Management . After winning The X Factor , Im released her debut and winner 's single `` Alive '' , which debuted at number one on the ARIA Singles Chart . This was followed by the release of her self - titled second studio album , which debuted at number one the ARIA Albums Chart and was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association . Im became the first X Factor Australia contestant to follow up a number one single with a number one album on the ARIA Charts . Im 's third studio album , Heart Beats , was released in 2014 and became her second top - ten album . It produced the top - twenty hits `` Super Love '' and `` Gladiator '' . Im represented Australia at the Eurovision Song Contest 2016 held in Stockholm , Sweden , with the song `` Sound of Silence '' , where she won the jury vote and placed fourth in the televote , coming second overall with a total of 511 points . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 2010 -- 12 : Early career 2.2 2013 : The X Factor Australia 2.2. 1 Performances on The X Factor 2.3 2013 -- 15 : Dami Im and Heart Beats 2.4 2016 -- 2017 : Eurovision Song Contest and Classic Carpenters 2.5 2018 -- present : I Hear a Song 3 Artistry 4 Grease -- The Arena Experience 5 Filmography 6 Carols in the Domain 7 Carols By Candlelight 8 Personal life 9 Compassion Australia 10 Notable performances 11 Discography 12 Concert tours 13 Awards and nominations 14 References 15 External links Early life ( edit ) Dami Im was born in Seoul on 17 October 1988 to Lee Hae - yun , a trained opera singer , and Im Dong - eal . She is the elder of two children . Im began learning the piano at the age of five , and she taught herself to sing by recording herself copying her favourite artists . Aged nine , Im emigrated to Australia with her mother and younger brother Kenny because their parents thought they would have more opportunity growing up in Australia . They stayed with their uncle in Brisbane , while her father stayed in South Korea to earn money to support them . Im 's parents now live together , spending part of the year in Australia and part in South Korea . Aged 11 , Im began studying at the Young Conservatorium of Music program at Griffith University . She was a national finalist in the Yamaha Youth Piano Competition , and won the Nora Baird Scholarship and the Queensland Piano Competition several times . Im attended John Paul College in Daisy Hill , Queensland and graduated in 2005 . She never sang while at school and would only accompany the choir on piano , and play violin for the school 's Silver Strings group . In 2009 , Im graduated from the University of Queensland with first class honours in a Bachelor of Music . She subsequently completed a Masters of Arts degree in contemporary voice at Griffith University . At Griffith University , Im was trained by Dr. Irene Bartlett , lecturer and voice coach who also trained a number of other well - known Australian vocalists such as Katie Noonan , Megan Washington , Kristin Berardi , and Elly Hoyt . Prior to entering The X Factor , Im was a music and piano teacher . In 2016 , Im appeared as a guest quiz master on Have You Been Paying Attention ? . Career ( edit ) 2010 -- 12 : early career ( edit ) Im had a short career as a gospel singer in Korea , performing at Christian youth camps . In 2010 , she released her debut studio album , Dream , which consisted of nine tracks and was recorded to raise money for church endeavours . In July 2011 , Im re-released the album with two extra tracks , which were both sung in English . On 5 December 2011 , Im released a Christmas extended play called Snow & Carol , which consisted of seven tracks . On 9 July 2012 , Im released her second extended play , Intimacy , which consisted of five tracks . 2013 : the X Factor Australia ( edit ) In 2013 , Im successfully auditioned for the fifth season of The X Factor Australia , singing `` Hero '' by Mariah Carey . She progressed to the super bootcamp round of the competition and was placed in the Under 25 Girls category . On the first day of bootcamp , Im sang `` I 'm with You '' by Avril Lavigne in front of her entire category and judges Redfoo , Ronan Keating and Dannii Minogue . On the second day of bootcamp , she was put into an ensemble of 10 and they sang `` Next to Me '' by Emeli Sandé in front of the judges . Im made it to the third day of bootcamp , where she sang `` Jolene '' by Dolly Parton to the judges and a live audience of one thousand . After the judges made changes to the Boys , Girls and Overs categories , Im became part of the newly formed Over 24s category and was eliminated . However , Im was called back for the home visits round in New York City to replace Matt Gresham who decided he could not commit to the competition . During home visits , she sang `` If I Were a Boy '' by Beyoncé in front of her mentor Minogue and guest mentor Kylie Minogue . Minogue later selected Im , along with Barry Southgate and Cat Vas , for the live finals -- a series of ten weekly live shows in which contestants are progressively eliminated by public vote . For the Judges ' Choice - themed first live show , Im sang `` One '' by U2 and received a standing ovation from the judges , with Natalie Bassingthwaighte saying she had `` the best vocal of the night '' . Im 's performance of `` One '' peaked at number 42 on the ARIA Singles Chart . For the Legends - themed second live show , she sang `` Purple Rain '' by Prince and received another standing ovation . Keating told Im that the competition `` at the moment , is yours '' . Her performance of `` Purple Rain '' debuted at number 29 on the ARIA Singles Chart . For the Top 10 Hits - themed third live show , Im sang Thelma Houston 's version of `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' , and her performance of the song debuted on the ARIA Singles Chart at number 67 . Following the eliminations of Vas in week two and Southgate in week three , Im became the last remaining contestant in Minogue 's category . After her performance of Katy Perry 's `` Roar '' in the Latest and Greatest - themed fourth live show , Im received her fourth consecutive standing ovation from the judges . Im 's performance of `` Roar '' debuted at number 44 on the ARIA Singles Chart . For the Rock - themed fifth live show , she sang `` Best of You '' by the Foo Fighters and received her fifth standing ovation . Im 's performance of `` Best of You '' debuted at number 78 on the ARIA Singles Chart . Following Im 's performance of Simon & Garfunkel 's `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' during the Family Heroes - themed sixth live show , her mentor Minogue notably teared up as she dedicated Im 's song choice to her parents and grandfather , following the death of her grandmother . Im 's performance of `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' debuted at number 15 on the ARIA Singles Chart . For the Judges ' Challenge - themed seventh live show , Im sang Zedd 's `` Clarity '' , which was chosen by Keating , and her performance debuted at number 77 on the ARIA Singles Chart . Im received a mixed feedback from the judges following her performance of John Farnham 's `` You 're the Voice '' during the Aussie Week - themed eighth live show . Keating said `` it was pitchy and a weak performance '' and Bassingthwaighte agreed . For the Power and Passion - themed ninth live show , Im sang `` Saving All My Love for You '' by Whitney Houston and `` Wrecking Ball '' by Miley Cyrus . Her performances of `` Wrecking Ball '' and `` Saving All My Love for You '' debuted on the ARIA Singles Chart at numbers 61 and 85 , respectively . During the grand final performance show on 27 October , Im was required to perform three songs -- her audition song ( `` Hero '' ) , winner 's single ( `` Alive '' ) and last shot song ( `` And I Am Telling You I 'm Not Going '' ) . Her performance of `` And I Am Telling You I 'm Not Going '' , which debuted at number 29 on the ARIA Singles Chart , got all four judges standing on the judges table . Redfoo said Im 's performance was `` the best thing I 've ever seen in my life '' , while Minogue added that she is `` world class '' . Im 's performance of `` Hero '' debuted at number 62 . During the grand final decider show the following day , Im was announced as the winner . denotes a performance that entered the ARIA Singles denotes winner Performances on The X Factor ( edit ) hide Show Song choice Theme Result Auditions `` Hero '' N / A Through to Super bootcamp Super bootcamp `` I 'm with You '' Through to second day of bootcamp `` Next to Me '' Through to third day of bootcamp `` Jolene '' Was Eliminated but was called back after Matt Gresham 's withdrawl Home visits `` If I Were a Boy '' Through to Live shows Week 1 `` One '' Judges ' Choice Safe Week 2 `` Purple Rain '' Legends Safe Week 3 `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' Top 10 Hits Safe Week 4 `` Roar '' Latest and Greatest Safe Week 5 `` Best of You '' Rock Safe Week 6 `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' Family Heroes Safe Week 7 `` Clarity '' Judges ' Challenge Safe Week 8 `` You 're the Voice '' Aussie Week Safe Week 9 `` Saving All My Love for You '' Power and Passion Safe `` Wrecking Ball '' Week 10 `` Hero '' Audition song Winner `` And I Am Telling You I 'm Not Going '' Last shot song `` Alive '' Winner 's single `` Purple Rain '' Best moment of the live shows song 2013 -- 15 : Dami Im and Heart Beats ( edit ) Im performing at The X Factor Live Tour in November 2013 After winning The X Factor , Im 's debut and winner 's single `` Alive '' was released on the iTunes Store . She also received a recording contract with Sony Music Australia and a management deal . Four days after release , `` Alive '' debuted at number one on the ARIA Singles Chart . It was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association for selling over 70,000 copies . Im 's self - titled second studio album was released on 15 November 2013 and featured studio recordings of songs she performed on The X Factor . The album debuted at number one on the ARIA Albums Chart and was certified platinum for shipments of more than 70,000 units . Im became the first X Factor Australia contestant to follow up a number one single with a number one album on the ARIA Charts . On 23 November 2013 , Im toured alongside Third Degree , Taylor Henderson , Jiordan Tolli and Jai Waetford for The X Factor Live Tour , which ended on 2 December 2013 . In late December 2013 , she signed on as an ambassador for the children 's charity Compassion Australia . It was reported on 19 January 2014 that fashion label Alannah Hill had signed Im to be the face of their autumn and winter 2014 collection . On 24 January 2014 , Im released a cover of `` I Am Australian '' with Henderson , Jessica Mauboy , Justice Crew , Nathaniel Willemse and Samantha Jade , to coincide with the Australia Day celebrations . The song peaked at number 51 on the ARIA Singles Chart . Im 's next single , an acoustic cover of Dolly Parton 's `` Jolene '' , was released on 7 March 2014 , but failed to chart . In May 2014 , she became an ambassador for Priceline Pharmacy 's You Beauty campaign , which celebrates the diversity of Australian women . The following month , Im became the ambassador of Nintendo 's video game , Tomodachi Life . On 3 September 2014 , Im performed at The Marquee in Sydney as part of Nova FM 's Red Room Global Tour . Im 's third studio album , Heart Beats , was released on 17 October 2014 and debuted at number seven on the ARIA Albums Chart , becoming Im 's second top - ten album . The album was preceded by the release of its first two singles , `` Super Love '' and `` Gladiator '' , both of which peaked at number 11 on the ARIA Singles Chart . The former also reached the top - twenty on the South Korea Gaon Charts and was certified platinum , while the latter was certified gold for selling over 35,000 copies . In December 2014 , Im was the supporting act for John Legend 's Australian leg of his All of Me Tour . Im 's sixth lead single `` Smile '' was released on 29 May 2015 , and debuted at number 48 . In June 2015 , it was confirmed that Im was working on her upcoming fourth studio album . 2016 -- 2017 : Eurovision Song Contest and Classic Carpenters ( edit ) Im was invited to participate in the international cast BTV Global Spring Festival Gala presentation by the Chinese BTV television station which was broadcast on the second day of Spring Festival 10 February . Im performed an acoustic rendition of `` Close to You '' in English and then teamed up with Chinese Kazakh singer , Tasiken ( 塔 斯 肯 ) , to perform the popular `` 365 Mile Road '' ( 三 百 六 十 五 里 路 ) as a duet , in Chinese . The pairing of Im with Tasiken in the duet performance is also notable in that they both share remarkably similar journeys in their music competition experiences . In the second series of The Voice of China competition in 2013 , Tasiken was initially eliminated in the Blind Auditions round , but was later selected by coach A-mei in a second chance round . Tasiken performed well and won the Battles and Knock Out rounds , only to ultimately lose to the eventual winner of the series Li Qi ( 李琦 ) in the Playoff round . This almost mirrors Im 's own experience of being eliminated in the super bootcamp round of 2013 The X-Factor Australia competition , only to be recalled to the home visits round . Im of course went on to perform very well in the subsequent Live Finals and eventually win the competition . The very popular Global Spring Festival event was reportedly one of the world 's most watched TV program , broadcast to a global audience of over 200 million . Dami Im during a rehearsal before the second semi-final On 3 March , it was announced Im would represent Australia at the Eurovision Song Contest 2016 . Her song was `` Sound of Silence '' . On 4 March , it also announced Im would release a new album in April called Classic Carpenters . The album is a collection of cover versions of some of The Carpenters ' biggest songs . It was released on 22 April 2016 . Three music videos of her performing the songs `` ( They Long to Be ) Close to You '' , `` There 's a Kind of Hush ( All Over the World ) '' and `` Yesterday Once More '' were released on 14 , 17 and 19 April , respectively . Classic carpenters charted with massive success on the ARIA charts gaining the chart position of Number Three , Im 's third studio also gained success on the South Korean charts achieving a position of 23 within the Top 25 . At an interview , Paul Clarke , Australia 's head of delegation to the Eurovision Song Contest , was asked about the potential of Im 's performance at the contest . Clarke remarked that Im 's journey as a migrant to Australia at the age of nine and learning English from songs of Kylie Minogue was conducive to the multiculturalism and diversity of the European competition . Clarke adds that `` Im is also a lightning rod of emotion when she performs '' , which is something he believes will resonate with the Eurovision audience . He further notes that `` She can just feel an audience and be able to be the conductor of it , better than just about any performer I 've ever seen , she just does it intuitively . '' In the Eurovision Song Contest 2016 , Im was announced to perform in second semi-final . Im performed tenth in the running order and successfully progressed to the final with the highest score and top ranking of her semi-final . As this was the first time Australia competed in the semi-final stage , Im became the first ever Australian representative to progress from the semi-final to the final . In the final , Im performed 13th in the running order and achieved the top score of 320 points from the national jury . Ultimately , she received 191 points from televoting and was announced to have gained 511 points in total , placing 2nd in the Eurovision Song Contest 2016 . Im 's second place score is the highest score ever achieved by an Australian representative . Following the contest , Im 's single `` Sound of Silence '' charted at number 3 on the ARIA charts and gained huge success across Europe with Im 's single selling over fifty five thousand copies worldwide , and has also achieved two Gold certificated for her single from the ARIA Charts and the Swedish Recording Industry Association charts respectively . Also `` Sound of Silence '' charted within the top fifteen in Finland and Belgium -- a first for Im in her singing career , the single also charted for the first time in Im 's career on the UK Charts , the Spanish , German and Austrian charts . This single is Im 's most successful in her career to date . In October 2016 , Im released her first post-Eurovision single , `` Fighting for Love '' . In 2017 , it was announced through various social media that THE. mgmt has signed Im to a special arrangement modeling contract with the agency . On 7 April 2017 , Im released a new recording of `` Hold Me In Your Arms '' with original Southern Sons singer , Jack Jones . On 9 April 2017 , it was reported that Sony Music Australia CEO Denis Handlin was moved by Im 's earlier live performance of the song on Australia Day with Guy Sebastian that he `` spared no expense securing the original voice of the song Jack Jones ( Irwin Thomas ) to re-create is 1990 hit with Dami Im . '' On 28 April 2017 , Im posted on her social media photos of herself with Sony Australia CEO Denis Handlin receiving Gold certification for Classic Carpenters and her platinum certification for `` Sound of Silence '' . 2018 -- present : I Hear a Song ( edit ) On 16 February 2018 , Im announced her fifth studio album I Hear a Song would be released on 23 March 2018 . It reached number 3 in the ARIA album chart . Artistry ( edit ) Im credits her home influences , with her mother being an opera singer , and her own classical music training , as providing her the grounding and instilling in her the love for music and performance . Im has also cited K - pop music as an inspiration in regard to her love and passion for singing . Her musical influences are Beyoncé , Mariah Carey , Norah Jones , Corinne Bailey Rae , Chris Tomlin and BoA . She also cites BoA along with Lee Juck and Kim Dong - ryool as her favourite singers . Aside from singing , Im also plays piano and violin and has co-written some of her material . She co-wrote eight songs on her third studio album , Heart Beats . During a radio interview in 2016 , Im credited Guy Sebastian as providing her with the initial impetus to dream that perhaps one day she could follow in his footsteps in competing and winning a reality music show . Im described how watching Sebastian take first place in Australian Idol in 2003 as the beginning of her own dream for her own career as a professional singer . She also described how at the time , while still a teenager , that she would spend hours practicing in her bedroom , recording her own voice . She described singing to such songs as Stacie Orrico 's `` Stuck '' as pivotal to her initial preparation as a singer . She explained that practicing doing the runs that Orrico and other singers execute in their songs helped her improve her own singing ability . Im eventually went on to master her craft by completing her voice training at post-graduate level at the Young Conservatorium of Music , Griffith University , under the tutelage of Dr Irene Bartlett . Apart from Im 's career as a musical performance artist , she is also recognized as a fashion trendsetter . During the X Factor competition , she is known for the extravagant outfits that she wore for her performances . After winning The X Factor , Im was sought after by designers and fashion houses to showcase their creations , including Alannah Hill and Carla Zampatti . At Eurovision , Im 's iconic dress was custom designed by well - known Australian designer Steven Khalil . Grease -- the Arena Experience ( edit ) On November 7 , 2016 , it was announced by Harvest Train , the Australian musical theatre company , that Im is going to be appearing in the Brisbane production of Grease : The Arena Experience . The show is scheduled to play for three performances at the Brisbane Entertainment Centre from 7 -- 8 April 2017 . Im has been cast in the role of Teen Angel and will be performing a rendition of `` Beauty School Dropout '' . This is the first time Im has taken part in a major musical production and also the first time that a female has been cast in the normally male role . The musical is directed and choreographed by Callum Mansfield . Along with Im , this production of Grease will also star Meghan O'Shea in the role of Sandy , Drew Weston as Danny , Tim Campbell as Johnny Casino , Brisbane radio station 's 97.3 FM 's Terry Hansen as Vince Fontaine alongside a core cast of 30 professional performers as well as an amateur mass ensemble of over 800 performers from across South - East Queensland . Filmography ( edit ) 2014 : Paper Planes In 2014 , Im was invited to perform a rendition of Macy Gray 's `` Beauty in the World '' for part of the soundtrack of Paper Planes , an Australian children 's movie . Paper Planes starred Sam Worthington , David Wenham , Deborah Mailman and Ed Oxenbould , and was co-written by Steve Worland and Robert Connolly . Connolly also directed the movie . The co-producers were Liz Kearney and Maggie Miles . The movie opened in cinemas on 15 January 2015 . A version of `` Beauty in the World '' was also recorded for Im 's Heart Beats album . 2016 : Trolls On 15 November 2016 multiple media sources announced that Im would be making her film debut in the Australian release of DreamWorks Animation 's feature Trolls . She is cast as the voice to the role of Grandma Rosiepuff . Im would share the role with Susanna Reid , who will be the voice of the character for the UK version and GloZell Green who will be the voice for the US version . Media also reported that Im joined Justin Timberlake at the Australian premiere of the film on 20 November at Hoyts Entertainment Quarter in Moore Park , Sydney . Carols in the Domain ( edit ) Soon after winning The X Factor in 2013 , Im was invited to her first appearance at Carols in the Domain . An annual event that is broadcast live in Australia , the event consistently draws large crowds of in excess of 80,000 . The event is often hosted by media personalities with a diverse cast that is made up of musicians , performers , characters from popular media , choral groups and choirs . Im 's has participated in this annual event every year since her first show in 2013 . On 21 November 2016 it was announced that Im would once again be a part of the cast for the 2016 event to be held and telecast live on 18 December 2016 . The details of Im 's performances at each year 's shows are listed below : Year Date Songs Ref 2013 21 Dec 2013 `` Silent Night '' `` Away in a Manger '' 2014 20 Dec 2014 `` O Holy Night '' `` The Christmas Song '' 2015 19 Dec 2015 `` O Come , All Ye Faithful '' `` Silent Night '' ( duet with Cyrus Villanueva ) `` Away in a Manger '' 2016 18 Dec 2016 `` The First Noel '' `` O Holy Night '' Carols by Candlelight ( edit ) On Saturday , 24 December 2016 , Im was among an ensemble cast of Australian performers who performed at the Vision Australia Carols By Candlelight at the Sidney Myer Music Bowl in Melbourne , Australia . The other performers include Anthony Callea , Tim Campbell , Kate Ceberano , Shane Jacobson , Lucy Durack , Marina Prior , Silvie Paladino , David Hobson , Denis Walter , Darren Percival , legally blind opera singer Michael Leonardi , and Ol'55 , who celebrated their 40th anniversary at the event . The event was broadcast live nationally by the Nine Network . Media reports of the event acclaimed Im 's performance , `` Dami Im stole the show - hands down - last night . '' Year Date Songs Ref 2016 24 Dec 2016 `` All I Want for Christmas Is You '' `` When a Child Is Born '' Personal life ( edit ) Im is a Christian . She met Noah Kim , another Christian , at a church and in September 2012 they were married in Seoul , South Korea . Im and her husband live in Daisy Hill , a suburb of Logan City in Queensland . In October 2013 , she was named the cultural ambassador for Logan City and was offered the key to the city by mayor Pam Parker . Im was presented with the key at a ceremony on 4 December 2013 . Dami is an avid foodie , and has a passion for sweets . She is often seen sharing the different foods while eating them on her Instagram account . During a Facebook Live interview with New Idea magazine in 2016 , Im shared that she likes cooking and relaxing at home . She said her favourite food is her mother 's home - cooked food , especially Chijimi , a Korean pancake . In another interview she also intimated that her ' go - to ' comfort food is Korean fried chicken . Compassion Australia ( edit ) Im is an ardent supporter of Compassion Australia and one of their most active ambassadors . After Eurovision 2016 , against the advice of many in the industry , Im went ahead with a pre-planned trip to visit her eighth sponsor child , Jovi , in Uganda . During the trip , Dami Im hosted a concert for the 200 children in Uganda and live broadcast on Facebook . She is passionate about drawing attention to the poverty of people around the world and the need to help support people in these circumstances . She said that her trip to Uganda was grounding to her and gives purpose for what she does in her life and work . Notable performances ( edit ) Dami Im is a highly sought after performance artist across Australia and beyond . She has appeared in numerous public performances marking special occasions and on live TV . Some of her most memorable performances include : 15 December 2015 -- Dami Im , accompanied by the NSW Public Schools Singers performed a rendition of `` I Am Australian '' at a special ceremony held on 15 December 2015 to commemorate the first anniversary of the 2014 Sydney hostage crisis . 10 February 2016 -- Dami Im performed on Beijing TV 's Global Spring Festival Gala broadcast to celebrate the Spring Festival . Im performed a solo cover of `` ( They Long to Be ) Close to You '' and a duet with Chinese Kazakh singer , Tasiken , singing in Chinese the song , `` 365 Mile Road '' ( 三 百 六 十 五 里 路 ) to a reported global audience of over 200 million . 21 April 2016 -- Dami Im performed a tribute to Prince by singing `` Purple Rain '' on live television broadcast during Channel 7 's The Morning Show after learning of his death . 12 May 2016 and 14 May 2016 -- Im 's performances of `` Sound of Silence '' at the Second Semi Final on 12 May and Grand Final on 14 May at the Eurovision Song Contest 2016 at Globe Arena in Stockholm , Sweden . Im won the Second Semi Final and advanced to the Grand Final as the first Australian entrant to ever do so at the event . She placed second at the Grand Final . 1 November 2016 -- Im performed at the 2016 Melbourne Cup to a worldwide television audience estimated at over 700 million . Im was accompanied by the Royal Melbourne Philharmonic orchestra and choir . Im performed a cover of Celine Dion 's `` The Power of the Dream '' as well as the Australian National Anthem . 7 December 2016 -- At the 6th AACTA Awards Im performed a rendition of Nikolai Rimsky - Korsakov 's `` Flight of the Bumblebee '' on a grand piano in front of a screen portraying scenes from Geoffrey Rush 's Shine as a tribute to the iconic 1996 film . News reports described Im 's performance as the one that `` stole the show '' . 26 January 2017 -- At the Australia Day Concert on the steps of the Sydney Opera House , that was broadcast live on television by Network Ten , Im reprised a solo performance of her Eurovision anthem `` Sound of Silence '' . She teamed up with Guy Sebastian in a duet cover rendition of `` Hold Me in Your Arms '' which reportedly is the first time the two artists collaborated in a live performance . On 7 April 2017 Im recorded and released a studio single version of this song with Jack Jones ( Irwin Thomas ) . It was reported on 9 April 2017 , that ( Im 's ) `` performance was so powerful ( that ) Sony boss Denis Handlin commissioned the new version and spared no expense securing the original voice of the song Jack Jones ( Irwin Thomas ) to re-create the 1990 hit '' . Together with Human Nature , the duo joined Russell Morris to perform a group rendition of `` The Real Thing '' . In the finale , Im joined the rest of the other concert performers in group renditions of the Australian National Anthem , `` Advance Australia Fair '' , and `` I Am Australian '' . 15 April 2018 , Im performed `` Alive '' at the 2018 Commonwealth Games closing ceremony . Discography ( edit ) Main article : Dami Im discography Dream ( 2010 ) Dami Im ( 2013 ) Heart Beats ( 2014 ) Classic Carpenters ( 2016 ) I Hear a Song ( 2018 ) Concert tours ( edit ) Headlining The X Factor Live Tour ( 2013 ) Yesterday Once More Tour ( 2016 -- 17 ) I Hear a Song Tour ( 2018 ) Supporting Nova 's Red Room Global Tour ( Series 1 : 2014 ) John Legend 's All of Me Tour ( 2014 ) : Australian leg Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Type Award Result 2013 Poprepublic.tv Awards Breakthrough Artist of 2013 Nominated Favourite Album of 2013 ( Dami Im ) Nominated The X Factor Australia First Prize Won 2014 ARIA No. 1 Chart Awards Number One Album ( Dami Im ) Won Number One Single ( `` Alive '' ) Won World Music Awards World 's Best Female Artist Nominated World 's Best Live Act Nominated World 's Best Entertainer of the Year Nominated World 's Best Song ( `` Alive '' ) Nominated Cosmopolitan Fun , Fearless , Female Awards Fun , Fearless , Female Woman of the Year Won Singer Won Channel ( V ) Awards ( V ) Oz Artist of the Year Nominated 2016 Eurovision Song Contest 2016 First Prize Runner - up Griffith University AEL ( Arts , Education , Law ) Young Alumnus of the Year Award Won Cosmopolitan Australia Women of the Year Awards Artist of the Year Won 2017 Queensland Music Award - BOQ People 's Choice Most Popular Female Artist Won Australian Club Entertainment Awards Club Performer of the Year Won Female Vocalist of the Year Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 한국계 호주 대표 임다 미 , 유로 비전 송 콘테스트 아쉬운 2 위 '' ( Korean singer Dami Im representing Australia , finished in second place in the Eurovision Song Contest ) . Yonhap News . Yonhap News Agency . 15 May 2016 . Retrieved 17 May 2016 . 서울 에서 태어나 9 살 때 호주 로 온 임다 미 ... ( Born in Seoul , Dami Im moved to Australia at the age of 9 ... ) Jump up ^ Moran , Jonathan ( 30 August 2013 ) . `` The X Factor favourite Dami Im was bullied at school '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 17 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Wass , Mike ( 9 October 2014 ) . `` Dami Im 's ' Living Dangerously ' Is Another Gorgeous Pop Anthem : Listen to the ' Heart Beats ' Buzz Track '' . Idolator . SpinMedia . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Armbruster , Stefan ( 26 January 2017 ) . `` ' Go back to your country , China ' : South Korean - born Dami Im 's first day in Australia '' . SBS . Her name , Dami Im - pronounced as `` dah - me im '' - did and is something she still struggles with . ^ Jump up to : `` Dami Im : Finding My Family ( Part One ) '' . Sunday Night . Yahoo ! 7 . 25 May 2014 . Retrieved 26 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Vincent , Peter ( 29 September 2013 ) . `` X-Factor's Dami Im set to be first Asian - Australian pop star '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Fairfax Media . Archived from the original on 24 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Finalists -- Dami Im '' . The X Factor Australia . Yahoo ! 7 . Archived from the original on 23 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sams , Christine ( 29 August 2013 ) . `` ' Some people thought I was stupid ' : X Factor star Dami recalls terrible childhood '' . The Age . Fairfax Media . Archived from the original on 23 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dami Im '' . The Lev Vlassenko Piano Competition . Archived from the original on 23 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Bochenski , Natalie ( 3 September 2013 ) . `` X-Factor's Dami Im Gains Support From Former School '' . Brisbane Times . Fairfax Digital . Archived from the original on 23 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Bochenski , Natalie ( 23 October 2013 ) . `` Dami Im returns to former school John Paul College '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Fairfax Media . Archived from the original on 24 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` UQ Alumni Dami Im : X Factor '' . University of Queensland . Archived from the original on 23 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Neil , Alicia ( 2 December 2013 ) . `` Life After the X Factor '' . Who Magazine . Pacific Magazines . pp. 40 -- 42 . Jump up ^ `` Dr Irene Bartlett '' . Retrieved 12 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kristin Berardi '' . Jump up ^ `` Elly Hoyt '' . Jump up ^ `` Irene Bartlett -- the teacher behind Australia 's top voices '' . Retrieved 12 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Adams , Cameron ( 21 August 2013 ) . `` X Factor reveals final Top 12 to perform at live shows '' . The Daily Telegraph . News Limited . Retrieved 22 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bochenski , Natalie ( 9 September 2013 ) . `` Holy spirit behind Dami Im 's angelic voice '' . Brisbane Times . Fairfax Digital . Archived from the original on 23 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dami 1st Story -- Dream '' . Bugs ! . 20 July 2011 . Retrieved 30 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` My Christmas Album event ! '' . Facebook . 9 December 2011 . Retrieved 27 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dami Christmas Story '' . Bugs ! . 5 December 2011 . Retrieved 30 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Intimacy ( 친밀함 ) '' . Bugs ! . 9 July 2012 . Retrieved 30 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The X Factor Australia Premiere Recap -- Is Jai Waetford The Next Justin Bieber ? '' . Take 40 Australia . MCM Entertainment . 29 July 2013 . Archived from the original on 29 October 2013 . Retrieved 23 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The X Factor Australia Bootcamp Recap -- Jai Waetford Forgets His Words , But Still Makes It Through ! '' . Take 40 Australia . MCM Entertainment . 12 August 2013 . Archived from the original on 18 October 2013 . Retrieved 23 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The X Factor Australia Bootcamp Recap -- Georgie Bannard Stuns With Adele ! '' . Take 40 Australia . MCM Entertainment . 12 August 2013 . Archived from the original on 29 October 2013 . Retrieved 23 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The X Factor Australia Bootcamp Recap -- Jiordan Tolli Stuns With Kate Bush 's `` Running Up That Hill '' `` . Take 40 Australia . MCM Entertainment . 13 August 2013 . Archived from the original on 17 August 2013 . Retrieved 23 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The X Factor Australia Recap -- Dami Im Returns As Matt Gresham Pulls Out of the Competition ! '' . Take 40 Australia . MCM Entertainment . 19 August 2013 . Archived from the original on 20 October 2013 . Retrieved 23 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The X Factor Australia Recap -- Jai Waetford Makes It Through As Georgina Mastin and Riv Are Sent Home ! '' . Take 40 Australia . MCM Entertainment . 20 August 2013 . Archived from the original on 24 August 2013 . Retrieved 23 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Hardie , Giles ( 26 August 2013 ) . `` The X Factor recap : Adira -- Belle the first finalists sent home '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Fairfax Media . Retrieved 23 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hung , Steffen . `` Discography Dami Im '' . Australian Charts Portal . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on 6 November 2013 . Retrieved 30 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The X Factor Australia Live Shows -- Dami Im Does It Again With Prince 's Purple Rain '' . Take 40 Australia . MCM Entertainment . 1 September 2013 . Archived from the original on 19 October 2013 . Retrieved 23 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The X Factor Australia Live Show -- Dami Im Steals the Show Once Again with a Disco Track ! '' . Take 40 Australia . MCM Entertainment . 8 September 2013 . Archived from the original on 19 October 2013 . Retrieved 23 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Gavin ( 14 September 2013 ) . `` ARIA Singles : Redfoo Is Number One '' . Noise11 . Noise Network . Retrieved 14 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The X Factor Australia Live Shows -- Dami Im Smashes Katy Perry 's Roar ! '' . Take 40 Australia . MCM Entertainment . 15 September 2013 . Archived from the original on 6 November 2013 . Retrieved 23 October 2013 . Jump up ^ B , Alicia ( 22 September 2013 ) . `` The Top 8 Rock X Factor ! '' . Throng . Throng Media . Retrieved 23 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Gavin ( 28 September 2013 ) . `` ARIA Singles : Katy Perry Roar Spends 5th Week at No. 1 '' . Noise11 . Noise Network . Retrieved 28 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Hardie , Giles ( 29 September 2013 ) . `` Minogue reduced to tears on X Factor '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Fairfax Media . Retrieved 23 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Hardie , Giles ( 8 October 2013 ) . `` X Factor recap : Omar gets an obituary '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Fairfax Media . Retrieved 23 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Gavin ( 12 October 2013 ) . `` ARIA Singles : Katy Perry Is Still Roaring '' . Noise11 . Noise Network . Retrieved 12 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : B , Alicia ( 13 October 2013 ) . `` The X Factor Top 5 Do Aussie Song Week '' . Throng . Throng Media . Retrieved 23 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The X Factor Australia Live Show -- Dami Im Takes on Miley Cyrus ' Wrecking Ball '' . Take 40 Australia . MCM Entertainment . 20 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 21 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Gavin ( 26 October 2013 ) . `` ARIA Singles : It Is Still About Katy Perry '' . Noise11 . Noise Network . Retrieved 26 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The X Factor Live Final -- Dami Im Steals the Show with And I 'm Telling You ! '' . Take 40 Australia . MCM Entertainment . 27 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 31 October 2013 . Retrieved 27 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Vincent , Peter ( 2 November 2013 ) . `` X Factor winner Dami Im tops ARIA chart with Alive '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Fairfax Media . Retrieved 2 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hardie , Giles ( 28 October 2013 ) . `` Taylor Henderson forgets words in X Factor clanger '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Fairfax Media . Retrieved 2 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Gavin ( 2 November 2013 ) . `` ARIA Singles : Dami Im Is Alive at Number One '' . Noise11 . Noise Network . Retrieved 4 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Byrnes , Holly ( 28 October 2013 ) . `` X Factor Australia Grand Final : Dami Im completes demolition with army '' . Herald Sun . The Herald and Weekly Times . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Alive -- Single by Dami Im '' . iTunes Store ( Australia ) . Apple . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dami Im Wins The X Factor ! '' . The X Factor Australia . Yahoo ! 7 . 28 October 2013 . Retrieved 29 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2013 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on 8 May 2013 . Retrieved 5 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CD -- Dami Im ( Album ) '' . Sanity . Retrieved 29 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Vincent , Peter ( 23 November 2013 ) . `` Dami Im makes X-Factor ARIA Charts history '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Fairfax Media . Retrieved 23 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2013 Albums '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on 5 February 2014 . Retrieved 5 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The X Factor Live Tour 2013 '' . The X Factor Australia . Yahoo ! 7 . Archived from the original on 23 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The X Factor winner , Dami Im , partners with Compassion Australia '' . Compassion Australia . 23 December 2013 . Archived from the original on 1 February 2014 . Retrieved 20 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` X-Factor star Dami Im dives into the fashion world with deal to become face of Alannah Hill '' . The Sunday Telegraph . News Limited . 18 January 2014 . Retrieved 20 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` I Am Australian ( feat . John Foreman ) -- Single by Various Artists '' . iTunes Store ( Australia ) . Apple . Retrieved 25 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sony Music Artists To Release ' I Am Australian ' In Time For Australia Day '' . Spotlight Report . 25 January 2014 . Retrieved 2 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Gavin ( 1 February 2014 ) . `` ARIA Singles : Pharrell Williams Is Still Happy On Top '' . Noise11 . Noise Network . Retrieved 1 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jolene ( Acoustic ) -- Single by Dami Im '' . iTunes Store ( Australia ) . Apple . Retrieved 7 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Longhetti , Chloe - Lee ( 18 May 2014 ) . `` Dami Im may be going back into the lion 's den but this time she will have a big stick '' . The Daily Telegraph . News Limited . Retrieved 16 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Doolan , Liam ( 6 June 2014 ) . `` Dami Im , Winner of Aussie X Factor , Appointed as Official Ambassador of Tomodachi Life '' . Nintendo Life . Retrieved 10 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nova 's Red Room Global Tour intimate shows seen by the world '' . The Daily Telegraph . News Limited . 4 September 2014 . Retrieved 4 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Heart Beats ( Deluxe Edition ) by Dami Im '' . iTunes Store ( Australia ) . Apple . Retrieved 26 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gaon International Download Chart -- Issue date : 14.05. 18 -- 14.05. 24 '' . Gaon Chart . Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gaon International Digital Chart -- Issue date : 14.05. 18 -- 14.05. 24 '' . Gaon Chart . Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2014 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on 25 June 2014 . Retrieved 17 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Venardos , Victoria ( 20 October 2014 ) . `` News : John Legend Announces Australian Tour '' . Renowned for Sound . Retrieved 20 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Smile -- Single by Dami Im '' . iTunes Store ( Australia ) . Apple . Retrieved 24 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Gavin ( 6 June 2015 ) . `` ARIA Singles : Taylor Swift Bad Blood Spends Second Week At No. 1 '' . Noise11 . Retrieved 6 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Dennehy , Luke ( 14 June 2015 ) . `` Dami Im takes a trip down memory lane as The X Factor auditions begin '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 16 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Au , Johnny ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` DAMI IM TO PERFORM ON CHINESE BTV GLOBAL SPRING FESTIVAL GALA '' . helloasia.com.au . Retrieved 16 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 林育群 只 贏得 那英 轉身 塔 斯 肯 復活 加盟 阿 妹 組 '' . Jump up ^ 第 十 二 期 张惠妹 组 冠军 之 战 : 塔 斯 肯 . Jump up ^ Au , Johnny ( 9 February 2016 ) . `` Dami Im Wows Chinese Audience at BTV Spring Festival Global Gala in Beijing '' . helloasia.com.au . Retrieved 16 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DAMI IM COVERS CARPENTERS '' . www.auspOp.com.au. 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Dami Im -- `` Yesterday Once More '' . 19 April 2016 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Dami Im -- `` There 's a Kind of Hush ( All Over the World ) '' . 17 April 2016 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Dami Im -- `` ( They Long to Be ) Close to You '' . 14 April 2016 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Idato , Michael ( 9 May 2016 ) . `` Can Dami Im , a ' lightning rod of emotion ' , win Eurovision glory ? '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Fairfax Media . Retrieved 11 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Eurovision Song Contest 2016 Second Semi-Final '' . Eurovision.tv . Jump up ^ `` Eurovision Song Contest 2016 Grand Final '' . Eurovision.tv . Jump up ^ `` '' THE. byarrangement `` '' . THE. mgmt . Retrieved 26 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Cashmere , Paul ( 9 April 2017 ) . `` Jack Jones Re-Records Southern Sons Classic With Dami Im '' . Retrieved 26 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dami Im Facebook Post ( 28 April 2017 ) '' . Retrieved 26 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Dami Im interview with LTLOnline Singapore https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I26H0NQl_mI Jump up ^ `` ' The X Factor ' Victor Dami Im ' I Will Become A Singer That Brings Hope ' '' . KpopStarz. 9 May 2014 . Archived from the original on 23 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Heart Beats ( CD ) . Dami Im . Sony Music Entertainment Australia . 2014 . Jump up ^ Thursday 10 November 2016 ( Morning Breakfast Show Audio Podcast ) . Nova100. 10 November 2016 . Retrieved 13 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Dwyer , Genevieve ( 3 March 2016 ) . `` All the times Dami Im slayed with her fashion sense '' . SBS . Retrieved 4 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Dami Im reveals her Eurovision 2016 dress '' . Vogue.com.au . Vogue Australia . 4 May 2016 . Retrieved 4 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Eurovision Superstar Dami Im to Star in Grease -- The Arena Experience '' . 7 November 2016 . Retrieved 14 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Dami Im plays Teen Angel in Grease . Jump up ^ `` Announcing the cast for the Brisbane season of Grease ! '' . Jump up ^ R. , Bestawros ( 24 October 2014 ) . `` Interview : Dami Im Talks New Album & More ! '' . www.spotlightreport.net . Retrieved 22 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Bhole , Aneeta ( 15 November 2016 ) . `` ' It 's an honour to voice Timberlake 's Grandma ' : Eurovision finalist Dami Im will make her film debut in the new DreamWorks animation Trolls '' . DMG . Retrieved 15 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dami Im Joins Stellar Voice Cast In Dreamworks Animation 's Trolls '' . Impulse Gamer. 15 November 2016 . Retrieved 15 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Moran , Jonathon ( November 21 , 2016 ) . `` Why Justin Timberlake loves voicing animated features '' . The Daily Telegraph . NewsCorp . Retrieved November 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Carols in the Domain 2013 '' . Jump up ^ Low , Lenny Anne ( 21 December 2014 ) . `` Carols in the Domain crowd swells to 80,000 as Sydney starts to heal '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Fairfax Media . Retrieved 2 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Airdate : Carols in the Domain 2016 '' . Jump up ^ Dami Im -- `` Silent Night '' -- Carols in the Domain 2013 . Jump up ^ Dami Im -- `` Away in a Manger '' -- Woolworths Carols in the Domain 2013 . Jump up ^ Dami Im -- `` O Holy Night '' -- Carols in the Domain 2014 ( HD ) . Jump up ^ Dami Im -- `` The Christmas Song '' -- Carols in the Domain 2014 ( HD ) . Jump up ^ Woolworths Carols in the Domain 2015 -- Dami Im -- `` O Come , All Ye Faithful '' . Jump up ^ McGowan , Michael ( 19 December 2015 ) . `` Carols in the Domain : families , Santas swelter as tens of thousands pour in to city to raise Christmas cheer '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Fairfax Media . Retrieved 2 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Woolworths Carols in the Domain 2015 -- Dami Im and Cyrus -- `` Silent Night '' . Jump up ^ Woolworths Carols in the Domain 2015 -- Dami Im -- `` Away in a Manger '' . Jump up ^ Dami Im - The First Noel - Carols In The Domain 2016 . Jump up ^ Dami Im performs a jaw - dropping rendition of O ' Holy Night ! . Jump up ^ Jackson , Candace ( 18 December 2016 ) . `` Feeling festive ! Australian celebrities , including Dami Im , Isaiah Firebrace and Shannon Noll , flock to Sydney 's Carols in the Domain to celebrate Christmas early '' . The Daily Mail . Associated Newspaper Ltd . Retrieved 19 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` VISION AUSTRALIA 'S CAROLS BY CANDLELIGHT '' . 15 December 2016 . Retrieved 14 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 25 December 2016 ) . `` Gallery : Carols by Candlelight '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 14 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Dami Im - Carols By Candlelight 2016 . Jump up ^ Dami Im - Carols By Candlelight 2016 . Jump up ^ Crane , Kris ( 24 October 2013 ) . `` Husband is X-Factor star Dami Im 's biggest fan '' . Herald Sun . The Herald and Weekly Times . Archived from the original on 24 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dami Im : A cultural ambassador with the X Factor '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Fairfax Media . 29 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 2 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Daniels , Kelly ( 4 December 2013 ) . `` Dami just like us '' . The Logan Reporter . APN News & Media . Jump up ^ `` Dami Im '' . Jump up ^ `` New Idea Facebook Live interview with Dami Im '' . Jump up ^ `` Compassion Australia Ambassadors '' . Jump up ^ `` Update : Dami in Uganda '' . 24 July 2016 -- via Channel 7 . Jump up ^ `` Dami Im Visits Uganda '' . Jump up ^ `` Dami Im in Uganda -- Facebook Live Broadcast '' . Jump up ^ `` Why Dami Im Chose Uganda 's Slums Over Europe 's Stadiums '' . Jump up ^ `` Sydney siege anniversary : Survivors and families among hundreds at Martin Place for twilight memorial '' . Jump up ^ Dami Im -- `` I Am Australian '' ( Tribute to the victims of Sydney siege ) . 15 December 2015 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` DAMI IM WOWS CHINESE AUDIENCE AT BTV SPRING FESTIVAL GLOBAL GALA IN BEIJING '' . Jump up ^ Dami Im -- BTV Spring Festival Global Gala in Beijing 2016 ) . 28 February 2016 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Dami Im -- `` Purple Rain '' -- Tribute To Prince on Channel 7 Morning Show `` . YouTube . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` How Dami Im made it to Eurovision 2016 Grand Final '' . Jump up ^ Idato , Michael ( 13 May 2016 ) . `` Eurovision 2016 : Dami Im wins a spot in final of Eurovision Song Contest '' . The Age . Fairfax . Retrieved 4 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Idato , Michael ( 15 May 2016 ) . `` Eurovision 2016 : Dami Im 's second place the ' best moment ' of her life '' . The Age . Fairfax . Retrieved 4 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Ewart , Richard ( 1 November 2016 ) . `` International flavour reflects growth of Melbourne Cup '' . abc.com.au . Retrieved 12 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Dami Im -- `` The Power Of The Dream '' -- Melbourne Cup 2016 . Jump up ^ Dami Im -- Australian National Anthem -- Melbourne Cup 2016 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Candace ( 2 November 2016 ) . `` ' Such an honour ' : Dami Im performs National Anthem at Melbourne Cup complete with orchestra and choir as she stuns in dramatic custom design '' . Retrieved 12 November 2016 . Jump up ^ McGrane , Danielle ( 7 December 2016 ) . `` Mel 's Hacksaw Ridge scoops AACTA awards '' . news.com.au . Retrieved 8 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Dami Im -- `` Flight of the Bumble Bee '' -- AACTA Awards . Jump up ^ `` Australia Day : Human Nature , Guy Sebastian , Dami Im , Tina Arena to perform on our most patriotic day '' . The Sunday Telegraph . January 22 , 2017 . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dami Im -- `` Sound Of Silence '' -- Australia Day Concert 2017 on YouTube Jump up ^ Dami Im -- `` Hold Me In Your Arms '' ( duet with Guy Sebastian ) -- Australia Day Concert 2017 on YouTube Jump up ^ Cashmere , Paul . `` Jack Jones Re-Records Southern Sons Classic With Dami Im '' . Noise11 . Retrieved 14 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Real Thing '' -- Dami Im , Guy Sebastian , Human Nature and Russell Morris -- Australia Day 2017 on YouTube Jump up ^ Dami Im with all the stars -- `` Advance Australia Fair '' and `` I Am Australian '' -- Finale on YouTube Jump up ^ Manser , Robert ( 25 January 2014 ) . `` Poprepublic.tv Awards Nominations Announced '' . Poprepublic.tv . AKA Entertainment . Archived from the original on 27 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Cashmere , Paul ( 26 May 2014 ) . `` ARIA Launches Number One Chart Award '' . Noise11 . Noise Network . Retrieved 26 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nomination for World 's Best Female Artist '' . World Music Awards . Archived from the original on 9 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nomination for World 's Live Act '' . World Music Awards . Archived from the original on 27 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nomination for World 's Best Entertainer of the Year '' . World Music Awards . Archived from the original on 31 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nomination for World 's Best Song '' . World Music Awards . Archived from the original on 14 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Stephenson , Alison ( 12 November 2014 ) . `` Lisa Wilkinson speaks about the ' F - word ' at the Cosmopolitan Fun , Fearless , Female Awards '' . News.com.au . News Limited . Retrieved 13 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Oz Artist of the Year 2014 Wildcard '' . ( V ) Music . 14 September 2014 . Archived from the original on 14 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` AEL awards showcase top alumni '' . Retrieved 12 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Haslett , Sophie ( 10 November 2016 ) . `` ' I ca n't believe it ! ' : Global fitness guru Emily Skye follows in Kayla Itsines ' footsteps by scooping leading award at Cosmo 's Women of the Year awards '' . dailymail.co.uk . DMG Media . Retrieved 12 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BOQ People 's Choice Award Most Popular Female '' . Jump up ^ `` Dami Im warns Eurovision 2017 contender Isaiah Firebrace to not burn out '' . Retrieved 13 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Club Performer of the Year '' . www.aceawards.net.au . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Moran , Jonathan ( 13 April 2017 ) . `` Dami Im warns Eurovision 2017 contender Isaiah Firebrace to not burn out '' . www.dailytelegraph.com.au . NewsCorp . Retrieved 13 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Female Vocal '' . aceawards.net.au . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dami Im . Official website Preceded by Justice Crew with `` Boom Boom '' and `` Everybody '' Australia in the ABU TV Song Festival 2014 Succeeded by incumbent Preceded by Guy Sebastian with `` Tonight Again '' Australia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2016 Succeeded by Isaiah Firebrace with `` Do n't Come Easy '' Dami Im Discography Studio albums Dami Im Heart Beats Classic Carpenters I Hear a Song Singles `` Alive '' `` I Am Australian '' `` Jolene ( Acoustic ) '' `` Super Love '' `` Gladiator '' `` Smile '' `` Sound of Silence '' `` Fighting for Love '' `` Hold Me in Your Arms '' Promotional singles `` Heart Beats Again '' Movie soundtracks `` Beauty in the World '' Concert tours Yesterday Once More Tour I Hear a Song Tour Related articles Sony Music Australia Australia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2016 The X Factor ( Australia ) Discography Seasons 5 6 7 8 Winners Random Altiyan Childs Reece Mastin Samantha Jade Dami Im Marlisa Punzalan Cyrus Villanueva Isaiah Firebrace Finalists Season 1 5 6 7 8 Singles Winners singles `` Put Your Hands Up '' `` Somewhere in the World '' `` Good Night '' `` What You 've Done to Me '' `` Alive '' `` Stand by You '' `` Stone '' `` It 's Gotta Be You '' Charity singles `` Call Me Maybe '' `` Happy '' Related articles X Factor Around the World ABU TV Song Festival 2014 Countries Finalists ( in alphabetical order ) Australia Brunei China Hong Kong Indonesia Japan Macau ( host ) Maldives South Korea Thailand Turkey Vietnam Artists Finalists ( in alphabetical order ) Blademark Dami Im Frederick Cheng Girl 's Day Jetrin Wattanasin MaNga Md Hawzan Bin Hj Mooshan Ngọc Anh Sekai no Owari Tere Cia Bibi Zhou Songs Finalists ( in alphabetical order ) `` 7th Heaven '' `` Awg Madial '' `` Dimana Hatimu '' `` Dragon Night '' `` Fazla Aşkı Olan Var Mı ? '' `` Heartcore '' `` I Miss U Missing Me '' `` Living Dangerously '' `` Rannamaari '' `` Seomssing '' `` Xióngmao '' `` Xuân vẫn sang diệu kì '' Australia in the Eurovision Song Contest Participation 2015 2016 2017 2018 Artists 2010s Guy Sebastian Dami Im Isaiah Firebrace Jessica Mauboy Songs 2010s `` Tonight Again '' `` Sound of Silence '' `` Do n't Come Easy '' `` We Got Love '' Eurovision Song Contest 2016 Countries Finalists ( by final results ) Ukraine ( winner ) Australia Russia Bulgaria Sweden France Armenia Poland Lithuania Belgium Netherlands Malta Austria Israel Latvia Italy Azerbaijan Serbia Hungary Georgia Cyprus Spain Croatia United Kingdom Czech Republic Germany Semi-final 1 Bosnia and Herzegovina Estonia Finland Greece Iceland Moldova Montenegro San Marino Semi-final 2 Albania Belarus Denmark Ireland Macedonia Norway Slovenia Switzerland Withdrawn Romania Artists Finalists ( by final results ) Jamala Dami Im Sergey Lazarev Poli Genova Frans Amir Iveta Mukuchyan Michał Szpak Donny Montell Laura Tesoro Douwe Bob Ira Losco Zoë Hovi Star Justs Francesca Michielin Samra Sanja Vučić ZAA Freddie Nika Kocharov & Young Georgian Lolitaz Minus One Barei Nina Kraljić Joe and Jake Gabriela Gunčíková Jamie - Lee Semi-final 1 Argo Dalal & Deen feat . Ana Rucner and Jala Greta Salóme Highway Jüri Pootsmann Lidia Isac Sandhja Serhat Semi-final 2 Agnete Eneda Tarifa Ivan Kaliopi Lighthouse X ManuElla Nicky Byrne Rykka Withdrawn Xavier Naidoo Ovidiu Anton Songs Finalists ( by final results ) `` 1944 '' `` Sound of Silence '' `` You Are the Only One '' `` If Love Was a Crime '' `` If I Were Sorry '' `` J'ai cherché '' `` LoveWave '' `` Color of Your Life '' `` I 've Been Waiting for This Night '' `` What 's the Pressure '' `` Slow Down '' `` Walk on Water '' `` Loin d'ici '' `` Made of Stars '' `` Heartbeat '' `` No Degree of Separation '' `` Miracle '' `` Goodbye ( Shelter ) '' `` Pioneer '' `` Midnight Gold '' `` Alter Ego '' `` Say Yay ! '' `` Lighthouse '' `` You 're Not Alone '' `` I Stand '' `` Ghost '' Semi-final 1 `` Falling Stars '' `` Hear Them Calling '' `` I Did n't Know '' `` Ljubav je '' `` Play '' `` Sing It Away '' `` The Real Thing '' `` Utopian Land '' Semi-final 2 `` Blue and Red '' `` Dona '' `` Fairytale '' `` Help You Fly '' `` Icebreaker '' `` Soldiers of Love '' `` Sunlight '' `` The Last of Our Kind '' Withdrawn `` Chameleon '' `` Moment of Silence '' Australia portal Biography portal Music of Australia portal MusicBrainz : d4427504 - f0bf - 439c - 9736 - f8c28081c11c Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dami_Im&oldid=846513043 '' Categories : 1988 births 21st - century Australian musicians 21st - century Australian singers Anti-poverty advocates Australian Christians Australian Eurovision Song Contest entrants Australian female composers Australian female pop singers Australian female singer - songwriters Australian flautists Australian humanitarians Australian multi-instrumentalists Australian performers of Christian music Australian pianists Australian singer - songwriters Australian sopranos Australian violinists Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 2016 Griffith University alumni King of Mask Singer contestants Korean Christians Living people Musicians from Brisbane Naturalised citizens of Australia Queensland Conservatorium Griffith University alumni South Korean emigrants to Australia The X Factor ( Australian TV series ) contestants The X Factor ( TV series ) winners University of Queensland alumni Australian women pianists Women violinists Hidden categories : Use Australian English from October 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Use dmy dates from October 2013 Articles with hCards Articles containing Korean - language text Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська 中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 06 : 47 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dami%20Im
| 2,192 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.